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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2005-12-29 00:35:06 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2005-12-29 00:35:06 +0000
commit86f6ad0f8431ad33548e4b843418630365dcd7cb (patch)
tree59533054992d6c5e40a4cdbb4004b083bdfa4b1d /Master/texmf-doc/doc
parent41ceff5a615ab4e3d46b1c94bd26d9dcf9d6c1f8 (diff)
doc/english/m
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@22 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
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-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/examples.mp4896
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/README b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/README
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d6c07fe3d73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/README
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+This file is README dated 18 Apr 1994.
+
+This directory contains the examples from _Making TeX Work_:
+
+Title : Making TeX Work
+Author : Norman Walsh
+Publisher : O'Reilly and Associates
+Date : April, 1994
+ISBN : 1-56592-051-1
+Pages : 518
+Price : US$29.95
+
+The examples are:
+
+ex-01-01: example 1-1: An Example of a TeX Document
+ex-01-02: example 1-2: A typical bibliography database entry
+ex-02-01: example 2-1: A Simple Driver File
+ex-02-02: example 2-2: Local Variables in an Emacs Buffer
+ex-02-03: example 2-3: A Contrived Error
+ex-02-04: example 2-4: Revision Control Macros for TeX Documents Using RCS
+ex-03-01: example 3-1: The Document BADFONT.TeX
+ex-04-01: example 4-1: Plain TeX Input
+ex-04-02: example 4-2: LaTeX2e Input
+ex-04-03: example 4-3: LaTeX Input File
+ex-04-04: example 4-4: AMS-TeX Input File
+ex-04-05: example 4-5: Lollipop Input File
+ex-04-06: example 4-6: TeXinfo Input
+ex-04-07: example 4-7: The ChemTeX Source for Caffeine
+ex-04-08: example 4-8: The ChemStruct Source for the Lithium Cation
+ex-04-09: example 4-9: The MusicTeX Source for Figure 4-7
+ex-05-01: example 5-1: Font-shape Declaration with NFSS2
+ex-05-02: example 5-2: Font-shape declaration with NFSS2 (simplified)
+ex-05-03: example 5-3: The PStoTeXfont script
+ex-06-01: example 6-1: The Input for the Plain TeX Diagram
+ex-06-02: example 6-2: The LaTeX Input for Figure 6-2
+ex-06-03: example 6-3: The epic Input for Figure 6-3
+ex-06-04: example 6-4: The Input for Figure 6-4
+ex-06-05: example 6-5: PiCTeX Input for Figure 6-5
+ex-06-06: example 6-6: The XY-pic Input for Figure 6-6
+ex-06-07: example 6-7: The DraTeX Input for Figure 6-7
+ex-06-08: example 6-8: Converting EPS to a Bitmap with Ghostview
+ex-06-09: example 6-9: Script for Inserting a Captured TeXt Screen
+ex-07-01: example 7-1: A Sample Multilingual Document Using English and French
+ex-10-01: example 10-1: TeXinfo Commands
+ex-11-01: example 11-1: The Code for the Figure Eight
+ex-12-01: example 12-1: A Sample BIBTeX entry
+ex-12-02: example 12-2: A Tib style database entry
+ex-D-01 : example D-1: MakeTeXPK.pl
+ex-D-02 : example D-2: MakeTeXTFM.pl
+ex-D-03 : example D-3: dvidxx.btm
+ex-D-04 : example D-4: makepk.btm
+ex-D-05 : example D-5: enc-afm.pl
+ex-D-06 : example D-6: TeXtoXfont
+ex-D-07 : example D-7: PStoXfont
+ex-D-08 : example D-8: txt2verb.pl
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-01-01 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-01-01
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..acb17e7c033
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-01-01
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+\def\ora{O'Reilly \& Associates}
+\font\orafont=grlg10
+\parskip=\baselineskip
+\parindent=0pt
+\pageno=5
+This book is published by \ora\ in
+the \textit{Nutshell} series.
+\bye
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-01-02 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-01-02
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8439f035edf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-01-02
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+@Book{kn:texbook,
+ author = "Donald E. Knuth",
+ title = "The {\TeX}book",
+ publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
+ year = 1989,
+ edition = "Fifteenth",
+ isbn = "0-201-13447-0"
+ note = "Paperback ISBN: 0-201-13448-9"
+}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-01 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-01
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..09e32f3cde3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-01
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+\documentstyle[ora]{book}
+\begin{document}
+ \input{intro}
+ \input{chap1}
+ \input{chap2}
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-02 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-02
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..45593e4c7dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-02
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+% Local Variables:
+% TeX-master: "driver.tex"
+% TeX-command-default: "LaTeX"
+% End:
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-03 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-03
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4992587b605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-03
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+This is TeX version 3.141...
+** (flintstone.tex
+some
+messages [1]
+(fred.tex [2]
+some more
+messages
+[3] ) (wilma.tex [4]
+! Undefined control sequence.
+the dog \dino
+ tipped over the car.
+l.6 the dog \dino\ tipped over the car.
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-04 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-04
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a949b916902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-02-04
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+ Documents Using RCS}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% RCS definitions...
+%
+\newif\ifdraft
+\def\RCSID$#1${%
+ \ifdraft{\tolerance=100000%
+ \hbadness=100000%
+ \raggedright%
+ \marginpar{\tiny Draft #1}}%
+ \typeout{Draft #1}%
+ \else\typeout{Production run #1}\fi%
+}
+
+\def\RCSmargid$#1: #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7${%
+% #1 = ``Id''
+% #2 = filename
+% #3 = vers
+% #4 = date
+% #5 = time
+% #6 = author
+% #7 = state [locker]
+ \ifdraft
+ \setbox0=\hbox to 0pt{%
+ \tolerance=100000%
+ \hbadness=100000%
+ \parbox{4in}{%
+ \rm\tiny #2\\ #3\\ #4}%
+ \hss}%
+ \marginpar{\box0}%
+ \typeout{Draft Id: #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7}%
+ \fi
+}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-03-01 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-03-01
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3905e43def2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-03-01
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+\documentstyle{article}
+% The following definition changes the font that LaTeX
+% uses for the 'Large' font. I have introduced a typo
+% into the definition, ``\fontsiz'' should be ``\fontsize''.
+%
+% The first time a \Large font is requested, an error will occur.
+%
+\renewcommand{\Large}{\fontsiz{17}{20pt}\selectfont}
+\begin{document}
+
+This text precedes the first section header.
+
+% Note: LaTeX uses the \Large font in section
+% headers...this will fail in a confusing way
+% because the error is deep within the definition
+% of \section where \Large is used...
+%
+\section{First Section}
+
+This is the first and only sentence of the first section.
+
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-01 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-01
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1b7d26d9380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-01
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+% Format: Plain
+\font\chapfont=cmbx12 scaled 1728
+\font\titlefont=cmbx12 scaled 2073
+\font\secfont=cmbx12 scaled 1200
+
+\parskip=\baselineskip
+\parindent=0pt
+\hsize=5in
+\hoffset=.75in
+
+\leftline{\chapfont Chapter 1}
+\vskip36pt
+
+\leftline{\titlefont Unsolved Problems}
+\vskip36pt
+
+\leftline{\secfont 1.1\ \ Odd Perfect Numbers}
+\vskip12pt
+
+A number is said to be {\it perfect\/} if it
+is the sum of its divisors. For example, $6$ is
+perfect because $1+2+3 = 6$, and $1$, $2$, and $3$
+are the only numbers that divide evenly into $6$
+(apart from $6$ itself).
+
+It has been shown that all even perfect numbers
+have the form $$2^{p-1}(2^{p}-1)$$ where $p$
+and $2^{p}-1$ are both prime.
+
+The existence of {\it odd\/} perfect numbers is
+an open question.
+\bye
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-02 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-02
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fd640088e08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-02
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+% Format: LaTeX2e
+\documentclass{report}
+
+\setlength{\parskip}{\baselineskip}
+\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\chapter{Unsolved Problems}
+
+\section{Odd Perfect Numbers}
+
+A number is said to be \emph{perfect} if it
+is the sum of its divisors. For example, $6$ is
+perfect because \(1+2+3 = 6\), and $1$, $2$, and $3$
+are the only numbers that divide evenly into $6$
+(apart from 6 itself).
+
+It has been shown that all even perfect numbers
+have the form \[2^{p-1}(2^{p}-1)\] where $p$
+and \(2^{p}-1\) are both prime.
+
+The existence of \emph{odd} perfect numbers is
+an open question.
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-03 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-03
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3119cf8bab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-03
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+% Format: LaTeX
+\documentstyle{report}
+
+\setlength{\parskip}{\baselineskip}
+\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\chapter{Unsolved Problems}
+
+\section{Odd Perfect Numbers}
+
+A number is said to be {\em perfect\/} if it
+is the sum of its divisors. For example, $6$ is
+perfect because \(1+2+3 = 6\), and $1$, $2$, and $3$
+are the only numbers that divide evenly into $6$
+(apart from 6 itself).
+
+It has been shown that all even perfect numbers
+have the form \[2^{p-1}(2^{p}-1)\] where $p$
+and \(2^{p}-1\) are both prime.
+
+The existence of {\em odd\/} perfect numbers is
+an open question.
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-04 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-04
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f6ac1adcc9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-04
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+% Format: AMSTeX
+\documentstyle{amsppt}
+
+\parindent=0pt
+\parskip=\baselineskip
+\hoffset=.75in
+
+\topmatter
+\title \chapter{1} Unsolved Problems\endtitle
+\endtopmatter
+
+\document
+\head{1.1} Odd Perfect Numbers\endhead
+
+A number is said to be {\it perfect\/} if it
+is the sum of its divisors. For example, $6$ is
+perfect because $1+2+3 = 6$, and $1$, $2$, and $3$
+are the only numbers that divide evenly into $6$
+(apart from $6$ itself).
+
+It has been shown that all even perfect numbers
+have the form $$2^{p-1}(2^{p}-1)$$ where $p$
+and $2^{p}-1$ are both prime.
+
+The existence of {\it odd\/} perfect numbers is
+an open question.
+\enddocument
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-05 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-05
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cccb0e95601
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-05
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+% Format: Lollipop
+\DefineHeading:Chapter
+ breakbefore:yes whiteafter:12pt
+ line:start PointSize:20 Style:bold
+ literal:Chapter Spaces:1 ChapterCounter
+ line:stop
+ vwhite:36pt
+ line:start PointSize:24 Style:bold title
+ line:stop
+ vwhite:24pt
+ Stop
+\DefineHeading:Section
+ whitebefore:{20pt plus 2pt} whiteafter:14pt
+ line:start PointSize:14 Style:bold
+ ChapterCounter . SectionCounter
+ Spaces:1 title line:stop
+ label:start ChapterCounter . SectionCounter
+ label:stop
+ Stop
+\GoverningCounter:Section=Chapter
+\AlwaysIndent:no
+\Distance:parskip=12pt
+\Distance:hoffset=.75in
+\Distance:voffset=.5in
+\Start
+\Chapter Unsolved Problems
+
+\Section Odd Perfect Numbers
+
+A number is said to be {\it perfect\/} if it
+is the sum of its divisors. For example, $6$ is
+perfect because $1+2+3 = 6$, and $1$, $2$, and $3$
+are the only numbers that divide evenly into $6$
+(apart from $6$ itself).
+
+It has been shown that all even perfect numbers
+have the form $$2^{p-1}(2^{p}-1)$$ where $p$
+and $2^{p}-1$ are both prime.
+
+The existence of {\it odd\/} perfect numbers is
+an open question.
+\Stop
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-06 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-06
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cc95fc65a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-06
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+\input texinfo @c -*- TeXinfo -*-
+@setfilename perf-inf.inf
+@ifinfo
+ @paragraphindent 0
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+ @defaultparindent=0pt @parindent=0pt
+@end iftex
+
+@node Top, , (dir), (dir)
+@chapter Unsolved Problems
+@section Odd Perfect Numbers
+
+A number is said to be @i{perfect} if it is
+the sum of its divisors. For example, 6 is
+perfect because
+@tex $1+2+3 = 6$,
+@end tex
+@ifinfo
+1+2+3 = 6,
+@end ifinfo
+and 1, 2, and 3 are the only numbers that divide
+evenly into 6 (apart from 6 itself).
+
+It has been shown that all even perfect numbers
+have the form
+@tex $$2^{p-1}(2^{p}-1)$$ where $p$ and $2^{p}-1$
+@end tex
+@ifinfo
+@center 2^(p-1) (2^p - 1)
+
+where p and 2^p - 1
+@end ifinfo
+are both prime.
+
+The existence of @i{odd} perfect numbers is an
+open question.
+@bye
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-07 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-07
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..45d24e38c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-07
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+\initial
+\len=4
+\def\H{\hbox{\rm H}}
+\def\C{\hbox{\rm C}}
+\def\O{\hbox{\rm O}}
+
+\[ \purine{$\H_3\C$}{$\O$}{$\C\H_3$}{Q}{$\O$}{Q}{Q}{D}{$\C\H_3$} \]
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-08 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-08
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d8c9b953434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-08
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+\structure{\atom{~~Li$^+$}
+\side{\nwbelow\atom{O}
+\side{\nsingle\atom{H}\nnwbelow\atom{O}\side{\wsingle\atom{H}}
+\nsingle\atom{H}}\swsingle\atom{H}\wnwbelow\atom{O}
+\side{\wsingle\atom{H}}\nsingle\atom{H}}
+\side{\nebelow\atom{O}
+\side{\nsingle\atom{H}\nnebelow\atom{O}\side{\esingle\atom{H}}
+\nsingle\atom{H}}\sesingle\atom{H}\enebelow\atom{O}
+\side{\esingle\atom{H}}\nsingle\atom{H}}
+\side{\swbelow\atom{O}
+\side{\ssingle\atom{H}\sswbelow\atom{O}\side{\wsingle\atom{H}}
+\ssingle\atom{H}}\nwsingle\atom{H}\wswbelow\atom{O}
+\side{\wsingle\atom{H}}\ssingle\atom{H}}
+\side{\sebelow\atom{O}
+\side{\ssingle\atom{H}\ssebelow\atom{O}\side{\esingle\atom{H}}
+\ssingle\atom{H}}\nesingle\atom{H}\esebelow\atom{O}
+\side{\esingle\atom{H}}\ssingle\atom{H}}}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-09 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-09
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c86290fcc83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-04-09
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+\begin{music}
+\parindent 1cm
+\def\nbinstruments{1}\relax
+\def\instrumenti{Piano}%
+\nbporteesi=2\relax
+\generalmeter{\meterfrac{4}{4}}\relax
+\debutextrait
+\normal
+\temps\Notes\ibu0f0\qh0{cge}\tbu0\qh0g|\hl j\enotes
+\temps\Notes\ibu0f0\qh0{cge}\tbu0\qh0g|\ql l\sk\ql n\enotes
+\barre
+\Notes\ibu0f0\qh0{dgf}|\qlp i\enotes
+\notes\tbu0\qh0g|\ibbl1j3\qb1j\tbl1\qb1k\enotes
+\temps\Notes\ibu0f0\qh0{cge}\tbu0\qh0g|\hl j\enotes
+\finextrait
+\end{music}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-05-01 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-05-01
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..48a3a5809aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-05-01
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{logo}{m}{n}{%
+ <-8>sub * cmr/m/n%
+ <8><9><10>gen * logo%
+ <10.95>logo10 at 10.95pt%
+ <12->logo10}{}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-05-02 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-05-02
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..29914979d03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-05-02
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{logo}{m}{n}{%
+ <-8>sub * cmr/m/n%
+ <8-9>logo8%
+ <9-10>logo9%
+ <10->logo10}{}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-05-03 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-05-03
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..89f65e1c984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-05-03
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#!/usr/local/bin/bash
+#
+# This script file makes a new TeX font from a PS outline.
+#
+# Parameters are:
+#
+# name dpi bdpi [mag mode destdir]
+#
+# `name' is the name of the font, such as `ptmr'. `dpi'
+# is the resolution the font is needed at. `bdpi' is
+# the base resolution.
+#
+# This script ignores the remaining parameters. They are
+# left here to document the fact that the caller may provide
+# them. They may be provided because the caller thinks
+# MetaFont is going to do the work...
+#
+# Of course, this needs to be set up for your site.
+#
+# TEMPDIR needs to be unique for each process because of the
+# possibility of simultaneous processes running this script.
+
+TEMPDIR=/tmp/temp-tex-PS.$$
+NAME=$1
+DPI=$2
+BDPI=$3
+
+LOCALDIR=/usr/local/lib/mf/fonts
+DESTDIR=$LOCALDIR/pk
+
+BASENAME=$NAME.$DPI
+PFADIR=/usr/local/lib/tex/ps/outlines
+
+# Clean up on normal or abnormal exit
+trap "cd /; rm -rf $TEMPDIR" 0 1 2 15
+
+mkdir $TEMPDIR
+cd $TEMPDIR
+
+# We proceed by making a 10pt font at the resolution
+# requested...
+echo Making ${DPI}dpi version of $NAME.
+ps2pk -X$DPI -P10 -a$PFADIR/$NAME.afm \
+ $PFADIR/$NAME.pfa ${BASENAME}pk
+
+mv ${BASENAME}pk $DESTDIR
+
+exit 0
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-01 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-01
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..173cc3c3607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-01
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+\newdimen\unitlength
+\unitlength=1cm
+
+\def\plot(#1,#2){%
+ \rlap{\kern#1\unitlength\raise#2\unitlength%
+ \hbox{$\scriptstyle\bullet\;(#1,#2)$}}}
+
+\centerline{%
+ \hbox{\plot(0,0)
+ \plot(1,1)
+ \plot(-3,2)}%
+}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-02 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-02
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e1bf051272f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-02
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+\unitlength=1.00mm
+\special{em:linewidth 0.4pt}
+\linethickness{0.4pt}
+\begin{picture}(93.00,40.00)
+\put(0.00,10.00){\line(1,0){70.00}}
+\put(70.00,10.00){\line(2,3){20.00}}
+\put(90.00,40.00){\line(-1,0){70.00}}
+\put(20.00,40.00){\line(-2,-3){20.00}}
+\put(70.00,10.00){\line(1,0){1.00}}
+\put(72.00,10.00){\line(1,0){1.00}}
+\put(74.00,10.00){\line(1,0){1.00}}
+\put(76.00,10.00){\line(1,0){1.00}}
+\put(78.00,10.00){\line(1,0){1.00}}
+\put(80.00,10.00){\line(1,0){1.00}}
+\put(82.00,10.00){\line(1,0){1.00}}
+\put(84.00,10.00){\line(1,0){1.00}}
+\put(86.00,10.00){\line(1,0){1.00}}
+\put(88.00,10.00){\line(1,0){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,10.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,12.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,14.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,16.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,18.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,20.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,22.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,24.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,26.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,28.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,30.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,32.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,34.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,36.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(90.00,38.00){\line(0,1){1.00}}
+\put(87.00,10.00){\line(0,1){3.00}}
+\put(87.00,13.00){\line(1,0){3.00}}
+\put(93.00,20.00){\vector(0,-1){10.00}}
+\put(93.00,30.00){\vector(0,1){10.00}}
+\put(93.00,25.00){\makebox(0,0)[cc]{$h$}}
+\put(30.00,7.00){\vector(-1,0){30.00}}
+\put(40.00,7.00){\vector(1,0){30.00}}
+\put(35.00,7.00){\makebox(0,0)[cc]{$w$}}
+\put(45.00,25.00){\makebox(0,0)[cc]{$A=h\times w$}}
+\end{picture}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-03 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-03
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3ab8143acaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-03
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+\unitlength = 1mm
+\begin{picture}(50,100)(0,0)
+\put(0,0){\tiny \grid(50,50)(5,5)[0,0]}
+\put(25,25){\circle{50}}
+\drawline(15,0)(20,5)(30,10)(50,35)
+\drawline[-50](10,5)(15,10)(25,15)(45,40)
+\thicklines
+\dottedline{1.4}(5,10)(10,15)(15,25)(40,45)
+\dashline{2}(0,15)(5,20)(10,30)(35,50)
+\thinlines
+\begin{drawjoin}
+\jputfile{epicdata}{\picsquare}
+\end{drawjoin}
+\end{picture}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-04 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-04
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0aeedce2493
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-04
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+\unitlength = 1mm
+\begin{picture}(100,50)(0,0)
+\put(0,0){\tiny \grid(100,50)(10,10)[0,0]}
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(0,0)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(10,0)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(20,0)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(30,0)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(40,0)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(50,0)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(60,0)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(70,0)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(80,0)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(90,0)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(100,0)(100,50)
+
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(0,50)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(0,40)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(0,30)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(0,20)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(0,10)(100,50)
+\bezier{500}(0,0)(0,0)(100,50)
+
+\multiput(0,0)(10,0){11}{\circle*{1}}
+\multiput(0,0)(0,10){6}{\circle*{1}}
+\end{picture}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-05 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-05
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6be82ab7523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-05
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+\newdimen\unit \unit=1.375in
+\newdimen\shadeunit
+\newif \ifFirstPass
+\FirstPasstrue
+%\FirstPassfalse % uncomment this after you have the size you want
+%
+\def\DF{{\cal A}}%
+%
+%The following figure appears in the preface to the \PiCTeX\ manual
+%
+$$
+\beginpicture
+ \ifFirstPass
+ \savelinesandcurves on "pictex-Arcsine.tex"
+ \else
+ \replot "pictex-Arcsine.tex"
+ \fi
+% \ninepoint % (See Appendix E of the TeXbook.)
+ \normalgraphs
+ % Density plot
+ \setcoordinatesystem units <\unit,.4\unit> point at 0 0
+ \setplotarea x from 0 to 1, y from 0 to 2.5
+ \axis bottom invisible label {\lines {$t$\cr
+ shaded area is $\DF(\beta) - \DF(\alpha)$\cr}} ticks
+ numbered from 0.0 to 1.0 by 0.5
+ unlabeled short quantity 11
+ length <0pt> withvalues $\alpha$ $\beta$ / at .65 .85 / /
+ \axis left invisible label {$a(t)$} ticks
+ numbered from 0.0 to 2.0 by 1.0
+ unlabeled short from 0.5 to 2.5 by 1.0 /
+ \plotheading{\lineskiplimit=1pt \lines{%
+ Density\cr
+ $a(t) = 1\big/\bigl(\pi \sqrt{t(1-t)}\,\bigr)$\cr
+ of the arc sine law\cr}}
+ \grid 1 1
+ \putrule from .65 0.0 to .65 .66736
+ \putrule from .85 0.0 to .85 .89145
+ \shadeunit=.2\unit \divide\shadeunit by 12
+ \setshadegrid span <\shadeunit> point at .75 0
+ \setquadratic
+ \vshade .65 0 .66736 <,,,1pt> .75 0 .73511 .85 0 .89145 /
+ % Move origin to (.5,0)
+ % Left half}
+ \ifFirstPass
+ \setcoordinatesystem point at -.5 0
+ \inboundscheckon
+ \plot -.48429 2.55990 -.47553 2.06015 -.46489 1.72936 /
+ \inboundscheckoff
+ \plot -.46489 1.72936 -.43815 1.32146 -.40451 1.08308
+ -.36448 .92999 -.31871 .82623 -.26791 .75400
+ -.21289 .70358 -.12434 .65727 .0 .63662 /
+ % Right half
+ \inboundscheckon
+ \plot .48429 2.55990 .47553 2.06015 .46489 1.72936 /
+ \inboundscheckoff
+ \plot .46489 1.72936 .43815 1.32146 .40451 1.08308
+ .36448 .92999 .31871 .82623 .26791 .75400
+ .21289 .70358 .12434 .65727 .0 .63662 /
+ \fi
+ % Distribution function
+ % Set origin of new coordinate system 1.7*1.375in=2.34in
+ % to the right of the original origin.
+ \setcoordinatesystem units <\unit,\unit> point at -1.7 0
+ \setplotarea x from 0 to 1, y from 0 to 1
+ \axis bottom label {$x\vphantom{t}$} ticks
+ numbered from 0.0 to 1.0 by 0.5 unlabeled short quantity 11 /
+ \axis left label {$\DF(x)$} ticks
+ numbered from 0.0 to 1.0 by 0.5 unlabeled short quantity 11 /
+ \plotheading{\lines{%
+ Distribution function\cr
+ $\DF(x) = {2\over \raise1pt\hbox{\seveni ^^Y}}
+ \arcsin(\sqrt{x}\,)$\cr
+ of the arc sine law\cr}}
+ \linethickness=.25pt \grid {20} {20}
+ \linethickness=.4pt \grid 2 2
+ % Left half
+ % Now move origin of coordinate system up to (.5,.5)
+ \ifFirstPass
+ \setcoordinatesystem point at -2.2 -.5
+ \plot -.50000 -.50 -.49901 -.48 -.49606 -.46
+ -.49104 -.44 -.48439 -.42 -.47553 -.40 -.46489 -.38
+ -.43815 -.34 -.40451 -.30 -.36448 -.26 -.31871 -.22
+ -.26791 -.18 -.21289 -.14 -.12434 -.08 .0 .0 /
+ % Right half
+ \plot .50000 .50 .49901 .48 .49606 .46
+ .49104 .44 .48439 .42 .47553 .40 .46489 .38
+ .43815 .34 .40451 .30 .36448 .26 .31871 .22
+ .26791 .18 .21289 .14 .12434 .08 .0 .0 /
+ \fi
+\endpicture
+$$
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-06 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-06
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c589bdde904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-06
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+% Graph representing BAWL term [1]++[2]. [XY-pic & -*-tex-*-]
+% by Kristoffer H. Rose <kris@diku.dk>
+%
+\def\n#1{\llap{{\sevenit#1\/}:\,}}
+\def\op#1{(\mskip-.5\thinmuskip{#1}\mskip-.5\thinmuskip)}
+\def\concat{\mathbin{\text{\rm+\kern-.5em+}}}
+%
+\def\du#1#2{%
+ % #1: slidesign, #2: #rows to go down.
+ \save\aftergo{\go="p",[0,0]!<#1\jot,0pt>%
+ \xto`d[#2,0]+<-2.5pc,-.8pc>`"p" "p"\restore}}
+%
+\def\dul#1#2#3{%
+% #1: slidesign, #2: #rows to go down; #3: #columns to go left.
+\save\aftergo{\go="p",[0,0]!<#1\jot,0pt>%
+\xto`d[#2,0]+<-2.5pc,-.8pc>`[#2,-#3]+<-2.5pc,0pc> `"p" "p"\restore}}
+%
+\spreaddiagramrows{-1.4pc}
+\spreaddiagramcolumns{-1pc}
+%
+$$
+\displaylines{\quad
+ \left\lceil\openup-\jot\eqalign{
+ [1]\concat[2] \quad\text{where}\qquad
+ [\,] \concat ys &= ys \cr
+ (x:xs) \concat ys &= x:(xs \concat ys)}\right\rceil
+\hfill\cr\hfill
+ =\qquad
+ {\diagram&& & & &&\n1\@\dlto\xto[2,2]\\
+ & & & & &\n2{!\@}\xto[3,-2]\drto\\
+ & & & & &&\n3\op:\dlto\dto&&\n4\op:\dlto\dto\\
+ & & & & &\n51&\n6[\,] &\n72&\n8[\,]\\
+ & & &\n{10}\lor\dlto\drrto \go+<-3em,0em>="10"\\
+ & &\n{11}\lambda \dlto\ddto&&&\n{12}\lambda \dlto\drto\\
+ &\n{13}\@\dlto\drto&& &\n{14}\@\dlto\drto
+ &&\n{15}\op:\du04[3,-2]\drrto\\
+\n{16}{!\@}\dul000"10"\drto&&\n{17}{?}&\n{18}{!\@} \dul023"10" \drto
+ &&\n{19}{?}&&&\n{20}\@\ddlto\du00[0,-3]\\
+ &\n{21}[\,]& & &\n{22}\op:\dto\drto&& & &\\
+ & & & &\n{23}{?}&\n{24}{?}
+ &&\n{25}\@ \dul-27"10"\du+3[0,-2]\\
+ & & & & & & &\\
+ & & & & & & &\\
+ & & & & & & &\enddiagram}
+\quad\cr}
+$$
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-07 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-07
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e203af7fad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-07
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+\Draw \Ragged(4) %%%%%%%%% tree %%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\Define\DotsToLoc(1){ \MarkLoc(x)
+ \CSeg\DoLine(x,#1)(5){
+ \MoveF(-3)\LineF(1)} }
+\PictNode(3){ \IF \EqText(,#2) \THEN \Text(--#1--) \ELSE
+ \ThreeDim(#1,#2,#3)
+ \MarkPLoc(1) \Line(50,0,0) \MarkPLoc(2) \Line(0,50,0)
+ \MarkPLoc(3) \Line(-50,0,0) \MarkPLoc(4) \Line(0,-50,0)
+ \Move(0,0,50) \MarkPLoc(1')
+ \Move(50,0,0) \MarkPLoc(2') {\Line(0,0,-50)}
+ \Line(0,50,0) \MarkPLoc(3') {\Line(0,0,-50)}
+ \Line(-50,0,0) \MarkPLoc(4') {\Line(0,0,-50)}
+ \Do(1,4){ \Do(1,4){
+ \MarkPLoc(p\Val\I) \I+1; \Move(0,0,-16.66666)
+ } \Move(16.66666,0,66.66666) }
+ \TwoDim
+ \MoveToLL(3,4)(4',1') \DotsToLoc(1') \DotsToLoc(1)
+ \MoveToLL(2,3)(1',2') \DotsToLoc(1')
+ \PaintQuad(p0,p1,p5,p4) \PaintQuad(p2,p3,p7,p6)
+ \PaintQuad(p5,p6,p10,p9) \PaintQuad(p8,p9,p13,p12)
+ \PaintQuad(p10,p11,p15,p14)
+ \MoveToLoc(1) \CSeg[0.5]\Move(1,2) \Move(0,-5)
+ \EntryExit(0,1,0,0) \Text(--(#1,#2,#3)--)
+ \EndTwoDim
+ \EndThreeDim \FI }
+
+\Define\MyEdge(2){\EdgeTo(#1,#2,0,1)} \TreeAlign(V,0,-1)(0,0,0)
+\TreeSpec(o,\OvalNode&r,\RectNode)()(\MyEdge)
+\TreeSpace(C,10,15) \AdjTree(A,0..0,0,-201,201,0 )
+\Tree()(
+ 3,o,perspective~~projections~~eye~at~{(x,y,z)},, //
+ 2,r,125,100,-100 & 0,r,75,75,-100 & 0,r,125,75,-100 //
+ 0,r,125,125,-200 & 0,r,75,75,-200 //)
+
+%%%%%%%%% graph %%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\MoveToNode(2..1,2.5,-1) \MarkLoc(1)
+\MoveToNode(1..2,1,-1.5) \MarkLoc(2)
+\CSeg\Scale(1,2) \Scale(0.16666,0.14286)
+
+\Axis(1,2)(E3,&&&&&&&)
+\Axis(1,2)(S3,0&1&2&3&4&5&6)
+ \MoveToLoc(1)
+\Table\x{ -1,2 & 0,5 & 4,-3 & -1,-4 & -2,0 }
+ \PenSize(1.5pt) \Move(1,0) \x(0,99){\Line}
+\Table\x{ 3,3 & 1,-5 & -1,-2 & -3,4 }
+ \Move(1,4) \x(0,99){\Line}
+
+%%%%%%%%% DraTeX+AlDraTeX logos %%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\it \TextNode(1){\Text(--#1--)}
+\MoveToNode(0..0,0,1) \Units(1pt,1pt) \Move(-60,0)
+\EntryExit(1,1,0,0) \Node(d)(--Dra\TeX--)
+\MoveToNode(2..0,-1,1) \Move(0,40) \EntryExit(-1,-1,0,0)
+\Node(a)(--Al~~Dra~~\TeX--) \PenSize(0.75pt)
+\ArrowHeads(2) \CurvedEdgeAt(d,-1,-1,a,0,1)(225,1.1,70,1.3)
+
+\EndDraw
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-08 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-08
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9cbd15ae66d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-08
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#! perl
+#
+# Usage: gs-eps epsfile <outputfile> <resolution> <device>
+#
+# Where: epsfile is the encapsulated postscript file
+# outputfile is the output file (the default name
+# is <basename epsfile>.<device>)
+# resolution is the output resolution (default=300)
+# device is the GS driver to use (default=pbm)
+
+($epsfile,$outputfile,$res,$device) = @ARGV;
+
+if (! $epsfile) {
+ printf "Usage: gs-eps epsfile <outputfile> <resolution>";
+ printf " <gsdriver>\n";
+ printf "Note: parameters are positional. To specify a";
+ printf " driver, you\n";
+ printf "must also specify an outputfile and resolution.\n";
+ exit 1;
+ }
+
+$epsfile =~ tr/\\/\//; # translate \foo\bar -> /foo/bar
+
+if (! -r $epsfile) {
+ printf "Cannot read file: $epsfile\n";
+ exit 1;
+ }
+
+if (! $res) { $res = 300 }
+if (! $device) { $device = "pbm" }
+
+if (! $outputfile ) {
+ @pathname = split(/\//,$epsfile);
+ $outputfile = $pathname[$#pathname];
+ $outputfile =~ s/.eps$//;
+ $outputfile = join(".", $outputfile, $device);
+ }
+
+printf "Converting $epsfile to $outputfile at ${res}dpi...\n";
+
+open (EPSFILE,$epsfile);
+
+undef $bbox;
+undef $showpg;
+while (<EPSFILE>) {
+ $bbox = $_ if /\%\%\s*BoundingBox:\s*\d+\s+\d+\s+\d+\s+\d+/;
+ $showpage = $_ if /showpage/;
+ last if ($bbox && $showpage);
+ }
+
+if (! $bbox) {
+ printf "Cannot find a bounding box in $epsfile";
+ exit 1;
+ }
+
+$bbox =~ s/\D*//; # remove everything preceding the digits
+
+($llx,$lly,$urx,$ury) = split(/\s/,$bbox);
+
+$xsize = sprintf("%d", (($urx - $llx) * $res / 72) + 0.5);
+$ysize = sprintf("%d", (($ury - $lly) * $res / 72) + 0.5);
+
+printf "$llx neg $lly neg translate .gt. gs-eps-a.$$\n";
+printf "quit .gt. gs-eps-b.$$\n";
+
+if (! $showpg) {
+ printf "showpage .gt. gs-eps-b.$$\n";
+ printf "quit .gtgt. gs-eps-b.$$\n";
+ }
+
+# join sillyness to keep the length of lines in the
+# script small enough to print in the book.
+$gscmd = join(" ", "gs -sDEVICE=$device",
+ "-q -sOutputFile=$outputfile",
+ "-g${xsize}x${ysize} -r$res",
+ "gs-eps-a.$$ $epsfile -",
+ ".lt. gs-eps-b.$$");
+
+printf "$gscmd\n";
+
+printf "rm -f gs-eps-a.$$ gs-eps-b.$$\n";
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-09 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-09
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0852abdb0c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-06-09
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+% use any IBM OEM encoded fixed width font!
+\font\screenfont=ncrr-ibm at 7pt
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% These macros are derived from The TeXbook pg 380-381
+\def\uncatcodespecials{\def\do##1{\catcode`##1=12 }\dospecials}
+\def\setupverbatim{\screenfont%
+ \def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf\relax}%
+ \obeylines\uncatcodespecials%
+ \catcode`\\=0\catcode`\{=1\catcode`\}=2\obeyspaces}
+{\obeyspaces\global\let =\ } % let active space be a control space
+\def\screenlisting#1{\par\begingroup%
+ \def\c##1{\char##1}\setupverbatim\input{#1}%
+ \endgroup}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\def\screenbox#1{%
+ \vbox{\offinterlineskip%
+ \parskip=0pt\parindent=0pt%
+ \screenlisting{#1}}}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% Input converted file '#1' and set it inside a box with '#2' padding
+% space around the image.
+\def\screendump#1#2{%
+ \hbox{\vrule%
+ \vbox{\hrule%
+ \hbox{\hskip#2%
+ \vbox{\vskip#2%
+ \def\twentyxs{xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx}%
+ \setbox0=\hbox{\screenfont\twentyxs\twentyxs\twentyxs\twentyxs}%
+ \hbox to \wd0{\screenbox{#1}\hss}%
+ \vskip#2}%
+ \hskip#2}%
+ \hrule}%
+ \vrule\hss}}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-07-01 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-07-01
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fa87ff6c02a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-07-01
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+ Using English and French}
+\documentstyle[english,francais]{article}
+\begin{document}
+This is a document which uses both English and
+French. \selectlanguage{french} Mais, Je ne parle plus
+la francais. \selectlanguage{english} So I won't try
+to make this example very long.
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-10-01 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-10-01
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cc95fc65a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-10-01
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+\input texinfo @c -*- TeXinfo -*-
+@setfilename perf-inf.inf
+@ifinfo
+ @paragraphindent 0
+@end ifinfo
+@iftex
+ @defaultparindent=0pt @parindent=0pt
+@end iftex
+
+@node Top, , (dir), (dir)
+@chapter Unsolved Problems
+@section Odd Perfect Numbers
+
+A number is said to be @i{perfect} if it is
+the sum of its divisors. For example, 6 is
+perfect because
+@tex $1+2+3 = 6$,
+@end tex
+@ifinfo
+1+2+3 = 6,
+@end ifinfo
+and 1, 2, and 3 are the only numbers that divide
+evenly into 6 (apart from 6 itself).
+
+It has been shown that all even perfect numbers
+have the form
+@tex $$2^{p-1}(2^{p}-1)$$ where $p$ and $2^{p}-1$
+@end tex
+@ifinfo
+@center 2^(p-1) (2^p - 1)
+
+where p and 2^p - 1
+@end ifinfo
+are both prime.
+
+The existence of @i{odd} perfect numbers is an
+open question.
+@bye
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-11-01 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-11-01
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ea60ed245c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-11-01
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+mode_setup;
+u# := 2mm#;
+define_pixels(u);
+
+beginchar("A", 8u#, 9u#, 5u#);
+ z1 = ( 0u, 0u);
+ z2 = ( 8u, 0u);
+ z3 = ( 1u, 8u);
+ z4 = ( 7u, 8u);
+ pickup pencircle scaled 1u#;
+ draw z4 .. z1 .. z2 .. z3 .. cycle;
+ pickup pencircle scaled 3u#;
+ drawdot z1;
+ drawdot z2;
+ drawdot z3;
+ drawdot z4;
+endchar;
+
+\end
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-12-01 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-12-01
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0f0ccfadbbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-12-01
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+@book{kn:texbook,
+ author = "Donald E. Knuth",
+ title = "The {\TeX}book",
+ publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
+ year = 1989,
+ edition = "Fifteenth",
+}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-12-02 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-12-02
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..36100d1df00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-12-02
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+%A Donald E. Knuth
+%T The \TeX{}book
+%I Addison-Wesley
+%D 1989
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-01 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-01
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..391127e360e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-01
@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+#!/usr/local/bin/perl
+#
+# MakeTeXPK.pl version 1.0, Copyright (C) 1993,94 by Norman Walsh.
+# NO WARRANTY. Distribute freely under the GNU GPL.
+#
+# This script attempts to make a new TeX PK font, because one wasn't
+# found. Parameters are:
+#
+# name dpi bdpi [[[magnification] mode] subdir]
+#
+# `name' is the name of the font, such as `cmr10' (*NOT* cmr10.mf).
+# `dpi' is the resolution the font is needed at.
+# `bdpi' is the base resolution, useful for figuring out the mode to
+# make the font in.
+# `magnification' is a string to pass to MF as the magnification.
+# `mode' if supplied, is the mode to use.
+#
+# This script was designed with two goals in mind: to support recursive
+# subdirectory searching for fonts and to provide support for PK files
+# built from both MF fonts and PS fonts. It also supports the Sauter
+# and DC fonts which can be built at any design size.
+#
+# This script was designed and tested with the following directory structure
+# in mind: each typeface is stored in its own directory with appropriate
+# subdirectories for font sources, metrics, and glyphs. The script may not
+# work exactly right if you use a different directory structure (the font
+# installation, in particular, will probably be incorrect). However,
+# several other versions of MakeTeXPK exist which will handle simpler
+# directory structures, so you need not feel compelled to use the one
+# described here.
+#
+# For MF fonts: (... is usually something like /usr/local/lib/tex/fonts)
+#
+# .../typeface/src holds the sources
+# /tfm holds the TFM files
+# /glyphs root for glyphs
+# /glyphs/mode holds the PK files for "mode".
+#
+# For PS fonts: (... is usually something like /usr/local/lib/tex/fonts)
+#
+# .../typeface/afm holds the AFM files
+# /tfm holds the TFM files
+# /vf holds the VF files
+# /vpl holds the VPL files
+# /glyphs root for glyphs
+# /glyphs/pk/999dpi holds the PK files at 999 dpi created by ps2pk
+# /glpyhs/type1 holds the type1 PFA/PFB sources for the fonts
+#
+
+require "getopts.pl";
+$rc = &Getopts ('v'); # Get options from the user...
+
+$USE_MODE_IN_DEST = 1; # Does the destination directory name include
+ # the name of the mode?
+
+$VERBOSE = $opt_v || $ENV{"DEBUG_MAKETEXPK"}; # Verbose?
+
+chop($CWD = `pwd`); # Where are we?
+$TEMPDIR = "/tmp/mkPK.$$"; # Where do temp files go?
+$MFBASE = "&plain"; # What MF base do we use by default?
+
+# Where are fonts stored?
+$TEXFONTS = $ENV{"TEXFONTS"} || ".:/usr/local/lib/fonts//";
+
+# Define modes that should be used for base resolutions...
+$DPI_MODES{300} = "laserwriter";
+$DPI_MODES{200} = "FAX";
+$DPI_MODES{360} = "lqhires";
+$DPI_MODES{400} = "nexthi";
+$DPI_MODES{600} = "QMSmoa";
+$DPI_MODES{100} = "nextscreen";
+
+$DPI_MODES{100} = "videodisplayi";
+$DPI_MODES{110} = "videodisplayii";
+$DPI_MODES{118} = "videodisplayiii";
+$DPI_MODES{120} = "videodisplayiv";
+$DPI_MODES{124} = "videodisplayv";
+$DPI_MODES{130} = "videodisplayvi";
+$DPI_MODES{140} = "videodisplayvii";
+$DPI_MODES{150} = "videodisplayviii";
+
+$DPI_MODES{72} = "MacTrueSize";
+$DPI_MODES{635} = "linolo";
+$DPI_MODES{1270} = "linohi";
+$DPI_MODES{2540} = "linosuper";
+
+# Where are the DC fonts stored and what base names can be used?
+$DCR_DIR = '/usr/local/lib/fonts/free/dc/src';
+@DCR_GEN = ('dcb','dcbom','dcbx','dcbxsl','dcbxti','dccsc','dcdunh','dcff',
+ 'dcfi','dcfib','dcitt','dcr','dcsl','dcsltt','dcss','dcssbx',
+ 'dcssi','dctcsc','dcti','dctt','dcu','dcvtt' );
+
+# Where are the Sauter fonts stored and what base names can be used?
+$SAUTER_DIR = '/usr/local/lib/fonts/free/sauter/src';
+@SAUTER_GEN = ('cmb','cmbizx','cmbozx','cmbsy','cmbszx','cmbx','cmbxsl',
+ 'cmbxti', 'cmbz', 'cmbzx', 'cmcsc', 'cmdszc', 'cmdunh',
+ 'cmex', 'cmff', 'cmfi', 'cmfib', 'cminch', 'cmitt', 'cmmi',
+ 'cmmib', 'cmr', 'cmrcz', 'cmrisz', 'cmritz', 'cmriz',
+ 'cmrotz', 'cmroz', 'cmrsz', 'cmrtz', 'cmruz', 'cmrz',
+ 'cmsl', 'cmsltt', 'cmss', 'cmssbx', 'cmssdc', 'cmssi',
+ 'cmssq', 'cmssqi', 'cmsy', 'cmtcsc', 'cmtex', 'cmti',
+ 'cmtt', 'cmu', 'cmvtt', 'czinch', 'czssq', 'czssqi',
+ 'lasy', 'lasyb');
+
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{11} = '10.954451';
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{14} = '14.4';
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{17} = '17.28';
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{20} = '20.736';
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{25} = '24.8832';
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{30} = '29.8685984';
+
+# Get the command line arguments...
+($NAME, $DPI, $BDPI, $MAG, $MODE, $FORCEDEST, $EXTRA) = @ARGV;
+
+open (TTY, ">/dev/tty"); # Open the TTY (so we can print messages
+select (TTY); $| = 1; select(STDOUT); # even if STDERR and STDOUT are both
+ # redirected)
+
+if ($VERBOSE) {
+ print TTY "$0: font name: $NAME\n";
+ print TTY "$0: dpi: $DPI\n";
+ print TTY "$0: base dpi: $BDPI\n";
+ print TTY "$0: magnification: $MAG\n" if $MAG;
+ print TTY "$0: mode: $MODE\n" if $MODE;
+ print TTY "$0: force destination directory: $FORCEDEST\n" if $FORCEDEST;
+ print TTY "$0: extra: $EXTRA\n" if $EXTRA;
+}
+
+# Make sure we got enough arguments, but not too many...
+die "$0: Invalid arguments.\n" if ($BDPI eq "" || $EXTRA ne "");
+
+# Calculate the magnification from the requested resolutions if no
+# magnification string was provided.
+if (!$MAG) {
+ $MAG = "$DPI/$BDPI";
+ print TTY "$0: magnification: $MAG\n" if $VERBOSE;
+}
+
+# Calculate the mode if the mode was not given. Die if we don't know
+# what mode to use for the requested base resolution.
+if ($MODE eq "") {
+ $MODE = $DPI_MODES{$BDPI};
+ die "$0: No mode for ${BDPI}dpi base resolution.\n" if $MODE eq "";
+ print TTY "$0: mode: $MODE\n" if $VERBOSE;
+}
+
+########################################################################
+
+# Really start the work...
+print TTY "Attempting to build PK file for: $NAME at ${DPI}dpi.\n";
+
+$mfFile = $NAME;
+$mfFile =~ /^(.*[^0-9])(\d+)$/;
+$mfBase = $1;
+$mfSize = $2;
+
+# Presumably, we got here because the PK file doesn't exist. Let's look
+# for the MF file or the PFA or PFB file...
+
+# ... it's more complicated than that...
+
+# If the font is from a PFA/B file, it may have the name "rxxx" or
+# "xxx0" because virtual fonts extract glyphs from the "raw" font.
+# We need to find the PFA/B file and install the font with the right name.
+# I'm not sure what the best solution would really be, but this will work.
+# Luckily, it gets installed with the right name 'cause we already
+# figured that out...
+#
+# A better solution on Unix machines might be to make "xxx0.pfa" or
+# "rxxx.pfa" a symbolic link to "xxx.pfa". But that won't work for other
+# architectures...
+
+$t1source = "";
+$t1source = $1 if $mfFile =~ /^r(.*)$/;
+$t1source = $1 if $mfFile =~ /^(.*)0$/ && ($t1source eq "");
+
+if ($t1source) {
+ $fontSource = &find_fonts($TEXFONTS,
+ ("$mfFile.mf", "$mfFile.pfa", "$mfFile.pfb",
+ "$t1source.pfa", "$t1source.pfb"));
+} else {
+ $fontSource = &find_fonts($TEXFONTS,
+ ("$mfFile.mf", "$mfFile.pfa", "$mfFile.pfb"));
+}
+
+if ($fontSource) {
+ if ($fontSource =~ /\.pfa$/ || $fontSource =~ /\.pfb$/) {
+ print TTY "Building PK file from PostScript source.\n";
+ &make_and_cd_tempdir();
+ &make_from_ps($fontSource);
+ } elsif ($fontSource =~ /\.mf$/) {
+ local($fpath, $fname);
+ print TTY "Building PK file from MF source.\n";
+ &make_and_cd_tempdir();
+
+ if ($fontSource =~ /^(.*)\/([^\/]*)$/) {
+ $fpath = $1;
+ $fname = $2;
+
+ $fpath = $CWD if $fpath eq ".";
+ $fpath = "$CWD/.." if $fpath eq "..";
+ } else {
+ $fpath = "";
+ $fname = $fontSource;
+ }
+
+ &make_from_mf($fpath, $fname);
+ } else {
+ print TTY "$0: Cannot build PK font for $NAME.\n";
+ print TTY " " x length($0), " Unprepared for $fontSource.\n";
+ die "\n";
+ }
+} else {
+ if (grep(/^$mfBase$/, @DCR_GEN)) {
+
+ print TTY "Building PK file from DC source.\n";
+
+ &make_and_cd_tempdir();
+
+ $MFBASE = "&dxbase";
+ open (MFFILE, ">$mfFile.mf");
+ print MFFILE "gensize:=$mfSize; generate $mfBase;\n";
+ close (MFFILE);
+
+ &make_from_mf("$DCR_DIR","$mfFile.mf");
+
+ } elsif (grep(/^$mfBase$/, @SAUTER_GEN)) {
+
+ print TTY "Building PK file from Sauter source.\n";
+
+ &make_and_cd_tempdir();
+
+ if (defined($SAUTER_ROUNDING{$mfSize})) {
+ $designSize = $SAUTER_ROUNDING{$mfSize};
+ } else {
+ $designSize = $mfSize;
+ }
+
+ open (MFFILE, ">$mfFile.mf");
+ print MFFILE "design_size := $designSize;\n";
+ print MFFILE "input b-$mfBase;\n";
+ close (MFFILE);
+
+ &make_from_mf("$SAUTER_DIR","$mfFile.mf");
+
+ } else {
+ print TTY "$0: Cannot build PK file. Can't find source.\n";
+ die "\n";
+ }
+}
+
+&cleanup();
+
+exit 0;
+
+########################################################################
+
+sub run {
+ local(@cmd) = @_;
+ local($rc);
+
+ open (SAVEOUT, ">&STDOUT");
+ open (SAVEERR, ">&STDERR");
+ close (STDOUT);
+ open (STDOUT, ">&TTY");
+ close (STDERR);
+ open (STDERR, ">&TTY");
+
+ # Chdir seems to return a funny exit code. So do it internally...
+ # (this is a hack)
+ if (@cmd[0] eq "chdir") {
+ $rc = chdir(@cmd[1]);
+ $rc = !$rc;
+ } else {
+ $rc = system(@cmd);
+ }
+
+ close (STDOUT);
+ open (STDOUT, ">&SAVEOUT");
+ close (SAVEOUT);
+
+ close (STDERR);
+ open (STDERR, ">&SAVEERR");
+ close (SAVEERR);
+
+ if ($rc) {
+ printf TTY "%s\n", "*" x 72;
+ print TTY "$0 error : system return code: $rc\n";
+ print TTY "$0 failed: @cmd\n";
+ printf TTY "%s\n", "*" x 72;
+ }
+
+ $rc;
+}
+
+sub make_and_cd_tempdir {
+ &run ("mkdir", "$TEMPDIR");
+ &run ("chdir", "$TEMPDIR");
+}
+
+sub cleanup {
+ &run ("chdir", "$CWD");
+ &run ("rm", "-rf", "$TEMPDIR");
+}
+
+sub install_font {
+ local($source_path, $font, $subdir, $mode) = @_;
+ local($pkdirs, @paths, $ptarget);
+ local($target) = "";
+
+ if ($VERBOSE) {
+ print "Install: source_path: $source_path\n";
+ print "Install: font : $font\n";
+ print "Install: subdir : $subdir\n";
+ print "Install: mode : $mode\n";
+ }
+
+ $pkdirs = $ENV{"TEXPKS"} || $ENV{"PKFONTS"} || "";
+ @paths = split(/:|;/,$pkdirs);
+
+ # Need to find an installable target for the PK files. Try
+ # ../glyphs/$subdir and ../$subdir then give up and use the best $pkdirs
+ # path...
+
+ if (!$target) {
+ ($ptarget = $source_path) =~ s#/[^/]*$##;
+ $target = "$ptarget/glyphs/$subdir"
+ if -d "$ptarget/glyphs/$subdir"
+ || (-d "$ptarget/glyphs"
+ && -w "$ptarget/glyphs"
+ && ! -f "$ptarget/glyphs/$subdir");
+ }
+
+ if (!$target) {
+ ($ptarget = $source_path) =~ s#/[^/]*$##;
+ $target = "$ptarget/$subdir"
+ if -d "$ptarget/$subdir"
+ || (-d $ptarget && -w $ptarget && ! -f "$ptarget/$subdir");
+
+ # what a minute, suppose we just made a font in the current
+ # directory...let's put the PK file there too...
+ if (! -d "$target" && ($source_path eq $CWD)) {
+ $target = $source_path;
+ $USE_MODE_IN_DEST = 0;
+ }
+ }
+
+ while (!$target && ($ptarget = shift @paths)) {
+ $target = $ptarget if ($ptarget ne "." && $ptarget ne ".."
+ && -d $ptarget && -w $ptarget);
+ }
+
+ if ($target) {
+ if (! -d $target) {
+ &run ("mkdir", "$target");
+ &run ("chmod", "777", "$target");
+ }
+
+ if ($USE_MODE_IN_DEST) {
+ $target .= "/$mode";
+ if (! -d $target) {
+ &run ("mkdir", "$target");
+ &run ("chmod", "777", "$target");
+ }
+ }
+
+ print TTY "Installing $font in $target.\n";
+ &run ("cp", "$font", "$target/fonttmp.$$");
+ &run ("chdir", "$target");
+ &run ("mv", "fonttmp.$$", "$font");
+ &run ("chmod", "a+r", "$font");
+ &run ("chdir", "$TEMPDIR");
+ print STDOUT "$target/$font\n";
+ } else {
+ print TTY "$0: Install failed: no where to put $font.\n";
+ }
+}
+
+sub make_from_mf {
+ local ($source_path, $source_file) = @_;
+ local ($mfsource, $mfinputs, $cmd);
+ local ($gfname, $pkname, $realdpi, $testdpi);
+ local ($cmpath);
+
+ print "source_path: $source_path\n" if $VERBOSE;
+ print "source_file: $source_file\n" if $VERBOSE;
+
+ &run ("chdir", "$TEMPDIR");
+
+ if (!$source_file) {
+ $mfsource = $source_path;
+ ($source_path = $mfsource) =~ s#/[^/]*$##;
+ ($source_file = $mfsource) =~ s#^.*/([^/]*)$#$1#;
+ }
+
+ $mfinputs = $ENV{"MFINPUTS"};
+ $mfinputs =~ s/^:*(.*):*$/$1/ if $mfinputs;
+ $ENV{"MFINPUTS"} = ".:$source_path";
+ $ENV{"MFINPUTS"} .= ":$mfinputs" if $mfinputs;
+
+ print "MFINPUTS: $ENV{MFINPUTS}\n" if $VERBOSE;
+
+ $cmpath = "/usr/local/lib/fonts/free/cm/src";
+ if (-d $cmpath && $ENV{"MFINPUTS"} !~ /$cmpath/) {
+ $ENV{"MFINPUTS"} .= ":$cmpath";
+ }
+
+ $cmd = "$MFBASE \\mode:=$MODE; mag:=$MAG; scrollmode; " .
+ "\\input $source_file";
+ print TTY "virmf $cmd\n";
+
+ $saveTERM = $ENV{"TERM"};
+ $saveDISPLAY = $ENV{"DISPLAY"};
+ delete $ENV{"DISPLAY"};
+ $ENV{"TERM"} = "vt100";
+
+ $rc = &run ("virmf", "$cmd");
+
+ $ENV{"DISPLAY"} = $saveDISPLAY;
+ $ENV{"TERM"} = $saveTERM;
+
+ $realdpi = $DPI;
+ $gfname = "./$mfFile.${realdpi}gf";
+
+ for ($testdpi = $realdpi-2; $testdpi < $realdpi+3; $testdpi++) {
+ $gfname = "./$mfFile.${testdpi}gf", $realdpi = $testdpi
+ if ! -f $gfname && -f "./$mfFile.${testdpi}gf";
+ }
+
+ $gfname = "./$mfFile.${realdpi}gf";
+ $pkname = "./$mfFile.${realdpi}pk";
+
+ $rc = &run ("gftopk", "$gfname", "$pkname");
+
+ &install_font($source_path, "$mfFile.${realdpi}pk", 'pk', "$MODE");
+}
+
+sub make_from_ps {
+ local ($source_path, $source_file) = @_;
+ local ($pssource, @cmd);
+ local ($basename, $afmFile, $afmtest, $part);
+
+ &run ("chdir", "$TEMPDIR");
+
+ if (!$source_file) {
+ $pssource = $source_path;
+ ($source_path = $pssource) =~ s#/[^/]*$##;
+ ($source_file = $pssource) =~ s#^.*/([^/]*)$#$1#;
+ }
+
+ # Need to find the AFM file...
+ $afmFile = "";
+ ($basename = $source_file) =~ s/\.pf[ab]$//;
+ # First, look in ../afm:
+ ($afmtest = $source_path) =~ s#/[^/]*$##;
+ $afmtest .= "/afm/$basename.afm";
+ $afmFile = $afmtest if -r $afmtest;
+
+ # Then, look in ../../afm:
+ ($afmtest = $source_path) =~ s#/[^/]*$##;
+ $afmtest =~ s#/[^/]*$##;
+ $afmtest .= "/afm/$basename.afm";
+ $afmFile = $afmtest if !$afmFile && -r $afmtest;
+
+ die "$0: Cannot find AFM file for $source_file.\n" if !$afmFile;
+
+ @cmd = ('ps2pk', "-a$afmFile", "-X$DPI",
+ "$source_path/$source_file", "./$mfFile.${DPI}pk");
+
+ foreach $part (@cmd) {
+ print TTY "$part ";
+ }
+ print TTY "\n";
+
+ $rc = &run (@cmd);
+
+ &install_font($source_path, "$mfFile.${DPI}pk", 'pk', "${DPI}dpi");
+}
+
+sub find_fonts {
+# This subroutine searches for font sources. It looks in all the directories
+# in the path specified. Recursive searches are preformed on directories
+# that end in //, !, or !!. The emTeX directive "!", which should search
+# only one level deep, is treated exactly like "!!".
+#
+ local($path, @fonts) = @_;
+ local(@dirs, $dir, $font);
+ local(@matches) = ();
+ local(@recursive_matches);
+
+ $path =~ s/!!/\/\//g;
+ $path =~ s/!/\/\//g;
+ $path =~ s/\\/\//g;
+
+ print TTY "CWD: ", `pwd` if $VERBOSE;
+ print TTY "Find: @fonts\n" if $VERBOSE;
+ print TTY "Path: $path\n" if $VERBOSE;
+
+ @dirs = split(/:|;/, $path);
+ while (@dirs) {
+ $dir = shift @dirs;
+ next if !$dir;
+
+ if ($dir =~ /\/\//) {
+ @recursive_matches = &recursive_search($dir, @fonts);
+ push (@matches, @recursive_matches)
+ if @recursive_matches;
+ } else {
+ $dir =~ s/\/*$//; # remove trailing /, if present
+ foreach $font (@fonts) {
+ push (@matches, "$dir/$font")
+ if -f "$dir/$font";
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ $font = shift @matches;
+
+ if (@matches) {
+ print TTY "$0: Found more than one match.\n";
+ print TTY " " x length($0), " Using: $font\n";
+ }
+
+ $font;
+}
+
+sub recursive_search {
+ local($dir, @fonts) = @_;
+ local(@matches) = ();
+ local(@dirstack, $rootdir, $font, $fontmask);
+
+ $dir =~ /^(.*)\/\/(.*)$/;
+ $rootdir = $1;
+ $fontmask = $2;
+
+ $rootdir =~ s/\/*$//; # remove trailing /'s
+
+ # Note: this perl script has to scan them all, the mask is meaningless.
+ # Especially since I'm looking for the font *source* not the TFM or
+ # PK file...
+
+ $fontmask =~ s/\$MAKETEX_BASE_DPI/$BDPI/g;
+ $fontmask =~ s/\$MAKETEX_MAG/$MAG/g;
+ $fontmask =~ s/\$MAKETEX_MODE/$MODE/g;
+
+ print TTY "Search root=$rootdir\n" if $VERBOSE;
+ print TTY "Search mask=$fontmask (ignored by $0)\n" if $VERBOSE;
+
+ @dirstack = ($rootdir);
+
+ while ($rootdir = shift @dirstack) {
+ opendir (SEARCHDIR, "$rootdir");
+ while ($dir = scalar(readdir(SEARCHDIR))) {
+ if ($dir ne "." && $dir ne ".." && -d "$rootdir/$dir") {
+ push(@dirstack, "$rootdir/$dir");
+ foreach $font (@fonts) {
+ if (-f "$rootdir/$dir/$font") {
+ print TTY "Matched: $rootdir/$dir/$font\n" if $VERBOSE;
+ push(@matches, "$rootdir/$dir/$font");
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ closedir (SEARCHDIR);
+ }
+
+ @matches;
+}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-02 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-02
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7283ee9459e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-02
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+#!/usr/local/bin/perl
+#
+# MakeTeXTFM.pl version 1.0, Copyright (C) 1993,94 by Norman Walsh.
+# NO WARRANTY. Distribute freely under the GNU GPL.
+#
+# This script attempts to make a new TeX TFM file, because one wasn't
+# found. The only argument is the name of the TFM file, such as
+# `cmr10.tfm' (*NOT* just `cmr10').
+#
+# This script was designed with two goals in mind: to support recursive
+# subdirectory searching for fonts and to provide support for PK files
+# built from both MF fonts and PS fonts. It also supports the Sauter
+# and DC fonts which can be built at any design size.
+#
+# This script was designed and tested with the following directory structure
+# in mind: each typeface is stored in its own directory with appropriate
+# subdirectories for font sources, metrics, and glyphs. The script may not
+# work exactly right if you use a different directory structure (the font
+# installation, in particular, will probably be incorrect). However,
+# several other versions of MakeTeXPK exist which will handle simpler
+# directory structures, so you need not feel compelled to use the one
+# described here.
+#
+# For MF fonts: (... is usually something like /usr/local/lib/tex/fonts)
+#
+# .../typeface/src holds the sources
+# /tfm holds the TFM files
+# /glyphs root for glyphs
+# /glyphs/mode holds the PK files for "mode".
+#
+# For PS fonts: (... is usually something like /usr/local/lib/tex/fonts)
+#
+# .../typeface/afm holds the AFM files
+# /tfm holds the TFM files
+# /vf holds the VF files
+# /vpl holds the VPL files
+# /glyphs root for glyphs
+# /glyphs/pk/999dpi holds the PK files at 999 dpi created by ps2pk
+# /glpyhs/type1 holds the type1 PFA/PFB sources for the fonts
+#
+# The TFM files constructed for PostScript fonts are mapped to the Old TeX
+# encoding.
+#
+
+require "getopts.pl";
+$rc = &Getopts ('v'); # Get options from the user...
+
+$VERBOSE = $opt_v || $ENV{"DEBUG_MAKETEXPK"}; # Verbose?
+
+chop($CWD = `pwd`); # Where are we?
+$TEMPDIR = "/tmp/mkPK.$$"; # Where do temp files go?
+$MFBASE = "&plain"; # What MF base do we use by default?
+
+# Where are fonts stored?
+$TEXFONTS = $ENV{"TEXFONTS"} || ".:/usr/local/lib/fonts//";
+
+# Define modes that should be used for base resolutions...
+$DPI_MODES{300} = "laserwriter";
+$DPI_MODES{200} = "FAX";
+$DPI_MODES{360} = "lqhires";
+$DPI_MODES{400} = "nexthi";
+$DPI_MODES{600} = "QMSmoa";
+$DPI_MODES{100} = "nextscreen";
+
+$DPI_MODES{100} = "videodisplayi";
+$DPI_MODES{110} = "videodisplayii";
+$DPI_MODES{118} = "videodisplayiii";
+$DPI_MODES{120} = "videodisplayiv";
+$DPI_MODES{124} = "videodisplayv";
+$DPI_MODES{130} = "videodisplayvi";
+$DPI_MODES{140} = "videodisplayvii";
+$DPI_MODES{150} = "videodisplayviii";
+
+$DPI_MODES{72} = "MacTrueSize";
+$DPI_MODES{635} = "linolo";
+$DPI_MODES{1270} = "linohi";
+$DPI_MODES{2540} = "linosuper";
+
+# Where are the DC fonts stored and what base names can be used?
+$DCR_DIR = '/usr/local/lib/fonts/free/dc/src';
+@DCR_GEN = ('dcb','dcbom','dcbx','dcbxsl','dcbxti','dccsc','dcdunh','dcff',
+ 'dcfi','dcfib','dcitt','dcr','dcsl','dcsltt','dcss','dcssbx',
+ 'dcssi','dctcsc','dcti','dctt','dcu','dcvtt' );
+
+# Where are the Sauter fonts stored and what base names can be used?
+$SAUTER_DIR = '/usr/local/lib/fonts/free/sauter/src';
+@SAUTER_GEN = ('cmb','cmbizx','cmbozx','cmbsy','cmbszx','cmbx','cmbxsl',
+ 'cmbxti', 'cmbz', 'cmbzx', 'cmcsc', 'cmdszc', 'cmdunh',
+ 'cmex', 'cmff', 'cmfi', 'cmfib', 'cminch', 'cmitt', 'cmmi',
+ 'cmmib', 'cmr', 'cmrcz', 'cmrisz', 'cmritz', 'cmriz',
+ 'cmrotz', 'cmroz', 'cmrsz', 'cmrtz', 'cmruz', 'cmrz',
+ 'cmsl', 'cmsltt', 'cmss', 'cmssbx', 'cmssdc', 'cmssi',
+ 'cmssq', 'cmssqi', 'cmsy', 'cmtcsc', 'cmtex', 'cmti',
+ 'cmtt', 'cmu', 'cmvtt', 'czinch', 'czssq', 'czssqi',
+ 'lasy', 'lasyb');
+
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{11} = '10.954451';
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{14} = '14.4';
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{17} = '17.28';
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{20} = '20.736';
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{25} = '24.8832';
+$SAUTER_ROUNDING{30} = '29.8685984';
+
+open (TTY, ">/dev/tty");
+select (TTY); $| = 1; select(STDOUT);
+
+$tfmFile = @ARGV[0];
+if (!$tfmFile) {
+ print TTY "$0 error: No TFM file specified.\n";
+ die "\n";
+}
+
+print TTY "\nAttempting to build TFM file: $tfmFile.\n";
+
+# This is the *wierdest* bug I've ever seen. When this script is called
+# by virtex to build a TFM file, the argument (as interpreted by Perl)
+# has (at least one) ASCII 16 attached to the end of the argument. This
+# loop removes all control characters from the $tfmFile name string...
+$tfmFile =~ /(.)$/;
+$char = ord ($1);
+while ($char <= 32) {
+ $tfmFile = $`;
+ $tfmFile =~ /(.)$/;
+ $char = ord ($1);
+}
+
+# Now we know the name of the TFM file. Next, get the name of the MF file
+# and the base name and size of the MF file.
+
+($mfFile = $tfmFile) =~ s/\.tfm$//;
+$mfFile =~ /^(.*[^0-9])(\d+)$/;
+$mfBase = $1;
+$mfSize = $2;
+
+# Presumably, we got here because the TFM file doesn't exist. Let's look
+# for the MF file or the AFM file...
+
+$tfmSource = &find_fonts($TEXFONTS, ("$mfFile.mf", "$mfFile.afm"));
+
+if ($tfmSource) {
+ if ($tfmSource =~ /\.afm$/) {
+ print TTY "Building $tfmFile from AFM source.\n";
+ &make_and_cd_tempdir();
+ &make_from_afm($tfmSource);
+ } elsif ($tfmSource =~ /\.mf$/) {
+ local($fpath, $fname);
+ print TTY "Building $tfmFile from MF source.\n";
+ &make_and_cd_tempdir();
+
+ if ($tfmSource =~ /^(.*)\/([^\/]*)$/) {
+ $fpath = $1;
+ $fname = $2;
+
+ $fpath = $CWD if $fpath eq ".";
+ $fpath = "$CWD/.." if $fpath eq "..";
+ } else {
+ $fpath = "";
+ $fname = $tfmSource;
+ }
+
+ &make_from_mf($fpath, $fname);
+ } else {
+ print TTY "$0: Cannot build $tfmFile.\n";
+ print TTY " " x length($0), " Unprepared for $tfmSource.\n";
+ die "\n";
+ }
+} else {
+ if (grep(/^$mfBase$/, @DCR_GEN)) {
+
+ print TTY "Building $tfmFile from DC source.\n";
+
+ &make_and_cd_tempdir();
+
+ $MFBASE = "&dxbase";
+ open (MFFILE, ">$mfFile.mf");
+ print MFFILE "gensize:=$mfSize; generate $mfBase;\n";
+ close (MFFILE);
+
+ &make_from_mf("$DCR_DIR","$mfFile.mf");
+
+ } elsif (grep(/^$mfBase$/, @SAUTER_GEN)) {
+
+ print TTY "Building $tfmFile from Sauter source.\n";
+
+ &make_and_cd_tempdir();
+
+ if (defined($SAUTER_ROUNDING{$mfSize})) {
+ $designSize = $SAUTER_ROUNDING{$mfSize};
+ } else {
+ $designSize = $mfSize;
+ }
+
+ open (MFFILE, ">$mfFile.mf");
+ print MFFILE "design_size := $designSize;\n";
+ print MFFILE "input b-$mfBase;\n";
+ close (MFFILE);
+
+ &make_from_mf("$SAUTER_DIR","$mfFile.mf");
+
+ } else {
+ print TTY "$0: Cannot build $tfmFile. Can't find source.\n";
+ die "\n";
+ }
+}
+
+&cleanup();
+
+exit 0;
+
+sub run {
+ local(@cmd) = @_;
+ local($rc);
+
+ open (SAVEOUT, ">&STDOUT");
+ open (SAVEERR, ">&STDERR");
+ close (STDOUT);
+ open (STDOUT, ">&TTY");
+ close (STDERR);
+ open (STDERR, ">&TTY");
+
+ # Chdir seems to return a funny exit code. So do it internally...
+ # (this is a hack)
+ if (@cmd[0] eq "chdir") {
+ $rc = chdir(@cmd[1]);
+ $rc = !$rc;
+ } else {
+ $rc = system(@cmd);
+ }
+
+ close (STDOUT);
+ open (STDOUT, ">&SAVEOUT");
+ close (SAVEOUT);
+
+ close (STDERR);
+ open (STDERR, ">&SAVEERR");
+ close (SAVEERR);
+
+ if ($rc) {
+ printf TTY "%s\n", "*" x 72;
+ print TTY "MakeTeXTFM error : system return code: $rc\n";
+ print TTY "MakeTeXTFM failed: @cmd\n";
+ printf TTY "%s\n", "*" x 72;
+ }
+
+ $rc;
+}
+
+sub make_and_cd_tempdir {
+ &run ("mkdir", "$TEMPDIR");
+ &run ("chdir", "$TEMPDIR");
+}
+
+sub cleanup {
+ &run ("chdir", "$CWD");
+ &run ("rm", "-rf", "$TEMPDIR");
+}
+
+sub install_font {
+ local($source_path, $font, $subdir) = @_;
+ local(@paths) = split(/:|;/,$ENV{"TEXFONTS"});
+ local($target) = "";
+ local($ptarget);
+
+ if (!$target && $source_path =~ /\/src$/) {
+ $ptarget = $source_path;
+ $ptarget =~ s/(.*)\/src$/$1/;
+ $ptarget .= "/$subdir";
+ $target = $ptarget if (-d $ptarget && -w $ptarget);
+ }
+
+ if (!$target && $source_path =~ /\/afm$/) {
+ $ptarget = $source_path;
+ $ptarget =~ s/(.*)\/afm$/$1/;
+ $ptarget .= "/$subdir";
+ $target = $ptarget if (-d $ptarget && -w $ptarget);
+ }
+
+ if (!$target && ($source_path eq $CWD)) {
+ $target = $source_path;
+ }
+
+ while (!$target && ($ptarget = shift @paths)) {
+ $target = $ptarget if ($ptarget ne "." && $ptarget ne ".."
+ && -d $ptarget && -w $ptarget);
+ }
+
+ if ($target) {
+ print TTY "Installing $font in $target.\n";
+ &run ("cp", "$font", "$target/fonttmp.$$");
+ &run ("chdir", "$target");
+ &run ("mv", "fonttmp.$$", "$font");
+ &run ("chmod", "a+r", "$font");
+ &run ("chdir", "$TEMPDIR");
+ print STDOUT "$target/$font\n";
+ } else {
+ print TTY "$0: Install failed: no where to put $font.\n";
+ }
+}
+
+sub make_from_mf {
+ local ($source_path, $source_file) = @_;
+ local ($mfsource, $mfinputs, $cmd);
+
+ &run ("chdir", "$TEMPDIR");
+
+ if (!$source_file) {
+ $mfsource = $source_path;
+ ($source_path = $mfsource) =~ s#/[^/]*$##;
+ ($source_file = $mfsource) =~ s#^.*/([^/]*)$#$1#;
+ }
+
+ $mfinputs = $ENV{"MFINPUTS"};
+ $mfinputs =~ s/^:*(.*):*$/$1/ if $mfinputs;
+ $ENV{"MFINPUTS"} = ".:$source_path";
+ $ENV{"MFINPUTS"} .= ":$mfinputs" if $mfinputs;
+
+ print "MFINPUTS: $ENV{MFINPUTS}\n" if $VERBOSE;
+
+ $cmd = "$MFBASE \\mode:=laserwriter; scrollmode; \\input $source_file";
+ print TTY "virmf $cmd\n";
+
+ $saveTERM = $ENV{"TERM"};
+ $saveDISPLAY = $ENV{"DISPLAY"};
+ delete $ENV{"DISPLAY"};
+ $ENV{"TERM"} = "vt100";
+
+ $rc = &run ("virmf", "$cmd");
+
+ $ENV{"DISPLAY"} = $saveDISPLAY;
+ $ENV{"TERM"} = $saveTERM;
+
+ &install_font($source_path, $tfmFile, 'tfm');
+}
+
+sub make_from_afm {
+ local ($afmFile) = @_;
+ local ($source_path);
+
+ print TTY "afm2tfm $afmFile -v $mfFile ${mfFile}0\n";
+ $rc = &run ("afm2tfm", "$afmFile", "-v", "$mfFile", "${mfFile}0");
+
+ print TTY "vptovf $mfFile.vpl $mfFile.vf $mfFile.tfm\n";
+ $rc = &run ("vptovf", "$mfFile.vpl", "$mfFile.vf", "$mfFile.tfm");
+
+ ($source_path = $afmFile) =~ s#/[^/]*$##;
+ &install_font($source_path, "$mfFile.tfm", 'tfm');
+ &install_font($source_path, "${mfFile}0.tfm", 'tfm');
+ &install_font($source_path, "$mfFile.vpl", 'vpl');
+ &install_font($source_path, "$mfFile.vf", 'vf');
+}
+
+sub find_fonts {
+ local($path, @fonts) = @_;
+ local(@dirs, $dir, $font);
+ local(@matches) = ();
+ local(@recursive_matches);
+
+ print "Find fonts on path: $path\n" if $VERBOSE;
+
+ @dirs = split(/:|;/, $path);
+ while ($dir = shift @dirs) {
+ print "Search: $dir\n" if $VERBOSE;
+ if ($dir =~ /\/\//) {
+ @recursive_matches = &recursive_search($dir, @fonts);
+ push (@matches, @recursive_matches)
+ if @recursive_matches;
+ } else {
+ $dir =~ s/\/*$//; # remove trailing /, if present
+ foreach $font (@fonts) {
+ push (@matches, "$dir/$font")
+ if -f "$dir/$font";
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ $font = shift @matches;
+
+ if (@matches) {
+ print TTY "$0: Found more than one match.\n";
+ print TTY " " x length($0), " Using: $font\n";
+ }
+
+ $font;
+}
+
+sub recursive_search {
+ local($dir, @fonts) = @_;
+ local(@matches) = ();
+ local(@dirstack, $rootdir, $font, $fontmask);
+
+ $dir =~ /^(.*)\/\/(.*)$/;
+ $rootdir = $1;
+ $fontmask = $2;
+
+ $rootdir =~ s/\/*$//; # remove trailing /'s
+
+ # Note: this perl script has to scan them all, the mask is meaningless.
+ # Especially since I'm looking for the font *source* not the TFM or
+ # PK file...
+
+ $fontmask =~ s/\$MAKETEX_BASE_DPI/$BDPI/g;
+ $fontmask =~ s/\$MAKETEX_MAG/$MAG/g;
+ $fontmask =~ s/\$MAKETEX_MODE/$MODE/g;
+
+ print "Search root=$rootdir\n" if $VERBOSE;
+ print "Search mask=$fontmask (ignored by $0)\n" if $VERBOSE;
+
+ @dirstack = ($rootdir);
+
+ while ($rootdir = shift @dirstack) {
+ opendir (SEARCHDIR, "$rootdir");
+ while ($dir = scalar(readdir(SEARCHDIR))) {
+ if ($dir ne "." && $dir ne ".." && -d "$rootdir/$dir") {
+ push(@dirstack, "$rootdir/$dir");
+ foreach $font (@fonts) {
+ if (-f "$rootdir/$dir/$font") {
+ print "Matched: $rootdir/$dir/$font\n" if $VERBOSE;
+ push(@matches, "$rootdir/$dir/$font");
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ closedir (SEARCHDIR);
+ }
+
+ @matches;
+}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-03 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-03
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7a1158292a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-03
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+@echo off
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: DVIDXX Copyright (C) 1992,94 by Norman Walsh
+:
+: This file is free. You can do anything you like with it with one
+: exception: if you change this file, you MUST rename it!
+:
+: Requirements: 4DOS, emTeX drivers 1.4s or higher, MAKEPK.BTM
+:
+: Usage: DVIDXX emtexDriver driverOptions
+:
+: Note: DVIDXX requires a fair amount of free environment space in order
+: to function properly.
+:
+: Norman Walsh
+: <norm@ora.com>
+:
+: 12/09/1992: - Vers 0.5
+: - This is a first attempt. It works, but it doesn't have
+: any bells and whistles. It would be nice, for example,
+: if it noticed that PS2PK failed for a particular font...
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+:
+: This batch file is a replacement for emTeX's dvidrv program. It offers
+: one additional feature. In addition to using MFjob to build fonts that
+: don't exist, DVIDXX can use PS2PK to build PK files for PostScript fonts.
+: Note: You must have the AFM and PFA/B files for the PS fonts in question.
+:
+: Why did you write this as a 4DOS BTM file? For two reasons. First, I
+: wanted it to be interpreted rather than compiled so that it would be
+: easy to change, modify, and extend. Second, I did it in 4DOS BTM language
+: because DOS's batch language is too primitive. Yes, maybe I _could_ have
+: done it with a plain BAT file, but I had no desire to try.
+:
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+:
+: This file relies on MAKEPK.BTM to actually build the fonts with PS2PK.
+:
+: Both MAKEPK and DVIDXX are somewhat dependant on the layout of your
+: hard disk. Well, on the layout of mine, actually ;-)
+:
+: Here's how my HD is organized:
+:
+: C:\PSFONTS\ Root of my PostScript fonts directory.
+: This is stored in the %[PSFONTS] env. variable
+: %[PSFONTS]\PFB Where .PFB files are kept
+: %[PSFONTS]\AFM Where .AFM files are kept
+: %[PSFONTS]\UTIL Where MAKEPK is kept
+:
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: Make sure this is 4DOS...
+if "%@eval[2+2]" == "4" goto start
+echo Sorry, this batch file can only be run with 4Dos.
+goto end
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: Call the driver (maybe we won't have to do anything else)
+: In a network environment, you may have to make the mfjob-file unique
+: for each user in some way...
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+:start
+if not "%_dos" == "DOS" goto os2ok
+iff %_env lt 128 then
+ echo Sorry, this batch file requires at least 128 bytes of free environment
+ echo space. Consult your 4DOS manual for information about increasing it.
+ goto end
+endiff
+:os2ok
+setlocal
+set MFJOBFN=dvidxx.mfj
+
+%1 %2$ +mfjob-file:%MFJOBFN +batch-mode
+iff not errorlevel == 8 then
+ endlocal
+ goto end
+endiff
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: Ok, we have to build some fonts...
+:
+: NEWJOB = name of the MFjob file that will actually be used
+: PSJOB = name of the batch file that will build fonts with PS2PK
+: PSCNT = number of PS fonts to build
+: MFCNT = number of MF fonts to build
+: MFJOBLEN = number of lines in the original MFjob file
+: LNUM = current line number (in original MFjob file)
+: LINE = text of the current line
+: FONT = name of font
+: SIZE = ptsize of current font (assumes designsize of 10pt)
+: PSFNT = 0/1 flag determines if the %FONT in question is PS or not
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+echo Looking at MFJob file...
+set NEWJOB=%@unique[%@path[%MFJOBFN]]
+set PSJOB=%@unique[%@path[%MFJOBFN]]
+ren %NEWJOB %NEWJOB.mfj /q
+ren %PSJOB %PSJOB.btm /q
+set NEWJOB=%NEWJOB.mfj
+set PSJOB=%PSJOB.btm
+set PSCNT=0
+set MFCNT=0
+set MFJOBLEN=%@lines[%MFJOBFN]
+set LNUM=0
+
+: Create the batch file and the new MFjob file...
+echo %% > %NEWJOB
+echo pushd %PSFONTS > %PSJOB
+
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: Loop through the entire MFjob file. Lines that begin "{font=" are
+: analyzed further to determine what kind of font it is. All other lines
+: are simply copied to the new MFjob file.
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+:looptop
+
+if %LNUM gt %MFJOBLEN goto loopover
+
+: Deleting this percent stuff will save a small amount of time, but
+: since reading from the MFjob file is pretty slow, I find it reassuring...
+set PERC=%@eval[%LNUM / %MFJOBLEN * 100]
+set p=%@index[%PERC,.]
+if %p gt 0 set PERC=%@substr[%PERC,0,%p]
+echos %@CHAR[13]Working:
+echos %[PERC]%%
+
+set LINE=%@line[%MFJOBFN,%LNUM]
+:
+: We employ a convoluted compound test because %@substr["%foo",1,5] fails
+: with a "no closing quote" error if the %@len["%foo"] < 5...
+:
+set FOUND=0
+iff %@len["%LINE"] gt 5 then
+ if (%@substr["%LINE",1,5]) == ({font) set FOUND=1
+endiff
+
+: If we found a font, %FOUND will be 1
+iff %FOUND == 1 then
+ Rem Extract the font name and the size
+ set p=%@index["%LINE",;]
+ set FONT=%@substr["%LINE",7,%@eval[%p - 7]]
+ set p=%@index["%LINE",mag=]
+ set q=%@index["%LINE",}]
+ set SIZE=%@substr["%LINE",%@eval[%p+4],%@eval[%q-%p-5]]
+ set SIZE=%@eval[%SIZE*10]
+
+ Rem This is where we test to see if it is a PS font. I've got a really
+ Rem simple test below. Basically, I keep all my PFB files for PS fonts
+ Rem in a single directory. If the font in question isn't in that directory,
+ Rem I assume it is an MF font.
+ set PSFNT=0
+ gosub ispsfont
+ iff %PSFNT == 1 then
+ Echo %FONT at %[SIZE]pt will be built by PS2PK
+ Rem I keep MAKEPK in C:\PSFONTS\UTIL so that's what I write to the batch
+ Rem file. If you keep it somewhere else, you'll have to change this.
+ echo call %[psfonts]\util\makepk %FONT %SIZE >> %PSJOB
+ set PSCNT=%@eval[%PSCNT + 1]
+ else
+ Echo %FONT at %[SIZE]pt will be built by MFjob
+ echo %LINE >> %NEWJOB
+ set MFCNT=%@eval[%MFCNT + 1]
+ endiff
+else
+ echo %LINE >> %NEWJOB
+endiff
+
+set LNUM=%@eval[%LNUM + 1]
+goto looptop
+:loopover
+
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+: Finish up the PSJOB file and clean up the messages on the screen
+echo popd >> %PSJOB
+echos %@CHAR[13] %@CHAR[13]
+
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+: Go for it!
+iff %MFCNT gt 0 then
+ echo Attempting to build %MFCNT fonts with MFjob
+ mfjob %NEWJOB
+endiff
+del %NEWJOB /q
+
+: Get back the environment space that we (may) need in MAKEPK...
+unset MFJOBLEN LNUM LINE FONT SIZE PSFNT MFCNT NEWJOB
+
+iff %PSCNT gt 0 then
+ echo Attempting to build %PSCNT fonts with PS2PK
+ call %PSJOB
+endiff
+del %PSJOB /q
+
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: Try to run the driver again...this time it should succeed!
+
+del %MFJOBFN /q
+%1 %2$ +mfjob-file:%MFJOBFN +batch-mode
+iff errorlevel == 8 then
+ echo Font building must have failed for at least one font. Look in
+ echo the %MFJOBFN file to see which font(s) failed.
+endiff
+
+endlocal
+goto end
+
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: This really simple subroutine is how I look for PS fonts. This routine
+: should set PSFNT=1 iff the %FONT variable names a PostScript font.
+:
+:ispsfont
+if exist %[psfonts]\pfb\%FONT.pfb set PSFNT=1
+return
+
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+:end
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-04 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-04
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7f096b4ca5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-04
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+@echo off
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: MAKEPK Copyright (C) 1992,94 by Norman Walsh
+:
+: This file is free. You can do anything you like with it with one
+: exception: if you change this file, you MUST rename it!
+:
+: Requirements: 4DOS, ps2pk, afm2tfm, pfm2afm, pkbbox
+:
+: Usage: MAKEPK fontfn ptsize [pkfn] [-opts]
+:
+: Norman Walsh
+: <norm@ora.com>
+:
+: 12/09/1992: - Vers 0.5
+:--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+: See usage info below
+:
+: This batch file relies on the following directory structure:
+:
+: C:\PSFONTS\ Root of the PostScript fonts directory.
+: This is stored in the %[PSFONTS] env. variable
+: %[PSFONTS]\PFB Where .PFB files are kept
+: %[PSFONTS]\AFM Where .AFM files are kept
+: %[PSFONTS]\PFM Where .PFM files are kept (only required if the
+: AFM file does not exist)
+: %[PSFONTS]\TFM Where _all_ TFM files are kept for PS fonts
+: C:\BIN\PS2PK Where all the PS2PK utils are kept
+:--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+: Make sure the parameters are ok...
+iff %# lt 1 then
+ echo Usage: %0 fontfn ptsize [pkfn] [-opts]
+ echo.
+ echo MAKEPK rasterizes 'fontfn' at 'ptsize' and stores it in 'pkfn'. The
+ echo default 'pkfn' is the name of the 'fontfn'. All fonts are stored in
+ echo the %[psfonts]\@Rrdpi\ directory. If -opts are supplied, they are
+ echo passed to PS2PK.
+ quit 1
+endiff
+
+: Setup local environment
+setlocal
+pushd %[psfonts]
+
+: Parse the command line
+set pfbfn=%@name[%1]
+set ptsz=%2
+set pkfn=%@name[%3]
+shift 2
+:toshift
+iff ³%@substr[%1,0,1]³ == ³-³ then
+ set pkopts=%pkopts %1
+else
+ set pkfn=%@name[%1]
+endiff
+shift
+if %# gt 0 goto toshift
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: Figure out the name of the appropriate PK directory. Create it if it
+: doesn't exist. Abort if a filename exists with that name...
+:
+: TeX seems to underestimate the font size by a very small amount. We
+: compensate (in the calculation of the directory) by adding the small
+: amount 0.0005 to the point size before truncating to integer...
+:
+set pkres=%@int[%@eval[(%@eval[%ptsz+0.0005] * 300) / 10]]
+set pkdir=%[pkres]dpi
+if isdir %pkdir goto okdir
+iff not exist %pkdir then
+ md %pkdir
+ goto okdir
+endiff
+echo MakePK: Cannot create directory: %pkdir
+quit 1
+:okdir
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: Setup the %PKFN if it wasn't set by a parameter
+if "%pkfn" == "" set pkfn=%@name[%pfbfn]
+
+: If the font and TFM alread exist, don't bother making them
+iff exist %[pkdir]\%[pkfn].pk .and. .\tfm\%@filesize[%[pkfn].tfm] gt 0 then
+ popd
+ quit 0
+endiff
+
+: Check to see if an AFM file exists (and has a reasonable size)...
+iff %@filesize[.\afm\%[pfbfn].afm] gt 0 then
+ set afmok=1
+else
+ set afmok=0
+endiff
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: Make sure we have everything we need...a PFB and an AFM or PFM...
+set ok=1
+iff not exist .\pfb\%[pfbfn].pfb then
+ echo Cannot find PFB file: .\pfb\%[pfbfn].pfb
+ set ok=0
+endiff
+iff not exist .\pfm\%[pfbfn].pfm .and. %afmok == 0 then
+ echo Cannot find PFM file (.\pfm\%[pfbfn].pfm) and
+ echo cannot find AFM file (.\afm\%[pfbfn].afm)
+ set ok=0
+endiff
+if "%ok" == "0" quit 1
+set ok=
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: If we didn't find an AFM file, make one...
+iff %afmok == 0 then
+ echo PFMtoAFM...
+ \bin\ps2pk\pfm2afm .\pfm\%[pfbfn].pfm .\afm\%[pfbfn].afm
+endiff
+
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: Build the font...
+echo Rasterizing...
+::: The lines marked *** MERGE *** should be joined onto the end of the
+::: preceding line. They were broken only to fit within the margins of
+::: this book.
+echo ps2pk -P10 -X%[pkres] -a.\afm\%[pfbfn].afm %pkopts
+*** MERGE *** .\pfb\%[pfbfn].pfb %[pkdir]\%[pkfn].pk
+ps2pk -V -P10 -X%[pkres] -a.\afm\%[pfbfn].afm %pkopts
+*** MERGE *** .\pfb\%[pfbfn].pfb %[pkdir]\%[pkfn].pk
+
+: If we didn't get a descent AFM then we built it with AFM2PFM.
+: Unfortunately, the bounding boxes are missing if we did that.
+: So add the bounding boxes with the UGLY HACKISH PKbbox program...
+iff %afmok == 0 then
+ echo PKbbox to make bounding boxes...
+ set tempafm=%@unique[.]
+ c:\tex\util\pkbbox %pkdir\%pkfn.pk .\afm\%[pfbfn].afm > %tempafm
+ move %tempafm .\afm\%[pfbfn].afm
+endiff
+
+: If there's no TFM, build it...
+iff not exist .\tfm\%[pkfn].tfm then
+ echo AFMtoTFM...
+ afm2tfm .\afm\%[pfbfn].afm .\tfm\%[pkfn].tfm
+endiff
+
+::: If we didn't build a 10pt font, scale it appropriately
+::iff not "%ptsz" == "10" then
+:: c:\tex\util\pkscale %[pkdir]\%[pkfn].pk .\tfm\%[pkfn].tfm /designsize:10
+:: del %[pkdir]\%[pkfn].bak /q
+::endiff
+
+:
+: -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+: We're all done...
+popd
+endlocal
+quit 0
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-05 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-05
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bb8e67689b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-05
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+#! /usr/local/bin/perl
+#
+# Usage: enc-afm afm-file enc-file > encoded-afm-file
+#
+# Where: afm-file is the original AFM file with an arbitrary
+# encoding enc-file is the encoding file (in PS
+# format, a la dvips .enc files) encoded-afm-file is
+# the new AFM file with 'enc-file' encoding.
+#
+
+# what about .notdef?
+
+$afmfile = @ARGV[0];
+$encfile = @ARGV[1];
+
+print STDERR "Reading encoding file: $encfile\n";
+&read_encfile($encfile);
+print STDERR "Reading AFM file: $afmfile\n";
+&read_afmfile($afmfile);
+
+# Assign the correct encoding position to each char
+$missing = 0;
+for ($count = 0; $count < $vectorlen; $count++) {
+ $missing_glyphs{@encoding[$count]} = 1, $missing = 1
+ if !defined($vectorplace{@encoding[$count]})
+ && @encoding[$count] ne ".notdef";
+ $vectorplace{@encoding[$count]} = $count;
+}
+
+&print_long_list("Note: the following glyphs are missing "
+ . "from the AFM file: ",
+ sort (keys %missing_glyphs))
+ if $missing;
+
+# Construct the CharMetrics lines
+@output_encoding = ();
+foreach $name (keys %metrics) {
+ push (@output_encoding,
+ sprintf("C %3d ; %s",
+ $vectorplace{$name}, $metrics{$name}));
+}
+
+# Sort the CharMetrics lines
+@sorted_encoding = sort (@output_encoding);
+
+# Move the unused characters to the end of the list
+@output_encoding = grep(/^C\s+\d+/, @sorted_encoding);
+@minusone_encoding = grep(/C\s+-1/, @sorted_encoding);
+push(@output_encoding, @minusone_encoding);
+
+# Print the new AFM file
+print $line, "\n" while ($line = shift @preamble);
+
+print "Comment Encoded with enc-afm from $encfile.\n";
+print "EncodingScheme $encname\n";
+printf "StartCharMetrics %d\n", $#output_encoding+1;
+print $line, "\n" while ($line = shift @output_encoding);
+print "EndCharMetrics\n";
+
+print $line, "\n" while ($line = shift @postamble);
+
+exit 0;
+
+sub read_afmfile {
+ local ($afmfile) = @_;
+ local ($inpreamble, $inmetrics, $inpostamble) = (1,0);
+ local ($width, $name, $bbox, $prname);
+
+ @preamble = ();
+ %metrics = ();
+ %vectorplace = ();
+ @postamble = ();
+
+ open (AFM, $afmfile)
+ || die "Can't open afm file: $afmfile\n";
+
+ while (<AFM>) {
+ chop;
+
+ push(@postamble, $_) if $inpostamble;
+ push(@preamble, $_)
+ if $inpreamble && ! /^EncodingScheme\s/i;
+
+ if (/^EndCharMetrics/) {
+ $inmetrics = 0;
+ $inpostamble = 1;
+ }
+
+ if ($inmetrics) {
+ $width = $1 if /[;\s]+WX\s+([0-9]+)[;\s]+/;
+ $name = $1 if /[;\s]+N\s+(\w+)[;\s]+/;
+ $bbox = $1 if /[;\s]+B\s+([^;]+)[;\s]+/;
+ die "Invalid line in AFM file: $_\n"
+ if ($name eq "");
+ $metrics{$name} = sprintf("WX %4d ; N %s ; B %s ;",
+ $width, $name, $bbox);
+ $vectorplace{$name} = -1;
+ }
+
+ if (/^StartCharMetrics/) {
+ $inpreamble = 0;
+ $inmetrics = 1;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+sub read_encfile {
+ local ($encfile) = @_;
+ local ($place, $line);
+
+ open (ENC, $encfile)
+ || die "Can't open encoding file: $encfile\n";
+
+ $encname = "";
+ @encoding = ();
+ $#encoding = 256; # set the array length
+ $vectorlen = 0;
+ $done = 0;
+ while (<ENC>) {
+ chop;
+ next if /^\s*%/;
+
+ $line = $_;
+ if ($encname eq "") {
+ die "Invalid line in encoding file: $_\n"
+ if ! /\s*\/(.*)\s*\[(.*)$/;
+ $encname = $1;
+ $line = $2;
+ }
+
+ $place = index($line, "%");
+ $line = substr($line,$[,$place-1) if $place >= $[;
+
+ $place = index($line, "]");
+ if ($place >= $[) {
+ $line = substr($line,$[,$place-1);
+ $done = 1;
+ }
+
+ while ($line =~ /^\s*\/(\S*)\s*(.*)$/) {
+ @encoding[$vectorlen++] = $1;
+ $line = $2;
+ }
+
+ last if $done;
+ }
+}
+
+############################################################
+# This routine prints a message followed by a potentially
+# long list of items, seperated by spaces. It will never
+# allow "word wrap" to occur in the middle of a word. There
+# has to be a better way, using Perl's report generation to
+# do this, but I haven't looked yet.
+#
+sub print_long_list {
+ local ($message,@thelist) = @_;
+ local ($line) = $message;
+ local ($item, $displaystring) = ("", "");
+
+ foreach $item (@thelist) {
+ if (length($line . $item) < 73) {
+ $line .= $item . ", ";
+ } else {
+ $displaystring .= $line . "\n";
+ $line = $item . ", ";
+ }
+ }
+
+ $line =~ s/(.*),\s*$/$1/; # remove the last ", "...
+ $displaystring .= $line . "\n";
+
+ print STDERR $displaystring;
+}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-06 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-06
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b7fb42f1853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-06
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+#!/usr/local/bin/bash
+#
+# This script file makes a new X/TeX screen font, because one wasn't
+# found. Parameters are:
+#
+# name dpi bdpi magnification destdir
+#
+# `name' is the name of the font, such as `cmr10'. `dpi' is
+# the resolution the font is needed at. `bdpi' is the base
+# resolution, useful for figuring out the mode to make the font
+# in. `magnification' is a string to pass to MF as the
+# magnification. 'destdir' is the directory in which to cache the new
+# font.
+#
+# Note that this file must execute Metafont, mftobdf, and then bdftosnf,
+# and place the result in the correct location for X
+# to find it subsequently.
+#
+# Of course, it needs to be set up for your site.
+#
+# TEMPDIR needs to be unique for each process because of the possibility
+# of simultaneous processes running this script.
+TEMPDIR=/tmp/bdf-snf.$$
+NAME=$1
+DPI=$2
+BDPI=$3
+MAG=$4
+MODE=$5
+DESTDIR=$6
+umask 0
+
+#declare -i cmfound=0
+#MFDIRS=`echo $MFINPUTS | gawk -F: '{ for (i=1; i<=NF; i++) print $i }'`
+#for f in $MFDIRS
+#do
+# if [ -r $f/$NAME.mf ]; then
+# declare -i cmfound=1
+# fi
+#done
+
+if [ -r /usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/ps-outlines/$NAME.pfa ]
+then
+ echo Building X-font from PostScript outline
+ PStoXfont $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6
+ exit 0
+else
+ echo Building X-font from MetaFont outline
+fi
+
+# Something like the following is useful at some sites.
+GFNAME=$NAME.$DPI'gf'
+BDFNAME=$NAME.$DPI.'bdf'
+SNFNAME=$NAME.$DPI.pcf
+
+COMPRESS=1
+
+# check if we're not running with MIT server after all
+if xdpyinfo|grep -s 'vendor string: *.*MIT.*'; then
+# DESTDIR=/usr/lib/X11/fonts/xtex
+# SNFNAME=$NAME.$DPI.'snf'
+ COMPRESS=0
+ MITSERVER=1
+fi
+
+if test "$COMPRESS" = "1"
+then
+ SNFZNAME=${SNFNAME}'.Z'
+else
+ SNFZNAME=${SNFNAME}
+fi
+
+# Clean up on normal or abnormal exit
+trap "cd /; rm -rf $TEMPDIR $DESTDIR/bdftmp.$$ $DESTDIR/snftmp.$$" 0 1 2 15
+
+mkdir $TEMPDIR
+cd $TEMPDIR
+
+if test -r $DESTDIR/$BDFNAME
+then
+ echo "$DESTDIR/$BDFNAME already exists!"
+ exit 0
+fi
+
+if test -r $DESTDIR/$SNFNAME
+then
+ echo "$DESTDIR/$SNFNAME already exists!"
+ exit 0
+fi
+
+if test -r $DESTDIR/$SNFZNAME
+then
+ echo "$DESTDIR/$SNZFNAME already exists!"
+ exit 0
+fi
+
+
+##
+# First try mftobdf, maybe it exists...
+##
+
+echo "1st mftobdf -dpi" $DPI $NAME
+mftobdf -dpi $DPI $NAME
+if test ! -r $BDFNAME
+then
+ pwd
+ echo mf "\mode:=$MODE; mag:=$MAG/1000; scrollmode; input $NAME </dev/null"
+ mf "\mode:=$MODE; mag:=$MAG/1000; scrollmode; input $NAME" </dev/null
+ if test ! -r $GFNAME
+ then
+#
+# My local metafont gives bogus names occasionally. Don't know why.
+#
+ echo "Unable to find $GFNAME in directory "`pwd`
+ OLDDPI=$DPI
+ NEWDPI=`expr $DPI - 1`
+ if [ -r $NAME.$NEWDPI'gf' ] ; then
+ DPI=$NEWDPI
+ fi
+ NEWDPI=`expr $DPI + 1`
+ if [ -r $NAME.$NEWDPI'gf' ] ; then
+ DPI=$NEWDPI
+ fi
+ if [ -r $NAME.$DPI'gf' ] ; then
+ GFNAME=$NAME.$DPI'gf'
+ BDFNAME=$NAME.$DPI.'bdf'
+ SNFNAME=$NAME.$DPI.pcf
+ echo "Metafont built $GFNAME instead of $NAME.${OLDDPI}gf, \
+but that's ok..."
+ gftopk $GFNAME
+ else
+ echo "Metafont failed for some reason on $GFNAME, \
+but continuing anyway"
+ fi
+ else
+ gftopk $GFNAME
+ fi
+
+ echo "mftobdf -dpi" $DPI $NAME
+ mftobdf -dpi $DPI $NAME
+ if test ! -r $BDFNAME
+ then
+ echo "Mftobdf failed for some reason on $BDFNAME"
+ exit 1
+ fi
+fi
+
+echo "$FONTCOMPILER"
+if [ $MITSERVER ]; then
+ bdftopcf $BDFNAME > $SNFNAME
+else
+ /usr/bin/dxfc $BDFNAME > $SNFNAME
+fi
+if test ! -r $SNFNAME
+then
+ echo "Font compiler failed for some reason on $SNFNAME"
+ exit 1
+fi
+
+# Install the BDF and SNF files carefully, since others may be doing
+# the same as us simultaneously.
+
+#cp $BDFNAME $DESTDIR/bdftmp.$$
+cp $SNFNAME $DESTDIR/snftmp.$$
+cd $DESTDIR
+#mv bdftmp.$$ $BDFNAME
+mv snftmp.$$ $SNFNAME
+
+if test "$COMPRESS" = "1"
+then
+ compress -f $SNFNAME
+fi
+
+if [ $MITSERVER ]; then
+ mkfontdir $DESTDIR
+else
+ /usr/bin/dxmkfontdir $DESTDIR
+fi
+xset +fp $DESTDIR
+xset fp rehash
+
+exit 0
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-07 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-07
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5ae9a0e61c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-07
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#!/usr/local/bin/bash
+#
+# This script file makes a new X/TeX screen font, because one wasn't
+# found. Parameters are:
+#
+# name dpi bdpi mag mode destdir
+#
+# `name' is the name of the font, such as `cmr10'. `dpi' is
+# the resolution the font is needed at. `bdpi' is the base
+# resolution, useful for figuring out the mode to make the font
+# in. `magnification' is a string to pass to MF as the
+# magnification. 'destdir' is the directory in which to cache the new
+# font.
+#
+# Note that this file must execute Metafont, mftobdf, and then bdftosnf,
+# and place the result in the correct location for X
+# to find it subsequently.
+#
+# Of course, it needs to be set up for your site.
+#
+# TEMPDIR needs to be unique for each process because of the possibility
+# of simultaneous processes running this script.
+#
+# This temp directory has to be under /users/oos/bin (or somewhere globally
+# accessible) because this script runs PS2PK on ibis even if it is started
+# elsewhere (e.g. on a Sparc). To do so, it uses the "ibis [cmd]" shortcut
+# and passes the temp directory. If the TEMPDIR was /tmp/whatever then,
+# it would fail because /tmp on a Sparc isn't /tmp on ibis.
+TEMPDIR=/users/oos/bin/PStemp/temp-X-PS.$$
+
+NAME=$1
+DPI=$2
+BDPI=$3
+MAG=$4
+MODE=$5
+DESTDIR=$6
+
+BASENAME=$NAME.$MAG.$BDPI
+PTSIZE=`echo "2 k $MAG 100 / p q" | dc`
+PFADIR=/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/ps-outlines/
+
+# Clean up on normal or abnormal exit
+trap "cd /; rm -rf $TEMPDIR" 0 1 2 15
+
+mkdir $TEMPDIR
+cd $TEMPDIR
+
+echo Making ${PTSIZE}pt ${BDPI}dpi version of $NAME.
+ps2pk -v -X$BDPI -P$PTSIZE -a$PFADIR/$NAME.afm \
+ $PFADIR/$NAME.pfa $BASENAME.pk
+
+pktobdf $BASENAME.pk | gawk -vname=$NAME.$DPI -f \
+ /usr/local/lib/tex/ps/PStoXfont.awk > $BASENAME.bdf
+bdftopcf $BASENAME.bdf > $BASENAME.pcf
+mv $BASENAME.pcf $DESTDIR
+
+mkfontdir $DESTDIR
+xset +fp $DESTDIR
+xset fp rehash
+
+exit 0
+
+
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-08 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-08
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7e860797a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/examples/ex-D-08
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+#!/usr/local/bin/perl
+#
+# txt2verb Copyright (C) 1993 by Norm Walsh <norm@ora.com>
+# Distribute freely under the terms of the GNU Copyleft.
+#
+# Converts a text "screen" into a form suitable for \inputing into TeX
+# and printing as a screen dump. The original form is assumed to be
+# a series of 80-byte lines with any character in the range 0-255 present
+# (including CR and LF in the middle of a line).
+#
+# The output form is a series of lines of varying length. There is
+# one output line for each input line. TeX special characters and all
+# characters in the ranges 0-31 and 127-255 are replaced by control
+# sequences.
+#
+# Usage:
+#
+# txt2verb screenfile <texfile>
+#
+# If texfile is not specified, stdout is assumed.
+#
+# Options:
+#
+# -l File of lines. Input file contains lines of varying length,
+# but no imbedded CR or LF chars.
+# -v Verbose: print each input line as it's read.
+# -q Quiet: no messages.
+# -L # Set line length to '#' characters.
+#
+# To incorporate the resulting screen dump in your Plain TeX or LaTeX
+# document, insert the following macro definitions before the first
+# screen dump:
+#
+# \font\screenfont=cr-pc8 at 8pt % use any IBM OEM encoded fixed width font!
+#
+# %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+# % These macros are derived from The TeXbook pg 380-381
+# \def\uncatcodespecials{\def\do##1{\catcode`##1=12 }\dospecials}
+# \def\setupverbatim{\screenfont%
+# \def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf\relax}%
+# \obeylines\uncatcodespecials%
+# \catcode`\\=0\catcode`\{=1\catcode`\}=2\obeyspaces}
+# {\obeyspaces\global\let =\ } % let active space be a control space
+# \def\screenlisting#1{\par\begingroup%
+# \def\c##1{\char##1}\setupverbatim\input{#1}%
+# \endgroup}
+# %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+# \def\screenbox#1{%
+# \vbox{\offinterlineskip%
+# \parskip=0pt\parindent=0pt%
+# \screenlisting{#1}}}
+# %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+# % Input converted file '#1' and set it inside a box with '#2' padding
+# % space around the image.
+# \def\screendump#1#2{%
+# \hbox{\vrule%
+# \vbox{\hrule%
+# \hbox{\hskip#2%
+# \vbox{\vskip#2%
+# \def\twentyxs{xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx}%
+# \setbox0=\hbox{\screenfont\twentyxs\twentyxs\twentyxs\twentyxs}%
+# \hbox to \wd0{\screenbox{#1}\hss}%
+# \vskip#2}%
+# \hskip#2}%
+# \hrule}%
+# \vrule\hss}}
+# %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+#
+# To include the converted image 'screen.tex' in your document with 2pt
+# of padding around the image, use:
+#
+# \screendump{screen}{2pt}
+#
+# in your document. Note: since this is set as an 'hbox', you may need
+# to use \leavevmode\screendump{screen}{2pt}
+#
+##########################################################################
+
+require 'getopts.pl';
+do Getopts('lvqL:');
+
+die "$0: options make no sense: -l and -L $opt_L.\n" if $opt_l && $opt_L;
+
+$FILEOFLINES = $opt_l;
+$VERBOSE = $opt_v;
+$QUIET = $opt_q;
+$LINELENGTH = $opt_L || 80;
+
+$capturefile = @ARGV[0] || die "Usage: $0 capturefile <texfile>";
+$texfile = @ARGV[1] || "-";
+
+select(STDERR); $| = 1; select(STDOUT); # no buffering of stderr
+
+%badchars = (); # These characters are illegal on input
+
+# anything in the control character range
+for ($byte = 0; $byte < 32; $byte++) {
+ $char = sprintf("%c", $byte);
+ $badchars{$char} = "\\c{$byte}";
+}
+
+# and anything over 126
+for ($byte = 127; $byte < 256; $byte++) {
+ $char = sprintf("%c", $byte);
+ $badchars{$char} = "\\c{$byte}";
+}
+
+$badchars{"\%"} = '\%';
+$badchars{"\$"} = '\$';
+$badchars{"\&"} = '\&';
+$badchars{"\#"} = '\#';
+$badchars{"\{"} = '\c{123}';
+$badchars{"\}"} = '\c{125}';
+$badchars{"\\"} = '\c{92}';
+$badchars{"\_"} = '\c{95}';
+$badchars{"\^"} = '\c{94}';
+
+open (CAPTFILE, $capturefile)
+ || die "Can't open capture file: $capturefile\n";
+open (TEXFILE, ">$texfile")
+ || die "Can't open TeX file: $texfile\n";
+while ($line = &get_line()) {
+ print STDERR "." if $texfile ne "-" && !$VERBOSE && !$QUIET;
+ print STDERR "$line\n" if $VERBOSE;
+
+ $outputbuf = "";
+ while (length($line) > 0) {
+ $char = substr($line,0,1);
+ $line = substr($line,1);
+
+ if (defined($badchars{$char})) {
+ $outputbuf .= $badchars{$char};
+ } else {
+ $outputbuf .= $char;
+ }
+ }
+ print TEXFILE "$outputbuf\n";
+}
+
+close(CAPTFILE);
+close(TEXFILE);
+
+exit 0;
+
+sub get_text_line {
+ local($line);
+
+ if ($line = scalar(<CAPTFILE>)) {
+ chop($line);
+ }
+
+ $line;
+}
+
+sub get_data_line {
+ local($datalen, $line);
+
+ if ($datalen = read(CAPTFILE, $line, $LINELENGTH)) {
+ # if we got a complete line, look to see if the next
+ # characters in the file are CR, CR/LF, or LF. If so, remove
+ # them (assume the are line breaks in the file)
+ if ($datalen = $LINELENGTH) {
+ $place = tell(CAPTFILE);
+ $datalen = read(CAPTFILE, $line, 1);
+ if ($line eq "\015") {
+ $place++;
+ $datalen = read(CAPTFILE, $line, 1);
+ if ($line ne "\012") {
+ seek(CAPTFILE, $place, 0);
+ }
+ } elsif ($line ne "\012") {
+ seek(CAPTFILE, $place, 0);
+ }
+ }
+ } else {
+ return undef;
+ }
+
+ $line;
+}
+
+sub get_line {
+ local($line);
+ if ($FILEOFLINES) {
+ $line = &get_text_line();
+ } else {
+ $line = &get_data_line();
+ }
+
+ $line;
+}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apa.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apa.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5ac16b87c4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apa.html
@@ -0,0 +1,903 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="ch16.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities" />
+ <link rel="next" href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities"
+ href="ch16.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples"
+ href="apb.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="appendix">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.fileext"
+ name="chap.fileext"></a>Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename
+ Extension Summary</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This chapter summarizes many common filename extensions.
+ The extensions are listed in alphabetical order. All
+ extensions can be shortened to three letters for consistency
+ with operating systems that do not allow longer file
+ extensions. On other file systems, they may be slightly
+ different. For example, <tt>EPS</tt> files are sometimes
+ called <tt>EPSF</tt> files on unix systems, which allow
+ longer filenames.</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term">abf</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>An Adobe binary screen font file contains a binary
+ encoding of a BDF (bitmap distribution format) file.
+ Binary encoding makes the files smaller, but it also
+ makes them less portable and unintelligible to humans.
+ The binary format is described in Adobe's ABF Format
+ Specification&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#abffiles">abffiles</a>]. BDF files are
+ described below.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">afm</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Adobe font metrics files are ASCII files distributed
+ with \ps Type&#160;1 fonts. Type&#160;1 fonts are the
+ linearly scalable fonts that \ps printer users are most
+ familiar with. Bounding boxes, an encoding vector (what
+ characters go where), kerning, and ligature information
+ are among the things described in this file. The AFM
+ file format is described completely in Adobe's AFM
+ Format Specification&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#afmfiles">afmfiles</a>].</p>
+
+ <p>\ps fonts (available through commercial vendors or
+ from the Internet) are supplied with AFM files.
+ Generally, the only occasion that you would have to
+ modify an AFM file would be to change the encoding
+ vector.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">aux</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Auxiliary files are built by LaTeX each time it
+ formats a document. LaTeX writes information about
+ cross references, citations, etc., to the auxiliary
+ file for post-processing by other tools, or for TeX
+ processing the next time this document is
+ formatted.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">bbl</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Bibliography files are created by BibTeX from the
+ citations in your document, the bibliography databases
+ (BIB) that you specify, and the bibliography style
+ (BST) you use. BibTeX writes the resulting bibliography
+ to the BBL file, which is automatically included in
+ your LaTeX document at the place where you define the
+ bibliography.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">bdf</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Bitmap distribution format files are ASCII files
+ that describe a bitmap font. They are frequently used
+ to distribute bitmap versions of scalable fonts in
+ screen resolution at common sizes. They are resolution
+ specific, but they are portable from one architecture
+ to another. The BDF file format is described completely
+ in Adobe's BDF Format Specification&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#bdffiles">bdffiles</a>].</p>
+
+ <p>Some fonts packages are distributed with BDF files.
+ Other BDF files are created as part of the conversion
+ process from native format to X11 format. It is
+ unlikely that you would ever create one purely by
+ hand.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">bib</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Bibliography databases contain bibliographic
+ information. These are generally handwritten and may
+ contain bibliographic information for all of the
+ sources that you are (ever) likely to cite. The BibTeX
+ program reads information about each work that you
+ FIXME: from the BIB file. Consult the documentation for
+ BibTeX for more information about the format of BIB
+ files.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">blg</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>BibTeX log files record the status of the last run
+ of BibTeX.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">bst</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Bibliography style files are used by BibTeX to
+ define the layout of the citations. BibTeX produces
+ LaTeX commands in the BBL file that define the
+ citations in the format specified by the BST file.</p>
+
+ <p>You may eventually write or modify a bibliography
+ style file, but it is less common than modifying LaTeX
+ style files because bibliographies have a more rigidly
+ defined format. Consult the documentation for BibTeX
+ for more information about the format of BST files.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">bzr</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The GNU fontutils define the BZR format to hold
+ generic scalable font data. The file actually contains
+ the specification for a series of bezier curves. The
+ BZR file format is defined in the TeXinfo pages that
+ accompany the GNU fontutils. The GNU fontutils create
+ BZR files.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">dvi</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>TeX produces device-independent output in the DVI
+ file. This file describes the TeXed document in a
+ simple stack language that can be rendered on any
+ device. The format of DVI files is described in the
+ \web documentation for <b>DVItype</b>, or in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>The DVI Drivers
+ Standard</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#dvi:standard">dvi:standard</a>].</p>
+
+ <p>TeX (and some <b>MFware</b> utilities) produces DVI
+ files.</p>
+
+ <p>\hyphenation{encap-sulated}</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">epsf</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Encapsulated \ps files contain scalable \ps images
+ and extra information (such as the size of the image's
+ bounding box) that is necessary to scale the image
+ appropriately for printing, unlike generic \ps. Using
+ encapsulated \ps images in your TeX document requires a
+ DVI driver that understands \ps \specials. How to
+ include pictures and figures via encapsulated
+ PostScript is described in detail in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>You are unlikely to create encapsulated \ps files by
+ hand, but many drawing and drafting programs can create
+ them for you.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">fig</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>FIG files are created by the <b>XFig</b> program
+ (and possibly other programs). The scalable
+ representation of a collection of graphics objects is
+ stored in ASCII form in FIG files. The <b>transfig</b>
+ program can translate FIG files into a number of other
+ formats including EPSF, HPGL, and a variety of LaTeX
+ environments.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">fli</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Font libraries are distributed with emTeX. They
+ contain a collection of PK files. Font libraries have
+ several advantages over a directory full of PK files:
+ they are easier to maintain (because you don't have to
+ deal with hundreds of files); they are faster to search
+ (because they are indexed more efficiently than a
+ directory); they are smaller (because <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>each</em></span> PK file wastes an
+ average of half a cluster of disk space); and the name
+ of each font is not limited to eight characters as it
+ is under MS-DOS file naming conventions.</p>
+
+ <p>Note: <b>dvips</b> can also use emTeX FLI files.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">gf</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Generic font files contain bitmap data for the
+ characters of a font. The GF format is very simple, and
+ many TeX related programs that create fonts produce GF
+ files. The disadvantage of GF files is that they are
+ very large (because no compression is performed). The
+ format of GF files is described in the \web
+ documentation for <b>GFtoPK</b> (or any of the
+ GF-related <b>MFware</b> programs).</p>
+
+ <p>MetaFont is the primary source for GF files. Some
+ other programs (some of the GNU fontutils, for example)
+ also produce GF files.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">gif</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Graphics interchange format is a CompuServe bitmap
+ graphics standard. GIF files are very popular, and a
+ number of converters (e.g., <b>BM2FONT</b>) can
+ translate GIF files into a format usable by TeX.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">glo</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Glossary files are produced by the LaTeX \glossary
+ command. They are analogous to the IDX files produced
+ by the \index commands. The glossary is inserted in
+ your document wherever the \makeglossary command
+ occurs.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">gsf</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Ghostscript fonts are scalable fonts very similar to
+ \ps Type&#160;1 fonts. Theoretically,
+ <b>Ghostscript</b> can use \ps Type&#160;1 fonts
+ directly, although I have never tried. Several GSF
+ fonts are distributed with <b>Ghostscript</b>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">hpgl</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Hewlett-Packard GL is a plotter language. Many
+ programs can produce vector graphics in HPGL
+ format.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">hptfm</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Hewlett-Packard tagged font metric files are a lot
+ like TeX TFM files. It is unfortunate that both files
+ have the extension TFM because they are completely
+ incompatible. You can generate TeX TFM files from
+ HPTFMs with the <b>HPTFM2PL</b> program.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">idx</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Index files are produced automatically when you use
+ the \index commands in LaTeX. The IDX file contains raw
+ indexing data that will be used by the <b>MakeIndex</b>
+ program to build an index for your document. You must
+ include the <tt>makeidx</tt> style in your
+ <tt>documentstyle</tt> command, and you must turn on
+ indexing with \makeindex in the preamble of your
+ document if you wish to (re)build the index. See the
+ entry for IND files below for more information.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">ilg</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p><b>MakeIndex</b> log files record the status of the
+ last run of <b>MakeIndex</b>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">img</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The IMG format is a particular bitmapped image
+ format used by the GEM Window System (a PC-based
+ windowed desktop interface product). The GNU fontutils
+ read IMG files as their default format. The
+ <b>PBMplus</b> utilities<sup>[<a id="id2942243"
+ name="id2942243" href="#ftn.id2942243">129</a>]</sup>
+ can convert between many graphics file formats,
+ including IMG.</p>
+
+ <p>Some scanning software produces IMG files directly.
+ Other IMG files are distributed by the Free Software
+ Foundation as part of an ongoing project to produce
+ high-quality, free typefaces.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">ind</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Index files are produced by the <b>MakeIndex</b> and
+ automatically get included into your LaTeX document
+ wherever you put the \printindex command. The \index
+ commands in your LaTeX document write raw indexing data
+ to the IDX file. <b>MakeIndex</b> reads the IDX file,
+ sorts and formats the index according to the IST file,
+ and produces an IND file for your document.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">ist</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Index specification files are used by
+ <b>MakeIndex</b> to format the index file. Consult the
+ documentation for <b>MakeIndex</b> for more
+ information.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">jpeg</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>JPEG files are compressed bitmap images. Because
+ JPEG files use a &#8220;lossy&#8221; compression
+ algorithm, they are frequently much smaller than other
+ formats.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">lof</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>List of figures files are produced by the
+ \listoffigures command in LaTeX. After seeing
+ \listoffigures, LaTeX writes figure captions to the LOF
+ file. The next time the document is formatted, LaTeX
+ will insert the LOF file at the point where you issue
+ the \listoffigures command.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">log</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Log files are always produced by TeX and MetaFont.
+ The LOG file is generally uninteresting. Status and
+ warning messages deemed too trivial (or too detailed)
+ for the display are written to the log file (all
+ messages written to the display are also written to the
+ log).</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">lot</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>List of tables files are exactly analogous to LOF
+ files.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">mf</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Just as TeX reads TEX files, which are plain ASCII
+ descriptions of a typeset document, MetaFont reads MF
+ files, which are plain ASCII descriptions of a
+ typeface. MetaFont and MF files are the topic of
+ Knuth's \MFbook&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#kn:mfbook">kn:mfbook</a>]. Unlike \ps
+ fonts, MetaFont fonts are not linearly scaled.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2942471" name="id2942471"
+ href="#ftn.id2942471">130</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>The standard TeX distribution contains the MF files
+ for the Computer Modern fonts. Knuth has produced
+ several more MF files to demonstrate MetaFont. The
+ American Mathematical Society has extended Computer
+ Modern with several more. The <b>MFpic</b> macro
+ package produces MF files from a picture-like
+ environment in TeX. \TheMFbook describes how to create
+ your own fonts with MetaFont.</p>
+
+ <p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>List of
+ MetaFonts</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#lreq:metafonts">lreq:metafonts</a>] is
+ posted occasionally to the newsgroups
+ \path|comp.text.tex| and \path|comp.fonts|.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a></em></span>,
+ describes MetaFont in more detail. The TeX fonts
+ available in MetaFont format are listed in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">mfj</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>MFjob files are plain ASCII files that contain
+ instructions for <b>MFjob</b>, an emTeX program that
+ builds groups of MetaFont fonts. MFJ files can be
+ created by hand to automate the process of building a
+ set of fonts. They are also created by the emTeX DVI
+ drivers if automatic font generation is being used.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">msp</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Microsoft Paint files contain bitmapped graphic
+ images. They can be included in a TeX document with
+ \special commands recognized by the emTeX DVI
+ drivers.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">pbm</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The portable bitmap format is a flexible bitmap
+ representation introduced by the <b>PBMplus</b>
+ package. The <b>PBMplus</b> utilities allow for the
+ conversion of PBM format files to and from almost
+ anything else. The PBM format (and all the utilities)
+ are described in the manpages that accompany the
+ <b>PBMplus</b> toolkit distribution.</p>
+
+ <p>The PBM toolkit and many other X11 graphics
+ utilities can read and write PBM files (e.g. XV).</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">pcf</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The PCF format is one of several X11 bitmap font
+ formats. Architecture-specific versions of X11 use PCF
+ files. Other architectures use one of a number of other
+ architecture-specific formats (e.g., SNF). PCF files
+ are used by at least the DEC versions of the X11
+ server. The X11 distribution for your architecture
+ includes a program that will convert BDF files to the
+ standard adopted for your architecture.</p>
+
+ <p>PCF files are almost invariably created from some
+ other source. It is unlikely that you will ever create
+ one by hand.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">pcl</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>PCL files contain printer commands for HP LaserJet
+ printers. DVI drivers for HP LaserJet printers create
+ PCL files. It is possible to get information out of
+ some PCL files with <b>pcltomsp</b>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">pcx</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>PCX files contain bitmapped graphic images. They can
+ be included in a TeX document with \special commands
+ recognized by the emTeX DVI drivers.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">pfa</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Printer font ASCII files contain scalable outline
+ data that describes each character in a Type&#160;1
+ font. A large portion of this file is encrypted, so it
+ is an ASCII file only in the sense that the binary
+ portion is represented as a string of hexadecimal ASCII
+ digits. This is traditional \ps because it is pure
+ ASCII. See PFB below.</p>
+
+ <p>Type&#160;1 outline fonts are created by special
+ font editing programs or conversion tools (e.g. the GNU
+ fontutils).</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">pfb</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Printer font binary files, like PFA files, contain
+ the outline data for \ps Type&#160;1 fonts. The binary
+ format was adopted to save space (they are generally
+ about half the size of their PFA counterparts).<sup>[<a
+ id="id2942788" name="id2942788"
+ href="#ftn.id2942788">131</a>]</sup> Because they are
+ binary files, it is more difficult to transfer them
+ from one architecture to another (endian-ness, binary
+ transmission, etc.). \ps purists are apt to disparage
+ them.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">pfm</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Printer font metric files are a Microsoft Windows
+ standard. They are encountered frequently in archives
+ that contain Type&#160;1 fonts. Unfortunately, these
+ archives occasionally fail to include AFM files, which
+ are more standard outside of the Windows community.
+ Even more unfortunately, PFM files do not contain all
+ of the information that is in an AFM file. However, the
+ <b>PFM2AFM</b> program can construct a partial AFM
+ file. I believe that the PFM file format is described
+ in a Microsoft technical note; however, I have never
+ seen it.</p>
+
+ <p>Unless you use Microsoft Windows, PFM files are
+ likely to be useless. If you need PFM files, the MS-DOS
+ program <b>Refont</b> can create them from AFM
+ files.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">pk</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Most TeX DVI conversion programs read packed bitmap
+ font files. The PK font format defines a clever scheme
+ that allows bitmap fonts to be compressed
+ significantly. The format of PK files is described in
+ the \web documentation for <b>PKtype</b> (or any of the
+ PK-related <b>MFware</b> programs).</p>
+
+ <p>You are unlikely to create PK files by hand, per se,
+ but there are a number of utility programs that
+ ultimately create PK files (e.g., <b>GFtoPK</b>,
+ MetaFont, <b>MFpic</b>, <b>PS2PK</b>).</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">pl</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>A property list file contains an ASCII
+ representation of a binary file. The property list
+ format was created during TeX development to allow
+ binary files (specifically TFM files) to be hand-coded.
+ Most users have no reason to create PL files; however,
+ some programs create PL files that must be converted
+ into TFM files with the TeXware program <b>PLtoTF</b>.
+ The PL format is described in the \web documentation
+ for <b>PLtoTF</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>If you need to edit TeX font metric information for
+ a particular font, you will almost certainly do so by
+ editing the PL file. You can create a PL file from a
+ TFM file with the <b>TFtoPL</b> utility.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">ps</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>\ps is a page description language. The \ps language
+ is described in a series of volumes from Adobe Systems.
+ PS is a common extension for \ps files.</p>
+
+ <p>Unless you are inclined to enter the Obfuscated \ps
+ Contest, you are unlikely to create \ps files by hand.
+ \ps files are created by many common tools.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">pxl</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This format is obsolete. It has been completely
+ superseded by the PK format. If you still have PXL
+ files, you can convert them to PK format with the
+ <b>PXtoPK</b> program. If you are still using a DVI
+ driver that needs PXL files, you need an upgrade.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">sfl</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>These files contain HP LaserJet softfonts in
+ landscape orientation. LaserJet softfonts are device
+ specific bitmap representations of a typeface. The
+ bitmap versions are described thoroughly in the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>LaserJet Technical Reference
+ Manual</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#pcl5:techref">pcl5:techref</a>] for
+ each of the HP LaserJet printers. Newer laser printers
+ can perform automatic rotation of fonts (in 90 degree
+ increments, at least), so the distinction between
+ landscape and portrait font files is disappearing.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">sfp</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>These files contain HP LaserJet softfonts in
+ portrait orientation. See the entry for SFL files,
+ above.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">sfs</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Scalable softfonts are HP LaserJet softfonts for the
+ new (HPLJ III and higher) LaserJet printers. These are
+ really in AGFA IntelliFont Scalable format&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#intellifont">intellifont</a>].</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">snf</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Server native format fonts are another version of
+ X11 bitmap font. See the entry for PCF files, above,
+ for more information.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">sty</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Style files are used by LaTeX to define the layout
+ of a LaTeX document (by redefining the meaning of
+ commands like \section, for example). They are also
+ used commonly to extend LaTeX. See the LaTeX
+ manual&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#ll:latexbook">ll:latexbook</a>] for
+ more information.</p>
+
+ <p>Style files are really just TeX files that perform
+ specific tasks. You will eventually write or modify a
+ style file, but it isn't something you are likely to do
+ every day.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">tex</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>TEX files describe the layout of a typeset document
+ in the TeX programming language,<sup>[<a id="id2943178"
+ name="id2943178" href="#ftn.id2943178">132</a>]</sup>
+ as defined by <span class="emphasis"><em>The
+ TeXbook</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#kn:texbook">kn:texbook</a>]. Most
+ people use some form of macro package on top of TeX to
+ make the language easier to swallow. If a TeX file
+ begins with \documentstyle{} or has \begin{document}
+ somewhere near the top, it is probably a LaTeX
+ document. Otherwise, look for the \input commands to
+ see what macro packages are being included.</p>
+
+ <p>Documents that do not appear to be LaTeX documents
+ and do not appear to \input special macro packages may
+ be using a special <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>format</em></span>. Formats are
+ fast-loading precompiled macro packages. If you know
+ the name of the format file, you can tell TeX to use it
+ by typing &amp;<span
+ class="emphasis"><em>format-name</em></span> as a
+ parameter to TeX.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">tiff</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>TIFF files contain bitmapped or vector graphic
+ images in a very flexible form. The &#8220;T&#8221; in
+ TIFF stands for &#8220;tagged.&#8221; All of the
+ different kinds of information (regarding number of
+ colors, compression, etc.) that might appear in a TIFF
+ file are given unique tags that allow a TIFF file
+ reader to skip over information that it does not
+ understand.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">tfm</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>TeX font metric files contain information about
+ fonts. TeX doesn't know anything about the intrinsic
+ shape of the characters that it lays down on the page.
+ TeX deals entirely with boxes. Every character is
+ described by the rectangular box that (usually)
+ surrounds it. The TFM file for a font describes the
+ size of each character's box, as well as ligature and
+ kerning information for the font. A human-readable
+ version of a TFM file can be produced with the
+ <b>TFtoPL</b> program. The format of TFM files is
+ described thoroughly in the \web documentation for
+ <b>TFtoPL</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>If you have reason to modify a TFM file, you will
+ almost certainly do so by converting it to PL format
+ first. You can convert it back into a TFM file with the
+ <b>PLtoTF</b> utility.</p>
+
+ <p>See also HPTFM files.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">toc</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Table of contents files are produced by the
+ \tableofcontents command in LaTeX. After seeing
+ \tableofcontents, LaTeX writes chapter, section,
+ subsection, etc., names to the TOC file. The next time
+ the document is formatted, LaTeX will insert the TOC
+ file at the point where you issue the \tableofcontents
+ command.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">txt</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Generic ASCII text.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">vf</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Virtual font files. They are described in more
+ detail in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.
+ In short, a virtual font maps a character to an
+ arbitrary sequence of <tt>DVI</tt> file commands. This
+ may be another character in a different font, a
+ different character in the same font, or something else
+ entirely.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">vpl</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The virtual property list is a property list file
+ for virtual fonts (as opposed to being some sort of
+ property list file that was itself virtual ;-). VPL
+ files serve the same purpose for VF files that PL files
+ serve for TFM files. The VPL format is defined in the
+ \web documentation for <b>VPtoVF</b>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">xbm</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>X11 bitmap files contain a bitmapped image. X11
+ icons are frequently stored in XBM files. They also
+ occur in <tt>.icon</tt> files and files without
+ extensions (e.g., in
+ <tt>/usr/include/X11/bitmaps</tt>). I mention them here
+ only because I like to use icons on my X11 desktop, and
+ I have used <b>PKtoBM</b> to create several nice ones
+ from TeX PK files.</p>
+
+ <p>X11 bitmap files are used for all bitmap displays in
+ the X11 server (not just icons). Because they are ASCII
+ and not binary, they are architecture independent,
+ which makes them very portable.\par</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2942243" name="ftn.id2942243"
+ href="#id2942243">129</a>]</sup> {The <b>PBMplus</b>
+ utilities are a collection of programs that allow
+ conversion between different graphic formats by using the
+ PBM format as a transition step.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2942471" name="ftn.id2942471"
+ href="#id2942471">130</a>]</sup> {Linear versus
+ non-linear scaling is a typographic issue better
+ discussed elsewhere. I mention it here just for
+ completeness.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2942788" name="ftn.id2942788"
+ href="#id2942788">131</a>]</sup> {The proof is left as an
+ exercise to the reader (I always wanted to say
+ that).}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2943178" name="ftn.id2943178"
+ href="#id2943178">132</a>]</sup> You already knew this,
+ didn't you?</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities"
+ href="ch16.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples"
+ href="apb.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX
+ Utilities&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apb.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apb.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..87dccbe0fb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apb.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2557 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="apa.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary" />
+ <link rel="next" href="apc.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary"
+ href="apa.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources"
+ href="apc.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="appendix">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="app.fonts"
+ name="app.fonts"></a>Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font
+ Samples</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This appendix showcases a number of MetaFont fonts. First,
+ several examples of encoding vectors are presented and then
+ samples of many fonts from the CTAN archives are
+ provided.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2941555"
+ name="id2941555"></a>Font Encodings</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Font encoding vectors are described in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.
+ Table&#160;<a href="apb.html#tab.cmrencode"
+ title="Table&#160;B.1.&#160;The Computer Modern Roman Font Encoding">
+ Table&#160;B.1</a> shows the Computer Modern Text encoding,
+ Table&#160;<a href="apb.html#tab.cmmiencode"
+ title="Table&#160;B.2.&#160;The Computer Modern Math Italic Font Encoding">
+ Table&#160;B.2</a> shows the Computer Modern Math Italic
+ encoding, Table&#160;<a
+ href="apb.html#tab.font.corkencoding"
+ title="Table&#160;B.3.&#160;The Cork Font Encoding">Table&#160;B.3</a>
+ shows the Cork encoding, and Table&#160;<a
+ href="apb.html#tab.adbstdencode"
+ title="Table&#160;B.4.&#160;The Adobe Standard Font Encoding">
+ Table&#160;B.4</a> shows the Adobe Standard encoding.</p>
+
+ <p>\font\dcr=cmr12 \typeout{Setting CMR Encoding table}</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.cmrencode" name="tab.cmrencode"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;B.1.&#160;The Computer
+ Modern Roman Font Encoding</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="The Computer Modern Roman Font Encoding"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="right" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
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+
+ <th align="center">\bf 0</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 1</th>
+
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+
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+
+ <th align="center">\bf 4</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 5</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 6</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 7\strut</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{0}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
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+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{6}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{7}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf 8</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf 9</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf A</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf B</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf C</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf D</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf E</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf F\strut</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\font\dcr=cmmi12 \typeout{Setting CMIT Encoding
+ table}</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.cmmiencode" name="tab.cmmiencode"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;B.2.&#160;The Computer
+ Modern Math Italic Font Encoding</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="The Computer Modern Math Italic Font Encoding"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="right" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="right">\colcount=0</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 0</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 1</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 2</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 3</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 4</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 5</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 6</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 7\strut</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{0}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{1}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{2}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{3}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{4}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{5}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{6}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{7}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf 8</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf 9</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf A</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf B</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf C</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf D</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf E</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf F\strut</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\typeout{Setting Cork Encoding table}</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.font.corkencoding"
+ name="tab.font.corkencoding"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;B.3.&#160;The Cork Font
+ Encoding</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="The Cork Font Encoding" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="right" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="right">&#160;</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 0</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 1</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 2</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 3</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 4</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 5</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 6</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf 7\strut</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf 8</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf 9</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf A</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf B</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf C</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf D</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf E</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\bf F\strut</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\endfoot \colnum{0}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{1}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{2}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{3}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{4}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{5}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{6}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\colnum{7}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="right">\cline{2-9}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\row</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
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+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2945478"
+ name="id2945478"></a>Font Samples</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>MetaFont, like TeX, has been widely ported and many
+ people have developed fonts using it. The remainder of this
+ appendix shows examples of many of the fonts available in
+ the CTAN archives in February, 1994.</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/ams/amsfonts/cyrillic}
+ \fontsample{wncyb10} \fontsample{wncyi10}
+ \fontsample{wncyr10} \fontsample{wncysc10}
+ \fontsample{wncyss10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/ams/amsfonts/euler} \fontsample{euex10}
+ \fontsample{eufb10} \fontsample{eufm10} \fontsample{eurb10}
+ \fontsample{eurm10} \fontsample{eusb10}
+ \fontsample{eusm10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/ams/amsfonts/extracm} \fontsample{cmbsy9}
+ \fontsample{cmcsc9} \fontsample{cmex9}
+ \fontsample{cmmib9}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/ams/amsfonts/symbols} \fontsample{msam10}
+ \fontsample[-52pt]{msbm10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/apl} \fontsample{cmapl10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/astro} \fontsample{astrosym}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/bard} \fontsample{bard}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/bashkirian} \fontsample{jkbash10}
+ \fontsample{jkcyr10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/bbding} \fontsample{bbding10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/bbold} \fontsample{bbold10}
+ \fontsample{cspex10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/blackletter} \fontsample{blackletter}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/calligra} \fontsample{callig15}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/chess} \fontsample{chess10}
+ \fontsample{chessf10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/cirth} \fontsample{cirbf}
+ \fontsample{cirsl} \fontsample{cirss}
+ \fontsample{cirth}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/cm} \fontsample{cmb10}
+ \fontsample{cmbsy10} \fontsample{cmbx10}
+ \fontsample{cmbxsl10} \fontsample{cmbxti10}
+ \fontsample{cmcsc10} \fontsample{cmdunh10}
+ \fontsample{cmex10} \fontsample{cmff10} \fontsample{cmfi10}
+ \fontsample{cmfib8} \fontsample{cmitt10}
+ \fontsample{cmmi10} \fontsample{cmmib10} \fontsample{cmr10}
+ \fontsample{cmsl10} \fontsample{cmsltt10}
+ \fontsample{cmss10} \fontsample{cmssbx10}
+ \fontsample{cmssdc10} \fontsample{cmssi10}
+ \fontsample{cmssq8} \fontsample{cmssqi8}
+ \fontsample{cmsy10} \fontsample{cmtcsc10}
+ \fontsample{cmtex10} \fontsample{cmti10}
+ \fontsample{cmtt10} \fontsample{cmu10}
+ \fontsample{cmvtt10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/cm/utility} \fontsample{grdov5}
+ \fontsample{logo10} \fontsample{logo10}
+ \fontsample{logobf10} \fontsample{logobf10}
+ \fontsample{logosl10} \fontsample{logosl10}
+ \fontsample{slaps4} \fontsample{sldov6}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/cmastro} \fontsample{cmastro10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/cmcyr} \fontsample{cmcbx10}
+ \fontsample{cmcbxsl10} \fontsample{cmcbxti10}
+ \fontsample{cmcitt10} \fontsample{cmcsl10}
+ \fontsample{cmcss10} \fontsample{cmcssdc10}
+ \fontsample{cmcti10} \fontsample{cmctt10}
+ \fontsample{cmcyr10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/cmoefont} \fontsample{cmoebx10}
+ \fontsample{cmoer10} \fontsample{cmoesc10}
+ \fontsample{cmoesl10} \fontsample{cmoeti10}
+ \fontsample{cmoett10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/cmpica} \fontsample{cmpicab}
+ \fontsample{cmpicati} \fontsample{cmpica}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/concrete} \fontsample{cccsc10}
+ \fontsample{ccmi10} \fontsample{ccr10} \fontsample{ccsl10}
+ \fontsample{ccslc9} \fontsample{ccti10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/duerer} \fontsample{cdb10}
+ \fontsample{cdi10} \fontsample{cdr10} \fontsample{cdsl10}
+ \fontsample{cdss10} \fontsample{cdtt10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/eiad} \fontsample{eiad10}
+ \fontsample{eiadbf10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/elvish} \fontsample{teng10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/engwar} \fontsample{engwar}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/fc} \fontsample{b-fcbx10}
+ \fontsample{b-fcbxi10} \fontsample{b-fcbxsl10}
+ \fontsample{b-fcbxu10} \fontsample{b-fccsc10}
+ \fontsample{b-fci10} \fontsample{b-fcitt10}
+ \fontsample{b-fcr10} \fontsample{b-fcsibx10}
+ \fontsample{b-fcsitt10} \fontsample{b-fcsl10}
+ \fontsample{b-fcss10} \fontsample{b-fcssbx10}
+ \fontsample{b-fcssi10} \fontsample{b-fcsstt10}
+ \fontsample{b-fctt10} \fontsample{b-fcu10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/futhark} \fontsample{futhol10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/georgian} \fontsample{georgian}
+ \fontsample{mxed10} \fontsample{mxedbf10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/go} \fontsample{go10}
+ \fontsample{go1bla10} \fontsample{go1whi10}
+ \fontsample{go2bla10} \fontsample{go2whi10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/gothic} \fontsample{yfrak}
+ \fontsample{ygoth} \fontsample{yinit}
+ \fontsample{yswab}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/greek/kd} \fontsample{kdbf10}
+ \fontsample{kdgr10} \fontsample{kdsl10} \fontsample{kdti10}
+ \fontsample{kdtt10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/greek/kelly} \fontsample{cmg10}
+ \fontsample{cmgb10} \fontsample{cmgi10}
+ \fontsample{cmgtt10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/greek/moschovakis} \fontsample{gecmbx10}
+ \fontsample{gecmml10} \fontsample{gecmr10}
+ \fontsample{gecmsc10} \fontsample{gecmsl10}
+ \fontsample{gecmss10} \fontsample{gecmti10}
+ \fontsample{gecmtt10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/greek/yannis} \fontsample{mrgrbf10}
+ \fontsample{mrgrrg10} \fontsample{mrgrsl10}
+ \fontsample{mrgrti10} \fontsample{rgrbf10}
+ \fontsample{rgrrg10} \fontsample{rgrsl10}
+ \fontsample{rgrti10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/halftone} \fontsample{halftone}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/hge} \fontsample{hge}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/hieroglyph} \fontsample{diacr10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/karta} \fontsample{karta15}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/klinz} \fontsample{klinz}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/knot} \fontsample{knot1}
+ \fontsample{knot2} \fontsample{knot3} \fontsample{knot4}
+ \fontsample{knot5} \fontsample{knot6}
+ \fontsample{knot7}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/levy} \fontsample{grbld10}
+ \fontsample{grreg10} \fontsample{grtt10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/malvern} \fontsample{fmvX10}
+ \fontsample{fmvb10} \fontsample{fmvi10}
+ \fontsample{fmvr10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/ocr-a} \fontsample{ocr10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/ocr-b} \fontsample{ocrb10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/pandora} \fontsample{pnb10}
+ \fontsample{pnr10} \fontsample[-8pt]{pnsl10}
+ \fontsample{pnss10} \fontsample{pnssb10}
+ \fontsample[-8pt]{pnssi10} \fontsample{pntt9}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/phonetic} \fontsample{cmph10}
+ \fontsample{cmphb10} \fontsample{cmphi10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/punk} \fontsample{punk10}
+ \fontsample{punkbx20} \fontsample{punksl20}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/redis} \fontsample{redis10}
+ \fontsample{redisbx10} \fontsample{rediss10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/rsfs} \fontsample{rsfs10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/rune} \fontsample{rune}
+ \fontsample{srune}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/srune} \fontsample{srune}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/stmary} \fontsample{stmary10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/tengwar} \fontsample{tengwar}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/tsipa} \fontsample{tsipa10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/twcal} \fontsample{twcal14}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/va} \fontsample{va14}
+ \fontsample{vacal14}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/wasy} \fontsample{wasy10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/wasy2} \fontsample{wasy10}
+ \fontsample{wasyb10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{fonts/wsuipa} \fontsample{wbxipa10}
+ \fontsample{wslipa10} \fontsample{wsuipa10}</p>
+
+ <p>\fontdir{macros/latex/distribs/latex/fonts}
+ \fontsample{lasy10} \fontsample{lasyb10}
+ \fontsample{lcircle10} \fontsample{lcirclew10}
+ \fontsample{lcmss8} \fontsample{lcmssb8}
+ \fontsample{lcmssi8} \fontsample{line10}
+ \fontsample{linew10}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary"
+ href="apa.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources"
+ href="apc.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension
+ Summary&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apc.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apc.html
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apc.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1168 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples" />
+ <link rel="next" href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples"
+ href="apb.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples"
+ href="apd.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="appendix">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="app.resources"
+ name="app.resources"></a>Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This appendix lists the resources described in this book.
+ Each of the tools (with the exception of tools mentioned only
+ in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch16.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities">Chapter&#160;16</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch16.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities">Chapter&#160;16</a></em></span>,
+ which are already listed in a similar format) described in
+ the book is presented here. Each entry credits the author and
+ provides information about where the software can be
+ obtained.</p>
+
+ <p>Most of the resources in this appendix are availble from
+ the CTAN archives. Where other sites are listed (for example,
+ <tt>oak.oakland.edu</tt> for MS-DOS software), the addresses
+ are only one possibility. Most of these archives are mirrored
+ around the world. When possible, use an FTP site that is
+ geographically nearby. If you are connected to the Internet,
+ the <tt>archie</tt> service can help you locate nearby
+ sites.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2943524"
+ name="id2943524"></a>TUG: The TeX Users Group</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The TeX Users Group <span class="smallcaps">TUG</span>,
+ begun in 1980, is the international group for TeX users.
+ Their mission is to encourage and expand the use of TeX,
+ MetaFont, and related systems; to ensure the integrity and
+ portability of these systems; and to foster innovation in
+ high-quality electronic document preparation.</p>
+
+ <p>Membership includes the quarterly <i>TUGboat</i>, the
+ newsletter TTN (also a quarterly), and a membership
+ directory; as well, <span class="smallcaps">TUG</span>
+ publishes an occasional series called TeXniques, for
+ special topics (e.g., PiCTeX, <tt>edmac.sty</tt>).</p>
+
+ <p><span class="smallcaps">TUG</span> annual meetings are
+ held in various locations, currently in North America and
+ Europe, in a regular rotation; proceedings are published in
+ <i>TUGboat</i>. Most of the publications now available on
+ TeX, MetaFont, and related systems are available from the
+ <span class="smallcaps">TUG</span> office, which also
+ distributes the main public domain TeX implementations.</p>
+
+ <p>In addition to its publications, <span
+ class="smallcaps">TUG</span> promotes active development
+ work via the Technical Council and its Technical Working
+ Groups. \pagebreak Efforts here include the CTAN archive
+ work, multilingual TeX, TeX for the disabled, and the
+ intersection of TeX with SGML and with Acrobat.</p>
+
+ <p>Information about joining <span
+ class="smallcaps">TUG</span>, receiving <i>TUGboat</i>, and
+ attending the annual meetings is available from:</p>
+
+ <p>TeX Users Group \\ P.O. Box 869 \\ Santa Barbara,
+ California \\ 93102 USA</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2946099"
+ name="id2946099"></a>Other User Groups</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>There are also many other user groups, often based on
+ language or geography: German-speaking users ({\sc
+ DANTE}), French-speaking users ({\sc
+ GUT}enberg\hskip.25pt), Dutch-speaking users ({\sc NTG}),
+ users in the Nordic countries (the Nordic group), users
+ in the UK ({\sc UK} TeX Users Group). There are active
+ groups in existence in Japan, in Russia (Cyr<span
+ class="smallcaps">TUG</span>), in Estonia, in Poland
+ ({\sc GUST}), and in the Czech Republic (Cs<span
+ class="smallcaps">TUG</span>), to name but a few.</p>
+
+ <p>Contact <span class="smallcaps">TUG</span> for details
+ on how to get in touch with these or other TeX user
+ groups.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2946152"
+ name="id2946152"></a>TeX Software</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\package{\cmactex} \author{Thomas R. Kiffe}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/mac/cmactex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\directex} \author{Wilfried Ricken}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/mac/directtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\emTeX} <a id="ap03.emtex"
+ name="ap03.emtex"></a> \author{Eberhard Mattes}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/msdos/emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\gTeX} \author{Young U. Ryu}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/msdos/gtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\oztex} <a id="ap03.oztex"
+ name="ap03.oztex"></a> \author{Andrew Trevorrow}
+ \files{$\Sigma$Edit} \ftp{CTAN:systems/mac/oztex}</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\PCTeX} <a id="ap03.pctex"
+ name="ap03.pctex"></a> \author{Personal \TeX, Inc.}
+ \address{12 Madrona Avenue\\Mill Valley, CA 94941\\USA}
+ \phone{(415) 388--8853 / (413) 388--8865 FAX} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\sbTeX} <a id="ap03.sbtex"
+ name="ap03.sbtex"></a> \author{Wayne G. Sullivan}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/msdos/sbtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeX} <a id="ap03.tex" name="ap03.tex"></a>
+ \author{Donald Knuth} \ftp{CTAN:systems/web2c} \comment{The
+ \Web sources and the \Web2C programs are both available
+ here.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{texas} \author{Shih-Ping Chan}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/msdos/texas} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Textures} <a id="ap03.textures"
+ name="ap03.textures"></a> \author{Blue Sky Research}
+ \address{534 SW Third Avenue\\Portland, OR 97204\\USA}
+ \phone{(800) 622--8398 or (503) 222--9571 / (503) 222--1643
+ FAX} \files{dvitool} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TurboTeX} <a id="ap03.turbotex"
+ name="ap03.turbotex"></a> \author{Kinch Computer Company}
+ \address{501 Meadow Street\\Ithaca, NY 14850\\USA}
+ \phone{(607) 273--0222 / (607) 273--0484 FAX} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\utex} <a id="ap03.utex" name="ap03.utex"></a>
+ \author{ArborText} \address{1000 Victors Way\\Ann Arbor, MI
+ 48108\\USA} \phone{(313) 996--3566 / (313) 996--3573 FAX}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\yyTeX} \author{\YY, Inc.} \address{106 Indian
+ Hill\\Carlisle, MA 01741\\USA} \phone{(508) 371--3286 /
+ (508) 371--2004 FAX} <a id="ap03.yytex"
+ name="ap03.yytex"></a> \print</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2946301"
+ name="id2946301"></a>TeX Shells</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\vskip2pt</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\fourTeX} \author{Wietse Dol, Erik Frambach,
+ Arjen Merckens, and Maarten van der Vlerk}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/msdos/4tex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\PMTeX} \author{Guillaume Schiltz}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/os2/pmtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeXPert} \author{Johannes Martin}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/msdos/texpert} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeXShell} \author{J\"urgen Schlegelmilch}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/msdos/texshell} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{X\TeX{}Shell} \author{Michael Hofmann}
+ \ftp{tsx-11.mit.edu:pub/linux/packages/TeX} \print</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2946342"
+ name="id2946342"></a>Editors</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\vskip2pt</p>
+
+ <p>\package{$\Sigma$Edit} \xref{\oztex}{ap03:oztex}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Alpha} \author{Pete Keheler}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/mac} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{BBEdit} \author{Rich Siegel}
+ \ftp{mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/util/text} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Brief} \author{Borland International, Inc.}
+ \address{1800 Green Hills Road\\P.O. Box 660001\\Scotts
+ Valley, CA 95067--0001} \phone{(408) 438--8400} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{demacs} \author{Manabu Higashida and Hirano
+ Satoshi} \ftp{oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/demacs} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Doc} \xref{idraw}{ap03:idraw} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{emacs} \xref{GNU emacs}{ap03:emacs} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{epm} \author{International Business Machines}
+ \ftp{ftp.cdrom.com:/pub/os2/ibm/epm} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{GNU emacs} <a id="ap03.emacs"
+ name="ap03.emacs"></a> \author{Free Software Foundation}
+ \address{675 Massachusetts Avenue\\Cambridge, MA
+ 02139\\USA} \ftp{prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Jove} \author{Jonathan Payne}
+ \ftp{oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/editor} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MathPad} \author{Roland Backhouse, Richard
+ Verhoeven, and Olaf Weber} \ftp{CTAN:support/mathpad}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MEwin} <a id="ap03.mewin"
+ name="ap03.mewin"></a> \author{Pierre Perret}
+ \ftp{oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/windows3} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MicroEMACS} \xref{MEwin}{ap03:mewin} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Multi-Edit} \author{American Cybernetics}
+ \address{1830 West University Drive, Suite 112\\Tempe, AZ
+ 85821} \phone{(602) 968--1945 / (602) 966--1654 FAX}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Scientific Word} \author{TCI Software Research}
+ \address{1190 Foster Road\\Las Cruces, NM 88001\\USA}
+ \phone{(505) 522--4600 / (505) 522--0116} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Xnot} \author{Julie Melbin}
+ \ftp{oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/editor} \print</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2946460"
+ name="id2946460"></a>Macro Packages (Formats)</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\vskip2pt</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\AMSTeX} \author{\ams}
+ \ftp{CTAN:fonts/ams/amstex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Eplain} \xref{Extended Plain \TeX}{ap03:eplain}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Extended Plain \TeX} <a id="ap03.eplain"
+ name="ap03.eplain"></a> \author{Karl Berry}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/eplain} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Lame\TeX} \author{Jonathan Monsarrat}
+ \ftp{CTAN:misc/lametex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\LamSTeX} \author{Michael Spivak}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/lamstex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\LaTeX} \author{Leslie Lamport}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/core} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\LaTeXe} \author{Leslie Lamport, et. al.}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex2e/core} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Lollipop} \author{Victor Eijkhout}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/lollipop} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\MusicTeX} \author{Daniel Taupin}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/musictex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Plain \TeX} \author{Donald Knuth}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/plain/base} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\SliTeX} \author{Leslie Lamport}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/core} \print</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2946539"
+ name="id2946539"></a>Styles and Macros</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\vskip2pt</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\AMSLaTeX} \author{\ams}
+ \ftp{CTAN:fonts/ams/amslatex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\arabTeX} \author{Klaus Lagally}
+ \ftp{CTAN:language/arabtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{ascii.sty} \author{R. W. D. Nickalls}
+ \ftp{CTAN:fonts/ascii} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Babel} \author{J. L. Braams}
+ \ftp{language/babel} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{bibunits.sty} \author{Jose Alberto}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/misc} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{chapterbib} \author{Niel Kempson and Donald
+ Arseneau} \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/misc} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Chem\TeX} \author{Roswitha T. Haas and Kevin C.
+ O'Kane} \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/chemtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{ChemStruct} \author{Michael Ramek}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/chemstruct} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\DraTeX} \author{Eitan M. Gurari}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/generic/dratex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{EDMAC} \author{John Lavagnino}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/plain/contrib/edmac} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{eepic.sty} \author{Conrad Kwok}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/eepic} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{epic.sty} \author{Sunil Podar}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/epic} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{epsf.tex} \xref{dvips}{ap03:dvips} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{epsfig.sty} \author{Sebastian Rahtz, Tom
+ Rokicki, Trevor Darrell, et. al.}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/epsfig} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\FoilTeX} \author{James Hafner}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/foiltex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{idxmac.tex} \ftp{CTAN:indexing/makeindex/lib}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{index.sty} \author{David Jones}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/misc}</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\INRSTeX} \author{Michael J. Ferguson}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/inrstex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{isolatin1.sty}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/misc} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Midnight} \author{Marcel van der Goot}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/generic/midnight} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{multind} \author{F. W. Long}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/misc} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\PiCTeX} \author{Michael Wichura}
+ \ftp{CTAN:graphics/pictex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\REVTeX} \author{American Physical Society,
+ American Institute of Physics, and Optical Society of
+ America} \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/revtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\ScriptTeX} \author{Adrian McCarthy}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/scripttex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Seminar} \author{Timothy Van Zandt}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/seminar} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeX/Mathematica} \author{Dan Dill}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/mathematica} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeX{}sis} \author{Eric Myers and Frank E.
+ Paige} \ftp{CTAN:macros/texsis} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Ver\TeX} \author{Hal Varian}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/plain/contrib} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\XYPic} \author{Kristoffer H. Rose}
+ \ftp{ftp.diku.dk:/diku/users/kris} \print</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2946714"
+ name="id2946714"></a>Styles That Produced This
+ Book</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This book was formatted with an extensively modified
+ version of the standard LaTeX book style. In addition to
+ the <tt>pstricks</tt>, <tt>index.sty</tt>,
+ <tt>epsfig.sty</tt>, <tt>epic.sty</tt>, and
+ <tt>eepic.sty</tt> files described above, the following
+ styles were used to format this book: \vskip6pt</p>
+
+ <p>\package{pageframe.sty} \author{Cameron Smith}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/pageframe} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{footnpag.sty} \author{Joachim Schrod}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/footnpag} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{fancybox.sty} \author{Timothy Van Zandt}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/misc} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{fancyheadings.sty} \author{Piet van Oostrum}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/fancyheadings} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{array.sty} \author{Frank Mittelbach and David
+ Carlisle} \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/distribs/array}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dcolumn.sty} \author{David Carlisle}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/distribs/array} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{tabularx.sty} \author{David Carlisle}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/distribs/array} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{longtable.sty} \author{David Carlisle}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/distribs/array} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{verbatim.sty} \author{Rainer Sch\"opf}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/distribs/verbatim} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{vrbinput.sty} \author{Bernd Raichle}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/distribs/verbatim} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{path.sty} \author{Philip Taylor}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/misc} \print</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2946829"
+ name="id2946829"></a>Utilities</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\vskip2pt</p>
+
+ <p>\package{afm2tfm} \xref{dvips}{ap03:dvips} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{amSpell} \author{Erik Frambach}
+ \address{Faculty of Econometrics\\University of
+ Groningen\\Netherlands} \ftp{CTAN:support/amspel}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{animate} \xref{Image Magick}{ap03:imagemagick}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\auctex} \author{Kresten Krab Thorup and Per
+ Abrahamsen} \ftp{CTAN:support/auctex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{awk} \author{Free Software Foundation}
+ \address{675 Massachusetts Avenue\\Cambridge, MA
+ 02139\\USA} \comment{The FSF's version of \program{awk} is
+ called \program{gawk}. Many commercial implementations of
+ \program{awk} are also available.}
+ \ftp{prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{bbfig} \author{Ned Betchelder}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dvips/dvips/contrib/bbfig} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{bibclean} \author{Nelson H. F. Beebe}
+ \ftp{CTAN:bibtex/utils/bibclean} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{bibdb} \author{Eyal Doron}
+ \ftp{CTAN:support/bibdb} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{bibdestringify}
+ \xref{lookbibtex}{ap03:lookbibtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{bibextract} <a id="ap03.bibextract"
+ name="ap03.bibextract"></a> \author{Nelson H. F. Beebe}
+ \ftp{CTAN:biblio/bibtex/utils/bibextract} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{bibindex} <a id="ap03.bibindex"
+ name="ap03.bibindex"></a> \author{Nelson H. F. Beebe}
+ \ftp{CTAN:biblio/bibtex/utils/bibindex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{biblook} \xref{bibindex}{ap03:bibindex}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{bibsort} \author{Nelson H. F. Beebe}
+ \ftp{CTAN:biblio/bibtex/utils/bibsort} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\BibTeX} <a id="ap03.bibtex"
+ name="ap03.bibtex"></a> \author{Oren Patashnik}
+ \ftp{CTAN:biblio/bibtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{bibview} \author{Holger Martin, Peter Urban,
+ and Armin Liebl} \comment{Available from volume 18 of the
+ \texttt{comp.sources.x} newsgroup.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Bitmap} \author{Davor Matic}
+ \ftp{ftp.x.org:/contrib} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Bm2font} \author{Friedhelm Sowa}
+ \ftp{CTAN:graphics/bm2font} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{citefind} \xref{bibextract}{ap03:bibextract}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{citetags} \xref{bibextract}{ap03:bibextract}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{combine} \xref{Image Magick}{ap03:imagemagick}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{convert} \xref{Image Magick}{ap03:imagemagick}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{crudetype} \author{R. M. Damerell}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/crudetype} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{detex} \author{Daniel Trinkle}
+ \ftp{CTAN:support/detex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{display} \xref{Image Magick}{ap03:imagemagick}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvgt} \author{Geoffrey Tobin}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dvgt} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvi2tty} \author{Marcel J. E. Mol}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dvi2tty} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvi2xx} <a id="ap03.dvi2xx"
+ name="ap03.dvi2xx"></a> \author{Gustaf Neumann}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dvi2xx} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvicopy} <a id="ap03.dvicopy"
+ name="ap03.dvicopy"></a> \author{Peter Breitenlohner}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dvicopy} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvideo} \xref{\TurboTeX}{ap03:turbotex}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvidot} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvidrv} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvidvi} \author{Tom Rokicki}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dvidvi} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvidxx} \comment{See
+ Example&#160;\ref{ex:dvidxx} in
+ Chapter&#160;\ref{app:examples},
+ \textit{\nameref{app:examples}}.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvihplj} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVILASER/HP} \xref{\utex}{ap03:utex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVILASER/PS} \xref{\utex}{ap03:utex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\dvilaserhp} \xref{\utex}{ap03:utex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\dvilaserps} \xref{\utex}{ap03:utex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvilj2} \xref{dvi2xx}{ap03:dvi2xx} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvimsp} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvimswin} \author{J. D. McDonald}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dvimswin} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvipaste} \author{Michael Spivak}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/lamstex/dvipaste} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvipcx} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvipm} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvips} <a id="ap03.dvips"
+ name="ap03.dvips"></a> \author{Tomas Rokicki}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dvips} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvipsk} \author{Karl Berry}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dvipsk} \comment{\program{dvips} enhanced
+ to support path searching for fonts.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvipsone} \xref{\yyTeX}{ap03:yytex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dviscr} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvispell} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVITool} \author{Jeff W. McCarrell}
+ \ftp{CTAN:support/vortex/dvitool} \comment{Unrelated to the
+ \program{Textures} tool of the same name.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvitovdu} \author{Andrew Trevorrow}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dvitovdu} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvitype} \xref{\texware}{ap03:texware}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvivga} \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dvivga} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dviwin} <a id="ap03.dviwin"
+ name="ap03.dviwin"></a> \author{Hippocrates Sendoukas}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/dviwin} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVIWindo} \xref{\yyTeX}{ap03:yytex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{enc-afm.pl} \comment{See
+ Example&#160;\ref{ex:encafmpl} in
+ Chapter&#160;\ref{app:examples},
+ \textit{\nameref{app:examples}}.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{epmtex} \author{Jon Hacker}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/os2/epmtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{epsfig} \author{Peter Whaite}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/epsfig}</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Excalibur} \author{Rick Zaccone}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/mac/excalibur} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Fig} \author{Supoj Sutanthavibul} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\FigMF} \author{Anthony Starks}
+ \ftp{CTAN:graphics/fig2mf} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{fontinst} \author{Alan Jeffrey}
+ \ftp{CTAN:fonts/utilities/fontinst} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{fontlib} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{GFtoDVI} \xref{\mfware}{ap03:mfware} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{GFtoPK} \xref{\mfware}{ap03:mfware} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Ghostscript} <a id="ap03.ghostscript"
+ name="ap03.ghostscript"></a> \author{Aladdin Enterprises}
+ \address{P.O. box 60264\\Palo Alto, CA 94306\\USA}
+ \phone{(415) 322--0103 / (415) 322--1734 FAX}
+ \ftp{prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Ghostview} \author{Timothy O. Theisen}
+ \ftp{prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{gnuplot} \author{Free Software Foundation}
+ \address{675 Massachusetts Avenue\\Cambridge, MA
+ 02139\\USA} \ftp{prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{GoScript} <a id="ap03.goscript"
+ name="ap03.goscript"></a> \author{LaserGo, Inc.}
+ \address{9369 Carroll Park Drive, Suite A\\San Diego, CA
+ 92121\\USA} \phone{(619) 450--4600 / (619) 450-9334 FAX}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{GoScript Plus} \xref{GoScript}{ap03:goscript}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{groff} <a id="ap03.groff"
+ name="ap03.groff"></a> \author{Free Software Foundation}
+ \address{675 Massachusetts Avenue\\Cambridge, MA
+ 02139\\USA} \comment{The FSF's version of \program{troff}
+ is called \program{groff}. Many commercial implementations
+ of \program{troff} are also available.}
+ \ftp{prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{hp2xx} \author{Heinz W. Werntges}
+ \ftp{CTAN:support/hp2xx} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{HPTFM2PL} \author{Norman Walsh}
+ \ftp{CTAN:support/hp2pl} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Hyper\BibTeX} \author{Evan Antwork}
+ \ftp{mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/misc/tex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{idraw} <a id="ap03.idraw"
+ name="ap03.idraw"></a> \ftp{interviews.stanford.edu}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Image Alchemy} \author{Handmade Software, Inc.}
+ \address{15951 Los Gatos Blvd., Ste. 17\\Los Gatos, CA
+ 95032\\USA} \phone{(408) 358--1292 / (408) 358--2694}
+ \ftp{oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/graphics} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Image Magick} <a id="ap03.imagemagick"
+ name="ap03.imagemagick"></a> \author{John Cristy}
+ \ftp{ftp.x.org:/contrib} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{import} \xref{Image Magick}{ap03:imagemagick}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Info-Zip} <a id="ap03.info-zip"
+ name="ap03.info-zip"></a> \author{Mark Adler, et. al.}
+ \files{zip, unzip} \ftp{ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\iniMF} \xref{\MF}{ap03:mf} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\iniTeX} \xref{\TeX}{ap03:tex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{ispell} \ftp{CTAN:support/ispell} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{ivd2dvi} \author{Larry Denenberg}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/ivd2dvi} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\jemtex} \author{Fran\c cois Jalbert}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/msdos/jemtex2} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{LaCheck} \author{Kresten Krab Thorup and Per
+ Abrahamsen} \ftp{CTAN:support/lacheck} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{lookbibtex} <a id="ap03.lookbibtex"
+ name="ap03.lookbibtex"></a> \author{John Heidemann}
+ \ftp{CTAN:biblio/bibtex/utils/lookbibtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Mac\BibTeX} \xref{\BibTeX}{ap03:bibtex}
+ \author{Michael Kahn} \ftp{CTAN:systems/mac} \comment{This
+ is a Mac port of \BibTeX.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MacDVIcopy} \author{Yannis Haralambous}
+ \xref{dvicopy}{ap03:dvicopy} \comment{This is a Mac port of
+ \program{dvicopy}.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MacGS} \author{Martin Fong}
+ \xref{GhostScript}{ap03:ghostscript}
+ \ftp{mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/graphics/graphicsutil}
+ \comment{This is a Mac port of \program{GhostScript}.}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MacMakeIndex} \author{Johnny Tolliver}
+ \xref{MakeIndex}{ap03:makeindex} \ftp{CTAN:systems/mac}
+ \comment{This is a Mac port of \program{MakeIndex}.}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{makebst} \author{Patrick W. Daly}
+ \ftp{CTAN:macros/latex/contrib/custom-bib} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{makeidx.sty} \ftp{CTAN:indexing/makeindex/lib}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MakeIndex} \author{Pehong Chen}
+ \ftp{CTAN:indexing/makeindex} <a id="ap03.makeindex"
+ name="ap03.makeindex"></a> \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MakeIndx} \xref{MakeIndex}{ap03:makeindex}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MakeInfo} \xref{\TeXinfo}{ap03:texinfo}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{maketcp} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MakeTeXPK} \xref{dvips}{ap03:dvips}
+ \comment{There are several versions of this file available.
+ See Example&#160;\ref{ex:maketexpk} in
+ Chapter&#160;\ref{app:examples},
+ \textit{\nameref{app:examples}}.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MakeTeXTFM} \comment{See
+ Example&#160;\ref{ex:maketextfm} in
+ Chapter&#160;\ref{app:examples},
+ \textit{\nameref{app:examples}}.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\MF} <a id="ap03.mf" name="ap03.mf"></a>
+ \author{Donald Knuth} \ftp{CTAN:systems/web2c} \comment{The
+ \Web sources and the \Web2C programs are both available
+ here.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\MF for Textures} \author{Blue Sky Research}
+ \address{534 SW Third Avenue\\Portland, OR 97204\\USA}
+ \phone{(800) 622--8398 or (503) 222--9571 / (503) 222--1643
+ FAX} \ftp{CTAN:systems/mac/metafont/bluesky} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MFjob} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\MFpic} \author{Thomas Leathrum}
+ \ftp{CTAN:graphics/mfpic} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MFT} \xref{\mfware}{ap03:mfware} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\mfware} <a id="ap03.mfware"
+ name="ap03.mfware"></a> \author{Donald Knuth}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/web2c} \comment{The \Web sources and the
+ \Web2C programs are both available here.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{mogrify} \xref{Image Magick}{ap03:imagemagick}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{montage} \xref{Image Magick}{ap03:imagemagick}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Nikon II} \author{Bitware, Software &amp;
+ Services} \address{P.O. Box 3097\\Manuka A.C.T.
+ 2603\\Australia} \ftp{ftp.cdrom.com:/pub/os2/2_x/graphics}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{nroff} \xref{groff}{ap03:groff} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PBMplus} <a id="ap03.pbmplus"
+ name="ap03.pbmplus"></a> \author{Jef Poskanzer}
+ \ftp{ftp.x.org:/contrib} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{pbmtopk} <a id="ap03.pbmtopk"
+ name="ap03.pbmtopk"></a> \author{Angus Duggan}
+ \ftp{CTAN:graphics/pbmtopk} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{pfatopfb} \xref{\tutils}{ap03:t1utils}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{pfbtopfa} \xref{\tutils}{ap03:t1utils}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PFM2AFM} \author{Ken Borgendale}
+ \ftp{CTAN:fonts/utilities/pfm2afm} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{pixmap} \author{Lionel Mallet}
+ \ftp{ftp.x.org:/contrib/pixmap} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PKBBOX} \author{Norman Walsh}
+ \ftp{CTAN:fonts/utilities/pkbbox} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PKEdit} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PKtoGF} \xref{\mfware}{ap03:mfware} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{pktopbm} \xref{pbmtopk}{ap03:pbmtopk}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{pktops} \xref{\yyTeX}{ap03:yytex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PKtoPX} \xref{\mfware}{ap03:mfware} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PKtoSFP} \author{Norman Walsh}
+ \ftp{CTAN:font/softfonts} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PKtype} \xref{\mfware}{ap03:mfware} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PLtoTF} \xref{\texware}{ap03:texware}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PM-Cam} \author{J. von Kaenel}
+ \ftp{ftp.cdrom.com:/pub/os2/ibm/ews} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\pmc} \author{Tom Ridgeway}
+ \ftp{CTAN:fonts/poorman} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\pmj} \author{Tom Ridgeway}
+ \ftp{CTAN:fonts/poorman} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Pmjpeg} \author{Norman Yee}
+ \ftp{ftp.cdrom.com:/pub/os2/2_x/graphics} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{ps2epsi} \xref{ghostscript}{ap03:ghostscript}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PS2PK} \author{Piet Tutelaers}
+ \ftp{CTAN:fonts/utilities/ps2pk} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\PSTricks} \author{Timothy Van Zandt}
+ \ftp{CTAN:graphics/pstricks} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PTI Jet} \xref{\PCTeX}{ap03:pctex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PTI Laser/HP} \xref{\PCTeX}{ap03:pctex}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PTI Laser/HP4} \xref{\PCTeX}{ap03:pctex}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PTI Laser/PS} \xref{\PCTeX}{ap03:pctex}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PTI View} \xref{\PCTeX}{ap03:pctex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PXtoPK} \author{Peter Breitenlohner}
+ \ftp{systems/msdos/utilities} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{RCS} \author{Walter F. Tichy}
+ \ftp{prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Recode} \author{Francois Pinard}
+ \ftp{prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{REXX} \author{International Business Machines}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\sbMF} \xref{\sbTeX}{ap03:sbtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{sed} \author{Free Software Foundation}
+ \address{675 Massachusetts Avenue\\Cambridge, MA
+ 02139\\USA} \ftp{prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu} \comment{Many
+ commercial implementations of \program{sed} are also
+ available.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\SeeTeX} <a id="ap03.seetex"
+ name="ap03.seetex"></a> \author{David Grunwald}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/seetex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{sffx} \xref{Sfware}{ap03:sfware} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Sfload} \xref{Sfware}{ap03:sfware} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{SFPtoPK} \author{Norman Walsh}
+ \ftp{CTAN:font/softfonts} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Sfware} <a id="ap03.sfware"
+ name="ap03.sfware"></a> \author{Norman Walsh}
+ \ftp{CTAN:font/softfonts/sfware} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{tangle} \xref{\Web2c}{ap03:web2c} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{tar} \author{Free Software Foundation}
+ \address{675 Massachusetts Avenue\\Cambridge, MA
+ 02139\\USA} \ftp{prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu} \comment{Many
+ commercial implementations of \program{tar} are also
+ available.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{tex386} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeX Preview} \xref{\utex}{ap03:utex}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{texcad} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{texchk} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{texconv} \xref{\emTeX}{ap03:emtex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeXinfo} <a id="ap03.texinfo"
+ name="ap03.texinfo"></a> \author{Free Software Foundation}
+ \address{675 Massachusetts Avenue\\Cambridge, MA
+ 02139\\USA} \ftp{prep.ai.mit.edu:/pbu/gnu} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeXtoXfont} \comment{See
+ Example&#160;\ref{ex:textoxfont} in
+ Chapter&#160;\ref{app:examples},
+ \textit{\nameref{app:examples}}.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\texware} <a id="ap03.texware"
+ name="ap03.texware"></a> \author{Donald Knuth}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/web2c} \comment{The \Web sources and the
+ \Web2C programs are both available here.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{TFtoPL} \xref{\texware}{ap03:texware}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Tgif} \author{William Chia-Wei Cheng}
+ \ftp{ftp.x.org:/contrib} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\Tib} \author{James C. Alexander}
+ \ftp{CTAN:biblio/tib} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\tpre} \xref{\utex}{ap03:utex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{troff} \xref{groff}{ap03:groff} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\tutils} <a id="ap03.t1utils"
+ name="ap03.t1utils"></a> \author{I. Lee Hetherington}
+ \ftp{CTAN:fonts/utilities/t1utils} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{txt2pcx} \author{DECISIONS Software}
+ \address{P.O. Box 31418\\Phoenix, AZ 85046\\USA}
+ \phone{(602) 992--0310} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{unzip} \xref{Info-Zip}{ap03:info-zip}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{VFtoVP} \xref{\mfware}{ap03:mfware} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{VPtoVF} \xref{\mfware}{ap03:mfware} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{wbr} \xref{dviwin}{ap03:dviwin} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{wdviwin} \xref{\TurboTeX}{ap03:turbotex}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{weave} \xref{\Web2c}{ap03:web2c} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{xbibtex} \author{Nicholas Kelly and Christian
+ H. Bischof} \ftp{CTAN:biblio/bibtex/utils/xbibtex}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Xdvi} \author{Paul Vojta}
+ \ftp{CTAN:dviware/xdvi} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\XeT} \ftp{noa.huji.ac.il:/tex}
+ \comment{Several implementations of \XeT-{}-\TeX are
+ available here.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{xfig} \author{Brian V. Smith}
+ \ftp{ftp.x.org:/contrib} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{xloadimage} \author{Jim Frost}
+ \ftp{ftp.x.org:/contrib} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{xpaint} \author{David Koblas}
+ \ftp{ftp.x.org:/contrib}</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\XTeX} \xref{See\TeX}{ap03:seetex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Xtexcad} \comment{Available from volume 17 of
+ the \texttt{comp.sources.x} newsgroup.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{xv} \author{John Bradley}
+ \ftp{ftp.x.org:/contrib} \print</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948003"
+ name="id2948003"></a>Miscellaneous</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\vskip2pt</p>
+
+ <p>\package{4DOS} \author{JP Software Inc.} \address{P.O.
+ Box 1470\\E. Arlington, MA 02174\\USA} \phone{(617)
+ 646--3975} \ftp{oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/4dos} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{4OS2} \author{JP Software Inc.} \address{P.O.
+ Box 1470\\E. Arlington, MA 02174\\USA} \phone{(617)
+ 646--3975} \ftp{ftp.cdrom.com:/pub/os2/2_x/sysutils}
+ \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Channel 1\regtm} \address{1030 Massachusetts
+ Avenue\\Cambridge, MA 02138} \phone{(617) 864--0100 voice /
+ (617) 354-3230 v32.bis modem} \comment{The Channel 1 BBS
+ carries a \TeX conference with many MS-DOS tools available
+ for downloading to registered users.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{edb} \author{Michael Ernst}
+ \ftp{theory.lcs.mit.edu:/pub/emacs/edb} \comment{Database
+ manager for GNU Emacs.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Linux} \author{Linus Torvalds}
+ \ftp{ftp.cdrom.com:/pub/linux} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{mewltx} \author{Michael F. Reid}
+ \ftp{CTAN:support/mewltx} \comment{\LaTeX extensions for
+ \filename{MicroEMACS}.} \xref{MEwin}{ap03:mewin} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{modes.mf} \author{Karl Berry}
+ \ftp{CTAN:fonts/modes} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Perl} \author{Larry Wall} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{TeX-index} <a id="ap03.texindex"
+ name="ap03.texindex"></a> \author{David Jones}
+ \ftp{CTAN:info} \comment{Also known as
+ \filename{tex-styles-and-macros.txt}.} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{tex-styles-and-macros.txt}
+ \xref{TeX-index}{ap03:texindex} \print</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\Web2c} <a id="ap03.web2c"
+ name="ap03.web2c"></a> \author{Karl Berry}
+ \ftp{CTAN:systems/web2c} \print</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples"
+ href="apb.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples"
+ href="apd.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font
+ Samples&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apd.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apd.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e7e99b4f4b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/apd.html
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="apc.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ape.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;E.&#160;GNU Free Documentation License" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources"
+ href="apc.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;E.&#160;GNU Free Documentation License"
+ href="ape.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="appendix">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="app.examples"
+ name="app.examples"></a>Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long
+ Examples</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This appendix contains the source for several scripts that
+ seemed too long to place in the running text. These scripts
+ are provided as examples only, they may not run on your
+ system without some modification.</p>
+
+ <p>These examples are available online, see the Preface for
+ more information about retrieving online examples.</p>
+
+ <p>The \program{MakeTeXPK.pl} script builds PK files from
+ MetaFont and PostScript fonts.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.maketexpk" name="ex.maketexpk"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Example&#160;D.1.&#160;MakeTeXPK.pl</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="MakeTeXPK.pl"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The \program{MakeTeXTFM.pl} script builds TFM files from
+ \MF\ and PostScript (\ext{AFM} file) fonts.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.maketextfm" name="ex.maketextfm"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Example&#160;D.2.&#160;MakeTeXTFM.pl</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="MakeTeXTFM.pl"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The \program{dvidxx.btm} script is written in
+ \program{4DOS}'s extended batch language. It performs
+ automatic font generation for \MF\ and PostScript fonts using
+ \emTeX's drivers (version 1.4s).</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.dvidxx" name="ex.dvidxx"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Example&#160;D.3.&#160;dvidxx.btm</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="dvidxx.btm"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The \program{makepk.btm} script is used by
+ \program{dvidxx.btm}, shown in Example~\ref{ex:dvidxx} in
+ this appendix.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.makepk" name="ex.makepk"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Example&#160;D.4.&#160;makepk.btm</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="makepk.btm"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The \program{enc-afm.pl} script changes the encoding
+ vector in an \ext{AFM} file.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.encafmpl" name="ex.encafmpl"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Example&#160;D.5.&#160;enc-afm.pl</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="enc-afm.pl"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The \program{TeXtoXfont} script is a \Unix\ shell script
+ (written in \program{bash}) which builds an X11 font from a
+ \MF\ or PostScript font.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.textoxfont" name="ex.textoxfont"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Example&#160;D.6.&#160;TeXtoXfont</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="TeXtoXfont"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The \program{PStoXfont} script is used by
+ \program{TeXtoXfont}, shown in Example~\ref{ex:textoxfont} in
+ this appendix.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.pstoxfont" name="ex.pstoxfont"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Example&#160;D.7.&#160;PStoXfont</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="PStoXfont"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The \program{txt2verb.pl} script translates arbitrary text
+ lines into a format suitable for including in
+ \verb|\verbatim| material in \TeX.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.txt2verb" name="ex.txt2verb"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Example&#160;D.8.&#160;txt2verb.pl</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="txt2verb.pl"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources"
+ href="apc.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;E.&#160;GNU Free Documentation License"
+ href="ape.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Appendix&#160;E.&#160;GNU Free Documentation
+ License</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ape.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ape.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6e68d8f0bba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ape.html
@@ -0,0 +1,639 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Appendix&#160;E.&#160;GNU Free Documentation
+ License</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples" />
+ <link rel="next" href="bi01.html" title="Bibliography" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples"
+ href="apd.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a title="Bibliography"
+ href="bi01.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="appendix">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="gfdl"
+ name="gfdl"></a>Appendix&#160;E.&#160;GNU Free
+ Documentation License</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Version 1.1, March 2000</p>
+
+ <blockquote class="blockquote">
+ <p>Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59
+ Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone
+ is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
+ license document, but changing it is not allowed.</p>
+ </blockquote>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948209"
+ name="id2948209"></a>PREAMBLE</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual,
+ textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of
+ freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy
+ and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either
+ commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License
+ preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit
+ for their work, while not being considered responsible for
+ modifications made by others.</p>
+
+ <p>This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that
+ derivative works of the document must themselves be free in
+ the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public
+ License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
+ software.</p>
+
+ <p>We have designed this License in order to use it for
+ manuals for free software, because free software needs free
+ documentation: a free program should come with manuals
+ providing the same freedoms that the software does. But
+ this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be
+ used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
+ whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend
+ this License principally for works whose purpose is
+ instruction or reference.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948100"
+ name="id2948100"></a>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This License applies to any manual or other work that
+ contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
+ can be distributed under the terms of this License. The
+ "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any
+ member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as
+ "you".</p>
+
+ <p>A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work
+ containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied
+ verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into
+ another language.</p>
+
+ <p>A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a
+ front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively
+ with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the
+ Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related
+ matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
+ within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document
+ is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section
+ may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be
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+ related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical,
+ ethical or political position regarding them.</p>
+
+ <p>The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections
+ whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant
+ Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is
+ released under this License.</p>
+
+ <p>The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text
+ that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts,
+ in the notice that says that the Document is released under
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+
+ <p>A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a
+ machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose
+ specification is available to the general public, whose
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+ translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to
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+ discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
+ Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called
+ "Opaque".</p>
+
+ <p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies
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+ proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
+ and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
+ the machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors
+ for output purposes only.</p>
+
+ <p>The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title
+ page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to
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+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948673"
+ name="id2948673"></a>VERBATIM COPYING</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium,
+ either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this
+ License, the copyright notices, and the license notice
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+ technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or
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+ However, you may accept compensation in exchange for
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+
+ <p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions
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+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948707"
+ name="id2948707"></a>COPYING IN QUANTITY</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering
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+ carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts:
+ Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts
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+ front cover must present the full title with all words of
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+
+ <p>If the required texts for either cover are too
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+
+ <p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the
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+
+ <p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the
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+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948791"
+ name="id2948791"></a>MODIFICATIONS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the
+ Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above,
+ provided that you release the Modified Version under
+ precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling
+ the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and
+ modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a
+ copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the
+ Modified Version:</p>
+
+ <div class="orderedlist">
+ <ol type="A">
+ <li>
+ <p>Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any)
+ a title distinct from that of the Document, and from
+ those of previous versions (which should, if there
+ were any, be listed in the History section of the
+ Document). You may use the same title as a previous
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+ gives permission.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more
+ persons or entities responsible for authorship of the
+ modifications in the Modified Version, together with
+ at least five of the principal authors of the
+ Document (all of its principal authors, if it has
+ less than five).</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>State on the Title page the name of the publisher
+ of the Modified Version, as the publisher.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Preserve all the copyright notices of the
+ Document.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Add an appropriate copyright notice for your
+ modifications adjacent to the other copyright
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+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Include, immediately after the copyright notices,
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+ in the form shown in the Addendum below.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Preserve in that license notice the full lists of
+ Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in
+ the Document's license notice.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Include an unaltered copy of this License.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Preserve the section entitled "History", and its
+ title, and add to it an item stating at least the
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+
+ <li>
+ <p>Preserve the network location, if any, given in
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+
+ <li>
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+ </li>
+
+ <li>
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+
+ <li>
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+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Do not retitle any existing section as
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+ </li>
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+ </div>
+
+ <p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter
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+
+ <p>You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided
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+
+ <p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a
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+
+ <p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by
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+ Modified Version.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949025"
+ name="id2949025"></a>COMBINING DOCUMENTS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may combine the Document with other documents
+ released under this License, under the terms defined in
+ section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you
+ include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of
+ all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them
+ all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
+ license notice.</p>
+
+ <p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this
+ License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be
+ replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple
+ Invariant Sections with the same name but different
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+ adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
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+ section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the
+ license notice of the combined work.</p>
+
+ <p>In the combination, you must combine any sections
+ entitled "History" in the various original documents,
+ forming one section entitled "History"; likewise combine
+ any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections
+ entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
+ entitled "Endorsements."</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949073"
+ name="id2949073"></a>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and
+ other documents released under this License, and replace
+ the individual copies of this License in the various
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+ collection, provided that you follow the rules of this
+ License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in
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+
+ <p>You may extract a single document from such a
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+ other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
+ document.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949112"
+ name="id2949112"></a>AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT
+ WORKS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with
+ other separate and independent documents or works, in or on
+ a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a
+ whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided
+ no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation.
+ Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
+ License does not apply to the other self-contained works
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+ thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works
+ of the Document.</p>
+
+ <p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable
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+ they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949149"
+ name="id2949149"></a>TRANSLATION</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you
+ may distribute translations of the Document under the terms
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+ English version of this License, the original English
+ version will prevail.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949177"
+ name="id2949177"></a>TERMINATION</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
+ Document except as expressly provided for under this
+ License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or
+ distribute the Document is void, and will automatically
+ terminate your rights under this License. However, parties
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+ License will not have their licenses terminated so long as
+ such parties remain in full compliance.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2949201"
+ name="id2949201"></a>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS
+ LICENSE</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised
+ versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to
+ time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the
+ present version, but may differ in detail to address new
+ problems or concerns. See <a
+ href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/"
+ target="_top">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing
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+ later version that has been published (not as a draft) by
+ the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not
+ specify a version number of this License, you may choose
+ any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
+ Software Foundation.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sect1">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2948479"
+ name="id2948479"></a>How to use this License for your
+ documents</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>To use this License in a document you have written,
+ include a copy of the License in the document and put the
+ following copyright and license notices just after the
+ title page:</p>
+
+ <blockquote class="blockquote">
+ <p>Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to
+ copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the
+ terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+ or any later version published by the Free Software
+ Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR
+ TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with
+ the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the license is
+ included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
+ License".</p>
+ </blockquote>
+
+ <p>If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no
+ Invariant Sections" instead of saying which ones are
+ invariant. If you have no Front-Cover Texts, write "no
+ Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
+ LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.</p>
+
+ <p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program
+ code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel
+ under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU
+ General Public License, to permit their use in free
+ software.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples"
+ href="apd.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Bibliography" href="bi01.html"><img
+ src="figures/nav-next.png" alt="Next" border="0" />
+ </a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long
+ Examples&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;Bibliography</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
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+ <link rel="up" href="pt01.html"
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="pt01.html"
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch02.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
+ href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
+ href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing"
+ href="ch02.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.tex"
+ name="chap.tex"></a>Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big
+ Picture</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.texforbeginners"
+ name="sec.texforbeginners"></a>What Is TeX?</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX<a id="id2856076" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856076"></a><a id="id2855998" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2855998"></a> is a <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>typesetting system</em></span>. It is
+ a collection of programs, files, and procedures for
+ producing professional quality documents with minimum
+ effort.</p>
+
+ <p>TeX's job is to translate the text you type into a
+ beautiful<a id="id2856025" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856025"></a> typeset page. The key word here is
+ &#8220;beautiful,&#8221; and it is a very lofty
+ goal.<sup>[<a id="id2856038" name="id2856038"
+ href="#ftn.id2856038">1</a>]</sup> What I mean by beautiful
+ is that TeX, when presented with several paragraphs of
+ plain text and left to its own devices, produces a
+ remarkably aesthetic page. Despite the fact that TeX may
+ have to contend with multiple fonts<a id="id2856069"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2856069"></a> and mathematics<a
+ id="id2857340" class="indexterm" name="id2857340"></a>, it
+ still manages to typeset pages in which each of the
+ following aesthetic principles hold <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>simultaneously:</em></span></p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>The right margin is justified<a id="id2857364"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857364"></a>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Proper justification is achieved without
+ letterspacing<a id="id2857382" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857382"></a>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Interword spacing is neither too tight nor too
+ loose.<a id="id2857400" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857400"></a></p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The page is evenly gray.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The baselines<a id="id2857426" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857426"></a><a id="id2857433"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857433"></a> of multiple
+ fonts are properly aligned.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Hyphenation<a id="id2857454" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857454"></a> is automatic, if required, and
+ usually correct.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Ladders<a id="id2857471" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857471"></a> are avoided.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX processes documents a paragraph at a time, rather
+ than a line at a time like most other programs. Internally,
+ TeX computes a value called <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>badness<a id="id2857492"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857492"></a></em></span> for
+ each line of the paragraph<a id="id2857501"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857501"></a>. Anything that
+ detracts from the appearance of a line (tight or loose
+ spacing, a hyphen, etc.) increases the badness associated
+ with that line. Every paragraph that TeX produces is
+ optimal in terms of the total amount of badness present.
+ Because TeX searches for an optimal solution, changing the
+ last word of a paragraph can affect the spacing of the
+ first line of the paragraph. After you've gained a little
+ bit of experience with TeX, you'll be able to override any
+ one, or all, of the rules it uses to compute badness, but
+ in most situations you won't want to. I will describe more
+ of TeX's approach to text formatting and how it differs
+ from that of word processors, desktop publishers, and other
+ markup languages in the following sections.</p>
+
+ <p>TeX is not a simple program, but a set of programs,
+ tools, fonts, and other types of files. Two programs form
+ the core of the TeX typesetting system. One of them is TeX
+ itself, the program that reads your input files and
+ transforms them into typeset form. The other program is
+ MetaFont, a tool for creating fonts. Producing TeX
+ documents involves a series of steps, including editing the
+ document, running TeX itself, and processing TeX's output
+ in various ways.</p>
+
+ <p>Over the years, TeX has been made available on almost
+ every computer platform<a id="id2857542" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857542"></a>, so it is probably available for the
+ computer system that you use. Compiling TeX on different
+ systems has been possible, in large part, because TeX is a
+ text formatter and not a word processor. Unlike a word
+ processor, TeX never deals directly with displaying text on
+ the screen or interacting with input from the keyboard
+ (except in a very basic way). These features of an
+ application are typically the most difficult to port from
+ one system to another.</p>
+
+ <p>Beyond the technical details that make translation from
+ one system to another possible, Donald Knuth<a
+ id="id2857571" class="indexterm" name="id2857571"></a>
+ added an important stipulation to the free distribution of
+ TeX: in order for any program to be called
+ &#8220;TeX,&#8221; it must pass a rigorous test suite<a
+ id="id2857586" class="indexterm" name="id2857586"></a>.
+ This means that the TeX you use behaves exactly like the
+ TeX I use.<sup>[<a id="id2857595" name="id2857595"
+ href="#ftn.id2857595">2</a>]</sup> This feature has
+ contributed greatly to TeX's success. It means that a large
+ community of TeX users can transparently share<a
+ id="id2857615" class="indexterm" name="id2857615"></a>
+ documents.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2857628"
+ name="id2857628"></a>TeX for Beginners</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you are already familiar with TeX, you may find some
+ of the material in this section repetitive. If so, just
+ skim it quickly. This section will help you understand how
+ TeX interprets the things you type into your input file.
+ When you understand the concepts discussed here, you'll be
+ ready to write really, really simple documents in TeX.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.tex.controlsequences"
+ name="sec.tex.controlsequences"></a>Boxes and
+ Glue</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <a id="boxes.start" class="indexterm"
+ name="boxes.start"></a>
+
+ <p>Despite the apparent complexity of TeX's job, it uses
+ a very simple metaphor: all typographic elements are
+ boxes<a id="id2857670" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857670"></a>. The simplest boxes, individual
+ characters<a id="id2857681" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857681"></a><a id="id2857691" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857691"></a> have a set shape defined by the
+ font they come from. There are three parameters that
+ define a box: width<a id="id2857704" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857704"></a><a id="id2857714" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857714"></a>, height<a id="id2857725"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857725"></a><a id="id2857735"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857735"></a>, and depth<a
+ id="id2857744" class="indexterm" name="id2857744"></a><a
+ id="id2857754" class="indexterm" name="id2857754"></a>.
+ The distinction between height and depth is a bit subtle.
+ When a row of characters is typeset, every character
+ rests on an imaginary line called the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>baseline</em></span>. Some
+ characters, like the lowercase &#8220;g,&#8221; descend
+ below the baseline<a id="id2857774" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857774"></a>. The distance from the baseline to
+ the top of a box is its height; the distance from the
+ baseline to the bottom is its depth.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch01.html#fig.charbox"
+ title="Figure&#160;1.1.&#160;The Letters g and h inside their boxes.">
+ Figure&#160;1.1</a> shows the character boxes formed by
+ the Computer Modern<a id="id2857800" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857800"></a> Roman letters &#8220;g&#8221; and
+ &#8220;h.&#8221; The <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>x-y</em></span> distance of each box
+ is its height and the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>y-z</em></span> distance is its
+ depth. The <span class="emphasis"><em>reference
+ point</em></span><a id="id2857830" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857830"></a> of the box, marked with an <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>r</em></span>, is on the leftmost
+ edge of the box where the height and depth meet.
+ Characters that have no <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>descenders<a id="id2857848"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857848"></a></em></span> (no
+ elements that go below the baseline), have a depth of
+ zero. TeX uses the character box metrics, but font
+ designers are free to allow glyphs to extend outside the
+ box (for example, at the top of the &#8220;g&#8221;).</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.charbox" name="fig.charbox"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;1.1.&#160;The Letters
+ &#8220;g&#8221; and &#8220;h&#8221; inside their
+ boxes.</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/g-h.png"
+ alt="The Letters 'g' and 'h' inside their boxes" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The following paragraph demonstrates how TeX uses the
+ metrics from the physical dimensions of each character to
+ build word, line, and paragraph boxes.</p>
+
+ <p class="box">TeX &#8220;glues&#8221;<a id="id2857937"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857937"></a> character boxes
+ together to form words. When boxes are joined, they are
+ always joined so their reference points are horizontally
+ aligned as shown in <a href="ch01.html#ex.csexample"
+ title="Example&#160;1.1.&#160;An Example of a TeX Document">
+ Example&#160;1.1</a>.<sup>[<a id="id2857956"
+ name="id2857956" href="#ftn.id2857956">3</a>]</sup>
+ Character-boxes (like <span class="box">t</span><span
+ class="box">h</span><span class="box">i</span><span
+ class="box">s</span>) are joined to form words,
+ word-boxes<a id="id2857992" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857992"></a> (like <span
+ class="box">this</span>) are joined to form lines, and
+ line-boxes<a id="id2858011" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2858011"></a> form paragraphs. TeX accomplishes
+ the task of forming a justified paragraph by allowing the
+ glue between words to stretch<a id="id2858026"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2858026"></a> and shrink<a
+ id="id2858037" class="indexterm" name="id2858037"></a> a
+ little bit and by occasionally breaking the glue between
+ characters to insert a hyphen. Although the rules are
+ slightly different, TeX builds a page out of vertical
+ boxes (paragraphs, figures, etc.) in an analogous
+ manner.</p>
+
+ <p>This is a very generalized overview. In reality, a lot
+ of subtlety is required to capture all of the nuances of
+ typographical appearance.</p>
+ <a id="id2858059" class="indexterm" name="id2858059"></a>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2858068"
+ name="id2858068"></a>Control Sequences</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A <span class="emphasis"><em>control sequence<a
+ id="id2858081" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2858081"></a></em></span> is a special
+ &#8220;word&#8221; that you put in your document. These
+ extra words are instructions for TeX, and they do not
+ usually appear in your typeset document. Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch01.html#ex.csexample"
+ title="Example&#160;1.1.&#160;An Example of a TeX Document">
+ Example&#160;1.1</a> shows a contrived example of a TeX
+ document that uses several control sequences.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.csexample" name="ex.csexample"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;1.1.&#160;An Example
+ of a TeX Document</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\def\ora{O'Reilly \&amp; Associates}
+\font\orafont=grlg10
+\parskip=\baselineskip
+\parindent=0pt
+\pageno=5
+This book is published by \ora in
+the \textit{Nutshell} series.
+\bye
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In most macro packages, a control sequence is a
+ backslash followed by a sequence of letters.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2858135" name="id2858135"
+ href="#ftn.id2858135">4</a>]</sup> TeX is case-sensitive,
+ so the control sequence \large is different from \Large
+ (these control sequences switch to large and very large
+ fonts in the LaTeX macro package). Control sequences end
+ with the first non-letter, even if it isn't a space. For
+ example, \parskip0pt is the control sequence \parskip
+ followed by <tt>0pt</tt>. This control sequence tells TeX
+ to insert zero points of extra space between
+ paragraphs.</p>
+
+ <p>Unless instructed otherwise (with control sequences),
+ TeX builds rectangular paragraphs out of lines of words.
+ Changing fonts, building tables, and typesetting
+ mathematical equations<a id="id2858193" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2858193"></a> are examples of situations in your
+ document where TeX needs extra information.</p>
+
+ <p>The number of control sequences used in a TeX document
+ may seem overwhelming at first. Luckily, every control
+ sequence falls into one of several categories:</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term">Macro control
+ sequences</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Macro control sequences<a id="id2858228"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2858228"></a> associate a
+ name with an arbitrary string of text (including
+ other control sequences). They are interpreted by
+ replacing the control sequence with the text of its
+ definition.<sup>[<a id="id2858243" name="id2858243"
+ href="#ftn.id2858243">5</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>Macro control sequences are the root of TeX's
+ tremendous flexibility. By defining control
+ sequences with meaningful names, like \chapter and
+ \footnote, TeX can present a reasonably simple
+ interface to the user. By redefining those control
+ sequences, the typeset output can be modified
+ without requiring you to retype large quantities of
+ text.</p>
+
+ <p>In <a href="ch01.html#ex.csexample"
+ title="Example&#160;1.1.&#160;An Example of a TeX Document">
+ Example&#160;1.1</a>, the macro control sequence
+ \ora is defined as a shortcut for typing
+ &#8220;O'Reilly &amp; Associates.&#8221; This is a
+ simple example of how a macro control sequence can
+ be used.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Font control sequences<a
+ id="id2858301" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2858301"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>In <a href="ch01.html#ex.csexample"
+ title="Example&#160;1.1.&#160;An Example of a TeX Document">
+ Example&#160;1.1</a>, the line \font\orafont=grlg10
+ creates a font control sequence called \orafont.
+ When \orafont is used, TeX will begin typesetting
+ in the font <tt>grlg10</tt>. The name of the font,
+ <tt>grlg10</tt> in this case, refers to an external
+ file that contains font metric information. Fonts
+ are discussed in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Registers</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Registers<a id="id2858391" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2858391"></a> are like variables in a
+ programming language. They hold a single value of a
+ particular type. Many types of values can be
+ stored: numbers (also called &#8220;count&#8221;
+ values because they are simple counting numbers
+ like 1, 2, 17, or -5), dimensions (also called
+ &#8220;lengths&#8221;; they are distances like
+ 3.5pt or 2in), boxes, glue, and token lists (an
+ internal representation of your document used by
+ TeX).<sup>[<a id="id2858415" name="id2858415"
+ href="#ftn.id2858415">6</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>If you are unfamiliar with computer programming,
+ think of these registers as place holders. When TeX
+ needs to save a piece of information, like how much
+ space should be inserted between paragraphs, it
+ stores the information in a register. When the
+ information is needed again, in this case when TeX
+ has finished typesetting one paragraph and is about
+ to start another, it can retrieve that information
+ from the register. Registers are usually given
+ names that at least hint at how they are used. This
+ helps people read and modify the rules that TeX
+ uses to typeset documents.</p>
+
+ <p>In Example&#160;<a href="ch01.html#ex.csexample"
+ title="Example&#160;1.1.&#160;An Example of a TeX Document">
+ Example&#160;1.1</a>, \parskip, \baselineskip, and
+ \parindent are dimension registers. The \pageno
+ control sequence is a count register.</p>
+
+ <p>There are only 256 registers of each type. The
+ type of information (number, dimension, or token
+ list) that a register can contain is defined when
+ the control sequence is created. Once a variable
+ like \parindent is created to hold a dimension, it
+ can never hold a number or a token list.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2858485" name="id2858485"
+ href="#ftn.id2858485">7</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>Registers may seem unnecessary now that you know
+ about macro control sequences, which can store
+ arbitrary information. However, registers differ
+ from macro control sequences not only in the types
+ of values they can hold, but also in the types of
+ operations that can be performed on them. There is
+ a TeX command called \advance, for example, that
+ can increment the value stored in a register by an
+ arbitrary amount. You can't \advance a macro
+ control sequence.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Built-in commands</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>A number of control<a id="id2858535"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2858535"></a> sequences
+ are built into TeX. These &#8220;primitive&#8221;
+ operations form the basis for all higher-level
+ functionality. There are a wide variety of control
+ sequences of this type. Everything that can be done
+ in TeX can be reduced to a sequence of primitive
+ operations.</p>
+
+ <p>There is no way to know, simply by inspection,
+ if a control sequence is one of the built-in
+ sequences or not. Luckily, it doesn't matter very
+ often; it really only matters when you are writing
+ complex macros.</p>
+
+ <p>The \font control sequence in <a
+ href="ch01.html#ex.csexample"
+ title="Example&#160;1.1.&#160;An Example of a TeX Document">
+ Example&#160;1.1</a> is a built-in control
+ sequence. So is \advance, mentioned above.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The number and kind of control sequences available
+ depends upon the macro package that you are using. (Macro
+ packages are discussed fully in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.)
+ For the rest of this chapter, the default settings of
+ Plain TeX<a id="id2858616" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2858616"></a> are assumed.<sup>[<a id="id2858627"
+ name="id2858627" href="#ftn.id2858627">8</a>]</sup> There
+ are other macro packages, like LaTeX, Lollipop, and
+ TeXinfo, which have different default values.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.textformVSwordproc"
+ name="sec.textformVSwordproc"></a>Special
+ Characters</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <a id="id2858665" class="indexterm" name="id2858665"></a>
+
+ <p>In addition to control sequences, TeX reserves several
+ characters <a id="id2858675" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2858675"></a> for special purposes. Most of them
+ do not occur very frequently in ordinary text, but you
+ must be aware of them because there will be very
+ surprising consequences if you use them incorrectly.</p>
+
+ <p>Table&#160;<a href="ch01.html#tab.activechars"
+ title="Table&#160;1.1.&#160;Special Characters in Plain TeX ">
+ Table&#160;1.1</a> shows all of the special characters in
+ Plain TeX.<sup>[<a id="id2858704" name="id2858704"
+ href="#ftn.id2858704">9</a>]</sup> Most of these
+ characters are special in other macro packages as well.
+ Font-specific characters are not reserved by TeX, but
+ they don't produce the results you would expect when
+ typeset in Computer Modern because of the way TeX expects
+ fonts to be laid out. Fonts are discussed in detail in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.activechars" name="tab.activechars"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;1.1.&#160;Special
+ Characters in Plain TeX <a id="id2858750"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2858750"></a></b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Special Characters in Plain TeX charactersspecialtypesetting"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="center">Character</th>
+
+ <th>Meaning</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">#</td>
+
+ <td>Used for parameter definition in macros and
+ tables</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">$</td>
+
+ <td>Toggles in and out of math mode</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">%</td>
+
+ <td>A comment (TeX ignores everything to the end
+ of the line)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">&amp;</td>
+
+ <td>The column separator in tables</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">~</td>
+
+ <td>The active space (an unbreakable space)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">_</td>
+
+ <td>Marks a subscript (valid only in math
+ mode)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">^</td>
+
+ <td>Marks a superscript (valid only in math
+ mode)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">\</td>
+
+ <td>Begins a control sequence</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">{</td>
+
+ <td>Begins a group</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">}</td>
+
+ <td>Ends a group</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">|</td>
+
+ <td>Produces an em-dash (&#8212;)
+ (font-specific)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">&lt;</td>
+
+ <td>Produces an upside down exclamation mark (¡)
+ (font-specific)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">&gt;</td>
+
+ <td>Produces an upside down question mark (¿)
+ (font-specific)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">"</td>
+
+ <td>Incorrect for quoted text; use &#8220; and
+ &#8221; instead (font-specific)</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>It is best to avoid these characters until you are
+ familiar with TeX. If you need to typeset<a
+ id="id2859024" class="indexterm" name="id2859024"></a>
+ one of these characters, <a href="ch01.html#tab.acttype"
+ title="Table&#160;1.2.&#160;How to Typeset Special Characters">
+ Table&#160;1.2</a> shows what to put in your document.
+ You should also avoid characters outside the standard
+ printable ASCII character set<a id="id2859048"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2859048"></a> (characters with
+ ASCII values below 32 and above 126). TeX can be
+ configured to accept characters outside the printable
+ ASCII range, to support non-English languages, for
+ example, but it is not configured to do so &#8220;out of
+ the box.&#8221; Chapter&#160;<a href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">
+ Chapter&#160;7</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
+ href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">
+ Chapter&#160;7</a></em></span>, discusses the issues of
+ typesetting in different languages.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.acttype" name="tab.acttype"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;1.2.&#160;How to Typeset
+ Special Characters<a id="id2859097" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859097"></a></b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="How to Typeset Special Charactersspecial characterstypesetting"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="center">To Get</th>
+
+ <th>Put This in Your Document</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">#</td>
+
+ <td>\#</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">$</td>
+
+ <td>\$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">%</td>
+
+ <td>\%</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">&amp;</td>
+
+ <td>\&amp;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">&#8220;</td>
+
+ <td>``</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">&#8221;</td>
+
+ <td>''</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">~</td>
+
+ <td>\~</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">{</td>
+
+ <td>$\{$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">}</td>
+
+ <td>$\}$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">&lt;</td>
+
+ <td>$&lt;$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">&gt;</td>
+
+ <td>$&gt;$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">|</td>
+
+ <td>$|$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">_</td>
+
+ <td>$\underbar{\hbox{\ }}$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">^</td>
+
+ <td>$\hat{\hbox{ }}$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">\</td>
+
+ <td>$\backslash$</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="sidebar">
+ <p>Some of the suggestions in <a
+ href="ch01.html#tab.acttype"
+ title="Table&#160;1.2.&#160;How to Typeset Special Characters">
+ Table&#160;1.2</a> will not always produce exactly what
+ you want. The entry for &#8220;~&#8221; really produces
+ a tilde accent, not a tilde character and the entries
+ for &#8220;{&#8221; through &#8220;\&#8221; all get the
+ actual characters from TeX's math fonts. The Computer
+ Modern text fonts don't include these characters so it
+ is necessary to get them from the math fonts. However,
+ if you are using PostScript or other kinds of fonts,
+ you may very well have curly braces, angle brackets,
+ underscores, etc. in the font. You can access these
+ characters directly with the \char primitive. I
+ strongly recommend that you always define macros for
+ this purpose, so that you can easily switch to some
+ other method if you change fonts. Introducing \char
+ primitives makes your document less portable. To use
+ the \char primitive, simply put the decimal ASCII value
+ of the character that you want to print. For example,
+ this book is typeset with PostScript fonts that include
+ a backslash character at position 92, so I defined \bs
+ to print a backslash like this:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\def\bs{\char92\relax}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Using \relax after the decimal value assures that
+ TeX won't get confused if I put a backslash in front of
+ other digits like this \bs300dpi.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The braces<a id="id2859474" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859474"></a> &#8220;{&#8221; and &#8220;}&#8221;
+ are a very special case. TeX uses curly braces to delimit
+ arguments and make changes (like switching fonts) that
+ are local to a small section of the document. These are
+ called <span class="emphasis"><em>grouping characters<a
+ id="id2859497" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859497"></a></em></span><a id="id2859504"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2859504"></a> in TeX jargon.
+ For example, to typeset a single word in boldface, you
+ put {\bf word} into your input file. The \bf control
+ sequence switches to boldface type, and the curly braces
+ localize the effect to the single word <span
+ class="bold">word</span>. As a result, it is very
+ important that you avoid braces (except when you use them
+ as delimiters) and that you carefully match all opening
+ and closing braces. One of the most common errors in TeX
+ is to forget a closing brace.</p>
+
+ <p>One last special character is the blank space<a
+ id="id2859543" class="indexterm" name="id2859543"></a>.
+ For the most part, TeX doesn't care how you space your
+ lines of text. Any space that occurs is simply a word
+ break to TeX, and inserting multiple spaces doesn't
+ influence how TeX typesets the line. TeX also considers
+ the end of a line an implicit space. If you are trying to
+ control the layout of your input text and want to break a
+ line without introducing a space, place a comment
+ character (% in most macro packages)<a id="id2859552"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2859552"></a> at the very end
+ of the line. If the last character of a line is the
+ comment character, TeX ignores the line break and all the
+ leading spaces on the following line. This allows you to
+ use indentation<a id="id2859574" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859574"></a> to make your input file more
+ readable. \goodbreak</p>
+
+ <p>For example, the following lines in your input
+ file:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+&#8220;This is some ex
+ ample text.&#8221;
+</pre>
+
+ <p>and this line:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+&#8220;This is some example text.&#8221;
+</pre>
+
+ <p>both produce:</p>
+
+ <div class="literallayout">
+ <p>
+ &#8220;This&#160;is&#160;some&#160;example&#160;text.&#8221;</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>in your typeset document.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2859644"
+ name="id2859644"></a>Text Formatting Versus Word
+ Processing</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>For many people, writing documents with a computer
+ implies using a word processor like WordPerfect<a
+ id="id2859660" class="indexterm" name="id2859660"></a> or
+ Microsoft Word<a id="id2859674" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859674"></a>.<a id="id2859683" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859683"></a><a id="id2859696" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859696"></a> The word processing program controls
+ every aspect of what you do: it's where you type your text,
+ where you see what it will look like, where you print, and
+ where you do everything else. Some of these environments,
+ the so-called WYSIWYG<a id="id2859715" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859715"></a> (what-you-see-is-what-you-get)
+ programs, attempt to show you what the printed document
+ will actually look like <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>while</em></span> you edit it.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2859730" name="id2859730"
+ href="#ftn.id2859730">10</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>If WYSIWYG environments are what you're used to, or what
+ you expect, TeX's approach may seem very strange at first
+ because TeX is a <span class="emphasis"><em>text
+ formatter</em></span>,<a id="id2859754" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859754"></a><a id="id2859767" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859767"></a> not a word processor. Instead of
+ trying to show you what your document will look like while
+ you type, TeX expects you to do all the typing somewhere
+ else, and then pass it a source file containing all of your
+ text plus control sequences that tell TeX how you'd like it
+ printed.</p>
+
+ <p>In <span class="emphasis"><em>The Psychology of Everyday
+ Things</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#dn:psyeveryday">dn:psyeveryday</a>], Donald
+ Norman<a id="id2859798" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859798"></a> describes these two modes of
+ interaction as first person and third person. First person
+ interaction provides the user with the ability to directly
+ manipulate the elements of a task, whether it's flying an
+ airplane or resizing text. Third person interaction, on the
+ other hand, occurs where the user is expected to type
+ commands to the computer in an appropriate command
+ language; the shell prompt is a good example of third
+ person interaction.</p>
+
+ <p>Is first person interaction really better? Well, it
+ depends. Norman writes, &#8220;Although they [WYSIWYG
+ environments] are often easy to use, fun, and entertaining,
+ it is often difficult to do a really good job with
+ them.&#8221; The problem which arises is that the user is
+ required to do the task, and he or she may not be very good
+ at it. Third person systems are better when the computer
+ program can be trusted to do a better job of the task than
+ the user.</p>
+
+ <p>Is TeX really better than a word processor? Well, it
+ depends on the task and the person doing it. TeX probably
+ isn't better for designing one page flyers with lots of
+ fonts and graphics (although I've done it). But for longer
+ documents, TeX offers all of these advantages:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX has a precise understanding of the rules of
+ typesetting,<a id="id2859861" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2859861"></a> so you don't have to.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Predefined styles allow experts to extend (or
+ bend) the rules of typesetting without burdening the
+ user.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Journals and magazines can achieve consistency of
+ appearance much more reliably because the consistency
+ is in the style files.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX runs on cheap systems (old PCs with monochrome
+ monitors and no graphics capability, for
+ example).</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Although complex and difficult to learn, TeX
+ offers incredibly flexible table construction
+ tools.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Few, if any, word processors can provide running
+ headers and footers as flexibly as TeX. Imagine the
+ task of writing a dictionary: the left and right hand
+ side headers change on each page, each time a new
+ entry is added.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX offers flexible bibliography layouts.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX is extensible.<a id="id2859945"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2859945"></a> Its behavior
+ can be modified by defining new commands and
+ environments without changing the actual program.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>There are some other good reasons to separate document
+ creation from text formatting:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Documents are portable.<a id="id2859978"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2859978"></a> Because the
+ source files are just plain text without any
+ nonprintable characters, they can easily be copied
+ from one system to another.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX is portable. TeX runs everywhere. You can
+ process your documents with TeX on unix workstations;
+ personal computers running MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows;
+ IBM mainframes running VM/CMS; workstations running
+ VAX/VMS; Macintoshes; Amigas; Ataris; and just about
+ every other computer with a reasonable amount of
+ memory. And the typeset output will be the same! This
+ adds another dimension of portability to your
+ documents.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX is free. You can afford to have it on every
+ system you use. Several sources of TeX software are
+ listed in the preface of this book.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX allows you to separate markup and output.
+ Logical divisions in the text (chapters, sections,
+ itemized lists, etc.) are identified by control
+ sequences. An entirely different page layout can
+ result from simply changing the definition of a few
+ control sequences.</p>
+
+ <p>This means that the look of your documents can be
+ changed (to fit the style guidelines of a particular
+ journal or publisher, for example) without changing
+ the text of your documents at all.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Plain text files are easier to manipulate with
+ other tools than specially encoded word processor
+ files are. This means that you can use standard
+ utilities on your documents: revision control, grep,
+ shell scripts, etc. This is a less common practice in
+ non-unix environments, but it is still
+ convenient.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>You can continue to use your favorite editing
+ tools. The extent to which you find this advantageous
+ is dependent, naturally, on the extent to which you
+ have a favorite editing program. Nevertheless, this
+ can be a considerable advantage. For example, users
+ familiar with <b>emacs</b><a id="id2860077"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2860077"></a> can continue
+ to rely on all of the features they are used to,
+ including interactive spellchecking, access to online
+ services like Webster's dictionary, customized editor
+ macros, and convenient services like reading
+ mail.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>You get better looking output. TeX gives you far
+ more precise control over the placement of elements
+ on the page than most word processing programs. And
+ TeX is very intelligent about typesetting (paragraph
+ breaking, kerning<a id="id2860098" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2860098"></a>, ligatures<a id="id2860112"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2860112"></a>, etc.).</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.howtexworks"
+ name="sec.howtexworks"></a>What About Desktop
+ Publishing?</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Desktop publishing systems<a id="id2860137"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2860137"></a><a id="id2860150"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2860150"></a> like Ventura
+ Publisher<a id="id2860171" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2860171"></a> and Aldus PageMaker<a
+ id="id2860185" class="indexterm" name="id2860185"></a>
+ are noted for their ability to incorporate multiple fonts
+ and graphics into a document. As word processors become
+ more sophisticated, the line between word processing and
+ desktop publishing is becoming blurry.</p>
+
+ <p>This book shows you many ways that TeX can provide
+ access to the same sophisticated features. TeX can
+ incorporate pictures and figures in a number of ways
+ (just take a look at the way I've wrapped text around
+ this kiwi),<sup>[<a id="id2860201" name="id2860201"
+ href="#ftn.id2860201">11</a>]</sup> and TeX can use
+ almost any font that another program can use---it can
+ certainly use <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span>
+ of the popular types of fonts. Like typical word
+ processors, desktop publishing programs force you to use
+ a single application to create your entire document, and
+ they lack the flexibility required to combine just the
+ pieces that you want. All of the advantages of text
+ formatting over word processing also apply to desktop
+ publishing programs. I'll grant, however, that WYSIWYG
+ environments are easier for first-time users. But that
+ doesn't make them better, it just makes them more
+ popular.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2860232"
+ name="id2860232"></a>What About troff?</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>troff</b><a id="id2860245" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2860245"></a> <a id="id2860259" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2860259"></a> is the &#8220;other&#8221; text
+ formatting system. If you've ever tried to read a unix
+ reference page without formatting it first, you've seen
+ <b>troff</b>. For a long time it was distributed as part
+ of all unix systems. Now it is more likely an extra-cost
+ option. The Free Software Foundation's <a id="id2860290"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2860290"></a><b>groff</b><a
+ id="id2860303" class="indexterm" name="id2860303"></a>
+ processor is a free, <b>troff</b>-compatible system.</p>
+
+ <p>On the surface, it is easier to compare TeX and troff
+ than to compare TeX to the other document preparation
+ systems described in this chapter. In reality, the
+ differences are subtle: TeX and troff have the same
+ general paradigm; they are equally powerful to a large
+ extent, and both have advantages and disadvantages.</p>
+
+ <p><b>troff</b> is similar to TeX in many ways. Like TeX,
+ troff processes a plain text file and produces a typeset
+ document. TeX and troff differ in the way that formatting
+ information is inserted into the text. TeX uses control
+ sequences<a id="id2860356" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2860356"></a>, where troff uses a mixture of
+ control sequences<sup>[<a id="id2860372" name="id2860372"
+ href="#ftn.id2860372">12</a>]</sup> and &#8220;dot&#8221;
+ commands (lines of text that begin with a period and
+ contain typesetting commands).</p>
+
+ <p>Although I am inclined to say that troff documents are
+ far more cryptic than TeX documents, I am certain that
+ there are plenty of troff users who would disagree
+ (strongly).</p>
+
+ <p>Objectively, TeX handles mathematical typesetting<a
+ id="id2860407" class="indexterm" name="id2860407"></a>
+ far better than troff and probably has better support for
+ multilingual documents<a id="id2860424" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2860424"></a><a id="id2860434" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2860434"></a>. The <b>nroff</b><a id="id2860451"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2860451"></a> processor, which
+ produces plain text output from a troff document, at one
+ time provided a strong argument in favor of troff for
+ typesetting documents required in both typeset and plain
+ text formats. However, the TeXinfo<a id="id2860469"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2860469"></a> macro package for
+ TeX has largely defeated that argument. In troff's
+ defense, TeXinfo is very, very different from other TeX
+ macro packages, so it really is necessary to plan ahead
+ and learn a very different set of macros to typeset both
+ plain text and typeset documents with TeXinfo.
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch10.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation">Chapter&#160;10</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch10.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation">Chapter&#160;10</a></em></span>,
+ discusses this issue further.</p>
+
+ <p>In my experience, there is more free support for TeX
+ than troff. TeX is supported by a large community of
+ users actively producing new, useful document-preparation
+ formats, styles, and tools. In addition, TeX is more
+ widely available than troff: a TeX port exists for almost
+ every practical computer system, whereas troff is still
+ mostly confined to unix systems (although the Free
+ Software Foundation's <b>groff</b> package has been
+ ported to similar systems like MS-DOS, Windows NT, and
+ OS/2).</p>
+
+ <p>The following fragments show a side-by-side comparison
+ of TeX commands, on the left, and troff commands, on the
+ right:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\begin{figure} .(z
+ \begin{center} .hl
+ \hrule Text to be floated.
+ \vspace{8pt} .sp
+ Text to be floated. .ce
+ \hrule .hl
+ \caption{Example figure...} Figure \*[fig]: Example figure...
+ \vspace{8pt} .)z
+ \end{center}
+\end{figure}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Both examples produce a floating figure that looks
+ like this:</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="id2860574" name="id2860574"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;1.2.&#160;Example
+ figure produced by both TeX and troff</b></p>
+
+ <div class="informaltable">
+ <table width="100%" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Text to be floated.</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2860619"
+ name="id2860619"></a>What About SGML?</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)<a
+ id="id2860629" class="indexterm" name="id2860629"></a> is
+ a document description language. SGML aims to separate
+ the content of a document from its presentation. In other
+ words, SGML identifies the features of a document
+ (chapter headings, paragraphs, etc.) without specifying
+ how they are to be presented.</p>
+
+ <p>This means that all SGML documents must interact with
+ a document formatter of some sort. Many people are
+ finding that TeX is a natural choice when selecting a
+ document formatter for their SGML environment. In fact,
+ LaTeX<a id="id2860647" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2860647"></a> already provides many SGML-like
+ commands because it was designed to separate markup from
+ presentation. One of the specific goals of an effort
+ (currently underway) to develop a new version of LaTeX is
+ to make SGML and LaTeX work together easily, cleanly, and
+ efficiently. For more information about the goals of this
+ project and information about what you can do to help,
+ please read <span class="emphasis"><em>The LaTeX3
+ Project</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#l3:project">l3:project</a>].</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2860690"
+ name="id2860690"></a>How TeX Works</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A functioning TeX system<a id="id2860698"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2860698"></a> in which you are
+ producing documents of medium size and complexity is really
+ a collection of tools and files that are related to each
+ other in well defined (if somewhat subtle) ways.</p>
+
+ <p>One of the fundamental goals of this book is to shed
+ light on these relationships and allow you to put together
+ a TeX system that quickly and easily does the jobs you need
+ to accomplish.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="subsubsec.runningtex"
+ name="subsubsec.runningtex"></a>TeXing a Simple
+ Document</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This section briefly describes what you need to know
+ about how TeX processes a simple document (that is, one
+ that does not contain complex document elements like a
+ table of contents, indexes, bibliographies, etc.).
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch01.html#fig.wholesimple"
+ title="Figure&#160;1.3.&#160;A high-level view of TeX">Figure&#160;1.3</a>
+ shows how the standard TeX tools fit together at the most
+ basic level.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.wholesimple" name="fig.wholesimple"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;1.3.&#160;A high-level
+ view of TeX</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.01.03.png" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch01.html#fig.wholething"
+ title="Figure&#160;1.4.&#160;High-level view of TeX including more detail">
+ Figure&#160;1.4</a> expands on Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch01.html#fig.wholesimple"
+ title="Figure&#160;1.3.&#160;A high-level view of TeX">Figure&#160;1.3</a>,
+ showing additional tools and files that you'll often need
+ to use.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.wholething" name="fig.wholething"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;1.4.&#160;High-level
+ view of TeX including more detail</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.01.04.png" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2860862"
+ name="id2860862"></a>Editing your document</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The most tangible and important part of your TeX
+ system is your document<a id="id2860872"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2860872"></a>. This is the
+ file (or files) in which you write down what you want
+ to typeset with TeX. In addition to the actual text,
+ you include control sequences to describe how you want
+ the final text to appear (size, font, justification,
+ etc.). The section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch01.html#sec.texforbeginners"
+ title="What Is TeX?">the section called &#8220;What Is
+ TeX?&#8221;</a>&#8221; earlier in this chapter tells
+ you briefly what goes into your document file.</p>
+
+ <p>The most common way to create a document is with an
+ editor<a id="id2860909" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2860909"></a><a id="id2860916"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2860916"></a><a
+ id="id2860926" class="indexterm" name="id2860926"></a>,
+ which can provide you with a number of features to make
+ typing TeX documents easier. For example, an editor can
+ help you insert common control sequences<a
+ id="id2860940" class="indexterm" name="id2860940"></a>
+ automatically, run TeX automatically (from within the
+ editor), and keep you from making common mistakes (like
+ typing a left brace, but not the matching right one).
+ These features and how they work in editors including
+ GNU Emacs, aucTeX, and Multi-Edit are described in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch02.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing">Chapter&#160;2</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch02.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing">Chapter&#160;2</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2860982"
+ name="id2860982"></a>Running TeX</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Once you have prepared your document file, it is
+ time to run<a id="id2860991" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2860991"></a><a id="id2861001"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861001"></a> the TeX program
+ itself. This may not be as easy as it sounds. You need
+ to determine the name of the TeX program at your site,
+ to make sure all of the files TeX needs are available
+ to it; you also need to specify the correct
+ command-line options. Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a></em></span>,
+ describes everything you need to know.</p>
+
+ <p>TeX may find errors in your document (places where
+ TeX doesn't understand the instructions you used; not
+ spelling or grammatical errors, unfortunately ;-).
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>
+ also describes the most common errors you're likely to
+ make and gives advice for interpreting error
+ messages.</p>
+
+ <p>If TeX is successful in formatting your document
+ (i.e., your document doesn't contain any errors), it
+ produces a <tt>DVI</tt> (DeVice Independent)<a
+ id="id2861075" class="indexterm" name="id2861075"></a>
+ file. The <tt>DVI</tt> file is a device-independent
+ representation of the typeset output of your document.
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files are transitory. Although there are a
+ few programs that can manipulate them (to rearrange the
+ order of the pages in the output, for example), most of
+ the time you will immediately transform them into
+ something else---either printed output or previewed
+ output on the screen. (See the following section
+ &#8220;<a href="ch01.html#subsubsec.printpreview"
+ title="Using macros">the section called &#8220;Using
+ macros&#8221;</a>.&#8221;)</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="subsubsec.printpreview"
+ name="subsubsec.printpreview"></a>Using macros</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The control sequences<a id="id2861139"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861139"></a> that you insert
+ in your document are defined by a macro package<a
+ id="id2861152" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2861152"></a>.<sup>[<a id="id2861160"
+ name="id2861160" href="#ftn.id2861160">13</a>]</sup>
+ Macro packages are collections of TeX commands (macros)
+ that extend TeX. Macro packages are frequently stored
+ in format files, specially compiled versions of the
+ macro package. The iniTeX<a id="id2861169"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861169"></a> program
+ interprets all of the control sequences in a macro
+ package to create a format file that TeX reads when it
+ runs.</p>
+
+ <p>Many macro packages are particularly effective in
+ implementing particular document styles or supporting
+ particular types of writing. Two of the most common are
+ Plain TeX<a id="id2861194" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2861194"></a> and LaTeX<a id="id2861205"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861205"></a>.
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>,
+ describes Plain TeX, LaTeX, and a number of other macro
+ packages that extend the power and ease of TeX.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2861241"
+ name="id2861241"></a>Using fonts</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>One of TeX's strengths is its support for a myriad
+ of predefined fonts<a id="id2861249" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2861249"></a> and its ability to let you create
+ fonts of your own. In addition to your document and the
+ format file, when TeX runs it needs font information as
+ well. This is provided in the form of a set of
+ <tt>TFM</tt> (TeX Font Metric)<a id="id2861277"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861277"></a> files that tell
+ TeX the size and shape (roughly speaking, at least) of
+ each character, as well as some other information about
+ how characters are related to each other.</p>
+
+ <p>Historically, the MetaFont<a id="id2861292"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861292"></a> program was the
+ way a TeX user created fonts. Like TeX itself, MetaFont
+ is about ten years old. Ten years ago, it was a unique
+ program that was indispensible for creating the type of
+ output TeX produces. Today there are many competing
+ font technologies, all of them more common than
+ MetaFont, and MetaFont's role is diminishing. Many
+ people use TeX today without ever using MetaFont at
+ all. Nevertheless, MetaFont still has some importance,
+ and we describe how to run and use it in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a></em></span>.
+ Because the standard fonts that come with TeX are still
+ the fonts produced by MetaFont, it will also be
+ mentioned elsewhere in this book.</p>
+
+ <p>If you are writing complex documents, you may need
+ to learn a lot about fonts and how to define and use
+ them. Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>,
+ tells you everything you need to know, including
+ information about the New Font Selection Scheme, a new
+ way of describing and selecting fonts in TeX.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2861369"
+ name="id2861369"></a>Previewing or printing TeX
+ documents</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>After you have produced a <tt>DVI</tt> file, as
+ described in the section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch01.html#subsubsec.runningtex"
+ title="TeXing a Simple Document">the section called
+ &#8220;TeXing a Simple Document&#8221;</a>,&#8221;
+ later in this chapter, you run another program
+ (generically called a DVI driver)<a id="id2861405"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861405"></a> to translate
+ the <tt>DVI</tt> file so you can either preview or
+ print your document. Driver programs need your
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file and some collection of fonts (usually
+ <tt>PK</tt> (packed)<a id="id2861442" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2861442"></a><a id="id2861461"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861461"></a><a
+ id="id2861469" class="indexterm" name="id2861469"></a>
+ font files).<sup>[<a id="id2861489" name="id2861489"
+ href="#ftn.id2861489">14</a>]</sup> Many different
+ kinds of fonts are described in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a></em></span>,
+ tells you how to print<a id="id2861540"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861540"></a><a
+ id="id2861546" class="indexterm" name="id2861546"></a>
+ your documents and deal with the problems you may
+ encounter using bitmapped or scalable fonts, printing
+ pictures and figures, and other printing issues.</p>
+
+ <p>Often you will want to look at your document before
+ you actually print it. Because TeX is not a WYSIWYG
+ system,<sup>[<a id="id2861567" name="id2861567"
+ href="#ftn.id2861567">15</a>]</sup> you cannot do this
+ until you have processed the <tt>DVI</tt> file. There
+ are a number of good previewing products<a
+ id="id2861597" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2861597"></a><a id="id2861603"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861603"></a>, including
+ xdvi<a id="id2861617" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2861617"></a>, <b>dvimswin</b><a id="id2861634"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861634"></a>, and
+ <b>dviscr</b><a id="id2861648" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2861648"></a>, that let you look at your
+ processed document on the screen before you decide
+ whether to print it. See Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a></em></span>,
+ for complete information.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2861683"
+ name="id2861683"></a>TeXing More Complex
+ Documents</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This section briefly describes how TeX processes a
+ more complex document (that is, one that includes
+ elements like a table of contents, indexes,
+ bibliographies, etc.).</p>
+
+ <p>Many TeX formats implement sophisticated
+ cross-referencing schemes. Cross references<a
+ id="id2861700" class="indexterm" name="id2861700"></a>
+ may sound rather esoteric, but they occur frequently.
+ Tables of contents, figure and table numbers, indexes,
+ and bibliographic references are all flavors of cross
+ referencing.</p>
+
+ <p>Cross references make your document more complex
+ because they require more information than is immediately
+ available when TeX initially processes your document. For
+ example, if you refer to a figure which occurs later in
+ the document, TeX has no way of knowing what figure
+ number to insert into the text at the point of the
+ reference. These are called <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>forward references</em></span><a
+ id="id2861726" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2861726"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>TeX macro packages that support cross referencing
+ overcome the difficulty of forward references by
+ requiring you to process your document more than once.
+ Each time your document is processed, the necessary
+ reference information is stored into a separate file. If
+ that file exists when you process your document, the
+ information saved <span class="emphasis"><em>last
+ time</em></span> is loaded so that it is available <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>this time</em></span>. The practical
+ implication of this functionality is that documents with
+ cross references frequently have to be processed twice.
+ Occasionally, you may have to process a document three
+ times. This occurs when the inserted reference causes TeX
+ to format a paragraph differently, which in turn causes
+ TeX to change a page break.<sup>[<a id="id2861760"
+ name="id2861760" href="#ftn.id2861760">16</a>]</sup>
+ Because most changes are incremental while revising a
+ document, this is normally only an issue the first time
+ you process a document.</p>
+
+ <p>The following sections describe the LaTeX methods for
+ constructing a table of contents, figure references, an
+ index, and a bibliography. LaTeX is used in this example
+ because it is a very common macro package and is typical
+ of the way macro packages provide these features. Similar
+ mechanisms exist in most formats, except Plain TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch01.html#fig.texcmplx"
+ title="Figure&#160;1.5.&#160;TeXing a More Complex Document">
+ Figure&#160;1.5</a> shows the relationships between many
+ of the components described in the following sections.
+ LaTeX creates several sorts of auxiliary files depending
+ on the kind of cross references required by your document
+ and the style files you use. These auxiliary files may be
+ modified (and others may be created) by other sorts of
+ post-processing programs (like <b>MakeIndex</b><a
+ id="id2861811" class="indexterm" name="id2861811"></a>
+ for constructing indexes or BibTeX<a id="id2861819"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861819"></a> for constructing
+ bibliographies). LaTeX uses these auxiliary files, if
+ they exist, to update your document when it is processed
+ again.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.texcmplx" name="fig.texcmplx"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;1.5.&#160;TeXing a More
+ Complex Document</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.01.05.png" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2861875"
+ name="id2861875"></a>Building a Table of
+ Contents</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A table of contents<a id="id2861885" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2861885"></a> is the simplest form of cross
+ reference. In LaTeX, you request a table of contents by
+ inserting the \tableofcontents command wherever you want
+ it to appear in your document. If you request the table
+ of contents at the end of your document rather than the
+ beginning, your document can be printed with only one
+ pass through TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>LaTeX uses a file with the same name as your document
+ and the extension <tt>.toc</tt> to hold the table of
+ contents entries. You can control the level of detail in
+ your table of contents by setting the \secnumdepth
+ counter. A value of zero includes only chapters; one
+ includes chapters and sections; two includes chapters,
+ sections, and subsections, and so on.</p>
+
+ <p>The LaTeX commands \listoftables and \listoffigures
+ perform the same functions as \tableofcontents for lists
+ of tables and figures. They use external files with the
+ extensions <tt>.lot</tt><a id="id2861950"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2861950"></a> and
+ <tt>.lof</tt><a id="id2861966" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2861966"></a>, respectively. As with the table of
+ contents, your document can be correctly formatted in one
+ pass if the \listoftables and \listoffigures commands are
+ placed at the end of the document.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2861991"
+ name="id2861991"></a>Figure References</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Figure references<a id="id2862000" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2862000"></a> are a special case of LaTeX's cross
+ referencing mechanism. The LaTeX command
+ \label{<i><tt>string</tt></i>} creates a referent. You
+ refer to the label with the command
+ \ref{<i><tt>string</tt></i>}. In normal body text, the
+ label refers to the current section or subsection. In a
+ figure or table environment, the label refers to that
+ figure or table.</p>
+
+ <p>If your document contains no forward references<a
+ id="id2862038" class="indexterm" name="id2862038"></a>
+ (if all \label commands occur before the \ref's that
+ refer to them) then it can be formatted in one pass.
+ Otherwise, TeX will have to be run two or three times to
+ make all of the references correct.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2862061"
+ name="id2862061"></a>Indexes and Glossaries</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Indexes<a id="id2862070" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2862070"></a> and glossaries<a id="id2862079"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2862079"></a> differ from the
+ preceding forms of reference in that they must be
+ processed by a separate program. In general, this is true
+ regardless of the macro package or format you use. An
+ external program is required because indexes and
+ glossaries must be alphabetized, and in indexes,
+ consecutive page numbers have to be converted into
+ ranges, and so on.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2862096"
+ name="id2862096"></a>Bibliographies</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>LaTeX works in conjunction with another program,
+ called BibTeX<a id="id2862105" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2862105"></a>, to provide a flexible, convenient
+ way to construct bibliographies<a id="id2862119"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2862119"></a>. The \cite
+ commands allows you to refer to other documents in much
+ the same way that the \ref command allows you to refer to
+ other portions of the same document.</p>
+
+ <p>You make a citation by placing the command
+ \cite{<i><tt>string</tt></i>} where you wish the citation
+ to occur. The <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>string</em></span> is a key that
+ refers to the document in your bibliography database that
+ you wish to cite. Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch01.html#ex.knuthbbl"
+ title="Example&#160;1.2.&#160;A typical bibliography database entry">
+ Example&#160;1.2</a> is a typical entry in a bibliography
+ database. It describes Knuth's<a id="id2862157"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2862157"></a> classic book
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>The
+ TeXbook</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#kn:texbook">kn:texbook</a>]. The key for
+ this entry is &#8220;kn:texbook.&#8221;</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.knuthbbl" name="ex.knuthbbl"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;1.2.&#160;A typical
+ bibliography database entry</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+@Book{kn:texbook,
+ author = "Donald E. Knuth",
+ title = "The {TeX}book",
+ publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
+ year = 1989,
+ edition = "Fifteenth",
+ isbn = "0-201-13447-0"
+ note = "Paperback ISBN: 0-201-13448-9"
+}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Each entry in the database consists of a type (book,
+ article, magazine, etc.), a key, and a number of fields.
+ The number and names of the fields depend on the type of
+ entry. The database is simply a plain ASCII file
+ containing any number of entries. You can have multiple
+ databases.</p>
+
+ <p>These are the commands you use, in addition to \cite,
+ to include a bibliography in your document:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\bibliographystyle{plain}
+\bibliography{textools,refbooks}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The \bibliographystyle command tells BibTeX how to
+ format the bibliography, and the \bibliography command
+ identifies which bibliographic databases contain the
+ citations that you have made. The &#8220;plain&#8221;
+ style of bibliography is selected, and the
+ <tt>textools</tt> and <tt>refbooks</tt> files contain the
+ bibliographic information for the documents cited.
+ Document styles can be used to alter the format of
+ citations in your text. The default extension for
+ bibliographic styles is <tt>.bst</tt><a id="id2862291"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2862291"></a>. The default
+ extension for database files is <tt>.bib</tt><a
+ id="id2862308" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2862308"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>LaTeX places citations and bibliography information
+ into the <tt>.aux</tt> file<a id="id2862331"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2862331"></a>. BibTeX reads the
+ <tt>.aux</tt><a id="id2862348" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2862348"></a> file and constructs a bibliography,
+ which it places into a file with the extension
+ <tt>.bbl</tt><a id="id2862366" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2862366"></a>, using the entries you cited and
+ the bibliography style you selected.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2862381"
+ name="id2862381"></a>Special Things</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Sometimes, producing a complex document requires the
+ ability to interface with objects outside of TeX
+ (pictures or figures created by high-end graphics
+ packages, special features of a particular printer,
+ etc.). To support this kind of communication, TeX
+ provides a control sequence called \special. The
+ arguments passed to the \special command are written
+ directly to the <tt>DVI</tt> file for the DVI driver. It
+ is the responsibility of the DVI driver to handle them.
+ DVI drivers typically ignore \special commands that they
+ do not recognize.</p>
+
+ <p>You will find \special commands of various kinds
+ described throughout this book, particularly when
+ discussing color typesetting in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>,
+ and graphics in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2856038" name="ftn.id2856038"
+ href="#id2856038">1</a>]</sup> Before I proceed, the
+ notion of beautiful in this context needs some
+ explanation. Several people have pointed out that the
+ logo type used by many TeX-related programs (including
+ TeX itself) is intrinsically ugly. These same folks argue
+ that a sentence like &#8220;TeX is designed to typeset
+ beautiful pages&#8221; is self-contradictory because it
+ begins with such an ugly construction. Obviously, TeX
+ can't <span class="emphasis"><em>prevent</em></span> you
+ from typesetting ugly things. But TeX can typeset
+ beautiful things too. We at O'Reilly &amp; Associates
+ think that this book, typeset completely in TeX, is an
+ excellent example.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2857595" name="ftn.id2857595"
+ href="#id2857595">2</a>]</sup> This is not a whole-truth.
+ Implementors of TeX may make some system-dependent
+ alterations as long as the resulting program still passes
+ the test suite; so our TeXs may not behave <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>exactly</em></span> the same way.
+ They will, however, produce identical documents given
+ identical input (unless the input relies on
+ system-dependent features not available in both TeXs,
+ naturally. ;-)</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2857956" name="ftn.id2857956"
+ href="#id2857956">3</a>]</sup> This is subtly different
+ from saying that they are joined at the baseline. There
+ are TeX commands which can change the position of the
+ reference point in a box, whereas the baseline is an
+ imaginary line that depends solely on the shape of the
+ character.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2858135" name="ftn.id2858135"
+ href="#id2858135">4</a>]</sup> Technically, it's any
+ character defined to be in the &#8220;escape&#8221;
+ category followed by any sequence of characters defined
+ to be in the &#8220;letter&#8221; category or a single
+ character in the &#8220;other&#8221; category.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2858243" name="ftn.id2858243"
+ href="#id2858243">5</a>]</sup> Actually, macro expansion
+ differs from pure textual replacement in a number of
+ technical ways, but they aren't important here.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2858415" name="ftn.id2858415"
+ href="#id2858415">6</a>]</sup> Technically, several other
+ kinds of values are stored this way as well, but they are
+ less common and won't be discussed in this book at
+ all.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2858485" name="ftn.id2858485"
+ href="#id2858485">7</a>]</sup> Most control sequences can
+ be redefined to hold different kinds of values, but they
+ can never hold different kinds of values at the same
+ time. A dimension register can be redefined to hold
+ tokens, for example, but then it can't hold dimensions
+ anymore (unless it is redefined again).</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2858627" name="ftn.id2858627"
+ href="#id2858627">8</a>]</sup> Plain TeX is the name of a
+ particular macro package. I selected it for the purpose
+ of example in this chapter because it is always installed
+ with TeX. Most of what follows in this chapter is true in
+ other macro packages as well, but some of the details are
+ different. See Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>
+ for more information.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2858704" name="ftn.id2858704"
+ href="#id2858704">9</a>]</sup> All of these special
+ characters are configurable, but most macro packages use
+ the Plain TeX defaults.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2859730" name="ftn.id2859730"
+ href="#id2859730">10</a>]</sup> TeX pundits, and other
+ folks who have been frustrated by the limitations of
+ these environments, frequently refer to this as
+ WYSIAYG&#8212;what you see is <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> you get.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2860201" name="ftn.id2860201"
+ href="#id2860201">11</a>]</sup> TeX doesn't do this sort
+ of thing automatically, but it isn't hard to do. Why the
+ kiwi? It was on my business card at the time.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2860372" name="ftn.id2860372"
+ href="#id2860372">12</a>]</sup> Although it has a very
+ different notion of what constitutes a control
+ sequence.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2861160" name="ftn.id2861160"
+ href="#id2861160">13</a>]</sup> Well, actually, they're
+ TeX primitives, are defined by a macro package, defined
+ in a file loaded by a macro package, or defined in your
+ document.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2861489" name="ftn.id2861489"
+ href="#id2861489">14</a>]</sup> Some drivers may also
+ benefit from loading the <tt>TFM</tt> files used to
+ create your document.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2861567" name="ftn.id2861567"
+ href="#id2861567">15</a>]</sup> Textures for the Mac and
+ <b>Scientific Word</b> offer WYSIWYG-like environments,
+ but that's not the point ;-)</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2861760" name="ftn.id2861760"
+ href="#id2861760">16</a>]</sup> With extreme cleverness
+ or extreme bad luck you can create a document which will
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>never</em></span> format
+ correctly.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
+ href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing"
+ href="ch02.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Part&#160;I.&#160;An
+ Introduction to TeX&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
+ href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch02.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch02.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..77c3f6ec357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch02.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2438 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt01.html"
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture"
+ href="ch01.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
+ href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX"
+ href="ch03.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.editing"
+ name="chap.editing"></a>Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This chapter describes several writing environments
+ available for creating and modifying TeX documents. In
+ practice, you can use almost any editing program<a
+ id="id2788466" class="indexterm" name="id2788466"></a><a
+ id="id2788476" class="indexterm" name="id2788476"></a><a
+ id="id2788489" class="indexterm" name="id2788489"></a> you
+ wish, but I'll focus on GNU emacs<a id="id2788501"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2788501"></a> in this chapter. I've
+ chosen GNU emacs for two reasons: it is a popular and very
+ powerful editor available on many platforms (unix, NeXT,
+ MS-DOS, OS/2, Macintosh, VMS, Amiga, $&#8230;$), and it has
+ the most comprehensive TeX editing environment that I've ever
+ seen. At the end of the chapter, I'll discuss several other
+ editors for MS-DOS and OS/2 that also have TeX editing
+ environments.</p>
+
+ <p>The sole requirement for a TeX editor is that it must save
+ files in a flat, ASCII<a id="id2788517" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2788517"></a> format without any additional
+ formatting characters or special encodings. Word processors,
+ such as Microsoft Word<a id="id2788382" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2788382"></a>, usually add special formatting
+ information to your document when they save it to disk. TeX
+ will not understand this information, so you cannot use a
+ word processor to edit TeX documents.<sup>[<a id="id2788393"
+ name="id2788393" href="#ftn.id2788393">17</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>A program that allows you to edit flat ASCII files is
+ usually called an editor (as opposed to a word processor<a
+ id="id2788413" class="indexterm" name="id2788413"></a>, for
+ example). Choosing an editor is a remarkably personal
+ decision. Computer programmers and other people who use
+ editors every day frequently become very attached to a
+ particular editor. This chapter explores a number of features
+ that an editor can provide to make editing TeX documents
+ easier. If possible, choose an editor that offers these
+ features. In any event, make sure you choose an editor you
+ will be comfortable using. You'll spend a lot of time using
+ it.</p>
+
+ <p>Many editors have some sort of built-in programming
+ language. The features described in this chapter rely on
+ modifying the behavior of the editor with its programming
+ language. This does not mean that <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>you</em></span> will have to do any
+ programming. All of the editors discussed in this chapter
+ have TeX editing environments already available. However, if
+ you use another editor and it doesn't have a programming
+ language, it's unlikely that these features will be available
+ to you.</p>
+
+ <p>The next section explores some helpful editor features.
+ All of the editors in this chapter provide some or all of the
+ features discussed, and require little or no programming on
+ your part.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.whatcando" name="sec.whatcando"></a>What Can an
+ Editor Do?</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You will do most of your work with TeX in the editor<a
+ id="id2862669" class="indexterm" name="id2862669"></a>.
+ There are two ways that an editor can help you edit TeX
+ documents. One is to provide typing shortcuts that are
+ either intuitive replacements for cumbersome operations or
+ quick ways of typing common TeX commands. The other way
+ that an editor can help is by running TeX for you and
+ automatically displaying the location of formatting errors
+ in your document.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.auctex"
+ name="sec.auctex"></a>Quoting Automatically</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <a id="id2862700" class="indexterm" name="id2862700"></a>
+
+ <p>Most typewriters and many word processors use the same
+ symbol for opening and closing quotations. You are
+ probably used to typing the double-quote key to insert
+ quotation marks into your text. However, if you look
+ carefully at TeX output (or any professionally typeset
+ document) you will notice that the opening and closing
+ quotation marks do not look the same. The proper way to
+ type an opening quote (&#8220;) in TeX is with two single
+ back-quotes in a row (<tt>``</tt>). A closing quote
+ (&#8221;) is entered with two single quotes (apostrophes)
+ in a row (<tt>''</tt>). This process is tedious and
+ error-prone since you are used to typing something
+ else.</p>
+
+ <p>If you accidentally use the double quote symbol in
+ your input, you most frequently get text that looks like
+ &#8221;this.&#8221; The exact result is actually
+ dependent upon the font you are using. This is explained
+ in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.
+ Most programmable editors can change the meaning of the
+ double-quote key to insert the correct quotation
+ marks.</p>
+
+ <p>If you are interested in programming your editor to do
+ this, you can use the following algorithm to select the
+ correct quotation marks most of the time: if the
+ character to the immediate left of the cursor is a space,
+ opening brace, parenthesis, or bracket, insert opening
+ quotes; otherwise, insert closing quotes. As a further
+ enhancement, double quotes should be inserted immediately
+ following a backslash.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2862787"
+ name="id2862787"></a>Matching Braces</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <a id="id2862792" class="indexterm" name="id2862792"></a>
+
+ <p>Braces, as mentioned in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a></em></span>,
+ are used by TeX to delimit sections of text; they appear
+ often in TeX documents. GNU emacs<a id="id2862829"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2862829"></a>, Multi-Edit<a
+ id="id2862842" class="indexterm" name="id2862842"></a>,
+ and <b>Brief</b><a id="id2862858" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2862858"></a> can all be programmed to highlight
+ the matching open brace whenever you type a closing
+ brace.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, if you have entered the text</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\footnote{This is {\it not} the only case.}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>and the next character that you type is <b>}</b>, the
+ open brace immediately following the word \footnote is
+ highlighted, or all of the text between that brace and
+ the current cursor position is highlighted. This feature
+ makes it easier to find places where you have forgotten
+ to insert a closing brace.</p>
+
+ <p>If you usually work in &#8220;insert&#8221; mode, you
+ may also find it convenient to have the editor insert
+ braces in pairs and then insert text between them. This
+ can be accomplished in almost any editor that can be
+ programmed, even one that isn't equipped to handle brace
+ matching.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2862919"
+ name="id2862919"></a>Inserting Common Control
+ Sequences</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Most editors can be programmed to insert arbitrary
+ text when a special key is pressed. This feature can be
+ used to insert common control sequences<a id="id2862931"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2862931"></a>. For example, you
+ might have <b>Alt-c</b> insert the \chapter control
+ sequence or <b>Ctrl-e</b> insert \begin{enumerate}.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2862968"
+ name="id2862968"></a>Running TeX Automatically</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>One of the nicest features that an editor can provide
+ is the ability to run TeX automatically<a id="id2862979"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2862979"></a> without leaving
+ the editor. This is a feature that programmers demand
+ because it allows them to run compilers<a id="id2862995"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2862995"></a> directly from the
+ editor. Editors that provide this feature usually include
+ some mechanism for programming the editor to locate the
+ position of errors reported by the compiler. The editor
+ searches for error messages<a id="id2863008"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2863008"></a> in the output
+ generated by the compiler, and it positions the cursor at
+ the location of each error. This speeds up the
+ traditional edit/compile/debug cycle of programming. You
+ can take advantage of these features to shorten the
+ edit/typeset/rewrite cycle of creating a TeX
+ document.</p>
+
+ <p>All of the editors discussed in this chapter can
+ easily be adapted to run TeX in this way. If you already
+ have a favorite editor and want to add this functionality
+ for TeX, see the section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch02.html#sec.texcomp" title="Running TeX">the
+ section called &#8220;Running TeX&#8221;</a>&#8221; later
+ in this chapter; it describes the process at a very
+ general level.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2863045"
+ name="id2863045"></a>GNU Emacs</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This section describes the TeX modes distributed as part
+ of GNU emacs<a id="id2863054" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2863054"></a>. Emacs is one of the most popular and
+ most powerful editors around. Distributed by the Free
+ Software Foundation (FSF)<a id="id2863066"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2863066"></a>, GNU emacs is the
+ de facto standard editor in many unix environments.
+ Recently, GNU emacs has been ported to many other
+ platforms, including MS-DOS (<b>demacs</b><a id="id2863083"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2863083"></a>), OS/2, Macintosh,
+ VMS, Amiga, and NeXT.</p>
+
+ <div class="sidebar">
+ <p>This section and the following section on aucTeX
+ assume that you are familiar with general emacs concepts.
+ In particular, you should be familiar with the concepts
+ of buffers, files, regions, command keys, editing modes,
+ and prefix arguments. If you are unfamiliar with these
+ concepts, you can learn about them in the online help,
+ called Info pages, for GNU emacs. Info pages should be
+ available by pressing <b>Ctrl-H</b> <b>i</b> in emacs.
+ You can also consult a reference to GNU emacs, such as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Learning GNU
+ Emacs</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#or:emacs">or:emacs</a>] for more
+ information.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Customizing some of the features of GNU emacs requires
+ familiarity with GNU emacs lisp<a id="id2863141"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2863141"></a>, which is also
+ described in the Info pages.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2863154"
+ name="id2863154"></a>Starting TeX Mode</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>GNU emacs<a id="id2863163" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2863163"></a> provides two similar TeX editing
+ modes: one designed for editing Plain TeX documents
+ (<span class="emphasis"><em>plain-tex-mode</em></span>)
+ and the other for editing LaTeX documents (<span
+ class="emphasis"><em>latex-mode</em></span>). The <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>latex-mode</em></span> is a superset
+ of <span class="emphasis"><em>plain-tex-mode</em></span>
+ that provides additional shortcut keys for some LaTeX
+ control sequences.</p>
+
+ <p>There are three ways to start TeX mode in GNU
+ emacs:</p>
+
+ <div class="informaltable">
+ <table border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col />
+ <col />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>M-x tex-mode</b></td>
+
+ <td>Attempts to select the correct mode.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>M-x plain-tex-mode</b></td>
+
+ <td>Always selects Plain TeX mode.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><b>M-x latex-mode</b></td>
+
+ <td>Always selects LaTeX mode.</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you use <b>M-x tex-mode</b>, emacs examines the top
+ of the buffer in order to select the appropriate mode. If
+ the control sequences \documentstyle or \begin{document}
+ occur near the top of the buffer, <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>latex-mode</em></span> is selected;
+ otherwise, the default mode is selected. The default mode
+ is stored in the emacs lisp variable
+ <tt>TeX-default-mode</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>You can also tell emacs to invoke TeX mode
+ automatically whenever you edit a file that has a name
+ ending in <tt>.tex</tt><a id="id2863317"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2863317"></a>. To do so, add
+ the following lines to your emacs startup file<a
+ id="id2863326" class="indexterm" name="id2863326"></a>,
+ usually called <tt>.emacs</tt> in your home
+ directory:<sup>[<a id="id2863345" name="id2863345"
+ href="#ftn.id2863345">18</a>]</sup></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+(setq auto-mode-alist (append '(("\\.tex$" . tex-mode))
+ auto-mode-alist))
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2863366"
+ name="id2863366"></a>Typing in Emacs</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The emacs TeX modes change the meaning of several keys
+ to provide features useful for editing TeX documents.
+ These special<a id="id2863375" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2863375"></a><a id="id2863388" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2863388"></a> key bindings apply only to buffers
+ that you edit while emacs is in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>plain-tex-mode</em></span> or <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>latex-mode</em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>Automatic quotation, brace balancing in paragraphs,
+ inserting brace pairs, skipping over unmatched braces,
+ and closing open environments are supported.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2863418"
+ name="id2863418"></a>Running TeX Automatically</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>When TeX typesets your document, it produces
+ processing and error messages. By<a id="id2863429"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2863429"></a><a id="id2863442"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2863442"></a> running TeX for
+ you, emacs can capture these messages and display them in
+ a window. You can use this feature to help locate and
+ correct errors.</p>
+
+ <p>Functions that run TeX from inside the editor rely on
+ emacs' ability to run a subshell<a id="id2863463"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2863463"></a>. Some
+ implementations of emacs, particularly implementations
+ for MS-DOS, which is unable to run concurrent processes,
+ cannot use this feature. aucTeX, a different editing
+ environment for GNU emacs, does allow you to use these
+ features with MS-DOS ports<a id="id2863473"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2863473"></a> of GNU emacs.
+ (aucTeX is described in the next section.)</p>
+
+ <p>GNU emacs supports processing of both buffers and
+ regions. These modes don't locate errors for you
+ automatically, but they do place the output from TeX in
+ an emacs buffer so that you can find them yourself.
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a></em></span>,
+ describes how to interpret TeX output and find the
+ location of errors.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2863525"
+ name="id2863525"></a>aucTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This section provides an overview of aucTeX<a
+ id="id2863533" class="indexterm" name="id2863533"></a>,<a
+ id="id2863544" class="indexterm" name="id2863544"></a> a
+ powerful emacs macro package for editing LaTeX documents.
+ aucTeX is available on the CTAN archives in
+ <tt>support/auctex</tt>. More detailed information about
+ installing and customizing aucTeX can be found in the
+ documentation distributed with the package.</p>
+
+ <p>aucTeX provides extensive support for editing TeX and
+ LaTeX documents in emacs. It provides many more features
+ than the ordinary GNU emacs TeX modes. Although useful for
+ both Plain TeX and LaTeX documents, aucTeX is designed with
+ the LaTeX user in mind.</p>
+
+ <p>aucTeX is <span class="emphasis"><em>a lot</em></span>
+ more complex than GNU emacs TeX mode. In fact, it is so
+ complex that it may not be useful if you have a relatively
+ slow computer.<sup>[<a id="id2863594" name="id2863594"
+ href="#ftn.id2863594">19</a>]</sup> On my machine,<sup>[<a
+ id="id2863603" name="id2863603"
+ href="#ftn.id2863603">20</a>]</sup> aucTeX's performance
+ leaves a lot to be desired. On the other hand, aucTeX is
+ extensively configurable, and it is possible to streamline
+ it quite a bit.</p>
+
+ <p>The descriptions that follow are for aucTeX version 8.0.
+ The versions change frequently as new features are added.
+ Consult the documentation which comes with aucTeX for a
+ list of the new features that have been added since this
+ book was published.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.multifile"
+ name="sec.multifile"></a>Starting aucTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The instructions provided with each release of aucTeX
+ describe how to build and install the software so that
+ aucTeX will automatically be invoked<a id="id2863666"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2863666"></a> when you edit a
+ file with a name ending in <tt>.tex</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>If you think aucTeX is already installed on your
+ system (because the emacs Info page for it is present,
+ for example), ask your system administrator where it is
+ installed. One common location is
+ <tt>/usr/local/lib/emacs/site-lisp/auctex</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>Adding the following line to your emacs startup file<a
+ id="id2863710" class="indexterm" name="id2863710"></a>
+ (typically <tt>.emacs</tt> in your home directory) will
+ load aucTeX each time you start emacs:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+ (load-file "<span
+class="emphasis"><em>/path/for/auctex</em></span>/tex-site.elc")
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2863748"
+ name="id2863748"></a>Typing in aucTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>aucTeX provides a large number of typing shortcuts<a
+ id="id2863758" class="indexterm" name="id2863758"></a>.
+ Many of the keystroke shortcuts are designed specifically
+ to aid in typing LaTeX documents. In addition to command
+ keys, aucTeX provides another typing shortcut---command
+ completion<a id="id2863775" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2863775"></a> for LaTeX control sequences with
+ <b>C-c</b> <b>TAB</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>If you type a backslash followed by the beginning of a
+ control sequence name into a buffer and then type
+ <b>C-c</b> <b>TAB</b>, aucTeX completes as much of the
+ control sequence as possible. Every time aucTeX adds
+ another letter to the control sequence name, it compares
+ the resulting name to a configurable list of LaTeX
+ control sequences. If it reaches a point where the
+ control sequence could be continued in two different
+ ways, it stops and displays all the possible completions.
+ For example, there are two control sequences in standard
+ LaTeX that begin with \re: \renewcommand and
+ \renewenvironment.</p>
+
+ <p>If you type:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+\re <b>C-c</b> <b>TAB</b>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>aucTeX will insert <tt>new</tt> because that much of
+ the control sequence name can be deduced from the known
+ possibilities. This changes the text in your document
+ to:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\renew
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Because aucTeX cannot figure out which of the
+ possibilities you want, it displays a list of the LaTeX
+ commands that begin with \renew. You can complete the
+ command by typing <span class="bold"><b>c</b></span> or
+ <span class="bold"><b>e</b></span> and pressing
+ <b>C-c</b> <b>TAB</b> again. If you want the
+ \renewcommand function, type:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+\renewc<b>C-c</b> <b>TAB</b>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Now, aucTeX will insert <tt>ommand</tt> and return to
+ normal typing mode with the cursor positioned just after
+ the control sequence name:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\renewcommand _
+</pre>
+
+ <p>aucTeX has special support for LaTeX sectioning
+ commands and environments, changing fonts, commenting out
+ sections of a document, reformatting the input text, and
+ entering mathematics.</p>
+
+ <p>TeX contains a lot of support for typesetting
+ mathematics<a id="id2863993" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2863993"></a>. In that spirit, aucTeX provides
+ a<a id="id2864010" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2864010"></a> minor mode<sup>[<a id="id2864021"
+ name="id2864021" href="#ftn.id2864021">21</a>]</sup> for
+ entering mathematical formulae.</p>
+
+ <p>In mathematics minor mode, pressing <b>`</b> changes
+ the meaning of the next character you type. The next
+ character is interpreted as an abbreviation for a
+ mathematical symbol or function. For example, in aucTeX,
+ typing</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+ <p><b>$</b> <b>C-c</b> <b>~</b> <b>`</b> <b>a</b>
+ <b>`</b> <b>&lt;</b> <b>`</b> <b>b</b> <b>$</b></p>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>inserts</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+$&#945; \leq &#946;$
+</pre>
+
+ <p>into your document (which is typeset like this:
+ &#945;&#8804;&#946;).</p>
+
+ <p>Table&#160;<a href="ch02.html#tbl.mathops"
+ title="Table&#160;2.1.&#160;aucTeX Math Operators in Mathematics Minor-mode">
+ Table&#160;2.1</a> lists all of the abbreviations. The
+ first column of the table displays the shortcut keys. The
+ second and third columns show the command inserted in
+ your document and the typeset symbol, respectively <a
+ id="id2864136" class="indexterm" name="id2864136"></a><a
+ id="id2864171" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2864171"></a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tbl.mathops" name="tbl.mathops"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;2.1.&#160;aucTeX Math
+ Operators in Mathematics Minor-mode</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="aucTeX Math Operators in Mathematics Minor-mode"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col />
+ <col />
+ <col />
+ <col />
+ <col />
+ <col />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Keys</th>
+
+ <th>Control Sequence</th>
+
+ <th>Symbol</th>
+
+ <th>Keys</th>
+
+ <th>Control Sequence</th>
+
+ <th>Symbol</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`a</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\alpha</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\alpha$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`C-f</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\rightarrow</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\rightarrow$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`b</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\beta</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\beta$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`C-p</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\uparrow</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\uparrow$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`d</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\delta</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\delta$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`C-n</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\downarrow</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\downarrow$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`e</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\epsilon</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\epsilon$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`&lt;</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\leq</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\leq$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`f</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\phi</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\phi$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`&gt;</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\geq</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\geq$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`g</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\gamma</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\gamma$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`~</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\tilde</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\tilde{\phantom{a}}</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`h</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\eta</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\eta$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`I</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\infty</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\infty$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`k</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\kappa</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\kappa$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`A</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\forall</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\forall$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`l</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\lambda</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\lambda$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`E</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\exists</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\exists$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`m</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\mu</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\mu$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`!</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\not</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\not\phantom{=}$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`n</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\nu</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\nu$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`i</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\in</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\in$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`o</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\omega</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\omega$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`*</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\times</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\times$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`p</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\pi</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\pi$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`.</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\cdot</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\cdot$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`q</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\theta</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\theta$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`@{</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\subset</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\subset$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`r</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\rho</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\rho$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`@}</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\supset</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\supset$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`s</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\sigma</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\sigma$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`[</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\subseteq</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\subseteq$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`t</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\tau</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\tau$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`]</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\supseteq</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\supseteq$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`v</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\vee</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\vee$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`\</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\backslash</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\backslash$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`u</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\upsilon</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\upsilon$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`/</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\setminus</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\setminus$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`x</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\chi</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\chi$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`+</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\cup</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\cup$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`y</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\psi</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\psi$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`-</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\cap</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\cap$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`z</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\zeta</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\zeta$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`(</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\langle</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\langle$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`D</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\Delta</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\Delta$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`)</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\rangle</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\rangle$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`G</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\Gamma</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\Gamma$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`C-e</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\exp</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\exp$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`Q</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\Theta</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\Theta$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`C-s</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\sin</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\sin$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`L</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\Lambda</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\Lambda$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`C-c</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\cos</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\cos$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`Y</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\Psi</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\Psi$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`C-^</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\sup</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\sup$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`P</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\Pi</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\Pi$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`C-_</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\inf</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\inf$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`S</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\Sigma</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\Sigma$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`C-d</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\det</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\det$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`U</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\Upsilon</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\Upsilon$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`C-l</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\lim</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\lim$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`V</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\Phi</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\Phi$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`C-t</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\tan</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\tan$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`O</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\Omega</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\Omega$</td>
+
+ <td><tt>`^</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\hat</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\hat{\phantom{a}}$</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>`C-b</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>\leftarrow</tt></td>
+
+ <td>$\leftarrow$</td>
+
+ <td>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td>&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Additional miscellaneous commands in aucTeX provide
+ automatic quotation, completion of &#8220;items&#8221; in
+ appropriate environments (<tt>itemize</tt> and
+ <tt>enumeration</tt> environments, for example), and
+ insertion of brace pairs<a id="id2865777"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2865777"></a> and skeletal
+ control sequences.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2865794"
+ name="id2865794"></a>aucTeX Outline Mode</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Outline mode<a id="id2865803" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2865803"></a> is a convenient way to edit large
+ documents. In outline mode, portions of the document that
+ you are not editing are hidden from view. They aren't
+ removed or deleted. Emacs indicates hidden text with
+ ellipses.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, in a large document with many sections,
+ you can use outline mode to hide all text except the
+ section headings, and then selectively expand just the
+ sections that you wish to edit.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2865831"
+ name="id2865831"></a>Intelligent Paragraph
+ Reformatting</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>aucTeX understands the TeX constructions for many
+ kinds of environments (the list environments, for
+ example) and performs paragraph reformatting<a
+ id="id2865843" class="indexterm" name="id2865843"></a>
+ within the restrictions of these environments. aucTeX
+ won't concatenate a whole series of list items together
+ into one huge paragraph, for example.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2865862"
+ name="id2865862"></a>Multi-file Documents</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>It is often convenient to edit a large document in
+ small pieces<a id="id2865873" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2865873"></a> rather than in one huge file. For
+ example, when writing a book, it is convenient to work on
+ chapters independently and store them in different files.
+ If you are working on a collaborative project, it may be
+ absolutely necessary to separate the document into
+ pieces.</p>
+
+ <p>The TeX \input command allows you to construct a
+ driver file that automatically combines the individual
+ files that make up your document when you run TeX. The
+ driver file contains the document style options and other
+ setup information for the whole document. Each chapter
+ contains just the necessary text. When TeX encounters an
+ \input command, it typesets all of the text in the
+ specified file before continuing with the current
+ document. Example&#160;<a href="ch02.html#ex.driver"
+ title="Example&#160;2.1.&#160;A Simple Driver File">Example&#160;2.1</a>
+ shows an example of a driver file.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.driver" name="ex.driver"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;2.1.&#160;A Simple
+ Driver File</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\documentstyle[ora]{book}
+\begin{document}
+ \input{intro}
+ \input{chap1}
+ \input{chap2}
+\end{document}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>aucTeX provides seamless support for multi-file
+ documents. In order to provide this support, aucTeX
+ relies on the &#8220;file variables&#8221; feature of
+ emacs, which allows you to associate editor variables
+ with particular buffers. An editor variable<a
+ id="id2865956" class="indexterm" name="id2865956"></a><a
+ id="id2865966" class="indexterm" name="id2865966"></a> is
+ a named variable that is local to the current buffer and
+ accessible by macro packages like aucTeX running under
+ emacs. Look up file variables in your emacs reference for
+ a more complete description. Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch02.html#ex.localvars"
+ title="Example&#160;2.2.&#160;Local Variables in an Emacs Buffer">
+ Example&#160;2.2</a> shows some common local variables in
+ aucTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>When you run TeX on a buffer, aucTeX looks for the
+ editor variable <tt>TeX-master</tt>. If
+ <tt>TeX-master</tt> is set to a filename, aucTeX runs TeX
+ on that file instead of running it directly on the file
+ you are editing. This is a tremendously useful feature
+ because it means that you do not have to put macro
+ definitions, document style options, and other setup
+ information at the top of each chapter. Simply set the
+ <tt>TeX-master</tt> variable in each chapter to name the
+ driver file.</p>
+
+ <p>If you do not set the <tt>TeX-master</tt> variable,
+ aucTeX will prompt you for it the first time you run a
+ command. If the \documentstyle command occurs near the
+ top of your document, aucTeX assumes that the current
+ buffer <span class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> the
+ master (because it contains setup information) and will
+ not prompt you for a different master file.</p>
+
+ <p>Editor variables are defined by a &#8220;Local
+ Variables&#8221; declaration at the bottom of your file.
+ aucTeX inserts a Local Variables declaration
+ automatically if it prompts you for a master file.
+ Example&#160;<a href="ch02.html#ex.localvars"
+ title="Example&#160;2.2.&#160;Local Variables in an Emacs Buffer">
+ Example&#160;2.2</a> shows how local variables
+ <tt>TeX-master</tt><a id="id2866076" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866076"></a> and <tt>TeX-command-default</tt><a
+ id="id2866102" class="indexterm" name="id2866102"></a>
+ can be set to <tt>driver.tex</tt> and <tt>LaTeX</tt>,
+ respectively. Because these lines begin with a percent
+ sign, they are considered comments by TeX and do not
+ appear in the output. These should be the last lines in
+ the file.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.localvars" name="ex.localvars"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;2.2.&#160;Local
+ Variables in an Emacs Buffer</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+% Local Variables:
+% TeX-master: "driver.tex"
+% TeX-command-default: "LaTeX"
+% End:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.texcomp"
+ name="sec.texcomp"></a>Running TeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Like GNU emacs TeX mode, aucTeX allows you to run
+ TeX<a id="id2866176" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866176"></a> directly from within emacs as a
+ subshell. Running a program inside emacs creates a
+ process<a id="id2866196" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866196"></a>. You can have only one active
+ process for each document, plus one process for TeXing a
+ region<a id="id2866208" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866208"></a>. If you try to run two processes on
+ the same document, aucTeX will ask for permission to kill
+ the first before running the second. aucTeX supports the
+ processing of both the documents and the regions of a
+ document.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2866224"
+ name="id2866224"></a>Finding Errors</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>No matter how much experience you have with TeX, some
+ of the documents that you write will contain errors<a
+ id="id2866235" class="indexterm" name="id2866235"></a>.
+ aucTeX eases the burden of correcting these errors by
+ locating them automatically in your document.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2866254"
+ name="id2866254"></a>Multi-Edit</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Multi-Edit<a id="id2866268" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866268"></a></b><a id="id2866275"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2866275"></a> is an editor for
+ the MS-DOS environment. This section describes the
+ text-based version of <b>Multi-Edit</b>. A Windows version
+ is in the works, and it may exist by the time you read
+ this.</p>
+
+ <p>Built to be a programmer's editor, <b>Multi-Edit</b> has
+ a number of features designed to add language-specific
+ intelligence to the editing environment. These features
+ (template editing, a customizable spellchecker, and
+ configurable brace matching) can be exploited for TeX as
+ readily as for any programming language. For several years,
+ at least since version 5.0, <b>Multi-Edit</b> has included
+ support for TeX.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2866322"
+ name="id2866322"></a>Setting Up TeX Support</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Support for TeX<a id="id2866330" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866330"></a> is included as a language type in
+ <b>Multi-Edit</b>. Language types are selected by
+ filename extension; this means that you configure
+ <b>Multi-Edit</b> to provide support for the &#8220;TeX
+ language&#8221; whenever you edit files with the
+ extension <tt>.tex</tt><a id="id2866371"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2866371"></a> (and other
+ extensions if you choose).</p>
+
+ <p>Selecting the &#8220;Other/Install/Filename
+ extensions...&#8221; menu displays a list of configured
+ extensions. If TEX is not listed, press <b>Insert</b> to
+ add it. You will see a screen like the one shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch02.html#fig.meextsetup"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.1.&#160;Extension setup in Multi-Edit">
+ Figure&#160;2.1</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.meextsetup" name="fig.meextsetup"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;2.1.&#160;Extension
+ setup in Multi-Edit</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.02.01.png" alt="Screenshot" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Customize the right margin, tab spacing, indent style,
+ and colors to values that you find comfortable. The edit
+ mode should be &#8220;text,&#8221; and the tab settings
+ should be set to &#8220;use tab and margin settings,
+ ignore format line.&#8221;</p>
+
+ <p>Select TEX as the language type, and add TeX as a
+ compiler. One possible setting for TeX as a compiler (for
+ LaTeX documents, in this case) is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch02.html#fig.melatexcmp"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.2.&#160;LaTeX as a compiler in Multi-Edit">
+ Figure&#160;2.2</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.melatexcmp" name="fig.melatexcmp"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;2.2.&#160;LaTeX as a
+ compiler in Multi-Edit</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.02.02.png" alt="Screenshot" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2866543"
+ name="id2866543"></a>Typing in Multi-Edit</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Brace matching<a id="id2866552" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866552"></a> is provided automatically with
+ Multi-Edit's template expansion support. Consult your
+ Multi-Edit reference for more information about
+ templates.</p>
+
+ <p>Multi-Edit language support does not include any TeX
+ key bindings by default. However, the macros are
+ provided, and you can install them with the
+ &#8220;Other/Install/Key mapping...&#8221; menu. The
+ following macros are available:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p><tt>tex^texquote</tt> inserts the appropriate
+ quotation marks. This macro can be bound to
+ <b>"</b> to provide smart quoting<a id="id2866605"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2866605"></a>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p><tt>tex^texnquote</tt> inserts the literal
+ double quote. It can be bound to <b>Alt-"</b>, for
+ example.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p><tt>tex^texreformat</tt> is a replacement for
+ the reformat macro. If the filename extension is
+ <tt>.tex</tt>, this macro reformats the paragraph
+ with sensitivity to TeX macros. Otherwise it calls
+ the default reformatting macro.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2866670"
+ name="id2866670"></a>Running TeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Running TeX within Multi-Edit is accomplished by
+ specifying a compiler for TeX or LaTeX documents<a
+ id="id2866678" class="indexterm" name="id2866678"></a>.
+ In Figure&#160;<a href="ch02.html#fig.melatexcmp"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.2.&#160;LaTeX as a compiler in Multi-Edit">
+ Figure&#160;2.2</a>, a batch file called <tt>TEXIT</tt>
+ is being used as the compiler for documents with the
+ extension <tt>.tex</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>Automatic compilation and location of errors is
+ provided by Multi-Edit language support when you have
+ selected <tt>TEX</tt> as the language-type for
+ <tt>.tex</tt> files.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2866742"
+ name="id2866742"></a>Brief</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Brief</b><a id="id2866755" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866755"></a><a id="id2866765" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866765"></a><a id="id2866775" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866775"></a> is a powerful programmer's editor
+ recently acquired by Borland International<a id="id2866788"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2866788"></a>. It is available
+ for both DOS and OS/2 systems. Like the other editors
+ discussed in this section, <b>Brief</b> offers a strong set
+ of programming features, including the ability to run
+ compilers automatically, and a flexible, C-like macro
+ programming language that allows you to customize the
+ editor.</p>
+
+ <p>There is a LaTeX editing environment for <b>Brief</b> in
+ the CTAN archives. It includes multiple-language support
+ (currently supporting Norwegian) and control-key shortcuts
+ for many common LaTeX commands.</p>
+
+ <p>The installation and setup program includes instructions
+ for defining program compilers. TeX can be defined to
+ process files with particular extensions. Once again, it is
+ a good idea to have the editor run a batch file so that the
+ batch file can determine what format file to use when
+ processing the document.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2866836"
+ name="id2866836"></a>MicroEMACS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>MicroEMACS</b><a id="id2866848" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866848"></a><a id="id2866855" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866855"></a><a id="id2866865" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2866865"></a> is a powerful emacs-like editor for
+ MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows.<sup>[<a id="id2866878"
+ name="id2866878" href="#ftn.id2866878">22</a>]</sup>
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch02.html#fig.editing.mew"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.3.&#160;Editing a file with MicroEMACS">
+ Figure&#160;2.3</a> shows an example of <b>MicroEMACS</b>
+ editing a LaTeX document. In this case, the LaTeX
+ extensions to <b>MicroEMACS</b> have been loaded, and
+ &#8220;Help&#8221; is selected.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.editing.mew" name="fig.editing.mew"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;2.3.&#160;Editing a file
+ with MicroEMACS</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.02.03.png" alt="Screenshot" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The online help for LaTeX is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch02.html#fig.winhelp"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.4.&#160;Microsoft Windows online help for LaTeX">
+ Figure&#160;2.4</a>. This is a Microsoft Windows help file,
+ available independently of <b>MicroEMACS</b> (although it
+ is nicely integrated here).</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.winhelp" name="fig.winhelp"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;2.4.&#160;Microsoft
+ Windows online help for LaTeX</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.02.04.png" alt="Screenshot" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>MicroEMACS</b> environment also has the ability
+ to run other programs (including TeX to process documents)
+ and process the error output to aid in locating errors.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2867057"
+ name="id2867057"></a>epm: OS/2's Enhanced Editor</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>epm</b><a id="id2867070" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2867070"></a><a id="id2867077" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2867077"></a>, the enhanced editor for OS/2, can be
+ used to edit TeX documents. The <b>epmtex</b><a
+ id="id2867094" class="indexterm" name="id2867094"></a>
+ package adds a TeX item to the menu bar as shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch02.html#fig.editing.epm"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.5.&#160;Editing a TeX document with epm under OS/2">
+ Figure&#160;2.5</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.editing.epm" name="fig.editing.epm"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;2.5.&#160;Editing a TeX
+ document with epm under OS/2</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.02.05.png" alt="Screenshot" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2867165"
+ name="id2867165"></a>Other Tools</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>There are many other editors that can be effective tools
+ for editing TeX documents. Some of the editors that you
+ might want to consider are <b>Jove</b><a id="id2867182"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2867182"></a>, an emacs-like
+ editor; <b>Xnot</b><a id="id2867203" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2867203"></a>, a Windows port of emacs;
+ <b>LSedit</b><a id="id2867217" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2867217"></a>, the VMS language-sensitive editor;
+ and <b>Alpha</b><a id="id2867232" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2867232"></a> and <b>BBedit</b><a id="id2867246"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2867246"></a>, two Macintosh
+ editors described in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch15.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch15.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>There are also a number of tools designed specifically
+ for editing TeX documents. <b>Scientific Word</b><a
+ id="id2867285" class="indexterm" name="id2867285"></a>, a
+ commercial environment, is described in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a></em></span>.
+ Several free tools (<b>MathPad</b><a id="id2867324"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2867324"></a>, <b>Doc</b>, and
+ <b>XTeXShell</b><a id="id2867344" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2867344"></a>, for example) also exist, although
+ none were available<sup>[<a id="id2867356" name="id2867356"
+ href="#ftn.id2867356">23</a>]</sup> in time for review in
+ this edition of <i>Making TeX Work</i>.</p>
+
+ <p>Another helpful tool is <b>LaCheck</b><a id="id2867378"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2867378"></a>, a LaTeX syntax
+ checker. <b>LaCheck</b> attempts to find and identify
+ problems with your document that will cause it to format
+ incorrectly. It runs much more quickly than TeX over a long
+ document and may identify some things (like</p>
+
+ <p>missing italic correction) that are potentially
+ incorrect, even though they are not errors that will
+ prevent the document from formatting.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2867406"
+ name="id2867406"></a>TeX as a Compiler</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This section discusses how to use TeX like a compiler<a
+ id="id2867415" class="indexterm" name="id2867415"></a> from
+ within your editor, and it is rather technical. You should
+ read this section before you attempt to program your own
+ editor to run TeX (if it doesn't already include support
+ for TeX). You may not be interested in this material if you
+ aren't planning to do that programming yourself. More
+ details on the types of TeX output used in this section can
+ be found in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>Many editors can run a compiler, capture the error
+ messages that the compiler produces, and walk through the
+ source file highlighting each error. Most editors with this
+ functionality can run TeX as a &#8220;compiler&#8221; for
+ documents.</p>
+
+ <p>The discussion that follows is at a very abstract level.
+ The details vary so much from one editor to the next that
+ presenting more detail only confuses the issue further. To
+ implement this feature, you'll need to read your editor
+ reference carefully, and probably experiment on your own a
+ little bit.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2867481"
+ name="id2867481"></a>Processing a Document</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Establish the TeX program as a compiler using whatever
+ features your editor provides to set up a compiler.
+ Experiment with your editor until you can process an
+ error-free document.</p>
+
+ <p>After you have everything working, it may be desirable
+ to modify the compiler to run a batch file or shell
+ script instead of invoking the TeX program directly. This
+ will allow you to program the shell script so that it can
+ determine which format file to use.</p>
+
+ <p>Running TeX is only the first step. Next, you have to
+ interpret the error messages<a id="id2867509"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2867509"></a> that TeX
+ produces. As a concrete example, Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch02.html#ex.madeuperr"
+ title="Example&#160;2.3.&#160;A Contrived Error">Example&#160;2.3</a>
+ shows some contrived output which demonstrates an
+ &#8220;undefined control sequence&#8221; error on line 6
+ of the file <tt>wilma.tex</tt>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.madeuperr" name="ex.madeuperr"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;2.3.&#160;A Contrived
+ Error</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+This is TeX version 3.141...
+** (flintstone.tex
+some
+messages [1]
+(fred.tex [2]
+some more
+messages
+[3] ) (wilma.tex [4]
+! Undefined control sequence.
+the dog \dino
+ tipped over the car.
+l.6 the dog \dino tipped over the car.
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Here are some suggestions for attacking the problem of
+ programming your favorite editor to process TeX error
+ messages<a id="id2867574" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2867574"></a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term">Using the log file</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Don't worry about capturing the error messages
+ that TeX produces. It is much easier to get the
+ information from the log file<a id="id2867609"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2867609"></a>. Log files
+ are described in the section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch03.html#sec.logfiles" title="Log Files">the
+ section called &#8220;Log Files&#8221;</a>&#8221;
+ in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Finding error
+ messages</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Any line in the log file that begins with an
+ exclamation point is an error message. In
+ Example&#160;<a href="ch02.html#ex.madeuperr"
+ title="Example&#160;2.3.&#160;A Contrived Error">Example&#160;2.3</a>,
+ the line that begins</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+! Undefined control sequence.
+</pre>
+
+ <p>is an example of an error message.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Finding the source
+ line</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Following the error message, TeX shows the
+ context in which the error occurred. After that,
+ the line that begins with
+ <tt>l.<i><tt>nnn</tt></i></tt> (where
+ <tt><i><tt>nnn</tt></i></tt> is some decimal
+ number) identifies the line of the input file that
+ TeX was processing when the error occurred (in
+ Example&#160;<a href="ch02.html#ex.madeuperr"
+ title="Example&#160;2.3.&#160;A Contrived Error">Example&#160;2.3</a>,
+ TeX was on line 6 when the error occurred).</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Finding the source
+ file</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>When processing a document that uses the \input
+ command to include other files, there is no
+ guaranteed method of finding out the name of the
+ file TeX was processing when the error occurred.
+ Whenever TeX starts processing a file, it prints an
+ open parenthesis followed by the name of the file.
+ When it finishes processing the document, it prints
+ a close parenthesis.<sup>[<a id="id2867763"
+ name="id2867763"
+ href="#ftn.id2867763">24</a>]</sup> So the
+ following algorithm <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>usually</em></span> identifies
+ what file the error occurred in:</p>
+
+ <p>Beginning at the line in the log file that
+ announces the error message (the line beginning
+ with &#8220;!&#8221;), search backwards for the
+ first unmatched open parenthesis. The word
+ following that open parenthesis is probably the
+ name of the file TeX was processing when the error
+ occurred.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Ignoring errors</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>When you run TeX &#8220;by hand,&#8221; you want
+ TeX to stop and report errors to you as they occur
+ in your document. But if your editor is going to
+ handle any errors that occur, it is inconvenient to
+ have TeX stop and ask questions. In fact, it may
+ not be possible to run TeX from your editor in a
+ way that makes it even <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>feasible</em></span> for TeX
+ to stop and ask questions. You can use several
+ built-in control sequences to control the way TeX
+ responds to errors. They are summarized in
+ Table&#160;<a href="ch02.html#tab.modes"
+ title="Table&#160;2.2.&#160;TeX Modes of Interaction ">
+ Table&#160;2.2</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.modes" name="tab.modes"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;2.2.&#160;TeX
+ Modes of Interaction</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="TeX Modes of Interaction "
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">Mode</th>
+
+ <th align="left">TeX's Behavior</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\errorstopmode</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Stop on errors (the
+ default behavior)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\scrollmode</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Scroll errors, stop on
+ missing files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\nonstopmode</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Scroll errors and missing
+ files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\batchmode</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Scroll both and don't
+ summarize on screen</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>One common way of invoking TeX from an editor to
+ process a document is to use the command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+tex \nonstopmode \input flintstone
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This uses the features discussed in the section
+ &#8220;<a href="ch03.html#sec.clineopts"
+ title="The Command Line">the section called
+ &#8220;The Command Line&#8221;</a>&#8221; in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>
+ to pass a command to TeX on the command line. In
+ this case, the command tells TeX not to stop on any
+ kind of error.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Handling other
+ errors</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>When searching for errors in the log file, you
+ may find it helpful to search for lines that begin
+ with the words &#8220;Overfull box&#8221;<a
+ id="id2868015" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868015"></a> or &#8220;Underfull
+ box&#8221;<a id="id2868029" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868029"></a> as well as lines that begin
+ with an exclamation point. Because TeX does not
+ print the <tt>l.nnn</tt> form of line-number
+ message in this case, you will have to look for the
+ line numbers in the warning message.</p>
+
+ <p>Overfull box messages have the form:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+Overfull <span class="emphasis"><em>box</em></span> (<span
+class="emphasis"><em>99.9</em></span>pt too wide) in paragraph at lines <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>n--m</em></span>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <tt><i><tt>box</tt></i></tt> will be either
+ <tt>hbox</tt>, indicating that something is too
+ wide, or <tt>vbox</tt> indicating that something is
+ too tall or too deep. The distance,
+ <tt><i><tt>99.9</tt></i>pt</tt>, indicates how
+ badly the box is overfull, and
+ <tt><i><tt>n</tt></i></tt> is the first line of the
+ paragraph in which the error occurs. Underfull box
+ messages are the same, except that they begin with
+ the word &#8220;Underfull.&#8221;</p>
+
+ <p>There are several control sequences that you can
+ use to control how sensitive TeX is to
+ &#8220;bad&#8221; boxes. Any good TeX reference
+ will discuss these parameters in detail.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2868148"
+ name="id2868148"></a>Spellchecking</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Checking for spelling mistakes<a id="id2868157"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2868157"></a> is an important
+ part of any document creation process. Checking TeX
+ documents is difficult because these documents contain
+ control sequences that aren't words in the traditional
+ sense.</p>
+
+ <p>Some editors offer ways of customizing the spellchecker.
+ Multi-Edit, for example, allows you to indicate that any
+ word beginning with a backslash should be ignored for the
+ purpose of spellchecking. Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch02.html#fig.mespell"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.6.&#160;Edit settings control word delimiters">
+ Figure&#160;2.6</a> shows the &#8220;Other/Install/Edit
+ Settings...&#8221; dialog where word delimiters are
+ controlled. This simple customization goes a long way
+ towards making spellchecking tolerable.</p>
+
+ <p>External spellcheckers, such as the ones described here,
+ can also frequently be customized to ignore TeX control
+ sequences.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.mespell" name="fig.mespell"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;2.6.&#160;Edit settings
+ control word delimiters</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.02.06.png" alt="Screenshot" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2868250"
+ name="id2868250"></a>ispell</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>ispell</b><a id="id2868263" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868263"></a> is a common unix spellchecker. In
+ addition to being available from the shell prompt, GNU
+ emacs includes an <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>ispell-mode</em></span> that handles
+ TeX documents intelligently.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2868280"
+ name="id2868280"></a>amSpell</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>amSpell<a id="id2868293" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868293"></a></b> is an MS-DOS spellchecker that
+ includes special support for TeX documents. When
+ spellchecking a TeX document, <b>amSpell</b> ignores all
+ TeX control sequences, as well as mathematics and the
+ arguments to reference and citation commands. The
+ standard accent primitives are also recognized, and
+ <b>amSpell</b> can identify and correct misspellings in
+ words that use them.</p>
+
+ <p>An example of <b>amSpell</b> checking a document is
+ shown in Figure&#160;<a href="ch02.html#fig.amspell"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.7.&#160;Spellchecking a document with amSpell">
+ Figure&#160;2.7</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.amspell" name="fig.amspell"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;2.7.&#160;Spellchecking
+ a document with amSpell</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.02.07.png" alt="Screenshot" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2868394"
+ name="id2868394"></a>Revision Control</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Revision control<a id="id2868403" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868403"></a> allows you to track modifications to
+ a file. It is frequently associated with programming where
+ the ability to find and correct bugs relies on being able
+ to recreate a problem exactly. It can be just as useful for
+ writers wishing to keep track of changes to an evolving
+ document. For example, I use revision control to keep track
+ of which versions of each chapter my editor has seen.</p>
+
+ <p>One of the most common revision control systems is RCS<a
+ id="id2868424" class="indexterm" name="id2868424"></a>,
+ which was derived from SCCS<a id="id2868433"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2868433"></a>, a commercial
+ package. RCS is freely available under the GNU license. It
+ is possible to use RCS under unix, MS-DOS, and OS/2.</p>
+
+ <p>The TeX macros shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch02.html#ex.rcsmac"
+ title="Example&#160;2.4.&#160;Revision Control Macros for TeX Documents Using RCS}">
+ Example&#160;2.4</a> can be used to include RCS information
+ as marginal notes in a document. The marginal notes in this
+ example are printed only when a draft is being
+ produced.</p>
+
+ <p>These macros are my own, you will find others in the
+ CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>macros/latex/contrib/misc</tt>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.rcsmac" name="ex.rcsmac"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;2.4.&#160;Revision
+ Control Macros for TeX Documents Using RCS}</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% RCS definitions...
+\newif\ifdraft
+\def\RCSID$#1${
+ \ifdraft{\tolerance=100000
+ \hbadness=100000
+ \raggedright
+ \marginpar{\tiny Draft #1}}
+ \typeout{Draft #1}
+ \else\typeout{Production run #1}\fi
+}
+
+\def\RCSmargid$#1: #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7${
+% #1 = &#8220;Id&#8221;
+% #2 = filename
+% #3 = vers
+% #4 = date
+% #5 = time
+% #6 = author
+% #7 = state [locker]
+ \ifdraft
+ \setbox0=\hbox to 0pt{
+ \tolerance=100000
+ \hbadness=100000
+ \parbox{4in}{
+ \rm\tiny #2\\ #3\\ #4}
+ \hss}
+ \marginpar{\box0}
+ \typeout{Draft Id: #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7}
+ \fi
+}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2868511"
+ name="id2868511"></a>TeX Shells</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The iterative nature of TeX (edit, TeX, BibTeX, make
+ indexes, preview, repeat) can be tedious to perform by
+ hand. As a result, several TeX &#8220;shells&#8221;<a
+ id="id2868526" class="indexterm" name="id2868526"></a> have
+ been developed which provide a more automatic interface to
+ many aspects of the TeX process. Several of these packages
+ are described below. In everyday use, they make TeX much
+ more user friendly.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2868544"
+ name="id2868544"></a>TeXShell</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeXShell<a id="id2868553" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868553"></a> was designed as an add-on for
+ emTeX<a id="id2868569" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868569"></a> (it installs directly into the
+ emTeX directory hierarchy). This character-based
+ interface is available for both MS-DOS and OS/2. TeXShell
+ provides an editor, a complete help system, and fully
+ customizable push-button access to TeX. An example of the
+ TeXShell interface is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch02.html#fig.texshell"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.8.&#160;TeXShell">Figure&#160;2.8</a>.
+ The default TeX menu and help windows are shown.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.texshell" name="fig.texshell"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Figure&#160;2.8.&#160;TeXShell</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.02.08.png" alt="Screenshot" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2868647"
+ name="id2868647"></a>TeXPert</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeXPert<a id="id2868656" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868656"></a> is a character-based shell for TeX.
+ MS-DOS and OS/2 versions of TeXPert are available in
+ either German or English. The default configuration files
+ for TeXPert are designed to work with emTeX, but TeXPert
+ does not install directly into the emTeX directory
+ heirarchy. The TeXPert interface is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch02.html#fig.texpert"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.9.&#160;TeXPert">Figure&#160;2.9</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.texpert" name="fig.texpert"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Figure&#160;2.9.&#160;TeXPert</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.02.09.png" alt="Screenshot" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeXPert provides an editor, an archive tool for speedy
+ access to commonly used files, and an interface to
+ <b>grep</b> for quickly scanning files. The exact look
+ and feel of TeXPert can be customized.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2868748"
+ name="id2868748"></a>4TeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The 4TeX<a id="id2868757" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868757"></a> system uses the <b>4DOS</b><a
+ id="id2868776" class="indexterm" name="id2868776"></a>
+ extended batch language and a number of utilities to
+ integrate emTeX<a id="id2868784" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868784"></a> with a wide variety of free,
+ shareware, and commercial tools. The system is well
+ documented in a manual that describes installation,
+ setup, use, and customization. The 4TeX interface is
+ shown in Figure&#160;<a href="ch02.html#fig.fourtex"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.10.&#160;4TeX">Figure&#160;2.10</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.fourtex" name="fig.fourtex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;2.10.&#160;4TeX</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.02.10.png" alt="Screenshot" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2868860"
+ name="id2868860"></a>PMTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>PMTeX<a id="id2868868" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868868"></a> is an OS/2 presentation manager
+ program. Although it does not provide a built-in editor,
+ it can control four independent DOS and OS/2 sessions,
+ one each for editing, TeX processing, previewing, and
+ printing. The options passed to each program can be
+ controlled from the PMTeX Options menu.</p>
+
+ <p>PMTeX was designed to work with emTeX, but can be
+ configured to use any TeX system. PMTeX was also designed
+ to support two preprocessors for phonetic transcription:
+ the TeuTeX-P<a id="id2868895" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868895"></a> and ALDTeX-P<a id="id2868905"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2868905"></a> scanners. These
+ scanners are useful in dialectology and are available
+ separately from PMTeX's author.</p>
+
+ <p>A example of the PMTeX interface is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch02.html#fig.pmtex"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.11.&#160;PMTeX">Figure&#160;2.11</a>.
+ Note that the menu bar is very wide and does not fit in a
+ standard 640x480 VGA window.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.pmtex" name="fig.pmtex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Figure&#160;2.11.&#160;PMTeX</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/tex.02.11.png" alt="Screenshot" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2868984"
+ name="id2868984"></a>TeXit</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The TeXit<a id="id2868993" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2868993"></a> shell (which I wrote) is much less
+ ambitious in many ways. Written entirely in Perl, TeXit
+ does not offer a full screen interface or an editor at
+ all. Instead, it provides a simple menu of choices as
+ shown in Figure&#160;<a href="ch02.html#fig.texit"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.12.&#160;TeXit">Figure&#160;2.12</a>
+ (all of the menu choices are completely
+ customizable).</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.texit" name="fig.texit"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Figure&#160;2.12.&#160;TeXit</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+Processing: ./driver.tex
+Again? [?]status, [T]eX &amp; View, [b]ibtex, [c]leanup,
+ [e]dit a file, [p]rint, [q]uery printer, [t]ex,
+ [v]iew, e[x]it:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>One of TeXit's strengths is its ability to parse the
+ log file created by TeX and to determine when additional
+ actions are required. For example, TeXit will recognize
+ when a document contains unresolved references and
+ citations and can automatically run BibTeX and repeatedly
+ run TeX to resolve the references. With the addition of a
+ few &#8220;user specified&#8221; rules in the document,
+ TeXit can easily handle index construction and other more
+ sophisticated relationships.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2788393" name="ftn.id2788393"
+ href="#id2788393">17</a>]</sup> Most word processors can
+ be coerced into saving your document in plain text. If
+ your word processor can do this, you may be able to edit
+ TeX documents with it.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2863345" name="ftn.id2863345"
+ href="#id2863345">18</a>]</sup> On file systems that
+ don't allow filenames to begin with a period, the name
+ frequently begins with an underscore instead.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2863594" name="ftn.id2863594"
+ href="#id2863594">19</a>]</sup> That's one of the reasons
+ that the regular GNU emacs TeX modes are described
+ first.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2863603" name="ftn.id2863603"
+ href="#id2863603">20</a>]</sup> A 16MHz 386SX machine
+ with only 8Mb of memory struggling to run GNU emacs under
+ OS/2. ;-)</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2864021" name="ftn.id2864021"
+ href="#id2864021">21</a>]</sup> A minor mode is a kind of
+ editing environment provided by GNU emacs. If you are
+ unfamiliar with minor modes, consult your emacs
+ reference.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2866878" name="ftn.id2866878"
+ href="#id2866878">22</a>]</sup> There are two versions of
+ the program; the one discussed here is the version for
+ Windows.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2867356" name="ftn.id2867356"
+ href="#id2867356">23</a>]</sup> Or known to me,
+ anyway.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2867763" name="ftn.id2867763"
+ href="#id2867763">24</a>]</sup> Unfortunately,
+ parentheses can occur in the log file for other
+ reasons.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture"
+ href="ch01.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX"
+ href="ch03.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big
+ Picture&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
+ href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch03.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch03.html
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@@ -0,0 +1,1894 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt01.html"
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="ch02.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing" />
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+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages" />
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+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing"
+ href="ch02.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
+ href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages"
+ href="ch04.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.running"
+ name="chap.running"></a>Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running
+ TeX</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The heart of processing a document with TeX is running<a
+ id="id2862591" class="indexterm" name="id2862591"></a><a
+ id="id2862603" class="indexterm" name="id2862603"></a> the
+ TeX program. In this chapter, you'll learn what happens
+ between the time you first start the TeX program and the time
+ it finishes. You'll also learn what files TeX really needs
+ (in addition to your document) and what to do when TeX finds
+ things in your document that it doesn't understand.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="run.sec.formatfiles"
+ name="run.sec.formatfiles"></a>What Do You Run?</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The first thing you have to know is what program to run.
+ Unfortunately, the actual file you have to execute varies
+ between platforms and implementations. If you have built
+ and/or installed TeX yourself, you probably already know
+ what program to run. You'll have to ask your system
+ administrator for help if you can't figure out what the
+ name of the TeX executable is on your computer. The rest of
+ this chapter assumes that the command <tt>tex</tt> runs
+ TeX. You should substitute the name of the executable
+ program on your own system for <tt>tex</tt><a
+ id="id2862504" class="indexterm" name="id2862504"></a> in
+ the examples that follow.</p>
+
+ <p>Most implementations of TeX have some hard-coded memory
+ limits<a id="id2862517" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2862517"></a>. These limitations may cause problems
+ if you are trying to run a very complex document through
+ TeX. To combat this problem, some distributions include two
+ versions of the TeX executable. One version is a
+ &#8220;small&#8221; TeX<a id="id2862533" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2862533"></a><a id="id2862543" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2862543"></a> that generally runs faster but has
+ less memory available to process your documents. The other
+ version, a &#8220;big&#8221; TeX<a id="id2869219"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2869219"></a><a id="id2869229"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2869229"></a>, can process more
+ complex documents but may run more slowly. If you get a
+ &#8220;TeX capacity exceeded&#8221; error, and you have a
+ big TeX available on your system, try processing your
+ document with the big TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>If you still get an error, you have a document that is
+ simply too complex for your implementation of TeX to
+ handle, or you have an error in one of the macros in your
+ document. By examining the error log, described later in
+ this chapter in the section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch03.html#sec.logfiles" title="Log Files">the section
+ called &#8220;Log Files&#8221;</a>,&#8221; you can
+ determine what macro TeX is interpreting when the error
+ occurs. If the error occurs in a macro that you wrote,
+ check to make sure the macro functions the way you intended
+ by using it in a small test document.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2869278"
+ name="id2869278"></a>What Files Does TeX Need?</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Naturally, TeX needs your input file in order to process
+ it. However, TeX must be able to find several other files<a
+ id="id2869287" class="indexterm" name="id2869287"></a><a
+ id="id2869299" class="indexterm" name="id2869299"></a> as
+ well. The files that TeX needs are normally created during
+ the installation process. Here is a common directory layout
+ for TeX on a unix system:</p>
+
+ <div class="informaltable">
+ <table border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col />
+ <col />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/formats</tt></td>
+
+ <td>Format files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/pool</tt></td>
+
+ <td>Pool files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/formats</tt></td>
+
+ <td>Format files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/inputs</tt></td>
+
+ <td>&#8220;System&#8221; input files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/macros</tt></td>
+
+ <td>(styles, macros, and miscellaneous</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/lib</tt></td>
+
+ <td>files distributed with TeX)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/ps</tt></td>
+
+ <td>PostScript support files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/pk</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>PK</tt> fonts</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/vf</tt></td>
+
+ <td>Virtual fonts</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/tfm</tt></td>
+
+ <td><tt>TFM</tt> metrics</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A similar layout is frequently used on other operating
+ systems, except that the TeX files are often stored in a
+ top-level directory (for example, <tt>C:$\$TEX</tt> under
+ MS-DOS). Because TeX is very flexible and has many
+ different implementations, the exact directory structure
+ varies. Pool files are sometimes placed in the format file
+ directory (which is sometimes called <tt>fmt</tt> or
+ <tt>fmts</tt>, rather than <tt>formats</tt>). Input files
+ may occur in one or more of the standard places listed
+ above (<tt>inputs</tt>, <tt>macros</tt>, and <tt>lib</tt>)
+ as well as a number of other places (<tt>texinputs</tt> is
+ another common name).</p>
+
+ <p>The files under the TeX tree usually come from outside
+ distributions, so you don't have to change them often. (You
+ definitely <span class="emphasis"><em>shouldn't</em></span>
+ put your personal macro files in that tree, even if you do
+ have access to it.)</p>
+
+ <p>The following sections describe, in more detail, each of
+ the files that TeX needs.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2869610"
+ name="id2869610"></a>Pool Files</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Pool files contain string constants used by TeX at
+ runtime. Each time TeX is compiled, it creates a pool
+ file<a id="id2869621" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2869621"></a> unique to the version being
+ compiled. The pool file from one version of TeX will not
+ work with a different version.</p>
+
+ <p>In contrast to format files (discussed in the next
+ section), if you don't have a pool file, there's nothing
+ you can do about it. If you obtained precompiled programs
+ (from the Internet, from a friend, or commercially) and
+ you don't have a pool file, you received an incomplete
+ distribution.</p>
+
+ <p>If you did not install TeX yourself, but find that the
+ pool file is missing, contact the system administrator
+ who performed the installation. He or she did something
+ wrong.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2869651"
+ name="id2869651"></a>Format Files</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>As mentioned in the section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch01.html#sec.tex.controlsequences"
+ title="Boxes and Glue">the section called &#8220;Boxes
+ and Glue&#8221;</a>&#8221; in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a></em></span>,
+ all of the control sequences and macros that your
+ document uses must be defined somewhere. One way to do
+ this is to use the \input command to load all of the
+ definitions at the beginning of each document. However,
+ with large macro packages like LaTeX, this process can be
+ very time consuming. Format files<a id="id2869699"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2869699"></a> are a way of
+ predefining control sequences and macros so they don't
+ have to be interpreted by TeX every time they're used. If
+ TeX didn't use format files, you'd have to wait for TeX
+ to interpret all of LaTeX every time you processed a
+ document that used LaTeX.</p>
+
+ <p><a id="run.sec.initexintro"
+ name="run.sec.initexintro"></a>Format files are created
+ by a special version of TeX, usually called iniTeX<a
+ id="id2869724" class="indexterm" name="id2869724"></a>.
+ Some implementations combine TeX and iniTeX into one
+ program. In this case, you must select iniTeX with a
+ special option when you run TeX. IniTeX interprets all
+ the control sequences in a macro package and builds the
+ in-memory data structures that the TeX program needs.
+ After loading the whole macro package, iniTeX writes the
+ memory image it has constructed to a format file. When
+ TeX later loads the format file, it simply copies it into
+ memory; no interpretation is necessary. This is why
+ loading a format file is such a fast way to define
+ control sequences<a id="id2869736" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2869736"></a>. This is also why format files are
+ not usually portable from one system to another,<sup>[<a
+ id="id2869760" name="id2869760"
+ href="#ftn.id2869760">25</a>]</sup> or even between
+ different versions of TeX on the same system. Different
+ versions of TeX are stored differently in memory, and
+ this difference in loading makes the format files
+ incompatible. For this reason, you need a
+ &#8220;big&#8221; iniTeX to make format files for a big
+ TeX and a &#8220;small&#8221; iniTeX for a small TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>You will find a complete discussion of macro packages
+ and instructions for building format files for many of
+ the common macro packages in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.userfiles"
+ name="sec.userfiles"></a>User Files</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>When you run TeX<a id="id2869826" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2869826"></a>, you have to tell it what file to
+ process. If you specify a complete pathname, TeX will
+ load the specific file that you request. For example, I
+ could process the document <tt>myreport.tex</tt> in the
+ directory <tt>/home/norm/tex/</tt> by running:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>tex /home/norm/tex/myreport</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This example applies to both unix and PC
+ implementations of TeX. Even though MS-DOS and OS/2
+ typically use the backslash to separate directory names,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>always</em></span> use a
+ forward slash when entering filenames for TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>If you specify a simple filename without a path, TeX
+ looks for the file in several user-defined and, possibly,
+ system-defined locations. In the following example, TeX
+ will attempt to locate the file <tt>myreport.tex</tt> in
+ order to process it:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>tex myreport</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>If the file <tt>myreport.tex</tt> exists in several
+ directories, TeX will process the first file it finds
+ without looking for any others. TeX always prints the
+ complete name of the file it processes both on the
+ display and in the log file, so you can always tell what
+ file was really processed.</p>
+
+ <p>The most common way to specify user-defined locations
+ is by setting the <tt>TEXINPUTS</tt> environment
+ variable<sup>[<a id="id2869931" name="id2869931"
+ href="#ftn.id2869931">26</a>]</sup> to a list of
+ subdirectories where TeX documents are kept. Setting
+ <tt>TEXINPUTS</tt> specifies where TeX should look for
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>documents</em></span> (files
+ that you input with \input or some other construct, style
+ files, and macros). To change where TeX looks for other
+ kinds of files (fonts, formats, pool files, etc.),
+ setting different environment variables or performing
+ some other customization is required. The format of the
+ environment variable differs according to the platform
+ you use. On unix systems, it is a list of directory names
+ separated by colons. Here is a typical example:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+.:/usr/local/lib/tex/inputs:/home/norm/tex/inputs
+</pre>
+
+ <p>On MS-DOS and OS/2 systems, it is a list of directory
+ names separated by semicolons. A typical example looks
+ like this:<sup>[<a id="id2869999" name="id2869999"
+ href="#ftn.id2869999">27</a>]</sup></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+.;\tex\inputs;\tex\styles;\tex\macros
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Consult the documentation for your particular
+ implementation of TeX for more information about
+ system-defined locations where TeX looks for input files.
+ Unfortunately, this is not always well documented. For
+ example, an undocumented feature of version 1.4s of emTeX
+ always searches in the directory
+ <tt>\emtex\texinputs</tt> even if it does not occur in
+ the <tt>TEXINPUTS</tt> path. In fact, there is no way to
+ tell it <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> to
+ look there, short of renaming the directory (which is
+ what I did).</p>
+
+ <p>If TeX cannot find a file you specify, for example
+ <tt>rpt-data.tex</tt>, it displays a prompt like this
+ one:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+! I can't find file `rpt-data.tex'.
+&lt;*&gt; \input rpt-data
+
+Please type another input filename:
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The general form of TeX error messages is discussed in
+ the section called &#8220;<a href="ch03.html#sec.errors"
+ title="What About Errors?">the section called &#8220;What
+ About Errors?&#8221;</a>&#8221; later in this chapter.
+ TeX announces an error by printing the error message on a
+ line that begins with an exclamation mark. Below the
+ error, TeX provides the context in which the error
+ occurred. In the example above, TeX encountered the
+ command \input rpt-data and tried to find the file
+ <tt>rpt-data.tex</tt> which it could not locate.</p>
+
+ <p>Notice that TeX automatically added the extension
+ <tt>.tex</tt><a id="id2870120" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2870120"></a> to the name of the file it was
+ looking for. In any context where you specify a filename,
+ TeX will append <tt>.tex</tt> unless you specify an
+ alternate extension.</p>
+
+ <p>TeX responds to a &#8220;can't find file&#8221; error
+ by asking you to type the name of a different file. Some
+ implementations of TeX allow you to abort by typing
+ Ctrl-C or Ctrl-D at this point,<sup>[<a id="id2870149"
+ name="id2870149" href="#ftn.id2870149">28</a>]</sup> but
+ other implementations insist that you enter a filename.
+ In this case, you'll find it convenient to create an
+ empty file called <tt>nul.tex</tt><a id="id2870165"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2870165"></a> in a directory in
+ your <tt>TEXINPUTS</tt> path so you can get around this
+ requirement by supplying a dummy answer to the prompt.
+ <tt>nul.tex</tt> is part of many standard
+ distributions.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.clineopts" name="sec.clineopts"></a>The Command
+ Line</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Except for the name of a document, TeX has very few
+ command-line options<a id="id2870206" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2870206"></a>. The only option that is regularly
+ used is the name of a format file, but the use of this
+ option is frequently buried inside a batch file or shell
+ script.</p>
+
+ <p>It is helpful to think of TeX, LaTeX, SliTeX,
+ etc.&#160;as different text processors (they aren't really;
+ they're all TeX with different format files). This illusion
+ is easy to provide with shell scripts or batch files. For
+ example, on an MS-DOS system, you could easily have three
+ batch files called <tt>tex.bat</tt>, <tt>latex.bat</tt>,
+ and <tt>slitex.bat</tt>:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>The <tt>tex.bat</tt> file runs the TeX executable
+ with the <tt>plain</tt> format file specified as an
+ option.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The <tt>latex.bat</tt> file runs TeX with the
+ <tt>lplain</tt> format file.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The <tt>slitex.bat</tt> file runs TeX with the
+ <tt>splain</tt> format file.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Now typing <span class="bold"><b>tex <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>filename</em></span></b></span>
+ processes Plain TeX documents; typing <span
+ class="bold"><b>latex <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>filename</em></span></b></span>
+ processes LaTeX documents; and typing <span
+ class="bold"><b>slitex <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>filename</em></span></b></span>
+ processes SliTeX documents.<sup>[<a id="id2870360"
+ name="id2870360" href="#ftn.id2870360">29</a>]</sup> The
+ role of format files and macro packages is described fully
+ in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.runtex.cmdcautions"
+ name="sec.runtex.cmdcautions"></a>Command-line
+ Options</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A formal specification of the TeX command line<a
+ id="id2870407" class="indexterm" name="id2870407"></a>
+ looks like this:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+$ tex &lt;<span
+class="emphasis"><em>switches</em></span>&gt; &lt;&amp;<span
+class="emphasis"><em>format</em></span>&gt; &lt;|<span
+class="emphasis"><em>document</em></span>&gt; &lt;<span
+class="emphasis"><em>tex-commands</em></span>&gt;
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If this looks confusing, have no fear. I'll explain
+ what it means in English.</p>
+
+ <p>After the name of the TeX program (or batch file), the
+ first things that can go on the command line are
+ implementation-dependent switches and options. For
+ example, implementations of TeX that combine iniTeX and
+ TeX into a single program may use <span
+ class="bold"><b>/I</b></span> as the switch to specify
+ that iniTeX processing<a id="id2870468" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2870468"></a> is desired (iniTeX, you may
+ remember, was described in the section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch03.html#run.sec.formatfiles"
+ title="What Do You Run?">the section called &#8220;What
+ Do You Run?&#8221;</a>,&#8221; earlier in this chapter).
+ There are no system-independent switches for TeX. Consult
+ the documentation that comes with your implementation for
+ more information about system-dependent switches.</p>
+
+ <p>After any system-dependent switches, the first thing
+ that you can put on the TeX command line is the name of
+ the format file<a id="id2870509" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2870509"></a> to use. If you specify this option,
+ you must include it before any other options, and you
+ must put an ampersand (&amp;)<a id="id2870520"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2870520"></a> in front of the
+ format file name. If you do not specify a format file,
+ TeX will use a default format, usually Plain TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>After the format, TeX looks for the name of a document
+ to process. If TeX finds a filename on the command line,
+ it will process the document<a id="id2870537"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2870537"></a> contained in that
+ file before looking at any other options that may
+ follow.</p>
+
+ <p>Finally, you can insert arbitrary TeX commands on the
+ command line by typing them just as you would in a
+ document. The section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch02.html#sec.texcomp" title="Running TeX">the
+ section called &#8220;Running TeX&#8221;</a>&#8221; in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch02.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing">Chapter&#160;2</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch02.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing">Chapter&#160;2</a></em></span>,
+ describes one particular instance where this is very
+ useful, but it isn't something that you are likely to do
+ very often.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2870602"
+ name="id2870602"></a>Command-line Cautions</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>There are some special restrictions on file names used
+ on the command line and on the way TeX interprets the
+ command line. These restrictions are summarized here.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="run.sec.misinterpret"
+ name="run.sec.misinterpret"></a>Misinterpretation
+ of the command line</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Command lines that are typed at the operating system
+ prompt are actually seen by your operating system's
+ &#8220;command processor&#8221; before they are seen by
+ TeX. You must be aware of special processing that might
+ be performed by the command processor. Under unix, for
+ example, the backslash<a id="id2870634"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2870634"></a> is frequently
+ interpreted as a <span class="emphasis"><em>shell
+ escape</em></span> character<a id="id2870656"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2870656"></a>, and the
+ ampersand<a id="id2870668" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2870668"></a> has another special meaning
+ related to job control<a id="id2870677"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2870677"></a>. The ampersand
+ is also special under some MS-DOS and OS/2 command
+ processors where it is the default command separation
+ character and will not be passed to TeX as you would
+ expect.</p>
+
+ <p>To insert these troublesome characters literally,
+ you must enclose the relevant sections of the command
+ line in quotation marks<a id="id2870695"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2870695"></a> or use some
+ form of shell escape mechanism. Under unix, place the
+ name of the format file, including the ampersand, in
+ double or single quotes and use two backslashes in a
+ row if you include TeX control sequences on the command
+ line. For example, type:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+$ <span
+class="bold"><b>tex '&amp;lplain' \\nonstopmode \\input doc1</b></span>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>instead of</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+$ <span
+class="bold"><b>tex &amp;lplain \nonstopmode \input doc1</b></span>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>When using OS/2, place a ^ in front of an ampersand
+ to prevent it from being interpreted as a command
+ separator.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="sec.runtex.texwoopts"
+ name="sec.runtex.texwoopts"></a>Filenames and
+ TeX</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2870772" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2870772"></a><a id="id2870779"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2870779"></a> <a
+ id="id2870793" class="indexterm" name="id2870793"></a>
+ It is easy for TeX to recognize the presence of a
+ format file on the command line; it must be the first
+ option and it must begin with an ampersand.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2870805" name="id2870805"
+ href="#ftn.id2870805">30</a>]</sup> After the format
+ file, TeX determines whether the next option is a file
+ name by looking at the first character of the option.
+ If the first character is not a backslash, it is a
+ filename; otherwise it is a TeX command, and TeX
+ assumes that no filename is present.</p>
+
+ <p>On some systems, notably MS-DOS and OS/2, the
+ backslash<a id="id2870848" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2870848"></a> is used to delimit the
+ subdirectory components of a file name. On other
+ systems, a forward slash is used. Regardless of the
+ system you use, filenames passed to TeX <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> use forward
+ slashes to delimit filenames.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, TeX will not process the file
+ <tt>letter.tex</tt> in the <tt>\tex\docs</tt> directory
+ of the current drive if you execute the following
+ command line on an MS-DOS system:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>tex \tex\docs\letter</b></span>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Instead, you must type the following, regardless of
+ the operating system you're using:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>tex /tex/docs/letter</b></span>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you don't, TeX will complain that the control
+ sequence \tex is undefined. Even more confusing errors
+ may result if the first subdirectory happens to be a
+ valid control sequence.</p>
+
+ <p>Unfortunately, filenames containing forward slashes
+ are not always recognized by operating systems that use
+ backslashes to delimit filenames. For example, under
+ MS-DOS, <tt>IF EXIST C:/CONFIG.SYS</tt> returns
+ false,<a id="id2870956" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2870956"></a> even when a file called
+ <tt>config.sys</tt> exists in the root directory of
+ drive C:. Therefore, it is most convenient to use
+ filenames with backslashes when other commands will be
+ used (for example in a batch file). Filenames in batch
+ files must have any backslashes translated into forward
+ slashes before being passed to TeX. MS-DOS's command
+ processor isn't really powerful enough, but the task is
+ quite doable with JP Software<a id="id2870971"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2870971"></a>'s <b>4DOS</b>
+ command processor. <b>4DOS</b><a id="id2871000"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2871000"></a> is a
+ replacement for MS-DOS's normal command processor; it
+ offers many advantages over the normal processor. You
+ can get a shareware version of <b>4DOS</b> from many
+ large MS-DOS archive sites on the Internet<sup>[<a
+ id="id2871022" name="id2871022"
+ href="#ftn.id2871022">31</a>]</sup> as well as most
+ large bulletin board systems. The following lines,
+ written in <b>4DOS</b><a id="id2871048"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2871048"></a>'s extended
+ batch language, will translate all backslashes in the
+ environment variable <tt>TEXFN</tt> to forward
+ slashes:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+:FixBacks
+ Set Count=%@Index[%TexFn,\]
+ If "%Count" eq "-1" Goto FixDone
+ Set Place=%@Eval[%Count+1]
+ Set TexFn=%@SubStr[%TexFn,0,%Count]/%@SubStr[%TexFn,%Place]
+ Goto FixBacks
+:FixDone
+</pre>
+
+ <p>These lines also work under OS/2 with JP Software's
+ <b>4OS2</b> command processor (akin to <b>4DOS</b>;
+ shareware versions of <b>4OS2</b> are also available).
+ The same task can be completed in a single line with
+ <b>REXX</b><a id="id2871106" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2871106"></a> under OS/2:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+TEXFN = TRANSLATE(TEXFN, '\', '/')
+</pre>
+
+ <p><b>REXX</b> is an interpreted systems-programming
+ language distributed with OS/2. <b>REXX</b> runs under
+ many other IBM operating systems in addition to OS/2.
+ Several versions of <b>REXX</b> are available for
+ MS-DOS and unix systems, too.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2871151"
+ name="id2871151"></a>Multiple documents</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Keep in mind<a id="id2871161" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2871161"></a> that TeX interprets only the
+ first option after the format file name as a document
+ name. If you type the command line:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>tex doc1 doc2</b></span>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX will process only <tt>doc1.tex</tt> as a
+ document. The result of the above command line<a
+ id="id2871206" class="indexterm" name="id2871206"></a>
+ will be exactly as if you had typed the literal word
+ &#8220;doc2&#8221; at the very end of the file
+ <tt>doc1.tex</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>To get TeX to process both <tt>doc1</tt> and
+ <tt>doc2</tt> as documents, type a command like the
+ following:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>tex doc1 \input doc2</b></span>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>or, for complete clarity,</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>tex \input doc1 \input doc2</b></span>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In either case, the structure of your document files
+ must allow them to be concatenated together. TeX does
+ not process <tt>doc1</tt> and then process
+ <tt>doc2</tt> separately. Instead, it processes all of
+ <tt>doc1</tt> and appends the text in the file
+ <tt>doc2</tt> directly onto the end of
+ <tt>doc1</tt>.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2871334"
+ name="id2871334"></a>TeX Without Options</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you run TeX without specifying any options<a
+ id="id2871343" class="indexterm" name="id2871343"></a> at
+ all, it prints out some introductory information, then
+ produces a <tt>**</tt> prompt<a id="id2871366"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2871366"></a> and stops. Here's
+ what emTeX's <tt>tex386</tt> produces:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+This is emTeX (tex386), Version 3.141 [3c-beta8]
+**
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This is the only situation where the <tt>**</tt> prompt
+ occurs. TeX now expects you to enter text. TeX will
+ interpret anything you type after the <tt>**</tt> prompt
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>exactly</em></span> as if you
+ had typed it on the command line. All of the rules
+ regarding slashes (described in &#8220;<a
+ href="ch03.html#run.sec.misinterpret"
+ title="Misinterpretation of the command line">the section
+ called &#8220;Misinterpretation of the command
+ line&#8221;</a>&#8221; earlier) apply to commands that you
+ type at the <tt>**</tt> prompt. Remember, however, that
+ input entered at the <tt>**</tt> prompt is not seen by the
+ operating system, so don't use quotation marks or doubled
+ backslashes.</p>
+
+ <p>The last line of a document is usually a command telling
+ TeX that the document is finished. TeX responds by writing
+ the last page of the document and ending (returning control
+ to the operating system). If a document doesn't end with
+ such a command, TeX will wait for more input. When TeX runs
+ out of input, it displays the <tt>*</tt> prompt<a
+ id="id2871494" class="indexterm" name="id2871494"></a>
+ (single asterisk). Anything you type at the <tt>*</tt>
+ prompt is interpreted exactly as if it occurred in the
+ document that TeX was processing. You cannot specify an
+ alternate format or name a document at the <tt>*</tt>
+ prompt. You can, however, use \input to insert another
+ file.</p>
+
+ <p>If emTeX processes a document called
+ <tt>unended.tex</tt>:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+% This is UNENDED.TEX
+Now is the time for all good men
+to come to the aid of their country.
+% Note: there's no \bye command to end
+% TeX's processing...
+</pre>
+
+ <p>the following output appears on the terminal:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+This is emTeX (tex386), Version 3.141 [3c-beta8]
+**unended
+(unended.tex)
+*
+</pre>
+
+ <p>You can exit from the TeX program at the <tt>*</tt>
+ prompt by telling TeX that it should stop processing the
+ current document. Exactly how you get out depends on the
+ format file you use. The following table shows the stop
+ commands for some TeX macro packages<a id="id2871573"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2871573"></a><a id="id2871590"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2871590"></a><a id="id2871603"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2871603"></a><a id="id2871616"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2871616"></a><a id="id2871626"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2871626"></a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="id2871639" name="id2871639"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;3.1.&#160;</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">Package</th>
+
+ <th align="left">Command</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Plain TeX</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\bye</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">LaTeX</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\end{document}<a id="id2871705"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2871705"></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">SliTeX</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\end{document}</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Lollipop</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\Stop</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">TeXinfo</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><tt>@bye</tt></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you do not know which format is in use, you can
+ almost always get out with the following steps:<sup>[<a
+ id="id2871781" name="id2871781"
+ href="#ftn.id2871781">32</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <div class="orderedlist">
+ <ol type="1">
+ <li>
+ <p>Type a control sequence that TeX will not
+ recognize (control sequences \undefined and
+ \gobbledygook will work). TeX will respond with the
+ question mark prompt.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Enter <span class="bold"><b>x</b></span> at the
+ prompt. The question mark prompt is discussed fully
+ in the section &#8220;<a href="ch03.html#sec.qprompt"
+ title="Interpreting TeX Error Messages">the section
+ called &#8220;Interpreting TeX Error
+ Messages&#8221;</a>,&#8221; later in this
+ chapter.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>To continue the above example, if I type \undefined at
+ the <tt>*</tt> prompt, TeX will respond:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+This is emTeX (tex386), Version 3.141 [3c-beta8]
+**unended
+(unended.tex)
+*<span class="bold"><b>\undefined</b></span>
+! Undefined control sequence.
+&lt;*&gt; \undefined
+
+?
+</pre>
+
+ <p>If I enter <span class="bold"><b>x</b></span> at the
+ question mark prompt, TeX will print several informative
+ messages and then end, returning control to the operating
+ system.</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+This is emTeX (tex386), Version 3.141 [3c-beta8]
+**unended
+(unended.tex)
+*\undefined
+! Undefined control sequence.
+&lt;*&gt; \undefined
+
+? <span class="bold"><b>x</b></span>
+No pages of output.
+Transcript written on unended.log.
+</pre>
+
+ <p>One word of caution: some macro packages redefine the
+ meaning of the backslash (\)<a id="id2871940"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2871940"></a> character so that
+ it doesn't function as the beginning of a control sequence
+ (for example, the TeXinfo format uses the at-sign,
+ &#8220;@&#8221;). In this case, you must precede the
+ undefined control sequence by the escape character, even if
+ it isn't the backslash.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.errors" name="sec.errors"></a>What About
+ Errors?</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>When you write TeX documents, you will occasionally make
+ mistakes<a id="id2871979" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2871979"></a><a id="id2871992" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2871992"></a><a id="id2872002" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2872002"></a> and as a result, TeX won't be able to
+ process your document. There are six broad classes of
+ mistakes you're likely to make:</p>
+
+ <div class="orderedlist">
+ <ol type="1">
+ <li>
+ <p>Naming documents or files that TeX cannot
+ find.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Misspelling the name of a TeX control
+ sequence.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Failing to close an environment or forgetting to
+ insert a closing brace after an opening brace.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Using math operators outside of math mode or
+ forgetting to close an opened math environment.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Requesting a font that TeX cannot find.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Everything else.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX is legitimately criticized for having error messages
+ that are very difficult to understand. TeX frequently
+ provides far more information than you really need or want,
+ and the excess information often obscures the actual cause
+ of the error.</p>
+
+ <p>Nevertheless, understanding what TeX does when it
+ encounters an error will help make error messages easier to
+ understand. Let's begin with an example. Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch03.html#ex.badfonttex"
+ title="Example&#160;3.1.&#160;The Document BADFONT.TEX">Example&#160;3.1</a>
+ shows a simple LaTeX document using the New Font Selection
+ Scheme (NFSS), which contains an error.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2872107" name="id2872107"
+ href="#ftn.id2872107">33</a>]</sup> The error is that the
+ control sequence \Large, which has been redefined to
+ request a 17pt font, contains a typo:
+ \cs[fontsize]{fontsiz} should be \fontsize.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2872135" name="id2872135"
+ href="#ftn.id2872135">34</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.badfonttex" name="ex.badfonttex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;3.1.&#160;The Document
+ BADFONT.TEX</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\documentstyle{article}
+% The following definition changes the font that LaTeX
+% uses for the 'Large' font. I have introduced a typo
+% into the definition, &#8220;\fontsiz&#8221; should be &#8220;\fontsize&#8221;.
+% The first time a \Large font is requested, an error will occur.
+\renewcommand{\Large}{\fontsiz{17}{20pt}\selectfont}
+\begin{document}
+
+This text precedes the first section header.
+
+% Note: LaTeX uses the \Large font in section
+% headers...this will fail in a confusing way
+% because the error is deep within the definition
+% of \section where \Large is used...
+\section{First Section}
+
+This is the first and only sentence of the first section.
+
+\end{document}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>When TeX processes this file, using LaTeX with the New
+ Font Selection Scheme, it produces these error
+ messages:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+This is TeX, Version 3.1415 (C version 6.1)
+LaTeX Version 2.09 &lt;25 March 1992&gt; with NFSS2
+(badfont.tex (/work/nutshell/texguide/styles/latex/article.sty
+Standard Document Style `article' &lt;14 Jan 92&gt;.
+(/work/nutshell/texguide/styles/latex/art10.sty)) (badfont.aux)
+(/usr/local/lib/tex/inputs/nfss2/T1cmr.fd)
+! Undefined control sequence.
+\Large -&gt;\fontsiz{17}{20pt}\selectfont
+&lt;argument&gt; \reset@font \Large
+ \bf
+\@sect ...x \ifdim \@tempskipa &gt;\z@ \begingroup #6
+ \relax \@hangfrom {\hskip ...
+l.21 \end{section}
+\section{First Section}
+
+?
+</pre>
+
+ <p>These messages exemplify the kind of confusing error
+ messages that TeX produces. Remember the following rule:
+ Always look at the first and last line of the TeX error
+ message when trying to figure out what went wrong and where
+ it went wrong. In this case, the first line is:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+! Undefined control sequence.
+</pre>
+
+ <p>and the last line is:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+l.21 \end{section}
+\section{First Section}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The error is that the control sequence
+ \cs[fontsize]{fontsiz} is not defined and TeX was
+ processing line 21 of the file when it occurred.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.logfiles"
+ name="sec.logfiles"></a>Log Files</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You don't have to remember or write down the error
+ messages that TeX produces. When TeX processes a
+ document, it produces a transcript<a id="id2872267"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2872267"></a> of everything
+ that occurs; you can refer to this transcript later if
+ you need to recall what errors occurred when you
+ processed your document. TeX stores this transcript in a
+ file which has the same name as the document and the
+ extension <tt>.log</tt>. For example, if you process
+ <tt>main.tex</tt>, TeX produces a transcript in
+ <tt>main.log</tt>.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"
+ style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
+ <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+
+ <p>Log files go in the current directory. TeX always
+ places the log file in the current directory, even if
+ you specify a path when you format your document. For
+ example, if you process <tt>lectures/main.tex</tt>, TeX
+ produces a transcript in <tt>main.log</tt>, not in
+ <tt>lectures/main.log</tt> as you might expect.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.qprompt"
+ name="sec.qprompt"></a>Interpreting TeX Error
+ Messages</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The first line of a TeX error message begins with an
+ exclamation point followed by the text of the message<a
+ id="id2872354" class="indexterm" name="id2872354"></a>.
+ The lines that follow it show the context in which the
+ error occurred.<sup>[<a id="id2872367" name="id2872367"
+ href="#ftn.id2872367">35</a>]</sup> In the previous
+ example, the error message indicates an <tt>Undefined
+ control sequence</tt>. This means that TeX encountered a
+ control sequence which was not previously defined.</p>
+
+ <p>The final line, which says <tt>l.21 \section{First
+ Section}</tt>, occurs right above the question mark
+ prompt. It identifies the line in your document that TeX
+ was processing when it encountered the error. The error
+ occurred when TeX was at line 21 of the file, and that
+ line began with <tt>\section{First Section}</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>Between the first and last lines, TeX prints a
+ detailed description of how the error occurred. This is
+ necessary because the error may have occurred inside the
+ replacement text of a macro that you used. When TeX
+ encounters a control sequence, like \section, it has to
+ look up the definition to figure out how to typeset your
+ document. The definition of a control sequence may
+ contain other control sequences which also have to be
+ interpreted. It is possible for TeX to be several levels
+ deep, as it was in this case, when an error occurs. To
+ give the person who wrote the definition of the control
+ sequence an opportunity to figure out what went wrong,
+ TeX prints out a <span class="emphasis"><em>trace
+ back</em></span><a id="id2872434" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2872434"></a> of what happened before the error.
+ As you gain experience with a particular macro package,
+ you'll find the intervening lines more meaningful.</p>
+
+ <p>Correcting an error depends entirely on the nature of
+ the error. In this case, all you need to do is correct
+ the typo.</p>
+
+ <p>As stated above, there are six general classes of
+ errors you might encounter when you run TeX. The
+ following sections briefly describe each class.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2872461"
+ name="id2872461"></a>Naming a File TeX Cannot
+ Find</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Missing documents are discussed in the section called
+ &#8220;<a href="ch03.html#sec.userfiles"
+ title="User Files">the section called &#8220;User
+ Files&#8221;</a>,&#8221; earlier in this chapter.</p>
+
+ <p>If you request a format file<a id="id2872489"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2872489"></a> that cannot be
+ found, TeX issues the following warning message:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+Sorry, I can't find that format; will try the default
+</pre>
+
+ <p>TeX then attempts to typeset your document with Plain
+ TeX.<sup>[<a id="id2872514" name="id2872514"
+ href="#ftn.id2872514">36</a>]</sup> To correct this
+ problem, run TeX with the correct format file name. If
+ the format file isn't available, you will have to build
+ it. Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>,
+ describes how to build format files for several common
+ macro packages.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2872549"
+ name="id2872549"></a>Misspelling a Control Sequence
+ Name</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Misspelling a control sequence name<a id="id2872558"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2872558"></a> is one of the
+ most common errors. For example, you might type
+ \ipnut{chap1} in your document instead of \input{chap1}.
+ The solution is straightforward and usually easy to
+ identify. In many cases, you can simply proceed after
+ encountering this error. Although TeX may not typeset
+ your document correctly, you can continue to look for
+ other errors. The section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch03.html#sec.qprompt"
+ title="Interpreting TeX Error Messages">the section
+ called &#8220;Interpreting TeX Error
+ Messages&#8221;</a>,&#8221; later in this chapter,
+ describes how to continue after an error.</p>
+
+ <p>In some cases, TeX may become badly confused by a
+ misspelled control sequence name, in which case you
+ should give up and fix the spelling error before trying
+ to process your document further. This may happen if you
+ misspell a LaTeX environment name (\begin{itemze} instead
+ of \begin{itemize}, for example),<sup>[<a id="id2872615"
+ name="id2872615" href="#ftn.id2872615">37</a>]</sup>
+ which will make LaTeX misinterpret many of the control
+ sequences which follow.</p>
+
+ <p>Sometimes TeX will complain that a control sequence is
+ undefined when you <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>know</em></span> that the control
+ sequence is spelled correctly. When this occurs, make
+ sure that you are using the correct format file (see the
+ section &#8220;<a href="ch03.html#sec.clineopts"
+ title="The Command Line">the section called &#8220;The
+ Command Line&#8221;</a>&#8221; earlier in this chapter),
+ loading the correct macro files, and using the correct
+ style options.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2872653"
+ name="id2872653"></a>Failure to Close an
+ Environment</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Failure to close an environment<a id="id2872662"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2872662"></a> is another very
+ common error. There are several distinct errors in this
+ category:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Failure to insert a closing brace (<tt>}</tt>)
+ for each opening brace may cause a &#8220;TeX
+ capacity exceeded&#8221; error when TeX processes
+ your document. This happens because sometimes TeX
+ tries to read everything between braces into
+ memory. If the closing brace is absent, TeX may run
+ out of memory.</p>
+
+ <p>If the braces are supposed to enclose the
+ argument to a macro, you may also get this error:<a
+ id="id2872709" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2872709"></a></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+! Paragraph ended before <span
+class="emphasis"><em>macro</em></span> was complete.
+</pre>
+
+ <p>In order to help detect errors of this type, TeX
+ doesn't ordinarily allow the argument of a macro to
+ consist of more than one paragraph, so the first
+ blank line after the place where you failed to type
+ the closing brace may produce this error.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Failure to close a begin/end environment pair
+ causes LaTeX to complain about a mismatch when it
+ encounters the next
+ \end{\texttt{<i><tt>environment</tt></i>}}
+ command.<a id="id2872764" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2872764"></a></p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>If your document ends with an open environment,
+ TeX will warn you that:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+! (\end occurs inside a group at level <span
+class="emphasis"><em>n</em></span>)
+</pre>
+
+ <p>where <tt><i><tt>n</tt></i></tt> is the number
+ of open groups, usually 1.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Failure to close a mathematics environment will
+ result in the error:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+! Missing $ inserted
+</pre>
+
+ <p>when TeX reaches a macro that does not make
+ sense in mathematics mode (like \section) or when a
+ surrounding group ends.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2872844"
+ name="id2872844"></a>Math Outside of Math Mode</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX has a lot of operators for special treatment of
+ mathematical formulas. These operators must occur inside
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>mathematics mode</em></span><a
+ id="id2872858" class="indexterm" name="id2872858"></a>,<a
+ id="id2872867" class="indexterm" name="id2872867"></a>
+ which is usually delimited by dollar signs in your
+ document.<a id="id2872879" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2872879"></a></p>
+
+ <p>If you attempt to use math operators, superscripts,
+ subscripts, or other math-mode control sequences outside
+ of mathematics mode, the following error will occur:<a
+ id="id2872899" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2872899"></a></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+! Missing $ inserted
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This is your clue that a mathematics environment has
+ not been closed properly or that you failed to open one
+ before using a math-mode operator.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, the underscore character is usually
+ defined to be a math-mode operator which starts a
+ subscript, in other words <tt>H${}_2$O</tt> produces
+ &#8220;H${}_2$O&#8221; in your document.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2872944" name="id2872944"
+ href="#ftn.id2872944">38</a>]</sup> If you use the
+ underscore outside of mathematics mode, such as in
+ regular text:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+The file &#8220;test_one&#8221; contains the ...
+</pre>
+
+ <p>TeX will respond:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+! Missing $ inserted
+&lt;inserted text&gt;
+ $
+&lt;to be read again&gt;
+ _
+The file &#8220;test_
+ one&#8221; contains the ...
+?
+</pre>
+
+ <p>In LaTeX, the easiest way around this problem is to
+ enclose the offending text in a &#8220;verbatim&#8221;
+ macro, like this:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+ The file &#8220;<tt>test_one</tt>&#8221; contains the ...
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Note that the argument to the <tt>macro</tt>is
+ delimited by any two identical characters (in this case,
+ two &#8220;<tt>+</tt>&#8221; signs).</p>
+
+ <p>In Plain TeX or another format, the problem can be
+ circumvented in similar ways; consult the reference for
+ the format you are using. Also consult Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch01.html#tab.acttype"
+ title="Table&#160;1.2.&#160;How to Typeset Special Characters">
+ Table&#160;1.2</a> in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a></em></span>,
+ for a list of special characters and how to type them in
+ your documents.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2873082"
+ name="id2873082"></a>Missing Fonts</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The first<a id="id2873090" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2873090"></a> time that you use each font, TeX
+ loads font metric information about the font. The font
+ metric information, stored in a <tt>TFM</tt> file,
+ includes information about the sizes of each character as
+ well as kerning and ligature information. These topics
+ are discussed fully in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>If you request a font that does not exist, for example
+ <tt>crm10</tt> (a misspelling of <tt>cmr10</tt>), TeX
+ cannot find a <tt>TFM</tt> file for the font and
+ therefore displays:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+Font \myfont=crm10 not loadable: Metric (TFM) file not found
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This means that TeX attempted to associate the font
+ described by the <tt>TFM</tt> file <tt>crm10.tfm</tt>
+ with the control sequence \myfont, but the <tt>TFM</tt>
+ file didn't exist. You must have a <tt>TFM</tt> file for
+ every font that you use.</p>
+
+ <p>A second kind of error---actually, a warning---occurs
+ when you are using the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS)<a
+ id="id2873221" class="indexterm" name="id2873221"></a>.
+ The NFSS performs font substitution, if possible, when an
+ unknown font is requested. The NFSS is described in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>,
+ in the &#8220;<a href="ch04.html#sec.latex"
+ title="LaTeX">the section called
+ &#8220;LaTeX&#8221;</a>&#8221; section.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2873273"
+ name="id2873273"></a>Everything Else</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>There are, unfortunately, lots of other errors that
+ can occur. Some of the errors are directly related to TeX
+ while others are warning and error messages associated
+ with particular macro packages. There is no way to
+ catalog every one of them or suggest what can be done in
+ every case.</p>
+
+ <p>The best advice I can offer is to isolate the problem
+ in as small a document as possible, consult the
+ references you have available very carefully, and, if all
+ else fails, forward your problem to one of the electronic
+ forums that deal with TeX (the <tt>Info-TeX</tt> mailing
+ list<a id="id2873302" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2873302"></a> and the <tt>comp.text.tex</tt>
+ newsgroup<a id="id2873326" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2873326"></a>, for example).</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2873346"
+ name="id2873346"></a>The Question Mark Prompt</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <a id="id2873352" class="indexterm" name="id2873352"></a>
+
+ <p>When TeX encounters an error, it displays an error
+ message and a summary of the error, as described in the
+ section called &#8220;<a href="ch03.html#sec.errors"
+ title="What About Errors?">the section called &#8220;What
+ About Errors?&#8221;</a>&#8221; earlier in this chapter.
+ Following the error, TeX normally stops and displays the
+ question mark prompt.</p>
+
+ <p>If you type a question mark of your own at the prompt,
+ TeX displays the actions available to you:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+? ?
+Type &lt;return&gt; to proceed,
+S to scroll future error messages,
+R to run without stopping, Q to run quietly,
+I to insert something, E to edit your file,
+1 or ... or 9 to ignore the next 1 to 9 tokens
+of input, H for help, X to quit.
+?
+</pre>
+
+ <p>You can type any of the following responses at the
+ question mark prompt:<a id="id2873401" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2873401"></a></p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term">Type <b>Return</b> to
+ proceed.</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Simply typing Return will cause TeX to ignore the
+ error and proceed. Depending on the nature of the
+ error, this may cause more errors immediately or
+ later on.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Type <b>S</b> to scroll future
+ error messages.</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Typing <b>S</b> tells TeX to continue and not to
+ stop for most future errors. TeX will continue to
+ print the error messages, both to the terminal and to
+ the log file, but it will not display the question
+ mark prompt again.</p>
+
+ <p>TeX will still stop and ask about missing
+ files.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Type <b>R</b> to run without
+ stopping.</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The <b>R</b> option is just like <b>S</b> except
+ that it tells TeX to ignore missing files as well.
+ TeX will proceed blindly forward as best as it can.
+ You will still see all of the error messages scroll
+ by as TeX proceeds.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Type <b>Q</b> to run
+ quietly.</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This option is just like <b>R</b> except that
+ error messages are not displayed on the screen. The
+ messages are saved in the log file, however, even
+ though they are not displayed.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Type <b>I</b> to insert
+ something.</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>If you notice a simple typo, you can correct it
+ with the <b>I</b> command. For example, suppose that
+ TeX complains of an undefined control sequence:
+ \cte{kn:art1}. You recognize that this should have
+ been \cite{kn:art1}. You can insert the correct
+ control sequence by responding <tt>i\cite</tt> to the
+ question mark prompt. TeX will ignore the misspelled
+ control sequence and insert the (correct) sequence
+ \cite in its place.</p>
+
+ <p>Inserting words or commands at the question mark
+ prompt <span class="emphasis"><em>does
+ not</em></span> change your input file. It simply
+ instructs TeX to <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>pretend</em></span> that your
+ file contained a different sequence of words and
+ commands. You must change the input file with an
+ editor, or the same error will occur the next time
+ you format the document.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Type <b>E</b> to edit your
+ file.</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This option terminates TeX. If your system is
+ configured appropriately, an editor will be loaded
+ automatically, and the cursor will be placed at the
+ offending line in your input file. This is not
+ possible in all environments.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Type <b><i><tt>n</tt></i></b>,
+ where <i><tt>n</tt></i> is a number between 1 and
+ 9.</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This option tells TeX to ignore some of the input.
+ After skipping over the number of <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>tokens</em></span> you request,
+ TeX returns to the question mark prompt so that you
+ can delete more tokens.</p>
+
+ <p>What's a token<a id="id2873692" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2873692"></a>? When TeX reads an input file,
+ it breaks each line down into the smallest,
+ indivisible chunks that have meaning. These are
+ called tokens. For the most part, tokens are
+ individual characters. The exceptions are control
+ sequences<a id="id2873705" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2873705"></a>, which are single tokens, and
+ white spaces which are also single tokens. There
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>are</em></span> other
+ exceptions (and more technical definitions of
+ &#8220;token&#8221;), but that's the gist of it.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Type <b>H</b> for
+ help.</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Typing <b>H</b> displays a slightly more verbose
+ description of the error that occurred and, usually,
+ suggests the nature of the corrective action that you
+ might take.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Type <b>X</b> to
+ quit.</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Typing <b>X</b> tells TeX to stop immediately and
+ ends the TeX program. If there are any completed
+ pages (pages processed before the error, in other
+ words), they are written to the <tt>DVI</tt> file
+ before TeX ends.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2869760" name="ftn.id2869760"
+ href="#id2869760">25</a>]</sup> {The exception occurs in
+ some unix versions of TeX where provisions are made for
+ different architectures to share the same format files.
+ The exact same version of TeX must be running on both
+ architectures for this to work.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2869931" name="ftn.id2869931"
+ href="#id2869931">26</a>]</sup> {The exact name of the
+ environment variable<a id="id2869936" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2869936"></a><a id="id2869947" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2869947"></a> differs between
+ implementations.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2869999" name="ftn.id2869999"
+ href="#id2869999">27</a>]</sup> You will notice that I've
+ used backslashes<a id="id2870004" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2870004"></a> to separate directory components in
+ the path. Environment variables are handled by the
+ system-dependent portions of TeX, so it's okay to use
+ backslashes here. You can also use forward slashes, but I
+ use backslashes because that is more typical of MS-DOS
+ and OS/2 environments.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2870149" name="ftn.id2870149"
+ href="#id2870149">28</a>]</sup> {MS-DOS and OS/2
+ implementations of TeX may use Ctrl-Z (possibly followed
+ by a carriage return) instead of Ctrl-C or Ctrl-D.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2870360" name="ftn.id2870360"
+ href="#id2870360">29</a>]</sup> {On unix systems, the
+ same effect is often achieved with symbolic links. Most
+ unix implementations look for different standard format
+ files based upon the name of the executable that starts
+ them.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2870805" name="ftn.id2870805"
+ href="#id2870805">30</a>]</sup> {In the unlikely event
+ that you have a TeX document stored in a file with a name
+ beginning with an ampersand, use the following trick to
+ process that file: instead of running <b>tex
+ &amp;file</b>, run <b>tex \input &amp;file</b> (or even
+ <b>tex &amp;format \input &amp;file</b>).</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2871022" name="ftn.id2871022"
+ href="#id2871022">31</a>]</sup> {For example,
+ <tt>oak.oakland.edu</tt> in the directory
+ <tt>/pub/msdos/4DOS</tt>.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2871781" name="ftn.id2871781"
+ href="#id2871781">32</a>]</sup> {Typing the break
+ character (<b>Ctrl-C</b> or <b>Ctrl-Break</b>, for
+ example) sometimes works as well, but some
+ implementations of TeX don't respond to the break
+ character at every prompt. On unix systems, use
+ <b>Ctrl-D</b>. EmTeX responds to <b>Ctrl-Z</b> followed
+ by <b>Return</b>.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2872107" name="ftn.id2872107"
+ href="#id2872107">33</a>]</sup> {The details of LaTeX and
+ the NFSS are discussed in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.
+ It is simply convenient to use a concrete example in this
+ case. Do not be concerned if you do not use LaTeX or the
+ NFSS.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2872135" name="ftn.id2872135"
+ href="#id2872135">34</a>]</sup> {In practice, redefining
+ a control sequence like $\$<tt>Large</tt> in a document
+ is a bad idea. I've done it here only to provide an
+ example of an error that occurs inside another
+ macro.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2872367" name="ftn.id2872367"
+ href="#id2872367">35</a>]</sup> {The number of lines of
+ context shown in the error message is determined by the
+ value of the built-in parameter
+ $\$<tt>errorcontextlines</tt>.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2872514" name="ftn.id2872514"
+ href="#id2872514">36</a>]</sup> {It is possible to make
+ other formats the default, but in practice I've never
+ seen it done.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2872615" name="ftn.id2872615"
+ href="#id2872615">37</a>]</sup> Technically, LaTeX
+ environment names are not a control sequence names, but
+ they behave in very much the same way in LaTeX.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2872944" name="ftn.id2872944"
+ href="#id2872944">38</a>]</sup> {The empty curly braces
+ are necessary in this example because otherwise there
+ wouldn't be anything in front of the subscript command
+ for TeX to subscript below. Typically, another digit or
+ symbol would come in front of the subscript command. In
+ this case, I didn't want the &#8220;H&#8221; and
+ &#8220;O&#8221; in the math environment because letters
+ are printed in math-italics in math mode.}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing"
+ href="ch02.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
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+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
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+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages"
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+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
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+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2206 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
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+ <title>Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages</title>
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+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
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+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX" />
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+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document" />
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+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
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+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX"
+ href="ch03.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
+ href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
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+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.macpack"
+ name="chap.macpack"></a>Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro
+ Packages</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Everyone who uses TeX uses a macro package<a
+ id="id2869171" class="indexterm" name="id2869171"></a><a
+ id="id2869178" class="indexterm" name="id2869178"></a> (also
+ called a &#8220;format&#8221;). A macro package extends TeX
+ to provide functionality that is suited to a particular task
+ or set of tasks.</p>
+
+ <p>This chapter provides a summary of TeX macro packages.
+ General-purpose packages designed to typeset a wide range of
+ documents---articles, books, letters, and reports---are
+ examined first. The general-purpose packages described are
+ Plain TeX, Extended Plain TeX, LaTeX2e, LaTeX, AMSTeX,
+ AMSLaTeX, Lollipop, and TeXinfo. After surveying the
+ general-purpose packages, several special-purpose packages
+ designed to handle specific tasks---typesetting
+ transparencies, music, chemistry or physics diagrams,
+ etc.---are described. The special-purpose packages surveyed
+ are SliTeX, FoilTeX, Seminar, MusicTeX, ChemStruct, and
+ ChemTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>There are a lot of overlapping features and similar
+ commands in the general-purpose packages. To understand why
+ this is the case, consider how a new macro package comes into
+ existence. An ambitious person, who is very familiar with
+ TeX, decides that there are some things she would like to
+ express in her documents that are difficult to express with
+ existing formats. Perhaps, for example, no existing format
+ produces documents that match the precise specifications
+ required for publishing in her field, or perhaps she has in
+ mind a whole new document structuring paradigm. A more
+ mundane possibility is simply that she has been customizing
+ an existing format for some time and now feels it has enough
+ unique features to be useful to others.</p>
+
+ <p>In any event, a new format is born. Now, if this format is
+ designed for a very specific task, writing multiple-choice
+ mathematics exams, for example, it might not have very many
+ general-purpose writing features. On the other hand, if it is
+ designed for writing longer, more general documents (e.g.,
+ history textbooks or papers to appear in a particular
+ journal) then there are a number of features that it is
+ likely to include; provisions for numbered lists, cross
+ references, tables of contents, indexes, and quotations are
+ all examples of features common to many documents.</p>
+
+ <p>To support these common features, many macro packages have
+ similar control sequences. This stems from the fact that they
+ are all built on top of a common set of primitives<a
+ id="id2869134" class="indexterm" name="id2869134"></a> and
+ that macro package authors tend to copy some features of
+ other packages into their own.</p>
+
+ <p>You may find that you'd like to use the features of
+ several different packages in the same document.
+ Unfortunately, there is no provision for using multiple
+ formats to process a single document. The features required
+ to process most documents are shared by all of the
+ general-purpose formats, however. You are more likely to need
+ multiple macro packages if you want to use a special format
+ to construct a diagram or figure and incorporate it into a
+ document. Chapter&#160;<a href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a></em></span>,
+ describes several ways to take &#8220;electronic
+ snippets&#8221; of one document and insert them into another,
+ which is one possible solution to this problem.</p>
+
+ <p>If you're beginning to feel a little lost, have no fear.
+ Most general-purpose formats are sufficient for most
+ documents. And there's no reason why every document you write
+ has to be done with the same format. Many people find LaTeX
+ and Plain TeX sufficient, but if you're writing an article
+ for a particular journal and someone has written a format
+ specifically for that journal's documents, by all means use
+ it. It is more likely, however, that someone has written a
+ style file<a id="id2873990" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2873990"></a> which tailors LaTeX to the requirements
+ of the journal.</p>
+
+ <p>In addition to describing some common macro packages in
+ this chapter, I'll describe how to build format files for
+ them. If the packages that you want to use have already been
+ installed at your site, you can ignore the installation
+ sections.</p>
+
+ <p>The packages that you find most convenient will depend on
+ the tasks you perform and how well each package suits your
+ work style. The list of packages in this chapter is not meant
+ to be all-inclusive, nor is it my intention to suggest which
+ packages are best. Use the ones <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>you</em></span> like, for whatever
+ reasons.</p>
+
+ <p>I can hear some of you already, &#8220;I don't really need
+ a macro package,&#8221; you say, &#8220;I can roll my own
+ with just TeX.&#8221;</p>
+
+ <p>And you are absolutely correct.</p>
+
+ <p>I don't recommend it, however. It's akin to using your
+ compiler without any of the built-in functions. Most TeX
+ primitives offer little support by themselves for writing
+ documents.</p>
+
+ <div class="sidebar">
+ <p class="title"><b>A New Perspective</b></p>
+
+ <p>LaTeX2e<a id="id2874066" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874066"></a> (and its successor, which will be
+ LaTeX3<a id="id2874077" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874077"></a>) seek to address many of the problems
+ mentioned above by defining a core LaTeX format with
+ extension packages to provide custom features.</p>
+
+ <p>The LaTeX2e system provides a single format <a
+ id="id2874097" class="indexterm" name="id2874097"></a> file
+ that supports LaTeX<a id="id2874111" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874111"></a>, AMSTeX<a id="id2874123"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2874123"></a>, and SliTeX<a
+ id="id2874134" class="indexterm" name="id2874134"></a>. For
+ the time being, LaTeX2e is described separately in this
+ chapter along with the other formats. Be aware, however,
+ that LaTeX2e is now the standard LaTeX<sup>[<a
+ id="id2874145" name="id2874145"
+ href="#ftn.id2874145">39</a>]</sup>and you should migrate
+ to it as soon as possible.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="macpack.sec.latexvslatexe"
+ name="macpack.sec.latexvslatexe"></a>Installation:
+ Making Format Files</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A format file<a id="id2874176" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874176"></a><a id="id2874186" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874186"></a>, as described in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a></em></span>,
+ is a special &#8220;compiled&#8221; version of a macro
+ package. The iniTeX<a id="id2874224" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874224"></a> program interprets all of the control
+ sequences in a macro package and writes the corresponding
+ memory image into a file. Loading a format file is much
+ faster than loading individual macro packages in your
+ document because TeX does not have to interpret any of the
+ control sequences while it is also processing text.</p>
+
+ <p>In general, all format files should be stored in the
+ same directory.<sup>[<a id="id2874246" name="id2874246"
+ href="#ftn.id2874246">40</a>]</sup> If you install TeX in a
+ directory called <tt>tex</tt>, then formats typically go in
+ a directory called <tt>formats</tt><a id="id2874268"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2874268"></a> in the <tt>tex</tt>
+ directory<a id="id2874283" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874283"></a>. This is not universally the case
+ because you need separate format directories for big and
+ small TeXs.<sup>[<a id="id2874291" name="id2874291"
+ href="#ftn.id2874291">41</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>Usually, an environment variable<a id="id2874326"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2874326"></a><a id="id2874333"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2874333"></a> indicates where the
+ format files are located. Environment variables are a
+ common way of customizing your interaction with programs.
+ They are usually set in your <tt>AUTOEXEC.BAT</tt> file<a
+ id="id2874354" class="indexterm" name="id2874354"></a> for
+ MS-DOS, <tt>CONFIG.SYS</tt><a id="id2874371"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2874371"></a> for OS/2, or the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>rc</em></span>-file for a shell
+ (i.e., <tt>.cshrc</tt><a id="id2874392" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874392"></a>, <tt>.kshrc</tt><a id="id2874409"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2874409"></a>) on unix systems.
+ Any good reference book for your operating system or shell
+ will describe how to use environment variables.</p>
+
+ <p>A common name for the environment variable that
+ indicates where TeX formats are located is
+ <tt>TEXFORMATS</tt>. Implementations that provide big and
+ small TeXs need another variable to indicate the directory
+ that contains formats for big TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>IniTeX is not always a separate program. Some
+ implementations of TeX combine the functionality of TeX and
+ iniTeX into a single program and use a special switch at
+ runtime to determine which function to perform. In this
+ chapter, all of the examples use the program name
+ <tt>initex</tt> to identify iniTeX. If you use an
+ implementation that doesn't provide a separate iniTeX
+ program, you should use the TeX program with the iniTeX
+ switch<a id="id2874454" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874454"></a> instead. For example, for emTeX, use
+ <tt>tex /i</tt> instead of <tt>initex</tt> when you build a
+ format.</p>
+
+ <p>Like TeX, iniTeX needs to be able to find input files<a
+ id="id2874487" class="indexterm" name="id2874487"></a>.
+ Usually, this is accomplished by searching the directories
+ listed in the <tt>TEXINPUTS</tt> environment variable.
+ Place the input files that iniTeX needs in a directory on
+ the <tt>TEXINPUTS</tt> path before running iniTeX unless
+ otherwise directed. The <tt>TEXINPUTS</tt> environment
+ variable is discussed in the &#8220;<a
+ href="ch03.html#sec.userfiles" title="User Files">the
+ section called &#8220;User Files&#8221;</a>&#8221; section
+ of Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2874541"
+ name="id2874541"></a>Hyphenation Patterns</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In order for TeX to correctly hyphenate words, every
+ format file must contain a set of hyphenation patterns<a
+ id="id2874552" class="indexterm" name="id2874552"></a>.
+ The patterns are part of an algorithmic solution to the
+ problem of breaking a word into syllables for
+ hyphenation.</p>
+
+ <p>The details of the hyphenation algorithm (given in
+ Appendix H of <span class="emphasis"><em>The
+ TeXbook</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#kn:texbook">kn:texbook</a>]) are too
+ complex to describe here, but two aspects of this
+ solution deserve particular emphasis. First, using
+ patterns means that a dictionary of hyphenated words is
+ not necessary.<sup>[<a id="id2874585" name="id2874585"
+ href="#ftn.id2874585">42</a>]</sup> This saves a lot of
+ space and time. Second, by loading different sets of
+ patterns, TeX can achieve equal success at hyphenating
+ any language---even English ;-). There are actually at
+ least two sets of hyphenation patterns for English, one
+ for British English and one for American English.
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">
+ Chapter&#160;7</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
+ href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">
+ Chapter&#160;7</a></em></span>, describes how to load
+ multiple sets of hyphenation patterns for typesetting
+ multilingual documents<a id="id2874620" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874620"></a>.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2874634"
+ name="id2874634"></a>General-purpose Formats</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This section describes several macro packages <a
+ id="id2874644" class="indexterm" name="id2874644"></a> that
+ are designed for formatting standard documents like
+ articles or books. In order to provide some form of
+ comparative measure, each macro package is used to create
+ the same document, a one-page report that looks like
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch04.html#fig.sampresults"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.1.&#160;Sample page">Figure&#160;4.1</a>.
+ I constructed this example to demonstrate a few common
+ elements in a document: several sizes of headings, a
+ paragraph of text, inline and displayed mathematics, and a
+ few fonts. There are lots of other things that aren't shown
+ (tables, figures, footnotes, etc.), and these elements vary
+ as much as any other in the different macro packages.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.sampresults" name="fig.sampresults"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.1.&#160;Sample
+ page</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="perf-ltx.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Observant readers will notice that the examples are
+ shown in the Computer Modern fonts while the rest of this
+ book uses different fonts.<sup>[<a id="id2874736"
+ name="id2874736" href="#ftn.id2874736">43</a>]</sup> There
+ are a number of reasons why the example is shown in
+ Computer Modern. For one thing, all of the formats
+ discussed here use the Computer Modern fonts by default.
+ Using a different set of fonts would only add more
+ complexity to each example. A more subtle problem is that I
+ do not have appropriate mathematics fonts for Garamond.
+ There are a number of complex issues involving the use of
+ fonts in TeX. They are discussed in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2874772"
+ name="id2874772"></a>Plain TeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Plain TeX<a id="id2874779" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874779"></a> is the format <a id="id2874790"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2874790"></a> written by Donald
+ Knuth<a id="id2874805" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874805"></a> during the development of TeX. It
+ is described fully in <span class="emphasis"><em>The
+ {TeX}book</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#kn:texbook">kn:texbook</a>].</p>
+
+ <p>Plain TeX ties together the TeX primitives <a
+ id="id2874830" class="indexterm" name="id2874830"></a> in
+ a way that makes it practical to work in TeX. If you do
+ not have a computer programming background, you may find
+ Plain TeX a little bit intimidating. It is definitely a
+ &#8220;roll your own&#8221; environment. Although it
+ demonstrably contains all of the functionality required
+ to write everything from letters to books, there is very
+ little &#8220;user-friendly&#8221; packaging around the
+ internals of TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>Aside from user interface considerations, which are
+ highly subjective, Plain TeX lacks some functionality
+ when compared to other formats. There is no provision in
+ Plain TeX for automatically numbered sections, labelled
+ figures, tables of contents, indexes, or bibliographies.
+ Any of these functions can be constructed in Plain TeX if
+ you are willing to invest the time and energy required to
+ write your own macros, but they are not built into Plain
+ TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>If you enjoy writing your own macros or plan to
+ produce novel types of documents, a firm grasp of Plain
+ TeX will allow you to write anything in TeX. A firm grasp
+ of Plain TeX also makes it easier to understand and
+ modify other formats (like LaTeX) that are built on top
+ of Plain TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>In addition, Plain TeX is the only format that is
+ always distributed with TeX. The other formats discussed
+ in this chapter are freely available but do not come with
+ TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>The Plain TeX input that produces the report in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch04.html#fig.sampresults"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.1.&#160;Sample page">Figure&#160;4.1</a>
+ is shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#ex.sampplaintex"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.2.&#160;Plain TeX Input">Figure&#160;4.2</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="ex.sampplaintex" name="ex.sampplaintex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.2.&#160;Plain TeX
+ Input</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="perf-ptx" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2874942"
+ name="id2874942"></a>Building the Plain TeX
+ format</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>To build Plain TeX<a id="id2874951"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2874951"></a>, you need only
+ two files: <tt>plain.tex</tt><a id="id2874971"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2874971"></a> and
+ <tt>hyphen.tex</tt><a id="id2874994" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2874994"></a>. These files are distributed with
+ TeX so they should be available as soon as you have
+ installed TeX. The <tt>hyphen.tex</tt> file is
+ language-dependent. Readers who frequently work with
+ non-English text should read Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">
+ Chapter&#160;7</a> for more information about obtaining
+ non-English hyphenation patterns.</p>
+
+ <p>The command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>initex plain \dump</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>will create the Plain TeX format. Move the resulting
+ files, <tt>plain.fmt</tt><a id="id2875061"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875061"></a> and
+ <tt>plain.log</tt><a id="id2875077" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2875077"></a>, into your TeX formats
+ directory.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2875093"
+ name="id2875093"></a>Extended Plain TeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Extended Plain TeX<a id="id2875102" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2875102"></a><a id="id2875112" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2875112"></a> extends Plain TeX in a number of
+ useful ways without forcing you to use any particular
+ &#8220;style&#8221; of output. The argument is this:
+ although Plain TeX really doesn't provide all of the
+ features that you need (tables of contents, cross
+ references, citations, enumerated lists, convenient
+ access to verbatim input, etc), many of these features
+ don't have any direct impact on the appearance of your
+ document. Unfortunately, other general-purpose macro
+ packages like LaTeX, which do provide these features,
+ tend to force you to accept their notion of what the
+ typeset page should look like.<sup>[<a id="id2875131"
+ name="id2875131" href="#ftn.id2875131">44</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>Extended Plain TeX is an attempt to solve that
+ problem. It provides many behind-the-scenes features
+ without providing any general page layout commands (like
+ \chapter or \section), which means that these features
+ can be used inside Plain TeX without much difficulty and
+ without changing the layout of typeset pages.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2875171"
+ name="id2875171"></a>Building the Extended Plain
+ TeX format</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>To build the Extended Plain TeX format<a
+ id="id2875181" class="indexterm" name="id2875181"></a>,
+ you need the <tt>plain.tex</tt><a id="id2875201"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875201"></a> and
+ <tt>hyphen.tex</tt> files <a id="id2875225"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875225"></a> required to
+ build the Plain format as well as the
+ <tt>eplain.tex</tt> file <a id="id2875250"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875250"></a> distributed
+ with Extended Plain TeX.<sup>[<a id="id2875268"
+ name="id2875268" href="#ftn.id2875268">45</a>]</sup>
+ Make and install the Plain TeX format first, then
+ change to the directory that contains the Extended
+ Plain TeX distribution.</p>
+
+ <p>The command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+$ <span class="bold"><b>initex \&amp;plain eplain \dump</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>will create the Extended Plain TeX format. Move the
+ resulting files, <tt>eplain.fmt</tt> <a id="id2875315"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875315"></a> and
+ <tt>eplain.log</tt><a id="id2875338" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2875338"></a>, into your TeX formats
+ directory.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2875359"
+ name="id2875359"></a>LaTeX2e Versus LaTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The tremendous popularity of LaTeX<a id="id2875368"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875368"></a><a id="id2875378"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875378"></a> in the TeX
+ community has had an unfortunate side effect: because it
+ is a very familiar and flexible format, many people have
+ used it as the basis for extensions of one sort or
+ another. This has resulted in a wide range of (slightly)
+ incompatible formats and a lot of frustration.</p>
+
+ <p>This situation is being rectified by a new release of
+ LaTeX, currently called LaTeX2e<a id="id2875402"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875402"></a><a id="id2875414"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875414"></a>. The new release
+ replaces the existing dialects of LaTeX (LaTeX with and
+ without NFSS, SliTeX, AMSLaTeX, etc.) with a single core
+ system and a set of extension packages. LaTeX2e includes
+ a compatibility mode which will allow it to continue to
+ format existing documents without change (provided that
+ they do not rely on local modifications to the LaTeX
+ format, of course). Local modifications can also be
+ incorporated into the LaTeX2e system as extension
+ packages, making LaTeX2e a complete replacement for all
+ existing versions of LaTeX and packages closely derived
+ from LaTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>The most significant and least compatible difference
+ between LaTeX and LaTeX2e<a id="id2875443"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875443"></a><a id="id2875460"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875460"></a> is the font
+ selection scheme. There are many control sequences for
+ selecting fonts in LaTeX. Some control the typeface (\rm,
+ \tt, \sc, etc.); some the size (\small, \normalsize,
+ \large, etc.); and some the appearance (\it, \bf, \em,
+ etc.). Under the Old Font Selection Scheme (OFSS)<a
+ id="id2875523" class="indexterm" name="id2875523"></a>,
+ the control sequences for selecting a font completely
+ override any font selection already in place. Consider,
+ for example, the control sequences \it and \bf, which
+ switch to italic and boldface. Using \bf\it produces
+ italic text, and \it\bf produces boldface text, and <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>neither</em></span> produces
+ boldfaced-italic text (which is probably what you
+ wanted).</p>
+
+ <p>Under the New Font Selection Scheme<a id="id2875563"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875563"></a><a id="id2875570"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875570"></a>, typeface (called
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>family</em></span> in NFSS
+ parlance), appearance (called <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>series</em></span> and <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>shape</em></span>), and size are
+ viewed as orthogonal components in font selection.
+ Because these parameters are independent, selecting an
+ italic appearance with the \it control sequence switches
+ to italic in the current typeface and size. Under the
+ NFSS, \bf\cs{it} <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>does</em></span> select
+ boldface-italic in both the current typeface and size (if
+ it is available).</p>
+
+ <p>LaTeX2e supports only the NFSS, version 2 (called
+ NFSS2)<a id="id2875613" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2875613"></a><a id="id2875624" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2875624"></a>. For more than a year, the NFSS
+ (initially version 1, and more recently version 2) has
+ been available as an extension for LaTeX 2.09. However,
+ in light of stable test releases of LaTeX2e, the NFSS2
+ package for LaTeX 2.09 has been withdrawn. The discussion
+ of NFSS in this book applies equally well to LaTeX 2.09
+ with NFSS2, but it is described in terms of LaTeX2e in an
+ effort to be more applicable in the future. The NFSS is
+ discussed in more detail in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.latexe"
+ name="sec.latexe"></a>LaTeX2e</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Leslie Lamport<a id="id2875668" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2875668"></a>'s LaTeX format is probably the most
+ commonly used TeX format. It is described in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>LaTeX: A Document Preparation
+ System</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#ll:latexbook">ll:latexbook</a>] and many
+ other TeX books. LaTeX2e<a id="id2875692"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875692"></a> is the new
+ standard LaTeX. It is described in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>{The LaTeX
+ Companion}</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#latexcompanion">latexcompanion</a>]. The
+ next edition of <span class="emphasis"><em>LaTeX: A
+ Document Preparation System</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#ll:latexbook">ll:latexbook</a>] will also
+ describe LaTeX2e.</p>
+
+ <div class="sidebar">
+ <p>At the time of this writing, LaTeX2e is available
+ only in a test release, but by the time you read this,
+ it is likely to be available as the new standard LaTeX.
+ It is described first in this chapter to emphasize that
+ you should begin using LaTeX2e as soon as possible.
+ Once LaTeX2e is out of testing, it will become LaTeX,
+ and support for older versions will not be provided (at
+ least not by the LaTeX developers). LaTeX2e includes a
+ compatibility mode<a id="id2875736" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2875736"></a> for old LaTeX documents so the
+ transition should be relatively painless.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The central theme of LaTeX is &#8220;structured
+ document preparation.&#8221; An ideal LaTeX document is
+ described entirely in terms of its structure: chapters,
+ sections, paragraphs, numbered lists, bulleted items,
+ tables, figures, and all the other elements of a document
+ are identified descriptively. For example, you enclose
+ figures in a figure <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>environment</em></span> identified
+ by the control sequences \begin{figure} and
+ \end{figure}.</p>
+
+ <p>When you are ready to print your document, select an
+ appropriate document class<a id="id2875794"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875794"></a>, and LaTeX
+ formats your document according to the rules of the
+ selected style. In the case of the ideal document, it
+ might first be printed in a magazine or newsletter using
+ the article class. Later, when it is incorporated into a
+ book, selecting the book class is <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> that is required to
+ produce appropriate output; the document itself is
+ unchanged.</p>
+
+ <p>LaTeX is written on top of Plain TeX. This means that
+ almost any control sequence <a id="id2875821"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2875821"></a> or macro that you
+ learn about in Plain TeX can also be used in LaTeX. Of
+ course, LaTeX insulates you from many Plain TeX commands
+ by wrapping a much more user-friendly interface around
+ them.</p>
+
+ <p>The LaTeX2e input that produces the sample page in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch04.html#fig.sampresults"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.1.&#160;Sample page">Figure&#160;4.1</a>
+ is shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#fig.samplatex2e"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.3.&#160;LaTeX2e Input">Figure&#160;4.3</a>.
+ The only difference between this document and an old
+ LaTeX document is the use of the \documentclass
+ declaration instead of the \documentstyle
+ declaration.<sup>[<a id="id2875867" name="id2875867"
+ href="#ftn.id2875867">46</a>]</sup> For more complex
+ documents, other minor changes may also be necessary.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.samplatex2e" name="fig.samplatex2e"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.3.&#160;LaTeX2e
+ Input</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="perf-l2e.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="sec.buildlatexe"
+ name="sec.buildlatexe"></a>Building the LaTeX2e
+ format</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The LaTeX2e distribution is available from the
+ directory <tt>macros/latex2e/core</tt> in the CTAN
+ archives<a id="id2875937" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2875937"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The following steps will build the LaTeX2e format.
+ For more complete installation instructions, read the
+ file <tt>install.l2e</tt> in the LaTeX2e
+ distribution.</p>
+
+ <div class="orderedlist">
+ <ol type="1">
+ <li>
+ <p>Place the LaTeX2e distribution in a temporary
+ directory and make that directory the current
+ directory. After the installation is complete,
+ you will need to move only selected files into
+ the standard places.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Restrict to only the current directory the
+ directories that TeX searches for input files</p>
+
+ <p>This can usually be accomplished by setting
+ the environment variable
+ <tt>TEXINPUTS</tt><sup>[<a id="id2876004"
+ name="id2876004"
+ href="#ftn.id2876004">47</a>]</sup> to a single
+ period or the absolute path name of the current
+ directory.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Copy the <tt>hyphen.tex</tt> file <a
+ id="id2876037" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2876037"></a> from the Plain TeX
+ distribution into the current directory.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Issue the command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>initex unpack2e.ins</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This will unpack all of the distribution
+ files.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Build the format file by issuing the
+ command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>initex latex2e.ltx</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Move the resulting files <tt>latex2e.fmt</tt>
+ <a id="id2876114" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2876114"></a> and <tt>latex2e.log</tt><a
+ id="id2876128" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2876128"></a> into the TeX formats
+ directory.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>In addition to the files needed to build the
+ format, unpacking the LaTeX2e distribution
+ creates many files that are needed for formatting
+ documents. These files must be placed in a
+ location where TeX will find them. However, in
+ order to maintain a functioning LaTeX 2.09
+ system, you must not place the new files in the
+ same input directory as the existing
+ files.<sup>[<a id="id2876148" name="id2876148"
+ href="#ftn.id2876148">48</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>Create a new directory (or folder) for the new
+ files. On the unix system that I use, where
+ existing input files are stored in a directory
+ called <tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/inputs</tt>, I
+ created <tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/latex2e</tt> to
+ store the new files. You will have to add the new
+ directory to the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>front</em></span> of the
+ list of directories that TeX searches for input
+ files whenever you format a document with
+ LaTeX2e.</p>
+
+ <p>Move the files that the installation script
+ produces into the new directory. Move the files
+ <tt>docstrip.tex</tt>, <tt>latexbug.tex</tt>,
+ <tt>sfontdef.ltx</tt>, <tt>slides.ltx</tt>,
+ <tt>testpage.tex</tt>, and all of the files that
+ end in <tt>.cfg</tt>, <tt>.cls</tt>,
+ <tt>.clo</tt>, <tt>.def</tt>, <tt>.fd</tt>, and
+ <tt>.sty</tt>. You should also move the files
+ <tt>gglo.ist</tt> and <tt>gind.ist</tt> someplace
+ where <b>MakeIndex</b> can find them.
+ (<b>MakeIndex</b> is described in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch12.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
+ Chapter&#160;12</a>, <span
+ class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch12.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
+ Chapter&#160;12</a></em></span>.)</p>
+
+ <p>One of the aspects of the test releases that
+ continues to change is the exact list of files
+ that must be moved. Consult the
+ <tt>install.l2e</tt> file in the distribution for
+ the exact list. The list above is from the test
+ version of January 28, 1994.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.latex"
+ name="sec.latex"></a>LaTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This section briefly covers LaTeX version 2.09. This
+ version of LaTeX<a id="id2876362" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2876362"></a><a id="id2876373" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2876373"></a> is still very widely used but it is
+ being phased out.</p>
+
+ <p>The LaTeX input to produce the sample page in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch04.html#fig.sampresults"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.1.&#160;Sample page">Figure&#160;4.1</a>
+ is shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#fig.samplatex"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.4.&#160;LaTeX Input File">Figure&#160;4.4</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.samplatex" name="fig.samplatex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.4.&#160;LaTeX Input
+ File</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="perf-ltx.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Support for the NFSS in LaTeX 2.09 has been withdrawn.
+ If you need to build a format with support for NFSS,
+ consult the &#8220;<a href="ch04.html#sec.latexe"
+ title="LaTeX2e">the section called
+ &#8220;LaTeX2e&#8221;</a>&#8221; section of this
+ chapter.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="sec.buildlatexofss"
+ name="sec.buildlatexofss"></a>Building the LaTeX
+ format with the OFSS</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The LaTeX <a id="id2876478" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2876478"></a><a id="id2876490"
+ class="indexterm"
+ name="id2876490"></a>distribution<sup>[<a
+ id="id2876500" name="id2876500"
+ href="#ftn.id2876500">49</a>]</sup> includes three
+ subdirectories, <tt>sty</tt>, <tt>doc</tt>, and
+ <tt>general</tt>. All of the LaTeX files required to
+ build the format file are in the <tt>general</tt>
+ subdirectory. You will also need the
+ <tt>hyphen.tex</tt> file <a id="id2876557"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2876557"></a> required to
+ build the Plain format.</p>
+
+ <p>In the <tt>general</tt> subdirectory, the
+ command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>initex lplain</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>will create the LaTeX format. Move the resulting
+ files, <tt>lplain.fmt</tt> <a id="id2876609"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2876609"></a> and
+ <tt>lplain.log</tt><a id="id2876632" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2876632"></a>, to the TeX formats directory. In
+ order to complete the installation, copy the files from
+ the <tt>sty</tt> directory in the LaTeX distribution
+ into a directory where TeX searches for input
+ files.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.texincolor"
+ name="sec.texincolor"></a>AMSTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>When the American Mathematical Society<a
+ id="id2876675" class="indexterm" name="id2876675"></a>
+ selected TeX as a document preparation system, they
+ decided to extend it in a number of ways to make the
+ creation of papers and journals easier. They had two
+ goals: to make it easier for authors to write
+ mathematical papers in TeX and to make the resulting
+ papers conform to a particular set of style
+ specifications. AMSTeX<a id="id2876684" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2876684"></a> is described completely in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>The Joy of TeX</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#ms:joyoftex">ms:joyoftex</a>].</p>
+
+ <p>AMSTeX provides many commands that resemble LaTeX
+ environments. These have the form
+ \<i><tt>environment</tt></i> &#8230;
+ \end<i><tt>environment</tt></i>. In addition, AMSTeX
+ provides the notion of a document style to control
+ style-related formatting issues.</p>
+
+ <p>Another important contribution made by the American
+ Mathematical Society when creating AMSTeX was the
+ construction of a large number of new fonts<a
+ id="id2876739" class="indexterm" name="id2876739"></a><a
+ id="id2876757" class="indexterm" name="id2876757"></a>.
+ The American Mathematical Society provides fonts with
+ many more mathematical symbols than the fonts that come
+ with TeX. These fonts are available as a separate package
+ and can be used with any TeX macro package, not just
+ AMSTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>The AMSTeX input required to produce the document in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch04.html#fig.amsresults"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.6.&#160;AMS sample page">Figure&#160;4.6</a>
+ is shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#ex.sampamstex"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.5.&#160;AMSTeX Input File">Figure&#160;4.5</a>.
+ The result of formatting this document does not appear
+ exactly like Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#fig.sampresults"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.1.&#160;Sample page">Figure&#160;4.1</a>
+ because AMSTeX uses the style conventions of the American
+ Mathematical Society.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="ex.sampamstex" name="ex.sampamstex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.5.&#160;AMSTeX Input
+ File</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+ href="perf-amt"></a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.amsresults" name="fig.amsresults"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.6.&#160;AMS sample
+ page</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="perf-amt.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2876876"
+ name="id2876876"></a>Building the AMSTeX
+ format</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In order to build the AMSTeX format, you need the
+ <tt>plain.tex</tt> <a id="id2876893" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2876893"></a> and <tt>hyphen.tex</tt> files <a
+ id="id2876917" class="indexterm" name="id2876917"></a>
+ from Plain TeX and the <tt>amstex.ini</tt> <a
+ id="id2876941" class="indexterm" name="id2876941"></a>
+ and <tt>amstex.tex</tt> <a id="id2876959"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2876959"></a> files from the
+ AMSTeX distribution<a id="id2876970" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2876970"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>initex amstex.ini</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>will create the AMSTeX format. Move the resulting
+ files, <tt>amstex.fmt</tt> <a id="id2877015"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2877015"></a> and
+ <tt>amstex.log</tt><a id="id2877031" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877031"></a>, into your TeX formats
+ directory.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2877047"
+ name="id2877047"></a>AMSLaTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>AMSLaTeX<a id="id2877055" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877055"></a><a id="id2877065" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877065"></a>, like AMSTeX, provides many
+ features to make typesetting mathematics convenient while
+ meeting the standards of the American Mathematical
+ Society<a id="id2877079" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877079"></a> for publication. However, AMSTeX
+ lacks many of the features that are present in LaTeX,
+ like automatically numbered sections and tools for
+ creating tables of contents and indexes.</p>
+
+ <p>When LaTeX gained popularity, many authors requested
+ permission to submit articles to the American
+ Mathematical Society in LaTeX. In 1987, the American
+ Mathematical Society began a project to combine the
+ features of AMSTeX with the features of LaTeX. The result
+ is AMSLaTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>AMSLaTeX provides all of the functionality of LaTeX
+ because it is an extension of LaTeX. It also provides the
+ functionality of AMSTeX in LaTeX syntax and access to
+ additional mathematical constructs and math symbols not
+ present in LaTeX. .</p>
+
+ <p>The input required to produce Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#fig.sampresults"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.1.&#160;Sample page">Figure&#160;4.1</a>
+ is not shown because they do not differ significantly
+ from the LaTeX sample. Because the sample document
+ doesn't use any of AMSLaTeX's additional features, it is
+ exactly the same as the LaTeX document.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2877132"
+ name="id2877132"></a>Building the AMSLaTeX
+ format</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The AMSLaTeX macros are embodied entirely in style
+ files for LaTeX. It is not necessary to build a special
+ format file<a id="id2877141" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877141"></a>. However, the AMSLaTeX macros
+ require the New Font Selection Scheme (NFSS). Consult
+ the section on LaTeX, above, for instructions on
+ building the LaTeX format with NFSS.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2877164"
+ name="id2877164"></a>Lollipop</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>It can be argued that LaTeX has the following
+ deficiency: although there are many different style
+ options available, it is not easy for a novice user to
+ change a style option. Changing the internals of most
+ LaTeX style options requires a deep understanding of
+ TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>The Lollipop<a id="id2877183" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877183"></a><a id="id2877189" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877189"></a> format is very different from the
+ other formats. The central thrust of Lollipop is that it
+ should be easy to change and customize document styles.
+ All Lollipop documents are built from five different
+ generic constructs: headings, lists, text blocks, page
+ grids, and external items.</p>
+
+ <p>The Lollipop input required to produce a document like
+ the sample page in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#fig.sampresults"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.1.&#160;Sample page">Figure&#160;4.1</a>
+ is shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#ex.samplollipop"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.7.&#160;Lollipop Input File">Figure&#160;4.7</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="ex.samplollipop" name="ex.samplollipop"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.7.&#160;Lollipop
+ Input File</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+ href="perf-lol"></a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2873878"
+ name="id2873878"></a>Building the Lollipop
+ format</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>To make <a id="id2873887" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2873887"></a>the Lollipop format, you need the
+ Lollipop distribution and the file <tt>hyphen.tex</tt>
+ from the Plain TeX distribution.</p>
+
+ <p>This command will create the Lollipop format:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>initex lollipop \dump</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>It should be performed in the directory where you
+ installed the Lollipop distribution so that all of the
+ Lollipop files can be located. Move the resulting files
+ <tt>lollipop.fmt</tt><a id="id2873932"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2873932"></a> and
+ <tt>lollipop.log</tt><a id="id2873950"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2873950"></a> into your TeX
+ formats directory.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2873910"
+ name="id2873910"></a>TeXinfo</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The TeXinfo format is a general-purpose format, but it
+ was designed to support a particular application: to
+ produce both online documentation and professional
+ quality typeset documentation from the same source file.
+ It is discussed in more detail in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch10.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation">Chapter&#160;10</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch10.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation">Chapter&#160;10</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>The input file shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#ex.infinp"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.8.&#160;TeXinfo Input">Figure&#160;4.8</a>
+ produces the typeset output shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#fig.infex"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.9.&#160;TeXinfo sample page">Figure&#160;4.9</a>.
+ The input file for this example is complicated by the
+ fact that it contains mathematics. None of TeX's
+ sophisticated mechanisms for handling mathematics are
+ applicable to plain ASCII online documentation. The
+ online documentation produced by the example in
+ Example&#160;<a href="ch04.html#ex.infinp"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.8.&#160;TeXinfo Input">Figure&#160;4.8</a>
+ is shown in Figure&#160;<a href="ch04.html#fig.infinf"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.10.&#160;Online documentation produced by MakeInfo">
+ Figure&#160;4.10</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The TeXinfo<a id="id2877600" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877600"></a><a id="id2877609" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877609"></a> format is the official
+ documentation format of the Free Software Foundation
+ (FSF)<a id="id2877625" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877625"></a>. Although less commonly used, a
+ LaTeX variant called LaTeXinfo<a id="id2877634"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2877634"></a> is also
+ available.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="ex.infinp" name="ex.infinp"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.8.&#160;TeXinfo
+ Input</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+ href="perf-inf"></a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.infex" name="fig.infex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.9.&#160;TeXinfo
+ sample page</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="perf-inf.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.infinf" name="fig.infinf"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.10.&#160;Online
+ documentation produced by MakeInfo</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="perf-inf.inf"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2877747"
+ name="id2877747"></a>Other Formats</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>There are a number of other macro packages available
+ for TeX. Some of them are summarized below. The fact that
+ they are not discussed more fully here (or listed below,
+ for that matter) is not intended to reflect on the
+ quality of the format. The formats discussed above are
+ examples of the ways in which TeX can be extended. All of
+ the formats below extend TeX in a way similar to one of
+ the formats already mentioned. For any particular
+ application, one of these macro packages might be a
+ better choice than the formats discussed above.</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term">EDMAC</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Provides support for typesetting critical
+ editions of texts in a format similar to the Oxford
+ Classical Texts with marginal line numbers and
+ multiple series of footnotes and endnotes keyed by
+ line number. EDMAC<a id="id2877788"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2877788"></a><a
+ id="id2877796" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877796"></a> is available from the CTAN
+ archives in the directory
+ <tt>macros/plain/contrib/edmac</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">INRSTeX</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Provides support for multilingual documents in
+ French<a id="id2877842" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877842"></a> and English. INRSTeX<a
+ id="id2877853" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877853"></a><a id="id2877862"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2877862"></a> is
+ available from the CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>macros/inrstex</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">LamSTeX</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Extends AMSTeX with LaTeX-like features and
+ improved support for commutative diagrams.
+ LamSTeX<a id="id2877908" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877908"></a><a id="id2877921"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2877921"></a> is
+ available from the CTAN archives in
+ <tt>macros/lamstex</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">REVTeX</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Extends LaTeX to provide support for typesetting
+ articles for journals of the American Physical
+ Society<a id="id2877974" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877974"></a>, the Optical Society of
+ America<a id="id2877982" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877982"></a>, and the American Institute
+ for Physics<a id="id2877992" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877992"></a>. REVTeX<a id="id2878000"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878000"></a><a
+ id="id2878010" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878010"></a> is available in the directory
+ <tt>macros/latex/contrib/revtex</tt> of the CTAN
+ archives.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">TeXsis</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Provides facilities for typesetting articles,
+ papers, and theses. It is particularly tuned for
+ physics papers. TeXsis<a id="id2878061"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878061"></a><a
+ id="id2878071" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878071"></a> also provides support for
+ other kinds of documents, such as letters and
+ memos. It is based upon Plain TeX. TeXsis is
+ available from the CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>macros/texsis</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>In addition to REVTeX and TeXsis, there are
+ several other packages in the <tt>macros</tt>
+ directory on CTAN that were designed for
+ typesetting documents about physics: PHYSE<a
+ id="id2878115" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878115"></a><a id="id2878122"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878122"></a>, PHYZZX<a
+ id="id2878134" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878134"></a><a id="id2878141"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878141"></a>, and
+ PSIZZLE<a id="id2878152" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878152"></a><a id="id2878159"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878159"></a>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">TeX/Mathematica</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Supports interactive use of Mathematica<a
+ id="id2878190" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878190"></a> on unix workstations running
+ GNU emacs. Mathematica explorations can be
+ annotated with TeX/LaTeX, and Mathematica graphics
+ can be incorporated into documents.
+ TeX/Mathematica<a id="id2878198" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878198"></a><a id="id2878213"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878213"></a> is
+ available from the CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>macros/mathematica</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">ScriptTeX</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Supports typesetting screenplays in TeX.
+ ScriptTeX<a id="id2878261" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878261"></a><a id="id2878271"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878271"></a> is
+ available from the CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>macros/scripttex</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">VerTeX</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Supports typesetting articles for economic
+ journals. VerTeX<a id="id2878320" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878320"></a><a id="id2878330"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878330"></a> is
+ available from the CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>macros/plain/contrib/vertex</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2878394"
+ name="id2878394"></a>Special-purpose Formats</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In addition to the general-purpose packages <a
+ id="id2878402" class="indexterm" name="id2878402"></a>
+ discussed above, there are dozens, if not hundreds, of
+ extensions to TeX that are designed for very specific
+ tasks. Many of the extensions are LaTeX style files; they
+ provide styles for many academic journals, university
+ theses, resum\'es, diagrams of various sorts, PostScript
+ interfaces, linguistics, multinational language support,
+ unix &#8220;man&#8221; pages, program listings, and
+ countless other tasks.</p>
+
+ <p>To give you a feel for the range of tasks that TeX can
+ perform, I've selected a few packages to highlight the
+ latitude of customization that is possible. Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#fig.caffeine"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.11.&#160;Caffeine by ChemTeX">Figure&#160;4.11</a>
+ shows the chemical structure of caffeine (a molecule dear
+ to my heart) rendered with the ChemTeX<a id="id2878431"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878431"></a><a id="id2878453"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878453"></a> package. The source
+ is shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#fig.caffeine-source"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.12.&#160;The ChemTeX Source for Caffeine">
+ Figure&#160;4.12</a>. Another chemistry package,
+ ChemStruct<a id="id2878479" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878479"></a><a id="id2878486" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878486"></a>, was used to draw Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#fig.lithium"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.13.&#160;A lithium cation rendered by ChemStruct">
+ Figure&#160;4.13</a>. Its source is shown in
+ Example&#160;<a href="ch04.html#fig.lithium-source"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.14.&#160;The ChemStruct Source for the Lithium Cation">
+ Figure&#160;4.14</a>. Taking TeX in another direction, the
+ MusicTeX<a id="id2878521" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878521"></a><a id="id2878529" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878529"></a> package was used to typeset the first
+ two bars of Mozart's K545 sonata in C-major in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch04.html#fig.mozart"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.15.&#160;A little Mozart&#8230;">Figure&#160;4.15</a>.
+ The MusicTeX input is shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#fig.mozart-source"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.16.&#160;The MusicTeX Source for Figure ">
+ Figure&#160;4.16</a>. Several more examples are presented
+ in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">Chapter&#160;7</a>
+ where formats for typesetting non-English languages are
+ described.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.caffeine" name="fig.caffeine"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.11.&#160;Caffeine by
+ ChemTeX</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="caffeine.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.caffeine-source"
+ name="fig.caffeine-source"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.12.&#160;The ChemTeX
+ Source for Caffeine</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+ href="caffeine.tex"></a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.lithium" name="fig.lithium"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.13.&#160;A lithium
+ cation rendered by ChemStruct</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="lithium.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.lithium-source" name="fig.lithium-source"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.14.&#160;The ChemStruct
+ Source for the Lithium Cation</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+ href="lithium.tex"></a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.mozart" name="fig.mozart"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.15.&#160;A little
+ Mozart&#8230;</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="mozart.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.mozart-source" name="fig.mozart-source"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;4.16.&#160;The MusicTeX
+ Source for Figure <a href="ch04.html#fig.mozart"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.15.&#160;A little Mozart&#8230;">Figure&#160;4.15</a></b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+ href="mozart.tex"></a>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Another popular special-purpose application of TeX is
+ the production of transparencies<a id="id2878799"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878799"></a>, also called
+ foils<a id="id2878808" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878808"></a> or slides<a id="id2878816"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2878816"></a>. There are a few
+ different options for this application.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2878827"
+ name="id2878827"></a>SliTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>SliTeX is part of the standard LaTeX distribution.
+ Input to SliTeX consists of a main file and a slides
+ file. Individual slides are composed in a <tt>slide</tt>
+ environment.</p>
+
+ <p>SliTeX<a id="id2878850" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878850"></a><a id="id2878859" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878859"></a> has provisions for black-and-white
+ slides, color slides, and overlays. Unlike the other
+ slide-making formats, which rely on \special printer
+ commands<sup>[<a id="id2878876" name="id2878876"
+ href="#ftn.id2878876">50</a>]</sup> to incorporate color,
+ SliTeX produces separate output pages for each color. For
+ example, if you use red to highlight words on an
+ otherwise black-and-white slide, SliTeX will produce two
+ output pages for the slide: one with all the black text
+ (excluding the words in red) and one with just the red
+ words. Both of these pages will be printed in black. You
+ must construct the colored slide by copying the pages
+ onto colored transparencies and overlaying them.
+ Producing slides with overlays in the same color is
+ accomplished with a special &#8220;invisible&#8221;
+ color. This method of producing colored transparencies
+ has been made obsolete by modern color printers. Of
+ course, nothing prevents you from using the \special
+ extensions of your DVI driver in SliTeX to produce
+ colored transparencies directly on a color printer.</p>
+
+ <p>SliTeX has always been a separate macro package,
+ distinct from and not 100\% compatible with LaTeX. With
+ the introduction of LaTeX2e, SliTeX is simply an
+ extension package to the LaTeX2e core format. Support for
+ a separate SliTeX format is being phased out.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2878922"
+ name="id2878922"></a>FoilTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>FoilTeX<a id="id2878931" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2878931"></a> is an extension of LaTeX for
+ producing slides. The primary advantage of FoilTeX over
+ SliTeX is that it is completely compatible with
+ LaTeX.<sup>[<a id="id2878942" name="id2878942"
+ href="#ftn.id2878942">51</a>]</sup> Note, however, that
+ the defaults in many cases are not precisely the same as
+ LaTeX because of the radically different goal of
+ FoilTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>FoilTeX provides support for running headers and
+ footers, modified theorem environments for better
+ mathematics in slides, support for AMS and PostScript
+ fonts, and colors.</p>
+
+ <p>Color slides in FoilTeX are handled by DVI driver
+ \special commands (most commonly <b>dvips</b> \specials).
+ However, FoilTeX includes a number of new and extended
+ features for better handling of color. See the section
+ &#8220;<a href="ch04.html#sec.texincolor"
+ title="AMSTeX">the section called
+ &#8220;AMSTeX&#8221;</a>&#8221; later in this chapter for
+ a detailed discussion of using color in TeX.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2878993"
+ name="id2878993"></a>Seminar</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The Seminar<a id="id2879000" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2879000"></a> style is another alternative for
+ producing slides and notes. Like FoilTeX, the Seminar
+ style is designed to work on top of LaTeX. (Seminar also
+ works with AMSLaTeX.) \ The Seminar style is designed to
+ produce output for a PostScript printer. It isn't
+ strictly necessary to produce PostScript output, but if
+ you do not, many of Seminar's features will be
+ unavailable to you.</p>
+
+ <p>Seminar provides for a mixture of portrait and
+ landscape styles and can support color using either a
+ color-separation technique (similar to SliTeX's method)
+ or direct use of PostScript color. In either case, the
+ PSTricks<a id="id2879012" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2879012"></a> macro package is required. (Consult
+ the section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.pictures.pstricks"
+ title="PSTricks">the section called
+ &#8220;PSTricks&#8221;</a>&#8221; in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a></em></span>,
+ for more information.)</p>
+
+ <p>The Seminar style has support for a number of
+ interesting options (including two-up printing of
+ slides), automatic resizing by changing a magnification
+ parameter, instructions for converting your SliTeX
+ slides, and several extensive demonstration files. Also
+ included are explicit instructions for placing
+ Encapsulated PostScript drawings in your slides.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2879086"
+ name="id2879086"></a>TeX in Color</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>With color printers<a id="id2879094" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2879094"></a><a id="id2879107" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2879107"></a> and copiers becoming more common, the
+ application of color, especially in transparencies, is more
+ important than ever. Unfortunately, TeX knows <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>nothing</em></span> about color.</p>
+
+ <p>A little reflection about the design of TeX will make it
+ clear why this is the case. TeX produces device-independent
+ output. Even when color printers are as common as
+ &#8220;regular&#8221; printers, if that ever becomes the
+ case, it will always be true that color is an inherently
+ device-dependent attribute. It does not make sense for TeX
+ to understand color. However, this does not prevent TeX
+ from using color.</p>
+
+ <p>At the lowest level, all that is required to use color
+ in TeX is some way of telling the printer &#8220;start
+ printing in &lt;<span
+ class="emphasis"><em>color</em></span>&gt; here.&#8221;
+ This is easily accomplished with a \special command. In the
+ discussion that follows, the <b>dvips</b> \special commands
+ are used as concrete examples, but conceptually, any color
+ printer can be used in this way.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2879169"
+ name="id2879169"></a>Setting Up Color</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Color <a id="id2879178" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2879178"></a> support at the DVI driver level is
+ provided by \special commands, but these are not
+ typically convenient to enter directly into your
+ document. Frequently, these commands are specified in
+ terms of percentages of red, green, and blue (RGB color)
+ <a id="id2879192" class="indexterm" name="id2879192"></a>
+ or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK color)<a
+ id="id2879209" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2879209"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Higher-level support is provided by a collection of
+ color control sequences. These sequences are loaded
+ either by inputting the file <tt>colordvi.tex</tt><a
+ id="id2879233" class="indexterm" name="id2879233"></a>
+ (in Plain TeX, for example) or using the
+ <tt>colordvi</tt><a id="id2879253" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2879253"></a> style file (in LaTeX).</p>
+
+ <p><b>dvips</b> defines the colors in terms of
+ &#8220;crayon names.&#8221; If you need very precise
+ control of the colors, you can adjust the precise mix of
+ CMYK values in the file <tt>colordvi.tex</tt> after
+ comparing the output of your printer with a standard
+ scale (typically, the PANTONE scale). The following color
+ names are standard in <b>dvips</b>.</p>
+
+ <table class="simplelist" border="0"
+ summary="Simple list">
+ <tr>
+ <td>Apricot</td>
+
+ <td>Emerald</td>
+
+ <td>OliveGreen</td>
+
+ <td>RubineRed</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Aquamarine</td>
+
+ <td>ForestGreen</td>
+
+ <td>Orange</td>
+
+ <td>Salmon</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Bittersweet</td>
+
+ <td>Fuchsia</td>
+
+ <td>OrangeRed</td>
+
+ <td>SeaGreen</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Black</td>
+
+ <td>Goldenrod</td>
+
+ <td>Orchid</td>
+
+ <td>Sepia</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Blue</td>
+
+ <td>Gray</td>
+
+ <td>Peach</td>
+
+ <td>SkyBlue</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>BlueGreen</td>
+
+ <td>Green</td>
+
+ <td>Periwinkle</td>
+
+ <td>SpringGreen</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>BlueViolet</td>
+
+ <td>GreenYellow</td>
+
+ <td>PineGreen</td>
+
+ <td>Tan</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>BrickRed</td>
+
+ <td>JungleGreen</td>
+
+ <td>Plum</td>
+
+ <td>TealBlue</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Brown</td>
+
+ <td>Lavender</td>
+
+ <td>ProcessBlue</td>
+
+ <td>Thistle</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>BurntOrange</td>
+
+ <td>LimeGreen</td>
+
+ <td>Purple</td>
+
+ <td>Turquoise</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>CadetBlue</td>
+
+ <td>Magenta</td>
+
+ <td>RawSienna</td>
+
+ <td>Violet</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>CarnationPink</td>
+
+ <td>Mahogany</td>
+
+ <td>Red</td>
+
+ <td>VioletRed</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Cerulean</td>
+
+ <td>Maroon</td>
+
+ <td>RedOrange</td>
+
+ <td>White</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>CornflowerBlue</td>
+
+ <td>Melon</td>
+
+ <td>RedViolet</td>
+
+ <td>WildStrawberry</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Cyan</td>
+
+ <td>MidnightBlue</td>
+
+ <td>Rhodamine</td>
+
+ <td>Yellow</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Dandelion</td>
+
+ <td>Mulberry</td>
+
+ <td>RoyalBlue</td>
+
+ <td>YellowGreen</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>DarkOrchid</td>
+
+ <td>NavyBlue</td>
+
+ <td>RoyalPurple</td>
+
+ <td>YellowOrange</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2879595"
+ name="id2879595"></a>Using Color</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>After <b>dvips</b> has loaded <tt>colordvi</tt>,
+ typesetting text in color is simply a matter of using the
+ appropriate color control sequence<a id="id2879619"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2879619"></a><a id="id2879629"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2879629"></a>. For example, to
+ typeset something in red, use the \Red control sequence
+ in your document, like this:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\Red{something in red}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Alternatively, you can change the default text color
+ with the \text\texttt{<span
+ class="emphasis"><em>color</em></span>} control
+ sequences. To make default color for all text blue,
+ enter:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\textBlue
+</pre>
+
+ <p>To change the background color, use the \background
+ macro. For example, to make the current and all future
+ pages yellow, enter:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\background{Yellow}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>You can enter a precise color by specifying it in
+ terms of its CMYK components. The \Color and \textColor
+ macros exist for this purpose. To typeset some text in a
+ color that is 25\% cyan, 35\% magenta, 40\% yellow, and
+ 10\% black,<sup>[<a id="id2879690" name="id2879690"
+ href="#ftn.id2879690">52</a>]</sup> enter:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\Color{.25 .35 .4 .1}{some text}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2879708"
+ name="id2879708"></a>Now I've Got Color, but I Need
+ Black and White!</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you have reason to print a colored TeX document on
+ a black and white printer, you don't have to tear out all
+ of the color commands. <b>dvips</b> includes a
+ <tt>blackdvi</tt> file <a id="id2879734"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2879734"></a>(analogous to
+ <tt>colordvi</tt><a id="id2879748" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2879748"></a>---an input file or style file
+ depending on your macro package), which translates all
+ color commands into black and white.</p>
+
+ <p>Alternatively, &#8220;good&#8221; implementations of
+ PostScript in a black and white printer should translate
+ all colors into shades of grey. This can be an
+ inexpensive way to preview a color document. Most screen
+ previewers simply ignore color commands so they print in
+ black and white even if the document is colored.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2879774"
+ name="id2879774"></a>Color Under LaTeX2e</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>At the time of this writing, the LaTeX2e<a
+ id="id2879783" class="indexterm" name="id2879783"></a><a
+ id="id2879797" class="indexterm" name="id2879797"></a>
+ team has not officially adopted a standard for using
+ color. However, it is likely to follow a slightly
+ different model than the one described above. The final
+ design should provide color selection commands that are
+ device-independent at the DVI driver level (in other
+ words, the color commands will not insert device-specific
+ commands, like snippets of PostScript, into the
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files).</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2879830"
+ name="id2879830"></a>Color Is Subtle</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Color commands implemented as \special commands may
+ introduce occasional problems. For example, if TeX
+ introduces a page break in a paragraph that you have
+ typeset in yellow (<tt>\Yellow{This is a long
+ paragraph...}</tt>), the resulting output may print the
+ page footer (and even the header) in yellow, although
+ that was not intended.</p>
+
+ <p>Circumventing these problems may require careful use
+ of color commands in front of text that you want to
+ appear black. For example, in Plain TeX the difficulty
+ described above can be avoided by specifying that the
+ page number should be printed this way:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\footline{\Black{\hss\tenrm\folio\hss}}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This definition guarantees that the page number will
+ be set in black, and because it is a local color change,
+ colored text can flow across the page around it.</p>
+
+ <p>You may want to make sure that other typographic
+ elements are printed in the current global color (which
+ may vary). <b>dvips</b> provides a local color macro
+ called \globalColor for that purpose. Every time the text
+ color is changed globally (with a \text\texttt{<span
+ class="emphasis"><em>Color</em></span>} command),
+ \globalColor is redefined to print text in that
+ color.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2879898"
+ name="id2879898"></a>Further Reading</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Read the documentation for your DVI driver carefully
+ with respect to color. Because it is device-dependent,
+ there is a lot of room for interpretation, and it may not
+ always be obvious why some things appear the way they do.
+ And DVI drivers are free to implement color in any way
+ they choose.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2874145" name="ftn.id2874145"
+ href="#id2874145">39</a>]</sup> At the time of this
+ writing, it's actually still in test-release, but it may
+ be available as a standard release by the time you read
+ this.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2874246" name="ftn.id2874246"
+ href="#id2874246">40</a>]</sup> On Macintosh systems and
+ other environments that don't have directories, format
+ files are typically stored in their own folders (or other
+ metaphorically appropriate place ;-).</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2874291" name="ftn.id2874291"
+ href="#id2874291">41</a>]</sup> The distinction between
+ big and small TeX is described in the section called
+ &#8220;<a href="ch03.html#run.sec.formatfiles"
+ title="What Do You Run?">the section called &#8220;What
+ Do You Run?&#8221;</a>&#8221; in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2874585" name="ftn.id2874585"
+ href="#id2874585">42</a>]</sup> {A small set of
+ exceptions is maintained because the algorithm isn't
+ perfect.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2874736" name="ftn.id2874736"
+ href="#id2874736">43</a>]</sup> {Really observant readers
+ may have noticed that it's a version of Garamond ;-)}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2875131" name="ftn.id2875131"
+ href="#id2875131">44</a>]</sup> {Of course, that's not
+ strictly true. You can change the page layout of LaTeX
+ (and most other packages) to be almost anything, but it
+ does require learning a lot about the macro package. If
+ you are already familiar with Plain TeX (or some other
+ Plain TeX-derived package), you probably have a set of
+ macros that produce documents in the style you like. Why
+ reinvent the wheel?</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2875268" name="ftn.id2875268"
+ href="#id2875268">45</a>]</sup> {Extended Plain TeX is
+ available in the <tt>macros/eplain</tt> directory in the
+ CTAN archives.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2875867" name="ftn.id2875867"
+ href="#id2875867">46</a>]</sup> {LaTeX2e will process
+ documents that use <tt>\ documentstyle</tt> in LaTeX 2.09
+ compatibility mode.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2876004" name="ftn.id2876004"
+ href="#id2876004">47</a>]</sup> {Under emTeX, this
+ variable is called <tt>TEXINPUT</tt>. On the Macintosh,
+ file searching is frequently controlled by a
+ configuration file or dialog box.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2876148" name="ftn.id2876148"
+ href="#id2876148">48</a>]</sup> {Strictly speaking, this
+ is only true for files that have the extension
+ <tt>.sty</tt> because the old version of LaTeX will not
+ attempt to use the other files.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2876500" name="ftn.id2876500"
+ href="#id2876500">49</a>]</sup> {LaTeX is available in
+ the <tt>macros/latex/distribs/latex</tt> directory in the
+ CTAN archives.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2878876" name="ftn.id2878876"
+ href="#id2878876">50</a>]</sup> {The $\$<tt>special</tt>
+ mechanism is a way of passing arbitrary information
+ through TeX to the DVI driver that will ultimately print
+ the document.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2878942" name="ftn.id2878942"
+ href="#id2878942">51</a>]</sup> {With the caveat that it
+ still uses the Old Font Selection Scheme.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2879690" name="ftn.id2879690"
+ href="#id2879690">52</a>]</sup> {I made these numbers up.
+ I take no responsibility for the artistic merits (or lack
+ thereof) of the resulting color.}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX"
+ href="ch03.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running
+ TeX&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
+ href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex
+ Document</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch05.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch05.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ac0558358d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch05.html
@@ -0,0 +1,3711 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt02.html"
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="pt02.html"
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures"
+ href="ch06.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.fonts"
+ name="chap.fonts"></a>Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p>All of the common TeX macro packages use the Computer
+ Modern fonts<a id="id2855980" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2855980"></a><a id="id2855984" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2855984"></a><a id="id2855991" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2855991"></a><a id="id2877438" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2877438"></a> by default. In fact, the Computer
+ Modern fonts are so frequently used in TeX documents that
+ some people believe they are <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>the</em></span> TeX fonts and that no
+ other options are available.</p>
+
+ <p>This is not the case. In fact, using different fonts in
+ TeX is quite easy. However, many interrelated font issues can
+ be quite complicated, and it is possible to do things that
+ make your documents print incorrectly (or make them
+ unprintable).</p>
+
+ <p>This chapter explores all of the issues related to fonts
+ and how these issues are resolved by a combination of font
+ files, TeX macros, DVI drivers, and careful planning. At a
+ high level, it works like this:</p>
+
+ <div class="orderedlist">
+ <ol type="1">
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX macros select a font (by assigning
+ \font\fontid=fonttfm). The macros may be very simple or
+ quite complex (as is the case in LaTeX's New Font
+ Selection Scheme).</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX loads the metric information from
+ <tt>fonttfm.tfm</tt><a id="id2879938" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2879938"></a>. Many implementations of TeX look
+ for this file in the directories on the
+ <tt>TEXFONTS</tt> path. TeX cannot process your
+ document if it cannot find the <tt>TFM</tt> file<a
+ id="id2879967" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2879967"></a>.<sup>[<a id="id2879974"
+ name="id2879974"
+ href="#ftn.id2879974">53</a>]</sup></p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX writes a <tt>DVI</tt> file<a id="id2880010"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880010"></a>. The
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file contains the name of each font (the
+ name of the <tt>TFM</tt> file) and the magnification
+ used (magnification is discussed in the section
+ &#8220;<a href="ch05.html#sec.issueofsize"
+ title="What TeX Needs To Know">the section called
+ &#8220;What TeX Needs To Know&#8221;</a>&#8221; later
+ in this chapter).</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The DVI driver attempts to locate font files for
+ each font used at each magnification. Depending on the
+ DVI driver, fonts can come from many places. Many
+ drivers consult a list of built-in fonts to see if the
+ desired font resides in the printer. Some also consult
+ a list of font substitutions. (This can be used to
+ substitute existing fonts for fonts that you do not
+ have, like Computer Modern Roman in place of Times
+ Roman if you don't have Times Roman.)</p>
+
+ <p>Assuming that the font is not built-in<a
+ id="id2880077" class="indexterm" name="id2880077"></a>
+ or replaced by substitution of a built-in font, the DVI
+ driver looks for a font file. Most modern DVI drivers
+ look for <tt>PK</tt> fonts, although some also look for
+ <tt>GF</tt><a id="id2880109" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880109"></a> and <tt>PXL</tt> fonts<a
+ id="id2880130" class="indexterm" name="id2880130"></a>
+ as well.</p>
+
+ <p>The exact location of these files varies. Some
+ implementations look in the directories on the
+ <tt>TEXFONTS</tt> path, others look in the
+ <tt>TEXPKS</tt> or <tt>PKFONTS</tt> paths.</p>
+
+ <p>A typical font directory on a unix system is
+ <tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/pk</tt>. The files in this
+ directory typically have names of the form
+ <tt>tfmname.999pk</tt>; where <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>tfmname</em></span> is the name of
+ the font and <span class="emphasis"><em>999</em></span>
+ is the resolution.</p>
+
+ <p>On file systems which have short filenames (for
+ example, MS-DOS) a typical font directory is <tt>\bs
+ tex\bs fonts\bs 999dpi</tt> (or <tt>\bs tex\bs fonts\bs
+ dpi999</tt>).<sup>[<a id="id2880211" name="id2880211"
+ href="#ftn.id2880211">54</a>]</sup> The files are then
+ simply <tt>tfmname.pk</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>Some DVI drivers employ automatic font generation to
+ attempt to create the font if it cannot be found.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The DVI driver produces output suitable for a
+ particular device. This may include one or more forms
+ of downloaded fonts as well as requests for built-in
+ fonts that are assumed to exist.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="note"
+ style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
+ <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+
+ <p>TeX output isn't printable directly. TeX typesets a
+ document in a device-independent fashion; it's the DVI
+ driver that actually <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>prints</em></span> the document. This
+ is important because many of the font issues are really DVI
+ driver issues more than TeX issues, and because the
+ distinction between TeXing a document and printing a
+ document is another layer of complexity that can be a
+ source of difficulty.,</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.issueofsize" name="sec.issueofsize"></a>What
+ TeX Needs To Know</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX needs remarkably little information about a font.
+ Recall from Chapter&#160;<a href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a></em></span>,
+ that TeX typesets each page using &#8220;boxes<a
+ id="id2880323" class="indexterm" name="id2880323"></a> and
+ glue<a id="id2880331" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880331"></a>.&#8221; In order to perform this
+ function, TeX needs to know only the size of each character
+ (its width, height, and depth)<a id="id2880343"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880343"></a><a id="id2880353"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880353"></a><a id="id2880362"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880362"></a><a id="id2880372"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880372"></a><a id="id2880382"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880382"></a><a id="id2880389"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880389"></a><a id="id2880397"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880397"></a>. In practice, TeX
+ fonts contain a little bit more information than simply the
+ size of each character. Generally, they contain ligature
+ and kerning information as well.</p>
+
+ <p><span class="emphasis"><em>Ligatures</em></span><a
+ id="id2880416" class="indexterm" name="id2880416"></a> are
+ a typographic convention for replacing some letter
+ combinations with single symbols. In English, this is done
+ solely to improve the appearance of the letter
+ combinations. Figure&#160;<a href="ch05.html#fig.filig"
+ title="Figure&#160;5.1.&#160;fi as two characters and as a ligature">
+ Figure&#160;5.1</a> shows a common ligature in English,
+ &#8220;fi.&#8221; Other common ligatures in English are
+ &#8220;ff&#8221;, &#8220;fl&#8221;, and the combinations
+ &#8220;ffi&#8221; and &#8220;ffl.&#8221; Other languages
+ have different ligatures.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.filig" name="fig.filig"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Figure&#160;5.1.&#160;&#8220;fi&#8221; as two
+ characters and as a ligature</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="fi-ligs.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><span class="emphasis"><em>Kerning</em></span><a
+ id="id2880500" class="indexterm" name="id2880500"></a> is
+ the process of adding or removing small amounts of space
+ between characters to improve the appearance of particular
+ letter combinations. Although every character has a natural
+ width, some combinations of characters give the illusion of
+ too much or too little space. Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html#fig.kerning"
+ title="Figure&#160;5.2.&#160;We unkerned and kerned">Figure&#160;5.2</a>
+ shows a common example in the word &#8220;We.&#8221;</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.kerning" name="fig.kerning"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Figure&#160;5.2.&#160;&#8220;We&#8221; unkerned and
+ kerned</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="we-we.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This is all the information that TeX needs, and it is
+ all that is contained in the <tt>TFM</tt> files that TeX
+ uses.<sup>[<a id="id2880575" name="id2880575"
+ href="#ftn.id2880575">55</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2880659"
+ name="id2880659"></a>Selecting a Font in TeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX's macro language includes a \font primitive for
+ loading a font<a id="id2880668" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880668"></a><a id="id2880678" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880678"></a><a id="id2880691" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880691"></a>. This primitive operation
+ associates a control sequence<a id="id2880701"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880701"></a> with the metrics
+ in a particular <tt>TFM</tt> file. For example, the
+ following line associates the control sequence \tinyfont
+ with the metrics in <tt>cmr5.tfm</tt> (the Computer
+ Modern Roman 5pt font):</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\font\tinyfont=cmr5
+</pre>
+
+ <div class="note"
+ style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
+ <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+
+ <p>Remember, only letters can appear in a TeX control
+ sequence. You cannot say \font\cmr5=cmr5 because \cmr5
+ is not a valid control sequence.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The control sequence defined with \font can
+ subsequently be used to change the current font. After
+ the above command, \tinyfont in your document selects the
+ Computer Modern Roman 5pt font as the current font.</p>
+
+ <p>In practice, using the primitive operations to select
+ fonts has a number of disadvantages. Later in this
+ chapter, the worst of these disadvantages is described
+ and a better alternative is offered. For simplicity, the
+ primitive operations are used in most of the examples in
+ this chapter.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2880773"
+ name="id2880773"></a>Which Character Is Which?</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>How does TeX know which character<a id="id2880782"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880782"></a> to use when it
+ reads a symbol from an input file? The answer is simple:
+ TeX considers each font to be an array of characters. It
+ uses the numeric ASCII<a id="id2880794" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880794"></a> code of each character to determine
+ what element in the array to use.<sup>[<a id="id2880810"
+ name="id2880810" href="#ftn.id2880810">56</a>]</sup> This
+ is a reasonable and efficient scheme as long as the ASCII
+ values of the characters in your input file are the same
+ as the metric information that TeX is using.</p>
+
+ <p>The section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.fonts.encodingvec"
+ title="Declaring a family">the section called
+ &#8220;Declaring a family&#8221;</a>&#8221; in this
+ chapter describes how the ordering of characters in a
+ font is determined. It also discusses some of the
+ problems that can arise when TeX and your printer have
+ conflicting information about the arrangement of
+ characters in the font. The &#8220;<a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.fonts.virtualfonts"
+ title="Virtual Fonts">the section called &#8220;Virtual
+ Fonts&#8221;</a>&#8221; section describes the TeX
+ mechanism for constructing fonts with different
+ arrangements of characters.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2880909"
+ name="id2880909"></a>The Issue of Size</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In the purest sense, selecting a font determines only
+ what shape<a id="id2880917" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880917"></a><a id="id2880921" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880921"></a> each character will have; it does not
+ determine the size<a id="id2880932" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880932"></a><a id="id2880939" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880939"></a> of the font. Unfortunately in
+ practice, the issue of shape and size cannot be separated.
+ The same shapes <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>appear</em></span> to be different at
+ different sizes. <span class="emphasis"><em>Optical
+ scaling</em></span><a id="id2880960" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880960"></a><a id="id2880967" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880967"></a> uses different designs to make
+ letters at different sizes appear to have the same shape.
+ Conversly, linear scaling<a id="id2880980"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880980"></a><a id="id2880987"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2880987"></a> produces characters
+ with exactly the same shape at different sizes, although
+ they appear slightly different.</p>
+
+ <p>Because the size of an object affects the way that the
+ human eye and the brain perceive its shape, a simple linear
+ scaling of each character does not produce the most
+ aesthetically pleasing results. To overcome this problem,
+ TeX uses two different quantities to express the notion of
+ size: design size and magnification.</p>
+
+ <p><span class="emphasis"><em>Design size</em></span><a
+ id="id2881047" class="indexterm" name="id2881047"></a>
+ addresses the issue of perception: a font looks most like
+ the way it was designed to appear when printed at or close
+ to its design size. Furthermore, two fonts with different
+ design sizes (say 8pt and 12pt) that are the same typeface
+ should <span class="emphasis"><em>appear</em></span>
+ identical when printed at 8pt and 12pt, respectively, even
+ though the actual shapes may be slightly different. The
+ design size of a font is intrinsic to the font itself and
+ cannot be changed or influenced by TeX. It is important
+ because it has a direct impact on the aesthetics of the
+ typeset page.</p>
+
+ <p><span class="emphasis"><em>Magnification</em></span><a
+ id="id2881075" class="indexterm" name="id2881075"></a>
+ addresses the notion of linear scaling. Changing
+ magnifications changes the size of each character without
+ altering its actual shape. Although, as noted above,
+ changing its size may change its <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>apparent</em></span> shape. In
+ general, you should print fonts as close to their design
+ size as possible---in other words, with a magnifcation as
+ close to 1.0 as possible. Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html#fig.Rs"
+ title="Figure&#160;5.3.&#160;The Computer Modern Roman letter R at 150pt: (a) from a 5pt design; (b) from a 17pt design">
+ Figure&#160;5.3</a> demonstrates how different characters
+ may look when printed at very large magnifications.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.Rs" name="fig.Rs"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;5.3.&#160;The Computer
+ Modern Roman letter &#8220;R&#8221; at 150pt: (a) from a
+ 5pt design; (b) from a 17pt design</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="two-rs.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.gettingtfms"
+ name="sec.gettingtfms"></a>Expressing Design Size in
+ TeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The design size<a id="id2881175" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2881175"></a> of a font is an integral part of
+ the <tt>TFM</tt> file (because it is intrinsic to the
+ font that the <tt>TFM</tt> file<a id="id2881207"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2881207"></a> describes). In
+ order to select a different design size, you must select
+ a different <tt>TFM</tt> file. For example, the Computer
+ Modern Roman font is usually distributed at eight design
+ sizes: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 17 points. Metrics for
+ these sizes are stored in the <tt>TFM</tt> files
+ <tt>cmr5.tfm</tt>, <tt>cmr6.tfm</tt>, <tt>cmr7.tfm</tt>,
+ $&#8230;$, and <tt>cmr17.tfm</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>Every font that you select has a specific design size,
+ even though you may elect to use the font at another
+ size.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2881284"
+ name="id2881284"></a>Expressing Magnification in
+ TeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Magnification<a id="id2881294" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2881294"></a> can be expressed either implicitly
+ or explicitly in TeX. Implicitly, magnification can be
+ expressed by selecting a particular font <tt>at</tt> a
+ particular size. For example, the following line defines
+ the control sequence \big to be the Computer Modern Roman
+ 10pt font <tt>at</tt> a size of 12pt (an implicit
+ magnification of 120\%):</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\font\big=cmr10 at 12pt
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Explicit magnification is selected by requesting a
+ font <tt>scaled</tt> to a particular extent. For example,
+ the following line defines the control sequence \bigger
+ to be the Computer Modern Roman 10pt font at a
+ magnification of 144\% (in other words, at 14.4pt):</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\font\bigger=cmr10 scaled 1440
+</pre>
+
+ <p>As you can see, TeX expects the <tt>scaled</tt>
+ magnification to be ten times the percentage of
+ magnification. The magnification that you request must be
+ an integer (you can't say <tt>scaled 1440.4</tt>).
+ Multiplying the magnification by 10 allows TeX to accept
+ fractional percentages like 104.5\%.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2881380"
+ name="id2881380"></a>Standard Magnifications</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX provides seven standard magnifications. There are
+ several good reasons to use these magnifications whenever
+ possible. The most important is that most TeX systems can
+ easily print fonts at these sizes. As described later in
+ the section &#8220;<a href="ch08.html#sec.printing"
+ title="Printing Fonts">the section called &#8220;Printing
+ Fonts&#8221;</a>,&#8221; TeX's ability to select any font
+ at any magnification does not guarantee that it can be
+ printed at that size. By using standard sizes, you
+ increase the likelihood that your document will be
+ printable on your system and on other TeX systems (if
+ portability is an issue). Using standard sizes will also
+ give consistency to your documents. If you write many
+ documents separately that may eventually be collected
+ together (as a collection of short stories or a series of
+ technical reports, for example), the internal consistency
+ of sizes will make them appear more uniform. Finally, the
+ standard sizes have aesthetic characteristics as well.
+ Each size is 1.2 times the preceding size. The geometric
+ relationship between the sizes is designed to make them
+ appear pleasing when mixed together.</p>
+
+ <p>The standard sizes can be selected with the \magstep
+ control sequence. The standard sizes (or steps) are
+ called <span class="emphasis"><em>magsteps</em></span> in
+ TeX jargon. The natural size of a font is its \magstep0
+ size. The \magstep1 size is 20\% larger. And \magstep2 is
+ 20\% larger than that (44\% larger than the original
+ design), etc. To select the Computer Modern Roman 10pt
+ font at its next largest standard size, use:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\font\larger=cmr10 scaled\magstep1
+</pre>
+
+ <p>For those occasions when you want a font that is only
+ a little bit larger, TeX includes the control sequence
+ \magstephalf which is halfway between \magstep0 and
+ \magstep1.</p>
+
+ <p>Most TeX formats that are based upon Plain TeX define
+ seven magsteps: \magstep0, \magstephalf, and \magstep1
+ through \magstep5.</p>
+
+ <p>By using different design sizes and different standard
+ magnifications, you gain access to a very wide range of
+ sizes. For example, given the seven standard design sizes
+ and seven standard magsteps, it is possible to print
+ Computer Modern Roman at any of the following sizes (all
+ sizes are in points):</p>
+
+ <table class="simplelist" border="0"
+ summary="Simple list">
+ <tr>
+ <td>5</td>
+
+ <td>7.67</td>
+
+ <td>9.6</td>
+
+ <td>10.95</td>
+
+ <td>13.15</td>
+
+ <td>16.59</td>
+
+ <td>19.91</td>
+
+ <td>29.38</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>5.48</td>
+
+ <td>8</td>
+
+ <td>9.86</td>
+
+ <td>11.52</td>
+
+ <td>13.82</td>
+
+ <td>17</td>
+
+ <td>20.4</td>
+
+ <td>29.86</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>6</td>
+
+ <td>8.4</td>
+
+ <td>10</td>
+
+ <td>12</td>
+
+ <td>14.4</td>
+
+ <td>17.28</td>
+
+ <td>20.74</td>
+
+ <td>35.25</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>6.57</td>
+
+ <td>8.64</td>
+
+ <td>10.08</td>
+
+ <td>12.1</td>
+
+ <td>14.52</td>
+
+ <td>17.42</td>
+
+ <td>22.39</td>
+
+ <td>42.3</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>7</td>
+
+ <td>8.76</td>
+
+ <td>10.37</td>
+
+ <td>12.44</td>
+
+ <td>14.93</td>
+
+ <td>18.62</td>
+
+ <td>24.48</td>
+
+ <td>7.2</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>9</td>
+
+ <td>10.8</td>
+
+ <td>12.96</td>
+
+ <td>15.55</td>
+
+ <td>18.66</td>
+
+ <td>24.88</td>
+
+ <td>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td>&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2881671"
+ name="id2881671"></a>Where Do TFM Files Come
+ From?</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In order to use <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>any</em></span> font in TeX, you
+ must have a <tt>TFM</tt> file for it. How you can acquire
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files<a id="id2881705" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2881705"></a> for the fonts you use depends on
+ the kinds of fonts and where they were developed. The
+ following list offers suggestions for the most commonly
+ used fonts:</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term">PostScript fonts</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Every vendor that supplies PostScript fonts<a
+ id="id2881738" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2881738"></a><a id="id2881748"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2881748"></a> (either as
+ font files or built-in to a printer or cartridge)
+ should also supply Adobe Font Metric (<tt>AFM</tt>)
+ files. <tt>AFM</tt> files provide complete metric
+ information about the fonts.<sup>[<a id="id2881782"
+ name="id2881782"
+ href="#ftn.id2881782">57</a>]</sup> The
+ <tt>AFM</tt> files can be converted into
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files with the <b>afm2tfm</b> utility
+ distributed with <b>dvips</b>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">LaserJet built-in
+ fonts</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The complete metric information for LaserJet
+ built-in fonts<a id="id2881868" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2881868"></a> is supplied by
+ Hewlett-Packard in &#8220;Tagged Font Metric&#8221;
+ files. These are available directly from
+ Hewlett-Packard (unfortunately, they are not
+ distributed with the printers). The Tagged Font
+ Metrics can be converted into TeX <tt>TFM</tt>
+ files with <b>hptfm2pl</b>, a free utility written
+ by, well, me, actually.</p>
+
+ <p>A collection of <tt>TFM</tt> files for the
+ standard built-in fonts on the LaserJet III and IV
+ printers is available in the CTAN archives in
+ <tt>/tex-archive/fonts/ljmetrics</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">LaserJet softfonts</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Bitmapped LaserJet softfonts<a id="id2881950"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2881950"></a> can be
+ converted into TeX fonts with the <b>SFPtoPK</b><a
+ id="id2881968" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2881968"></a> utility. The resulting font
+ includes both TeX <tt>PK</tt> and <tt>TFM</tt>
+ files.</p>
+
+ <p>Scalable LaserJet softfonts should be
+ distributed with Hewlett-Packard Tagged Font Metric
+ files. These can be converted into TeX <tt>TFM</tt>
+ files with the free utility <b>hptfm2pl</b><a
+ id="id2882018" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2882018"></a>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">TeX fonts
+ (<span>MetaFont</span>)</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The MetaFont<a id="id2882052" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2882052"></a> program renders TeX
+ <tt>MF</tt> files<a id="id2882076"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2882076"></a> and
+ produces a <tt>TFM</tt> file. Usually it produces a
+ <tt>GF</tt> file<a id="id2882115" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2882115"></a> as well, but the special mode
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>tfmonly</em></span> can
+ be used to create just the <tt>TFM</tt>
+ file.<sup>[<a id="id2882138" name="id2882138"
+ href="#ftn.id2882138">58</a>]</sup> MetaFont modes
+ and other aspects of font creation with MetaFont
+ are described in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">TrueType fonts</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Incomplete metrics are frequently<a
+ id="id2882219" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2882219"></a> distributed in the form of
+ Windows' <tt>PFM</tt> files<a id="id2882240"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2882240"></a>. Some
+ commercial previewers for Windows can extract
+ metric information and build a <tt>TFM</tt> file.
+ However, at present, I do not know of any free
+ utilities which can build TeX metrics from TrueType
+ fonts.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec.nfss2"
+ name="sec.nfss2"></a>The New Font Selection Scheme</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The New Font Selection Scheme<a id="id2882292"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2882292"></a> is a method for
+ selecting fonts in Plain TeX and LaTeX. It was introduced
+ briefly in the section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch04.html#macpack.sec.latexvslatexe"
+ title="Installation: Making Format Files">the section
+ called &#8220;Installation: Making Format
+ Files&#8221;</a>&#8221; of Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.
+ This section describes release two of the New Font
+ Selection Scheme (known as the NFSS2)<a id="id2882340"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2882340"></a> as it exists in the
+ LaTeX2e format. Because version one<a id="id2882349"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2882349"></a> is now obsolete, it
+ is not described.</p>
+
+ <p>The NFSS defines a method of font selection used in
+ place of TeX's primitive \font command. The problem with
+ font selection using \font is that it ties a control
+ sequence to a particular font at a particular size, which
+ has unpleasant consequences when more than one font is used
+ in a document. Consider the definition \font\it=cmti10.
+ This associates the control sequence \it with the italic
+ Computer Modern font (at 10pt). After this definition, a
+ sentence like:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+This requires <span class="emphasis"><em>emphasis</em></span>.
+</pre>
+
+ <p>has the desired result, if Computer Modern Roman at 10pt
+ is the font in use when \it is encountered:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\fontfamily{cmr}\selectfont
+This requires <span class="emphasis"><em>emphasis</em></span>.
+</pre>
+
+ <p>If you are using some other font, perhaps in a chapter
+ heading, you get:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\fontfamily{cmr}\fontseries{bx}\fontsize{14}{16pt}\selectfont
+This requires {\fontfamily{cmr}\fontseries{m}\fontsize{10}{12pt}\selectfont
+\it emphasis}.
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This is almost certainly not what you wanted. The NFSS
+ overcomes this difficulty by describing each font with five
+ independent parameters: encoding, family, series, shape,
+ and size.</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term">Font encoding</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The encoding<a id="id2882449" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2882449"></a> parameter identifies the
+ encoding vector of the font. Encoding vectors play an
+ important role in the selection of characters in a
+ font. Encoding vectors are described more thoroughly
+ later in this chapter. TeX Text, TeX Math Italic, and
+ Adobe Standard are all <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>encoding vectors</em></span><a
+ id="id2882461" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2882461"></a>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Font family</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The family parameter describes the typeface of the
+ font<a id="id2882492" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2882492"></a>. Computer Modern, Times Roman,
+ Helvetica, Galliard, and Gill Sans are all <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>families</em></span>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Font series</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Font series<a id="id2882523" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2882523"></a> describes the joint notions of
+ weight and width. Weight<a id="id2882533"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2882533"></a> is a measure
+ of how darkly each character is printed, and width<a
+ id="id2882543" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2882543"></a> is a measure of how wide or
+ narrow the font is. Standard abbreviations for weight
+ and width are shown in Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html#tab.fontshapeww"
+ title="Table&#160;5.1.&#160;Standard Weight and Width Designations ">
+ Table&#160;5.1</a>. Normal, bold-compressed,
+ extrabold-ultraexpanded, and light-medium are all
+ examples of font <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>series</em></span>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.fontshapeww" name="tab.fontshapeww"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;5.1.&#160;Standard
+ Weight and Width Designations</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Standard Weight and Width Designations "
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\rm\bf Abbr</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Weight</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\rm\bf Abbr</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Width</th>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">ul</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Ultra-light</td>
+
+ <td align="left">uc</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Ultra-condensed</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">el</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Extra-light</td>
+
+ <td align="left">ec</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Extra-condensed</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">l</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Light</td>
+
+ <td align="left">c</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Condensed</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">sl</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Semi-light</td>
+
+ <td align="left">sc</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Semi-condensed</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">m</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Medium (normal)</td>
+
+ <td align="left">m</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Medium</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">sb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Semi-bold</td>
+
+ <td align="left">sx</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Semi-expanded</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">b</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Bold</td>
+
+ <td align="left">x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Expanded</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">eb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Extra-bold</td>
+
+ <td align="left">ex</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Extra-expanded</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">ub</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Ultra-bold</td>
+
+ <td align="left">ux</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Ultra-expanded</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The general rule for combining weight and width to
+ form a series abbreviation is to use the abbreviation
+ for weight followed by the abbreviation for width,
+ unless one is &#8220;medium,&#8221; in which case it
+ is left out. Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html#tab.fontshapeex"
+ title="Table&#160;5.2.&#160;Weight and Width Are Combined to Form Series ">
+ Table&#160;5.2</a> shows how several weight/width
+ combinations are used to form the series. The series
+ designation for a light-medium font demonstrates that
+ a single medium attribute is omitted. If both the
+ width and weight are medium, use a single
+ &#8220;m&#8221; for the series.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.fontshapeex" name="tab.fontshapeex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;5.2.&#160;Weight and
+ Width Are Combined to Form Series</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Weight and Width Are Combined to Form Series "
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Weight and Width</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Series</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Bold extended</td>
+
+ <td align="left">bx</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Light medium</td>
+
+ <td align="left">l</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Medium extra-expanded</td>
+
+ <td align="left">ex</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Light extra-expanded</td>
+
+ <td align="left">lex</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Normal (medium, medium)</td>
+
+ <td align="left">m</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Font shape</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The shape<a id="id2883001" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2883001"></a>, in conjunction with series,
+ defines the appearance of the font. Shape generally
+ refers to the style of the face. Bold, italic,
+ slanted, and outline are all examples of font
+ shape.</p>
+
+ <p>The standard designations of font shape are shown
+ in Table&#160;<a href="ch05.html#tab.fontshapeshape"
+ title="Table&#160;5.3.&#160;Standard Abbreviations of Font Shape">
+ Table&#160;5.3</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.fontshapeshape"
+ name="tab.fontshapeshape"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;5.3.&#160;Standard
+ Abbreviations of Font Shape</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Standard Abbreviations of Font Shape"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\rm\bf Abbr.</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Shape</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">n</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Normal</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">it</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Italic</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">sl</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Slanted</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">sc</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Small caps</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">u</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Upright italics</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Font size</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Font size<a id="id2883162" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2883162"></a> defines both the size of the
+ characters and the spacing between lines of text in
+ that size. The distinction between design size and
+ magnification, discussed at length in the first part
+ of this chapter, is hidden within the NFSS; you need
+ only select the size you want.<sup>[<a id="id2883176"
+ name="id2883176"
+ href="#ftn.id2883176">59</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>The spacing between lines of text is described as
+ the (vertical) distance between the baselines of two
+ consecutive lines of type. It is usually about 20\%
+ larger than the size of the font. For example, a 10pt
+ font is usually printed with 12pts between the
+ baselines of consecutive lines. The inter-line
+ distance that looks best depends on the font and
+ other design elements of the document. There really
+ isn't a good rule for the value that looks best,
+ which is why you have to specify it.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.fonts.defnfss2"
+ name="sec.fonts.defnfss2"></a>Selecting Fonts with
+ the New Font Selection Scheme</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>One of the most visible differences in the NFSS2 is
+ that you are encouraged to change the way you select<a
+ id="id2883229" class="indexterm" name="id2883229"></a>
+ fonts. The NFSS2 defines nine control sequences<a
+ id="id2883241" class="indexterm" name="id2883241"></a>
+ for user-level font selection. They are shown in
+ Table&#160;<a href="ch05.html#tab.nfss2.userlevel"
+ title="Table&#160;5.4.&#160;User-level Font Selection Control Sequences in NFSS2 ">
+ Table&#160;5.4</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.nfss2.userlevel"
+ name="tab.nfss2.userlevel"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;5.4.&#160;User-level
+ Font Selection Control Sequences in NFSS2</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="User-level Font Selection Control Sequences in NFSS2 "
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Control Sequence</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Resulting Change</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\textrm\verb|{}|</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Switch to roman family</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\textsf\verb|{}|</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Switch to sans-serif family</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\texttt\verb|{}|</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Switch to typewriter family</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\textbf\verb|{}|</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Switch to bold face
+ weight/width</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\textmedium\verb|{}|</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Switch to medium
+ weight/width</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\textit\verb|{}|</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Switch to italic shape</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\textsl\verb|{}|</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Switch to slanted shape</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\textsc\verb|{}|</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Switch to small-caps shape</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\emph\verb|{}|</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Switch to emphasized text</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Instead of using \it, for example, to change to an
+ italic font within a group, you should use the \textit
+ command with the text as an argument. For example,
+ instead of using:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+This is some <span class="emphasis"><em>italic</em></span> text.
+</pre>
+
+ <p>you should use:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+This is some <span class="emphasis"><em>italic</em></span> text.
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The advantage of the new scheme is that these macros
+ are much more intelligent than the old ones. Notice that
+ I did not specify italic correction () in the second
+ case. This is because the \textit macro is able to
+ determine if the correction is necessary, and if so,
+ inserts it automatically.\ff{If you wish to suppress
+ italic correction, use \cs{nocorr} at the end (or
+ beginning) of the text.} The macros can also be
+ nested.</p>
+
+ <p>The NFSS2 allows you to use the old font selection
+ macros, so existing documents will not be affected. If
+ you want to set several paragraphs in a different font,
+ you should continue to use the old selection macros
+ because you cannot pass more than one paragraph of text
+ to a macro.\ff[2]{It is possible to write macros that
+ accept multiple paragraphs of text, but the NFSS2 font
+ selection macros do not do so.}</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2883502"
+ name="id2883502"></a>Low-level interface to
+ NFSS</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The user-level font selection commands are
+ implemented in terms of six low-level commands. At this
+ level, you must specify the encoding, family, series,
+ shape, and size of the font in order to select it.
+ There are six control sequences for selecting a font:
+ one each for specifying the font parameters and one for
+ actually switching to the new font. This strategy
+ allows the parameters to be independent; any parameters
+ that you do not explicitly change remain the same as
+ the current font.</p>
+
+ <p>These six control sequences are:</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span
+ class="term">\fontencoding{<i><tt>enc</tt></i>}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Selects the encoding scheme
+ \textit<tt>enc</tt><a id="id2883556"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2883556"></a>. The
+ encoding schemes officially supported by the
+ NFSS2 are shown in Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html#tab.nfss2.encoding"
+ title="Table&#160;5.5.&#160;Encoding Schemes Supported by NFSS2">
+ Table&#160;5.5</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.nfss2.encoding"
+ name="tab.nfss2.encoding"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Table&#160;5.5.&#160;Encoding Schemes
+ Supported by NFSS2</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Encoding Schemes Supported by NFSS2"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Encoding</th>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\bf Scheme</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\bf Encoding Name</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">T1</td>
+
+ <td align="left">TeX text Cork
+ encoding</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">OT1</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Old TeX text encoding
+ (the CMR encoding)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">OT2</td>
+
+ <td align="left">University of Washington
+ Cyrillic encoding</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">OT3</td>
+
+ <td align="left">University of Washington
+ IPA encoding</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">OML</td>
+
+ <td align="left">TeX math (italic)
+ letters</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">OMS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">TeX math symbols</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">OMX</td>
+
+ <td align="left">TeX math extended</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">U</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Unknown encoding</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span
+ class="term">\fontfamily{<i><tt>fam</tt></i>}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Selects the family \textit<tt>fam</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span
+ class="term">\fontseries{<i><tt>ser</tt></i>}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Selects the series \textit<tt>ser</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span
+ class="term">\fontshape{<i><tt>shp</tt></i>}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Selects the shape \textit<tt>shp</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span
+ class="term">\fontsize{<i><tt>ptsize</tt></i>}{<i><tt>
+ bskip</tt></i>}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Selects the font size \textit<tt>ptsize</tt>
+ with a distance of \textit<tt>bskip</tt> between
+ lines. Note that \textit<tt>ptsize</tt> is a
+ simple number, whereas \textit<tt>bskip</tt> is a
+ TeX distance and you must specify units after the
+ number. Under the NFSS2, \textit<tt>ptsize</tt>
+ specifies the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>actual</em></span> size of
+ the font,\ff{Under the NFSS1, the
+ \textit{\texttt{ptsize}} was simply a label; the
+ actual font loaded was the nearest magstep.} but
+ the NFSS2 will attempt to find a closest match if
+ there is no exact match for the requested size. A
+ warning message is issued if the size does not
+ exist and a closest match has to be selected. You
+ can control the sensitivity of the warning with
+ the \fontsubfuzz parameter. It is initially set
+ to 0.4pt, meaning that any font within 0.4pt of
+ the requested size will be used without issuing a
+ warning.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">\selectfont</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Switches to the font described by the current
+ values of encoding, family, series, shape, and
+ size.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>From this description, can you figure out how the
+ control sequence <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>could</em></span> be defined under
+ the NFSS? See this footnote<sup>[<a id="id2855832"
+ name="id2855832" href="#ftn.id2855832">60</a>]</sup>
+ for the answer.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2855857"
+ name="id2855857"></a>Defining Fonts with NFSS2</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The standard Computer Modern fonts and most PostScript
+ fonts can be selected by using the appropriate style
+ files or inputting the appropriate macros. However, if
+ you have nonstandard fonts or fonts for some other
+ device, you can easily add them to the NFSS<a
+ id="id2855870" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2855870"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The internal interface to the NFSS has been entirely
+ redesigned. The new interface is much cleaner than the
+ interface to the NFSS1, but similar in design.</p>
+
+ <p>If you are not very familiar with TeX, what follows
+ may be a bit confusing; treat this example as a sort of
+ &#8220;cookbook recipe&#8221; and substitute the font you
+ wish to define for the <tt>logo</tt> font (the
+ <tt>logo</tt> font is the typeface used for the MetaFont
+ logo).</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="sec.fonts.encodingvec"
+ name="sec.fonts.encodingvec"></a>Declaring a
+ family</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In order to add a new typeface, you must declare a
+ new font family<a id="id2855932" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2855932"></a> with the control sequence
+ \DeclareFontFamily. If you are only adding new sizes or
+ shapes to an existing family, do not redeclare the
+ family.</p>
+
+ <p>The parameters to \DeclareFontFamily are the
+ encoding, name, and loading options for the family.
+ Loading options are any commands that should be
+ executed every time this family is selected. For most
+ fonts, there are no loading options.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2855948" name="id2855948"
+ href="#ftn.id2855948">61</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>The following declaration creates the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>logo</em></span> family with the
+ old TeX encoding and no loading options:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\DeclareFontFamily{OT1}{logo}{}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2884256"
+ name="id2884256"></a>Declaring shapes</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>After a family has been created, you must specify
+ what font shapes<a id="id2884266" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2884266"></a> are available with
+ \DeclareFontShape. To make the font usable, you must
+ declare at least one font shape for each family.</p>
+
+ <p>The general form of a call to \DeclareFontShape
+ is:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\DeclareFontShape{<i><tt>enc</tt></i>}
+ {<i><tt>fam</tt></i>}
+ {<i><tt>series</tt></i>}
+ {<i><tt>shape</tt></i>}
+ {<i><tt>sizes</tt></i>}
+ {<i><tt>loading options</tt></i>}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The family <tt><i><tt>fam</tt></i></tt> (with the
+ appropriate encoding <tt><i><tt>enc</tt></i></tt>) must
+ already have been created with \DeclareFontFamily. The
+ <tt><i><tt>series</tt></i></tt> and
+ <tt><i><tt>shape</tt></i></tt> parameters identify the
+ name of the series and shape. Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html#tab.fontshapeex"
+ title="Table&#160;5.2.&#160;Weight and Width Are Combined to Form Series ">
+ Table&#160;5.2</a> and Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html#tab.fontshapeshape"
+ title="Table&#160;5.3.&#160;Standard Abbreviations of Font Shape">
+ Table&#160;5.3</a> list some common series and shapes.
+ The \textit<tt>sizes</tt> parameter is a list of <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>font-shape
+ declarations</em></span>, described below, and the
+ \textit<tt>loading options</tt>, if specified, override
+ the loading options for the font family.</p>
+
+ <p>Each font-shape declaration indicates how the
+ request for a font should be handled. The complete
+ syntax for font-shape declarations is described in
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Interface Description of
+ NFSS2</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#nfss2interface">nfss2interface</a>].
+ Here we look at three simple cases: substituting
+ another font for the one requested, generating the name
+ of the <tt>TFM</tt> file for the requested font, and
+ identifying a particular <tt>TFM</tt> file for a size
+ or range of sizes. Each of these techniques is used in
+ the declaration of the medium, normal logo font in
+ Example&#160;<a href="ch05.html#ex.logoshape"
+ title="Example&#160;5.1.&#160;Font-shape Declaration with NFSS2">
+ Example&#160;5.1</a>. There should be no extra spaces
+ in the font size parameter. If you spread it over
+ multiple lines in your input file, make sure that a
+ comment character (\%) appears at the end of each
+ line.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.logoshape" name="ex.logoshape"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;5.1.&#160;Font-shape
+ Declaration with NFSS2</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{logo}{m}{n}{
+ &lt;-8&gt;sub * cmr/m/n
+ &lt;8&gt;&lt;9&gt;&lt;10&gt;gen * logo
+ &lt;10.95&gt;logo10 at 10.95pt
+ &lt;12-&gt;logo10}{}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Each font-shape declaration begins with one or more
+ size<a id="id2884513" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2884513"></a> specifications in angle brackets.
+ This indicates either a specific size
+ (<tt>&lt;10&gt;</tt> for a 10pt font) or a range of
+ sizes (<tt>&lt;8-9&gt;</tt> for any size larger than or
+ equal to 8pt and less than 9pt, <tt>&lt;-8&gt;</tt> for
+ all sizes less than 8pt, or <tt>&lt;10-&gt;</tt> for
+ all sizes larger than or equal to 10pt).</p>
+
+ <p>In Example&#160;<a href="ch05.html#ex.logoshape"
+ title="Example&#160;5.1.&#160;Font-shape Declaration with NFSS2">
+ Example&#160;5.1</a>, the first font-shape declaration
+ indicates that font substitution should be performed
+ for any request at a size smaller than 8pt. The string
+ <tt>cmr/m/n</tt> indicates that medium, normal,
+ Computer Modern Roman should be substituted in its
+ place. In general, the substitution specifies the
+ <tt><i><tt>family</tt></i>/<i><tt>shape</tt></i>/<i><tt>
+ series</tt></i></tt> to be substituted.</p>
+
+ <p>The second declaration indicates that the name of
+ the external font for 8pt, 9pt and 10pt fonts should be
+ generated from the string <tt>logo</tt> and the size
+ (at 8pt, <tt>logo8</tt> will be used; at 9pt,
+ <tt>logo9</tt>; and at 10pt, <tt>logo10</tt>).</p>
+
+ <p>The third declaration demonstrates that the font
+ specified (<tt>{logo10 at 10.95pt}</tt>) can be any
+ valid TeX font selection command. After special
+ declarations have been processed (substitution,
+ generation, etc.), the remaining declaration text is
+ passed to the TeX \font primitive.</p>
+
+ <p>The last declaration specifies that <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>any</em></span> size larger than
+ 12pt is valid. Any size larger than 12pt will use the
+ font <tt>logo10</tt>, scaled appropriately. Automatic
+ font generation, if it is being used, can take care of
+ actually generating the font. Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html#ex.logoshape"
+ title="Example&#160;5.1.&#160;Font-shape Declaration with NFSS2">
+ Example&#160;5.1</a> was constructed to demonstrate
+ several features of the font-shape declaration syntax.
+ A simpler, more likely declaration for the medium
+ normal logo font is shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html#ex.logoshape2"
+ title="Example&#160;5.2.&#160;Font-shape declaration with NFSS2 (simplified)">
+ Example&#160;5.2</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.logoshape2" name="ex.logoshape2"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;5.2.&#160;Font-shape
+ declaration with NFSS2 (simplified)</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{logo}{m}{n}{
+ &lt;-8&gt;sub * cmr/m/n
+ &lt;8-9&gt;logo8
+ &lt;9-10&gt;logo9
+ &lt;10-&gt;logo10}{}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The 8pt design could have been scaled down for sizes
+ less than 8pt, but you should try to avoid large
+ deviations from the design size. Because the design for
+ my book does not require the logo font at sizes less
+ than 8pt, substitution was the best choice.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2884721" name="id2884721"
+ href="#ftn.id2884721">62</a>]</sup></p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2884733"
+ name="id2884733"></a>Storing Font Definitions</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The NFSS will load your font definitions automatically
+ if you store them<a id="id2884743" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2884743"></a> in <tt>FD</tt> files<a
+ id="id2884764" class="indexterm" name="id2884764"></a> in
+ a directory where TeX looks for input files. Whenever an
+ unknown encoding/family is requested, NFSS attempts to
+ load the file <tt>encfamily.fd</tt>. For example, if the
+ font declarations described in the preceding sections are
+ stored in a file called <tt>OT1logo.fd</tt>, nothing
+ special has do be done to use the logo family. The first
+ time the logo family is selected, the definitions will be
+ read from <tt>OT1logo.fd</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>If you are using LaTeX2e (or LaTeX with the NFSS),
+ there must already be a large number of <tt>FD</tt> files
+ on your system. For more information about building the
+ LaTeX2e format (which includes the NFSS2), consult the
+ section &#8220;<a href="ch04.html#sec.buildlatexe"
+ title="Building the LaTeX2e format">the section called
+ &#8220;Building the LaTeX2e format&#8221;</a>&#8221; in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2884863"
+ name="id2884863"></a>Changing the Defaults</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Sometimes you want the fonts that you define to
+ replace the standard Computer Modern fonts. This is
+ easily accomplished. The NFSS defines control sequences<a
+ id="id2884874" class="indexterm" name="id2884874"></a>
+ which identify the default fonts. These control sequences
+ are listed in Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html#tab.nfssdefaults"
+ title="Table&#160;5.6.&#160;Default Fonts ">Table&#160;5.6</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.nfssdefaults" name="tab.nfssdefaults"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;5.6.&#160;Default
+ Fonts</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Default Fonts " border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Control Sequence</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Font</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\rmdefault</td>
+
+ <td align="left">The default normal (roman)
+ font</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\bfdefault</td>
+
+ <td align="left">The default boldface font</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\sfdefault</td>
+
+ <td align="left">The default sans-serif font</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\itdefault</td>
+
+ <td align="left">The default italic font</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\scdefault</td>
+
+ <td align="left">The default caps and small-caps
+ font.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\defaultshape</td>
+
+ <td align="left">The default shape
+ (<tt>n</tt>)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\defaultseries</td>
+
+ <td align="left">The default series
+ (<tt>m</tt>)</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you have defined a new font, perhaps
+ <tt>garamond</tt> as I did for this book, you can make it
+ the default normal font by changing \rmdefault. In LaTeX,
+ the following command makes <tt>garamond</tt> the default
+ normal font:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{garamond}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>In Plain TeX, it's written like this:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\def\rmdefault{garamond}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2885098"
+ name="id2885098"></a>NFSS Pitfalls</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Defining your own fonts with the NFSS is
+ straightforward, but it is not without its subtleties.
+ There are several things going on behind the scenes that
+ you must be aware of if you are going to define your own
+ fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>The first consideration is font substitution. When
+ NFSS cannot find a font, it tries to substitute a
+ different one. First, it tries to find the font you
+ requested in the default shape, then in the default
+ series, and finally, in the default family. You can
+ change the defaults used by NFSS2 with the
+ \DeclareFontSubstitution command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\DeclareFontSubstitution{<span
+class="emphasis"><em>encoding</em></span>}{<span
+class="emphasis"><em>family</em></span>}{<span
+class="emphasis"><em>series</em></span>}{<span
+class="emphasis"><em>shape</em></span>}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>You must specify the defaults for each encoding you
+ use because the encoding is never substituted.</p>
+
+ <p>The next consideration is the use of mathematics<a
+ id="id2885156" class="indexterm" name="id2885156"></a><a
+ id="id2885166" class="indexterm" name="id2885166"></a>,
+ which is typeset using an entirely different set of
+ fonts. Even if you don't use any math in your document,
+ the NFSS is prepared to function in math-mode at a
+ moment's notice. In order to be prepared, it has to know
+ what fonts to use. Ordinarily, mathematics is typeset
+ using fonts at the same size as the current text font.
+ This means that every time you change font sizes for
+ text, NFSS changes font sizes for mathematics as
+ well.</p>
+
+ <p>By default, the NFSS defines math fonts<a
+ id="id2885191" class="indexterm" name="id2885191"></a><a
+ id="id2885198" class="indexterm" name="id2885198"></a>
+ only at the following sizes: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
+ 14, 17, 20, and 25pt. If you define a new font at a
+ different size, 24pt for example, the first time you try
+ to use that font, you will get several warning messages
+ indicating that <tt>cmr/m/n/24</tt> (Computer Modern
+ Roman), <tt>cmm/m/it/24</tt> (Computer Modern Math
+ Italic), <tt>cmsy/m/n/24</tt> (Computer Modern Math
+ Symbols), and <tt>lasy/m/n/24</tt> (LaTeX Symbols, if
+ using LaTeX), are not available. This is very confusing
+ because it won't appear that you have selected 24pt
+ Computer Modern <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>anywhere</em></span> in your
+ document.</p>
+
+ <p>There are two ways to solve this problem:<sup>[<a
+ id="id2885254" name="id2885254"
+ href="#ftn.id2885254">63</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Redefine the required fonts at the sizes
+ requested. This involves copying the definition of
+ each of the fonts from NFSS <tt>FD</tt> files<a
+ id="id2885284" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2885284"></a> and adding new sizes.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Tell NFSS to use existing math sizes for the new
+ text sizes that you define. This option is
+ reasonable only if you won't be using any math at
+ the new sizes (or the sizes are so close that the
+ mathematics doesn't appear disproportional). NFSS
+ includes a macro called \DeclareMathSizes for this
+ purpose. Insert it directly after the
+ \DeclareFontShape command that declares the new
+ font sizes. You must call \DeclareMathSizes once
+ for each new size. For example, to use the 25pt
+ math sizes with 24pt text, insert the following
+ control sequence after you define the 24pt
+ font:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\DeclareMathSizes{25}{24}{20}{17}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The general form of a call to \DeclareMathSizes
+ is:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\DeclareMathSizes{<span class="emphasis"><em>text-size</em></span>}
+ <tt>{</tt><span
+class="emphasis"><em>math-size</em></span><tt>}</tt>
+ <tt>{</tt><span
+class="emphasis"><em>script-size</em></span><tt>}</tt>
+ <tt>{</tt><span
+class="emphasis"><em>script-script-size</em></span><tt>}</tt>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Where <span
+ class="emphasis"><em><tt>math-size</tt></em></span>,
+ <span
+ class="emphasis"><em><tt>script-size</tt></em></span>,
+ and <span
+ class="emphasis"><em><tt>script-script-size</tt></em></span>
+ are the normal (123), script ($x^{123}$), and
+ script-script ($x^{y^{123}}$) math sizes for the
+ specified <span
+ class="emphasis"><em><tt>text-size</tt></em></span>.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>LaTeX sometimes resets the current font to the
+ \rmdefault font. For example, it does this when a \ref is
+ going to be printed. This means that the font you define
+ as the \rmdefault font should be available in every size
+ that you use. This may require redefining the Computer
+ Modern Roman font, as described above, if you add a new
+ size but leave Computer Modern as the default font.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2885459"
+ name="id2885459"></a>PostScript Fonts Under NFSS</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>PostScript fonts<a id="id2885469" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2885469"></a><a id="id2885481" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2885481"></a> and other scalable font technologies
+ like TrueType differ from the way the
+ &#8220;standard&#8221; TeX fonts work. They do not separate
+ the notions of design size and magnification. Instead,
+ PostScript fonts can be rendered at <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>any</em></span> size from a single
+ design. In daily use, the PostScript fonts under NFSS are
+ indistinguishable from non-PostScript fonts. The NFSS
+ distribution includes style files for accessing the 35
+ standard PostScript fonts.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2885510"
+ name="id2885510"></a>Adjustments to Scale</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2885518" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2885518"></a>Some combinations of PostScript
+ fonts, particularly PostScript fonts with Computer Modern
+ mathematics, look bad because there is a large
+ discrepancy between the apparent sizes of the fonts. For
+ example, as a consequence of design, 10pt Helvetica looks
+ bigger than 10pt Computer Modern Math Italic. In order to
+ correct this problem, you can specify a scaling factor
+ when declaring PostScript fonts.<sup>[<a id="id2885536"
+ name="id2885536" href="#ftn.id2885536">64</a>]</sup> The
+ scaling factor is specified in square brackets at the
+ beginning of the font-shape declaration in the
+ \DeclareFontShape command.</p>
+
+ <p>The easiest way to find an approximation of the
+ correct scaling factor is to look at the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>x-height</em></span> of each
+ font.<sup>[<a id="id2885557" name="id2885557"
+ href="#ftn.id2885557">65</a>]</sup> The x-height is the
+ height of a lowercase &#8220;x&#8221; in the font. The
+ following macro will print the x-height of a font:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\def\showxheight#1{
+ \font\fontfoo=#1 at 10pt
+ \message{The x-height of #1 at 10pt is \the\fontdimen5\fontfoo}}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The following TeX input will print the x-heights of
+ Helvetica and Computer Modern Roman (assuming that your
+ Helvetica font is called <tt>phvr</tt>):</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\input showxheight
+\showxheight{phvr}
+\showxheight{cmr10}
+\bye
+</pre>
+
+ <p>On my system, the x-height of Helvetica is 5.23pt and
+ the x-height of Computer Modern Roman is 4.30554pt. The
+ following font declaration makes Helvetica have the same
+ apparent size as Computer Modern Roman:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{phv}{m}{n}{
+ &lt;-&gt; [0.8232] phvr}{}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Compare scaled Helvetica to unscaled Helvetica:</p>
+
+ <p>FIXME: Unscaled Helvetica, Computer Modern Roman,
+ Scaled Helvetica</p>
+
+ <p>Unscaled Helvetica looks much larger than Computer
+ Modern, but the scaled Helvetica appears a little too
+ small. Experimentation is the only way to find the scale
+ that looks best.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2885640"
+ name="id2885640"></a>When Things Go Wrong</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A number of font-related problems can arise<a
+ id="id2885650" class="indexterm" name="id2885650"></a>
+ which either prevent you from formatting and printing your
+ document or cause the output to differ from what you
+ anticipated. The following sections describe many common
+ problems and their solutions.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2885669"
+ name="id2885669"></a>When TeX Complains</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The first time an error can occur is when TeX is
+ processing your document. Some of these errors prevent
+ TeX from continuing while others are simply warnings.</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>! Font \myfont=xxxxx not
+ loadable: Metric (TFM) file not
+ found.</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This error indicates that TeX tried to process a
+ \font control sequence which assigned the font
+ <tt>xxxxx</tt> to the control sequence \myfont, but
+ TeX could not find a <tt>TFM</tt> file for the font
+ <tt>xxxxx</tt>. All the characters from the missing
+ font will be blank in the resulting <tt>DVI</tt>
+ file.</p>
+
+ <p>You cannot process your document until this
+ error is corrected, which is a matter of fixing the
+ offending \font command if you are using the old
+ font selection scheme.</p>
+
+ <p>Under the NFSS2, this error occurs if you
+ specify an invalid font in the command
+ \DeclareFontShape. Examine the font that you were
+ attempting to select and make sure that it
+ exists.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>Warning Font/shape `x/y/z'
+ undefined on input line
+ <i><tt>n</tt></i></tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This is a warning message from the NFSS. It
+ indicates that you requested the font family
+ <tt>x</tt>, series <tt>y</tt>, and shape
+ <tt>z</tt>, but the requested font does not exist.
+ This message is followed by another indicating
+ which font NFSS chose to substitute in place of the
+ one you requested. NFSS substitutes the closest
+ possible font to the one you requested. It is
+ usually an acceptable replacement.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, if you are currently using Computer
+ Modern Bold Extended and you select Computer Modern
+ Typewriter, the NFSS will report that there is no
+ bold-extended-typewriter font and that normal
+ typewriter is being substituted in its place.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>! Font x/y/z/999 not
+ found.</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This is a fatal error from the NFSS. It
+ indicates that you selected font family <tt>x</tt>,
+ series <tt>y</tt>, shape <tt>z</tt> at a size of
+ 999pts and that no such font exists. This error
+ occurs when the size 999 is not defined in the
+ \DeclareFontShape command for x/y/z.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>Missing character: There
+ is no X in font foo!</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This is a warning message from TeX. Usually it
+ occurs only in the log file. This error occurs when
+ you attempt to access a character that does not
+ exist in the current font. This can happen if you
+ select the wrong font or if the selected font has a
+ different encoding vector than anticipated. See the
+ section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.fonts.encodingvec"
+ title="Declaring a family">the section called
+ &#8220;Declaring a family&#8221;</a>&#8221; in this
+ chapter for more information.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2885907"
+ name="id2885907"></a>When the DVI Driver
+ Complains</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Getting TeX to successfully produce a <tt>DVI</tt>
+ file<a id="id2885925" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2885925"></a> is only half the battle. The next
+ hurdle is getting a DVI driver to print it. Here are some
+ of the things that can go wrong:</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2885937"
+ name="id2885937"></a>Can't find PK file</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>When a DVI driver complains that it cannot find the
+ appropriate <tt>PK</tt> file, there are several things
+ that could be wrong.</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>The font is built into the printer.</p>
+
+ <p>If the DVI driver complains that it cannot
+ find the <tt>PK</tt> file for a built-in font,
+ you need to adjust the DVI driver's configuration
+ to indicate that the font is built-in. Exactly
+ how this is done depends on the DVI driver that
+ you are using. For example, if you are using
+ <b>dvips</b>, add an entry to the
+ <tt>psfonts.map</tt> file<a id="id2886005"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2886005"></a>. If you
+ are using emTeX, add an entry to the font
+ substitution file specified in the configuration
+ file. Consult the references for your particular
+ DVI driver for more information about using
+ built-in fonts.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The font does not exist on the printer you are
+ using.</p>
+
+ <p>This is the same problem as the error above
+ except that it cannot be fixed. For example, I
+ have <tt>TFM</tt> files for many PostScript fonts
+ at home because it helps me format bits of
+ documentation that I bring home from work without
+ error. However, if I try to print one of these
+ documents without first changing the fonts, the
+ DVI driver complains that it cannot find several
+ fonts. There is no way that I can correct this
+ because the missing fonts are built-in fonts for
+ a printer that I do not have at home. In this
+ case, font substitution by the DVI driver may
+ allow you to preview (and even print) the
+ document, but it won't look very good unless the
+ font metrics of the substituted font are very
+ close to the metrics for the original.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Uncommon size or font (no <tt>PK</tt>
+ file).</p>
+
+ <p>The Computer Modern family contains a number
+ of fonts that are very rarely used. If you don't
+ keep <tt>PK</tt> files for these fonts around all
+ the time and attempt to use one of them (or
+ attempt to use a common font at a very unusual
+ size), the DVI driver will not be able to find
+ the necessary <tt>PK</tt> file. You have to build
+ the <tt>PK</tt> file first. Consult
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">
+ Chapter&#160;11</a> for more information about
+ building <tt>PK</tt> files with MetaFont. Also
+ consult the section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.autofont"
+ title="Automatic Font Generation by DVI Drivers">the
+ section called &#8220;Automatic Font Generation
+ by DVI Drivers&#8221;</a>&#8221; later in this
+ chapter.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2886152"
+ name="id2886152"></a>Accents don't work or the
+ wrong characters are printed</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This problem is usually caused by a bad encoding
+ vector. See the section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.fonts.encodingvec"
+ title="Declaring a family">the section called
+ &#8220;Declaring a family&#8221;</a>&#8221; in this
+ chapter for more information.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2886177"
+ name="id2886177"></a>Printer prints the right
+ characters but the wrong font</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This is usually an indication that you are trying to
+ use a font that does not exist on the printer.
+ PostScript printers, for example, substitute Courier
+ for any font that does not exist.</p>
+
+ <p>Another possibility is that you have configured your
+ DVI driver incorrectly. I once told <b>dvips</b> to
+ download Galliard when I used Garamond. It took me
+ quite a while to find that error. Make sure that the
+ printer contains the fonts that you think it does and
+ make sure that you are mapping the TeX font names to
+ the correct printer fonts.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2886211"
+ name="id2886211"></a>Encoding Vectors</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>An encoding vector<a id="id2886220" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2886220"></a> describes the order and position of
+ characters within a font. The purpose of this section is to
+ help you understand the role that encoding vectors play in
+ the translation of text from your input file to printed
+ output.</p>
+
+ <p>Encoding vectors cause a lot of confusion. Whenever the
+ characters that you type in your input file are printed
+ incorrectly (&#8220;<tt>flight</tt>&#8221; in your input
+ file prints out as &#8220;ight&#8221;;
+ &#8220;\oe{}vres&#8221; prints out as
+ &#8220;\'uvres&#8221;; or &#8220;<tt>---</tt>&#8221; prints
+ out as &#8220;-{}-{}-&#8221; instead of &#8220;---&#8221;),
+ you've probably encountered some sort of encoding
+ problem.</p>
+
+ <p>The root of this problem is that the characters in your
+ input file are really just numbers between 0 and
+ 255.<sup>[<a id="id2886286" name="id2886286"
+ href="#ftn.id2886286">66</a>]</sup> The number 65 is
+ usually a capital A, but there is nothing intrinsic to the
+ value 65 to signify this. In order to display these byte
+ values, they have to be translated into symbols.</p>
+
+ <p>These problems arise because there are at least four
+ different translations occurring between what you type and
+ what appears on the printed (or previewed) page:</p>
+
+ <div class="orderedlist">
+ <ol type="1">
+ <li>
+ <p>You type some symbols on the keyboard, and they
+ are displayed by your editor. The configuration of
+ your system determines how these characters appear.
+ Sometimes they are from the ISO Latin-1 symbol set,
+ sometimes US ASCII, sometimes something else, and
+ sometimes it is user configurable. If you confine
+ yourself to pure ASCII, you're pretty safe, but
+ that's not convenient for languages other than
+ English. When you are typing documents in Spanish,
+ it's very convenient to be able to type
+ &#8220;\&#160;n&#8221; directly in your document.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX reads your input file and translates it into
+ an internal encoding (basically ASCII). (The reverse
+ translation is performed before TeX prints any output
+ to the terminal or the log file.) The translation
+ tables used in this step are generally determined
+ when the TeX program is compiled, but several modern
+ TeXs allow you to modify these tables at runtime.</p>
+
+ <p>TeX assumes that fonts use TeX's internal
+ encoding. For example, on an IBM mainframe, which
+ uses the EBCDIC character set<a id="id2886356"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2886356"></a>, TeX
+ translates a capital A (EBCDIC 193) into ASCII 65 and
+ assumes that position 65 of the metric information
+ for the current font contains the information
+ (including ligature and kerning information) for a
+ capital A.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>If you use control sequences to represent special
+ characters (\oe for &#8220;\oe&#8221;, for example),
+ the macro package you use is responsible for defining
+ those control sequences so they produce the correct
+ characters. If the macro package assumes that the
+ &#8220;\oe&#8221; character appears at position 247
+ of the current font, the output will not be correct
+ in a font with a different encoding.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The DVI driver reads TeX's <tt>DVI</tt> file and
+ assumes that the encoding vector of each font used in
+ the <tt>DVI</tt> file is the same as the encoding
+ vector of the actual fonts in the output device. For
+ <tt>PK</tt> fonts, this is probably true (since the
+ DVI driver sends the font to the printer), but for
+ fonts built into the printer, it is less likely to be
+ true.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may think of a font as a collection of 1 to 256
+ different symbols in a particular order. This is really a
+ font plus a particular encoding vector. It is more accurate
+ to think of a font as simply a collection of symbols (with
+ no particular number or ordering). An encoding vector
+ selects which symbols are used and in what order they
+ appear. Typically, an encoding vector can contain only 256
+ different symbols. It is important to note that changing an
+ encoding vector of a font does not simply permute the order
+ of the characters in the font, it can change which symbols
+ are actually present as well.</p>
+
+ <p>Encoding vectors are either implicit or explicit. Most
+ fonts have an implicit encoding, but some (for example,
+ Adobe Type&#160;1 fonts) contain an explicit, configurable
+ encoding. TeX fonts have an implicit encoding. TeX actually
+ uses several different encoding vectors (it uses more than
+ one because it has both text or body fonts and several
+ kinds of math and symbol fonts). The character set tables
+ in Appendix&#160;<a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a></em></span>,
+ show the encoding of several different fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>\font\mathit=cmmi10 Most macro packages assume that the
+ TEX TEXT encoding is being used. For example, Plain TeX
+ defines the control sequence \AE as an abbreviation for
+ character number 29 in the current font. Even when control
+ sequences aren't involved, problems can arise if the output
+ font does not have the anticipated encoding. The byte-value
+ 34 in your input file is almost always the literal double
+ quote character (<tt>"</tt>) and usually prints as a double
+ quote (which is probably what your editor displays and
+ probably what you expect). If the font encoding is
+ something different, the result will not be what you
+ expect. For example, if the current font has the TEX MATH
+ ITALIC encoding, the result is
+ &#8220;{\mathit\char34}&#8221;.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.fonts.virtualfonts"
+ name="sec.fonts.virtualfonts"></a>Virtual Fonts</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Virtual fonts<a id="id2886658" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2886658"></a><a id="id2886666" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2886666"></a> (stored in <tt>VF</tt> files<a
+ id="id2886687" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2886687"></a><sup>[<a id="id2886706"
+ name="id2886706" href="#ftn.id2886706">67</a>]</sup>) are a
+ relatively new addition to the TeX family. When TeX was
+ originally defined in 1970, Knuth<a id="id2886736"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2886736"></a> chose a character
+ encoding that suited his purposes, and very little effort
+ was made to parameterize the encoding. (In fact, any TeX
+ macro writer can use <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>any</em></span> encoding she wants,
+ but no general mechanism for identifying the encoding
+ exists.<sup>[<a id="id2886754" name="id2886754"
+ href="#ftn.id2886754">68</a>]</sup>) Virtual fonts combat
+ this problem by allowing the creator to define a virtual
+ font in terms of (multiple) characters from one or more
+ fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>Virtual fonts are used most commonly to change the
+ encoding vector of a font. This provides a convenient way
+ of mapping different fonts into the required encoding so
+ that they are easy to use in TeX. A virtual font consists
+ of a <tt>VF</tt> file and a <tt>TFM</tt> file. TeX uses the
+ <tt>TFM</tt> file as it would any other.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch05.html#fig.vfdiagram"
+ title="Figure&#160;5.4.&#160;How TeX uses a virtual font">Figure&#160;5.4</a>
+ shows how a virtual font is used by the TeX system. In this
+ case, a virtual font <tt>ctmr</tt> has been created
+ combining characters from the fonts <tt>trr0n</tt>,
+ <tt>trr6m</tt>, <tt>trr6j</tt>, and <tt>trr10j</tt>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.vfdiagram" name="fig.vfdiagram"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;5.4.&#160;How TeX uses a
+ virtual font</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The document uses the font <tt>ctmr</tt>. TeX uses the
+ font metric information in <tt>ctmr.tfm</tt> to compose the
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file. The DVI driver, however, discovers a
+ <tt>VF</tt> file named <tt>ctmr</tt>, so it uses the
+ instructions in the virtual font to select characters from
+ the four built-in fonts. This is a practical example. It
+ shows how the HP LaserJet built-in fonts may be accessed
+ with the standard TeX text encoding.</p>
+
+ <p>In practice, virtual fonts suffer from one limitation: A
+ virtual font can only permute the encoding vector; it
+ cannot access characters that do not appear in the encoding
+ vector of the &#8220;real&#8221; font. For example, an
+ Adobe Type&#160;1 font might contain all of the characters
+ that appear in the TeX text encoding, but many of them do
+ not appear in the standard Adobe encoding vector. A virtual
+ font alone cannot remap the characters into the TeX text
+ encoding. The encoding vector of the font must also be
+ changed. Several PostScript DVI drivers have this
+ ability.</p>
+
+ <p>Virtual fonts are binary files and are very difficult to
+ edit. To make it possible to construct virtual fonts by
+ hand, TeX includes standard utilities (<b>VFtoVP</b><a
+ id="id2886971" class="indexterm" name="id2886971"></a> and
+ <b>VPtoVF</b><a id="id2886985" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2886985"></a>) for converting the binary
+ <tt>VF</tt> format into a human-readable <tt>VPL</tt>
+ format. The <tt>VPL</tt> files are text files that can be
+ edited with a text editor.</p>
+
+ <p>A complete description of how to create virtual fonts is
+ beyond the scope of this book. If you are interested in
+ experimenting with virtual fonts, I strongly recommend that
+ you examine the <b>fontinst</b> package.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2887038" name="id2887038"
+ href="#ftn.id2887038">69</a>]</sup> <b>fontinst</b><a
+ id="id2887070" class="indexterm" name="id2887070"></a>
+ allows you to construct <tt>VPL</tt> files with TeX
+ documents. This isn't as strange as it first sounds.
+ Virtual font files have to include the metric information
+ from <tt>TFM</tt> files for each font that they include.
+ Because TeX can easily read this information, and the
+ output is a plain text document anyway, TeX is a very
+ capable, if somewhat slow, tool.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.autofont" name="sec.autofont"></a>Automatic
+ Font Generation by DVI Drivers</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Recent releases of many popular DVI drivers (\dvips<a
+ id="id2887119" class="indexterm" name="id2887119"></a>,
+ xdvi<a id="id2887132" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2887132"></a>, \SeeTeX<a id="id2887140"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2887140"></a>, and emTeX<a
+ id="id2887151" class="indexterm" name="id2887151"></a>'s
+ DVI drivers, to name a few) include the ability to generate
+ missing fonts automatically<a id="id2887162"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2887162"></a><a id="id2887174"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2887174"></a>. Automatic font
+ generation overcomes two problems simultaneously: it
+ reduces disk space requirements, and it makes font
+ generation easier. Most implementations of TeX are
+ distributed with a complete set of Computer Modern fonts at
+ seven or more magnifications. This can easily amount to
+ several megabytes of disk space (even more if you are using
+ other fonts, like the \AmS fonts<a id="id2887193"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2887193"></a> from the American
+ Mathematical Society<a id="id2887205" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2887205"></a>). In practice, you probably use only
+ a small subset of these fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>One way to combat the disk-space problem is to delete
+ all of the TeX fonts on your system and build just the ones
+ you actually use. In the days before automatic font
+ generation, this would have been quite unpleasant. The
+ first time you discovered that you needed a font that you
+ did not have, you would have to stop your DVI driver,
+ figure out what size was missing, figure out how to get
+ MetaFont to build the font that was missing at the
+ appropriate resolution, run MetaFont, store the font in the
+ right place, and return to your DVI driver. Moments later,
+ you might discover that you had to do the whole process
+ again for some other font.</p>
+
+ <p>Using a driver that provides automatic font generation
+ makes it nearly painless to delete fonts and let them be
+ built automatically.<sup>[<a id="id2887238"
+ name="id2887238" href="#ftn.id2887238">70</a>]</sup> The
+ DVI driver determines the resolution required, runs
+ MetaFont with the appropriate parameters, stores the font
+ in the correct place, and continues processing the document
+ uninterrupted.</p>
+
+ <p>The down side of automatic font generation is that you
+ must keep the MetaFont program around and make available
+ the source files for the Computer Modern fonts (and any
+ other MetaFont fonts that you use). If you do not already
+ have these files on your hard disk, the potential disk
+ space savings are somewhat reduced. (MetaFont is discussed
+ fully in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a>.)
+ Moreover, automatic font generation can only build
+ <tt>PK</tt> files<a id="id2887281" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2887281"></a>; if <tt>TFM</tt> files are also
+ missing, you will have to build those by hand before TeX
+ can process your document.<sup>[<a id="id2887312"
+ name="id2887312" href="#ftn.id2887312">71</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>Another benefit of automatic font generation is that it
+ can be used to provide previewers, even non-PostScript
+ previewers, with the ability to preview documents that use
+ PostScript fonts, provided that you have the Printer Font
+ ASCII (<tt>PFA</tt>)<a id="id2887344" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2887344"></a> or Printer Font Binary
+ (<tt>PFB</tt>)<a id="id2887363" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2887363"></a> font sources and Adobe Font Metric
+ (<tt>AFM</tt>)<a id="id2887382" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2887382"></a> for your PostScript fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>The following lines, added to the <tt>MakeTeXPK</tt><a
+ id="id2887401" class="indexterm" name="id2887401"></a>
+ script distributed with <b>dvips</b>, provide automatic
+ font generation for PostScript fonts with <b>ps2pk</b><a
+ id="id2887423" class="indexterm" name="id2887423"></a>.
+ This is useful even on systems where PostScript printers
+ are used for output, because previewers like <b>xdvi</b><a
+ id="id2887438" class="indexterm" name="id2887438"></a> also
+ use <b>MakeTeXPK</b> to build missing fonts.</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+# Look for a PostScript outline font...
+if [ -r /usr/local/lib/tex/ps/outlines/$NAME.pfa ]
+then
+ echo Building TeX font from PostScript outline
+ # Hack. If $6 is null, $DESTDIR =&gt; $6 ...
+ PStoTeXfont $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $DESTDIR
+ exit 0
+else
+ echo Building TeX font from MetaFont outline
+fi
+</pre>
+
+ <p>In this example, PostScript fonts are stored in the
+ <tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/ps/outlines</tt> directory. You
+ should change this directory to something appropriate for
+ your system. On a unix system, the <b>PStoTeXfont</b>
+ script shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html#ex.pstotexfont"
+ title="Example&#160;5.3.&#160;The PStoTeXfont script">Example&#160;5.3</a>
+ is appropriate.<sup>[<a id="id2887500" name="id2887500"
+ href="#ftn.id2887500">72</a>]</sup> A <b>Perl</b> version
+ of <b>MakeTeXPK</b> that handles both MetaFont and
+ PostScript fonts is shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="apd.html#ex.maketexpk"
+ title="Example&#160;D.1.&#160;MakeTeXPK.pl">Example&#160;D.1</a>
+ in Appendix&#160;<a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.pstotexfont" name="ex.pstotexfont"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;5.3.&#160;The
+ PStoTeXfont script</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+#!/usr/local/bin/bash
+#
+# This script file makes a new TeX font from a PS outline.
+#
+# Parameters are:
+#
+# name dpi bdpi [mag mode destdir]
+#
+# `name' is the name of the font, such as `ptmr'. `dpi'
+# is the resolution the font is needed at. `bdpi' is
+# the base resolution.
+#
+# This script ignores the remaining parameters. They are
+# left here to document the fact that the caller may provide
+# them. They may be provided because the caller thinks
+# MetaFont is going to do the work...
+#
+# Of course, this needs to be set up for your site.
+#
+# TEMPDIR needs to be unique for each process because of the
+# possibility of simultaneous processes running this script.
+
+TEMPDIR=/tmp/temp-tex-PS.$$
+NAME=$1
+DPI=$2
+BDPI=$3
+
+LOCALDIR=/usr/local/lib/mf/fonts
+DESTDIR=$LOCALDIR/pk
+
+BASENAME=$NAME.$DPI
+PFADIR=/usr/local/lib/tex/ps/outlines
+
+# Clean up on normal or abnormal exit
+trap "cd /; rm -rf $TEMPDIR" 0 1 2 15
+
+mkdir $TEMPDIR
+cd $TEMPDIR
+
+# We proceed by making a 10pt font at the resolution
+# requested...
+echo Making ${DPI}dpi version of $NAME.
+ps2pk -X$DPI -P10 -a$PFADIR/$NAME.afm $PFADIR/$NAME.pfa ${BASENAME}pk
+
+mv ${BASENAME}pk $DESTDIR
+
+exit 0
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A similar script for using automatic font generation
+ under emTeX with <b>4DOS</b> is shown in Examples&#160;<a
+ href="apd.html#ex.dvidxx"
+ title="Example&#160;D.3.&#160;dvidxx.btm">Example&#160;D.3</a>
+ and&#160;<a href="apd.html#ex.makepk"
+ title="Example&#160;D.4.&#160;makepk.btm">Example&#160;D.4</a>
+ in Appendix&#160;<a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a>.
+ Several other options are available for performing
+ automatic font generation on a number of platforms,
+ including a <b>REXX</b> version for OS/2 and a compiled
+ program called <b>MKTeXPK</b>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.t1fonts" name="sec.t1fonts"></a>Math Fonts in
+ TeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Changing math fonts<a id="id2887679" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2887679"></a><a id="id2887686" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2887686"></a> is more difficult than changing text
+ fonts. In addition to the large number of special symbols
+ that must be available, TeX needs a lot more information to
+ use the fonts because the characters are combined more
+ frequently and in more complex ways. For example, the open
+ brace character (\{) in math mode is
+ &#8220;extensible;&#8221; this means that it can be as
+ large as required. In order for TeX to construct a brace of
+ arbitrary size, one of the math fonts (the math extensions
+ font) contains four different characters that TeX combines
+ to form the brace:</p>
+
+ <p>FIXME: brace pieces</p>
+
+ <p>Extensible recipes for characters like &#8220;\{&#8221;,
+ &#8220;\}&#8221;, &#8220;(&#8221;, and &#8220;)&#8221; are
+ examples of additional metric information that must be
+ available in math fonts for TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>In addition to the Computer Modern math fonts, there are
+ really only three other choices at present: the \AmS
+ fonts<a id="id2887745" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2887745"></a> (MetaFont fonts freely distributed by
+ the American Mathematical Society<a id="id2887758"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2887758"></a> which extend but do
+ not replace the Computer Modern math fonts), the Lucida
+ Bright+New Math fonts<a id="id2887768" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2887768"></a>, and the MathTime fonts<a
+ id="id2887778" class="indexterm" name="id2887778"></a>.
+ Lucida Bright and MathTime are both sets of commercial
+ PostScript Type&#160;1 fonts.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2887790"
+ name="id2887790"></a>Concrete Examples</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The following sections describe by example how you can
+ use several different kinds of fonts in TeX. The tools
+ described are generally free and generally available for
+ multiple platforms. Where specific commercial tools are
+ used, free alternatives are discussed.</p>
+
+ <p>The specific tools I mention here are not the only tools
+ available nor are they necessarily the best, although I
+ hope I've found the best ones. If you have found a
+ different and better solution, don't abandon it in favor of
+ what I use here. But please do tell me about the method
+ that you have found. With every passing day, more free
+ software becomes available.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2887816"
+ name="id2887816"></a>MetaFont Fonts</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a>
+ describes how to use MetaFont to create fonts for TeX.<a
+ id="id2887825" class="indexterm" name="id2887825"></a><a
+ id="id2887847" class="indexterm" name="id2887847"></a> If
+ you have MetaFont installed, you can easily create fonts
+ that are usable in TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>MetaFont reads <tt>MF</tt> files, which are plain text
+ files that describe a font analogous to the way TeX reads
+ <tt>TEX</tt> files that describe a document.</p>
+
+ <p>Appendix&#160;<a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a></em></span>,
+ contains examples of many MetaFont fonts. Consult the
+ &#8220;Definitive List of All Fonts Available for
+ {MetaFont}&#8221;&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#lreq:metafonts">lreq:metafonts</a>] for
+ an up-to-date list with availability information.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2887929"
+ name="id2887929"></a>PostScript Type 1 Fonts</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>PostScript printers have many PostScript Type&#160;1<a
+ id="id2887939" class="indexterm" name="id2887939"></a><a
+ id="id2887949" class="indexterm" name="id2887949"></a>
+ fonts built in. If you want to use built-in fonts, you
+ only need the metric information for them and a
+ PostScript DVI driver. The <b>dvips</b> driver is the
+ most popular free DVI driver. Several commercial drivers
+ are also available.</p>
+
+ <p>The metric information should be available in the form
+ of Adobe Font Metric (<tt>AFM</tt>) files<a
+ id="id2887986" class="indexterm" name="id2887986"></a>
+ from the printer vendor or directly from Adobe Systems<a
+ id="id2888007" class="indexterm" name="id2888007"></a>,
+ Inc. You need a program that will convert <tt>AFM</tt>
+ files into <tt>TFM</tt> files<a id="id2888034"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2888034"></a>. There are
+ several free programs that will do this conversion (one
+ is included with <b>dvips</b>), and your DVI driver may
+ have included one. In general, if one came with your DVI
+ driver, that is the one you should use.</p>
+
+ <p>If you want to use PostScript Type&#160;1 fonts on
+ non-PostScript devices, like most screen previewers, you
+ need the &#8220;sources&#8221; for the fonts that you
+ want to use. Many font vendors sell fonts in Adobe
+ Type&#160;1 format. In addition, there are many
+ Type&#160;1 fonts available on the Internet and on
+ bulletin board systems.<sup>[<a id="id2888068"
+ name="id2888068" href="#ftn.id2888068">73</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>Several companies have made complete, high-quality
+ fonts available. They are:</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="id2888084" name="id2888084"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;5.7.&#160;</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">IBM Courier</th>
+
+ <th>URW Antiqua</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Bitstream Courier</td>
+
+ <td>URW Grotesk Bold</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Bitstream Charter</td>
+
+ <td>Nimbus Roman No9</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Check the license that accompanies these fonts to make
+ sure that you can use them legally.</p>
+
+ <p>PostScript Type&#160;1 font sources are available in
+ Printer Font ASCII (<tt>PFA</tt>)<a id="id2888169"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2888169"></a> and Printer Font
+ Binary (<tt>PFB</tt>)<a id="id2888188" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2888188"></a> formats.<sup>[<a id="id2888196"
+ name="id2888196" href="#ftn.id2888196">74</a>]</sup> The
+ <tt>PFB</tt> format is more compact, but less portable.
+ unix systems usually use <tt>PFA</tt> files, while MS-DOS
+ and OS/2 systems use <tt>PFB</tt> files. Several existing
+ programs can convert <tt>PFB</tt> files into <tt>PFA</tt>
+ files and vice-versa. For the remainder of this section,
+ I will consistently refer to PostScript Type&#160;1
+ source files as <tt>PFA</tt> files, although you can use
+ <tt>PFB</tt> files instead if they are supported on your
+ platform.</p>
+
+ <p>In addition to the <tt>PFA</tt> files, you will also
+ need metric information for the fonts. The metric
+ information <span class="emphasis"><em>should</em></span>
+ be available in <tt>AFM</tt> format. If you purchased
+ fonts from a vendor and did not receive <tt>AFM</tt>
+ files, you should complain. Fonts from free sources, like
+ Internet archive sites and bulletin board systems
+ sometimes include only Printer Font Metric
+ (<tt>PFM</tt>)<a id="id2888341" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2888341"></a> files. These are Microsoft Windows
+ printer metric files, and they do not contain enough
+ information to make a <tt>TFM</tt> file.</p>
+
+ <p>It is possible to create a <tt>TFM</tt> file from the
+ <tt>PFM</tt> file, but the metrics are not particularly
+ good. To do this:</p>
+
+ <div class="orderedlist">
+ <ol type="1">
+ <li>
+ <p>Convert the <tt>PFM</tt> file into an incomplete
+ <tt>AFM</tt> file with the <b>PFM2AFM</b><a
+ id="id2888427" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2888427"></a> utility.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Use the <b>PS2PK</b><a id="id2888449"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2888449"></a> program to
+ make a <tt>PK</tt> file.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Use <b>PKBBOX</b><a id="id2888481"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2888481"></a> to create a
+ more complete <tt>AFM</tt> file from the incomplete
+ <tt>AFM</tt> file and the <tt>PK</tt> file.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <tt>AFM</tt> file manufactured in this way can be
+ used to create a <tt>TFM</tt> file. The <tt>PK</tt> file
+ can be used by any DVI driver that understands TeX
+ <tt>PK</tt> fonts (almost all drivers have this
+ ability).</p>
+
+ <p>Creating <tt>PK</tt> files does require more disk
+ space, but it has the advantage that you can print TeX
+ documents which use PostScript Type&#160;1 fonts on
+ non-PostScript devices. This includes fast,
+ <tt>PK</tt>-based screen previewers like <b>xdvi</b> and
+ emTeX's <b>dviscr</b> that do not understand
+ PostScript.</p>
+
+ <p>Programs like <b>dvipsone</b><a id="id2888617"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2888617"></a> and
+ <b>dviwindo</b><a id="id2888631" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2888631"></a> which run under the Microsoft
+ Windows environment can use PostScript fonts directly if
+ Adobe Type Manager (ATM)<a id="id2888641"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2888641"></a> is installed on
+ the system. However, it is still necessary to construct
+ the <tt>TFM</tt> files for TeX.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2888662"
+ name="id2888662"></a>{Using a new PostScript font
+ in TeX (for PostScript printers)}</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This section presents a step-by-step description of
+ how to use a new PostScript font in TeX with a
+ PostScript printer or previewer. In this situation, you
+ have a PostScript printer, and you use <b>dvips</b> to
+ print your documents. This method also allows you to
+ preview your documents with <b>Ghostscript</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>For either method, you must first obtain the
+ PostScript sources for the font that you want to use.
+ You <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> have a
+ <tt>PFA</tt> or <tt>PFB</tt> file and an <tt>AFM</tt>
+ file. As a concrete example, I'll use the &#8220;Nimbus
+ Roman 9L Regular&#8221; font. For this font, I obtain
+ <tt>unmr.pfa</tt> and <tt>unmr.afm</tt>. These fonts
+ are available from the CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>fonts/urw</tt>.<sup>[<a id="id2888763"
+ name="id2888763" href="#ftn.id2888763">75</a>]</sup> In
+ order to use the font in TeX, you must create TeX font
+ metrics for it using <b>afm2tfm</b><a id="id2888801"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2888801"></a> (in particular,
+ the version of <b>afm2tfm</b> that comes with
+ <b>dvips</b>).</p>
+
+ <p>First, however, we must decide what encoding vector
+ to use. Frequently, the fonts you obtain use Adobe
+ Standard Encoding. The problem with this encoding is
+ that it isn't very complete; it leaves out a lot of
+ standard TeX characters (like the ligatures
+ &#8220;fi&#8221; and &#8220;fl&#8221; as well as many
+ accented and international letters). Instead of using
+ Adobe Standard Encoding<a id="id2888843"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2888843"></a>, I recommend
+ using the Cork Encoding<a id="id2888852"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2888852"></a>. The Cork
+ Encoding has several advantages; it is a superset of
+ the original TeX text encoding; it is becoming a new
+ standard for TeX; and it is supported by the NFSS2. Of
+ course, the Cork Encoding is not suitable for all
+ fonts; there's no reason to try to re-encode a symbol
+ font into the Cork Encoding---that doesn't even make
+ any sense.</p>
+
+ <p>Luckily, using the Cork Encoding is no more
+ difficult than using whatever encoding the distributed
+ font contains. <b>afm2tfm</b> will do all the work. You
+ only need to obtain the appropriate encoding file. In
+ this case, the file is <tt>ec.enc</tt>, and it is
+ distributed with both <b>dvips</b> and NFSS2. Use
+ <b>afm2tfm</b> to generate the metrics:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ {\bf afm2tfm unmr.afm -v unmr.vpl -T ec.enc unmr0.tfm}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This command reads <tt>unmr.afm</tt>, the original
+ <tt>AFM</tt> file with an arbitrary encoding, and the
+ encoding vector <tt>ec.enc</tt>. It creates the virtual
+ font <tt>unmr.vpl</tt> and the <tt>TFM</tt> file
+ <tt>unmr0.tfm</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>The relationship between these files is subtle. The
+ <tt>AFM</tt> file contains metric information for all
+ the possible glyphs<a id="id2888978" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2888978"></a> in the font. The encoding file
+ establishes the encoding vector---which particular
+ characters occur in exactly what order. These two files
+ are combined to produce character metric information
+ for the specific encoding vector. This information is
+ saved in the <tt>TFM</tt> file. This is a
+ &#8220;raw&#8221; <tt>TFM</tt> file<a id="id2889015"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2889015"></a>.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2889026" name="id2889026"
+ href="#ftn.id2889026">76</a>]</sup> It does not have
+ any ligature or kerning information and <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>may</em></span> have a different
+ encoding from the virtual font (although, in this case
+ it has the same encoding).</p>
+
+ <p>The next step is to produce a virtual font from the
+ <tt>VPL</tt> file<a id="id2889087" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2889087"></a>:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ {\bf vptovf unmr.vpl unmr.vf unmr.tfm}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This produces a virtual font file, <tt>unmr.vf</tt>,
+ and an appropriate <tt>TFM</tt> file. This <tt>TFM</tt>
+ file has ligature and kerning information for the
+ characters in the font as well as the metrics for the
+ individual glyphs.</p>
+
+ <p>The names of the virtual font files and the related
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files are entirely arbitrary. You can give
+ them any names you wish. In the long run, you will
+ benefit if you choose a naming scheme that allows you
+ to determine which files are which simply by examining
+ the names. If you have a lot of fonts, take a look at
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>{Filenames for
+ Fonts}</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#tug:filenames-fonts">tug:filenames-fonts</a>].
+ It is also available electronically from CTAN in the
+ directory <tt>info/filename</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>Now you should install the <tt>VF</tt> and
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files in the appropriate directories and
+ proceed to use the <tt>unmr</tt> font. TeX will do the
+ right thing because the <tt>TFM</tt> file contains the
+ appropriate metric information, and the DVI driver will
+ do the right thing because it has a virtual font which
+ specifies how the characters should be mapped into the
+ printer.</p>
+
+ <p>Now that TeX is happy, we have the additional
+ problem of making the PostScript printer happy. The
+ easiest way to do this is to tell <b>dvips</b> to do it
+ for us. The <tt>psfonts.map</tt> file used by
+ <b>dvips</b> identifies which fonts are built into the
+ printer and which fonts need to be downloaded.</p>
+
+ <p>Each line in the <tt>psfonts.map</tt> file describes
+ how a particular TeX font should be interpreted. The
+ simplest lines identify the PostScript name of fonts
+ built into the printer. For \linebreak</p>
+
+ <p>example, the following line indicates that
+ <b>dvips</b><a id="id2889279" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2889279"></a> should use the PostScript font
+ Times-Roman (which is assumed to be resident in the
+ printer) everywhere that the <tt>DVI</tt> file uses the
+ font <tt>rptmr</tt>:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+rptmr Times-Roman
+</pre>
+
+ <p>To automatically download a PostScript font<a
+ id="id2889318" class="indexterm" name="id2889318"></a>,
+ add <tt>&lt;</tt><tt><i><tt>fontfile</tt></i></tt> to
+ the corresponding line in the <tt>psfonts.map</tt>
+ file. The following entry indicates that the PostScript
+ font CharterBT-Roman should be used where
+ <tt>rbchr</tt> is used in the document. In addition,
+ <b>dvips</b> should download the font from the file
+ <tt>/usr/local/lib/fonts/psfonts/bchr.pfa</tt> if it is
+ used in the document.</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+rbchr CharterBT-Roman &lt;/usr/local/lib/fonts/psfonts/bchr.pfa
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Additional PostScript commands can be added to the
+ entry to perform special effects. Some of these are
+ described in the documentation for <b>dvips</b>. They
+ require a knowledge of PostScript that is beyond the
+ scope of this book.</p>
+
+ <p>Adding the following line to <tt>psfonts.map</tt>
+ will download and use the Nimbus URW font we installed
+ above. (It is shown on two lines only because of the
+ constraints of the page; you should enter it on one
+ line):</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+unmr0 NimbusRomanNo9L-Regular &lt;unmr.pfa
+ "ECEncoding ReEncodeFont" &lt;ec.enc
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This line identifies the font <tt>unmr0</tt> as the
+ NimbusRomanNo9L-Regular PostScript font, re-encoded
+ with the ECEncoding described in the file
+ <tt>ec.enc</tt>. Because this font is not resident in
+ the printer, you must also tell <b>dvips</b> to
+ download the font from <tt>unmr.pfa</tt>. If you keep
+ encoding files or PostScript fonts (<tt>PFB</tt> or
+ <tt>PFA</tt> files) in nonstandard locations, you will
+ have to specify the full path of <tt>ec.enc</tt> and/or
+ <tt>unmr.pfa</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>Notice that you specify the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>raw</em></span> font in the
+ <tt>psfonts.map</tt> file. TeX and <b>dvips</b> will
+ use the virtual font to determine which character(s)
+ from which raw font(s) should <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>actually</em></span> be used to
+ print your document. <b>afm2tfm</b> prints the line
+ that should be added to the font map file when it is
+ finished converting the font, so you don't always have
+ to remember which is which.</p>
+
+ <p>The <tt>psfonts.map</tt> file (and the encoding and
+ font files) are typically stored in a system-default
+ location. On unix systems, this is frequently
+ <tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/ps</tt>. If you can't (or don't
+ want) to change files in this directory, you can use
+ your own font map file.</p>
+
+ <p>When you run <b>dvips</b>, it loads a initialization
+ file (typically <tt>~/.dvipsrc</tt>). If you put the
+ following line in that file:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+p +/home/jdoe/myfonts.map
+</pre>
+
+ <p>it extends the system-wide font map using the file
+ <tt>/home/jdoe/myfonts.map</tt>, which has the same
+ format as the <tt>psfonts.map</tt> file.</p>
+
+ <p>If you use the <tt>&lt;font.pfa</tt> syntax in your
+ font map file to download PostScript fonts, you may
+ discover that <b>dvips</b> is producing very large
+ output files (or takes a long time to print, if output
+ is going directly to a printer). The reason is that
+ <b>dvips</b> is downloading the font at the beginning
+ of every document that uses it. If you have a few fonts
+ that you use all the time, it may be faster and more
+ convenient to download the fonts manually at the
+ beginning of the day and then remove the
+ <tt>&lt;font.pfa</tt> portion of the font mapping line
+ (leave the encoding file, however). This will produce
+ smaller output files because <b>dvips</b> will assume
+ that the fonts are already downloaded. Of course, the
+ trade-off is that your documents will not print
+ correctly (because the appropriate fonts are not
+ attached to the PostScript file) if you mail them to a
+ colleague who doesn't download the same fonts you do,
+ or if you forget to download the fonts again after
+ someone power-cycles the printer.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2889655" name="id2889655"
+ href="#ftn.id2889655">77</a>]</sup></p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2889664"
+ name="id2889664"></a>{Using a new PostScript font
+ in TeX (for non-PostScript devices)}</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Using PostScript fonts for screen previewing or
+ printing on non-PostScript printers is a very different
+ process from printing on PostScript devices. You still
+ need the <tt>AFM</tt> and <tt>PFA</tt> files.</p>
+
+ <p>This time you're going to create <tt>PK</tt> files
+ with <b>ps2pk</b><a id="id2889716" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2889716"></a>, so virtual fonts are less
+ useful. In fact, you have to give the <tt>AFM</tt> file
+ the correct encoding in order to get the right
+ <tt>PK</tt> file, so we'll avoid virtual fonts
+ altogether. Of course, if you need several different
+ encodings (perhaps TeX Text, Cork, and Adobe Standard)
+ for different documents, you'll be better off with one
+ or two raw font files and several virtual fonts, but
+ for the moment let's imagine that that is not the
+ case.</p>
+
+ <p>Example&#160;<a href="apd.html#ex.encafmpl"
+ title="Example&#160;D.5.&#160;enc-afm.pl">Example&#160;D.5</a>
+ in Appendix&#160;<a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a></em></span>,
+ is a Perl script that changes the encoding vector in an
+ <tt>AFM</tt> file to reflect the encoding specified in
+ an encoding file (like the ones used in the preceding
+ section). This is an important step because
+ <b>ps2pk</b> uses the encoding in the <tt>AFM</tt> file
+ to determine which glyphs to render.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2889816" name="id2889816"
+ href="#ftn.id2889816">78</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>To install this script, save it in a file called
+ <tt>enc-afm.pl</tt> and change the top of the script
+ (the <tt>#!</tt> line) to reflect where Perl is
+ installed on your system. Users of Perl on non-unix
+ systems may have to work a little harder, or simply use
+ the syntax <span class="emphasis"><em>{perl
+ enc-afm.pl}</em></span> to run the script. unix users
+ can create a symbolic link to <tt>enc-afm.pl</tt>
+ called <tt>enc-afm</tt>, and mark it as executable.</p>
+
+ <p>Using this script, transform <tt>unmr.afm</tt> into
+ <tt>unmrX.afm</tt>:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span
+class="bold"><b>enc-afm unmr.afm ec.enc &gt; unmrX.afm</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Now the <tt>unmrX.afm</tt> file has the Cork
+ encoding. We can use this file to create a <tt>TFM</tt>
+ file for TeX:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>afm2tfm unmrX.afm unmr.tfm</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This <tt>TFM</tt> file should be moved to the
+ directory where you store <tt>TFM</tt> files for
+ TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>Unlike PostScript fonts on PostScript devices,
+ different <tt>PK</tt> files must be created for each
+ size required. As a concrete example, let's assume we
+ want a 14pt font. The easiest way to create a 14pt font
+ with <b>ps2pk</b> is to use the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>-P</em></span> parameter to
+ specify the size. Unfortunately, this will cause some
+ DVI drivers to complain because <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>-P</em></span> sets the design
+ size of the <tt>PK</tt> file, and it won't match the
+ design size in the <tt>TFM</tt> file. A better solution
+ is to determine the resolution you need with the
+ following formula:</p>
+
+ <p>$$\hbox{resolution} = {{\hbox{base resolution} *
+ \hbox{point size}}\over{10}}$$</p>
+
+ <p>The factor 10 is used because it is the nominal
+ design size of PostScript fonts (at least, that's what
+ <b>afm2tfm</b> uses). For example, if we are creating a
+ 14pt font for a 300dpi laser printer, the desired
+ resolution is $300*14/10 = 420$. Now we can create the
+ font:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span
+class="bold"><b>ps2pk -X420 -aunmrX.afm unmr.pfa unmr.420pk</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This command creates a 420dpi <tt>PK</tt> file using
+ the <tt>AFM</tt> file <tt>unmrX.afm</tt>. The font
+ source comes from <tt>unmr.pfa</tt>, and the resulting
+ <tt>PK</tt> file is called <tt>unmr.pk</tt>. On MS-DOS
+ systems, name the output <tt>PK</tt> file
+ <tt>unmr.pk</tt> because <tt>unmr.420pk</tt> is not a
+ valid filename. Move the resulting <tt>PK</tt> file to
+ the appropriate directory. On unix systems, it is
+ probably <tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/pk</tt>; while on
+ MS-DOS and other systems, it is probably something like
+ <tt>/texfonts/420dpi</tt>.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2890165"
+ name="id2890165"></a>HP LaserJet Softfonts</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Bitmapped HP LaserJet Softfonts<a id="id2890174"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2890174"></a> can easily be
+ converted into TeX <tt>PK</tt> files with the
+ <b>SFPtoPK</b> utility. Then they can be used with almost
+ any DVI driver.</p>
+
+ <p>Scalable LaserJet Softfonts can be used by TeX if two
+ conditions are met: metric information is available, and
+ the DVI driver that you are using can access built-in
+ printer fonts. Metric information for Scalable LaserJet
+ Softfonts distributed by Hewlett-Packard come in the form
+ of Tagged Font Metric files. Tagged Font Metric files
+ have the extension <tt>TFM</tt>, but they should not be
+ confused with TeX <tt>TFM</tt> files. The utility
+ <b>hptfm2pl</b> converts Tagged Font Metric files into
+ TeX <tt>PL</tt> files (<tt>PL</tt> is a human-readable
+ text format of <tt>TFM</tt> files). <tt>PL</tt> files are
+ transformed into <tt>TFM</tt> files by the standard TeX
+ utility <b>PLtoTF</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>To use Scalable LaserJet Softfonts, you must convert
+ the metric information into TeX <tt>TFM</tt> files so
+ that TeX can use the font, and then you must inform your
+ DVI driver that the fonts are built into the printer.
+ Before printing your document, download the Scalable
+ LaserJet Softfont to your printer. The <b>sfload</b>
+ utility that is part of Sfware can download Scalable
+ LaserJet Fonts. Many other free and shareware font
+ downloading programs exist, too.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2890329"
+ name="id2890329"></a>TrueType Fonts</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>At present, TrueType fonts<a id="id2890338"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2890338"></a> can be used only
+ on systems that have built-in TrueType support (the
+ Macintosh and MS-DOS computers running Microsoft Windows
+ 3.1 fall into this category). You must use DVI drivers
+ that communicate with the printer through the system's
+ printer interface.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2879974" name="ftn.id2879974"
+ href="#id2879974">53</a>]</sup> {Some fonts may be
+ preloaded in the format file. TeX does not need
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files for those fonts since the metric
+ information is already available.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2880211" name="ftn.id2880211"
+ href="#id2880211">54</a>]</sup> {Older DVI drivers may
+ still use <tt>PXL</tt> files. They are frequently stored
+ in directories with names like <tt>pxl999</tt>.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2880575" name="ftn.id2880575"
+ href="#id2880575">55</a>]</sup> {Actually, <tt>TFM</tt>
+ files contain a little bit more information. The width of
+ a space, the amount of stretch and shrink allowed between
+ words, the amount of extra space allowed after a
+ punctuation mark, and some specialized information used
+ only in fonts for mathematics also appear in the
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files<a id="id2880604" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2880604"></a>. In principle, <tt>TFM</tt> files
+ can contain even more information, although they rarely
+ do. For a complete, detailed description of the
+ information stored in a <tt>TFM</tt> file, consult
+ Appendix F of <span class="emphasis"><em>The
+ TeXbook</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#kn:texbook">kn:texbook</a>] and <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>{The TF To PL
+ Processor}</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#texware:tftopl">texware:tftopl</a>].}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2880810" name="ftn.id2880810"
+ href="#id2880810">56</a>]</sup> {This is true even if
+ your computer's natural character set is not ASCII. It is
+ the responsibility of the implementor to map the
+ computer's natural character set into ASCII.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2881782" name="ftn.id2881782"
+ href="#id2881782">57</a>]</sup> {Actually, for math
+ fonts, TeX requires several metrics that are not usually
+ provided. <b>afm2tfm</b><a id="id2881795"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2881795"></a> has options which
+ allow you to specify these extra metrics when you convert
+ the <tt>AFM</tt> file.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2882138" name="ftn.id2882138"
+ href="#id2882138">58</a>]</sup> {If your MetaFont
+ distribution does not include a <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>tfmonly</em></span> mode, you can
+ find one in the <tt>modes.mf</tt> file on CTAN. Consult
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a></em></span>,
+ for more information.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2883176" name="ftn.id2883176"
+ href="#id2883176">59</a>]</sup> {This doesn't mean that
+ every size you want is available. See the section
+ &#8220;<a href="ch05.html#sec.fonts.defnfss2"
+ title="Selecting Fonts with the New Font Selection Scheme">
+ the section called &#8220;Selecting Fonts with the New
+ Font Selection Scheme&#8221;</a>&#8221; for information
+ about defining font sizes in the NFSS.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2855832" name="ftn.id2855832"
+ href="#id2855832">60</a>]</sup>
+ &#8220;$\backslash$<tt>fontshape{it}</tt>$\backslash$<tt>selectfont</tt>&#8221;</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2855948" name="ftn.id2855948"
+ href="#id2855948">61</a>]</sup> {One possible use of
+ loading options is to inhibit hyphenation in fixed-width
+ fonts intended for use in verbatim material. The loading
+ options <tt>{\ hyphenchar\ font=-1}</tt> have this
+ effect.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2884721" name="ftn.id2884721"
+ href="#id2884721">62</a>]</sup> {The only reason that
+ sizes less than 8pt need to be declared at all is that
+ marginal notes (used for editorial comments while the
+ book was in revision) were set in 5pt, and the logo font
+ occasionally turned up in a marginal note.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2885254" name="ftn.id2885254"
+ href="#id2885254">63</a>]</sup> {Under earlier versions
+ of the NFSS, this problem actually resulted in an error
+ rather than a warning. If you wish, you can simply ignore
+ the warning; you no longer have to fix the problem.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2885536" name="ftn.id2885536"
+ href="#id2885536">64</a>]</sup> {Actually, you can
+ declare a scaling factor in any font declaration,
+ although it seems to make less sense for non-PostScript
+ fonts.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2885557" name="ftn.id2885557"
+ href="#id2885557">65</a>]</sup> {Usually, scaling fonts
+ to the same x-height makes them look acceptable together,
+ but depending on the particular fonts involved, a little
+ more or a little less scaling may be required to achieve
+ a pleasant balance.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2886286" name="ftn.id2886286"
+ href="#id2886286">66</a>]</sup> {In some special versions
+ of TeX, notably those for handling languages like
+ Japanese, this may be extended to a much larger number,
+ but the problem is the same.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2886706" name="ftn.id2886706"
+ href="#id2886706">67</a>]</sup> {For a complete
+ description, consult <span class="emphasis"><em>{The VP
+ To VF Processor}</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#texware:vptovf">texware:vptovf</a>] and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>{The VF to VP
+ Processor}</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#texware:vftovp">texware:vftovp</a>].}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2886754" name="ftn.id2886754"
+ href="#id2886754">68</a>]</sup> {Version 2 of NFSS
+ includes &#8220;encoding&#8221; as a parameter in font
+ selection. In the long run, this will allow macro writers
+ to hide many of these difficulties, dramatically reducing
+ the burden currently placed on the user.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2887038" name="ftn.id2887038"
+ href="#id2887038">69</a>]</sup> {You can retrieve the
+ <b>fontinst</b> package from the CTAN archives in the
+ directory <tt>fonts/utilities/fontinst</tt>.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2887238" name="ftn.id2887238"
+ href="#id2887238">70</a>]</sup> {It's still a bit
+ tedious, at least on slow machines, but now you can walk
+ away and get a cup of coffee ;-). All the fonts will be
+ built automatically.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2887312" name="ftn.id2887312"
+ href="#id2887312">71</a>]</sup> {Recent versions of TeX
+ derived from the \Web2C package can build <tt>TFM</tt>
+ files automatically as well.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2887500" name="ftn.id2887500"
+ href="#id2887500">72</a>]</sup> {OK, so not <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>every</em></span> example in this
+ book is in <b>Perl</b>.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2888068" name="ftn.id2888068"
+ href="#id2888068">73</a>]</sup> {Before you use these
+ &#8220;free&#8221; fonts, be aware that many are of
+ questionable legality.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2888196" name="ftn.id2888196"
+ href="#id2888196">74</a>]</sup> {PostScript fonts for the
+ Macintosh are stored in <tt>PFB</tt> format (essentially)
+ in the resource fork of the printer font file. The metric
+ information is stored in the screen font, which also
+ contains bitmaps for on-screen display.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2888763" name="ftn.id2888763"
+ href="#id2888763">75</a>]</sup> {The Nimbus fonts
+ actually come with <tt>TFM</tt> and <tt>VF</tt> files
+ which makes some of the following steps redundant. But
+ because most fonts <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>don't</em></span> come with TeX
+ metrics, the example is important.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2889026" name="ftn.id2889026"
+ href="#id2889026">76</a>]</sup> {Raw <tt>TFM</tt> files
+ used to be identified with an &#8220;r&#8221; prefix, but
+ recently the trend has turned towards a &#8220;0&#8221;
+ suffix. For a more complete discussion of font names,
+ consult <span class="emphasis"><em>Filenames for
+ Fonts</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#tug:filenames-fonts">tug:filenames-fonts</a>].}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2889655" name="ftn.id2889655"
+ href="#id2889655">77</a>]</sup> {Some spooling software
+ will transparently handle these problems (by downloading
+ fonts that you forget) if the fonts are available.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2889816" name="ftn.id2889816"
+ href="#id2889816">78</a>]</sup> {This step isn't
+ necessary when using a PostScript printers because the
+ PostScript font always contains all the glyphs. The font
+ created by <b>ps2pk</b> will only contain the characters
+ in a single encoding.}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures"
+ href="ch06.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements
+ of a Complex Document&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
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+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch06.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch06.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch06.html
@@ -0,0 +1,3381 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt02.html"
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts" href="ch05.html"><img
+ src="figures/nav-prev.png" alt="Prev" border="0" />
+ </a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations"
+ href="ch07.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.pictures"
+ name="chap.pictures"></a>Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures
+ and Figures</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Pictures<a id="id2884175" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2884175"></a> and figures<a id="id2884189"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2884189"></a> are an important
+ component of many documents. This chapter explores how they
+ can be incorporated into your TeX documents. There are many
+ ways to include pictures and figures in TeX. The most
+ important considerations are the type of image<a
+ id="id2855783" class="indexterm" name="id2855783"></a>, the
+ type of printer you will be using, what platform you are
+ using, and how portable the document must be.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.devindrev" name="sec.devindrev"></a>Different
+ Kinds of Images</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Images<a id="id2883926" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2883926"></a> come from many, many different
+ sources, but they can be divided into two broad classes:
+ bitmapped and scalable (or vector). Bitmapped images<a
+ id="id2883939" class="indexterm" name="id2883939"></a><a
+ id="id2883949" class="indexterm" name="id2883949"></a> are
+ produced whenever an image is scanned from a drawing,
+ photograph, or other printed work. They are also produced
+ by most simple paint programs. Scalable images<a
+ id="id2883964" class="indexterm" name="id2883964"></a><a
+ id="id2883971" class="indexterm" name="id2883971"></a><a
+ id="id2883981" class="indexterm" name="id2883981"></a> are
+ produced by some more sophisticated drawing programs, many
+ commercial sources, and some other applications. Both
+ classes have advantages and disadvantages.</p>
+
+ <p>Files that contain graphic images usually end with an
+ extension<a id="id2890375" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2890375"></a> that identifies the format of the
+ image. The extension is a common and convenient nickname
+ for the image format. In this chapter, I refer to graphic
+ image formats by their extension (for example, GIF images
+ or XBM images) without explanation. I do this partly
+ because it is easy, but also because it is the most common
+ way of referring to them, and you don't really need to know
+ anything about the image formats to use them. If your DVI
+ driver understands PCX images, you just need a PCX image;
+ you don't have to have a detailed understanding of the
+ format (thank goodness). If you want to know more, refer to
+ the filename extension glossary in Appendix&#160;<a
+ href="apa.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary">Appendix&#160;A</a>,
+ which will help you identify each of the formats discussed
+ in this chapter.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2890411"
+ name="id2890411"></a>Bitmapped Images</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Photographs<a id="id2890419" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2890419"></a> and images with a lot of subtle
+ detail are almost always stored as bitmaps. Scanners
+ always produce bitmapped images<a id="id2890430"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2890430"></a>. Some bitmap
+ images can be converted into scalable formats. High-end
+ graphic packages like \product{CorelDRAW}<a
+ id="id2890443" class="indexterm" name="id2890443"></a>
+ and \product{\idx{Adobe Illustrator}} can do this, but
+ most cannot. The exceptions are line drawings and other
+ very high contrast images. Bitmaps are also
+ &#8220;cheap&#8221; to print. Neither the computer nor
+ the printer must do very much work to print a
+ black-and-white bitmap image. (Color bitmap images must
+ be dithered before they can be printed, but that's a
+ separate consideration because it need be done only once,
+ not every time the image is printed.) Bitmapped images
+ are also easy to convert from one format to another.</p>
+
+ <p>Unfortunately, bitmap images are very
+ device-dependent. They are stored as a two-dimensional
+ array of dots, which gives them a fixed resolution. A
+ $3\times5$-inch bitmap image that prints correctly on
+ your 300dpi laser printer will only be a
+ $\frac{3}{4}\times1\frac{1}{4}$-inch picture if you make
+ your final copy on a 1200dpi photo-typesetter.</p>
+
+ <p>Bitmap images also require considerable memory and
+ disk space to store. The $3\times5$ image described above
+ requires more than 150Kb of memory (if it is
+ uncompressed).</p>
+
+ <p>A final consideration is that bitmap images do not
+ scale very well. Enlarging or reducing the image requires
+ either removing some dots (causing a loss of detail) or
+ inserting extra dots (frequently giving slanted lines a
+ very jagged appearance). Rescaling images by exact
+ integer amounts (doubling or tripling its size, for
+ example, but not making it 2$\frac{1}{2}$ times as large)
+ works reasonably well (except for jagged edges). Shaded
+ regions, which are composed of a regular pattern of black
+ and white dots, are frequently disrupted by irregular
+ &#8220;blotching&#8221; if non-integral scaling is
+ used.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2884033"
+ name="id2884033"></a>Scalable Images</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Many graphic images can be represented more compactly
+ as a collection of lines, curves, and other discrete
+ elements. Images of this type are called <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>scalable</em></span> or <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>vector</em></span> images<a
+ id="id2884054" class="indexterm" name="id2884054"></a><a
+ id="id2884061" class="indexterm" name="id2884061"></a>.
+ Instead of storing every pixel in a rectangular array,
+ vector images store the encoded instructions for
+ &#8220;drawing&#8221; the image. This provides a compact
+ representation. A circle, no matter how large, can be
+ represented with just a few data points: the position of
+ the center, the radius, the width and color of the line
+ that forms the circle, and the pattern that fills the
+ circle. It is also easy to change the size of the image;
+ if you halve every measurement, the image is drawn at one
+ half the size with minimal loss of detail.</p>
+
+ <p>One drawback of scalable images is that they require
+ considerable computational power to render. Every printer
+ ultimately prints the page as a large bitmap; the print
+ engine has to translate the lines, curves, and fills of a
+ scalable image into a bitmap before this is
+ possible.<sup>[<a id="id2884093" name="id2884093"
+ href="#ftn.id2884093">79</a>]</sup> Previewing scalable
+ images requires translating them into bitmaps to display
+ them. This can be a noticeably slow process unless you
+ have a very fast computer.</p>
+
+ <p>The other significant drawback of scalable images is
+ that they are difficult to translate from one format to
+ another. For example, to translate a PostScript image<a
+ id="id2884111" class="indexterm" name="id2884111"></a>
+ into something that can be printed on a non-PostScript
+ printer, you have to have a program that understands all
+ of the commands in the PostScript file. A bitmap
+ conversion, on the other hand, doesn't require any
+ understanding of graphics commands; it simply has to know
+ how to rearrange the bits in the array. What it boils
+ down to is this: it's a lot easier to write a translation
+ program to &#8220;reverse the order of all the bits in
+ each byte in each row&#8221; than it is to write one that
+ can &#8220;draw the bezier curve with these three control
+ points using a dashed, light-blue line $\frac{1}{8}$ of
+ an inch wide.&#8221;</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2884144"
+ name="id2884144"></a>Device Independence Revisited</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Pictures<a id="id2890779" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2890779"></a> and figures<a id="id2890791"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2890791"></a> are a foreign
+ concept to TeX. Remember, TeX cares only about building
+ pages out of boxes and glue. TeX's notion of a picture is
+ frequently nothing more than &#8220;something special goes
+ here (I don't know what) and it's 5 inches wide, 2 inches
+ high, and 1 inch deep.&#8221; This is device independence,
+ of a sort, but many of the easiest ways to include pictures
+ and figures in TeX do rely on features of a specific DVI
+ driver or a specific kind of printer. If document
+ portability is an issue, consider carefully before you
+ select a particular way of including pictures and
+ figures.</p>
+
+ <p>On the bright side, most DVI drivers<a id="id2890822"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2890822"></a> provide some
+ mechanism for incorporating pictures and figures. As long
+ as it is possible to convert the images from the format
+ originally used to a format that another DVI driver
+ understands, document portability can be achieved. For
+ example, it is possible to print PostScript figures on a
+ non-PostScript device if they are first converted into
+ another format with <b>Ghostscript</b> or some other
+ PostScript interpreter. Unfortunately, it is usually
+ inconvenient to convert pictures from one format to
+ another, and some conversions may distort the images a
+ little bit (or a lot).</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.ptexpic" name="sec.ptexpic"></a>Using Only
+ TeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This section describes picture and figure environments
+ that don't use any external programs. Graphics created in
+ this way are entirely device-independent and can be printed
+ with any DVI driver.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2890867"
+ name="id2890867"></a>Plain TeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Plain TeX<a id="id2890880" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2890880"></a><a id="id2890893" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2890893"></a><a id="id2890906" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2890906"></a> has no built-in provision for
+ creating pictures or figures. It is possible to do simple
+ diagrams and graphs by writing macros that place
+ individual points on the page. Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#fig.plaintex"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.1.&#160;An example diagram in Plain TeX">
+ Figure&#160;6.1</a> shows several data points plotted in
+ Plain TeX. The input was derived from macros presented in
+ Appendix D of <span class="emphasis"><em>The
+ TeXbook</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#kn:texbook">kn:texbook</a>]; it is shown
+ in Example&#160;<a href="ch06.html#ex.plaintexm"
+ title="Example&#160;6.1.&#160;The Input for the Plain TeX Diagram">
+ Example&#160;6.1</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.plaintex" name="fig.plaintex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.1.&#160;An example
+ diagram in Plain TeX</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.plaintexm" name="ex.plaintexm"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;6.1.&#160;The Input
+ for the Plain TeX Diagram</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="tex.06.01.tex"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>With special-purpose fonts, it is possible to make
+ more complex figures in Plain TeX. However, LaTeX
+ provides a <tt>picture</tt> environment which greatly
+ simplifies the process.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.pictures.latex"
+ name="sec.pictures.latex"></a>LaTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <tt>picture</tt> environment in LaTeX<a
+ id="id2891050" class="indexterm" name="id2891050"></a><a
+ id="id2891064" class="indexterm" name="id2891064"></a><a
+ id="id2891076" class="indexterm" name="id2891076"></a> is
+ implemented on top of the kinds of primitive operations
+ shown in Example&#160;<a href="ch06.html#ex.plaintexm"
+ title="Example&#160;6.1.&#160;The Input for the Plain TeX Diagram">
+ Example&#160;6.1</a>. Working in the <tt>picture</tt>
+ environment is a lot like working on graph paper: you
+ begin by specifing how big the graph paper is and the
+ distance between lines on the paper (the lines aren't
+ really there; they're just used for reference), and then
+ inside the <tt>picture</tt> environment, you put <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>picture elements</em></span> down on
+ the page at the intersections of the lines on the
+ grid.</p>
+
+ <p>LaTeX provides picture elements for text, boxes, solid
+ and empty circles, lines, and arrows. Lines and arrows
+ can be drawn at angles, but they are formed by taking
+ characters from a special set of fonts so there is a
+ limited number of angles available. The advantage of
+ using special fonts to draw the lines is that it is
+ relatively efficient.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch06.html#fig.latexpic"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.2.&#160;A parallelogram in LaTeX">Figure&#160;6.2</a>
+ is a simple figure drawn with LaTeX's <tt>picture</tt>
+ environment. The LaTeX input for this environment is
+ shown in Example&#160;<a href="ch06.html#ex.latexpicsrc"
+ title="Example&#160;6.2.&#160;The LaTeX Input for ">Example&#160;6.2</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.latexpic" name="fig.latexpic"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.2.&#160;A
+ parallelogram in LaTeX</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.latexpicsrc" name="ex.latexpicsrc"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;6.2.&#160;The LaTeX
+ Input for <a href="ch06.html#fig.latexpic"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.2.&#160;A parallelogram in LaTeX">Figure&#160;6.2</a></b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="tex.06.02.tex"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="sec.Fig"
+ name="sec.Fig"></a>The epic and eepic styles</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Constructing diagrams using <tt>picture</tt>
+ primitives is very tedious because each element of the
+ picture has to be placed individually. The <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>epic</em></span> style extends
+ LaTeX's picture environment by adding several
+ higher-level commands for picture construction. These
+ commands allow you to draw solid, dotted, and dashed
+ lines with arbitrary slopes, create matrices and grids
+ with a single command, join several independently
+ placed elements together, and read a list of points
+ from an external file.</p>
+
+ <p>The diagrams produced by <tt>epic.sty</tt><a
+ id="id2891283" class="indexterm" name="id2891283"></a>
+ are still limited by the fonts available to LaTeX. The
+ <tt>eepic.sty</tt><a id="id2891298" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2891298"></a> extends <tt>epic.sty</tt> by
+ using \special commands to construct the more complex
+ figure elements. The \special commands are the same as
+ those used by <tt>tpic</tt> (see the &#8220;<a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.tpic" title="MetaFont">the section
+ called &#8220;MetaFont&#8221;</a>&#8221; section in
+ this chapter) and are supported by many DVI
+ drivers.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch06.html#fig.epic"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.3.&#160;A figure created with (a) epic, and (b) eepic">
+ Figure&#160;6.3</a> shows a figure constructed with the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>epic</em></span> macros.
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch06.html#fig.epic"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.3.&#160;A figure created with (a) epic, and (b) eepic">
+ Figure&#160;6.3</a> (a) uses <tt>epic.sty</tt>, and (b)
+ uses <tt>eepic.sty</tt>. Notice that <tt>eepic.sty</tt>
+ provides circles of arbitrary size and smooth lines at
+ any angle. The end points of the radial lines in this
+ figure were calculated by another program and read from
+ a data file by <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>epic</em></span>. The source for
+ these figures is shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#ex.epicsrc"
+ title="Example&#160;6.3.&#160;The epic Input for ">Example&#160;6.3</a>
+ (both diagrams were created with the same source).</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.epicsrc" name="ex.epicsrc"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;6.3.&#160;The epic
+ Input for <a href="ch06.html#fig.epic"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.3.&#160;A figure created with (a) epic, and (b) eepic">
+ Figure&#160;6.3</a></b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="tex.06.03.tex"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.epic" name="fig.epic"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.3.&#160;A figure
+ created with (a) epic, and (b) eepic</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2891474"
+ name="id2891474"></a>The bezier style</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>bezier</em></span>
+ style<a id="id2891487" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2891487"></a> allows you to construct curved
+ lines in the LaTeX picture environment. An example is
+ shown in Figure&#160;<a href="ch06.html#fig.bezier"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.4.&#160;Several bezier curves created with the LaTeX bezier style">
+ Figure&#160;6.4</a>. Its source is shown in
+ Example&#160;<a href="ch06.html#ex.beziersrc"
+ title="Example&#160;6.4.&#160;The Input for ">Example&#160;6.4</a>.
+ The grid in this example was created with <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>epic</em></span> for
+ convenience.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.beziersrc" name="ex.beziersrc"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;6.4.&#160;The Input
+ for <a href="ch06.html#fig.bezier"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.4.&#160;Several bezier curves created with the LaTeX bezier style">
+ Figure&#160;6.4</a></b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="tex.06.04.tex"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.bezier" name="fig.bezier"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.4.&#160;Several
+ bezier curves created with the LaTeX bezier
+ style</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2891594"
+ name="id2891594"></a>Other styles</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In addition to these styles, there are several other
+ style files for doing particular types of drawing.
+ Styles exist for drawing logical circuit diagrams, bar
+ charts, trees, and more.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2891609"
+ name="id2891609"></a>Other approaches</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Because constructing LaTeX drawing by hand is
+ tedious, several programs have been written that allow
+ you to construct diagrams visually and then produce the
+ appropriate <tt>picture</tt> environments
+ automatically. The <b>texcad</b><a id="id2891633"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2891633"></a> program
+ distributed with emTeX<a id="id2891642"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2891642"></a> is one such
+ program. A similar program called <b>xtexcad</b><a
+ id="id2891659" class="indexterm" name="id2891659"></a>
+ runs under X11 on some platforms, and there is a Fig
+ translator for the LaTeX <tt>picture</tt> environment.
+ (For more information about Fig, see the &#8220;<a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.Fig"
+ title="The epic and eepic styles">the section called
+ &#8220;The epic and eepic styles&#8221;</a>&#8221;
+ section later in this chapter.)</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2891692"
+ name="id2891692"></a>PiCTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>PiCTeX<a id="id2891701" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2891701"></a><a id="id2891712" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2891712"></a> is a macro package that you can
+ load on top of Plain TeX or LaTeX.<sup>[<a id="id2891727"
+ name="id2891727" href="#ftn.id2891727">80</a>]</sup> It
+ does an amazing job of plotting mathematical functions<a
+ id="id2891735" class="indexterm" name="id2891735"></a>
+ and two-dimensional graphs directly in TeX. An example of
+ PiCTeX (taken from <span class="emphasis"><em>The PiCTeX
+ Manual</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#mw:pictex">mw:pictex</a>]) is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch06.html#fig.pictex"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.5.&#160;Sample diagrams using PiCTeX">
+ Figure&#160;6.5</a>. The source for this figure is shown
+ in Example&#160;<a href="ch06.html#ex.pictexsrc"
+ title="Example&#160;6.5.&#160;PiCTeX Input for ">Example&#160;6.5</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.pictex" name="fig.pictex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.5.&#160;Sample
+ diagrams using PiCTeX</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.pictexsrc" name="ex.pictexsrc"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;6.5.&#160;PiCTeX Input
+ for <a href="ch06.html#fig.pictex"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.5.&#160;Sample diagrams using PiCTeX">
+ Figure&#160;6.5</a></b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="tex.06.05.tex"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The primary drawback of PiCTeX is that it requires a
+ considerable amount of memory to use. Even relatively
+ simple looking graphs require a big TeX to plot with
+ PiCTeX. PiCTeX also produces very, very large
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files (the graphs are drawn by interpreting
+ and plotting each pixel individually). This usually
+ results in very large output files from the DVI driver,
+ and some printers may have difficulty printing your
+ documents.</p>
+
+ <p>The PiCTeX macros are freely available, but the manual
+ is not. You can purchase the manual directly from the
+ author of PiCTeX or from the TeX User's Group.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2891884"
+ name="id2891884"></a>XYPic</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>XYPic</b><a id="id2891897" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2891897"></a><a id="id2891907" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2891907"></a> is another add-on macro package for
+ TeX, LaTeX, and other formats. It provides considerably
+ more flexibility than the LaTeX picture environment
+ without resorting to the resource-expensive strategy of
+ PiCTeX.</p>
+
+ <p><b>XYPic</b> provides many more arrows than LaTeX
+ (including curved and self-pointing forms), a wider
+ variety of dashed and dotted lines, provision for lines
+ that bend and go around \linebreak</p>
+
+ <p>other picture elements, and annotations for lines and
+ arrows. It seems especially well suited to typesetting
+ commutative diagrams, simple state-transition diagrams,
+ and complex annotated matrices.</p>
+
+ <p>The syntax used in <b>XYPic</b> diagrams is not as
+ straightforward as LaTeX's picture environment. An
+ example of a complex <b>XYPic</b> diagram is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch06.html#fig.xypic"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.6.&#160;An XYPic diagram">Figure&#160;6.6</a>.
+ The corresponding source is shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#ex.xypicsrc"
+ title="Example&#160;6.6.&#160;The XYPic Input for ">Example&#160;6.6</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.xypic" name="fig.xypic"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.6.&#160;An XYPic
+ diagram</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.xypicsrc" name="ex.xypicsrc"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;6.6.&#160;The XYPic
+ Input for <a href="ch06.html#fig.xypic"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.6.&#160;An XYPic diagram">Figure&#160;6.6</a></b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="tex.06.06.tex"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2892057"
+ name="id2892057"></a>DraTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>DraTeX<a id="id2892066" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2892066"></a><a id="id2892077" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2892077"></a> is a macro package that can be
+ loaded on top of Plain TeX or LaTeX and provides many
+ sophisticated drawing features. An example is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch06.html#fig.dratex"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.7.&#160;An DraTeX diagram">Figure&#160;6.7</a>.
+ The source is in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#ex.dratexsrc"
+ title="Example&#160;6.7.&#160;The DraTeX Input for ">Example&#160;6.7</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.dratex" name="fig.dratex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.7.&#160;An DraTeX
+ diagram</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.dratexsrc" name="ex.dratexsrc"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;6.7.&#160;The DraTeX
+ Input for <a href="ch06.html#fig.dratex"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.7.&#160;An DraTeX diagram">Figure&#160;6.7</a></b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="tex.06.07.tex"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>DraTeX offers a wide variety of low-level drawing
+ commands: straight lines at arbitrary angles, circles of
+ any size, bezier curves, rectangular or polar coordinate
+ systems, perspective for three-dimensional figures,
+ user-definable shading patterns, clipping, repetition,
+ and user-definable drawing objects and commands. A
+ supporting package, AlDraTeX<a id="id2892187"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2892187"></a>, provides
+ high-level drawing commands for pie charts, XY charts,
+ bar charts, spread diagrams, grid diagrams, trees, and
+ diagram annotations (arrows, edges, labels).</p>
+
+ <p>Although it is a flexible and portable solution,
+ beware that complex figures may require considerable time
+ to compute and will almost certainly require a big TeX.
+ The resulting <tt>DVI</tt> files tend to be large as
+ well.</p>
+
+ <p>DraTeX and AlDraTeX are described in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>TeX &amp; LaTeX: Drawing and
+ Literate Programming</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#eg:dratex">eg:dratex</a>].</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2892246"
+ name="id2892246"></a>Using a Little Help</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>On most platforms, if you have TeX, MetaFont<a
+ id="id2892255" class="indexterm" name="id2892255"></a> is
+ available. Because MetaFont was designed for drawing, it
+ has much better support for pictures and figures than TeX.
+ There are three utilities that allow you to combine TeX and
+ MetaFont to create pictures: <b>MFPic</b> and
+ <b>Fig2MF</b>.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2892297"
+ name="id2892297"></a>MFPic</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>MFPic</b>'s <tt>picture</tt> environment and
+ LaTeX's <tt>picture</tt> environment are implemented very
+ differently. The commands in <b>MFPic</b> don't attempt
+ to typeset your diagram with special fonts; instead, they
+ write MetaFont commands to another file. This file must
+ be processed with MetaFont before your document can be
+ viewed.</p>
+
+ <p>Because MetaFont is used to draw the actual diagram,
+ the <b>MFPic</b> macros are much more flexible than the
+ LaTeX picture creation commands. <b>MFPic</b> macros
+ provide lines (at any angle), rectangles, polygons,
+ circles (of any size), ellipses, cyclic and acyclic
+ curves, arcs, and wedges (all empty, shaded, or
+ filled).</p>
+
+ <p>Unlike <b>Fig2MF</b>, described below, <b>MFPic</b>
+ can plot user-specified functions (parametrically or
+ directly, using polygonal or bezier interpolation).</p>
+
+ <p>Finally, because <b>MFPic</b> works so directly with
+ TeX, it can include labels and captions in the figure as
+ well as allowing &#8220;MetaFont hackers&#8221; to insert
+ MetaFont code directly.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2892403"
+ name="id2892403"></a>Fig2MF</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The &#8220;Fig&#8221; in <b>Fig2MF</b><a
+ id="id2892422" class="indexterm" name="id2892422"></a>
+ stands for the Fig graphics code (in this case, Fig
+ version 2.1). Fig is a device-independent way of
+ representing figures. Like TeX <tt>DVI</tt> files, Fig
+ graphics<a id="id2892446" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2892446"></a> are always translated into a
+ device-dependent form before they are printed.
+ <b>Fig2MF</b> translates Fig graphics into MetaFont code,
+ which can be rendered into a font that is usable by TeX
+ on any platform.</p>
+
+ <p>At present, there are a few limitations on
+ <b>Fig2MF</b>: text objects are ignored, and arrowed and
+ non-solid line styles are not supported. The advantage of
+ <b>Fig2MF</b> is that very good interactive drawing
+ programs, like <b>xfig</b>, can be used to create
+ figures.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.tpic"
+ name="sec.tpic"></a>MetaFont</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If the idea of programming directly in MetaFont<a
+ id="id2892507" class="indexterm" name="id2892507"></a> is
+ appealing to you, start by reading &#8220;Simple Drawings
+ in MetaFont&#8221;&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#zw:simple">zw:simple</a>]. This is a
+ short document (freely available) that describes how
+ simple drawings can easily be rendered directly in
+ MetaFont.</p>
+
+ <p>In order to use MetaFont creatively, <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>The \MF{}book</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#kn:mfbook">kn:mfbook</a>] is really a
+ necessity, but you can get a feel for the picture
+ creation process in MetaFont without it.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2892560"
+ name="id2892560"></a>Using a Little More Help</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A couple of TeX macro packages combine the convenience
+ of using only TeX commands to produce pictures and figures
+ with the power of PostScript<a id="id2892571"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2892571"></a><a id="id2892581"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2892581"></a>. Using these macros
+ makes your documents less portable because they rely on a
+ PostScript printer or PostScript interpreter to be
+ printed.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.pictures.pstricks"
+ name="sec.pictures.pstricks"></a>PSTricks</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The PSTricks<a id="id2892610" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2892610"></a><a id="id2892620" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2892620"></a> macro package is a TeX-PostScript
+ hybrid. The advantage of this approach is that PSTricks is
+ able to provide much wider functionality than the preceding
+ packages without leaving TeX. The disadvantage is that it
+ makes your documents dependent on a PostScript printer.</p>
+
+ <p>One of the neatest features of PSTricks is the ability
+ to interact with other TeX objects. You can add PostScript
+ annotations (curved lines, labels, etc.) to the entries in
+ a table, for example, or point to other elements on the
+ page.</p>
+
+ <p>In addition to allowing you to insert essentially
+ arbitrary PostScript commands directly into your document,
+ PSTricks provides TeX macros for most common picture
+ elements including: commands for curved and straight lines
+ (at arbitrary angles), a wide variety of arrow heads and
+ tails, pattern-filled regions, regular and irregular
+ polygonal shapes, text scaling and rotation, and grids.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2892664"
+ name="id2892664"></a>TeXdraw</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeXdraw, like \product{\PSTricks}, provides support for
+ pictures and figures by relying on a PostScript back
+ end.</p>
+
+ <p>TeXdraw<a id="id2892679" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2892679"></a><a id="id2892688" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2892688"></a> is organized into a toolbox of simple
+ routines from which more complex commands can be
+ constructed. The TeXdraw manual&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#pk:texdraw">pk:texdraw</a>] includes
+ several examples of how complex commands can be built from
+ toolbox routines.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2892716"
+ name="id2892716"></a>tpic</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The &#8220;pic&#8221;<a id="id2892728" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2892728"></a> drawing language was designed for
+ <b>troff</b> documents. The <b>tpic</b><a id="id2892749"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2892749"></a><a id="id2892756"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2892756"></a><a id="id2892766"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2892766"></a> program interprets
+ pic drawings and produces TeX output to render them. The
+ output relies on a set of \special commands, which must be
+ implemented by the DVI driver to actually produce the
+ output. The <b>tpic</b> \specials are implemented by many
+ DVI drivers.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.scaleformat" name="sec.scaleformat"></a>Using a
+ Lot of Help</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Although many nice effects can be achieved directly in
+ TeX or with MetaFont, you will probably want to include
+ some other form of image (e.g., an encapsulated PostScript
+ figure or a scanned photograph) in a TeX document
+ eventually.</p>
+
+ <p>There are a myriad of choices when this occurs. To a
+ large extent, the options available depend on the kind of
+ printer you have, which DVI drivers you use, and to what
+ extent you are willing to sacrifice device
+ independence.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2892815"
+ name="id2892815"></a>Electronic Cut-and-paste</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Documents<a id="id2892828" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2892828"></a> that require complex graphics may
+ be difficult to produce as a single TeX document. You may
+ exceed the memory limitations of your version of TeX if
+ you try to put too many figures on a given page, or you
+ may wish to include graphics from incompatible macro
+ packages (suppose you are using the Lollipop format for
+ example, and you want to include a LaTeX
+ <tt>picture</tt>).</p>
+
+ <p>You can always leave blank space in your document,
+ print the graphic on a separate page, and then combine
+ the two pages with scissors, glue, and a photocopy
+ machine. However, there are many times when this is
+ inappropriate (not to mention the aesthetic sensibilities
+ it may disturb).</p>
+
+ <p>Another solution is to use a program that can perform
+ cut-and-paste operations on the output files before they
+ are printed. If you use Plain TeX or LamSTeX, one option
+ is <b>DVIpaste</b><a id="id2892877" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2892877"></a>. <b>DVIpaste</b> can insert parts
+ of one <tt>DVI</tt> file into another. It is part of the
+ LamSTeX distribution. The documentation for
+ <b>DVIpaste</b> contains a good example of its use.
+ Unfortunately, <b>DVIpaste</b> relies on macros that are
+ incompatible with most other macro packages.</p>
+
+ <p>Some DVI drivers like <b>dvimsp</b><a id="id2892928"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2892928"></a>,<sup>[<a
+ id="id2892937" name="id2892937"
+ href="#ftn.id2892937">81</a>]</sup> which comes with
+ emTeX, can translate <tt>DVI</tt> files into bitmapped
+ images that can then be incorporated into your document
+ directly. Figures&#160;<a href="ch04.html#fig.caffeine"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.11.&#160;Caffeine by ChemTeX">Figure&#160;4.11</a>,
+ <a href="ch04.html#fig.lithium"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.13.&#160;A lithium cation rendered by ChemStruct">
+ Figure&#160;4.13</a>, and &#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html#fig.mozart"
+ title="Figure&#160;4.15.&#160;A little Mozart&#8230;">Figure&#160;4.15</a>
+ in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>,
+ were inserted into this book using <b>dvidot</b><a
+ id="id2893022" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893022"></a>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2893032"
+ name="id2893032"></a>Scalable Image Formats</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Several of the most commonly encountered scalable
+ image formats are PostScript (usually encapsulated)<a
+ id="id2893044" class="indexterm" name="id2893044"></a><a
+ id="id2893054" class="indexterm" name="id2893054"></a>,
+ HPGL (Hewlett-Packard's<a id="id2893063"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893063"></a> Plotter
+ language), DXF (Autocad's vector format)<a id="id2893072"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893072"></a>, and the Fig
+ graphics<a id="id2893081" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893081"></a> language. PostScript and HPGL are
+ used by specific printers and plotters, DXF files are
+ created by many computer-aided design programs, and Fig
+ is a graphic language understood by several free editing
+ tools---it is always converted into something else before
+ it is printed. Many programs that can edit scalable
+ images have their own vendor-specific formats. Luckily,
+ these programs can usually produce PostScript or HPGL
+ output as well.</p>
+
+ <p>PostScript images are the most commonly encountered
+ scalable images. Drawing packages that output PostScript
+ generally produce <span class="emphasis"><em>encapsulated
+ PostScript</em></span> (EPS)<a id="id2893109"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893109"></a><a id="id2893117"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893117"></a>. Similarly, most
+ PostScript clip-art is distributed in EPS format.
+ Encapsulated PostScript is a subset of the PostScript
+ language. One of the most important features of EPS
+ images is a <span class="emphasis"><em>bounding
+ box</em></span><a id="id2893135" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893135"></a><a id="id2893145" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893145"></a>. The bounding box identifies the
+ size of the EPS image. This information is used to
+ determine the scaling factor required to get an image of
+ the correct size.</p>
+
+ <p>Generic PostScript can sometimes be converted into
+ encapsulated PostScript. For example, the
+ <b>ps2epsi</b><a id="id2893170" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893170"></a> program that comes with
+ <b>Ghostscript</b><a id="id2893185" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893185"></a> attempts to convert generic
+ PostScript into encapsulated PostScript.</p>
+
+ <p>Some software produces reasonable PostScript figures,
+ but fails to include the bounding box. For those
+ situations, the <b>bbfig</b><a id="id2893206"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893206"></a> program that
+ comes with <b>dvips</b> may help. <b>bbfig</b> uses the
+ printer to calculate a bounding box that you can insert
+ into the figure. After you have printed the figure, you
+ can construct a bounding box by hand, if necessary
+ (sometimes <b>bbfig</b> gets confused). Simply measure
+ the height and width of the figure and its position on
+ the page (measured from the bottom-left corner). The
+ bounding box is a rectangle measured from the lower-left
+ corner of the figure to the upper-right corner. An
+ example is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#fig.epsbox"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.8.&#160;A PostScript bounding box example">
+ Figure&#160;6.8</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.epsbox" name="fig.epsbox"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.8.&#160;A PostScript
+ bounding box example</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The bounding box is measured in PostScript points.
+ There are 72 PostScript points to the inch, so the image
+ in Figure&#160;<a href="ch06.html#fig.epsbox"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.8.&#160;A PostScript bounding box example">
+ Figure&#160;6.8</a> has the following bounding box:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+ <p>&lt;!-- %BoundingBox: 115.2 180 468 626.4 --&gt;</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you are printing your document on a PostScript
+ printer, you will find that PostScript images are easy to
+ handle; every PostScript DVI driver that I have seen
+ allows you to incorporate encapsulated PostScript with
+ one or more \special commands. The section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.incps"
+ title="Bitmapped Image Formats">the section called
+ &#8220;Bitmapped Image Formats&#8221;</a>&#8221; later in
+ this chapter describes two ways of incorporating
+ encapsulated PostScript images into Plain TeX or LaTeX
+ documents for printing on a PostScript printer.</p>
+
+ <p>PostScript output on non-PostScript devices is much
+ more difficult, although it can be achieved with a
+ PostScript interpreter like <b>Ghostscript</b>.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2893346" name="id2893346"
+ href="#ftn.id2893346">82</a>]</sup> For a detailed
+ description of how PostScript images can be converted
+ into another format with <b>Ghostscript</b>, see the
+ &#8220;<a href="ch06.html#sec.gs"
+ title="Image Magick">the section called &#8220;Image
+ Magick&#8221;</a>&#8221; section later in this
+ chapter.</p>
+
+ <p>Hewlett-Packard HPGL<a id="id2893388"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893388"></a> is the plotter
+ language developed by HP for its line of pen-based
+ plotting devices. Many computer-aided design and drafting
+ programs can produce HPGL. In addition to plotters, the
+ HP LaserJet III and more recent HP LaserJet printers also
+ understand HPGL. On an HP LaserJet III or later model
+ printer, you can print HPGL directly if your DVI driver
+ allows you to include printer-specific data. This ability
+ was introduced in version 1.4t of the emTeX
+ <b>dvihplj</b><a id="id2893402" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893402"></a> driver.</p>
+
+ <p>If your DVI driver does not support printer-specific
+ files or your printer does not understand HPGL, there are
+ at least two conversion programs (<b>hp2xx</b><a
+ id="id2893432" class="indexterm" name="id2893432"></a>
+ and <b>hp2ps</b><a id="id2893446" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893446"></a>) that may be able to convert your
+ HPGL drawings into another form you can use.</p>
+
+ <p>The Fig graphics language was designed to represent
+ pictures and figures in an easy to interpret and portable
+ manner. The <b>Fig</b><a id="id2893467" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893467"></a> and <b>xfig</b><a id="id2893481"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893481"></a> drawing programs
+ work with Fig graphics<a id="id2893490" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893490"></a>. Several other programs, like
+ <b>gnuplot</b><a id="id2893505" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893505"></a>, can also produce Fig graphics. See
+ the &#8220;<a href="ch06.html#sec.Fig"
+ title="The epic and eepic styles">the section called
+ &#8220;The epic and eepic styles&#8221;</a>&#8221;
+ section for more information.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.incps"
+ name="sec.incps"></a>Bitmapped Image Formats</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Including bitmapped images<a id="id2893540"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893540"></a> is easier than
+ including scalable images because no real interpretation
+ of commands is necessary. Over the years, lots of
+ different ways have been developed for including
+ bitmapped images in TeX documents. Since the development
+ of the <b>bm2font</b> program, most of these methods have
+ become obsolete. As a result, this section examines only
+ a few methods.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2893563"
+ name="id2893563"></a>DVI driver {\ttbackslash
+ special}</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The first method is DVI driver-specific: if your DVI
+ driver includes a \special command for including
+ bitmapped graphic images, you can simply use that
+ command. The disadvantage of using a DVI driver
+ \special is that it makes the document less portable.
+ Instead of being printable with any DVI driver, it now
+ requires a DVI driver that recognizes a particular
+ \special command. Note also that some DVI drivers do
+ not handle color images very well; you may need to
+ convert the image to black and white first. (Many
+ programs described in the &#8220;<a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.picconv"
+ title="Manipulating Images">the section called
+ &#8220;Manipulating Images&#8221;</a>&#8221; section
+ later in this chapter can perform this operation.)</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2893598"
+ name="id2893598"></a>bm2font</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>On most platforms, <b>bm2font</b><a id="id2893612"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893612"></a> provides an
+ ideal solution for including bitmapped images. This
+ program translates bitmapped images into <tt>PK</tt><a
+ id="id2893630" class="indexterm" name="id2893630"></a>
+ fonts and produces a snippet of TeX code that can be
+ used to print the image in your document. Because most
+ DVI drivers can use <tt>PK</tt> fonts, a high degree of
+ portability is maintained. Some portability is still
+ lost since the bitmapped image has a fixed resolution,
+ but that is a consequence of using the bitmapped image,
+ not <b>bm2font</b>. All of the bitmap images in this
+ book were included with the <b>bm2font</b> program.</p>
+
+ <p>This book is a good example of an instance where
+ portability is required. I could easily have included
+ the graphics with the \special command of the DVI
+ driver that I use most frequently (<b>dvihplj</b>), but
+ then I couldn't have produced pages suitable for final
+ publication.</p>
+
+ <p><b>bm2font</b> can read a number of common graphic
+ image formats including <tt>GIF</tt><a id="id2893714"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893714"></a>, Windows
+ <tt>BMP</tt><a id="id2893731" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893731"></a>, and <tt>PCX</tt><a
+ id="id2893753" class="indexterm" name="id2893753"></a>.
+ It can translate color images into black and white
+ using a number of dithering<a id="id2893763"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893763"></a> methods, and it
+ can scale the image to a specific size (although
+ scaling bitmap images is not usually very
+ effective).</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2893776"
+ name="id2893776"></a>pbmtopk</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>pbmtopk</b><a id="id2893790"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893790"></a> program
+ provides a solution similar to <b>bm2font</b>. Because
+ <b>pbmtopk</b><a id="id2893812" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2893812"></a> is a smaller program, it may be
+ easier to port to other systems. The <b>pbmtopk</b>
+ distribution includes <b>pktopbm</b><a id="id2893834"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893834"></a>, which can
+ translate <tt>PK</tt> files back into <tt>PBM</tt><a
+ id="id2893860" class="indexterm" name="id2893860"></a>
+ bitmaps.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2893872"
+ name="id2893872"></a>Inserting PostScript Images into
+ TeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you are using Plain TeX or LaTeX and printing your
+ documents on a PostScript printer<a id="id2893883"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893883"></a>, there are
+ several (essentially equivalent) style files that you can
+ use to include your figures.</p>
+
+ <p>One is <tt>epsfig.sty</tt><a id="id2893906"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893906"></a>, which can be
+ used as a LaTeX style option or be inserted directly into
+ Plain TeX documents with \input.<sup>[<a id="id2893914"
+ name="id2893914" href="#ftn.id2893914">83</a>]</sup> The
+ <tt>epsfig</tt> style option is supported by LaTeX2e as
+ well.</p>
+
+ <p>After the style file is loaded, you can use the macro
+ \epsfig to include your figure. The complete syntax for
+ \epsfig is:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+ \epsfig{figure=, height=, width=, rheight=, rwidth=,
+ bbllx=, bblly=, bburx=, bbury=,
+ clip=, angle=, silent=}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>In practice, only a few of these options are commonly
+ used. Here is a description of each:</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>figure=</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Identifies the name of the file containing the
+ PostScript figure. This option is required.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>height=,
+ width=</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Specify the height and width of the figure. If
+ only one is specified, the other will be scaled
+ automatically to keep the proportions of the
+ original figure. If both are given, the figure will
+ be scaled (anamorphically) to the requested
+ size.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>rheight=,
+ rwidth=</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Provide the &#8220;reserved&#8221; height and
+ width of the figure. This is how big the TeX box
+ that encloses the figure will be. By default, the
+ box is as big as the figure.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>bbllx=, bblly=, bburx=,
+ bbury=</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Specify the bounding box<a id="id2894103"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2894103"></a> of the
+ figure. If not specified (it usually isn't), the
+ bounding box is read from the PostScript
+ figure.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>clip=</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Indicates whether or not the figure should be
+ &#8220;clipped&#8221; at its bounding box. Clipping
+ prevents lines in the figure from extending beyond
+ the bounding box.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>angle=</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Allows you to specify that the figure should be
+ rotated. Always specify the angle of rotation in
+ degrees. The figure is always rotated
+ counter-clockwise.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>silent=</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Turns off informative messages printed by the
+ macros as the figure is processed.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The parameters to the \epsfig macro have to obey TeX's
+ strict parsing rules. In particular, you must not put
+ spaces around the equal sign in any option. The
+ <tt>clip=</tt> and <tt>silent=</tt> options have no
+ values, but you must include the equal sign anyway.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#fig.psfigure"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.9.&#160;An example of an encapsulated figure">
+ Figure&#160;6.9</a> was inserted by \epsfig using the
+ following commands:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\begin{figure}
+ \epsfig{figure=figs/sample.eps}
+ \caption{An example of an encapsulated figure.}
+ \label{fig.psfigure}
+\end{figure}
+</pre>
+ <a id="id2894252" class="indexterm" name="id2894252"></a>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.psfigure" name="fig.psfigure"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.9.&#160;An example of
+ an encapsulated figure</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch06.html#fig.psfigurerot"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.10.&#160;Another example of an encapsulated figure (resized and rotated)">
+ Figure&#160;6.10</a> demonstrates a few of other
+ <tt>epsfig</tt> options:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\begin{figure}
+ \epsfig{figure=figs/sample.eps,width=6cm,angle=45}
+ \caption{Another example of an encapsulated figure
+ (resized and rotated)}
+ \label{fig.psfigurerot}
+\end{figure}
+</pre>
+ <a id="id2894324" class="indexterm" name="id2894324"></a>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.psfigurerot" name="fig.psfigurerot"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.10.&#160;Another
+ example of an encapsulated figure (resized and
+ rotated)</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figs/tex.06.09.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.picconv" name="sec.picconv"></a>Manipulating
+ Images</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>There are literally dozens of software packages
+ available for manipulating graphic images<a id="id2894380"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2894380"></a>. The discussion
+ that follows focuses on a small handful of these programs.
+ The programs selected are representative of the kinds of
+ tools available, but this is by no means an endorsement
+ that these are the best tools. Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#tab.manipover"
+ title="Table&#160;6.1.&#160;Graphics Manipulation Packages">
+ Table&#160;6.1</a> summarizes the programs described in
+ this section.</p>
+
+ <p>If you cannot find any way of converting a particular
+ image, remember that you may be able to display the image
+ and capture it with another program that can save the image
+ in a more tractable format.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.manipover" name="tab.manipover"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;6.1.&#160;Graphics
+ Manipulation Packages</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Graphics Manipulation Packages"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Program</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Platforms</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Cost</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Purpose</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Image Magick</td>
+
+ <td align="left">unix</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Display, manipulate, convert and
+ capture images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">PBMplus</td>
+
+ <td align="left">All</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert and manipulate images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">xv</td>
+
+ <td align="left">unix</td>
+
+ <td align="left">SW${}^1$</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Display, manipulate, convert and
+ capture images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">xloadimage</td>
+
+ <td align="left">unix</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Display images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Image Alchemy</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS${}^2$</td>
+
+ <td align="left">SW</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">ColorView</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">SW</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Jpeg4</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">SW</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">pmjpeg</td>
+
+ <td align="left">OS/2</td>
+
+ <td align="left">SW</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Display and convert images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">txt2pcx</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">SW</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Translate text into graphic image
+ format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Ghostscript</td>
+
+ <td align="left">All</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert PostScript to other
+ formats</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">GoScript</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\$\$${}^3$</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert PostScript to other
+ formats</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">hp2xx</td>
+
+ <td align="left">unix</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert HPGL to other formats</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\multicolumn{4}{l}{ ${}^1$\vrule
+ height11pt width0pt\tiny Shareware: &#8220;Try
+ before you buy,&#8221; but not free.}</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\multicolumn{4}{l}{ ${}^2$\tiny
+ Also available for Sun workstations; see
+ documentation.}</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.gs"
+ name="sec.gs"></a>Image Magick</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Image Magick<a id="id2894787" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2894787"></a></b> is a collection of eight
+ programs for manipulating images. These programs work
+ with MIFF files<a id="id2894797" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2894797"></a> by default. MIFF is the
+ &#8220;machine-independent file format&#8221; developed
+ by the package's author. If you are going to manipulate
+ images with these tools, the author recommends converting
+ them to MIFF format first. The <b>convert</b> program
+ reads and writes a large number of image formats, so
+ conversion to and from MIFF format is
+ straightforward.</p>
+
+ <p><b>Image Magick</b> requires the Independent JPEG
+ Group<a id="id2894834" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2894834"></a>'s JPEG library in order to
+ manipulate JPEG images. Similarly, Sam Leffler<a
+ id="id2894844" class="indexterm" name="id2894844"></a>'s
+ TIFF software library is required to manipulate TIFF<a
+ id="id2894854" class="indexterm" name="id2894854"></a>
+ images. Both of these are compile-time options. If you
+ did not build <b>Image Magick</b>, you may not be able to
+ manipulate JPEG or TIFF images. To manipulate PostScript
+ images, <b>Ghostscript</b> must be available.</p>
+
+ <p>The programs described below are the <b>Image
+ Magick</b> tools that allow you to manipulate images in
+ ways that may be necessary or useful for creating
+ printable images. Other tools, like <b>animate</b><a
+ id="id2894899" class="indexterm" name="id2894899"></a>,
+ included in the <b>Image Magick</b> distribution, aren't
+ described here because they have no bearing on
+ printability.</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term"><b>display</b></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This program<a id="id2894938" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2894938"></a> allows you to preview images
+ on an X11 display. The number of colors in the
+ image is reduced to match the number of colors of
+ your display, if necessary. Program options allow
+ you to specify a variety of image-processing
+ operations on the image (noise reduction, scaling,
+ manipulation of the color map, etc.).</p>
+
+ <p>Conversion to MIFF format, as recommended above,
+ isn't necessary for simply displaying the
+ image.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><b>import</b></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This program<a id="id2894981" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2894981"></a> allows you to capture visible
+ portions of an X11 display. You can capture any
+ visible window, the entire display, or any
+ rectangular portion of the display. <b>import</b>
+ can save the image in any format recognized by
+ <b>convert</b>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><b>convert</b></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>As the name implies, this utility<a
+ id="id2895033" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2895033"></a> converts images between
+ graphics formats. The following standard formats
+ are recognized:</p>
+
+ <table class="simplelist" border="0"
+ summary="Simple list">
+ <tr>
+ <td>MIFF</td>
+
+ <td>BMP</td>
+
+ <td>CMYK</td>
+
+ <td>EPS</td>
+
+ <td>FAX</td>
+
+ <td>GIF</td>
+
+ <td>IRIS</td>
+
+ <td>JPEG</td>
+
+ <td>PICT</td>
+
+ <td>PNM</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>PS</td>
+
+ <td>RGB</td>
+
+ <td>RLE</td>
+
+ <td>SUN</td>
+
+ <td>TGA</td>
+
+ <td>TEXT</td>
+
+ <td>TIFF</td>
+
+ <td>XBM</td>
+
+ <td>XWD</td>
+
+ <td>&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+ <p>Additionally, a few less-standard formats are
+ recognized. A complete list is available in the
+ manual page for <b>convert</b>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><b>combine</b></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This program combines<a id="id2895167"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2895167"></a> two images
+ by blending them together. The result varies
+ tremendously, depending on the kind of blending
+ used. Simple overlaps, various kinds of cutouts,
+ and more complex color blendings are possible.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><b>montage</b></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Unlike <b>combine</b>, <b>montage</b><a
+ id="id2895217" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2895217"></a> combines multiple images by
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>tiling<a id="id2895229"
+ class="indexterm"
+ name="id2895229"></a></em></span>. (The images are
+ laid next to each other rather than on top of each
+ other.) Optionally, the image name can appear below
+ each tile.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><b>mogrify</b></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p><b>mogrify</b><a id="id2895268"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2895268"></a> is used to
+ transform an image (or series of images). You can
+ specify alternate color maps in a variety of ways,
+ as well as dithering<a id="id2895280"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2895280"></a> and error
+ correcting transformations. The images can also be
+ rolled, rotated, rescaled, and sheared. (Shearing<a
+ id="id2895290" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2895290"></a> transforms a rectangle into a
+ parallelogram by shifting the X or Y axis.)</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2895306"
+ name="id2895306"></a>PBMplus</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>PBMplus<a id="id2895320" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2895320"></a></b> package is a large collection
+ of image translation programs. This package was written
+ originally for unix, but has since been ported to MS-DOS
+ and OS/2.</p>
+
+ <p><b>PBMplus</b> defines three file formats<a
+ id="id2895342" class="indexterm" name="id2895342"></a><a
+ id="id2895350" class="indexterm" name="id2895350"></a><a
+ id="id2895357" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2895357"></a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>PBM---The Portable Bitmap format for black and
+ white images</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>PGM---The Portable Graymap format for grayscaled
+ images</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>PPM---The Portable Pixmap format for color
+ images</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ <br />
+ <br />
+
+ <p>Translation from one format to another is accomplished
+ by translating into the appropriate portable format
+ first, and then translating the portable bitmap into the
+ destination format.</p>
+
+ <p>The following image formats are supported by the
+ PBMPlus tools:</p>
+
+ <table class="simplelist" border="0"
+ summary="Simple list">
+ <tr>
+ <td>Abekas YUV bytes</td>
+
+ <td>MGR bitmaps</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Andrew Toolkit raster objects</td>
+
+ <td>MTV or PRT ray traced images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Atari Degas .pi1 images</td>
+
+ <td>MacPaint files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Atari Degas .pi3 files</td>
+
+ <td>Macintosh PICT files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Atari Spectrum files</td>
+
+ <td>PCX files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>AutoCAD slides</td>
+
+ <td>PostScript &#8220;images&#8221;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Bennet Yee &#8220;faces&#8221;</td>
+
+ <td>QRT ray tracer files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>CMU window manager bitmaps</td>
+
+ <td>Raw grayscale bytes</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Doodle brush files</td>
+
+ <td>Raw RGB bytes</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>FITS files</td>
+
+ <td>Sun icons</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>GIF files</td>
+
+ <td>Sun rasterfiles</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Gould scanner files</td>
+
+ <td>TIFF images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Group 3 faxes</td>
+
+ <td>TrueVision Targa files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>HIPS files</td>
+
+ <td>Usenix FaceSaver(tm) images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>HP PaintJet files</td>
+
+ <td>X10/X11 window dumps</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>IFF ILBM files</td>
+
+ <td>X11 pixmaps</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>IMG (GEM) images</td>
+
+ <td>XBM files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Img-whatnot files</td>
+
+ <td>Xim file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Lisp Machine bitmaps</td>
+
+ <td>&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+ <p>The <b>PBMplus</b> tools translate the image into the
+ appropriate portable format (PBM, PGM, or PPM) depending
+ on the nature of the image. Similarly, the tools can all
+ work with &#8220;lower&#8221; formats. (PPM tools can
+ work with PGM and PBM files, and PGM tools can work with
+ PBM files.) For example, there is no
+ &#8220;<b>pbmtopcx</b>,&#8221; however the
+ <b>ppmtopcx</b><a id="id2895625" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2895625"></a> tool will create a black and white
+ PCX file if you use a PBM file as the input. Once
+ converted into a portable format, the image can be
+ translated back into (almost) any of the supported
+ formats.</p>
+
+ <p>In addition to image conversion, the PBMPlus tools
+ include programs to perform a wide variety of image
+ manipulations.</p>
+
+ <table class="simplelist" border="0"
+ summary="Simple list">
+ <tr>
+ <td>Apply Conway's rules of life</td>
+
+ <td>Create a blank image</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Create a mask bitmap</td>
+
+ <td>Reduce/enlarge an image</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Convert text into a bitmap</td>
+
+ <td>Create a UPC bitmap</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Bentleyize a greymap</td>
+
+ <td>Apply edge-detection</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Apply edge-enhancement</td>
+
+ <td>Generate a histogram</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Normalize contrast</td>
+
+ <td>Apply an &#8220;oil-painting&#8221; filter</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Create a &#8220;ramp&#8221;</td>
+
+ <td>Generate textural features</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Perform bitwise arithmetic</td>
+
+ <td>Perform MxN convolution</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Crop an image</td>
+
+ <td>Cut/Paste rectangles</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Color-reduce</td>
+
+ <td>Flip/rotate</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Apply gamma-correction</td>
+
+ <td>Build a visual index</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Invert an image</td>
+
+ <td>Add a border to an image</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Scale an image</td>
+
+ <td>Shear an image</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Smooth an image</td>
+
+ <td>Build a tiled image</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Colorize a graymap</td>
+
+ <td>Dither color images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Create fractal terrain</td>
+
+ <td>Apply Laplacian-relief filter</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2895807"
+ name="id2895807"></a>xv</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>xv</b><a id="id2895821" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2895821"></a> is an interactive image
+ viewing/converting tool that runs on X11 servers
+ (including MS-DOS implementations of X11 such as
+ Desqview/X).</p>
+
+ <p>You can view GIF<a id="id2895837" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2895837"></a>, PBM<a id="id2895845"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2895845"></a>, XBM<a
+ id="id2895854" class="indexterm" name="id2895854"></a>,
+ Sun rasterfile<a id="id2895863" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2895863"></a>, JPEG<a id="id2895871"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2895871"></a>, and TIFF<a
+ id="id2895880" class="indexterm" name="id2895880"></a>
+ images. You can save any image in one of those formats or
+ in encapsulated PostScript. In addition, you can capture
+ any visible portion of the X11 server window
+ interactively with <b>xv</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>Like most of the tools described here, <b>xv</b>
+ includes a number of image manipulation tools (cropping,
+ scaling, editing the color map, etc.). If you try to view
+ an image that is larger than your display, <b>xv</b>
+ automatically scales it to fit. I find that <b>xv</b>'s
+ interactive nature makes it easier to use for image
+ manipulation than the command-driven tools.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2895932"
+ name="id2895932"></a>xloadimage</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>xloadimage</b><a id="id2895946"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2895946"></a> program is
+ another X11 picture display tool. Like <b>xv</b> and
+ <b>Image Magick</b>'s <b>display</b>, it has a number of
+ picture manipulation options (although they are not
+ interactive).</p>
+
+ <p>One advantage of <b>xloadimage</b> is that it does not
+ rescale images that are too large to fit within the
+ display. Instead, it places them in a scrollable window.
+ I find this behavior superior to <b>xv</b>'s solution of
+ rescaling a very large image even though you are
+ interested only in a small section of it.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2896003"
+ name="id2896003"></a>Image Alchemy</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Image Alchemy</b><a id="id2896018"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2896018"></a> is a shareware
+ tool for converting graphic images between various
+ formats. Although the manual mentions a version for Sun
+ workstations, I have only seen the MS-DOS version.</p>
+
+ <p>Note that the unregistered shareware version of this
+ program will only convert images which are 640$\times$480
+ pixels or smaller.</p>
+
+ <p>The following is a list of the graphic formats
+ recognized by version 1.5 of <b>Image Alchemy</b>:</p>
+
+ <table class="simplelist" border="0"
+ summary="Simple list">
+ <tr>
+ <td>ADEX</td>
+
+ <td>PCPAINT/Pictor Page Format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Autologic</td>
+
+ <td>PCX</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Binary Information Files (BIF)</td>
+
+ <td>Portable BitMap (PBM)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Encapsulated PostScript (EPS)</td>
+
+ <td>Q0</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Erdas LAN/GIS</td>
+
+ <td>QDV</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Freedom of the Press</td>
+
+ <td>QRT</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>GEM VDI Image File</td>
+
+ <td>Scodl</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>GIF</td>
+
+ <td>Silicon Graphics Image</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>HP Printer Command Language (PCL)</td>
+
+ <td>Stork</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>HP Raster Transfer Language (RTL)</td>
+
+ <td>Sun Raster</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>HSI JPEG</td>
+
+ <td>TIFF</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>HSI Palette</td>
+
+ <td>Targa</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>HSI Raw</td>
+
+ <td>Utah Raster Toolkit (RLE)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>IFF/ILBM</td>
+
+ <td>Vivid</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>JPEG/JFIF</td>
+
+ <td>Windows Bitmap (BMP)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Jovian VI</td>
+
+ <td>WordPerfect Graphic File</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Macintosh PICT/PICT2</td>
+
+ <td>XBM</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>MTV Ray Tracer</td>
+
+ <td>XWD</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+ <p><b>Image Alchemy</b> can also perform a number of
+ image manipulations like rescaling, cropping, and color
+ map changes.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2896234"
+ name="id2896234"></a>ColorView</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>ColorView<a id="id2896248" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2896248"></a></b> is a shareware MS-DOS program
+ for displaying and converting graphic images. Although
+ designed to work with VESA SuperVGA adapters,
+ <b>ColorView</b> can also work with plain VGA adapters.
+ It does require a 80286 or a more powerful processor.</p>
+
+ <p><b>ColorView</b> can read JPEG<a id="id2896279"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2896279"></a>, GIF (87 and
+ 89)<a id="id2896288" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2896288"></a>, BMP<a id="id2896296"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2896296"></a>, and RLE<a
+ id="id2896310" class="indexterm" name="id2896310"></a>
+ images. It can write GIF (87), 8-bit BMP, 24-bit BMP,
+ JPEG, and RLE images. It can perform image translation
+ without displaying the images, so a VGA or SuperVGA
+ adapter is not required for translation.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2896325"
+ name="id2896325"></a>Jpeg4</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This<a id="id2896334" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2896334"></a> is the Independent JPEG Group<a
+ id="id2896343" class="indexterm" name="id2896343"></a>'s
+ JPEG Software. The compression tool can convert GIF<a
+ id="id2896353" class="indexterm" name="id2896353"></a>,
+ PPM<a id="id2896361" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2896361"></a>, and Targa (TGA)<a id="id2896370"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2896370"></a> images into
+ JPEG<a id="id2896379" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2896379"></a> format. The decompression tool
+ converts JPEG images into GIF, PPM (or PGM<a
+ id="id2896389" class="indexterm" name="id2896389"></a>),
+ or Targa formats.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2896400"
+ name="id2896400"></a>pmjpeg</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>pmjpeg</b><a id="id2896415" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2896415"></a> program is an OS/2 2.x program that
+ can read and display JPEG<a id="id2896424"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2896424"></a>, TIFF<a
+ id="id2896433" class="indexterm" name="id2896433"></a>,
+ Targa<a id="id2896441" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2896441"></a>, GIF<a id="id2896450"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2896450"></a>, PCX<a
+ id="id2896459" class="indexterm" name="id2896459"></a>,
+ and Windows<a id="id2896467" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2896467"></a> or OS/2 BMP<a id="id2896482"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2896482"></a> images. In
+ addition, <b>pmjpeg</b> can write images in any of these
+ formats except Windows BMP. <b>pmjpeg</b> can also
+ capture all or part of the desktop. Some of the other
+ features of <b>pmjpeg</b> are color map editing, contrast
+ enhancement, image cropping, scaling, rotation, batch
+ translation of images into JPEG format, cyclic slideshow
+ presentations, and the ability to reduce an image to the
+ system palette colors.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2896523"
+ name="id2896523"></a>txt2pcx</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>txt2pcx</b><a id="id2896537" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2896537"></a> is a memory-resident MS-DOS utility
+ that captures text-mode screens as PCX graphic images.
+ See the discussion of screen capturing in the &#8220;<a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.screendump" title="GoScript">the
+ section called &#8220;GoScript&#8221;</a>&#8221; section
+ of this chapter for more information about why this is
+ sometimes desirable.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2896564"
+ name="id2896564"></a>Ghostscript</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Ghostscript</b><a id="id2896577" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2896577"></a> is distributed by the Free Software
+ Foundation (FSF)<a id="id2896586" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2896586"></a>. It is one of the few freely
+ available programs that can convert PostScript images
+ into other formats.</p>
+
+ <p><b>Ghostscript</b> is a (mostly) complete PostScript<a
+ id="id2896608" class="indexterm" name="id2896608"></a>
+ interpreter. Converting an entire page of PostScript into
+ another format is straightforward with
+ <b>Ghostscript</b>. The following example converts the
+ PostScript file <tt>file.ps</tt> into a monochrome GIF<a
+ id="id2896637" class="indexterm" name="id2896637"></a>
+ image called <tt>image1.gif</tt>:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span
+class="bold"><b>gs -r300 -sDEVICE=gifmono -sOutputFile=image1.gif file.ps</b></span>
+
+</pre>
+ <br />
+ <br />
+
+ <p>The parameter <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>-r300</em></span> indicates that
+ <b>Ghostscript</b> should generate output at a resolution
+ of 300dpi. This controls the size of the bitmap. If you
+ plan to print the resulting bitmap, you should specify
+ the same resolution as your printer. If <tt>file.ps</tt>
+ contains more than one page, you can use a <tt>&lt;!--
+ d</tt> in the output file's name to identify how multiple
+ pages --&gt; should be handled. For example, if
+ <tt>file.ps</tt> contains three pages, the following
+ command will extract the first page into
+ <tt>image1.gif</tt>, the second page into
+ <tt>image2.gif</tt>, and the third page into
+ <tt>image3.gif</tt>:<sup>[<a id="id2896732"
+ name="id2896732" href="#ftn.id2896732">84</a>]</sup></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span
+class="bold"><b>gs -r300 -sDEVICE=gifmono -sOutputFile=image\%d.gif file.ps</b></span>
+
+</pre>
+ \vskip-\baselineskip <br />
+ <br />
+
+ <p>For incorporating images into TeX, it is more common
+ to convert an encapsulated PostScript (EPS)<a
+ id="id2896761" class="indexterm" name="id2896761"></a><a
+ id="id2896769" class="indexterm" name="id2896769"></a><a
+ id="id2896779" class="indexterm" name="id2896779"></a>
+ image into a bitmapped format than it is to convert
+ entire pages. Encapsulated PostScript is described
+ earlier in this chapter in the section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.scaleformat"
+ title="Using a Lot of Help">the section called
+ &#8220;Using a Lot of Help&#8221;</a>.&#8221; It is
+ slightly more difficult to convert encapsulated
+ PostScript because of the bounding box<a id="id2896806"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2896806"></a>. To convert this
+ into a bitmap of exactly the right size, you have to tell
+ <b>Ghostscript</b> to move the image to the upper-left
+ corner of the page (where <b>Ghostscript</b> always
+ begins its conversion) and tell it how big the image is
+ in pixels.</p>
+
+ <p>The following steps are necessary to produce exactly
+ the right size bitmap of the encapsulated PostScript
+ figure:</p>
+
+ <div class="orderedlist">
+ <ol type="1">
+ <li>
+ <p>Find the size of the bounding box. Examine the
+ PostScript file using a text editor. Find the line
+ that begins with <tt>&lt;!-- % BoundingBox:</tt>
+ --&gt; followed by four numbers. Those numbers are
+ the lower-left x-coordinate (llx), the lower-left
+ y-coordinate (lly), the upper-right x-coordinate
+ (urx), and the upper-right y-coordinate (ury),
+ respectively.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Create another file called <tt>trans.ps</tt>
+ that contains the single line:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+<span class="emphasis"><em>llx</em></span> neg <span
+class="emphasis"><em>lly</em></span> neg translate
+</pre>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Calculate the width of the bounding box:
+ $width_{bb} = urx - llx$.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The width you have just calculated is the width
+ at 72dpi. To convert this to the resolution that
+ you will be using, multiply by the resolution and
+ divide by 72. For example, if you will be printing
+ at 300dpi and the width of the bounding box
+ $width_{bb}$ is 216, the width at 300dpi, <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>width</em></span>, is $(216
+ \times 300) \div 72 = 900$.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Calculate the corrected height in an analogous
+ manner using $height_{bb} = ury - lly$ as a
+ starting point. For example, if $height_{bb} =
+ 360$, the height you get at 300dpi is 1500.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Finally, run <b>Ghostscript</b> using the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>-g</em></span> parameter to
+ select the image size ($width \times height$). For
+ example, to translate the EPS file <tt>card.ps</tt>
+ into the GIF file <tt>card.gif</tt> at 300dpi
+ assuming the height and width calculated above,
+ run:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span
+class="bold"><b>{gs -r300 -g900x1500 -sDEVICE=gifmono {\bs}
+ -sOutputFile=card.gif trans.ps card.ps}</b></span>
+
+</pre>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>Perl</em></span> script
+ shown in Example&#160;<a href="ch06.html#ex.gseps"
+ title="Example&#160;6.8.&#160;Converting Encapsulated PostScript to a Bitmap with Ghostscript">
+ Example&#160;6.8</a> automates this process.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.gseps" name="ex.gseps"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;6.8.&#160;Converting
+ Encapsulated PostScript to a Bitmap with
+ Ghostscript</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="gs-eps.pl"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The primary disadvantage of <b>Ghostscript</b> is that
+ the selection of free PostScript fonts is quite limited.
+ The only freely available fonts are: IBM Courier,
+ Bitstream Courier, Bitstream Charter, Adobe Utopia, URW
+ Antiqua, URW Grotesk Bold, Nimbus Roman No9, and Nimbus
+ Sans. Unless you have the PostScript sources for other
+ fonts used in your figures (<tt>PFA</tt> or <tt>PFB</tt>
+ and <tt>AFM</tt> files), <b>Ghostscript</b> will use
+ crude approximations of the desired font.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.screendump"
+ name="sec.screendump"></a>GoScript</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>GoScript</b><a id="id2897134" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2897134"></a> is a commercial PostScript<a
+ id="id2897143" class="indexterm" name="id2897143"></a>
+ interpreter sold by LaserGo, Inc.<a id="id2897155"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2897155"></a> <b>GoScript</b>
+ is available for MS-DOS systems only. A special version
+ is available for Microsoft Windows.</p>
+
+ <p>The primary advantage of a commercial interpreter is
+ that it comes with more high-quality fonts. The
+ <b>GoScript</b> program comes with &#8220;clones&#8221;
+ of the 13 standard PostScript fonts:</p>
+
+ <table class="simplelist" border="0"
+ summary="Simple list">
+ <tr>
+ <td>Times Roman</td>
+
+ <td>Times Italic</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Times Bold</td>
+
+ <td>Times Bold Italic</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Helvetica</td>
+
+ <td>Helvetica Oblique</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Helvetica Bold</td>
+
+ <td>Helvetica Bold Oblique</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Courier</td>
+
+ <td>Courier Oblique</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Courier Bold</td>
+
+ <td>Courier Bold Oblique</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Symbol</td>
+
+ <td>&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+ <p>The <b>GoScript Plus</b> program includes clones of
+ all 35 standard fonts (the standard 13 plus AvantGarde,
+ Bookman, Helvetica-Narrow, New Century Schoolbook,
+ Palatino in four styles, Zapf Chancery Italic, and Zapf
+ Dingbats). For MS-DOS users, this program has the
+ additional advantage of being quite a bit faster than
+ <b>Ghostscript</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>Although <b>GoScript</b> can use any PostScript
+ Type&#160;1 or Type&#160;3 font, the fonts supplied with
+ <b>GoScript</b> are not in a standard PostScript format,
+ so they cannot be used with other applications.</p>
+
+ <p>On a 300dpi LaserJet printer, <b>GoScript</b> did not
+ seem to align the baseline of bitmapped PostScript fonts
+ with great accuracy. This is unfortunate, because the
+ Computer Modern fonts created with MetaFont for TeX are
+ bitmapped.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2897312"
+ name="id2897312"></a>hp2xx</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>hp2xx</b><a id="id2897329" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2897329"></a> converts scalable images in HPGL<a
+ id="id2897338" class="indexterm" name="id2897338"></a>
+ into other formats. HPGL is Hewlett-Packard's command
+ language for controlling pen-based plotters. (HP's
+ LaserJet series of printers, starting with the LaserJet
+ III, also understand HPGL.)</p>
+
+ <p>Many computer-aided drafting packages can save
+ diagrams in HPGL format. Other software that works with
+ scalable images is likely to be able to save in HPGL
+ format as well. Because HPGL support is uncommon in
+ printers, you will probably have to convert HPGL diagrams
+ into another format to include them in your TeX
+ documents. <b>hp2xx</b> output comes in three flavors:
+ scalable graphics, TeX commands, and bitmapped
+ graphics.</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term">Scalable graphics</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The supported scalable graphics formats are
+ encapsulated PostScript and MetaFont source
+ code.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">TeX commands</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>HPGL drawings composed of mostly straight lines
+ can be rendered in TeX. <b>hp2xx</b>'s TeX output
+ is designed for either the emTeX DVI drivers (it
+ relies on \special commands to draw lines at
+ arbitrary angles) or the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>epic</em></span> macros (which
+ also use \special commands that must be supported
+ by your DVI driver).</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Bitmapped graphics</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Bitmaps can be produced in PBM<a id="id2897448"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2897448"></a>, PCX<a
+ id="id2897457" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2897457"></a>, or PCL<a id="id2897465"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2897465"></a> (HP
+ LaserJet bitmap) formats. You can select image size
+ and resolution to produce a bitmap that will print
+ at the correct size for your printer.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2897483"
+ name="id2897483"></a>Image Editors</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Although many images<a id="id2897492" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2897492"></a><a id="id2897500" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2897500"></a> are available on the Net and
+ commercially, it is very likely that you will want to
+ create your own pictures and diagrams for some of the
+ documents that you write. A few common drawing tools are
+ described below. Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#tab.drawingtools"
+ title="Table&#160;6.2.&#160;Graphics Editing Packages">Table&#160;6.2</a>
+ summarizes the packages discussed here. There are many more
+ commercial packages for image editing---so many, in fact,
+ that I'm not going to make any effort to describe them
+ here.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.drawingtools" name="tab.drawingtools"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;6.2.&#160;Graphics Editing
+ Packages</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Graphics Editing Packages" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">Program</th>
+
+ <th align="center">Platforms</th>
+
+ <th align="center">Cost</th>
+
+ <th align="left">Purpose</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">xfig</td>
+
+ <td align="center">unix</td>
+
+ <td align="center">free</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Edit scalable Fig drawings</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">idraw</td>
+
+ <td align="center">unix</td>
+
+ <td align="center">free</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Edit encapsulated PostScript
+ images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">tgif</td>
+
+ <td align="center">unix</td>
+
+ <td align="center">free</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Edit scalable drawings</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">pixmap</td>
+
+ <td align="center">unix</td>
+
+ <td align="center">free</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Edit X11 XBM and XPM files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">texcad</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="center">free</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Edit LaTeX picture
+ environments</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">xtexcad</td>
+
+ <td align="center">unix</td>
+
+ <td align="center">free</td>
+
+ <td align="left">An X11 implementation of
+ <b>texcad</b></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2897734"
+ name="id2897734"></a>xfig</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>xfig</b><a id="id2897747" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2897747"></a> is an editing tool for scalable
+ images stored in the Fig format, described in the
+ &#8220;<a href="ch06.html#sec.Fig"
+ title="The epic and eepic styles">the section called
+ &#8220;The epic and eepic styles&#8221;</a>&#8221;
+ section of this chapter. An example of a drawing being
+ constructed with <b>xfig</b> is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#fig.sd-xfig"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.11.&#160;Editing an image with xfig">
+ Figure&#160;6.11</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.sd-xfig" name="fig.sd-xfig"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.11.&#160;Editing an
+ image with xfig</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="tex.06.11.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The objects in Fig are arcs, circles, open and closed
+ splines, ellipses, regular and irregular polygons,
+ polylines, boxes, arc-boxes (boxes with rounded corners),
+ text, and encapsulated PostScript. Compound objects can
+ be constructed by binding these objects together.</p>
+
+ <p>As a consequence of Fig's device independence, it can
+ be translated into a number of different output formats.
+ A completed Fig drawing can be rendered in PostScript,
+ PiCTeX, \linebreak</p>
+
+ <p>LaTeX's <tt>picture</tt> environment, MetaFont, or any
+ of the pic, epic, eepic, box, eepicemu and \special
+ environments. Figures can also be saved as X11 bitmaps.
+ Not all of the output formats support all of the features
+ of Fig. For example, arbitrarily sloped lines are not
+ supported by the LaTeX <tt>picture</tt> environment, and
+ encapsulated PostScript makes sense only for PostScript
+ output.</p>
+
+ <p><b>xfig</b> supports rotation, flipping, scaling, and
+ duplication of objects. However, it imposes some
+ limitations on the figures that you create. Objects that
+ contain boxes, arc-boxes, circles, or ellipses can be
+ rotated only in 90 degree increments. Text objects cannot
+ be flipped over.</p>
+
+ <p>When objects are placed on the &#8220;canvas,&#8221;
+ you can elect to have <b>xfig</b> restrict their
+ placement to $\frac{1}{16}$, $\frac{1}{4}$, or
+ $\frac{1}{2}$-inch intervals. Restricted placement makes
+ alignment of a large number of objects easier.
+ Unrestricted placement is also allowed, and there is an
+ alignment operator that can center (vertically and
+ horizontally) any number of objects. A nonprinting grid
+ is available in several sizes, independent of the
+ restriction on object placement. In a similar way,
+ <b>xfig</b> can be instructed to draw sloped lines within
+ specific limits (for example, only allowing lines at
+ slopes supported by LaTeX's <tt>picture</tt>
+ environment). Precise numeric-coordinate placement of
+ individual objects is also supported.</p>
+
+ <p><b>xfig</b> provides access to the standard 35
+ PostScript fonts as well as the standard LaTeX fonts.
+ Eight-bit input, allowing access to international
+ symbols, is also provided.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2897932"
+ name="id2897932"></a>idraw</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>idraw</b><a id="id2897946" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2897946"></a>, the InterViews drawing editor, is
+ an X Windows application for editing encapsulated
+ PostScript figures. Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#fig.sd-idraw"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.12.&#160;Editing an image with idraw">
+ Figure&#160;6.12</a> shows a drawing constructed with
+ <b>idraw</b>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.sd-idraw" name="fig.sd-idraw"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.12.&#160;Editing an
+ image with idraw</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The objects in <b>idraw</b> are lines, ellipses, open
+ and closed splines, irregular polygons, polylines,
+ rectangles, and text. Compound objects can be constructed
+ by gluing these objects together. Fonts, brushes, and
+ patterns can be customized and extended with X-defaults.
+ <b>idraw</b> supports the full complement of rotation,
+ flip, scale, and duplicate operations with or without
+ grid lines and optional gravity.</p>
+
+ <p>Unfortunately, the &#8220;gravity&#8221; option, which
+ allows you to create horizontally and vertically aligned
+ objects, is not preserved when a file is saved. It is
+ very difficult to recover the alignment of a file when it
+ has been saved and reloaded.</p>
+
+ <p>Graphics in TIFF, encapsulated PostScript, X11 bitmap
+ format, and Unidraw format can be imported into
+ <b>idraw</b> figures.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2898057"
+ name="id2898057"></a>tgif</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>tgif</b><a id="id2898071" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898071"></a>, like <b>xfig</b> and <b>idraw</b>,
+ is an editor for scalable drawings. The
+ &#8220;gif\,&#8221; in <b>tgif</b> has nothing to do with
+ the bitmap GIF format. The captured screen in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch06.html#fig.sd-tgif"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.13.&#160;Editing an image with tgif">
+ Figure&#160;6.13</a> shows a drawing being constructed
+ with <b>tgif</b>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.sd-tgif" name="fig.sd-tgif"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.13.&#160;Editing an
+ image with tgif</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>tgif</b> stores objects as a set of Prolog
+ &#8220;facts.&#8221; Several programs are provided for
+ interpretation of <b>tgif</b> objects outside of
+ <b>tgif</b>. Only four output types are built into
+ <b>tgif</b>: PostScript<a id="id2898193"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2898193"></a>, encapsulated
+ PostScript (EPS)<a id="id2898202" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898202"></a>, X11 bitmaps<a id="id2898211"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2898211"></a>, and X11
+ pixmaps.</p>
+
+ <p><b>tgif</b> has a number of interesting features
+ including the ability to design hierarchical drawings in
+ either a &#8220;top down&#8221; or &#8220;bottom
+ up&#8221; manner, and the separation of an object's <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>representation</em></span> from its
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>instantiation</em></span>. In
+ addition, arbitrary text-based attributes can be attached
+ to each object. <b>tgif</b> uses these attributes in a
+ number of ways, such as the execution of system commands
+ based upon object attributes.</p>
+
+ <p>The objects supported by <b>tgif</b> are arcs,
+ ellipses, rectangles, rounded-corner rectangles,
+ polylines, polygons, open and closed splines, text, X11
+ bitmaps, some forms of X11 pixmaps, and encapsulated
+ PostScript. These objects can be grouped together.</p>
+
+ <p><b>tgif</b> supports only five fonts (Times, Courier,
+ Helvetica, New Century Schoolbook, and Symbol) at a few
+ fixed sizes. The fill patterns, line styles, text-styles,
+ and other attributes are similarly fixed (although more
+ generous in number).</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2898297"
+ name="id2898297"></a>bitmap/pixmap</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>bitmap</b><a id="id2898311" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898311"></a> and <b>pixmap</b><a id="id2898325"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2898325"></a> are standard
+ tools distributed with the X11 Window System. The
+ <b>pixmap</b> tool provides a superset of the functions
+ in <b>bitmap</b>, including support for color images. An
+ example of the <b>bitmap</b> program editing a small X
+ icon is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#fig.xbitmap"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.14.&#160;An example of bitmap editing an icon">
+ Figure&#160;6.14</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.xbitmap" name="fig.xbitmap"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.14.&#160;An example
+ of bitmap editing an icon</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2898403"
+ name="id2898403"></a>Other Bitmap Editors</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Free or inexpensive bitmap editors<a id="id2898413"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2898413"></a> are available for
+ almost every computer system. The selection of a
+ particular package depends in large part on what kinds of
+ diagrams you need to create.</p>
+
+ <p>The primary disadvantage of bitmap editing is that it
+ is difficult to create bitmaps large enough to be used at
+ printer resolution. Even a &#8220;full screen&#8221;
+ image on a high-resolution monitor is only a couple of
+ inches across (at best) on a laser printer.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2898442"
+ name="id2898442"></a>texcad/xtexcad</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>texcad</b><a id="id2898456" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898456"></a> is an MS-DOS program (distributed
+ with emTeX) for editing LaTeX <tt>picture</tt>
+ environments. <b>xtexcad</b><a id="id2898478"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2898478"></a> is a similar
+ program that runs under the X11 Window system.</p>
+
+ <p>The LaTeX <tt>picture</tt> environment suffers from
+ two limitations: it can only draw relatively simple
+ diagrams, and it is very difficult to use. <b>texcad</b>
+ and <b>xtexcad</b> remove the second limitation. With one
+ of these programs, the LaTeX <tt>picture</tt> environment
+ becomes a viable option for many diagrams.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2898527"
+ name="id2898527"></a>Screen Dumps</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you are writing a document that describes a computer
+ program, it is frequently desirable to include an image of
+ the running program (a captured screen or screen dump<a
+ id="id2898539" class="indexterm" name="id2898539"></a>) in
+ the document. There are several ways that this can be
+ accomplished<a id="id2898549" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898549"></a><a id="id2898556" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898556"></a><a id="id2898563" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898563"></a><a id="id2898570" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898570"></a><a id="id2898577" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898577"></a><a id="id2898584" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898584"></a><a id="id2898591" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898591"></a><a id="id2898598" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2898598"></a>:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p><b>Screen Thief</b> for MS-DOS</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p><b>GrabIt</b> for Microsoft Windows</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p><b>xv</b>, <b>Image Magick</b>, or <b>xwd</b> for
+ X11 workstations</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p><b>PM-Cam</b>, <b>Nikon II</b>, or <b>pmjpeg</b>
+ for OS/2</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The captured screen may be in a graphics format that is
+ directly usable by your DVI driver or by <b>bm2font</b>. If
+ not, one or more of the conversion programs described in
+ &#8220;<a href="ch06.html#sec.picconv"
+ title="Manipulating Images">the section called
+ &#8220;Manipulating Images&#8221;</a>&#8221; earlier in
+ this chapter will help you convert it into a usable
+ format.</p>
+
+ <p>The most common output devices for TeX are laser
+ printers with a resolution of 300dpi or higher. By
+ contrast, the resolution of a typical display is around
+ 80dpi. This discrepancy may require you to enlarge the
+ bitmap image to make it legible in your document. For
+ example, a 640x480 bitmap image is only about two inches
+ wide when printed at 300dpi. In color images, <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>dithering<a id="id2898740"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2898740"></a></em></span>, which
+ increases the number of dots used to represent each pixel
+ in the original image, has a natural enlarging effect on
+ the image, and this reduces the magnitude of the problem.
+ However, some scaling may still be necessary.</p>
+
+ <p>If the screen you want to include is only text (this
+ includes IBM's line-drawing characters and other symbols),
+ you can include it as a special &#8220;verbatim&#8221;
+ environment if you have an appropriate font. The advantages
+ of this method are that the actual screen text can be
+ incorporated directly into your document (making the
+ document more portable and easier to distribute, if that is
+ a concern), and that the resulting document is small and
+ easy to print. The disadvantage of this approach is that
+ information about color is lost. If parts of the on-screen
+ text appear in different colors for highlighting, using a
+ pure-text approach may not produce acceptable results. For
+ example, compare Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#fig.textshot"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.15.&#160;A text mode screen dump.">Figure&#160;6.15</a>
+ with the results in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch02.html#fig.melatexcmp"
+ title="Figure&#160;2.2.&#160;LaTeX as a compiler in Multi-Edit">
+ Figure&#160;2.2</a> in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch02.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing">Chapter&#160;2</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch02.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing">Chapter&#160;2</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.textshot" name="fig.textshot"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;6.15.&#160;A text mode
+ screen dump.</b></p>
+
+ <div class="literallayout">
+ <p>\screendump{metext}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>To insert pure-text screen captures, you have to have a
+ font with exactly the same encoding as the text on the
+ screen (for more information about font encodings, see the
+ section &#8220;<a href="ch05.html#sec.fonts.encodingvec"
+ title="Declaring a family">the section called
+ &#8220;Declaring a family&#8221;</a>&#8221; in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>).
+ On MS-DOS and OS/2 PCs, this is sometimes a problem because
+ the IBM line drawing characters do not appear in most
+ fonts. Several commercial fonts provide the appropriate
+ character set, but so do the freely available IBM Courier
+ fonts (distributed by IBM for the X11 Consortium). The IBM
+ Courier fonts are PostScript Type&#160;1 fonts. If you need
+ TeX <tt>PK</tt> fonts, use the <b>ps2pk</b> program as
+ described in the section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.t1fonts" title="Math Fonts in TeX">the
+ section called &#8220;Math Fonts in TeX&#8221;</a>&#8221;
+ in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>To use the IBM Courier fonts to print captured screens,
+ you will need <tt>AFM</tt> files<a id="id2898938"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2898938"></a> that have the
+ correct encoding vector. <tt>AFM</tt> files with the IBM
+ OEM character set encoding are available from the CTAN
+ archives in the directory <tt>fonts/courier</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>After the appropriate font is available, you are almost
+ ready to reproduce a captured screen. One problem remains:
+ TeX cannot \input binary files. Because screen dumps
+ frequently contain characters from outside the normal ASCII
+ range, they must be considered binary in this context. To
+ overcome this difficulty, it is necessary to process the
+ screen dump and convert it into a text file. The
+ <b>Perl</b> script in Example&#160;<a
+ href="apd.html#ex.txt2verb"
+ title="Example&#160;D.8.&#160;txt2verb.pl">Example&#160;D.8</a>
+ in Appendix&#160;<a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a></em></span>,
+ will perform this conversion.</p>
+
+ <p>After conversion, the TeX code shown in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#ex.texscreencapt"
+ title="Example&#160;6.9.&#160;Script for Inserting a Captured Text Screen">
+ Example&#160;6.9</a> will insert the screen. This code will
+ work in both Plain TeX and LaTeX. Similar code can be
+ written for other formats. Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html#fig.textshot"
+ title="Figure&#160;6.15.&#160;A text mode screen dump.">Figure&#160;6.15</a>
+ was produced with this code.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.texscreencapt" name="ex.texscreencapt"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;6.9.&#160;Script for
+ Inserting a Captured Text Screen</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad"
+href="screendump.sty"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2884093" name="ftn.id2884093"
+ href="#id2884093">79</a>]</sup> {Some devices, most
+ notably plotters, don't work this way. They really draw
+ lines and curves with physical pens.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2891727" name="ftn.id2891727"
+ href="#id2891727">80</a>]</sup> And probably any other
+ format derived from Plain TeX.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2892937" name="ftn.id2892937"
+ href="#id2892937">81</a>]</sup> {<b>dvimsp</b> has been
+ replaced by <b>dvidot</b> in the beta test
+ distributions.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2893346" name="ftn.id2893346"
+ href="#id2893346">82</a>]</sup> {In fairness, the degree
+ of difficulty depends on the platform you work on. Some
+ systems, like the Amiga, have very good support for
+ PostScript output, even on non-PostScript devices.
+ Alternatively, if you have a fast computer, the extra
+ translation through <b>Ghostscript</b> may be quite
+ painless.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2893914" name="ftn.id2893914"
+ href="#id2893914">83</a>]</sup> {The <tt>epsfig.sty</tt>
+ style relies on <tt>epsf.tex</tt><a id="id2893934"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2893934"></a> to provide
+ low-level support for including EPS images. The
+ <tt>epsf.tex</tt> file is part of the <b>dvips</b>
+ distribution.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2896732" name="ftn.id2896732"
+ href="#id2896732">84</a>]</sup> {Under MS-DOS and OS/2,
+ remember that the command processor performs variable
+ substitution with the percent sign. Use two consecutive
+ percent signs.}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts" href="ch05.html"><img
+ src="figures/nav-prev.png" alt="Prev" border="0" />
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+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations"
+ href="ch07.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
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+
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+ Considerations</td>
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+ </div>
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+
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch07.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2409 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+
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+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
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+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International
+ Considerations</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
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+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing" />
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+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
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+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures"
+ href="ch06.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
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+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
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+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.foreign"
+ name="chap.foreign"></a>Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International
+ Considerations</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Although the standard TeX macro packages and the Computer
+ Modern fonts were designed to typeset documents written
+ primarily in English, TeX enjoys widespread international
+ use<a id="id2890702" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2890702"></a><a id="id2890737" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2890737"></a><a id="id2890746" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2890746"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>From a technical standpoint, languages can be divided into
+ two categories: those that are &#8220;like English&#8221;
+ (meaning that they use a relatively small number of
+ characters and are typeset horizontally, left to right) and
+ those that are not. German, French, and Russian are all
+ &#8220;like English&#8221; in this sense. Hebrew, Chinese,
+ and Japanese are not (Hebrew<a id="id2890473"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2890473"></a> is typeset right to
+ left, and Chinese<a id="id2890482" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2890482"></a> and Japanese<a id="id2890491"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2890491"></a> use thousands of
+ characters).<sup>[<a id="id2890500" name="id2890500"
+ href="#ftn.id2890500">85</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>This chapter explores some of the issues that arise when
+ TeX is used to typeset languages other than English. For
+ simplicity, we'll look at languages like English first, and
+ then describe some environments for typesetting much more
+ complex languages.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.for.printing"
+ name="sec.for.printing"></a>Typesetting in Any
+ Language</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In order to typeset<a id="id2899108" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2899108"></a> any language with TeX, three things
+ have to happen:</p>
+
+ <div class="orderedlist">
+ <ol type="1">
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX has to read the input file and perform the
+ correct mapping from the input file's character set
+ to its internal representation of each character. The
+ character set used in the input file will vary
+ depending upon the language. For instance, if you're
+ writing a document in French<a id="id2899141"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2899141"></a>, it is as
+ natural to use &#8220;é&#8221; in your input file as
+ it is to use any other letter.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX has to typeset the document according to the
+ rules of the language being used. Naturally, this
+ means that there must be some way of declaring what
+ language is being used, and appropriate macros have
+ to exist to embody the rules of that language. Users
+ familiar only with English may not recognize the
+ importance of language-specific rules because English
+ has so few rules. Other languages have many. In
+ German<a id="id2899172" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2899172"></a>, for example, if the consonants
+ &#8220;ck&#8221; in a word are broken by a hyphen,
+ the &#8220;c&#8221; becomes a &#8220;k&#8221;
+ (&#8220;k-k&#8221;). In French<a id="id2899199"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2899199"></a>, small
+ amounts of extra space are placed around various
+ punctuation marks.</p>
+
+ <p>A good reference manual for internationalization
+ is <span class="emphasis"><em>{Software
+ Internationalization and Localization: An
+ Introduction}</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#eu:international">eu:international</a>].</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The <tt>DVI</tt> file that results from
+ typesetting the document must be printed correctly.
+ In other words, all of the accented characters and
+ symbols used by the language must be available (or
+ constructed) for previewing and printing.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Early attempts to write documents in languages other
+ than English were hampered by several limitations in the
+ TeX program. In particular, fonts were limited to 128
+ characters, and only a single set of hyphenation patterns
+ could be loaded (effectively preventing multilingual
+ documents from being hyphenated correctly). These technical
+ problems were corrected in TeX version 3.x (first released
+ in 1990). The remaining difficulties---mostly a lack of
+ standardization and the need to develop relevant
+ language-specific macros---are being addressed by the TUG<a
+ id="id2899266" class="indexterm" name="id2899266"></a>
+ Technical Working Group on Multiple Language Coordination
+ (TWGMLC)<a id="id2899280" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2899280"></a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2899289"
+ name="id2899289"></a>Reading Input Files</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The first point to consider when typesetting is that
+ every input file is written in some character set. For
+ example, because this book is written in English and I
+ work in the United States, the source code for this book
+ is written in 7-bit ASCII<a id="id2899303"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2899303"></a>. If this book
+ were written in another language, a different character
+ set, perhaps ISO Latin1, would be more appropriate.</p>
+
+ <p>When TeX reads your input file, characters like
+ &#8220;é&#8221; and &#8220;\guillemet&#8221; have to be
+ translated into a form that TeX can use. For example,
+ &#8220;é&#8221; should be translated into é and, if the
+ DC fonts are in use, &#8220;\guillemet&#8221; should be
+ translated into character 19; otherwise, if the DC
+ fonts<a id="id2899343" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2899343"></a> are not in use,
+ &#8220;\guillemet&#8221; should be translated into
+ <tt>$&lt;&lt;$</tt> which will give the approximate
+ result. The DC fonts are discussed in the section called
+ &#8220;<a href="ch07.html#sec.for.printing"
+ title="Typesetting in Any Language">the section called
+ &#8220;Typesetting in Any Language&#8221;</a>,&#8221;
+ later in this chapter.</p>
+
+ <p>It is always possible to access characters from
+ another symbol set by using a control sequence<a
+ id="id2899384" class="indexterm" name="id2899384"></a>.
+ Table&#160;<a href="ch07.html#tab.accentedchar"
+ title="Table&#160;7.1.&#160;Standard Control Sequences for Symbols from Other Character Sets">
+ Table&#160;7.1</a> shows the standard TeX control
+ sequences for accessing accented characters and
+ characters from other alphabets.<sup>[<a id="id2899397"
+ name="id2899397" href="#ftn.id2899397">86</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.accentedchar" name="tab.accentedchar"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;7.1.&#160;Standard
+ Control Sequences for Symbols from Other Character
+ Sets</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Standard Control Sequences for Symbols from Other Character Sets"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Control</th>
+
+ <th align="left">&#160;</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Control</th>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\bf Sequence</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\bf Symbol</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\bf Sequence</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\bf Symbol</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\`e</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\`e</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\oe</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\oe</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\'e</td>
+
+ <td align="left">é</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\ae</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\ae</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\"e</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\"e</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\o</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\o</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\u{e}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\u{e}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\aa</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\aa</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\.e</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\.e</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\l</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\l</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\t{ee}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\t{ee}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\OE</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\OE</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\d{e}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\d{e}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\AE</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\AE</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\H{e}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">
+ {\fontfamily{cmr}\selectfont\H{e}}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\O</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\O</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\^e</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\^e</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\AA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\char'302</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\v{e}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\v{e}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\L</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\L</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\=e</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\=e</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><tt>?`</tt></td>
+
+ <td align="left">?`</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\&amp;nbsp;e</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\&#160;e</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><tt>!`</tt></td>
+
+ <td align="left">!`</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\c{e}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\c{e}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\ss</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\ss</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\b{e}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\b{e}</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Table&#160;<a href="ch07.html#tab.newaccentedchar"
+ title="Table&#160;7.2.&#160;New Control Sequences Proposed by TWGMLC">
+ Table&#160;7.2</a> shows new control sequences proposed
+ by the TWGMLC for characters not available in standard
+ TeX and LaTeX distributions.<sup>[<a id="id2899840"
+ name="id2899840" href="#ftn.id2899840">87</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.newaccentedchar"
+ name="tab.newaccentedchar"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;7.2.&#160;New Control
+ Sequences Proposed by TWGMLC</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="New Control Sequences Proposed by TWGMLC"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\multicolumn{2}{l|}{\bf Control
+ Sequences}</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf Symbols</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><tt>,,</tt></td>
+
+ <td align="center"><tt>''</tt></td>
+
+ <td align="left">\dcr\char18 \ \char16</td>
+
+ <td>German quotations
+ ({\dcr\char18}G\"ansef\"u\ss{}chen{\dcr\char16})</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">French quotations
+ (guillemets)</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\dh</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\DH</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\dcr\char240 \ \char208</td>
+
+ <td>Icelandic eth</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\dj</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\DJ</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\dcr\char158 \ \char208</td>
+
+ <td>Serbocroation dj</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\ng</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\NG</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\dcr\char173 \ \char141</td>
+
+ <td>Sami ng</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\th</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\TH</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\dcr\char254 \ \char222</td>
+
+ <td>Icelandic thorn</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><tt>\k e</tt></td>
+
+ <td align="center">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\dcr\char166</td>
+
+ <td>Polish ogonek subscript</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><tt>\r u</tt></td>
+
+ <td align="center">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\dcr\char183</td>
+
+ <td>Czech circle accent</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\v{d}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\V{D}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\dcr\char164 \ \char132</td>
+
+ <td>Czech d and D with ha\v{c}ek</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\v{l}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\V{l}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\dcr\char169 \ \char137</td>
+
+ <td>Slovakian l and L with ha\v{c}ek</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\v{t}</td>
+
+ <td align="center">\V{T}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\dcr\char180 \ \char148</td>
+
+ <td>Czech t and T with ha\v{c}ek</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The only technical problem associated with using
+ language-specific character sets in your input files is
+ that you must have some way of telling TeX to perform the
+ appropriate substitutions. One method is to use a special
+ style file like <tt>isolatin1</tt>.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2900193" name="id2900193"
+ href="#ftn.id2900193">88</a>]</sup> This style uses
+ &#8220;active characters&#8221; to map the ISO Latin1
+ input character set to TeX's representation. It could be
+ adapted to other character sets as well. Another
+ possibility is to rely on system-dependent extensions to
+ TeX. For example, emTeX provides extensive support for
+ &#8220;code pages,&#8221; which address this problem.</p>
+
+ <p>The only other problem created by using different
+ input character sets is one of compatibility. If you
+ write files using the ISO Latin1 character set and send
+ them to someone who uses a different character set, the
+ file will appear to be incorrect.<sup>[<a id="id2900241"
+ name="id2900241" href="#ftn.id2900241">89</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2900256"
+ name="id2900256"></a>Appearances can be
+ deceiving</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A document stored on disk is really just a file
+ containing a series of characters, each represented by
+ a unique numerical value. For an editor to display a
+ document, each numerical value must be translated into
+ a visual representation of the character. Frequently
+ this translation is performed by the operating system
+ or computer hardware. In an analogous way, each numeric
+ value must be translated into a printable character
+ when the document is typeset.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch07.html#fig.charmap"
+ title="Figure&#160;7.1.&#160;Character mapping example">
+ Figure&#160;7.1</a> shows how this translation is
+ performed for display by the operating system and for
+ printing by TeX (using the <tt>isolatin1</tt> style,
+ for example). This figure shows the disparity that
+ occurs if the two translation tables are not the
+ same.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.charmap" name="fig.charmap"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;7.1.&#160;Character
+ mapping example</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>How can this arise? Well, suppose, for example, that
+ a colleague is writing a document in French<a
+ id="id2900326" class="indexterm" name="id2900326"></a>.
+ He has a TeXnical problem that he would like me to
+ investigate. I agree to take a look, and he sends the
+ file to me. My colleage is using the ISO Latin1
+ character set in his input file because it contains
+ many symbols that are convenient for writing French
+ (including the guillemets). I receive the file and edit
+ it on my PC. The file that I see displayed looks like
+ gibberish. That's because I'm using the IBM OEM
+ encoding on my PC, which is sufficient for English. All
+ of the special characters in the ISO Latin1 character
+ set appear incorrect. Bewildered, I TeX and preview the
+ document to see what it's supposed to look like. To my
+ surprise, the previewed document looks fine.</p>
+
+ <p>In this case, I can correct the problem by changing
+ the &#8220;code page&#8221; used on my PC or by
+ translating the input file with a program like GNU
+ <b>recode</b><a id="id2900364" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2900364"></a>.<sup>[<a id="id2900372"
+ name="id2900372"
+ href="#ftn.id2900372">90</a>]</sup></p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2900395"
+ name="id2900395"></a>Changing the Rules</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In order to select languages, the TWGMLC has proposed
+ a set of language switching macros. These are shown in
+ Table&#160;<a href="ch07.html#tab.langswitch"
+ title="Table&#160;7.3.&#160;Language Switch Macros Proposed by TUG">
+ Table&#160;7.3</a>.<sup>[<a id="id2900417"
+ name="id2900417" href="#ftn.id2900417">91</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>Selecting a language has three effects:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>It establishes the correct hyphenation
+ environment<a id="id2900456" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2900456"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Language-specific hyphenation patterns are
+ loaded, if necessary, and correct values for the
+ minimum length of a hyphenated word fragment are
+ set.</p>
+
+ <p>At the time of this writing, hyphenation
+ patterns are already available, or under
+ development, for Armenian, Bulgarian, Cambodian,
+ Catalan, Croation, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English
+ (U.K. and U.S.), Esperanto, Estonian, Finnish,
+ French, German, Greek (both modern and ancient),
+ Hungarian, Icelandic, Italian, Kirundi, Latin,
+ Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian,
+ Slovak, Swahili, Swedish, Yiddish, and Yoruba.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It loads the correct fonts and special
+ characters.</p>
+
+ <p>Even languages which use the same alphabet may
+ have different fonts<a id="id2900507"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2900507"></a><a
+ id="id2900517" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2900517"></a><a id="id2900527"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2900527"></a> in order to
+ provide specific features of the language. For
+ example, the &#8220;fi&#8221; ligature<a
+ id="id2900547" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2900547"></a> makes sense only when
+ typesetting English, and the \th and \TH macros
+ make sense only when typesetting languages that
+ need &#8220;{\dcr\char254}&#8221; and
+ &#8220;{\dcr\char222}.&#8221;</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.langswitch" name="tab.langswitch"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;7.3.&#160;Language
+ Switch Macros Proposed by TUG</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Language Switch Macros Proposed by TUG"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="center">Macro Switch</th>
+
+ <th align="left">Language</th>
+
+ <th align="center">Macro Switch</th>
+
+ <th align="left">Language</th>
+
+ <th align="center">Macro Switch</th>
+
+ <th align="left">Language</th>
+
+ <th align="center">Macro Switch</th>
+
+ <th align="left">Language</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">AB</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Abkhazian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">FY</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Frisian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MG</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Malagasy</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SB</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Sorbian</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">OM</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Afan Oromo</td>
+
+ <td align="center">GL</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Galician</td>
+
+ <td align="center">ML</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Malayalam</td>
+
+ <td align="center">ES</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Spanish</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">FF</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Afar</td>
+
+ <td align="center">KA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Georgian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Malay</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SU</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Sudanese</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">AF</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Afrikaans</td>
+
+ <td align="center">DE</td>
+
+ <td align="left">German</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MT</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Maltese</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SW</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Swahili</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">SQ</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Albanian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">EL</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Greek</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MI</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Maori</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SV</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Swedish</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">AM</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Amharic</td>
+
+ <td align="center">KL</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Greenlandic</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MR</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Marathi</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TL</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Tagalog</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">AR</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Arabic</td>
+
+ <td align="center">GN</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Guarani</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Moldavian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TG</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Tajik</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">HY</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Armenian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">GU</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Gujarati</td>
+
+ <td align="center">NA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Nauru</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Tamil</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">AS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Assamese</td>
+
+ <td align="center">HA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Hausa</td>
+
+ <td align="center">NE</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Nepali</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TT</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Tatar</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">AY</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Aymara</td>
+
+ <td align="center">HE</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Hebrew</td>
+
+ <td align="center">NO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Norwegian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TE</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Telugu</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">AZ</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Azerbaijani</td>
+
+ <td align="center">HI</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Hindi</td>
+
+ <td align="center">OC</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Occitan</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TY</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Thai</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">BA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Bashkir</td>
+
+ <td align="center">HU</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Hungarian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">OR</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Oriya</td>
+
+ <td align="center">BO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Tibetan</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">EU</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Basque</td>
+
+ <td align="center">IS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Icelandic</td>
+
+ <td align="center">PS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Pashto</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TI</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Tigrinya</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">BN</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Bengali</td>
+
+ <td align="center">ID</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Indonesian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">FA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Persian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Tonda</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">DZ</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Bhutani</td>
+
+ <td align="center">IA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Interlingua</td>
+
+ <td align="center">PL</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Polish</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Tsonga</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">BH</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Bihari</td>
+
+ <td align="center">IE</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Interlingue</td>
+
+ <td align="center">PT</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Portuguese</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TR</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Turkish</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">BI</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Bislama</td>
+
+ <td align="center">IU</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Inuktitut</td>
+
+ <td align="center">PA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Punjabi</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TK</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Turkmen</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">BR</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Breton</td>
+
+ <td align="center">IK</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Inupiak</td>
+
+ <td align="center">QU</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Quechua</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TW</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Twi</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">BG</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Bulgarian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">GA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Irish</td>
+
+ <td align="center">RM</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Rhaeto-Roman</td>
+
+ <td align="center">GB</td>
+
+ <td align="left">U.K. English</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">MY</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Burmese</td>
+
+ <td align="center">IT</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Italian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">RO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Romanian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">US</td>
+
+ <td align="left">U.S. English</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">BE</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Byelorussian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">JA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Japanese</td>
+
+ <td align="center">RU</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Russian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">UG</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Uigur</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">KM</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Cambodian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">JW</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Javanese</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SE</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Sami</td>
+
+ <td align="center">UK</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Ukrainian</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">CA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Catalan</td>
+
+ <td align="center">KN</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Kannada</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SM</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Samoan</td>
+
+ <td align="center">UR</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Urdu</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">ZH</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Chinese</td>
+
+ <td align="center">KS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Kashmiri</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SG</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Sangho</td>
+
+ <td align="center">UZ</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Uzbek</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">CO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Corsican</td>
+
+ <td align="center">KK</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Kazakh</td>
+
+ <td align="center">GD</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Scots Gaelic</td>
+
+ <td align="center">VI</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Vietnamese</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">HR</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Croatian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">RW</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Kinyarwanda</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SR</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Serbian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">VO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Volapuk</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">CS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Czech</td>
+
+ <td align="center">KY</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Kirghiz</td>
+
+ <td align="center">ST</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Sesotho</td>
+
+ <td align="center">CY</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Welsh</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">DA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Danish</td>
+
+ <td align="center">RN</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Kirundi</td>
+
+ <td align="center">TN</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Setswana</td>
+
+ <td align="center">WO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Wolof</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">NL</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Dutch</td>
+
+ <td align="center">KO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Korean</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SN</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Shona</td>
+
+ <td align="center">XH</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Xhosa</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">EO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Esperanto</td>
+
+ <td align="center">KU</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Kurdish</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SD</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Sindhi</td>
+
+ <td align="center">YI</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Yiddish</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">ET</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Estonian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">LO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Laothian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SI</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Singhalese</td>
+
+ <td align="center">YO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Yoruba</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">FO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Faroese</td>
+
+ <td align="center">LV</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Latvian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Siswati</td>
+
+ <td align="center">ZA</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Zhuang</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">FJ</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Fiji</td>
+
+ <td align="center">LN</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Lingala</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SK</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Slovak</td>
+
+ <td align="center">ZU</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Zulu</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">FI</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Finnish</td>
+
+ <td align="center">LT</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Lithuanian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SL</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Slovenian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">FR</td>
+
+ <td align="left">French</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="center">MK</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Macedonian</td>
+
+ <td align="center">SO</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Somali</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It defines special primitive operations, if
+ appropriate.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, right-to-left typesetting
+ primitives are necessary only for languages like
+ Hebrew<a id="id2901991" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2901991"></a> which are typeset
+ right-to-left.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2902005"
+ name="id2902005"></a>Printing the Result</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The Computer Modern Fonts<a id="id2902014"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2902014"></a> are insufficient
+ for typesetting languages other than English. In order to
+ overcome this difficulty, the TeX User's Group has
+ extended the Computer Modern encoding vector and
+ established a new standard.</p>
+
+ <p>The new standard fonts are known variously as the Cork
+ fonts<a id="id2902035" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902035"></a><a id="id2902042" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902042"></a>, the DC fonts<a id="id2902053"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2902053"></a><a id="id2902060"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2902060"></a>, and the EC
+ fonts<a id="id2902072" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902072"></a><a id="id2902079" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902079"></a>. These are all synonymous. The new
+ standard was created following discussions at the TeX
+ User's Group meeting in Cork, Ireland in 1990, hence the
+ name Cork. The MetaFont fonts<a id="id2902090"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2902090"></a><a id="id2902104"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2902104"></a>, which embody
+ this encoding, will eventually become the EC fonts. The
+ current versions, available now, are still being refined
+ (in the sense that some of the letter forms are being
+ refined; the encoding will not change). These are called
+ the DC fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>There is a distinction between the standard encoding
+ vector and the MetaFont fonts that replace Computer
+ Modern. Therefore, I will refer to the standard encoding
+ as the &#8220;Cork Encoding<a id="id2902133"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2902133"></a>&#8221; and to the
+ MetaFont fonts as the &#8220;DC fonts&#8221;.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2902146" name="id2902146"
+ href="#ftn.id2902146">92</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>At the time of this writing, the DC fonts are not a
+ complete superset of Computer Modern because the DC Math
+ fonts have not yet been released. (The DC fonts<a
+ id="id2902163" class="indexterm" name="id2902163"></a><a
+ id="id2902173" class="indexterm" name="id2902173"></a>
+ will contain the upper-case Greek<a id="id2902185"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2902185"></a> alphabet, which
+ is currently missing from the DC fonts.) When the DC Math
+ fonts are released, the DC fonts will be a complete
+ superset of Computer Modern. The only apparent difference
+ will be that the accents on the DC fonts are not at
+ exactly the same height as the accented characters
+ constructed with the \accent primitive using Computer
+ Modern.<sup>[<a id="id2902200" name="id2902200"
+ href="#ftn.id2902200">93</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>The Cork Encoding is shown in Table&#160;<a
+ href="apb.html#tab.font.corkencoding"
+ title="Table&#160;B.3.&#160;The Cork Font Encoding">Table&#160;B.3</a>
+ in Appendix&#160;<a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a></em></span>.
+ There are 255 symbols in this vector with one blank for
+ special purposes. Unlike the Computer Modern fonts, which
+ have different encoding vectors in some typefaces
+ (Computer Modern Roman is not the same as Computer Modern
+ Typewriter, for example), all of the DC fonts have the
+ same encoding vector.</p>
+
+ <p>Several people have commented that the Cork Encoding
+ suffers from a &#8220;design error&#8221; because it
+ places characters in positions 0-31, which are frequently
+ inaccessible in other applications, and because it places
+ a nonstandard character at position 32, where a space
+ usually occurs. This is not a design error. Bear in mind
+ that the DC fonts are designed to be TeX output fonts.
+ Font creators, working in other environments (for
+ example, TrueType or PostScript) are free to divide the
+ Cork Encoding into two separate font files and provide a
+ virtual font for TeX that establishes the correct
+ encoding. The motivation for putting as many symbols as
+ possible in a single font is that TeX cannot kern<a
+ id="id2902271" class="indexterm" name="id2902271"></a>
+ across fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>This is not meant to imply that the DC fonts should
+ always be virtual<a id="id2902285" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902285"></a><a id="id2902295" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902295"></a><a id="id2902302" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902302"></a>. In fact, the DC fonts should be
+ the &#8220;real&#8221; fonts upon which virtual fonts are
+ based. A virtual Computer Modern font based upon the real
+ DC fonts is infinitely preferable to a virtual DC font
+ built on Computer Modern because:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>You need a &#8220;real&#8221; font to make
+ virtual fonts, and the Computer Modern fonts don't
+ contain enough <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>real</em></span>
+ characters.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Expressing accented characters in MetaFont is
+ much better than building accents inside a virtual
+ font. The virtual font has less information to work
+ with (it has only boxes).</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Different languages use accents at different
+ heights. A simple &#8220;patch&#8221; to the
+ MetaFont code for a real font with accents is far
+ superior to introducing another set of virtual
+ fonts for every language.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>From a purely practical point of view, the correct way
+ to deal with these and related problems is to use the
+ babel style files.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec.babel"
+ name="sec.babel"></a>The Babel Styles</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The babel styles<a id="id2902395" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902395"></a><a id="id2902402" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902402"></a> are a collection of style files for
+ LaTeX that provide features for typesetting in many
+ languages. The babel styles are compatible with Plain TeX
+ and all versions of LaTeX. (In particular, they are being
+ adopted as the standard multilingual styles in LaTeX2e and
+ will be the standard in LaTeX3 when it is released.)</p>
+
+ <p>To date, babel styles exist for Catalan, Croatian,
+ Cyrillic, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto,
+ Finnish, French, Galician, German, Italian, Hungarian,
+ Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak,
+ Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, and Turkish, as well as
+ several dialects (American as a dialect of English, for
+ example).</p>
+
+ <p>Example&#160;<a href="ch07.html#ex.usinglangs"
+ title="Example&#160;7.1.&#160;{A Sample Multilingual Document Using English and French}">
+ Example&#160;7.1</a> shows the skeletal structure of a
+ document using the English and French styles. Within the
+ document, the \selectlanguage control sequence is used to
+ switch between languages.<sup>[<a id="id2890568"
+ name="id2890568" href="#ftn.id2890568">94</a>]</sup> The
+ language that is in effect by default is determined when
+ the format file is created.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.usinglangs" name="ex.usinglangs"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;7.1.&#160;{A Sample
+ Multilingual Document Using English and French}</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\documentstyle[english,francais]{article}
+\begin{document}
+This is a document which uses both English and
+French. \selectlanguage{french} Mais, je ne parle plus
+fran\c{c}ais. \selectlanguage{english} So I won't try
+to make this example very long.
+\end{document}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Selecting a language automatically has the following
+ effects:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>It selects hyphenation patterns<a id="id2890625"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2890625"></a> for the
+ language. This means that paragraphs of text will be
+ hyphenated according to the conventions of the
+ language in use.<sup>[<a id="id2890639"
+ name="id2890639" href="#ftn.id2890639">95</a>]</sup>
+ Switching hyphenation patterns is possible only if
+ the format file being used by TeX contains
+ hyphenation rules for language<a id="id2890550"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2890550"></a>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It automatically translates the names of all the
+ document elements into the selected language. For
+ example, if you insert the \tableofcontents when
+ French<a id="id2890670" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2890670"></a> is the selected language, the
+ table of contents will be called the &#8220;Table des
+ mati\`eres&#8221; instead of &#8220;Table of
+ Contents.&#8221;</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It alters the format of the date produced by the
+ \today macro to fit the conventions of the selected
+ language. In American, \today is &#8220;January 30,
+ 1994&#8221;; in English it is &#8220;30th January
+ 1994&#8221;; and in French it is &#8220;30 janvier
+ 1994.&#8221;<a id="id2902752" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902752"></a></p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It defines particular typing shortcuts to make
+ writing the selected language more convenient for the
+ typist. For example, the French<a id="id2902772"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2902772"></a> style makes
+ several punctuation characters into macros so that
+ extra space is automatically inserted before them
+ according to French typographic conventions<a
+ id="id2902783" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902783"></a>.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.babelfmt"
+ name="sec.babelfmt"></a>Building Multilingual Babel
+ Formats</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Building a multilingual format file<a id="id2902810"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2902810"></a> is very much like
+ building a format<a id="id2902819" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902819"></a> for a single language. The only
+ difference is that instead of loading a single set of
+ hyphenation patterns (generally from a file called
+ <tt>hyphen.tex</tt>), you will need hyphenation patterns
+ for each language that you want to use. These can be
+ obtained from the CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>tex-archive/language/hyphenation</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>If you have a file called <tt>hyphen.tex</tt> on your
+ system, rename it. This file is distributed as part of
+ the standard TeX distribution and contains American
+ English hyphenation patterns, so <tt>ushyphen.tex</tt> is
+ an appropriate name.</p>
+
+ <p>Next, create a file called <tt>language.dat</tt> that
+ contains one line for each language you want to use. Each
+ line should list the language name and the file
+ containing hyphenation patterns for that language. For
+ example, an appropriate <tt>language.dat</tt> file for
+ the format used to typeset Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch07.html#ex.usinglangs"
+ title="Example&#160;7.1.&#160;{A Sample Multilingual Document Using English and French}">
+ Example&#160;7.1</a> might contain these lines:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+english ehyphen.tex
+francais fr8hyph.tex
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Now, proceed to construct the format file using
+ iniTeX<a id="id2902920" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902920"></a> according to the instructions
+ distributed with the format or by following the
+ suggestions in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.
+ When iniTeX complains that it cannot find
+ <tt>hyphen.tex</tt>, provide the alternate name
+ <tt>babel.hyphen</tt>. This will use
+ <tt>language.dat</tt> to load the appropriate hyphenation
+ patterns and associate them with the languages you
+ specified.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"
+ style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
+ <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+
+ <p>The first language that you list in
+ <tt>language.dat</tt> will be the default language for
+ the format file that you create.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.asciijtex" name="sec.asciijtex"></a>TeX
+ Pitfalls</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX 3.x, the Cork Encoding<a id="id2903012"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2903012"></a>, and
+ language-specific macro files are not &#8220;magic
+ bullets&#8221; that can solve all of the problems that
+ arise in typesetting multilingual documents or writing
+ macros that are useful in all language contexts. Some of
+ the deficiencies are really insoluble without changing the
+ TeX program in ways that are not allowed by Knuth. Two such
+ problems are mentioned here:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>The \uppercase and \lowercase primitives are
+ problematic.</p>
+
+ <p>There is a strict one-to-one mapping between
+ lowercase and uppercase letters in TeX.
+ Unfortunately, accented letters may require different
+ mappings. Consider these examples:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+&lt;para&gt; \begin{tabular}{lll}
+ &lt;literal&gt;\"I with two dots&lt;/literal&gt; &amp; \"I with two dots &amp; What you typed \\
+ &lt;literal&gt;\"i with two dots&lt;/literal&gt; &amp; \"i with two dots &amp; Result of \lowercase \\
+ &lt;literal&gt;\"\i with two dots&lt;/literal&gt; &amp; \"\i with two dots &amp; Correct lowercase
+ \end{tabular}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Because no information about the accent is known,
+ the result of passing your text to the \lowercase
+ primitive is not correct.</p>
+
+ <p>This problem can be minimized by using an input
+ character set which contains the accented letters
+ that you need. This allows you to establish the
+ appropriate one-to-one relationships.</p>
+
+ <p>Some of the characters chosen for the Cork
+ encoding were driven by this weakness as well. The
+ only reason that &#8220;{\dcr\char"DF}&#8221; is a
+ glyph is so that it can be the \uppercase character
+ for &#8220;{\dcr\char"FF}.&#8221;</p>
+
+ <p>TeX doesn't distinguish between a dash used in a
+ compound word (for example,
+ &#8220;wish-fulfillment&#8221;) and a dash used for
+ hyphenation.</p>
+
+ <p>This distinction isn't necessary in English
+ because English doesn't have any end-of-word
+ ligatures<a id="id2903112" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2903112"></a>. Imagine a language where
+ &#8220;sh&#8221; should become &#8220;x&#8221; at the
+ end of a word.<sup>[<a id="id2903130"
+ name="id2903130" href="#ftn.id2903130">96</a>]</sup>
+ A compound word like &#8220;push-ready&#8221; should
+ be typeset &#8220;pux-ready&#8221; whereas a word
+ like &#8220;pushover&#8221; should remain
+ &#8220;push-over&#8221; if it is hyphenated across a
+ line break.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2903161"
+ name="id2903161"></a>Very Complex Languages</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The following sections describe TeX packages
+ (collections of macros, fonts, and other files) that allow
+ you to typeset languages very different from English.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2903174"
+ name="id2903174"></a>Japanese</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Typesetting Japanese<a id="id2903183"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2903183"></a> involves solving
+ several problems. The first is the task of entering
+ Japanese text with an editor. There are many editors on
+ many platforms that can handle Japanese input. Although
+ there are also established ways to romanize Japanese text
+ so that it can be displayed on terminals that do not
+ provide support for Japanese input, these are bound to be
+ inconvenient for anyone seriously writing in Japanese. If
+ you are in a position to edit Japanese text, you are
+ probably already aware of several good editors.</p>
+
+ <p>The second problem is that typesetting Japanese with
+ TeX requires many, many fonts. The fact that a single
+ font can hold no more than 256 symbols means that dozens
+ (perhaps hundreds) of fonts are required to represent all
+ of the myriad symbols used in everyday Japanese writing.
+ There are some hard-coded limits on the number of fonts
+ that a single TeX document can use, and it is possible to
+ bump into them pretty quickly when typesetting a language
+ like Japanese.</p>
+
+ <p>Another problem is printing the output. Assembling a
+ collection of fonts that contain high-quality glyphs for
+ all of the necessary characters is a time consuming and
+ potentially expensive task. At present, the
+ freely-available fonts are of relatively low quality.</p>
+
+ <p>A complete discussion of these issues, and many others
+ can be found in <span class="emphasis"><em>Understanding
+ Japanese Information Processing</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#kl:japinfoproc">kl:japinfoproc</a>].</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2903244"
+ name="id2903244"></a>ASCII Nihongo TeX</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>ASCII Nihongo TeX<a id="id2903253" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2903253"></a><a id="id2903264"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2903264"></a> (also known as
+ \jtex<a id="id2903278" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2903278"></a>) is a complete, Japanized version
+ of TeX. Instead of trying to shoehorn Japanese into
+ traditional TeX programs, all of the programs have been
+ modified to accept files containing standard Japanese
+ text (two bytes per character). This section describes
+ the ASCII Corporation<a id="id2903294"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2903294"></a>'s version of
+ \jtex. See the section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch07.html#sec.nttjtex" title="NTT \jtex">the
+ section called &#8220;NTT \jtex&#8221;</a>&#8221; for
+ information about NTT's version of \jtex. You can get
+ the ASCII version of \jtex from
+ <tt>ftp.ascii.co.jp</tt> (133.152.1.1).</p>
+
+ <p>ASCII Nihongo TeX is based on TeX 2.9 and can read
+ input files coded with JIS, Shift-JIS, EUC, and KUTEN.
+ The <tt>DVI</tt> files produced by ASCII \jtex are not
+ standard <tt>DVI</tt> files. In order to support the
+ large character set for Japanese writing, the
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files use commands that are not output by
+ standard TeX, so many drivers do not support them. You
+ cannot process <tt>DVI</tt> files produced by ASCII
+ \jtex with most standard DVI drivers.</p>
+
+ <p>Release notes with version 1.7 of \jtex indicate
+ that it will be the last public release of \jtex.
+ Another product, called pTeX (for Publishing TeX) may
+ be released at some time in the future. One advantage
+ of pTeX will be the ability to typeset vertically.</p>
+
+ <p>The primary disadvantage of the \jtex system is that
+ there are no freely-available fonts for it. The authors
+ assume that you will be using fonts resident in your
+ printer. You may be able to purchase Japanese fonts
+ from some font vendors, although I've seen no detailed
+ instructions for using them with \jtex. Other, albeit
+ more minor, disadvantages are the need to build and
+ maintain an entire parallel TeX distribution and the
+ fact that standard <tt>DVI</tt> drivers cannot process
+ \jtex <tt>DVI</tt> files.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="sec.nttjtex"
+ name="sec.nttjtex"></a>NTT \jtex</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\jtex\index{NTT jtex@NTT \jtex}<a id="id2903430"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2903430"></a> is a complete,
+ Japanized version of TeX. Instead of trying to shoehorn
+ Japanese into traditional TeX programs, all of the
+ programs have been modified to accept files containing
+ standard Japanese text (two bytes per character). This
+ section describes NTT's version of \jtex. See the
+ section called &#8220;<a href="ch07.html#sec.asciijtex"
+ title="TeX Pitfalls">the section called &#8220;TeX
+ Pitfalls&#8221;</a>&#8221; for information about ASCII
+ Corporation's version of \jtex. You can get the NTT
+ version of \jtex from <tt>ftp.math.metro-u.ac.jp</tt>
+ (133.86.76.25)</p>
+
+ <p>NTT \jtex is based on TeX 3.14 and can read input
+ files coded with JIS, Shift-JIS, and EUC. In addition
+ to support for commercial Japanese fonts, NTT \jtex
+ includes a set of fonts generated from 24x24 dot
+ bitmaps (JIS C-6234). Unlike ASCII \jtex, NTT produces
+ standard <tt>DVI</tt> files.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2903490"
+ name="id2903490"></a>Poor Man's Japanese TeX</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Poor Man's Japanese TeX (\,\pmj)<a id="id2903500"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2903500"></a><a
+ id="id2903512" class="indexterm" name="id2903512"></a>
+ is a freely-available Japanese typesetting system that
+ sits on top of standard TeX. The Japanese sections of
+ the input file must use the Shift-JIS encoding; a
+ conversion program is supplied to convert JIS encoded
+ input files into Shift-JIS. If you use another
+ encoding, such as EUC<a id="id2903531"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2903531"></a>, you will have
+ to find some way to convert it into Shift-JIS before
+ you can use \pmj.</p>
+
+ <p>\pmj solves the font problem in a clever way:
+ MetaFont outlines for Japanese characters are
+ mechanically produced from freely-available bitmaps.
+ This results in relatively low quality characters, but
+ at least they're free!</p>
+
+ <p>The Paulownia Court, the opening passage from the
+ 800-year-old novel <span class="emphasis"><em>The Tale
+ of the Genji</em></span>, is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch07.html#fig.pmj"
+ title="Figure&#160;7.2.&#160;Poor Man's Japanese">Figure&#160;7.2</a>.
+ This sample was typeset by \pmj.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.pmj" name="fig.pmj"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;7.2.&#160;Poor Man's
+ Japanese</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="pgenji.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The \pmj documentation lists the following
+ advantages and disadvantages:</p>
+
+ <p>\pmj Advantages</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>It is available now.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It is free.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It works with standard TeX.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It is device independent, but has relatively
+ poor quality fonts. The relative lack of quality
+ is magnified by higher resolution output devices,
+ unfortunately.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It uses a set of free fonts mechanically
+ produced from bitmaps.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\pmj Disadvantages</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>It is somewhat crude and unlikely to be
+ improved upon to any great extent.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It uses low quality fonts.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It requires a large number of fonts and as a
+ result, lots of disk space.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It provides no access to slanted, bold, or
+ other Japanese type-styles.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It cannot typeset vertically.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>It may take days to build the required
+ fonts.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2903726"
+ name="id2903726"></a>\jemtex</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\jemtex<a id="id2903735" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2903735"></a><a id="id2903745"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2903745"></a> is a lot like
+ \pmj; it uses fonts constructed from a collection of
+ 24x24 dot bitmaps. The \jemtex font maker includes a
+ number of options for tailoring the appearance of the
+ characters.</p>
+
+ <p>A sample of Japanese typeset with \jemtex is shown
+ in Figure&#160;<a href="ch07.html#fig.jemtex"
+ title="Figure&#160;7.3.&#160;\jemtex sample">Figure&#160;7.3</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.jemtex" name="fig.jemtex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;7.3.&#160;\jemtex
+ sample</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="jgenji.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\jemtex takes a very different approach to
+ processing Japanese text. Instead of providing TeX
+ macros to interpret two-byte Japanese symbols in the
+ input file, \jemtex provides a preprocessor which
+ translates the Japanese input into equivalent TeX
+ input. The preprocessor understands EUC<a
+ id="id2903810" class="indexterm" name="id2903810"></a>
+ and Shift-JIS input files.</p>
+
+ <p>Using a preprocessor has several advantages:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>TeX can process the files very quickly.
+ Because the input files are not edited by hand,
+ they are designed to be processed quickly by TeX
+ rather than by human eyes.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Only the fonts that are actually used must be
+ loaded. A system like \pmj must load all of the
+ Japanese fonts because it does not know which
+ ones will actually be used. \jemtex knows exactly
+ which fonts are required for each document.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The preprocessor can handle subtle spacing
+ issues automatically.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The preprocessor can provide discretionary
+ hyphens for TeX, thereby allowing TeX to
+ hyphenate Japanese correctly.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2903882"
+ name="id2903882"></a>Chinese</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The general problems that apply to Japanese
+ typesetting also apply to Chinese.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2903893"
+ name="id2903893"></a>Poor Man's Chinese TeX</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Poor Man's Chinese TeX (\pmc)<a id="id2903902"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2903902"></a> <a
+ id="id2903916" class="indexterm" name="id2903916"></a>
+ <a id="id2903924" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2903924"></a> <a id="id2903939"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2903939"></a> is closely
+ related to \pmj. The Chinese input files should be
+ encoded with 8-bit GB encoding (GB 2312-80). If you use
+ another encoding, you will have to convert it into the
+ 8-bit GB encoding before you can use \pmc.</p>
+
+ <p>The \pmc package uses the same technique as \pmj to
+ construct Chinese fonts. The relative advantages and
+ disadvantages of \pmj apply equally to \pmc.</p>
+
+ <p>Two sets of Chinese characters are available:
+ traditional and simplified.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2903985"
+ name="id2903985"></a>Arabic</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Typesetting in Arabic<a id="id2904001"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2904001"></a> can be
+ accomplished with the \arabTeX<a id="id2904010"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2904010"></a> package. \arabTeX
+ includes a complete set of fonts and macros for producing
+ documents in Persian, Arabic, and related scripts. An
+ example of Arabic is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch07.html#fig.flang.arab"
+ title="Figure&#160;7.4.&#160;Arabic text typeset with ArabTeX">
+ Figure&#160;7.4</a> on page&#160;<a
+ href="ch07.html#fig.flang.arab"
+ title="Figure&#160;7.4.&#160;Arabic text typeset with ArabTeX">
+ Figure&#160;7.4</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.flang.arab" name="fig.flang.arab"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;7.4.&#160;Arabic text
+ typeset with ArabTeX</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="arab.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2904076"
+ name="id2904076"></a>Hebrew</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Typesetting left-to-right Hebrew<a id="id2904085"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2904085"></a> (or occasional
+ Hebrew words in an English document) is relatively easy.
+ The required fonts and TeX macros are available from
+ \path|noa.huji.ac.il| and on the CTAN archives in
+ <tt>language/hebrew</tt>.<sup>[<a id="id2904109"
+ name="id2904109" href="#ftn.id2904109">97</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>Typesetting right-to-left Hebrew is more complicated.
+ First, you will need an editor that handles right-to-left
+ text entry, preferably one that displays Hebrew text.</p>
+
+ <p>After you have constructed a document that uses
+ right-to-left Hebrew, you will need a special version of
+ TeX, called \XeT<a id="id2904128" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2904128"></a>, to process it. \XeT is a version
+ of TeX that understands right-to-left typesetting.</p>
+
+ <p>Early versions of \XeT, called TeX-\XeT<a
+ id="id2904148" class="indexterm" name="id2904148"></a>,
+ produced nonstandard <tt>DVI</tt> files called
+ <tt>IVD</tt> files<a id="id2904178" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2904178"></a>. If you use TeX-\XeT, a special
+ program called <b>ivd2dvi</b><a id="id2904204"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2904204"></a> must be used to
+ translate the <tt>IVD</tt> files into <tt>DVI</tt> files
+ before they can be printed. More recently, \XeT has been
+ reimplemented to produce standard <tt>DVI</tt> files. The
+ new version is called TeX\hbox{-{}-}\XeT<a id="id2904243"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2904243"></a>.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2904255" name="id2904255"
+ href="#ftn.id2904255">98</a>]</sup> They are functionally
+ identical. You can get unix and PC versions of \XeT from
+ \path|noa.huji.ac.il|. An example of Hebrew is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch07.html#fig.hebrew"
+ title="Figure&#160;7.5.&#160;Hebrew">Figure&#160;7.5</a>
+ on page&#160;<a href="ch07.html#fig.hebrew"
+ title="Figure&#160;7.5.&#160;Hebrew">Figure&#160;7.5</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.hebrew" name="fig.hebrew"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Figure&#160;7.5.&#160;Hebrew</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="hebrew-sample.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2890500" name="ftn.id2890500"
+ href="#id2890500">85</a>]</sup> {Chinese and Japanese are
+ also typeset vertically. At present, TeX does not support
+ vertical typesetting, although there is at least one
+ effort underway to provide that feature. See the section
+ called &#8220;<a href="ch07.html#sec.asciijtex"
+ title="TeX Pitfalls">the section called &#8220;TeX
+ Pitfalls&#8221;</a>&#8221; for more information on
+ vertical typesetting.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2899397" name="ftn.id2899397"
+ href="#id2899397">86</a>]</sup> {The accent macros are
+ shown with a lower case e; naturally, any letter that
+ needs to be accented can be used in place of the e.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2899840" name="ftn.id2899840"
+ href="#id2899840">87</a>]</sup> {These characters are
+ available in the DC fonts and were not previously
+ available in standard TeX.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2900193" name="ftn.id2900193"
+ href="#id2900193">88</a>]</sup> {<tt>isolatin1.sty</tt>
+ is available from the CTAN archives in
+ <tt>macros/latex/contrib/misc/</tt>.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2900241" name="ftn.id2900241"
+ href="#id2900241">89</a>]</sup> {If you use electronic
+ mail to send files that use any characters other than the
+ printable subset of 7-bit ASCII (space through tilde),
+ you are bound to run into problems. You can combat this
+ problem by using a wrapper (like uuencoding or MIME
+ messages) when you send the mail, but those tools are
+ outside the scope of this book. Ask your system
+ administrator for more assistance with sending binary
+ mail.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2900372" name="ftn.id2900372"
+ href="#id2900372">90</a>]</sup> {<b>recode</b> is
+ available from <tt>prep.ai.mit.edu</tt> and other places
+ where GNU software is archived.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2900417" name="ftn.id2900417"
+ href="#id2900417">91</a>]</sup> {These are
+ &#8220;low-level&#8221; macros. A higher-level interface
+ will be provided for each language. See the section
+ called &#8220;<a href="ch07.html#sec.babel"
+ title="The Babel Styles">the section called &#8220;The
+ Babel Styles&#8221;</a>&#8221; later in this chapter for
+ more information.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2902146" name="ftn.id2902146"
+ href="#id2902146">92</a>]</sup> {Because the &#8220;EC
+ fonts&#8221; don't exist yet, I won't mention them
+ again.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2902200" name="ftn.id2902200"
+ href="#id2902200">93</a>]</sup> {Actually, the issue of
+ accents is a difficult one. Different languages which
+ have the same letters do not always place accents at the
+ same height. This is yet another problem that will have
+ to be resolved.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2890568" name="ftn.id2890568"
+ href="#id2890568">94</a>]</sup> {Another control
+ sequence, <tt>\ iflanguage</tt>, is provided so that you
+ can write macros which are sensitive to the language in
+ use when they are expanded.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2890639" name="ftn.id2890639"
+ href="#id2890639">95</a>]</sup> {Paragraphs that contain
+ multiple languages will be hyphenated according to the
+ rules of the language in effect when the paragraph
+ ends.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2903130" name="ftn.id2903130"
+ href="#id2903130">96</a>]</sup> {This is a concocted
+ example; to my knowledge, it doesn't actually appear in
+ any language.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2904109" name="ftn.id2904109"
+ href="#id2904109">97</a>]</sup> {At the time of this
+ writing, the material at \path|noa.huji.ac.il| is more
+ up-to-date than the material in the CTAN archives.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2904255" name="ftn.id2904255"
+ href="#id2904255">98</a>]</sup> {Yes, the only difference
+ between the names really is the number of hyphens!}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures"
+ href="ch06.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
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+
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+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing"
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+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures&#160;</td>
+
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+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
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+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
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+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.printing"
+ name="chap.printing"></a>Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2902696" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902696"></a><a id="id2902703" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902703"></a> The emphasis in this book so far has
+ been on getting TeX to process a document that contains all
+ the desired typographic elements without error. The result of
+ this effort is a <tt>DVI</tt> file<a id="id2902726"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2902726"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>The next step is translating the <tt>DVI</tt> file into a
+ printed document<a id="id2902441" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902441"></a>. That is the focus of this chapter.
+ Usually, you want to preview a document before you print it,
+ but in many ways previewers are just a special kind of
+ printer. The two do differ significantly, however, so we will
+ discuss them separately. (Chapter&#160;<a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a></em></span>,
+ describes previewers.)</p>
+
+ <p>This chapter explores the issues related to printing a DVI
+ file. There are sections concerning the printing of fonts,
+ the printing of pictures and figures, and descriptions of
+ several kinds of drivers you can use to print TeX
+ documents.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.printing" name="sec.printing"></a>Printing
+ Fonts</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you have <a id="id2902499" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902499"></a><a id="id2902509" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902509"></a> a <tt>TFM</tt> file for a font, you
+ can use that font in TeX. In fact, you can use that font at
+ an arbitrary magnification in TeX, which means that you can
+ use Courier at 13.4pt as easily as Computer Modern Roman at
+ 10pt. Unfortunately, this ease of use does not imply that
+ the resulting <tt>DVI</tt> file will be easy to print. It
+ doesn't even imply that it will be possible to print the
+ document. For example, if you request Courier at 13.4pt,
+ but it is available in your printer only at 10pt and 12pt
+ (and you have no other source for Courier), there is no way
+ to print your document without distortion.</p>
+
+ <p>This section discusses the issues involved in getting
+ the desired fonts to print from your DVI file. Both
+ bitmapped and scalable fonts are considered, as well as
+ fonts built into the printer. You will also gain a better
+ understanding of why some documents do not print, and learn
+ alternatives that may enable you to print your
+ documents.</p>
+
+ <p>Every font can be classified in two broad, independent
+ ways: internal versus external, and scalable versus
+ bitmapped. Each class of fonts has some advantages and some
+ unique problems. In general, there are more restrictions on
+ built-in fonts than on external fonts, and more
+ restrictions on bitmapped fonts than on scalable fonts.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.bitfonts"
+ name="sec.bitfonts"></a>Built-in Fonts</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Built-in fonts<a id="id2904394" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2904394"></a>, whether scalable or bitmapped,
+ pose two problems. First, you must obtain the appropriate
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files<a id="id2904419" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2904419"></a>. Usually, the metric information
+ has to be supplied by the vendor and then translated into
+ TeX <tt>TFM</tt> format using a conversion tool. No
+ vendor that I am aware of distributes TeX metric<a
+ id="id2904441" class="indexterm" name="id2904441"></a>
+ information directly. The section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.gettingtfms"
+ title="Expressing Design Size in TeX">the section called
+ &#8220;Expressing Design Size in TeX&#8221;</a>&#8221; in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>,
+ describes several options for obtaining metric
+ information for built-in fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>The second problem is that the DVI driver you are
+ using must &#8220;know&#8221; somehow that the
+ <tt>TFM</tt> file corresponds to one of the printer's
+ internal fonts. When the DVI driver examines the
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file, the only information available about
+ each font is the name of the <tt>TFM</tt> file that
+ describes its metrics. The most common way DVI drivers
+ handle this problem is with a font translation file or a
+ font substitution file.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2904532"
+ name="id2904532"></a>Font substitution in
+ emTeX</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>emTeX's DVI driver reads a user-specified font
+ substitution file<a id="id2904540" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2904540"></a> before processing the
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file. A line like the following in the
+ font substitution file informs the <b>dvihplj</b><a
+ id="id2904572" class="indexterm" name="id2904572"></a>
+ driver that <tt>lpr1610u</tt> is an internal font and
+ describes the LaserJet control sequence required to
+ select it:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+ <div class="literallayout">
+ <p>
+ lpr1610u&#160;300&#160;=&gt;&#160;pcl:&#160;10U&#160;s0P&#160;s16.66H&#160;s8.5V&#160;s0S&#160;s0B&#160;s0T</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Other substitutions are also possible. For example,
+ if you work with documents that come from other systems
+ that allow long filenames, you can substitute the long
+ names for shorter filenames that are legal under
+ MS-DOS. The following line in a font substitution file
+ tells emTeX that the font &#8220;<tt>tmsrmn</tt>&#8221;
+ should be used anywhere that a <tt>DVI</tt> file uses
+ the font &#8220;<tt>Times-Roman</tt>&#8221;:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+ <div class="literallayout">
+ <p>Times-Roman&#160;-&gt;&#160;tmsrmn</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You can use even more sophisticated substitutions,
+ including pattern matching, for example. Consult <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>The {emTeX} DVI Driver
+ Manual</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#em:dvidrv">em:dvidrv</a>] for more
+ information.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2904676"
+ name="id2904676"></a>Font substitution in
+ \dvips</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>dvips</b><a id="id2904690" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2904690"></a> program, which translates
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files into PostScript, also reads a font
+ substitution file before processing a <tt>DVI</tt>
+ file. In addition to identifying which fonts are built
+ into the printer, the substitution file can also
+ instruct <b>dvips</b> to download PostScript fonts that
+ are not resident in your printer if they are used in a
+ document.</p>
+
+ <p><b>dvips</b> has a system-wide font substitution
+ file called <tt>psfonts.map</tt><a id="id2904749"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2904749"></a>. This file is
+ distributed with <b>dvips</b> and can be customized by
+ your system administrator. You can tell <b>dvips</b> to
+ load a personal font substitution file by using the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>p</em></span> command in
+ <b>dvips</b>'s initialization file (called
+ <tt>.dvipsrc</tt> in your home directory on unix
+ systems). Consult the <b>dvips</b> documentation for
+ more information about setting up an initialization
+ file.</p>
+
+ <p>The following lines in a font substitution file
+ indicate that the font <tt>grbk</tt> (which is the name
+ of the <tt>TFM</tt> file) corresponds to the built-in
+ printer font Garamond-Book. The <tt>TFM</tt> file
+ <tt>hlvcd</tt> corresponds to the printer font
+ Helvetica-Condensed. Helvetica-Condensed is not built
+ into the printer but is stored in the file
+ <tt>/home/walsh/fonts/helvcd.pfb</tt>. If
+ <tt>hlvcd</tt> is used in a document, <b>dvips</b> will
+ download <tt>helvcd.pfb</tt> automatically when it
+ converts the document.</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+grbk Garamond-Book
+hlvcd Helvetica-Condensed &lt;/home/walsh/fonts/helvcd.pfb
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2904885"
+ name="id2904885"></a>Font substitution in other
+ drivers</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Other DVI drivers, particularly those written for
+ operating environments like Microsoft Windows that
+ provide a standard interface to printers, may leave the
+ distinction between built-in and external fonts up to
+ the operating environment. If this is the case, you
+ must use the tools provided by the operating system to
+ support the printers and fonts that you require.</p>
+
+ <p>If your DVI driver does use a font substitution
+ file, make sure that the translations specified
+ actually exist. The DVI driver cannot practically
+ determine if the font you have specified as built into
+ the printer really exists or not. If it doesn't, you
+ won't get the output you expect, and the DVI driver
+ will not be able to diagnose the problem.</p>
+
+ <p>The most significant disadvantage of using built-in
+ fonts is that they are not usually available for
+ on-screen previewing of your document. Some form of
+ font substitution has to be employed to preview a
+ document. Sometimes this reduces the utility of
+ on-screen previewing. Chapter&#160;<a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a></em></span>,
+ discusses this issue in more detail.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2904946"
+ name="id2904946"></a>External Fonts</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>External fonts<a id="id2904955" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2904955"></a>, those that aren't built into the
+ printer, pose a different set of problems. First, they
+ have to be available to the DVI driver, and they have to
+ be represented in a manner that the DVI driver
+ understands. For the vast majority of DVI drivers, this
+ means that the fonts must be stored in files on your hard
+ disk in <tt>PK</tt> format. The <tt>PK</tt><a
+ id="id2904990" class="indexterm" name="id2904990"></a>
+ files contain a compressed, bitmapped rendering of the
+ font at a particular resolution. For more information
+ about <tt>PK</tt> files and other bitmapped-font issues,
+ see &#8220;<a href="ch08.html#sec.bitfonts"
+ title="Built-in Fonts">the section called &#8220;Built-in
+ Fonts&#8221;</a>&#8221; later in this chapter.</p>
+
+ <p>Most DVI drivers locate fonts by searching in the
+ directories contained in an environment variable or in
+ some system-dependent locations.</p>
+
+ <p>Once the fonts are available, the DVI driver has two
+ options for using them: it can download them to the
+ printer, or it can send them as bitmapped graphic images.
+ Most laser printers can accept downloadable fonts,
+ although they may require additional memory to accept
+ large numbers of fonts. In either case, the printable
+ files are generally larger and print more slowly than
+ documents that use the printer's built-in fonts. Of
+ course, using external fonts does give you far more
+ flexibility than using only built-in fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>Unlike a missing internal font, if you attempt to use
+ an external font that is not available, your DVI driver
+ will be able to detect the problem and may be able to
+ substitute another font or compensate in some other
+ way.</p>
+
+ <div class="sidebar">
+ <p class="title"><b>Increasing Printing Speed</b></p>
+
+ <p>How can you increase printing speed<a id="id2905074"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2905074"></a> if you
+ frequently print, on a laser printer, documents that
+ use a small number of external fonts (for example,
+ several sizes of Computer Modern)? A handy trick is to
+ download the fonts manually and then tell the DVI
+ driver that the fonts are built-in.</p>
+
+ <p>Suppose you use the 7pt, 10pt, and 12pt sizes of
+ Computer Modern Roman, and the 12pt and 14pt sizes of
+ Computer Modern Bold Extended in most of your
+ documents. If you are printing on an HP LaserJet
+ printer with emTeX's <b>dvihplj</b>, you could convert
+ the relevant <tt>PK</tt> files into HP LaserJet
+ softfonts with <b>PKtoSFP</b><a id="id2905121"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2905121"></a> (see the
+ discussion of bitmapped fonts in the next section to
+ determine which <tt>PK</tt> files are relevant). Then
+ download them to the printer every morning with a
+ utility like <b>Sfload</b><a id="id2905150"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2905150"></a>. <b>Sfload</b>
+ is part of the <b>Sfware</b><a id="id2905171"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2905171"></a> package.
+ (Disclaimer: I wrote <b>Sfware</b> so I'm partial to
+ it. There are many other programs that can download
+ softfonts.) In the font-substitution file for
+ <b>dvihplj</b><a id="id2905194" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2905194"></a>, simply indicate that those fonts
+ are built-in, and <b>dvihplj</b> will no longer
+ download them for each document. This can significantly
+ decrease the amount of data that must be sent to the
+ printer for each document.</p>
+
+ <p>Beware, however, that if you fail to download the
+ fonts, you will get very badly garbled output when you
+ print a document.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2905223"
+ name="id2905223"></a>Bitmapped Fonts</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Each character in a bitmapped font is represented by a
+ rectangular array of dots. Some of the dots in this array
+ are &#8220;on,&#8221; and some are &#8220;off.&#8221;
+ When the dots are printed very close together, they
+ provide the illusion of a solid character. Bitmapped
+ fonts are common in the TeX community because all of the
+ fonts created by MetaFont are printed in bitmapped
+ form.</p>
+
+ <p>The notion of magnification discussed in the section
+ called &#8220;<a href="ch05.html#sec.issueofsize"
+ title="What TeX Needs To Know">the section called
+ &#8220;What TeX Needs To Know&#8221;</a>&#8221; in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a> is
+ interpreted as an issue of resolution when dealing with
+ bitmapped fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>Resolution<a id="id2905279" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2905279"></a> is used in a slightly
+ counter-intuitive way by DVI drivers. Generally,
+ resolution is described as a feature of a device that
+ affects the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>appearance</em></span> of images
+ printed on that device and not their <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>size</em></span>. For example, in
+ comparing two drawings in which one was printed on 150dpi
+ dot-matrix printer and the other was printed on a 300dpi
+ laser printer, I might say, &#8220;the laser printed page
+ looks better because it was printed at a higher
+ resolution.&#8221;</p>
+
+ <p>That's true, but what isn't usually stated explicitly
+ is that the comparison is between a 150dpi drawing
+ rendered at 150dpi and a 300dpi drawing rendered at
+ 300dpi. This is the situation shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch08.html#fig.reschange"
+ title="Figure&#160;8.1.&#160;Resolution of the bitmap and the device changed simultaneously">
+ Figure&#160;8.1</a> where a 4dpi image is printed at 4dpi
+ next to an 8dpi image printed at 8dpi.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.reschange" name="fig.reschange"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;8.1.&#160;Resolution of
+ the bitmap and the device changed
+ simultaneously</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+ \input{ft-resch.fig}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>What if the resolution of the printer were held
+ constant? That's the situation shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch08.html#fig.sizechange"
+ title="Figure&#160;8.2.&#160;Resolution of the bitmap changed while device held constant">
+ Figure&#160;8.2</a>. The 4dpi image printed at 4dpi is
+ shown next to the 8dpi image printed at 4dpi. The result
+ is that the size of the image is doubled.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.sizechange" name="fig.sizechange"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;8.2.&#160;Resolution of
+ the bitmap changed while device held constant</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+ \input{ft-sizch.fig}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This is the technique that DVI drivers use to print a
+ larger magnification of the same font; they print a
+ version of the font designed for a correspondingly
+ higher-resolution device. The same technique is used to
+ print at smaller magnifications.</p>
+
+ <p>Most DVI drivers use bitmapped fonts stored in
+ <tt>PK</tt> files<a id="id2905416" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2905416"></a>. The <tt>PK</tt> format is a highly
+ compressed binary format.<sup>[<a id="id2905446"
+ name="id2905446" href="#ftn.id2905446">99</a>]</sup> Two
+ other bitmapped font formats (sometimes accepted by DVI
+ drivers) are associated with TeX: <tt>GF</tt><a
+ id="id2905494" class="indexterm" name="id2905494"></a>
+ and <tt>PXL</tt> files<a id="id2905511" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2905511"></a>. The <tt>GF</tt> format is a very
+ flat, uncompressed bitmap format produced by several
+ utility programs, including MetaFont. The <b>GFtoPK<a
+ id="id2905547" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2905547"></a></b> program converts <tt>GF</tt>
+ files into <tt>PK</tt> files. The <tt>PXL</tt> format<a
+ id="id2905584" class="indexterm" name="id2905584"></a> is
+ an uncompressed bitmap format; it has been superseded by
+ the <tt>PK</tt> format (which achieves better
+ compression) and is completely obsolete. If you still
+ have <tt>PXL</tt> files, you should convert them to
+ <tt>PK</tt> format with the <b>PXtoPK</b><a
+ id="id2905640" class="indexterm" name="id2905640"></a>
+ utility. If you are using a DVI driver that still
+ requires <tt>PXL</tt> files, you should find out about an
+ upgrade; the program is obsolete.</p>
+
+ <p>The fact that DVI drivers use different resolutions of
+ the same font file to obtain different magnifications
+ introduces a naming problem. How can the DVI driver
+ distinguish between <tt>cmr12.pk</tt> at 300dpi and
+ <tt>cmr12.pk</tt> at 360dpi (or any other
+ resolution)?</p>
+
+ <p>On unix systems, this problem is usually resolved by
+ putting the resolution in the filename in front of the
+ extension <span class="emphasis"><em>pk</em></span>. For
+ example, <tt>cmr12.300pk</tt> is <tt>cmr12</tt> at 300dpi
+ while <tt>cmr12.360pk</tt> is <tt>cmr12</tt> at
+ 360dpi.</p>
+
+ <p>On many other systems, where the operating system
+ imposes limits on the length of filenames, a solution is
+ achieved by storing the fonts in different
+ subdirectories. On MS-DOS, for example, the 300dpi
+ version of <tt>cmr12</tt> might be stored in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>\bs texfonts\bs 300dpi\bs
+ cmr12.pk</em></span> while the 360dpi version is stored
+ in <span class="emphasis"><em>\bs texfonts\bs 360dpi\bs
+ cmr12.pk</em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>In either case, you should obey the conventions
+ specified by your DVI driver to assure that the DVI
+ driver can find the fonts. One common solution to the
+ problem of finding fonts is to use an environment
+ variable to list the directories where <tt>PK</tt> files
+ occur. For example, on a unix system, the environment
+ variable <tt>TEXPKS</tt> might hold a list of directories
+ separated by colons:<sup>[<a id="id2905773"
+ name="id2905773" href="#ftn.id2905773">100</a>]</sup></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+TEXPKS=/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts:/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/pk: /usr/local/lib/mf/fonts:/usr/local/lib/mf/fonts/pk
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Under MS-DOS, the environment variable
+ <tt>DVIDRVFONTS</tt> might hold a list of directories
+ separated by semicolons:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+DVIDRVFONTS=C:\TEXFONTS;C:\MYFONTS
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The format of the environment variable and how it is
+ created or modified is determined by the operating
+ environment that you are using. The name of the
+ environment variable differs according to the DVI
+ driver.</p>
+
+ <p>To recap, TeX works with <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>magnifications</em></span><a
+ id="id2905827" class="indexterm" name="id2905827"></a><a
+ id="id2905837" class="indexterm" name="id2905837"></a> of
+ abstract, scalable measurements; DVI drivers work with
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>resolutions</em></span> of
+ fixed, bitmapped images.</p>
+
+ <p>To convert a magnification into a resolution, multiply
+ the resolution of your output device by the
+ magnification. A font at a magnification of 120\% on a
+ 300dpi laser printer has a resolution of 360dpi.</p>
+
+ <p>To convert a resolution into a magnification, divide
+ the font resolution by the resolution of the printer. A
+ 420dpi font on a 300dpi laser printer has a magnification
+ of 140\%.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2905872"
+ name="id2905872"></a>Scalable Fonts</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Although scalable fonts<a id="id2905881"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2905881"></a> used to be very
+ uncommon, the proliferation of PostScript printers and
+ products like Adobe Type Manager (not to mention built-in
+ support for TrueType fonts in Apple System 7.0 and
+ Microsoft Windows 3.1) have made these fonts very common.
+ It is important to remember that scalable fonts are
+ ultimately converted into bitmapped fonts. All printers
+ eventually treat the page as a very large bitmap and
+ either do or do not deposit a small amount of ink in each
+ position in the bitmap.</p>
+
+ <p>Most DVI drivers leave the work of performing this
+ rasterization to someone else. If you are not using a
+ PostScript printer, you probably rely on some other piece
+ of software to do the work. Adobe Type Manager and
+ built-in support for TrueType are the most common
+ software solutions. Some printers, like the LaserJet III,
+ have built-in scalable fonts as well, even though they
+ are not PostScript printers.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2905916"
+ name="id2905916"></a>Font Printing Pitfalls</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Sometimes you need a font at a size that is not
+ available. Because scalable fonts are available at any
+ size, this is a problem only with bitmapped fonts<a
+ id="id2905928" class="indexterm" name="id2905928"></a><a
+ id="id2905940" class="indexterm" name="id2905940"></a>.
+ Remember that MetaFont creates bitmapped fonts, but they
+ can be scaled because the <tt>MF</tt> source for the font
+ is not a bitmap. You can't scale the <tt>PK</tt> file,
+ but you can generate a new <tt>PK</tt> file at the size
+ you need. In order to do this, you must have MetaFont
+ installed, and you must have the <tt>MF</tt> source for
+ the font. Chapter&#160;<a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a></em></span>,
+ describes how to create a MetaFont font at any size.</p>
+
+ <p>If the font isn't a MetaFont font, or you don't have
+ the <tt>MF</tt> source, you may still be able to scale
+ the font. However, you should be aware before you try
+ that the result may be unacceptable. Scaling bitmapped
+ fonts causes ugly, jagged edges if the font is scaled
+ larger, and loss of detail if it is scaled smaller. Small
+ changes in size are sometimes manageable.</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>dvips</b> driver will scale bitmapped fonts if
+ it cannot find or build the requested font.
+ Alternatively, the <b>sffx</b><a id="id2906056"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2906056"></a> program can scale
+ HP LaserJet softfonts. I don't know of any other scaling
+ options.</p>
+
+ <p>Non-scalable fonts that are built into the printer
+ cannot be scaled at all. If you need to have a built-in
+ font at an unavailable size, you will have to substitute
+ another font in place of the built-in one.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2906078"
+ name="id2906078"></a>Printing Pictures and Figures</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Pictures<a id="id2906087" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2906087"></a><a id="id2906097" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2906097"></a> and figures<a id="id2906108"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2906108"></a><a id="id2906118"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2906118"></a> are frequently the
+ least portable elements of a document. Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a></em></span>,
+ describes many of the options that are available for
+ including pictures and figures in a document.</p>
+
+ <p>If the method used is supported by the DVI driver and
+ printer that you use, pictures and figures are
+ transparently printed. They are even less difficult to
+ print than fonts. On the other hand, if you are attempting
+ to print a document which incorporates pictures and figures
+ using a method not supported by your DVI driver or printer,
+ it may be exceptionally difficult to print the
+ document.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2906166"
+ name="id2906166"></a>Unsolvable Problems</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><tt>DVI</tt> files are not always
+ &#8220;complete&#8221; with respect to pictures and
+ figures. Many documents use \special commands to access
+ DVI driver or printer-specific features in order to
+ include pictures and figures. These \specials may have
+ just the name of an external file that contains the
+ graphic image to be included. For example, using the
+ emTeX drivers, I can include a bitmapped graphic image
+ with the command \special\verb|{em:graph spslogo}|. When
+ emTeX's DVI drivers process this command, the graphic
+ image in the file <tt>spslogo.pcx</tt> is included in the
+ output. If I transmit this <tt>DVI</tt> file to another
+ computer but forget to transmit the file
+ <tt>spslogo.pcx</tt>, there is no way to print the
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file with the SPS logo.</p>
+
+ <p>At first, it may seem that a good solution to the
+ problem described above would be to include the actual
+ data for the image in the \special command. But to do
+ that, TeX would have to process the image data, defeating
+ the purpose of the \special mechanism. The \special
+ mechanism is better because it is open ended---it can
+ handle new types of graphics, for example, without
+ changing TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>The second, essentially unsolvable, problem involves
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files containing \special commands that have
+ embedded data. For example, one set of picture drawing
+ \special commands are the <tt>tpic</tt> \specials. If
+ your DVI driver does not understand these commands, there
+ is no practical way to extract them from the <tt>DVI</tt>
+ file in order to convert them into a format your DVI
+ driver understands. There may not even be a practical way
+ of extracting them from the TeX document to construct a
+ printable image. You simply can't print that document
+ with the <tt>tpic</tt> figures intact.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2906292"
+ name="id2906292"></a>Solvable Problems</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you have a document that includes an external
+ picture or figure using a method that your DVI driver or
+ printer does not understand, and you have the file that
+ contains the graphic image and the TeX source for the
+ document, you may be able to print it.</p>
+
+ <p>The section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.picconv"
+ title="Manipulating Images">the section called
+ &#8220;Manipulating Images&#8221;</a>&#8221; in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a>,
+ lists a wide variety of picture conversion tools that may
+ allow you to convert the image into a printable form. For
+ example, if the document in question uses a \special
+ command to include a <tt>PCX</tt> graphic image, but your
+ DVI driver only understands the Macintosh <tt>PICT</tt>
+ format, you could use the <b>PBMplus</b><a id="id2906359"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2906359"></a> utilities to
+ convert the <tt>PCX</tt> image into <tt>PICT</tt>
+ format.</p>
+
+ <p>A conversion that might frequently be necessary if you
+ work on both PostScript and non-PostScript printers is
+ conversion from encapsulated PostScript to a bitmap
+ format. This is a translation that <b>Ghostscript</b> or
+ some other PostScript interpreter can perform.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2906405"
+ name="id2906405"></a>Pictures Using Only TeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Device-independent pictures created using only TeX
+ pose no particular printing problems. These include the
+ LaTeX <tt>picture</tt> environment, as well as the PiCTeX
+ and <b>XYPic</b> macro packages.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2906432"
+ name="id2906432"></a>MetaFont Figures</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Pictures<a id="id2906441" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2906441"></a><a id="id2906454" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2906454"></a> created with MetaFont (using
+ <b>MFPic</b>, <b>Fig2MF</b>, or MetaFont directly) are
+ really MetaFont fonts. As a result, they can be created
+ for almost any raster output device.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2906483" name="id2906483"
+ href="#ftn.id2906483">101</a>]</sup> As long as MetaFont
+ is available and the figures aren't too large, they pose
+ no problems. Very large images may break some DVI drivers
+ or may not be printable on some output devices.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2906500"
+ name="id2906500"></a>Scalable Images</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Scalable formats<a id="id2906509" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2906509"></a>, primarily PostScript and HPGL, are
+ difficult to convert to other printing technologies.
+ However, the <b>Ghostscript</b><a id="id2906527"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2906527"></a> program is one
+ option for PostScript figures, and <b>hp2xx</b><a
+ id="id2906542" class="indexterm" name="id2906542"></a>
+ can convert a subset of HPGL commands into other
+ formats.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2906554"
+ name="id2906554"></a>Bitmap Images</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Bitmap images<a id="id2906563" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2906563"></a> are generally the easiest to
+ convert from one format to another, but there is another
+ issue that is more difficult to deal with---resolution.
+ Printing a bitmap image at 1200dpi if the original is
+ only 300dpi is not easy.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2906581"
+ name="id2906581"></a>Selected Drivers</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Table&#160;<a href="ch08.html#tab.drivers"
+ title="Table&#160;8.1.&#160;Common DVI Drivers">Table&#160;8.1</a>
+ lists a number of common DVI drivers<a id="id2906602"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2906602"></a><a id="id2906609"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2906609"></a> used to print TeX
+ documents (as opposed to previewing them). These drivers
+ are discussed in more detail in this section. The list of
+ drivers described here is nowhere near complete. The
+ presence or absence of a particular driver from this list
+ is not intended as a reflection on the quality of the
+ driver. I tried to select a representative set of free and
+ commercial drivers. Drivers for other printers usually
+ offer similar features.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.drivers" name="tab.drivers"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;8.1.&#160;Common DVI
+ Drivers</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Common DVI Drivers" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf DVI driver</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Supplier</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf System</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Printers</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvihplj</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (emTeX)</td>
+
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">HP LaserJet compatible</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvidot</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (emTeX)</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS+OS/2</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Most dot matrix</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvipcx</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (emTeX)</td>
+
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><tt>PCX</tt> graphic images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvilj2</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (<span
+ class="emphasis"><em>dvi2xx</em></span>)</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Most</td>
+
+ <td align="left">HP LaserJet compatible</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvips</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (<span
+ class="emphasis"><em>dvips</em></span>)</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Most</td>
+
+ <td align="left">PostScript</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>DVILASER/HP</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">ArborText</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS, Unix</td>
+
+ <td align="left">HP LaserJet compatible</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>DVILASER/PS</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">ArborText</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS, Unix</td>
+
+ <td align="left">PostScript</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>PTI Laser/HP</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Personal TeX</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">HP LaserJet compatible</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>PTI Laser/PS</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Personal TeX</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">PostScript</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>PTI Jet</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Personal TeX</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">HP DeskJet compatible</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvipsone</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Y&amp;Y</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">PostScript</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2906990"
+ name="id2906990"></a>emTeX Drivers</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The emTeX<a id="id2906999" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2906999"></a> distribution includes three DVI
+ drivers: <b>dvihplj</b><a id="id2907020"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2907020"></a> for printing on
+ HP LaserJet, DeskJet, PaintJet, QuietJet printers (as
+ well as the Kyocera laser printer), <b>dvidot</b><a
+ id="id2907035" class="indexterm" name="id2907035"></a>
+ for printing on a wide variety of dot-matrix printers,
+ and <b>dvipcx</b><a id="id2907050" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2907050"></a> for translating DVI files into
+ <tt>PCX</tt> graphics images (for faxing, for example).
+ The printers that <b>dvidot</b> supports are listed
+ below. If your dot-matrix printer isn't listed, detailed
+ instructions in the emTeX documentation will probably
+ allow you to construct an appropriate parameter file.</p>
+
+ <table class="simplelist" border="0"
+ summary="Simple list">
+ <tr>
+ <td>Apple Imagewriter</td>
+
+ <td>IBM Proprinter 4202</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>C.ITOH 8510A</td>
+
+ <td>IBM Proprinter 4207</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Canon Bubble Jet BJ-10e</td>
+
+ <td>IBM Proprinter 4208</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>EPSON FX and RX series</td>
+
+ <td>NEC P6, Panasonic KX-P1124</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>EPSON LQ series</td>
+
+ <td>NEC P7</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>IBM Proprinter 4201</td>
+
+ <td>Tandy DMP-130</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+ <p>All of the emTeX drivers support several \special
+ commands for including bitmapped graphics and lines at
+ any angle.</p>
+
+ <p>The Computer Modern fonts in <tt>PK</tt> format occupy
+ several directories and considerable space on disk. To
+ minimize the impact of keeping several magnifications of
+ fonts around, the emTeX drivers introduced the concept of
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>font libraries</em></span>.
+ Font libraries<a id="id2907170" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2907170"></a> are single files that contain many,
+ many <tt>PK</tt> fonts<a id="id2907189" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2907189"></a><a id="id2907208" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2907208"></a>. The fonts distributed with emTeX
+ are distributed in font library format. The
+ <b>fontlib</b> program, distributed with emTeX, allows
+ you to create and maintain font libraries of your
+ own.</p>
+
+ <p>The emTeX drivers support automatic font generation
+ starting with version 1.4S. This is accomplished by a
+ second program, <b>dvidrv</b><a id="id2907239"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2907239"></a>, that runs the
+ DVI driver and then <b>MFjob</b><a id="id2907254"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2907254"></a>, if required, to
+ build the fonts. The relationship between these
+ components is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch08.html#fig.emdvi"
+ title="Figure&#160;8.3.&#160;Previewing and printing with emTeX">
+ Figure&#160;8.3</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.emdvi" name="fig.emdvi"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;8.3.&#160;Previewing
+ and printing with emTeX</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Starting with version 1.4t,<sup>[<a id="id2907302"
+ name="id2907302" href="#ftn.id2907302">102</a>]</sup>
+ emTeX's <b>dvihplj</b> supports 600dpi fonts (for the
+ LaserJet 4 series) and built-in printer fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>The following list of features highlights some of the
+ capabilities of the emTeX drivers:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing of a range of pages</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing of multiple copies (with or without
+ collating)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Reverse ordering of pages</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selection of duplex printing</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to scale <tt>PK</tt> files to the
+ requested size if an appropriate <tt>PK</tt> file
+ is unavailable. This may result in poorer output
+ quality due to distortion, but that's not emTeX's
+ fault.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Extremely flexible support for printing booklets
+ and &#8220;n-up&#8221; arrangements of pages</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selection of paper size and dimensions (margins,
+ etc.)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Transformations (rotation by a multiple of 90
+ degrees)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Changes in magnification and resolution of
+ output</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for font libraries</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for font compression in printers with
+ that feature</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to download each page as a large bitmap
+ (to overcome font limitations in some printers)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for automatic font generation</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2907474"
+ name="id2907474"></a>dvilj2</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>dvilj2</b><a id="id2907487" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2907487"></a> is a free driver for the HP
+ LaserJet Series II printer. It is part of the
+ <b>dvi2xx</b> distribution, which also includes drivers
+ for the HP LaserJet Series IIP and III printers, as well
+ as a driver for the IBM 3812 page printer.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2907508"
+ name="id2907508"></a>dvips</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>dvips</b><a id="id2907521" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2907521"></a> is one of the most popular
+ PostScript <tt>DVI</tt> drivers. It is available for
+ unix, MS-DOS, and OS/2 platforms. It may also be
+ available on other platforms because the source code is
+ freely available. <b>dvips</b> supports a wide range of
+ \special commands for controlling the PostScript output,
+ including pictures and figures and raw PostScript
+ code.</p>
+
+ <p>The following list of features highlights some of
+ <b>dvips</b>'s capabilities:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Inclusion of printer-specific prologue files</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for compressed PostScript pictures and
+ figures</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Automatic creation of pseudo-bold and
+ pseudo-italic fonts</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to run as a filter</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Automatic splitting of documents into sections
+ to prevent out-of-memory errors on the printer</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing of crop marks</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing of a range of pages (by physical sheet
+ or TeX page number)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selection of manual-feed on the printer</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Limit on number of output pages</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Reverse order of pages</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selection of paper type</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Changes in magnification of the output</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing of odd/even pages only</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing of multiple copies (with or without
+ collating)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Stripping of comments (to avoid printer/spooler
+ bugs)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Moving of printed image left/right or up/down
+ page</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Compression of fonts before downloading</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>An option to the <b>dvips</b> driver can be used to
+ indicate which printer the output is destined for. This
+ allows many printer-specific options (resolution, paper
+ sizes, etc.) to be specified in a configuration file,
+ removing from the user the burden of remembering
+ them.</p>
+
+ <p>Automatic font generation is supported by
+ <b>dvips</b>, as described above. <b>dvipsk</b><a
+ id="id2907755" class="indexterm" name="id2907755"></a>, a
+ modified version of <b>dvips</b>, also supports a
+ font-searching mechanism that greatly simplifies the task
+ of specifying which directories contain font files. If
+ any directory specification in the font path ends with
+ two slashes, <b>dvips</b> searches that directory and all
+ of its subdirectories for the font files. This allows you
+ to create a font directory structure like the one shown
+ here:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>supplier</em></span>
+/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>supplier</em></span>/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>typeface</em></span>
+/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>supplier</em></span>/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>typeface</em></span>/src
+/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>supplier</em></span>/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>typeface</em></span>/tfm
+/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>supplier</em></span>/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>typeface</em></span>/vf
+/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>supplier</em></span>/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>typeface</em></span>/vpl
+/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>supplier</em></span>/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>typeface</em></span>/glyphs
+/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>supplier</em></span>/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>typeface</em></span>/glyphs/pk
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This arrangement is advantageous because it organizes
+ your fonts and simplifies maintenance of the directories
+ that contain them. If <tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts//</tt>
+ is in the font search path, <b>dvips</b> will search
+ through all of the font directories for the files that it
+ needs. For example, it might find the <tt>TFM</tt> file
+ for <tt>cmr10</tt> in
+ <tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/free/cm/tfm</tt>. The
+ directory
+ <tt>/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/adobe/garamond/glyphs/type1</tt>
+ is the location for the PostScript source of the
+ Garamond-Italic font.</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>dvips</b> distribution includes the
+ <b>afm2tfm</b><a id="id2907929" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2907929"></a> program for creating TeX font
+ metrics from Adobe <tt>AFM</tt> files<a id="id2907948"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2907948"></a>. This version of
+ <b>afm2tfm</b> can perform several useful tasks such as
+ automatically creating appropriate virtual fonts (for
+ mapping TeX font encodings to PostScript encodings) or
+ changing the encoding of the PostScript font.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.pr.dvilaserhp"
+ name="sec.pr.dvilaserhp"></a>DVILASER/HP</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>ArborText<a id="id2907992" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2907992"></a>'s \dvilaserhp<a id="id2908001"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2908001"></a> DVI driver
+ translates TeX <tt>DVI</tt> files into a format that can
+ be printed on HP LaserJet printers. These drivers are
+ available for both MS-DOS and supported unix
+ workstations. The following discussion is based on
+ experiences with \dvilaserhp version 5.3.3, the MS-DOS
+ implementation of ArborText's HP LaserJet driver.</p>
+
+ <p>\dvilaserhp functions in the way you would expect,
+ generating LaserJet printable documents from TeX
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files. It also has many special features.
+ Some of the more interesting features are summarized
+ below. \dvilaserhp can print documents using <tt>PK</tt>
+ files, HP LaserJet softfonts, and built-in fonts
+ (including fonts from cartridges).</p>
+
+ <p>ArborText supplies a complete set of Computer Modern
+ fonts in <tt>PK</tt> format. Recent releases of
+ \dvilaserhp can use the virtual fonts introduced in TeX
+ version 3.0.</p>
+
+ <p>ArborText's \dvilaserhp DVI driver provides the
+ following features:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Selectable number of copies</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Optional reverse ordering of pages</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selectable manual-feed</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Portrait or landscape orientation</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selectable page size</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to scale <tt>PK</tt> files to the
+ requested size if an appropriate <tt>PK</tt> file
+ is unavailable. This may result in poorer output
+ quality due to distortion, but that's not
+ \dvilaserhp's fault.<sup>[<a id="id2908153"
+ name="id2908153"
+ href="#ftn.id2908153">103</a>]</sup></p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Page movement and reordering options (for
+ printing multiple pages on a single sheet of paper,
+ for example)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Configurable font substitution</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for LaserJet &#8220;overlays.&#8221;
+ \dvilaserhp recognizes \special commands for
+ inserting raw HP LaserJet format documents and
+ inserting HP LaserJet overlays<sup>[<a
+ id="id2908216" name="id2908216"
+ href="#ftn.id2908216">104</a>]</sup></p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>An interactive mode (useful for printing only
+ selected pages from a document without re-running
+ \dvilaserhp many times or when many options are
+ going to be used)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selectable paper tray</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Many other utilities come with \dvilaserhp; they are
+ summarized in Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch08.html#tab.dvilaserhp.util"
+ title="Table&#160;8.2.&#160;Other \protect\dvilaserhp Utilities">
+ Table&#160;8.2</a>.<a id="id2908263" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908263"></a><a id="id2908269" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908269"></a><a id="id2908276" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908276"></a><a id="id2908283" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908283"></a> <a id="id2908292" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908292"></a><a id="id2908299" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908299"></a><a id="id2908306" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908306"></a><a id="id2908313" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908313"></a><a id="id2908320" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908320"></a> <a id="id2908328" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908328"></a><a id="id2908335" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908335"></a><a id="id2908342" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908342"></a>\index{VPtoVF}{\def\x{${}^1$}</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.dvilaserhp.util"
+ name="tab.dvilaserhp.util"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;8.2.&#160;Other
+ \protect\dvilaserhp Utilities</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Other \protect\dvilaserhp Utilities"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Utility</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it aftovp</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VPL</tt> from
+ <tt>AFM</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it gftopk\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>GF</tt> files into
+ <tt>PK</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it hpformat</td>
+
+ <td align="left">A print formatter for ASCII
+ files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it packpxl</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Creates packed (byte-aligned)
+ <tt>PXL</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it painthp</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts MacPaint files into HP
+ LaserJet format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pcltopk\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts HP LaserJet softfonts
+ into <tt>PK</tt>/<tt>TFM</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pktopx\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>PK</tt> files into
+ <tt>PXL</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pxtopk\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>PXL</tt> files into
+ <tt>PK</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it spr</td>
+
+ <td align="left">A serial-line print spooler</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tftovp</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VPL</tt> from
+ <tt>TFM</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it unpkpxl</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Creates standard, word-aligned
+ <tt>PXL</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it vftovp\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VF</tt> files into
+ <tt>VPL</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it vptovf\,\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VPL</tt> files into
+ <tt>VF</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>ArborText recently released <b>DVILASER/HP3 drivers<a
+ id="id2908752" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908752"></a></b> for the HP LaserJet III and IV
+ printers. In addition to the features described above,
+ <b>DVILASER/HP3</b> supports more complex documents,
+ compressed font downloading, 600dpi and duplex printing,
+ paper tray and output bin selection, and the ability to
+ include TIFF images via a \special command.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.pr.dvilaserps"
+ name="sec.pr.dvilaserps"></a>DVILASER/PS</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>ArborText<a id="id2908789" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2908789"></a>'s \dvilaserps<a id="id2908797"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2908797"></a> DVI driver
+ translates TeX <tt>DVI</tt> files into PostScript. These
+ drivers are available for both MS-DOS and supported unix
+ workstations. The following discussion is based on
+ experiences with \dvilaserps version 6.3.5, the MS-DOS
+ implementation of ArborText's PostScript driver.</p>
+
+ <p>PostScript DVI drivers are more flexible than many
+ other DVI drivers because PostScript is a very powerful
+ page description language. Some of \dvilaserps's more
+ interesting features are summarized below. \dvilaserps
+ can print documents using <tt>PK</tt> files, downloadable
+ PostScript fonts, and built-in fonts. ArborText supplies
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files for many built-in PostScript fonts.
+ Recent releases of \dvilaserps can use the virtual fonts
+ introduced in TeX version 3.0.</p>
+
+ <p>ArborText's \dvilaserps DVI driver provides the
+ following features:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Options for loading custom PostScript prologue
+ code</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to be used as a filter (sends PostScript
+ code to standard output)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selectable number of copies</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Optional reverse ordering of pages</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Portrait or landscape orientation</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selectable page size</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to scale <tt>PK</tt> files to the
+ requested size if an appropriate <tt>PK</tt> file
+ is unavailable. This may result in poorer output
+ quality due to distortion, but that's not
+ \dvilaserps's fault.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Page movement and reordering options (for
+ printing multiple pages on a single sheet of paper,
+ for example)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selectable paper tray</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Configurable font substitution</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for LaserJet &#8220;overlays&#8221;</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>An interactive mode (useful for printing only
+ selected pages from a document without re-running
+ \dvilaserps many times or when many options are
+ going to be used)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to download <tt>PK</tt> files
+ permanently, speeding printing of future
+ documents</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Document, page, or encapsulated PostScript
+ document structuring options</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Optional clipping of characters that fall
+ outside the normally printable page area</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Many other utilities come with \dvilaserps. They are
+ summarized in<a id="id2909044" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909044"></a><a id="id2909051" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909051"></a><a id="id2909058" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909058"></a><a id="id2909065" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909065"></a> <a id="id2909073" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909073"></a><a id="id2909080" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909080"></a><a id="id2909087" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909087"></a><a id="id2909094" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909094"></a><a id="id2909102" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909102"></a> <a id="id2909110" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909110"></a><a id="id2909117" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909117"></a><a id="id2909124" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909124"></a><a id="id2909131" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909131"></a> <a id="id2909140" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909140"></a><a id="id2909147" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909147"></a> Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch08.html#tab.dvilaserps.util"
+ title="Table&#160;8.3.&#160;Other \protect\dvilaserps Utilities">
+ Table&#160;8.3</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.dvilaserps.util"
+ name="tab.dvilaserps.util"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;8.3.&#160;Other
+ \protect\dvilaserps Utilities</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Other \protect\dvilaserps Utilities"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Utility</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it afmtopl</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>AFM</tt> files into
+ unmapped <tt>PL</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it afmtoplm</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>AFM</tt> files into
+ mapped <tt>PL</tt> files\y</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it aftovp</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VPL</tt> from
+ <tt>AFM</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it gftopk\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>GF</tt> files into
+ <tt>PK</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it packpxl</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Creates packed (byte-aligned)
+ <tt>PXL</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pktopx\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>PK</tt> files into
+ <tt>PXL</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pltotf\,\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>PL</tt> files into
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it psformat</td>
+
+ <td align="left">A print formatter for ASCII
+ files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pxtopk\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>PXL</tt> files into
+ <tt>PK</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it spr</td>
+
+ <td align="left">A serial-line print spooler</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tftopl\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>TFM</tt> files into
+ <tt>PL</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tftovp</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VPL</tt> from
+ <tt>TFM</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it unpkpxl</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Creates standard, word-aligned
+ <tt>PXL</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it vftovp\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VF</tt> files into
+ <tt>VPL</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it vptovf\,\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VPL</tt> files into
+ <tt>VF</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\multicolumn{2}{l}{ ${}^1$\vrule
+ height11pt width0pt\tiny A standard, or otherwise
+ freely available, utility.}</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\dvilaserps recognizes \special commands for inserting
+ raw PostScript files and commands, encapsulated
+ PostScript files, and automatic page overlays (which can
+ be selectively enabled and disabled). Other \special
+ commands allow you to set most of the \dvilaserps
+ command-line options directly in the document, rotate any
+ TeX &#8220;box&#8221; to any angle, and print change
+ bars. For LaTeX users, ArborText includes a plug-in
+ replacement for LaTeX's picture environments that uses
+ PostScript instead of special fonts to draw each
+ figure.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2909658"
+ name="id2909658"></a>PTI Laser/HP and PTI Jet</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>PTI Laser/HP</b><a id="id2909683" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909683"></a> and <b>PTI Jet</b><a id="id2909696"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2909696"></a> are distributed
+ together by Personal TeX, Inc.<a id="id2909706"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2909706"></a> <b>PTI
+ Laser/HP</b> is an HP LaserJet driver. <b>PTI Jet</b> is
+ a DeskJet driver. The <b>PTI Jet</b> driver works with a
+ standard DeskJet printer; no additional options or memory
+ are required. The <b>PTI Laser/HP</b> driver is for HP
+ LaserJet II and III series printers. A separate program,
+ <b>PTI Laser/HP4</b>, is sold for LaserJet 4 series
+ printers (to support 600dpi fonts, for example).</p>
+
+ <p>The following features are available in these
+ drivers:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for font substitution</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for built-in fonts</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing multiple copies of each page</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Setting page size</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing in landscape mode</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selecting magnification</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to print a range of pages (by physical
+ sheet or TeX page number)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Reversing order of pages</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to move the page image left/right or
+ up/down the page</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for 256 character fonts</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>PTI Laser/HP</b> offers the following additional
+ features, which are not supported by <b>PTI Jet</b>:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to reserve printer font ID numbers</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>A utility program, <b>sftopk</b>, for converting
+ HP LaserJet softfonts into TeX <tt>PK</tt>
+ fonts</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for directly including HP LaserJet
+ printer commands via the \special mechanism in
+ TeX</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2909924"
+ name="id2909924"></a>PTI Laser/PS</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>PTI Laser/PS</b><a id="id2909938" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2909938"></a> is Personal TeX's PostScript DVI
+ driver. In addition to the DVI driver, the <b>PTI
+ Laser/PS</b> package includes utilities for spooling
+ output to a serially-connected printer and converting
+ <tt>AFM</tt> files into <tt>TFM</tt> files.</p>
+
+ <p>Some of <b>PTI Laser/PS</b>'s more interesting options
+ are summarized below.</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to select different printer
+ resolutions</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selectable number of copies</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Configurable font substitution</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selectable page size</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>An interactive mode for selecting options and
+ reacting to errors (characters that fall off the
+ page, missing fonts, etc.)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Portrait or landscape orientation</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selectable TeX magnification</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Option files for storing frequently used
+ options.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selectable output filename</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Options to select individual pages or ranges of
+ pages by TeX page number or physical sheet
+ number</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Optional reverse ordering of pages</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Adjustable page offset (adjusts the position of
+ the printed page on the physical page)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for 256-character fonts</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Special support for the eccentricities of the
+ Apple LaserWriter printer</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>PTI Laser/PS</b> recognizes a \special command for
+ inserting raw PostScript files into the printed document.
+ The horizontal and vertical size of the inserted image
+ can be changed.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2910137"
+ name="id2910137"></a>dvipsone</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>dvipsone</b><a id="id2910149" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2910149"></a> is a commercial PostScript driver
+ for MS-DOS distributed by Y&amp;Y Inc.<a id="id2910159"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2910159"></a> It produces
+ PostScript output from a TeX <tt>DVI</tt> file.
+ <b>dvipsone</b> is designed for a
+ &#8220;bitmap-free&#8221; environment. This makes
+ <b>dvipsone</b> almost unique among <tt>DVI</tt> drivers
+ because it <span class="emphasis"><em>cannot</em></span>
+ use standard <tt>PK</tt> fonts. To use <b>dvipsone</b>,
+ you must have PostScript fonts for every font that you
+ use (or the font must be built into the printer).<sup>[<a
+ id="id2910231" name="id2910231"
+ href="#ftn.id2910231">105</a>]</sup> Y&amp;Y sells a
+ complete set of Computer Modern fonts in Adobe
+ Type&#160;1 format.</p>
+
+ <p><b>dvipsone</b> has a rich set of features:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing multiple <tt>DVI</tt> files with a
+ single command</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing pages in reverse order</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing only odd or even pages</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Ability to force output to conform to EPS
+ standards</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Assumption that all requested fonts are
+ printer-resident</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Insertion of verbatim PostScript</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing a range of pages</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Resizing of the output</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Rotation of output by arbitrary angle</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Shifting output left/right or up/down</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Printing arbitrary number of copies</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Selection of paper type (letter, landscape,
+ legal, etc.)</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Insertion of user-specified PostScript
+ prologue</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Conservation of memory by downloading partial
+ fonts</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Remapping of the font encoding on-the-fly</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support for ten different styles of \special
+ commands for including encapsulated PostScript
+ images</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Perhaps the most interesting feature of the
+ <b>dvipsone</b> driver is its ability to download partial
+ PostScript fonts. Y&amp;Y claim that partial font
+ downloading is a feature unique to <b>dvipsone</b>. A
+ moderately complex TeX document may use twenty or more
+ fonts and each font is typically between 20K and 30K.
+ This means that the DVI driver downloads roughly 500K of
+ font data for the document. In addition to requiring
+ considerable printer memory, all that font data increases
+ the amount of time that it takes to send your document to
+ the printer. The partial font downloading feature of
+ <b>dvipsone</b> means that only the characters that are
+ actually used in your document are sent to the printer.
+ The ability to download partial fonts can result in a
+ substantially smaller PostScript file.</p>
+
+ <p>Several other utilities are distributed with
+ <b>dvipsone</b>. They are summarized in <a id="id2910495"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2910495"></a><a id="id2910502"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2910502"></a><a id="id2910510"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2910510"></a><a id="id2910517"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2910517"></a> <a id="id2910525"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2910525"></a><a id="id2910532"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2910532"></a><a id="id2910539"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2910539"></a> Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch08.html#tab.dvipsone.util"
+ title="Table&#160;8.4.&#160;Other dvipsone Utilities">Table&#160;8.4</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.dvipsone.util" name="tab.dvipsone.util"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;8.4.&#160;Other dvipsone
+ Utilities</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Other dvipsone Utilities" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left"><span>\bf Utility</span></th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><tt>download</tt></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Robust font-downloading program
+ for PostScript fonts</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><tt>afmtotfm</tt>\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>AFM</tt> files into
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><tt>tfmtoafm</tt></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>TFM</tt> files into
+ <tt>AFM</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><tt>pfatopfb</tt>\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert <tt>PFA</tt> files into
+ <tt>PFB</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><tt>pfbtopfa</tt>\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert <tt>PFB</tt> files into
+ <tt>PFA</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><tt>twoup</tt></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Reorders pages in a PostScript
+ file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><tt>pktops</tt></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Provides access to <tt>PK</tt>
+ fonts for <b>dvipsone</b></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2905446" name="ftn.id2905446"
+ href="#id2905446">99</a>]</sup> {For a complete, detailed
+ description of the <tt>PK</tt> and <tt>GF</tt> formats,
+ consult <span class="emphasis"><em>The GF to PK
+ Processor</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#mfware:gftopk">mfware:gftopk</a>].}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2905773" name="ftn.id2905773"
+ href="#id2905773">100</a>]</sup> {A backslash is used
+ here to escape the end of the first line. This is a
+ standard way to continue a line in most unix shells.
+ Naturally, you can simply enter it as one line in your
+ editor, if you prefer.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2906483" name="ftn.id2906483"
+ href="#id2906483">101</a>]</sup> {Because figures are
+ frequently much larger than individual characters,
+ MetaFont may have difficulty with large figures at very
+ high resolutions.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2907302" name="ftn.id2907302"
+ href="#id2907302">102</a>]</sup> {In alpha-testing at the
+ time of this writing.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2908153" name="ftn.id2908153"
+ href="#id2908153">103</a>]</sup> {The scaling uses the
+ next larger-sized <tt>PK</tt> file, and ArborText claims
+ that this results in good quality over a large range of
+ point sizes without providing <tt>PK</tt> files for every
+ exact size.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2908216" name="ftn.id2908216"
+ href="#id2908216">104</a>]</sup> {Consult your HP
+ LaserJet reference manual for more information about
+ overlays.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2910231" name="ftn.id2910231"
+ href="#id2910231">105</a>]</sup> {The <b>dvipsone</b>
+ distribution includes a utility which can convert
+ <tt>PK</tt> fonts into bitmapped PostScript fonts. This
+ program translates a <tt>PK</tt> file into an Adobe
+ Type&#160;3 font. Once in Type&#160;3 format,
+ <b>dvipsone</b> can use the font. Using Type&#160;3 fonts
+ created in this way adds resolution-dependence to your
+ PostScript file.}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations"
+ href="ch07.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing"
+ href="ch09.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International
+ Considerations&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch09.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch09.html
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+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch09.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1550 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt02.html"
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch10.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing"
+ href="ch08.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation"
+ href="ch10.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.preview"
+ name="chap.preview"></a>Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2902540" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902540"></a><a id="id2902547" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2902547"></a>Because TeX is not interactive, most TeX
+ documents are developed iteratively. After adding a
+ significant amount of text or changing the format of a
+ document, you'll want to see what the document looks like.
+ Then you can add more text or try different formats. Then,
+ it's helpful to see it again $&#8230;$</p>
+
+ <p>You could print the document, but that's wasteful and slow
+ (not to mention environmentally unfriendly). This is where
+ screen previewers enter the picture. They allow you to look
+ at your document on a video display.</p>
+
+ <p>Accurate previewing is more difficult than printing your
+ document for several reasons. Screen displays are much more
+ diverse than printers (previewing on a PC is very different
+ from previewing on a workstation running X11 even though
+ printing to a LaserJet printer is essentially the same from
+ both places). Also, it's very difficult to preview documents
+ that use printer-specific features. For example, if you use a
+ PostScript figure in your document, it will be very easy to
+ print on a PostScript printer, but on most platforms it is
+ much more difficult to preview that document on the screen
+ (two exceptions are the Amiga and NeXT which have integrated
+ support for displaying PostScript images).</p>
+
+ <p>In the following sections I'll explore options for
+ previewing on several platforms. The X Window System is
+ usually associated with unix workstations, but several PC
+ implementations (running under both MS-DOS and OS/2) are now
+ available. The X11 previewers described here may be available
+ for those systems, but I haven't seen them.
+ <b>Ghostscript</b> is another previewing option that is
+ available on several platforms so it is described in its own
+ section.</p>
+
+ <p>Table&#160;<a href="ch09.html#tab.previewers"
+ title="Table&#160;9.1.&#160;Common Previewers">Table&#160;9.1</a>
+ summarizes the previewers described here.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.previewers" name="tab.previewers"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;9.1.&#160;Common
+ Previewers</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Common Previewers" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="center" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Previewer</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Supplier</th>
+
+ <th align="center">\bf OS</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Comments</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\program{xdvi}</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (xdvi)</td>
+
+ <td align="center">Unix/DesqView</td>
+
+ <td align="left">X11</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>\XTeX</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (\XTeX)</td>
+
+ <td align="center">Unix</td>
+
+ <td align="left">X11</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>Ghostscript</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (gs)</td>
+
+ <td align="center">most</td>
+
+ <td align="left">PostScript</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>Ghostview</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (Ghostview)</td>
+
+ <td align="center">Unix, Windows</td>
+
+ <td align="left">PostScript</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dviscr</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (emTeX)</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MS-DOS, OS/2</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvipm</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (emTeX)</td>
+
+ <td align="center">OS/2</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Presentation Manager</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvivga</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (dvivga)</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">EGA/VGA</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>TeX Preview</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">ArborText</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MS-DOS, Unix</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvideo</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Kinch Software</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">EGA</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>PTI View</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Personal TeX</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvimswin</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (dvimswin)</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Windows</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dviwin</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (dviwin)</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Windows</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>wdviwin</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Kinch Software</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Windows</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>DVIWindo</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Y&amp;Y</td>
+
+ <td align="center">MS-DOS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Windows</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvi2tty</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free (dvi2tty)</td>
+
+ <td align="center">Most</td>
+
+ <td align="left">ASCII</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>dvigt/dvitovdu</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free</td>
+
+ <td align="center">Most</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><b>crudetype</b></td>
+
+ <td align="left">Free</td>
+
+ <td align="center">VMS</td>
+
+ <td align="left">ASCII</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.ghostscript"
+ name="sec.ghostscript"></a>Previewing Under X11</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2911438" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2911438"></a><a id="id2911448" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2911448"></a>The three most common X11 previewers
+ are <b>xdvi</b>, \XTeX, and <b>Ghostview</b> (really a
+ PostScript previewer). <b>Ghostview</b> runs on top of
+ <b>Ghostscript</b> and is described in the &#8220;<a
+ href="ch09.html#sec.ghostscript"
+ title="Previewing Under X11">the section called
+ &#8220;Previewing Under X11&#8221;</a>&#8221; section of
+ this chapter.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2911502"
+ name="id2911502"></a>Previewing with xdvi</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You can retrieve <b>xdvi</b><a id="id2911516"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2911516"></a> from the CTAN
+ archives in the directory <tt>dviware/xdvi</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.xdvi"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.1.&#160;How Previewing with xdvi Works">
+ Figure&#160;9.1</a> shows the preview process under xdvi.
+ <b>xdvi</b> reads the <tt>DVI</tt> file and loads the
+ <tt>PK</tt> files<a id="id2911583" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2911583"></a> for any fonts that are required. If
+ xdvi cannot find a requested font, it will run
+ \MakeTeXPK<a id="id2911608" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2911608"></a> to create the font. \MakeTeXPK is a
+ shell script (or a batch file called <tt>maketexp</tt><a
+ id="id2911623" class="indexterm" name="id2911623"></a>
+ under MS-DOS) that tries to use MetaFont or
+ <b>ps2pk</b><a id="id2911637" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2911637"></a> to build the font.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.xdvi" name="fig.xdvi"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.1.&#160;How
+ Previewing with xdvi Works</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>After forming each page, xdvi passes it off to the X11
+ Window Manager to be displayed. Previewing under xdvi is
+ shown in Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.preview.xdvi"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.2.&#160;Previewing with xdvi">Figure&#160;9.2</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.preview.xdvi" name="fig.preview.xdvi"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.2.&#160;Previewing
+ with xdvi</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Screen resolution is typically much lower than printer
+ resolution. Because xdvi uses the <tt>PK</tt> files at
+ printer resolution, it must scale them before using them
+ for display purposes. The scaling process allows xdvi to
+ use <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>anti-aliasing</em></span><a
+ id="id2911760" class="indexterm" name="id2911760"></a> to
+ improve image quality on color displays. Anti-aliasing is
+ a technique used to improve the appearance of scaled
+ images by using colored pixels around the edges of the
+ image to provide the illusion of partial pixels. This can
+ dramatically improve the readability of the displayed
+ text. If the \ps font files are available, xdvi can
+ display documents that use \ps fonts; otherwise, it
+ performs font substitution.</p>
+
+ <p>A recent addition to xdvi is the ability to preview
+ documents that include PostScript figures. The figures
+ are rendered behind the scenes by <b>Ghostscript</b> and
+ displayed by xdvi. In my opinion, this addition really
+ makes xdvi one of the finest X11 previewers available. It
+ is fast, uses printer fonts, has anti-aliasing for superb
+ readability on color displays, and can include PostScript
+ figures.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2911812"
+ name="id2911812"></a>Previewing with \xtex</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The \xtex previewer<a id="id2911822" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2911822"></a><a id="id2911832" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2911832"></a> is very similar to xdvi. The
+ primary difference is that \xtex uses X11 fonts for
+ display. This means that \xtex must build fonts at the
+ appropriate resolution. After the fonts have been built,
+ \xtex is typically a very fast previewer.</p>
+
+ <p>You can retrieve \xtex from the CTAN archives in the
+ directory <tt>dviware/xtex</tt>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.xtex" name="fig.xtex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.3.&#160;How
+ Previewing with xtex Works</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.xtex"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.3.&#160;How Previewing with xtex Works">
+ Figure&#160;9.3</a> shows the preview process under
+ \xtex. Like xdvi, \xtex uses the \MakeTeXPK program to
+ build <tt>PK</tt> files for fonts that are unavailable.
+ Additionally, \xtex uses the \TeXtoXfont shell script, or
+ batch file, to convert <tt>PK</tt> fonts into X11 display
+ fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>The \xtex previewer relies on the X11 Window Manager
+ to build the display. However, if \ps figures are present
+ in your document, \xtex will attempt to display them.
+ When \xtex is built, you can specify that \ghostscript or
+ another \ps interpreter be used to handle \ps
+ figures.</p>
+
+ <p>An example of \xtex's display is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.preview.xtex"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.4.&#160;Previewing with xtex">Figure&#160;9.4</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.preview.xtex" name="fig.preview.xtex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.4.&#160;Previewing
+ with xtex</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2912002"
+ name="id2912002"></a>Previewing with Ghostscript</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Previewing with <b>Ghostscript</b> <a id="id2912018"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2912018"></a><a id="id2912028"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2912028"></a> is quite different
+ from previewing with xdvi and \xtex. Most previewers
+ process the <tt>DVI</tt> file to build the display.
+ \ghostscript is a general-purpose program for displaying
+ \ps files. Under X11, an additional program called
+ \ghostview provides more sophisticated control of
+ previewing.</p>
+
+ <p><b>Ghostscript</b> and <b>Ghostview</b><a id="id2912074"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2912074"></a> are products of the
+ Free Software Foundation (FSF)<a id="id2912083"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2912083"></a>. You can retrieve
+ them from the GNU archives on <tt>prep.ai.mit.edu</tt> in
+ the directory <tt>/pub/gnu</tt> or from any mirror of those
+ archives.</p>
+
+ <p><b>Ghostscript</b> reads and interprets the \ps file
+ created by a program such as \dvips. It provides its own
+ means of handling font substitution if the appropriate
+ fonts are unavailable. Because \dvips converts the TeX
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file into \ps, \ghostscript can display all of
+ the elements of the document including \ps figures and
+ other PostScript printer-specific commands.</p>
+
+ <p>An example of <b>Ghostview</b>'s display is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.preview.ghostview"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.5.&#160;Previewing with Ghostview">Figure&#160;9.5</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.preview.ghostview"
+ name="fig.preview.ghostview"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.5.&#160;Previewing with
+ Ghostview</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2912205"
+ name="id2912205"></a>Previewing with emTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch08.html#fig.emdvi"
+ title="Figure&#160;8.3.&#160;Previewing and printing with emTeX">
+ Figure&#160;8.3</a> in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a></em></span>,
+ shows the relationship between the various components
+ involved when processing a <tt>DVI</tt> file with emTeX<a
+ id="id2912253" class="indexterm" name="id2912253"></a><a
+ id="id2912265" class="indexterm" name="id2912265"></a>.
+ Previewing and printing are very similar operations with
+ emTeX. To preview, you use the <b>dviscr</b><a
+ id="id2912285" class="indexterm" name="id2912285"></a>
+ driver, and the result is displayed on the screen. To
+ print, use one of the other DVI drivers, and the result is
+ a file that can be sent directly to your printer.
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch13.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;13</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch13.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;13</a></em></span>,
+ discusses emTeX in more detail.</p>
+
+ <p><b>dvidrv</b> runs the appropriate DVI driver:
+ <b>dviscr</b> for previewing, <b>dvihplj</b><a
+ id="id2912340" class="indexterm" name="id2912340"></a> for
+ printing to an HP LaserJet printer, or <b>dvidot</b><a
+ id="id2912355" class="indexterm" name="id2912355"></a> for
+ printing to other dot matrix printers.</p>
+
+ <p>The DVI driver reads the <tt>DVI</tt> file and loads
+ fonts from <tt>PK</tt> files<a id="id2912388"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2912388"></a> or <tt>FLI</tt>
+ font libraries<a id="id2912417" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2912417"></a>. If your document uses graphics, they
+ are loaded from <tt>PCX</tt><a id="id2912445"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2912445"></a> or <tt>MSP</tt>
+ files<a id="id2912463" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2912463"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If your document uses a font that is not available, the
+ DVI driver writes the commands necessary to build the font
+ to the <tt>MFJ</tt> file<a id="id2912487" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2912487"></a>.<sup>[<a id="id2912496"
+ name="id2912496" href="#ftn.id2912496">106</a>]</sup>
+ Before performing font substitution, the driver will ask if
+ you wish to build the missing fonts. If you elect to build
+ them, the DVI driver stops and returns control to the
+ <b>dvidrv</b><a id="id2912513" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2912513"></a> program.</p>
+
+ <p><b>dvidrv</b> notices that the DVI driver stopped
+ because of missing fonts and runs <b>MFjob<a id="id2912538"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2912538"></a></b> to build them.
+ After building the fonts, the previewer is run again to
+ display the document.</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>dvidrv</b> program is quite simple. With some
+ care, it can be replaced by a batch file that does more
+ work.<sup>[<a id="id2912560" name="id2912560"
+ href="#ftn.id2912560">107</a>]</sup> For example, I have
+ replaced <b>dvidrv</b> with a <b>4DOS<a id="id2912587"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2912587"></a></b> batch file
+ called <b>dvidxx</b> that can automatically build \ps fonts
+ by calling <b>ps2pk</b> in addition to building MetaFont
+ fonts with <b>MFjob</b>. The <b>dvidxx</b> batch file is
+ printed in Example&#160;<a href="apd.html#ex.dvidxx"
+ title="Example&#160;D.3.&#160;dvidxx.btm">Example&#160;D.3</a>
+ in Appendix&#160;<a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>A full-screen preview with <b>dviscr</b> is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dviscr"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.6.&#160;Previewing with emTeX's dviscr">
+ Figure&#160;9.6</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.preview.dviscr" name="fig.preview.dviscr"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.6.&#160;Previewing with
+ emTeX's dviscr</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Under OS/2, the <b>dvipm</b><a id="id2912715"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2912715"></a> previewer offers
+ more power. A sample <b>dvipm</b> display is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dvipm"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.7.&#160;Previewing with emTeX's dvipm">
+ Figure&#160;9.7</a> later in this chapter.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.preview.dvipm" name="fig.preview.dvipm"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.7.&#160;Previewing with
+ emTeX's dvipm</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>dviscr</b> and <b>dvipm</b> previewers use <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>anti-aliasing<a id="id2912793"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2912793"></a></em></span> to
+ obtain better image quality on a color display. However,
+ this translates into a poorer quality image when captured
+ for display in a black-and-white book.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2912806"
+ name="id2912806"></a>Previewing with dvivga</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>dvivga</b><a id="id2912819" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2912819"></a><a id="id2912827" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2912827"></a> is an MS-DOS previewer for EGA and
+ VGA displays. You can retrieve <b>dvivga</b> (and a
+ complete set of the Computer Modern fonts in <tt>PK</tt>
+ format) from the CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>dviware/dvivga</tt>. <b>dvivga</b> requires <tt>PK</tt>
+ fonts at screen-resolutions (around 100dpi); that is why a
+ special set of fonts is provided. If you are using a
+ dot-matrix printer with a similar resolution, the special
+ fonts may already be installed on your system.</p>
+
+ <p><b>dvivga</b> does not support any \special commands for
+ including pictures or figures, but it does support
+ configurable font-substitution for fonts that are
+ unavailable.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.dvivga.vga"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.8.&#160;Previewing with dvivga">Figure&#160;9.8</a>
+ shows a preview of the sample document from Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>.
+ This image is from a VGA display.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.dvivga.vga" name="fig.dvivga.vga"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.8.&#160;Previewing with
+ dvivga</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.arb.preview" name="sec.arb.preview"></a>TeX
+ Preview</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>TeX Preview</b>\index{TeX Preview previewing@TeX
+ Preview previewing}<a id="id2912979" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2912979"></a> is the ArborText<a id="id2912993"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2912993"></a> <tt>DVI</tt>
+ previewer for MS-DOS. A similar previewer is available for
+ unix workstations running the X Window System (versions for
+ Motif and Open Look environments are also available). The
+ following discussion is based on experiences with <b>TeX
+ Preview</b> version 6.1.2, the MS-DOS implementation of
+ ArborText's TeX previewer.</p>
+
+ <p><b>TeX Preview</b> supports a wide range of graphics
+ adapters, including EGA, VGA, and Hercules adapters as well
+ as the Olivetti Monochrome Graphics adapter, the Tecmar
+ Graphics Master, the Genius VHR Full Page Display Monitor,
+ the ETAP Neftis Monitor, the Toshiba 3100, and the AT&amp;T
+ PC6300 display.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.tpre.vga"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.9.&#160;Previewing with ArborText's Previewer">
+ Figure&#160;9.9</a> shows a preview of the sample document
+ from Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.
+ This image is from a VGA display. Three additional features
+ of the driver, not exercised in this example, are the
+ ability to scale fonts to any size, display rulers and
+ bitmapped graphics, and a &#8220;two-up&#8221; mode for
+ viewing two pages at a time.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.tpre.vga" name="fig.tpre.vga"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.9.&#160;Previewing with
+ ArborText's Previewer</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>When <b>TeX Preview</b> is displaying a <tt>DVI</tt>
+ file, you can move around the page and between pages; you
+ can change the magnification, search for text in the
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file, show the attributes of the character
+ under the cursor (font, dimensions, magnification, etc.),
+ and switch to another file. A configuration file allows you
+ to specify a wide range of options to control how <b>TeX
+ Preview</b> appears when it starts up.</p>
+
+ <p>ArborText supplies a full set of Computer Modern Roman
+ <tt>PK</tt> files at screen resolutions as well as a
+ complete set of Times Roman and Helvetica fonts at screen
+ resolutions. The additional PostScript fonts are derived
+ from official Adobe sources and allow you to preview
+ documents that will be printed on PostScript printers
+ (provided that they use only Times, Helvetica, and Computer
+ Modern fonts). They are designed specifically to work with
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files provided with <b>DVILASER/PS</b>,
+ ArborText's PostScript DVI driver.</p>
+
+ <p>If you want to use additional fonts, for example the
+ \AmS-fonts or Computer Modern fonts at unusual sizes, you
+ may wish to generate <tt>PK</tt> files at the appropriate
+ resolutions. <b>TeX Preview</b> will perform font
+ substitution for missing fonts (you can control what
+ substitutions are made) and can use the <tt>DVI</tt> driver
+ metric information, so generating additional fonts is not
+ necessary.</p>
+
+ <p><b>TeX Preview</b> understands the virtual font
+ mechanisms introduced in TeX version 3.0. Several
+ additional utilities provided with <b>TeX Preview</b> allow
+ you to construct virtual fonts. These utilities are
+ summarized in Table&#160;<a href="ch09.html#tab.tpre.utils"
+ title="Table&#160;9.2.&#160;TeX Preview Utilities">Table&#160;9.2</a><a
+ id="id2913251" class="indexterm" name="id2913251"></a><a
+ id="id2913268" class="indexterm" name="id2913268"></a><a
+ id="id2913275" class="indexterm" name="id2913275"></a> <a
+ id="id2913283" class="indexterm" name="id2913283"></a><a
+ id="id2913290" class="indexterm" name="id2913290"></a><a
+ id="id2913297" class="indexterm" name="id2913297"></a><a
+ id="id2913304" class="indexterm" name="id2913304"></a><a
+ id="id2913311" class="indexterm" name="id2913311"></a> <a
+ id="id2913320" class="indexterm" name="id2913320"></a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.tpre.utils" name="tab.tpre.utils"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;9.2.&#160;TeX Preview
+ Utilities</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="TeX Preview Utilities" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Utility</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it aftovp</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VPL</tt> from
+ <tt>AFM</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it gftopk\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>GF</tt> files into
+ <tt>PK</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it packpxl</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Creates packed (byte-aligned)
+ <tt>PXL</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pktopx\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>PK</tt> files into
+ <tt>PXL</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pxtopk\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>PXL</tt> files into
+ <tt>PK</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tftovp</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VPL</tt> from
+ <tt>TFM</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it unpkpxl</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Creates standard, word-aligned
+ <tt>PXL</tt> file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it vftovp\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VF</tt> files into
+ <tt>VPL</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it vptovf\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>VPL</tt> files into
+ <tt>VF</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>ArborText's <b>TeX Preview</b> program recognizes
+ \special commands for drawing change bars and for rotating
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>any</em></span> TeX
+ &#8220;box&#8221; through a multiple of 90 degrees. These
+ are the same \special commands recognized by other
+ ArborText DVI drivers.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2913678"
+ name="id2913678"></a>dvideo</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The MS-DOS based EGA previewer <b>dvideo</b><a
+ id="id2913692" class="indexterm" name="id2913692"></a><a
+ id="id2913700" class="indexterm" name="id2913700"></a> is
+ distributed as part of the TurboTeX<a id="id2913713"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2913713"></a> distribution by the
+ Kinch Computer Company<a id="id2913726" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2913726"></a>. TurboTeX is described more
+ completely in the section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch14.html#sec.com.turbo"
+ title="µTeX by ArborText">the section called &#8220;µTeX by
+ ArborText&#8221;</a>&#8221; in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a></em></span>.
+ TurboTeX also includes a Microsoft Windows previewer.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.ttexd.ega"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.10.&#160;Previewing with TurboTeX dvideo (using limited selection of fonts)">
+ Figure&#160;9.10</a> shows a <b>dvideo</b> preview of the
+ sample document from Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.ttexd.ega" name="fig.ttexd.ega"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.10.&#160;Previewing
+ with TurboTeX dvideo (using limited selection of
+ fonts)</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The preview displayed here uses the default set of fonts
+ distributed with TurboTeX. This does not include several of
+ the large sizes used by this example. In practice, you will
+ have to purchase or build many fonts before you can use
+ TurboTeX.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2913841"
+ name="id2913841"></a>PTI View</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>PTI View</b><a id="id2913854" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2913854"></a> <a id="id2913866" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2913866"></a> is the MS-DOS previewer that comes
+ with PCTeX, distributed by Personal TeX, Inc.<a
+ id="id2913876" class="indexterm" name="id2913876"></a>
+ PCTeX is described in the section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch14.html#sec.pctex" title="PCTeX">the section called
+ &#8220;PCTeX&#8221;</a>&#8221; in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.ptipreview"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.11.&#160;Previewing with Personal TeX's Previewer">
+ Figure&#160;9.11</a> shows a <b>PTI View</b> preview of the
+ sample document from Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.ptipreview" name="fig.ptipreview"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.11.&#160;Previewing
+ with Personal TeX's Previewer</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>PTI View</b> is distributed with a complete set of
+ the Computer Modern fonts in <tt>PK</tt> format (<b>PTI
+ View</b> can use the same <tt>PK</tt> fonts as your
+ printer, regardless of the printer's resolution). It can
+ display the preview in many video modes, including several
+ high-resolution super VGA modes.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2914028"
+ name="id2914028"></a>Previewing Under Windows</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Most MS-DOS previewers are inappropriate for previewing
+ in Windows<a id="id2914039" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914039"></a><a id="id2914049" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914049"></a> because they assume that they can
+ control the entire display. Recently, several commercial
+ and free previewers for Windows have become available. They
+ are described in this section.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2914065"
+ name="id2914065"></a>dvimswin</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>dvimswin</b><a id="id2914079" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914079"></a><a id="id2914089" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914089"></a> previewer is a Windows version of
+ <b>dvivga</b>. It uses the same screen-resolution fonts
+ for displaying your <tt>DVI</tt> file and offers
+ font-substitution for missing fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>You can retrieve <b>dvimswin</b> from the CTAN
+ archives in the directory <tt>dviware/dvimswin</tt>. The
+ <b>dvimswin</b> previewer is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dvimswin"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.12.&#160;Previewing with dvimswin">Figure&#160;9.12</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.preview.dvimswin"
+ name="fig.preview.dvimswin"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.12.&#160;Previewing
+ with dvimswin</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2914192"
+ name="id2914192"></a>dviwin</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>dviwin</b><a id="id2914207" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914207"></a><a id="id2914214" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914214"></a> previewer is another free Microsoft
+ Windows previewer. <b>dviwin</b> can use either screen or
+ printer resolution fonts to display your <tt>DVI</tt>
+ file. You can retrieve <b>dviwin</b> from the CTAN
+ archives in the directory <tt>dviware/dviwin</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>What makes <b>dviwin</b> unique is its support for
+ \special commands. <b>dviwin</b> understands \special
+ commands for including pictures and figures, as well as
+ the emTeX and <tt>tpic</tt> drawing primitives.</p>
+
+ <p><b>dviwin</b> has built-in support for <tt>PCX</tt><a
+ id="id2914309" class="indexterm" name="id2914309"></a>,
+ <tt>BMP</tt><a id="id2914326" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914326"></a>, and <tt>MSP</tt><a id="id2914348"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2914348"></a> graphic formats.
+ Additionally, it can use any graphics filter installed in
+ your Windows environment. Many commercial programs
+ include additional filters to handle the images that they
+ construct. <b>dviwin</b> also supports emTeX font
+ libraries<a id="id2914367" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914367"></a> and customizable automatic font
+ generation. By using <b>dviwin</b>, you can print your
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files on any Microsoft Windows-supported
+ printer. The <b>dviwin</b> previewer is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dviwin"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.13.&#160;Previewing with dviwin">Figure&#160;9.13</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.preview.dviwin"
+ name="fig.preview.dviwin"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.13.&#160;Previewing
+ with dviwin</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>dviwin</b> distribution includes two additional
+ utilities: <b>clipmeta</b><a id="id2914464"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2914464"></a> for creating
+ <tt>MSP</tt> graphic files from any image captured in the
+ Windows clipboard, and <b>wbr</b>,<a id="id2914491"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2914491"></a> a text-file
+ browser.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2914502"
+ name="id2914502"></a>wdviwin</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>As mentioned above, the TurboTeX<a id="id2914510"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2914510"></a> package includes
+ a Windows DVI driver, <b>wdviwin</b><a id="id2914528"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2914528"></a><a id="id2914536"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2914536"></a>, distributed by
+ the Kinch Computer Company<a id="id2914548"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2914548"></a>. Sample output
+ from this previewer is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch09.html#fig.preview.wttpreview"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.14.&#160;Previewing with TurboTeX's wdviwin">
+ Figure&#160;9.14</a>. This sample shows the status
+ window, the preview window, and a few of the available
+ tools.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.preview.wttpreview"
+ name="fig.preview.wttpreview"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.14.&#160;Previewing
+ with TurboTeX's wdviwin</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2914603"
+ name="id2914603"></a>DVIWindo</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>DVIWindo</b><a id="id2914617" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914617"></a><a id="id2914627" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914627"></a> previewer by Y&amp;Y<a
+ id="id2914641" class="indexterm" name="id2914641"></a> is
+ unique among the previewers used here. <b>DVIWindo</b>
+ has no support for <tt>PK</tt> fonts; it relies entirely
+ on scalable fonts<a id="id2914671" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914671"></a> provided by Microsoft Windows.
+ (This means either PostScript Type&#160;1 fonts rendered
+ by <b>Adobe Type Manager</b><a id="id2914689"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2914689"></a> or built-in
+ TrueType font <a id="id2914698" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2914698"></a> support.) As a result, to use the
+ <b>DVIWindo</b> previewer, you must purchase the Computer
+ Modern fonts in TrueType or Adobe Type&#160;1 format (or
+ not use them at all).</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>DVIWindo</b> previewer is shown in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dviwindo"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.15.&#160;Previewing with Y&amp;Y's DVIWindo">
+ Figure&#160;9.15</a>. The pull-down menu shown in this
+ image is the &#8220;TeX Menu,&#8221; a new feature of
+ <b>DVIWindo</b> 1.1. This menu, which can be customized
+ to include any programs you wish, allows <b>DVIWindo</b>
+ to function as a TeX shell. Once <b>DVIWindo</b> is
+ running, you can edit files and format documents with TeX
+ directly from this menu.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.preview.dviwindo"
+ name="fig.preview.dviwindo"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.15.&#160;Previewing
+ with Y&amp;Y's DVIWindo</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The real advantage of using scalable fonts is that you
+ can resize the image in arbitrary ways.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2914807" name="id2914807"
+ href="#ftn.id2914807">108</a>]</sup> For example,
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dviwindo2"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.16.&#160;DVIWindo preview much enlarged">
+ Figure&#160;9.16</a> shows a much-enlarged version of the
+ same page. Similar enlargement with non-scalable fonts
+ would require that the <tt>PK</tt> fonts exist at very
+ high-resolutions (occupying considerable disk space) or
+ produce very jagged output. The jaggedness of the image
+ shown here is the result of magnifying the captured
+ screen image, not the previewer. Several useful
+ information boxes are also shown in these images.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.preview.dviwindo2"
+ name="fig.preview.dviwindo2"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.16.&#160;DVIWindo
+ preview much enlarged</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>DVIWindo</b> has several other interesting
+ features:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Portions of a document may be copied into the
+ Windows clipboard and then pasted into other
+ applications. This allows you to construct complex
+ mathematics in TeX, for example, and paste them
+ into another Windows application. The pasted
+ material will appear as a single graphical object
+ that can be moved, resized, and cropped. The
+ material is not rendered as a bitmap, so it can be
+ resized without loss of quality!</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>TIFF images are displayed in the document. If
+ you use <b>dvipsone</b> (Y&amp;Y's PostScript
+ printer driver) and create both TIFF and EPS
+ (encapsulated PostScript) versions of an image,
+ <b>DVIWindo</b> will automatically display the TIFF
+ image, and <b>dvipsone</b> will automatically print
+ the EPS image.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Colored text and rules can be incorporated into
+ a document with \special commands.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>You can create &#8220;hypertext&#8221; buttons
+ in your document. Selecting a button (an area of
+ text or a rule) automatically moves you to a
+ destination marker in the document. These buttons
+ are only meaningful to <b>DVIWindo</b>, but they do
+ allow you to move around quickly in a document
+ while you are writing it. Of course, they could
+ also be very handy if you use <tt>DVI</tt> files
+ for online documentation.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In addition to the <b>DVIWindo</b> executable, several
+ programs are provided to help you work with PostScript
+ fonts under Windows. They are summarized in Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch09.html#tab.dviwindo"
+ title="Table&#160;9.3.&#160;DVIWindo Utilities">Table&#160;9.3</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.dviwindo" name="tab.dviwindo"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;9.3.&#160;DVIWindo
+ Utilities</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="DVIWindo Utilities" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Utility</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pfatopfb\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert <tt>PFA</tt> files into
+ <tt>PFB</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pfbtopfa\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert <tt>PFB</tt> files into
+ <tt>PFA</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tifftags</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Show the tags used in a
+ <tt>TIFF</tt> image</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it reencode</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Change the encoding of a
+ PostScript font</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it afmtotfm\,\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert <tt>AFM</tt> files into
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tfmtoafm</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert <tt>TFM</tt> files into
+ <tt>AFM</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it afmtopfm</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert <tt>AFM</tt> files into
+ <tt>PFM</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pfmtoafm</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Convert <tt>PFM</tt> files into
+ <tt>AFM</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it safeseac</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Circumvents problem with
+ accented letters in PS fonts under Windows</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it cleanup</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Removes inactive Windows from
+ the desktop</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it sysseg</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Displays information about
+ Windows system memory</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.preview.tty"
+ name="sec.preview.tty"></a>Previewing on a TTY</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2915365" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915365"></a>Graphical workstations and personal
+ computers with graphics capabilities are a natural
+ environment for previewing TeX output. Unfortunately, they
+ aren't always available. This section describes several
+ previewers that work in less sophisticated
+ environments.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2915377"
+ name="id2915377"></a>dvi2tty</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>dvi2tty</b> program<a id="id2915398"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2915398"></a><a id="id2915408"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2915408"></a> attempts to
+ convert TeX output into ASCII text. This program is
+ designed to provide an approximation of troff<a
+ id="id2915421" class="indexterm" name="id2915421"></a>'s
+ <b>nroff</b><a id="id2915435" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915435"></a> processor. To get the best results,
+ you will have to reformat your document using a limited
+ subset of TeX's capabilities. A LaTeX style file is
+ included for this purpose. You can retrieve
+ <b>dvi2tty</b> from the CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>dviware/dvi2tty</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>The output from <b>dvi2tty</b> is imperfect in many
+ ways, but it can provide a workable ASCII document. I
+ used it to produce plain ASCII documentation in my
+ <b>Sfware</b><a id="id2915485" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915485"></a> package, for example.
+ <b>dvi2tty</b> also provides a quick-and-dirty method of
+ applying some standard text processing tools, like
+ <b>grep</b><a id="id2915508" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915508"></a>, to TeX output.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2915519"
+ name="id2915519"></a>dvgt/dvitovdu</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2915526" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915526"></a><a id="id2915533" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915533"></a><a id="id2915540" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915540"></a>These programs share a common
+ history. As a result, they offer an overlapping set of
+ features. The most recent work has been done on the
+ <b>dvgt</b> processor. You can retrieve <b>dvgt</b> from
+ the CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>dviware/dvgt</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>Unlike <b>dvi2tty</b>, which is a conversion program,
+ <b>dvgt</b> is an interactive previewer. One very neat
+ feature of <b>dvgt</b> is its ability to preview TeX
+ output on a number of graphics terminals, including
+ Tektronix 4010, VT240, VT640, Gigi, Regis, VIS500,
+ VIS550, VIS603, and VIS630 terminals. The importance of
+ this feature is that many versions of <b>Kermit</b><a
+ id="id2915617" class="indexterm" name="id2915617"></a>
+ and <b>NCSA Telnet</b><a id="id2915631" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915631"></a> (and possibly other communications
+ programs) support one of these terminal types. This means
+ that you can preview documents even when you are away
+ from your workstation, by using dial-up access with
+ either a graphics terminal or plain ASCII.</p>
+
+ <p>Even when output is limited to plain ASCII,
+ <b>dvgt</b> attempts to make its output resemble the
+ printed page. To do this, it frequently drops characters
+ out of the middle of words and performs other
+ space-saving abbreviations. The result is a crude, but
+ workable preview, on a plain ASCII terminal.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch09.html#fig.dvgttek"
+ title="Figure&#160;9.17.&#160;Previewing with dvgt under Tektronix 4010 emulation">
+ Figure&#160;9.17</a> shows an example of <b>dvgt</b>
+ display in tek4010 emulation. This is a somewhat
+ contrived example since the emulation is being performed
+ by an xterm.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.dvgttek" name="fig.dvgttek"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;9.17.&#160;Previewing
+ with dvgt under Tektronix 4010 emulation</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="FIXME:" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>dvitovdu</b> is an older version of the program. It
+ is available in source code form in both C and Pascal.
+ You can retrieve <b>dvitovdu</b> from the CTAN archives
+ in the directory <tt>dviware/dvitovdu</tt>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2915747"
+ name="id2915747"></a>crudetype</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>crudetype</b><a id="id2915760" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915760"></a><a id="id2915770" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915770"></a> is another plain-ASCII previewer.
+ It provides features similar to <b>dvgt</b> and
+ <b>dvitovdu</b>. It is written in <span
+ class="sc">Web</span>, but it cannot be translated to C
+ with the <b>web2c</b> conversion tool (so you will have
+ to have a Pascal compiler).</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>crudetype</b> program was written with VMS in
+ mind, although it may be portable to other systems. You
+ can retrieve <b>crudetype</b> from the CTAN archives in
+ the directory <tt>dviware/crudetype</tt>.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2912496" name="ftn.id2912496"
+ href="#id2912496">106</a>]</sup> {Some setup is required
+ to obtain this functionality. By default, the driver asks
+ for the name of a font to substitute in place of the
+ missing font.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2912560" name="ftn.id2912560"
+ href="#id2912560">107</a>]</sup> {Particularly in
+ networked environments where <b>dvidrv</b> assures that
+ temporary filenames won't collide between users.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2914807" name="ftn.id2914807"
+ href="#id2914807">108</a>]</sup> {Most previewers support
+ resizing, but they are generally limited to the
+ resolutions for which <tt>PK</tt> fonts are
+ available.}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing"
+ href="ch08.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation"
+ href="ch10.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch10.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch10.html
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch10.html
@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt02.html"
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing"
+ href="ch09.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont"
+ href="ch11.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.online"
+ name="chap.online"></a>Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online
+ Documentation</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Some common kinds of documentation---for example, manuals
+ for computer programs---present a unique challenge to the
+ author. In many cases, it would be nice to be able to provide
+ online documentation<a id="id2910943" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2910943"></a><a id="id2910951" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2910951"></a> in addition to a typeset manual.</p>
+
+ <p>One option is to maintain two different documents: one for
+ publication and one for online access. This is difficult to
+ maintain and is prone to error. As the documentation evolves,
+ it is almost inevitable that some changes to one document
+ will not be implemented in the other.</p>
+
+ <p>Another option is to include only very limited formatting
+ information in the document designed for publication so that
+ it is easy to &#8220;strip out&#8221; the formatting commands
+ and produce an online manual. The unfortunate side effect of
+ this approach is that the resulting typeset documentation
+ doesn't have a very professional appearance.</p>
+
+ <p>With care, TeX can be the basis for a middle-ground
+ approach to this problem.<sup>[<a id="id2910836"
+ name="id2910836" href="#ftn.id2910836">109</a>]</sup> If you
+ are starting a new documentation project, TeXinfo<a
+ id="id2910846" class="indexterm" name="id2910846"></a> and
+ LameTeX<a id="id2910856" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2910856"></a> provide two alternatives for the
+ production of typeset and online documentation from the same
+ source. \LaTeX2HTML<a id="id2910870" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2910870"></a> and \LaTeX2hy<a id="id2910881"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2910881"></a> provide alternatives
+ that may be suitable for existing documentation.</p>
+
+ <p>You'll find that the best results occur when you plan
+ ahead: if you know that you need both typeset and ASCII
+ documentation, try to use tools that will make the task
+ easier. But, even if you try to plan ahead, it's not uncommon
+ to find out after the fact that you need or want ASCII
+ documentation. If you don't have the TeX sources, you'll just
+ have to take the best results you can get with one of the
+ tools described later in this chapter and do whatever
+ hand-editing is required.</p>
+
+ <p>If you have the TeX sources for a document, here are some
+ guidelines that can help improve the quality of the
+ conversion to plain ASCII:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Redefine all font commands to use \tt. This makes
+ TeX work with a fixed-width font. You will probably get
+ many, many overfull and underfull box messages. This
+ can't be helped. Setting \tolerance and \hbadness to
+ large values (10000 with TeX 2.x or 100000 with TeX
+ 3.x, for example) will reduce the number of
+ warnings.</p>
+
+ <p>Similarly, redefine all the commands that change
+ font size to select the same size (probably 10pt or
+ 12pt will work best, but larger values may be better if
+ you have wide margins).</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Don't use any special fonts---no <tt>picture</tt>
+ environments in LaTeX, for example. Take out rules,
+ too.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Use \raggedright. There's no point in trying to line
+ up the right margin.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Remove or redefine all mathematics to avoid the use
+ of math-mode. It won't work; don't ask TeX to try.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Remove all tables (\halign in Plain TeX,
+ <tt>tabular</tt> environments in LaTeX).</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Remove floating environments; this may help.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Depending on your level of expertise and the number
+ of documents that you have to convert, redefine
+ footnotes and other environments to give you more
+ marginal improvements.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <tt>ascii.sty</tt> style<a id="id2916135"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2916135"></a> for LaTeX
+ encapsulates many of these rules for you.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2916146"
+ name="id2916146"></a>Something Is Lost</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Many things that can easily be represented on paper
+ cannot be represented in plain ASCII. One reason for this
+ is that plain ASCII output is not proportionally spaced.
+ Also, in ASCII you can move up or down only by rows, and
+ left or right only by columns; you can't move down &#8220;3
+ points&#8221; on a terminal to typeset a subscript, for
+ example.</p>
+
+ <p>These differences combine to make many things
+ impossible. For all of its marvelous sophistication, TeX
+ cannot help you typeset mathematics<a id="id2916172"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2916172"></a> in plain ASCII. It
+ just can't be done. Most tables can't be done in plain
+ ASCII either (at least not if you want lines that are only
+ 80 characters or so long).</p>
+
+ <p>The following sections describe tools that may help you
+ achieve the goal of online and typeset documentation from
+ the same sources. Each tool has its own advantages and
+ disadvantages. The ones that work best for you will depend
+ on the type of documentation you are producing and the
+ amount of work you are willing to do.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2916199"
+ name="id2916199"></a>TeXinfo</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeXinfo<a id="id2916208" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2916208"></a> is the document formatting system
+ adopted by the Free Software Foundation (FSF)<a
+ id="id2916220" class="indexterm" name="id2916220"></a> and
+ the GNU Project<a id="id2916230" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2916230"></a>. It is a special TeX format that is
+ very different from standard TeX.<sup>[<a id="id2916239"
+ name="id2916239" href="#ftn.id2916239">110</a>]</sup> The
+ goal of TeXinfo is to devise an input format that can be
+ processed by TeX to produce typeset output and then be
+ processed by another program to produce <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>hypertext</em></span> output. (The
+ other program in this case is <b>MakeInfo</b><a
+ id="id2916259" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2916259"></a>.)</p>
+
+ <p>TeXinfo supports ordinary text, sectioning commands,
+ itemize and enumeration environments, footnotes,
+ cross-references, tables of contents, lists of figures and
+ tables, and multiple indexes.</p>
+
+ <p>The TeXinfo example from Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>,
+ is reproduced in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch10.html#ex.on.infinp"
+ title="Example&#160;10.1.&#160;TeXinfo Commands">Example&#160;10.1</a>
+ (the TeXinfo input), Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch10.html#fig.on.infex"
+ title="Figure&#160;10.1.&#160;TeXinfo sample page">Figure&#160;10.1</a>
+ (the typeset page), and Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch10.html#fig.on.infinf"
+ title="Figure&#160;10.2.&#160;Online documentation produced by MakeInfo">
+ Figure&#160;10.2</a> (the resulting online
+ documentation).</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.on.infinp" name="ex.on.infinp"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;10.1.&#160;TeXinfo
+ Commands</b></p>
+<pre class="programlisting">
+<a type="simple" show="embed" actuate="onLoad" href="perf-inf"></a>
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.on.infex" name="fig.on.infex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;10.1.&#160;TeXinfo sample
+ page</b></p>
+
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="perf-inf.eps" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.on.infinf" name="fig.on.infinf"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;10.2.&#160;Online
+ documentation produced by MakeInfo</b></p>
+
+ <div class="literallayout">
+ <p>&#160;&#160;<br />
+ &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;\FramedVerbInput{perf-inf.inf}<br />
+
+ </p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The output from <b>MakeInfo</b> is very nearly pure
+ ASCII. The motivation for {hypertext} output is to make
+ cross references dynamic<a id="id2916438" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2916438"></a> when the &#8220;info&#8221; version
+ of the document is used for online reference.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2916455" name="id2916455"
+ href="#ftn.id2916455">111</a>]</sup> The result is close
+ enough to pure ASCII that converting it to pure ASCII is
+ not (usually) too difficult. For example, the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>comp.fonts</em></span> newsgroup<a
+ id="id2916474" class="indexterm" name="id2916474"></a>'s
+ Frequently Asked Questions list is maintained as a TeXinfo
+ document. It is posted as an info version that has been
+ processed by a Perl script to &#8220;flatten&#8221; the
+ hypertext.</p>
+
+ <p>The TeXinfo format is well documented, so a brief
+ description here will suffice. First, the backslash, which
+ is ordinarily used to introduce control sequences in TeX,
+ is not special. Instead the &#8220;@&#8221;-sign is used.
+ Second, a TeXinfo document is divided into &#8220;nodes<a
+ id="id2916507" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2916507"></a>.&#8221; A node corresponds roughly to
+ a chapter or a large section of a chapter. In the online
+ documentation, it is easy to jump between related
+ nodes.</p>
+
+ <p>Because the info version of the document is ASCII text,
+ many of the special typesetting features of TeX aren't
+ applicable. To support them in the typeset document,
+ TeXinfo allows you to specify that some portions of the
+ input should be seen only by TeX and some should be seen
+ only by <b>MakeInfo</b>. Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch10.html#ex.on.infinp"
+ title="Example&#160;10.1.&#160;TeXinfo Commands">Example&#160;10.1</a>
+ uses this feature to typeset mathematics using the best
+ features of both TeX and <b>MakeInfo</b>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2916555"
+ name="id2916555"></a>\LaTeX2HTML</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\LaTeX2HTML<a id="id2916564" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2916564"></a> attempts to convert LaTeX documents
+ into HTML<a id="id2916576" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2916576"></a>, the document structuring language
+ used by the World Wide Web (WWW)<a id="id2916586"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2916586"></a> project. HTML
+ stands for HyperText Markup Language<a id="id2916595"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2916595"></a>; it is a way of
+ describing documents in terms of their structure (headings,
+ paragraphs, lists, etc.). SGML<a id="id2916606"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2916606"></a>, the Standard
+ Generalized Markup Language, provides a framework for
+ developing structured documentation; HTML is one specific
+ SGML document type. HTML documents are displayed by special
+ programs called browsers<a id="id2916618" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2916618"></a> that interpret the markup and present
+ the information in a consistent manner. Because an HTML
+ document is described in terms of its structure and not its
+ appearance, HTML documents can be effectively displayed by
+ browsers in non-graphical environments.</p>
+
+ <p>One of the most important features of HTML documents is
+ the ability to form hypertext links<a id="id2916638"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2916638"></a><a id="id2916647"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2916647"></a> between documents.
+ Hypertext links allow you to build dynamic relationships
+ between documents. For example, selecting a marked word or
+ phrase in the current document displays more information
+ about the topic, or a list of related topics.</p>
+
+ <p>\LaTeX2HTML preserves many of the features of a LaTeX
+ document in HTML. Elements that are too complex to
+ represent in HTML, such as mathematical equations and logos
+ like &#8220;TeX,&#8221; are converted into graphic images
+ that can be displayed online by graphical browsers. All
+ types of cross referencing elements (including footnotes)
+ are preserved as hypertext links.</p>
+
+ <p>When installed, \LaTeX2HTML understands many basic LaTeX
+ commands, but it can be customized to handle other styles.
+ \LaTeX2HTML is written in <b>Perl</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>All in all, \LaTeX2HTML is one of the easiest and most
+ effective tools for translating typeset documentation into
+ a format suitable for online presentation. In a graphical
+ environment like X11, Microsoft Windows, or the Macintosh,
+ HTML documents offer very good support for online
+ documentation.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2916701"
+ name="id2916701"></a>LameTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>LameTeX<a id="id2916710" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2916710"></a> is a PostScript translator<a
+ id="id2916722" class="indexterm" name="id2916722"></a> for
+ a (very limited) subset of LaTeX. One of its original
+ design goals, the inclusion of sophisticated PostScript
+ commands directly in a LaTeX document, has been superseded
+ by the PSTricks<a id="id2916733" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2916733"></a> package. However, one of the side
+ effects of a special-purpose translator for LaTeX is the
+ ability of that translator to produce different kinds of
+ output, including plain ASCII.</p>
+
+ <p>The primary advantage of this method is that it does not
+ require learning an entirely foreign macro package like
+ TeXinfo. The disadvantage is that it understands only a
+ very small subset of LaTeX. This subset includes <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span> the following
+ commands:</p>
+
+ <div class="informaltable">
+ <table border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\#</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\footnotesize</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\ref</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\$</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\hspace</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\rm</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\%</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\hspace*</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\sc</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\huge</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\scriptsize</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\Huge</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\include</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\section</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\LARGE</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\input</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\section*</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\Large</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\it</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\setlength</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\_</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\item</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\sf</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\addtolength</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\itemize</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\sl</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\backslash</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\label</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\small\smallskip</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\begin</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\large</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\subparagraph</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\bf</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\ldots</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\subparagraph*</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\bigskip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\medskip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\subsection</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\center</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\newlength</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\subsection*</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\chapter</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\newline</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\subsubsection</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\chapter*</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\normalsize</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\subsubsection*</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\clearpage</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\par</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\tiny</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\description</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\paragraph</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\today</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\document</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\paragraph*</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\tt</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\documentstyle</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\part</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\verbatim</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\em</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\part*</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\verbatim*</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\end</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\quotation</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\verse</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\enumerate</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\quote</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\vspace</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\flushleft</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\raggedleft</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\vspace*</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\flushright</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\raggedright</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In addition, unlike LaTeX, LameTeX doesn't understand
+ any Plain TeX commands (other than the ones listed).</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2917217"
+ name="id2917217"></a>latex2hy</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>latex2hy</b><a id="id2917230" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2917230"></a> is a LaTeX-to-ASCII converter<a
+ id="id2917238" class="indexterm" name="id2917238"></a>. It
+ has several options for controlling the input and output
+ character sets. In addition, <b>latex2hy</b> has a number
+ of options for improving the quality of both ASCII and
+ printed documentation. For example, input documents can
+ contain both TeX and ASCII representations for complex
+ objects (like mathematical formulae). The printed
+ documentation uses the TeX version while <b>latex2hy</b>
+ uses the ASCII version. Provision is also made for
+ &#8220;fixups,&#8221; which allow character sequences from
+ the input text to be translated into different sequences on
+ output. For example, &#8220;$9.81\frac{m}{s^2}$&#8221; can
+ be automatically translated into <tt>9.81m/s^2</tt>. By
+ adding specific fixups to each document that you translate,
+ you can obtain successively better approximations
+ automatically.</p>
+
+ <p><b>latex2hy</b> gives particular attention to cross
+ references<a id="id2917305" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2917305"></a>. Cross references are translated into
+ &#8220;links<a id="id2917320" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2917320"></a>&#8221; between topics in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>hypertext</em></span> output formats.
+ Currently, only the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>TurboVision</em></span><a
+ id="id2917336" class="indexterm" name="id2917336"></a>
+ hypertext format is supported, although several other
+ formats are being considered.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2917348"
+ name="id2917348"></a>detex</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>detex</b><a id="id2917361" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2917361"></a> is a simple program that does little
+ more than strip control sequences and other TeXish
+ character sequences from your document. Doing this makes
+ the document more amenable to other kinds of processing
+ (like spellchecking) but does a poor job of producing
+ &#8220;online documentation.&#8221; Still, it's an
+ option.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2917381"
+ name="id2917381"></a>dvispell</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>dvispell</b><a id="id2917395" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2917395"></a> program produces plain text output
+ from a <tt>DVI</tt> file. It is not a spellchecker, but it
+ was designed to extract the words from a TeX document which
+ were then fed to a spellchecking program that was unable to
+ ignore TeX control sequences.</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>dvispell</b> program is part of the emTeX<a
+ id="id2917428" class="indexterm" name="id2917428"></a>
+ package, and it is remarkably sophisticated. There are many
+ ways in which <b>dvispell</b> can be programmed to perform
+ complex manipulations. One special strength of
+ <b>dvispell</b> is its ability to handle conversion of
+ accented characters and Greek symbols.</p>
+
+ <p><b>dvispell</b> differs from the other programs
+ described here because it works with TeX output, the
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file. On the one hand, this provides
+ <b>dvispell</b> with more information (character positions,
+ line breaks, floating bodies, etc). On the other hand, all
+ of the formatting commands are missing, so it isn't easy to
+ determine what the user had in mind. (It's a bit like
+ reverse-engineering a piece of software---without the
+ source code, it's not always easy to tell why things look
+ the way they do.) But <b>dvispell</b> gives you access to
+ most of the information that is present in the <tt>DVI</tt>
+ file.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2910836" name="ftn.id2910836"
+ href="#id2910836">109</a>]</sup> {Structured markup
+ languages like SGML also address this problem, but they
+ introduce their own set of difficulties. Regardless of
+ whatever advantages they may hold, I'm not going to
+ discuss them here.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2916239" name="ftn.id2916239"
+ href="#id2916239">110</a>]</sup> {A LaTeX implementation,
+ called LaTeXinfo, is also available.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2916455" name="ftn.id2916455"
+ href="#id2916455">111</a>]</sup> {&#8220;Info&#8221; is
+ the name of both the output format and a program for
+ displaying the text in a hypertext fashion. Another
+ common way to access info files is with the GNU emacs
+ online help system.}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing"
+ href="ch09.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
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+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
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+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
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+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch11.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch11.html
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+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch11.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1139 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt02.html"
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="ch10.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch12.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation"
+ href="ch10.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries"
+ href="ch12.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.mf"
+ name="chap.mf"></a>Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing
+ MetaFont</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX builds pages out of boxes<a id="id2915957"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2915957"></a> and glue<a
+ id="id2915971" class="indexterm" name="id2915971"></a>. The
+ smallest boxes are usually individual characters. MetaFont<a
+ id="id2915983" class="indexterm" name="id2915983"></a> is a
+ tool that creates the actual characters.</p>
+
+ <p>In the last few years, a real explosion has taken place in
+ the number of readily available fonts<a id="id2916000"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2916000"></a><a id="id2915858"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2915858"></a><a id="id2915866"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2915866"></a>. Today, many people
+ have access to a large number of high quality typefaces. Not
+ too long ago (before Adobe Type Manager (ATM)<a
+ id="id2915883" class="indexterm" name="id2915883"></a> was
+ available for the Macintosh and Microsoft Windows), fonts
+ were too expensive to be generally available. In those days,
+ a font building tool like MetaFont was essential if TeX was
+ going to have a number of typefaces and a large number of
+ mathematical symbols. Today, the role of MetaFont is
+ diminishing. Many people choose to use PostScript fonts<a
+ id="id2915891" class="indexterm" name="id2915891"></a> almost
+ entirely. In fact, with PostScript alternatives to the
+ Computer Modern Math fonts<a id="id2915912" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915912"></a><a id="id2915918" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2915918"></a> now available, it's possible to use TeX
+ without using MetaFont fonts at all.</p>
+
+ <p>On the other hand, lots of people do still use the
+ Computer Modern fonts, and there are many other MetaFont
+ fonts (for non-English languages like Arabic and Japanese,
+ for example), so MetaFont is still a useful tool. Also, it
+ can be used to make nice portable diagrams.</p>
+
+ <p>This chapter cannot teach you how to harness all of
+ MetaFont's power. The only practical way to learn how to
+ design your own images with MetaFont is to read <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>The \MF{}book</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#kn:mfbook">kn:mfbook</a>] (even if your
+ images are nowhere near as complex as an entire font).</p>
+
+ <p>What you will learn from this chapter is how to run
+ MetaFont to create TeX <tt>PK</tt> fonts<a id="id2917710"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2917710"></a> and <tt>TFM</tt>
+ files<a id="id2917745" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2917745"></a> from existing MetaFont programs. The
+ Computer Modern fonts, the \AmS fonts, and the DC Fonts are
+ all created with MetaFont. It is not unreasonable to imagine
+ that you might someday want to create one of these fonts at a
+ non-standard size or unusual magnification.</p>
+
+ <p>Knowing how to run MetaFont will also help you set up a
+ system for performing automatic font generation. This can
+ save a lot of disk space. See the section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.autofont"
+ title="Automatic Font Generation by DVI Drivers">the section
+ called &#8220;Automatic Font Generation by DVI
+ Drivers&#8221;</a>&#8221; in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>, <span
+ class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>,
+ for more information about setting up automatic font
+ generation.</p>
+
+ <p>From many perspectives, TeX and MetaFont behave in
+ analogous ways. Where TeX reads a plain text <tt>TEX</tt>
+ document, processes it, and produces a <tt>DVI</tt> file,
+ MetaFont reads a plain text <tt>MF</tt> program, processes
+ it, and produces a generic bitmap font file as output.</p>
+
+ <p>Because you probably aren't going to be writing your own
+ font programs for MetaFont, you have to get them from
+ somewhere. Many distributions of TeX include MetaFont and the
+ font files for the Computer Modern fonts. This chapter will
+ concentrate on just the Computer Modern font programs because
+ those are the most likely to be available.</p>
+
+ <p>Many MetaFont fonts can be retrieved from the CTAN
+ archives. Table&#160;<a href="ch11.html#tab.mf.mfdistrib"
+ title="Table&#160;11.1.&#160;Some Popular MetaFont Fonts on the CTAN Archives">
+ Table&#160;11.1</a> lists some common fonts and their
+ location in the CTAN archives. A collection of font samples
+ is shown in Appendix&#160;<a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.mf.mfdistrib" name="tab.mf.mfdistrib"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;11.1.&#160;Some Popular
+ MetaFont Fonts on the CTAN Archives</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Some Popular MetaFont Fonts on the CTAN Archives"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col />
+ <col />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Fonts</th>
+
+ <th>Location</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Standard Computer Modern</td>
+
+ <td><tt>fonts/cm</tt></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Standard LaTeX</td>
+
+ <td><tt>macros/latex/distribs/base/fonts</tt></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>A<sub>m</sub>S Fonts</td>
+
+ <td><tt>fonts/ams</tt></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>DC Fonts</td>
+
+ <td><tt>fonts/dc</tt></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Concrete</td>
+
+ <td><tt>fonts/concrete</tt></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Pandora</td>
+
+ <td><tt>fonts/pandora</tt></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Ralph Smith's Script Font</td>
+
+ <td><tt>fonts/rsfs</tt></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>St. Mary's Road</td>
+
+ <td><tt>fonts/stmary</tt></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.mf.gettingstarted"
+ name="sec.mf.gettingstarted"></a>What to Run?</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Like TeX itself, the actual MetaFont file you have to
+ execute <a id="id2918084" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2918084"></a> varies between platforms and
+ implementations. If you have built and/or installed TeX,
+ you probably already know what program to run. You'll have
+ to ask your system administrator for help if you cannot
+ figure out what the name of the MetaFont executable is on
+ your computer. In the rest \linebreak</p>
+
+ <p>of this chapter, I'll assume that the command <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>mf</em></span> runs MetaFont. You
+ should substitute the name of the executable program on
+ your system for <span class="emphasis"><em>mf</em></span>
+ in the examples that follow.</p>
+
+ <p>MetaFont comes in big and small versions just like TeX.
+ You will need the big MetaFont if you are building fonts
+ for very high-resolution devices or at very large sizes.
+ Most fonts can be built with a small MetaFont.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2918131"
+ name="id2918131"></a>What Files Does MetaFont
+ Need?</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In addition to the MetaFont programs, MetaFont<a
+ id="id2918140" class="indexterm" name="id2918140"></a> must
+ be able to find several other files. The files that are
+ needed are normally created during the installation
+ process. The sections that follow describe each of the
+ files that MetaFont needs.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2918156"
+ name="id2918156"></a>Pool Files</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The pool file<a id="id2918169" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2918169"></a> for each version of MetaFont has
+ the same purpose as the pool file created for TeX. It is
+ created when MetaFont is compiled. If you don't have a
+ pool file, there's nothing you can do about it. If you
+ obtained precompiled programs (from the Internet, from a
+ friend, or commercially) and you don't have the pool file
+ needed by MetaFont, you received an incomplete
+ distribution.</p>
+
+ <p>If you did not install MetaFont, and the pool file is
+ missing, contact the system administrator who performed
+ the installation. Something was done incorrectly.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2918200"
+ name="id2918200"></a>Base Files</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Base files<a id="id2918209" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2918209"></a> for MetaFont are analogous to
+ format files for TeX. Unlike TeX, which has many
+ different format files, there are relatively few base
+ files for MetaFont.</p>
+
+ <p>Base files are created by a special version of
+ MetaFont, usually called \iniMF. However, some
+ implementations combine MetaFont and \iniMF into one
+ program, in which case you must select \iniMF with a
+ special option when you run the program.</p>
+
+ <p>Like iniTeX, \iniMF interprets all the control
+ sequences in a set of base macros and builds the
+ in-memory data structures that the MetaFont program
+ needs. After loading all the files, \iniMF writes the
+ memory image into a base file. When MetaFont loads the
+ base file, it simply copies it into memory; no
+ interpretation is necessary.</p>
+
+ <p>Because MetaFont loads the base files without
+ interpretation, they are not generally portable from one
+ system to another, or even between different versions of
+ MetaFont on the same system. Different versions of
+ MetaFont load differently in memory, and this makes the
+ base files incompatible. For example, you need a big
+ \iniMF to make base files for big MetaFont and small
+ \iniMF for a small MetaFont.</p>
+
+ <p>The &#8220;<a href="ch11.html#sec.mf.gettingstarted"
+ title="What to Run?">the section called &#8220;What to
+ Run?&#8221;</a>&#8221; section later in this chapter
+ describes how to build a base file, if you do not already
+ have one.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2918279"
+ name="id2918279"></a>MetaFont Programs</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>When you run MetaFont, you have to tell it what file
+ (MetaFont program)<a id="id2918287" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2918287"></a> to process. MetaFont programs are
+ stored in files with the extension <tt>.mf</tt>. If you
+ specify a complete pathname, MetaFont will load the
+ specific file that you request. If you specify a simple
+ filename without a path, MetaFont looks for the file in
+ several user-defined and, possibly, system-defined
+ locations. The most common way to specify user-defined
+ locations is by setting the <tt>MFINPUTS</tt> environment
+ variable to a list of subdirectories where MetaFont
+ programs are kept. The format of the environment variable
+ differs according to the platform you use. On unix
+ systems, it is a list of directory names separated by
+ colons. On MS-DOS and OS/2 systems, it is a list of
+ directory names separated by semicolons. Consult the
+ documentation for the particular implementation of
+ MetaFont you use for more information about
+ system-defined locations where MetaFont looks for input
+ files.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2918336"
+ name="id2918336"></a>Command-line Options</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In addition to the name of the MetaFont program,
+ MetaFont has very few command-line<a id="id2918345"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2918345"></a><a id="id2918360"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2918360"></a> options. The name
+ of a base file is the only option regularly used. In this
+ section, I'll explain what can go on the MetaFont command
+ line.</p>
+
+ <p>A formal specification of the MetaFont command line
+ looks like this:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+$ <span class="bold"><b>mf <span
+class="emphasis"><em>switches</em></span> <span
+class="bold"><b>&amp;</b></span><span
+class="emphasis"><em>base</em></span> mf-program mf-commands</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>After the name of the MetaFont program, the first things
+ that you can specify on the command line are
+ implementation-dependent switches and options. For example,
+ implementations of MetaFont that combine \iniMF and
+ MetaFont into a single program may use the switch <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>/I</em></span> to specify that \iniMF
+ processing is desired. There are no system-independent
+ switches for MetaFont. Consult the documentation that comes
+ with your implementation for more information about
+ system-dependent switches.</p>
+
+ <p>After any system-dependent switches, you can specify the
+ name of the base file to use. This option, if present, must
+ come before any other options, and you must put an
+ ampersand (&amp;) in front of the base file name. If you do
+ not specify a base file, MetaFont will use a default
+ base.</p>
+
+ <p>After the base, MetaFont looks for the name of a
+ MetaFont program file. If MetaFont finds a filename on the
+ command line, it will process the program contained in that
+ file before looking at any other options that may
+ follow.</p>
+
+ <p>Finally, you can insert arbitrary MetaFont commands on
+ the command line by typing them just as you would in a
+ program. In fact, this is frequently done to change the
+ size or magnification of the font being created. Exactly
+ how this is accomplished is described in the section called
+ &#8220;<a href="ch11.html#sec.buildfont"
+ title="Running MetaFont">the section called &#8220;Running
+ MetaFont&#8221;</a>&#8221; later in this chapter.</p>
+
+ <p>Please read the section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch03.html#sec.runtex.cmdcautions"
+ title="Command-line Options">the section called
+ &#8220;Command-line Options&#8221;</a>&#8221; in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a></em></span>,
+ for a detailed description of some common problems with
+ MetaFont commands on the command line. They are exactly the
+ same problems that can occur on the TeX command line.</p>
+
+ <p>Also, the behavior of MetaFont when run without any
+ options at all is the same as the behavior of TeX as
+ described in the section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch03.html#sec.runtex.texwoopts"
+ title="Filenames and TeX">the section called
+ &#8220;Filenames and TeX&#8221;</a>&#8221; in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2918545"
+ name="id2918545"></a>Building a Base File</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Building a base file<a id="id2918553" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2918553"></a> for MetaFont is exactly analogous to
+ building a format file for TeX. Fortunately, there are far
+ fewer base files. The two most common base files are the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>plain</em></span> <a
+ id="id2918571" class="indexterm" name="id2918571"></a> base
+ and the <span class="emphasis"><em>cmbase</em></span><a
+ id="id2918583" class="indexterm" name="id2918583"></a> (the
+ base used for the Computer Modern fonts). Use the \iniMF
+ program<a id="id2918593" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2918593"></a> to build a base file. For example, to
+ build the plain base, use:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>inimf plain</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Move the resulting files, <tt>plain.base</tt><a
+ id="id2918627" class="indexterm" name="id2918627"></a> and
+ <tt>plain.log</tt><a id="id2918646" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2918646"></a>, into the directory where MetaFont
+ looks for base files (typically in a <tt>bases</tt> or
+ <tt>formats</tt> subdirectory under the standard TeX
+ directory).</p>
+
+ <p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>cmbase</em></span> is
+ actually an extension of the plain base. To build it, use
+ the command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>inimf &amp;plain cmbase</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Remember to use appropriate quotation or shell escape
+ characters to prevent the ampersand from being
+ misinterpreted.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.buildfont" name="sec.buildfont"></a>Running
+ MetaFont</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2918724" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2918724"></a><a id="id2918736" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2918736"></a>The sections that follow describe how
+ to use MetaFont to make a font from an existing <tt>MF</tt>
+ file. You should reread the sections &#8220;<a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.issueofsize"
+ title="What TeX Needs To Know">the section called
+ &#8220;What TeX Needs To Know&#8221;</a>&#8221; from
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>,
+ and &#8220;<a href="ch08.html#sec.bitfonts"
+ title="Built-in Fonts">the section called &#8220;Built-in
+ Fonts&#8221;</a>&#8221; from Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a></em></span>,
+ if you are unfamiliar with the notions of bitmap and device
+ resolution and magnification and design size in TeX
+ fonts.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2918826"
+ name="id2918826"></a>Picking a Mode</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The input to MetaFont<a id="id2918833"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2918833"></a> is an
+ &#8220;outline&#8221; description of a font. The output
+ is a set of bitmaps that realize the outline on a
+ particular device at a particular size.</p>
+
+ <p>Output from MetaFont is naturally device-dependent
+ because different printers have different resolutions.
+ But even two printers with the same resolution sometimes
+ produce different looking results from the same bit
+ patterns. For example, some laser printers are
+ &#8220;write white&#8221; printers, and some are
+ &#8220;write black&#8221; printers---depending on whether
+ the printer fills in the black (text) areas or the white
+ (non-text) areas of the page. A small, intricate bitmap
+ (like a character from a font) designed for a write-black
+ printer may not look as good on a write-white printer and
+ vice versa.</p>
+
+ <p>There are several internal parameters that can be
+ modified to produce optimal output on any given device.
+ These parameters are grouped together in a <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>mode</em></span>. Whenever you run
+ MetaFont to create a new set of bitmaps, you must select
+ a mode.</p>
+
+ <p>There are no rules for determining what parameters
+ produce the best mode for a particular printer; it's just
+ done by trial and error (set some values, print a font,
+ see if it looks good, adjust some values, print another
+ font, etc.).</p>
+
+ <p>Luckily, a large collection of predefined MetaFont
+ modes is available in the CTAN archives. The file
+ <tt>fonts/modes/modes.mf</tt> contains appropriate
+ MetaFont modes for many printers.</p>
+
+ <p>Each mode has a name<a id="id2918916"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2918916"></a>. For example,
+ <tt>laserwriter</tt> and <tt>LNOthree</tt> are two modes
+ from <tt>modes.mf</tt>. See &#8220;<a
+ href="ch11.html#sec.buildfont"
+ title="Running MetaFont">the section called
+ &#8220;Running MetaFont&#8221;</a>,&#8221; later in this
+ chapter for how to select a mode when you run
+ MetaFont.</p>
+
+ <p>Internally, MetaFont has a variable called
+ <tt>mode</tt> that it uses to keep track of the current
+ mode. The examples in this chapter use the
+ <tt>laserwriter</tt> mode because that is appropriate for
+ my printer.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2918994"
+ name="id2918994"></a>Proofing mode</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Proofing mode<a id="id2919003" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2919003"></a> is the mode that MetaFont uses if
+ you do not select another mode. In proofing mode,
+ MetaFont displays each character on the screen. This
+ mode does not usually produce a useful font because it
+ sets the device resolution to 2601.72 dots per inch
+ (dpi). That resolution is chosen so that there are
+ exactly 36 pixels per point (one point is 1/72.27
+ inches in TeX).</p>
+
+ <p>Because font designers are going to want to look at
+ a font on the screen far more often than they will want
+ to print it, MetaFont uses proofing mode as the
+ default.</p>
+
+ <p>If you find that MetaFont is producing fonts with
+ huge resolutions (thousands of dots per inch) or fonts
+ without <tt>TFM</tt> files, you're probably running in
+ proofing mode. Remember to use the mode-setting
+ commands on the command line when you run MetaFont.
+ These commands are described in &#8220;<a
+ href="ch11.html#sec.buildfont"
+ title="Running MetaFont">the section called
+ &#8220;Running MetaFont&#8221;</a>,&#8221; later in
+ this chapter.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2919066"
+ name="id2919066"></a>Selecting a Size</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The design size<a id="id2919075" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2919075"></a> of the font you are creating is
+ determined by the <tt>MF</tt> file you use. For example,
+ the design size of <tt>cmr10.mf</tt> is 10pt. The design
+ size of <tt>cmr12.mf</tt> is 12pt, etc. To select how
+ large you want the bitmaps to be, you must set the
+ magnification. There is no other way to select the size
+ when you are running MetaFont.</p>
+
+ <p>If you know the design size of a font and the size of
+ the bitmaps that you actually want to produce, it is easy
+ to calculate the magnification required. The
+ magnification is simply the ratio of the size you want to
+ the design size.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, suppose you need a 16pt version of
+ Computer Modern Roman. First, pick the font that has a
+ design size closest to the size you want---in this case,
+ Computer Modern Roman 17pt (<tt>cmr17.mf</tt>). To
+ calculate the magnification, simply divide 16 by 17; in
+ other words, the desired magnification is 0.9412. To make
+ a 13pt version of <tt>cmr12</tt>, use a magnification of
+ 1.0833. Remember, in order to use these fonts in TeX, you
+ will have to use the <tt>at</tt> or <tt>scaled</tt>
+ operators (for example, <tt>\font\cmrxvi=cmr17 at
+ 16pt</tt>).</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2919175"
+ name="id2919175"></a>Making a GF Font</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2919183" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2919183"></a><a id="id2919196" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2919196"></a><a id="id2919208" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2919208"></a>After you have selected a mode and a
+ magnification, running MetaFont is easy. In general, you
+ use a command line like the following:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>mf {\bs}mode=</b></span><span
+class="emphasis"><em>selected-mode</em></span><span
+class="bold"><b>; mag=</b></span><span
+class="emphasis"><em>desired-magnification</em></span><span
+class="bold"><b>; {\bs}input</b></span> <span
+class="emphasis"><em>mf-file</em></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>For example, on a unix system, the following command
+ line would make a GF file for the Computer Modern Roman
+ 12pt font at a size of 13pt:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span
+class="bold"><b>mf '{\bs}mode=laserwriter; mag=1.0833; {\bs}input cmr12'</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Note the use of quotation marks to avoid
+ shell-expansion of the backslash characters.</p>
+
+ <p>On an MS-DOS or OS/2 system, where the backslash is
+ not a special character, the 13pt version of
+ <tt>cmr12</tt> is made with the following command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span
+class="bold"><b>mf {\bs}mode=laserwriter; mag=1.0833; {\bs}input cmr12</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>As you can see, the semicolons are <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>required</em></span> in both
+ cases.</p>
+
+ <p>Magnification<a id="id2919326" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2919326"></a> can be expressed with the
+ <tt>magstep()</tt> function if the font is being built at
+ a standard magstep size. For example, the following
+ command builds a 14.44pt version of <tt>cmr12</tt>:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+ \$ <span
+class="bold"><b>mf {\bs}mode=hplaser; mag=magstep(1); {\bs}input cmr12</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This corresponds to \magstep1. This example also
+ illustrates how a different mode can be selected. In this
+ case, the font is being built for an HP LaserJet printer.
+ The command is shown without quotations, but they are
+ still necessary on unix systems.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2919378"
+ name="id2919378"></a>Making a PK Font</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2919390" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2919390"></a><a id="id2919415" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2919415"></a><a id="id2919427" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2919427"></a>Running MetaFont, as shown above,
+ produces a <tt>TFM</tt> file and a <tt>GF</tt> file. TeX
+ only needs the <tt>TFM</tt> file, which can simply be
+ copied to the appropriate directory. For the Computer
+ Modern fonts, you probably already have copies of the
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files, so the duplicates produced by
+ MetaFont can be deleted. The <tt>TFM</tt> file does not
+ change at different magnifications, so you do not need to
+ save different <tt>TFM</tt> files for different
+ sizes.</p>
+
+ <p>The <tt>GF</tt> file contains a font in the
+ &#8220;generic bitmap&#8221; format. Most DVI drivers use
+ <tt>PK</tt> files. The <b>GFtoPK</b> program converts
+ <tt>GF</tt> fonts into <tt>PK</tt> fonts. If MetaFont
+ creates the file <tt>cmr12.gf</tt>, you can convert it
+ into a <tt>PK</tt> file by issuing the command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+ \$ <span class="bold"><b>gftopk cmr12.gf cmr12.pk</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>After conversion, you should move the <tt>PK</tt> file
+ to the appropriate directory for your DVI driver and
+ delete the <tt>GF</tt> file. <tt>PK</tt> files are
+ generally stored in one of two directory structures. On
+ operating systems that support long filenames, it is most
+ common to store all the <tt>PK</tt> files for a given
+ font in the same directory, using the extension to
+ identify the resolution. In this case, a 360dpi version
+ of <tt>cmr10</tt> would be stored as
+ <tt>cmr10.360pk</tt>. Under operating systems like
+ MS-DOS, which do not support long filenames, different
+ resolutions are stored in their own directories. In this
+ case the 360dpi font just described would be stored as
+ <tt>cmr10.pk</tt> in a directory called <tt>360dpi</tt>
+ or <tt>dpi360</tt>.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2919679"
+ name="id2919679"></a>What About Errors?</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Because I'm operating under the assumption that you are
+ not writing your own MetaFont programs, errors<a
+ id="id2919688" class="indexterm" name="id2919688"></a> are
+ far less likely. Nevertheless, there are a few things that
+ can go wrong.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch11.html#fig.eight"
+ title="Figure&#160;11.1.&#160;A figure eight created with MetaFont">
+ Figure&#160;11.1</a> shows a simple figure eight created
+ with MetaFont. The code which creates this symbol is shown
+ in Example&#160;<a href="ch11.html#ex.eightcode"
+ title="Example&#160;11.1.&#160;The Code for the Figure Eight">
+ Example&#160;11.1</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.eight" name="fig.eight"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;11.1.&#160;A figure eight
+ created with MetaFont</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+8
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.eightcode" name="ex.eightcode"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;11.1.&#160;The Code for
+ the Figure Eight</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+mode_setup;
+u# := 2mm#;
+define_pixels(u);
+
+beginchar("A", 8u#, 9u#, 5u#);
+ z1 = ( 0u, 0u);
+ z2 = ( 8u, 0u);
+ z3 = ( 1u, 8u);
+ z4 = ( 7u, 8u);
+ pickup pencircle scaled 1u#;
+ draw z4 .. z1 .. z2 .. z3 .. cycle;
+ pickup pencircle scaled 3u#;
+ drawdot z1;
+ drawdot z2;
+ drawdot z3;
+ drawdot z4;
+endchar;
+
+\end
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Let's look at some of the things that can go wrong. In
+ the following examples, a unix implementation of MetaFont
+ is being used. Quotation marks are used to prevent
+ misinterpretation of the backslashes.</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>! I can't find file
+ `mode=laserwriter.mf'.</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>If you forget to put a backslash in front of the
+ <tt>mode</tt> parameter, MetaFont thinks that mode
+ specification is the name of the <tt>MF</tt> file.
+ For example, <tt>mode=laserwriter</tt> is
+ misinterpreted as the filename:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+$ mf 'mode=laserwriter; \input eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version 6.1)
+! I can't find file `mode=laserwriter.mf'.
+&lt;*&gt; mode=laserwriter
+ ; \input eight
+Please type another input file name:
+</pre>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>! Value is too large
+ (xxxx).</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This error occurs if some element of the image
+ goes outside of the bounds allowed by MetaFont.
+ Frequently, this occurs in proofing mode when the
+ image is so large that it can't be rendered.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2919870" name="id2919870"
+ href="#ftn.id2919870">112</a>]</sup> In this example,
+ MetaFont is in proofing mode because I forgot the
+ \mode=laserwriter parameter on the command line:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+$ mf '\input eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version 6.1)
+(eight.mf
+! Value is too large (4097).
+&lt;recently read&gt; ;
+
+beginchar-&gt;...rdp:=(EXPR3);w:=hround(charwd*hppp);
+ h:=vround(charht*hppp);
+l.5 beginchar("A", 8u#, 9u#, 5u#)
+ ;
+?
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This doesn't mean that MetaFont can't render very
+ large images; it just means that my design isn't
+ robust enough to handle an extremely high
+ resolution.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>! Curve out of
+ range.</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This error is also caused by an image that is too
+ large to be rendered.<sup>[<a id="id2919932"
+ name="id2919932" href="#ftn.id2919932">113</a>]</sup>
+ Again, MetaFont is trying to create the image at an
+ extremely high resolution; it is in proofing mode
+ because I forgot the \mode=laserwriter parameter on
+ the command line:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+$ mf '\input eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version 6.1)
+(eight.mf
+! Curve out of range.
+&lt;to be read again&gt;
+ ;
+l.11 draw z4 .. z1 .. z2 .. z3 .. cycle;
+
+?
+</pre>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>unknown
+ string</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This is what happens if you forget the semicolon
+ after the \mode parameter. In this example, MetaFont
+ thinks that &#8220;<tt>laserwriter \input
+ eight</tt>&#8221; is the mode, which doesn't make
+ sense:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+$ mf '\mode=laserwriter \input eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version 6.1)
+(eight.mf
+&gt;&gt; unknown string mode_name0
+! Not a string.
+&lt;to be read again&gt;
+ ;
+mode_setup-&gt;...nput "&amp;mode)else:mode_name[mode]fi;
+ if.unknown.mag:...
+l.1 mode_setup
+ ;
+?
+</pre>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>! Extra tokens will be
+ flushed.</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Oops, another missing semicolon:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+$ mf '\mode=laserwriter; mag=magstep(1) \input eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version 6.1)
+(eight.mf
+! Extra tokens will be flushed.
+&lt;to be read again&gt;
+ warningcheck
+mode_setup-&gt;warningcheck
+ :=0;if.unknown.mode:mode=proof;fi...
+l.1 mode_setup
+?
+</pre>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Nothing
+ happens&#8230;</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>MetaFont is sitting at the asterisk prompt waiting
+ for you to do something. You forgot to \input the
+ font:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+$ mf '\mode=laserwriter; eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version 6.1)
+
+*
+</pre>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>Output written on
+ eight.nnngf&#8230;</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Success! A 300dpi version of <tt>eight.mf</tt> has
+ been created and stored in the file
+ <tt>eight.300gf</tt>:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+$ mf '\mode=laserwriter; \input eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version 6.1)
+(eight.mf [65] )
+Font metrics written on eight.tfm.
+Output written on eight.300gf (1 character, 1964 bytes).
+Transcript written on eight.log.
+</pre>
+
+ <p>On systems that place restrictions on the length
+ of a filename extension, it is abbreviated to
+ <tt>eight.300</tt>. The next step is to run <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>gftopk eight.300gf</em></span>.
+ This will produce <tt>eight.300pk</tt>, which our DVI
+ driver can use.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2920144"
+ name="id2920144"></a>Other Errors</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The list of errors in the preceding sections is hardly
+ exhaustive. For example, the gothic fonts (see
+ Appendix&#160;<a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a></em></span>)
+ produce two more errors when rendered at low resolutions:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>! inconsistent
+ equation</em></span>, caused by apparently contradictory
+ statements (probably due to rounding errors) and <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>{! strange path}</em></span>, caused
+ by a path that does not appear to run counter-clockwise
+ (again probably caused by rounding errors, these are very
+ complex fonts).<sup>[<a id="id2920188" name="id2920188"
+ href="#ftn.id2920188">114</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>Most of the other errors that are encountered can be
+ ignored (the preceding examples from the gothic fonts can
+ certainly be ignored---at least at 300dpi). Entering
+ <b>H</b> at MetaFont's question mark prompt will describe
+ the cause of the error in more detail.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2920215"
+ name="id2920215"></a>Output at Very High
+ Resolutions</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Producing MetaFont output for very high resolution <a
+ id="id2920224" class="indexterm" name="id2920224"></a>
+ devices like phototypesetters is sometimes difficult. This
+ will frequently require a big MetaFont for the same reasons
+ that processing a large document requires a big TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>It is possible to construct examples that cannot be
+ rendered at very high resolutions because they are simply
+ too large and complex.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2920252"
+ name="id2920252"></a>Output at Very Low
+ Resolutions</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2920260" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2920260"></a>The intricate detail of many
+ characters is difficult to render at very low resolutions.
+ Yet, it is sometimes desirable to produce output at low
+ resolutions for on-screen previewers and dot matrix
+ printers.</p>
+
+ <p>Usually, errors like &#8220;<tt>strange turning
+ path</tt>&#8221; that result from attempting to produce
+ output at low resolutions can be ignored, but sometimes the
+ resulting characters will be distorted.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2919870" name="ftn.id2919870"
+ href="#id2919870">112</a>]</sup> {Obtaining this error
+ from <tt>eight.mf</tt> required changing unit size from
+ 2mm to 5mm.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2919932" name="ftn.id2919932"
+ href="#id2919932">113</a>]</sup> {Obtaining this error
+ from <tt>eight.mf</tt> required changing unit size from
+ 2mm to 4mm.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2920188" name="ftn.id2920188"
+ href="#id2920188">114</a>]</sup> {There are very specific
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+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.bibtex"
+ name="chap.bibtex"></a>Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies,
+ Indexes, and Glossaries</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Bibliographies<a id="id2917618" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2917618"></a><a id="id2917626" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2917626"></a> and indexes<a id="id2917640"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2917640"></a><a id="id2917647"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2917647"></a> are typically
+ difficult to incorporate into a document. Bibliographies have
+ stringent, but varying, presentation requirements (the MLA
+ wants bibliographies to look one way, the Association of
+ Computing Machinery wants them another, etc.). Indexes don't
+ vary that much, but they are tedious to put together.</p>
+
+ <p>BibTeX provides a powerful mechanism for handling
+ bibliographies and citations. <b>Tib</b> is another
+ bibliography package for TeX. The <b>MakeIndex</b> program
+ helps manage the construction of one or more indexes for a
+ document. Glossaries are also constructed with the
+ <b>MakeIndex</b> program<a id="id2917542" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2917542"></a><a id="id2917549" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2917549"></a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.indexeslooklike"
+ name="sec.indexeslooklike"></a>BibTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2917577" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2917577"></a>What's wrong with doing bibliographies
+ by hand? Two things. First, it is tedious to typeset each
+ bibliography entry according to the strict requirements of
+ the publisher. Chances are, you'll have to look up the
+ requirements each time, and you're bound to make mistakes.
+ Second, no matter what field you work in, it's likely that
+ you'll cite some of the same articles and books in more
+ than one publication. Computers are supposed to reduce
+ effort, not replicate it.</p>
+
+ <p>BibTeX provides a powerful mechanism for dealing with
+ bibliographies in a mechanical way, considerably reducing
+ effort on your part. Rather than formatting each
+ bibliography entry, you build a database of bibliography
+ information<a id="id2920467" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2920467"></a>. Each time you want to make a
+ citation, you simply use BibTeX to build the bibliography
+ from your database into your document. That's easy to do,
+ as you'll see in a few minutes.</p>
+
+ <p>The idea of a bibliography database is introduced in
+ Appendix&#160;B of <span class="emphasis"><em>LaTeX: A
+ Document Preparation System</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#ll:latexbook">ll:latexbook</a>] and is
+ described in more detail in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>\BibTeX{}ing</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#op:btxdoc">op:btxdoc</a>] and <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>Designing BibTeX
+ Styles</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#op:btxhak">op:btxhak</a>]. The purpose of
+ this chapter is to familiarize you with the concepts of a
+ bibliography database and to describe many of the freely
+ available tools for manipulating databases. It is not
+ intended to replace any of the preceding documents.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2920526"
+ name="id2920526"></a>How BibTeX Works</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The LaTeX command \cite inserts citations<a
+ id="id2920539" class="indexterm" name="id2920539"></a>
+ into your document.<sup>[<a id="id2920553"
+ name="id2920553" href="#ftn.id2920553">115</a>]</sup> You
+ use a short <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span><a
+ id="id2920570" class="indexterm" name="id2920570"></a> to
+ identify the publication you cite. For example, in this
+ book, when I want to cite <span class="emphasis"><em>The
+ TeXbook</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#kn:texbook">kn:texbook</a>], I use the
+ command <tt>FIXME:</tt>. The string <tt>kn:texbook</tt>
+ is the key. When you build your bibliography database,
+ you assign a key to each document in the database.</p>
+
+ <p>When LaTeX processes your document, it stores
+ information about the documents that you cite (including
+ the key for each document) in the <tt>AUX</tt> file<a
+ id="id2920623" class="indexterm" name="id2920623"></a>.
+ The following commands identify how the bibliography
+ should be formatted and what bibliography databases
+ contain the publications you cite. LaTeX also writes this
+ information to the <tt>AUX</tt> file:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\bibliographystyle{abbrv}
+\bibliography{texpubs}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>BibTeX examines the <tt>AUX</tt> file and extracts the
+ appropriate entries from the bibliography database. It
+ then formats those entries according to the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>bibliography style</em></span> that
+ you specify. The bibliography style (stored in a plain
+ text file with the extension <tt>BST</tt>)<a
+ id="id2920687" class="indexterm" name="id2920687"></a>
+ tells BibTeX exactly how each entry should be formatted.
+ After formatting the entries, BibTeX writes a
+ <tt>BBL</tt> file<a id="id2920710" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2920710"></a> that LaTeX incorporates into your
+ document (at the place where the \bibliography command
+ occurs) the next time you process it.</p>
+
+ <p>Sometimes it seems confusing to use LaTeX to create a
+ bibliography. If LaTeX keeps warning you about
+ &#8220;unknown citations&#8221; for documents that you
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>know</em></span> are in the
+ database, try the following: run LaTeX, then BibTeX, then
+ LaTeX, and then LaTeX again.</p>
+
+ <p>The first time you run LaTeX, it writes the citation
+ keys to the <tt>AUX</tt> file (but it doesn't know what
+ publications they refer to). BibTeX writes the
+ <tt>BBL</tt> file, which includes the printable,
+ formatted bibliography and information about what
+ publication corresponds to each citation. The second time
+ you run LaTeX, it still doesn't know what publication
+ each citation refers to because it hasn't seen the
+ <tt>BBL</tt> file yet (bibliographies are usually at the
+ end of a document). During the second pass, LaTeX writes
+ the citation referents to the <tt>AUX</tt> file. Finally,
+ on the third LaTeX pass, it knows what each citation
+ refers to, so it can typeset the citations as well as the
+ bibliography!</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2920800"
+ name="id2920800"></a>Building a Bibliography
+ Database</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A bibliography database<a id="id2920809"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2920809"></a><a id="id2920817"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2920817"></a> is a plain text
+ file that contains information about a collection of
+ publications. Bibliography databases generally have the
+ extension <tt>.bib</tt>. Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch12.html#ex.bib.bibexample"
+ title="Example&#160;12.1.&#160;A Sample BibTeX entry">Example&#160;12.1</a>
+ is an example of a single database entry. This entry is
+ from a database of TeX-related publications that I put
+ together while writing this book.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.bib.bibexample" name="ex.bib.bibexample"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;12.1.&#160;A Sample
+ BibTeX entry</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+@book{kn:texbook,
+ author = "Donald E. Knuth",
+ title = "The {TeX}book",
+ publisher = "Addison-Wesley",
+ year = 1989,
+ edition = "Fifteenth",
+}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The entry in Example&#160;<a
+ href="ch12.html#ex.bib.bibexample"
+ title="Example&#160;12.1.&#160;A Sample BibTeX entry">Example&#160;12.1</a>
+ describes <span class="emphasis"><em>The
+ {TeX}book</em></span> by Donald Knuth<a id="id2920892"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2920892"></a>. The key for this
+ entry is <tt>kn:texbook</tt>.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"
+ style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
+ <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+
+ <p>All of the keys in a BibTeX database must be unique.
+ If you use multiple databases for a single document,
+ all of the keys in all of the databases must be
+ unique.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In database jargon, the bibliography database contains
+ a collection of records describing publications. There
+ may be several types of records in the same database.
+ Each record contains several fields, some of which are
+ required and some optional. The required fields vary
+ according to the type of record.</p>
+
+ <p>In English, this means that each entry in the database
+ describes a specific type of publication (book, article,
+ technical report, etc.). Every publication is described
+ by its characteristics. For example, books have a title,
+ an author or editor, a publisher, and a year of
+ publication. Some books also have a publisher's address,
+ a volume or number, a series, edition, or month of
+ publication (or some combination of these elements).
+ These characteristics are called <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>fields</em></span>, and they are
+ identified by their name.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2920948"
+ name="id2920948"></a>Database entries</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This is the general structure<a id="id2920957"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2920957"></a><a
+ id="id2920968" class="indexterm" name="id2920968"></a>
+ of an entry in a bibliography database:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+<tt>@</tt><span
+class="emphasis"><em>type</em></span><tt>{</tt><span
+class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>field1</em></span> = "<span
+class="emphasis"><em>value1</em></span>",
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>field2</em></span> = "<span
+class="emphasis"><em>value2</em></span>",
+ . . .
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>fieldn</em></span> = "<span
+class="emphasis"><em>valuen</em></span>"
+<tt>}</tt>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Always enter complete bibliography information in
+ mixed case. Never abbreviate or set field values in all
+ upper or all lowercase, even if the bibliography style
+ that you most frequently use specifies, for example,
+ that book titles appear in uppercase or that only the
+ author's first initial should appear. BibTeX will take
+ care of formatting the entry according to the style. If
+ you store incomplete information in the database,
+ BibTeX can't work correctly if you change styles.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2921042"
+ name="id2921042"></a>Entry types</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Table&#160;<a href="ch12.html#tab.bib.entries"
+ title="Table&#160;12.1.&#160;Types of Entries with Required and Optional Fields">
+ Table&#160;12.1</a> shows the required and optional
+ fields for article and book entries. Similar lists
+ exist for the other standard entry types: booklet,
+ conference, inbook, incollection, inproceedings,
+ manual, mastersthesis, phdthesis, proceedings,
+ techreport, unpublished, and a catch-all miscellaneous
+ type.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.bib.entries" name="tab.bib.entries"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;12.1.&#160;Types of
+ Entries with Required and Optional Fields</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Types of Entries with Required and Optional Fields"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Type</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Required Fields</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Optional Fields</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">article</td>
+
+ <td align="left">author</td>
+
+ <td align="left">month</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">journal</td>
+
+ <td align="left">number</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">title</td>
+
+ <td align="left">pages</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">year</td>
+
+ <td align="left">volume</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">note</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">book</td>
+
+ <td align="left">author or editor</td>
+
+ <td align="left">address</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">publisher</td>
+
+ <td align="left">edition</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">title</td>
+
+ <td align="left">month</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">year</td>
+
+ <td align="left">volume or number</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">series</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">note</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Fields that are neither required nor optional are
+ ignored. Therefore, you can and should associate
+ arbitrary information about a publication in its entry.
+ Abstracts and keywords, for example, are two additional
+ pieces of information that you might keep for some
+ publications. They can be stored in <tt>abstract</tt>
+ and <tt>keyword</tt> fields in each entry, even though
+ it is unlikely that they will ever occur in a
+ bibliography.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"
+ style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
+ <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+
+ <p>The types of records that are valid, and the
+ required and optional fields they contain are
+ determined solely by the bibliography style. There is
+ nothing in the BibTeX program that makes <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>book</em></span> and <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>article</em></span> entries more
+ legitimate than <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>reptile</em></span> or <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>cartoon</em></span> entries.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2921363"
+ name="id2921363"></a>Abbreviations</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2921371" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2921371"></a>The database entry structure that
+ I've shown isn't entirely accurate. In my example,
+ every field has a quoted string value. The truth is,
+ every value is either a quoted string or an
+ abbreviation or a number. An abbreviation is created
+ with the <tt>@string</tt> command. Typically,
+ <tt>@string</tt> commands are placed at the top of the
+ bibliography database. For example, the following
+ command defines <tt>ora</tt> to be an abbreviation for
+ O'Reilly &amp; Associates.</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+<tt>@string{ora = "O'Reilly &amp; Associates, Inc."}</tt>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The months of the year should always be specified
+ with abbreviations so that bibliography styles can
+ redefine how they appear in the bibliography (for this
+ reason, three-letter abbreviations for the months are
+ defined in the standard styles---you don't have to
+ define them yourself). The names of journals that you
+ cite frequently are also obvious candidates for
+ abbreviation.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2921436"
+ name="id2921436"></a>Preamble</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2921443" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2921443"></a>Sometimes it is helpful to define
+ TeX control sequences in a bibliography database.
+ BibTeX provides a <tt>@preamble</tt> entry for this
+ purpose.</p>
+
+ <p>Consider the following example, paraphrased from
+ <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>\BibTeX{}ing</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#op:btxdoc">op:btxdoc</a>]: You have a
+ database which contains entries for each volume of a
+ two-volume set by the same author. It happens that
+ Volume One has been reprinted, so it has a more recent
+ date than Volume Two. The standard styles sort by
+ author and then date, so as it stands, the bibliography
+ would list Volume Two before Volume One.</p>
+
+ <p>To correct this problem, you could specify the dates
+ for Volume One as:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+year = "{\noopsort{1990a}}1992"
+</pre>
+
+ <p>and for Volume Two:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+year = "{\noopsort{1990b}}1990"
+</pre>
+
+ <p>BibTeX will sort &#8220;1990a&#8221; before
+ &#8220;1990b,&#8221; so they will appear in the correct
+ order, and the following definition for \noopsort will
+ simply discard its argument, so nothing extra will
+ appear in the bibliography:<sup>[<a id="id2921530"
+ name="id2921530"
+ href="#ftn.id2921530">116</a>]</sup></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\def\noopsort#1{}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The best place to put this definition is in the
+ database that uses it (so that it will always be
+ present when that database is used). The
+ <tt>@preamble</tt> command simply copies its argument
+ to the top of the <tt>BBL</tt> file, so this definition
+ at the top of the database will do exactly what we
+ want:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+@preamble{"\def\noopsort#1{}"}
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2921587"
+ name="id2921587"></a>Comments</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2921594" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2921594"></a>Anything that does not appear
+ inside a <tt>@</tt><span
+ class="emphasis"><em><tt>type</tt></em></span><tt>{}</tt>
+ command is a comment. However, many programs that
+ manipulate bibliography databases will misplace
+ comments appearing before or after an entry if the
+ entries are reordered.</p>
+
+ <p>BibTeX includes a <tt>@comment</tt> entry for
+ backwards compatibility with older systems. Unlike TeX,
+ the percent sign (\%) is <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> a comment
+ character in BibTeX.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2921649"
+ name="id2921649"></a>Special characters</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Inserting TeX control sequences<a id="id2921657"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2921657"></a><a
+ id="id2921671" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2921671"></a><a id="id2921681"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2921681"></a> (to form
+ accented characters, for example) into a bibliography
+ entry requires special care. Some styles specify that
+ entries should be shifted to upper or lowercase, and
+ shifting the case control sequence names would make
+ them different.</p>
+
+ <p>BibTeX is aware of the case sensitivity of TeX
+ control sequence names and will not change them. To
+ specify accents or other special characters, always
+ enclose them in <tt>{</tt> and <tt>}</tt> braces. The
+ same treatment should be given to portions of an
+ author's name that should remain in lowercase even if
+ the rest of the name is shifted to uppercase.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2921724"
+ name="id2921724"></a>Bibliography Styles</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>BibTeX styles<a id="id2921733" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2921733"></a> are really programs written in a
+ simple but powerful stack-based language and interpreted
+ by BibTeX.<sup>[<a id="id2921744" name="id2921744"
+ href="#ftn.id2921744">117</a>]</sup> Don't confuse
+ bibliography styles (<tt>BST</tt> files)<a id="id2921775"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2921775"></a> with LaTeX styles
+ (<tt>STY</tt> files<a id="id2921796" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2921796"></a>); they are unrelated. Although a
+ complete description of the BibTeX language is not
+ presented here, a short example will help give you a
+ sense of the language.</p>
+
+ <p>Each <tt>BST</tt> file defines a number of functions.
+ The highest level functions determine how each entry is
+ formatted: when BibTeX needs to format a
+ &#8220;book&#8221; entry, it executes the <tt>book</tt>
+ function, which must be defined by the <tt>BST</tt> file
+ in use or an error will result.</p>
+
+ <p>Let's consider part of the task of formatting a book
+ entry. These code fragments are from the standard
+ bibliography style <tt>plain.bst</tt>. When the
+ <tt>book</tt> function is ready to output the book title,
+ it calls the <tt>format.btitle</tt> function, shown
+ here:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FUNCTION {format.btitle}
+{ title emphasize
+}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This function places the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>title</em></span> field on top of
+ the stack and calls <tt>emphasize</tt>:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FUNCTION {emphasize}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ { "<span class="emphasis"><em>" swap$ * "</em></span>" * }
+ if$
+}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This is what <tt>emphasize</tt> will do when the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>title</em></span> is not an empty
+ field:</p>
+
+ <div class="orderedlist">
+ <ol type="1">
+ <li>
+ <p>Duplicate what is on the top of the stack.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Test the value on the top of the stack. The
+ <tt>empty$</tt> function removes the top value from
+ the stack and places a boolean &#8220;true&#8221;
+ value there if what it removed was an empty field,
+ and a &#8220;false&#8221; value otherwise.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Push <tt>{ pop$ "" }</tt> onto the stack.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Push <tt>{ "&lt;emphasis&gt;" swap$ *
+ "&lt;/emphasis&gt;" * }</tt> onto the stack.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Test the condition. The <tt>if$</tt> function
+ takes three values from the stack: a boolean value,
+ something to do if that value is true, and
+ something to do if that value is false. In this
+ case, the title is not an empty field, so the value
+ is false. The <tt>{ pop$ "" }</tt> value is
+ discarded, and <tt>{ "&lt;emphasis&gt;" swap$ *
+ "&lt;/emphasis&gt;" * }</tt> is evaluated.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Push <tt>{\em</tt>&#160; onto the top of the
+ stack.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Swap the top two items on the stack. Now
+ \em&#160; is below the book title on the stack.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Concatenate the top two items on the stack. Now
+ the top of the stack holds the value <tt>\bs
+ em&#160;<i><tt>book title</tt></i></tt>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Push <tt>}</tt> onto the top of the stack.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Concatenate the top two items on the stack. Now
+ the top of the stack holds the value
+ <tt>{\ttopenbrace\bs em&#160;<i><tt>{book
+ title}</tt></i><tt>}</tt>}</tt>.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ol>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The resulting value left on top of the stack when
+ <tt>emphasize</tt> is finished is the TeX code required
+ to print the book title with emphasis.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922142"
+ name="id2922142"></a>Special-purpose styles</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A number of styles<a id="id2922152"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2922152"></a> have been
+ written to allow you to develop special-purpose
+ bibliographies. A few of them are listed here:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p><tt>bibunits</tt> supports multiple
+ bibliographies in different sections of a single
+ document.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p><tt>chapterbib</tt> supports separate
+ bibliographies in each chapter of a single
+ document.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p><tt>makebst</tt> asks a number of questions
+ about the bibliography style you need and
+ constructs an appropriate BibTeX style.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2922224"
+ name="id2922224"></a>Bibliography Database Tools</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2922232" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922232"></a><a id="id2922242" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922242"></a>There are a lot of programs designed
+ to help you extract information from bibliography
+ databases, sort the entries, build subset-bibliographies
+ that contain only some of the entries from a larger
+ bibliography, and enter or edit information in an
+ existing or new database. A lot of these programs are
+ written in unix shell<a id="id2922253" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922253"></a> script languages and rely on
+ existing text-processing tools like <b>awk</b>,
+ <b>sed</b>, <b>sort</b>, and <b>grep</b>. Of course, many
+ of these text-processing tools have been ported to other
+ operating systems. Most of the utilities written in shell
+ script languages can be modified to work in other
+ environments by an ambitious individual.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922304"
+ name="id2922304"></a>bibsort</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>bibsort</b><a id="id2922318"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2922318"></a> shell script
+ reorders the entries in a bibliography database into
+ alphabetical order by entry key name. <tt>@string</tt>
+ commands are reordered by macro name. This program
+ cannot deal correctly with comments that appear outside
+ of an entry. These comments are always associated with
+ the preceding entry, which is frequently incorrect.</p>
+
+ <p>Consider carefully before you reorder the entries in
+ a database. BibTeX places some restrictions on the
+ available orderings. Cross references, for example,
+ must appear before the entry to which they refer.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922350"
+ name="id2922350"></a>biblook</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>biblook</b><a id="id2922362" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922362"></a> is an interactive program that
+ searches rapidly through a bibliography database for
+ key words in specified fields. Compound conditions
+ (using &#8220;and&#8221; and &#8220;or&#8221;) can be
+ specified. The entries located by a search can be saved
+ into a separate file.</p>
+
+ <p>To use <b>biblook</b>, you must preprocess the
+ database with <b>bibindex</b><a id="id2922400"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2922400"></a>, which builds a
+ binary index of the entries. Differences in case are
+ removed, TeX control sequences are stripped out, and
+ non-alphanumeric characters are removed. This increases
+ the likelihood of correct matches.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922415"
+ name="id2922415"></a>bibclean</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>bibclean</b><a id="id2922428" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922428"></a> is a syntax checker for
+ bibliography databases. Running <b>bibclean</b> before
+ using <b>bibsort</b>, <b>biblook</b>, or any other
+ programs described here can eliminate a lot of the
+ problems these programs may encounter. Although
+ bibliography databases are plain text files with a very
+ loose structure, some tools are more easily confused
+ than others.</p>
+
+ <p><b>bibclean</b> identifies possible problems in the
+ database and pretty-prints it in a standard way. The
+ following formatting changes are made by
+ <b>bibclean</b>:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>The structure of each database entry is made
+ consistent with respect to the following
+ criteria: the &#8220;@&#8221; sign that begins
+ the entry type is moved into column 1; each line
+ in the entry is changed to contain exactly one
+ &#8220;field = value&#8221; pair; and the closing
+ right brace is placed in column 1 on a line of
+ its own. Additionally, outer parentheses are
+ converted into braces; tabs are expanded into
+ blanks; hyphens in a sequence of pages are
+ converted into en-dashes; and month names are
+ converted into standard abbreviations.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Long string values are split at a blank and
+ continued on the following line. The continuation
+ lines are indented.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Individual names in the author and editor
+ fields are normalized. A single space is placed
+ after periods that separate initials, and all
+ entries are converted into &#8220;first-name
+ middle-name last-name&#8221; form (instead of
+ &#8220;last-name, first-name&#8221; form, for
+ example).</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The checksums of ISBN and ISSN numbers are
+ verified.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Uppercase letters that appear outside of
+ braces are enclosed in braces to prevent them
+ from being erroneously shifted to lowercase by
+ some bibliography styles.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Text outside of entries is not changed.
+ Entries are separated by a single blank line.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922594"
+ name="id2922594"></a>citetags</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2922602" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922602"></a>When documents must be transmitted
+ in &#8220;source&#8221; form (meaning that the actual
+ TeX files will be shipped around), it's generally
+ unnecessary to include entire bibliography databases.
+ In these cases, it would be more convenient to send
+ only the bibliography entries that are actually
+ used.</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>citetags</b> program extracts the citations
+ from an <tt>AUX</tt> file. This list of citations can
+ be passed to the <b>citefind</b> program to build a
+ small bibliography database of just the required
+ entries.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922652"
+ name="id2922652"></a>citefind</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>citefind</b><a id="id2922665" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922665"></a> processes a list of citations and
+ a list of bibliography databases and writes out a new
+ database containing just the entries required to match
+ the citations present. This provides a minimal database
+ that can be shipped with the document if the TeX files
+ must be processed on another computer.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922681"
+ name="id2922681"></a>bibextract</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <a id="id2922687" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922687"></a>
+
+ <p>Given a list of fields and values (specified as
+ regular expressions), <b>bibextract</b> creates a new
+ database containing only the entries that match one or
+ more of the specified values in one or more of the
+ specified fields. The necessary <tt>@string</tt> and
+ <tt>@preamble</tt> commands are also included in the
+ new database.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922726"
+ name="id2922726"></a>lookbibtex</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>lookbibtex</b><a id="id2922738" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922738"></a> offers the same features as
+ <b>bibextract</b>. However, <b>lookbibtex</b> is
+ written in <b>Perl</b> rather than a shell script
+ language.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922771"
+ name="id2922771"></a>bibdestringify</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>As the name implies, <b>bibdestringify</b><a
+ id="id2922786" class="indexterm" name="id2922786"></a>
+ replaces all <tt>@string</tt> macros in a database by
+ their textual expansions.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922804"
+ name="id2922804"></a>edb</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>edb</b><a id="id2922817" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922817"></a>, or the &#8220;Emacs
+ Database&#8221; is a powerful database programming
+ system built on top of GNU Emacs Lisp<a id="id2922831"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2922831"></a>. <b>edb</b> has
+ been used to write a database-editing mode for BibTeX
+ databases. It can be extended to handle new entry
+ types.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922854"
+ name="id2922854"></a>Emacs BibTeX mode</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>BibTeX mode<a id="id2922863" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922863"></a><a id="id2922876"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2922876"></a> is a mode for
+ editing BibTeX databases in emacs. It provides some
+ template expansion and alignment features, but is
+ essentially a text-editing mode (as opposed to
+ <b>edb</b>, which is specifically a database-entry
+ editor).</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922902"
+ name="id2922902"></a>bibview</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>bibview</b><a id="id2922915" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2922915"></a> is an X Window-based program for
+ editing bibliography databases. Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch12.html#fig.bib.bibview"
+ title="Figure&#160;12.1.&#160;Editing an article entry with \program{bibview}">
+ Figure&#160;12.1</a> shows an example of <b>bibview</b>
+ editing a database entry.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.bib.bibview" name="fig.bib.bibview"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;12.1.&#160;Editing an
+ article entry with \program{bibview}</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Unlike the <b>xbibtex</b> program, <b>bibview</b>
+ can handle optional and ignored fields in bibliography
+ entries. It does not handle new entry types.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2922989"
+ name="id2922989"></a>xbibtex</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>xbibtex</b><a id="id2923002" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923002"></a> is an X Window-based program for
+ creating bibliography databases. Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch12.html#fig.bib.xbibtex"
+ title="Figure&#160;12.2.&#160;Editing an article entry with \program{xbibtex}">
+ Figure&#160;12.2</a> shows an example of <b>xbibtex</b>
+ creating a bibliography entry.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.bib.xbibtex" name="fig.bib.xbibtex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;12.2.&#160;Editing an
+ article entry with \program{xbibtex}</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>It does not appear that <b>xbibtex</b> can edit
+ existing entries. It also does not handle unexpected
+ fields or new entry types.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2923067"
+ name="id2923067"></a>bibdb</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <b>bibdb</b><a id="id2923082" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923082"></a> program is an MS-DOS-based
+ bibliography database editor. The screen capture in
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch12.html#fig.bib.bibdb"
+ title="Figure&#160;12.3.&#160;Editing an article entry with \program{bibdb}">
+ Figure&#160;12.3</a> shows an example of <b>bibdb</b>
+ editing a bibliography entry. <b>bibdb</b> displays
+ only fields that have values.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.bib.bibdb" name="fig.bib.bibdb"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;12.3.&#160;Editing an
+ article entry with \program{bibdb}</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Although it does not handle arbitrary fields,
+ <b>bibdb</b> has a large selection of optional fields.
+ It does not handle new entry types.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2923157"
+ name="id2923157"></a>Tib</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Tib</b><a id="id2923170" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923170"></a> is another tool for maintaining
+ bibliography databases. The format of a <b>Tib</b> database
+ is the same as the format for the <b>troff</b> <b>refer</b>
+ processor.<sup>[<a id="id2923201" name="id2923201"
+ href="#ftn.id2923201">118</a>]</sup> An example entry for
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>The TeXbook</em></span> is shown
+ in Example&#160;<a href="ch12.html#ex.tibdb"
+ title="Example&#160;12.2.&#160;A Tib style database entry">Example&#160;12.2</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="example">
+ <a id="ex.tibdb" name="ex.tibdb"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Example&#160;12.2.&#160;A Tib style
+ database entry</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+
+
+
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Unlike BibTeX, which relies on the citation macros to
+ format citations correctly, <b>Tib</b> actually replaces
+ the citations<a id="id2923270" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923270"></a> with the appropriate information. In
+ other words, <b>Tib</b>-style citations are not control
+ sequences; they are just text strings. The <b>Tib</b>
+ processor creates an entirely new document file that should
+ be passed to TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>The general format of a <b>Tib</b> citation is
+ <tt>[.</tt><tt><i><tt>citation
+ key(s)</tt></i></tt><tt>.]</tt>. <b>Tib</b> databases do
+ not contain a key field; instead, the citation keys can
+ come from any fields in the database entry (you can exclude
+ some fields if you wish). The punctuation around citations
+ in square brackets is adjusted by <b>Tib</b>. An alternate
+ form of citation using angle brackets inserts a citation
+ without adjusting any of the surrounding punctuation.</p>
+
+ <p>The bibliography is inserted into your document wherever
+ the string &#8220;<tt>.[]</tt>&#8221; occurs at the
+ beginning of a line. Analogous to BibTeX, the format of the
+ reference list is controlled by a <b>Tib</b> style. Styles
+ for roughly fifteen technical journals are provided.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2923378"
+ name="id2923378"></a>Making Indexes</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Constructing an index<a id="id2923387" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923387"></a><a id="id2923394" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923394"></a> for a TeX document is relatively
+ straightforward. First, you must identify each occurrence
+ of each word or concept that you want indexed. To do this,
+ you must insert \index entries into your document.<sup>[<a
+ id="id2923416" name="id2923416"
+ href="#ftn.id2923416">119</a>]</sup> When you format your
+ document containing the index entries, an <tt>IDX</tt>
+ file<a id="id2923469" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923469"></a> is created that contains all of the
+ entries along with the page number where each entry
+ occurred.</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>MakeIndex</b><a id="id2923488" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923488"></a> program<sup>[<a id="id2923499"
+ name="id2923499" href="#ftn.id2923499">120</a>]</sup> reads
+ the <tt>IDX</tt> file, sorts and collates the entries, and
+ writes an <tt>IND</tt> file<a id="id2923532"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2923532"></a>. The
+ <b>MakeIndex</b> program can also load an index style file,
+ discussed in the next section.</p>
+
+ <p>When LaTeX processes your document, it inserts the
+ contents of the <tt>IND</tt> file into your document at the
+ point where you use the \printindex control sequence.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2923569"
+ name="id2923569"></a>Index Entries</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Index entries<a id="id2923578" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923578"></a><a id="id2923588" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923588"></a><a id="id2923598" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923598"></a> use special characters to identify
+ different types of entries (simple entries,
+ multiple-level entries, see-also's, etc.). The exact
+ characters used are controlled by the index style file,
+ and it may be convenient to select an alternate style.
+ For example, <b>MakeIndex</b> uses the double-quote
+ character by default to identify literal characters in
+ the index entry, but the German<a id="id2923626"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2923626"></a> Babel style makes
+ the literal double quote character a shortcut for the
+ umlaut accent; this use makes it unavailable as the
+ quotation character in index entries.</p>
+
+ <p>Another point to consider when coding index entries is
+ that the arguments to the index macros are expanded by
+ TeX. This makes it difficult to insert some control
+ sequences<a id="id2923644" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923644"></a> in an index entry (for example
+ <tt><a id="id2923661" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923661"></a></tt>). In LaTeX, you can combat
+ this problem by using the control sequence: <tt><a
+ id="id2923682" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923682"></a></tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>A complete list of the different kinds of index
+ entries that can be created is included in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>{MakeIndex: An Index Processor for
+ LaTeX}</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#ll:makeindex">ll:makeindex</a>].</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2923830"
+ name="id2923830"></a>Index Format</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The format of the index is controlled by both the index
+ style (which specifies whether or not headings should be
+ present, what the delimiters should be, etc.) and the
+ definition of several control sequences:<sup>[<a
+ id="id2923841" name="id2923841"
+ href="#ftn.id2923841">121</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term">\bs\texttt{theindex}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Controls what happens just before the index is
+ printed. This sequence should establish a new page,
+ set up running headers and footers, select multiple
+ columns, and do whatever other global setup is
+ desired.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">\bs\texttt{item}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Executed just before a first-level entry.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">\bs\texttt{subitem}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Executed just before a second-level entry.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span
+ class="term">\bs\texttt{subsubitem}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Executed just before a third-level entry.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span
+ class="term">\bs\texttt{indexspace}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Executed between alphabetical sections.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span
+ class="term">\bs\texttt{endtheindex}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Controls what happens just after the index is
+ printed. This sequence should undo anything that was
+ started by \theindex.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2923963"
+ name="id2923963"></a>Special-purpose styles</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>A number of styles have been written to allow you to
+ develop special-purpose indexes. <b>multind</b> and
+ <b>index</b> are described here.</p>
+
+ <p><tt>multind</tt> supports multiple indexes in a single
+ document.</p>
+
+ <p><tt>index</tt> is a reimplementation of the LaTeX
+ indexing commands. It stores index entries in the
+ <tt>AUX</tt> files so that portions of a document can be
+ reformatted without losing the entire index. It also
+ provides support for multiple indexes and replaces the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>makeidx</em></span> style
+ option.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2924031"
+ name="id2924031"></a>Making Glossaries</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2924039" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2924039"></a><a id="id2924046" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2924046"></a>The LaTeX command \glossary can be
+ used to accumulate words and concepts for a document
+ glossary. The output, stored in a <tt>GLO</tt> file<a
+ id="id2924076" class="indexterm" name="id2924076"></a>, is
+ very similar to an <tt>IDX</tt> file<a id="id2924094"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2924094"></a>. Like an index, the
+ glossary file can be processed by <b>MakeIndex</b><a
+ id="id2924109" class="indexterm" name="id2924109"></a> to
+ produce a sorted list of terms. To produce a glossary, you
+ must create an index style for the glossary. Here is a
+ minimal <tt>glossary.ist</tt>:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+keyword "\\glossaryentry"
+preamble "\n\\begin{theglossary}\n"
+postamble "\n\\end{theglossary}\n"
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The output file that <b>MakeIndex</b> creates will have
+ to be edited by hand, naturally, in order to incorporate
+ the definitions of the entries. You will also have to
+ define an appropriate glossary environment by defining the
+ control sequences<a id="id2924153" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2924153"></a> used to make the glossary:</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span
+ class="term">\bs\texttt{theglossary}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Controls what happens just before the glossary is
+ printed. This sequence should establish a new page,
+ set up running headers and footers, and do whatever
+ other global setup is desired.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">\bs\texttt{item}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Executed just before a glossary item.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span
+ class="term">\bs\texttt{endtheglossary}</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Controls what happens just after the glossary is
+ printed. This sequence should undo anything that was
+ started by \theglossary.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Finally, you will have to \input or \include the
+ glossary in your document.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2920553" name="ftn.id2920553"
+ href="#id2920553">115</a>]</sup> {For Plain TeX and other
+ formats derived from Plain, the <tt>btxmac.tex</tt>
+ macros provide these commands.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2921530" name="ftn.id2921530"
+ href="#id2921530">116</a>]</sup> {This example uses Plain
+ TeX syntax rather than a LaTeX <tt>\bs newcommand</tt>,
+ because BibTeX databases can be used from Plain TeX as
+ well as LaTeX.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2921744" name="ftn.id2921744"
+ href="#id2921744">117</a>]</sup> {A complete description
+ of BibTeX's programming language can be found in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>Designing BibTeX
+ Styles</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#op:btxhak">op:btxhak</a>].}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2923201" name="ftn.id2923201"
+ href="#id2923201">118</a>]</sup> {<span
+ class="emphasis"><em>refer</em></span> databases can
+ reportedly be converted to and from BibTeX format.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2923416" name="ftn.id2923416"
+ href="#id2923416">119</a>]</sup> {The format you use must
+ also provide support for indexing. In LaTeX<a
+ id="id2923420" class="indexterm" name="id2923420"></a>,
+ most of the support is built in, but you must use the
+ makeidx style option<a id="id2923437" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2923437"></a>. In Plain TeX and other
+ Plain-derived formats, input the <tt>idxmac.tex</tt>
+ macros at the top of your document. The rest of this
+ section assumes that you use LaTeX, although the
+ principles hold for any macro package that supports
+ indexing.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2923499" name="ftn.id2923499"
+ href="#id2923499">120</a>]</sup> {Frequently called
+ <tt>makeidx</tt> on MS-DOS systems.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2923841" name="ftn.id2923841"
+ href="#id2923841">121</a>]</sup> {In LaTeX, these control
+ sequences have default definitions that you may not need
+ to change.}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont"
+ href="ch11.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document"
+ href="pt02.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;Part&#160;III.&#160;A
+ Tools Overview</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch13.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch13.html
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch13.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2491 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial
+ Environments</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments"
+ href="ch14.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.freetex"
+ name="chap.freetex"></a>Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial
+ Environments</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2920434" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2920434"></a>This chapter offers an overview of
+ several common free and shareware TeX systems. If you notice
+ any conflicts between the information in this chapter and the
+ documentation that comes with the software, please consider
+ the documentation to be more accurate and up-to-date. I've
+ attempted to provide hints and practical suggestions, but
+ software installation is largely dependent on your system
+ configuration and the way you want to use TeX.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="free.web"
+ name="free.web"></a>Web2C</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2920341" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2920341"></a><a id="id2920347" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2920347"></a> The official sources for all of the
+ standard TeX programs are distributed in a format known as
+ \web.<sup>[<a id="id2920364" name="id2920364"
+ href="#ftn.id2920364">122</a>]</sup> \web is an
+ implementation of a programming style known as
+ &#8220;literate programming.&#8221; One central tenet of
+ literate programming is that source code and documentation
+ should be written in parallel. Literate programming
+ enforces this tenet by combining the two in a single file.
+ \web source files contain a mixture of source code and
+ documentation.</p>
+
+ <p>In \web files, the documentation is written in TeX, and
+ the source code is written in Pascal. (Other literate
+ programming environments use different documentation and
+ programming languages.) To print the documentation, a
+ special preprocessor called <b>weave</b><a id="id2920395"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2920395"></a> transforms the \web
+ source into a TeX document that can be formatted and
+ printed. Another preprocessor, called <b>tangle</b><a
+ id="id2924413" class="indexterm" name="id2924413"></a>,
+ transforms the \web source into a Pascal program that can
+ be compiled and executed.</p>
+
+ <p>In practice, it is far more likely that you have access
+ to a C compiler than to a Pascal compiler. This is where
+ <b>Web2C</b> comes in. <b>Web2C</b> is a special-purpose
+ Pascal-to-C translator that makes it possible to compile
+ and build the TeX sources in most unix environments (and
+ probably many other environments as well).</p>
+
+ <p>Karl Berry<a id="id2924450" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2924450"></a> maintains the <b>Web2C</b>
+ distribution. You can retrieve it from the CTAN archives in
+ the directory <tt>systems/unix/web2c</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>Preparing to build TeX with the <b>Web2C</b>
+ distribution is very straightforward. Unpack the archive
+ files, read the file named <tt>README</tt>, and follow the
+ instructions in the file named <tt>INSTALL</tt>. Many
+ people have built TeX using these sources. If you have
+ difficulty, readers of the <tt>Info-TeX</tt> mailing list<a
+ id="id2924515" class="indexterm" name="id2924515"></a> or
+ the <tt>comp.text.tex</tt> newsgroup<a id="id2924539"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2924539"></a> will almost
+ certainly be able to help.</p>
+
+ <p>In my experience, there are only two parts of the
+ installation that are likely to cause any difficulty:
+ compiling <tt>tangleboot.c</tt> and building the X Windows
+ support in MetaFont.</p>
+
+ <p>Because <b>tangle</b> is written in \web, there is an
+ obvious bootstrapping problem (how do you <b>tangle</b>
+ <tt>tangle.web</tt> in order to compile <b>tangle</b>?).
+ The <b>Web2C</b> distribution includes a small C program
+ called <tt>tangleboot.c</tt><a id="id2924617"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2924617"></a>, which overcomes
+ this hurdle. It's possible that getting
+ <tt>tangleboot.c</tt> to compile on your machine may
+ require some tinkering. I had this problem on one machine
+ with one release of <b>Web2C</b>. Subsequent releases of
+ <b>Web2C</b> seem to have corrected this problem (in my
+ case, at least).</p>
+
+ <p>Compiling X Window support for MetaFont has regularly
+ been a thornier problem. If you are not comfortable
+ programming in C, I cannot suggest a simple way to correct
+ these difficulties in the general case. (However, asking
+ for help in the appropriate newsgroups is very likely to
+ produce a solution for any particular problem.)</p>
+
+ <p>The most common errors that I've encountered in building
+ the X Windows support for MetaFont are conflicting
+ prototypes and type definitions. My solution to these
+ problems, inelegant though it may be, has generally been to
+ &#8220;correct&#8221; or remove the offending declarations
+ from the MetaFont sources. (Note: the X Window support is
+ written directly in C, not \web, so it is considerably
+ easier to edit.) In my experience, this has always been
+ successful, but your mileage may vary.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.emtex.testinstall"
+ name="sec.emtex.testinstall"></a>emTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2924692" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2924692"></a><a id="id2924702" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2924702"></a> The emTeX distribution is a very
+ complete, free distribution of TeX for MS-DOS and OS/2
+ systems. emTeX will run on any 80x86 processor, although
+ some of the larger, faster executables require at least a
+ 386. There is no single right way to install TeX, so what
+ follows is only one possible installation. This
+ installation uses the default directories and assumes a
+ single-user environment. Installing emTeX in a network
+ environment is mentioned briefly in &#8220;<span
+ class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch13.html#sec.netemtex"
+ title="Installing emTeX on a Network">the section called
+ &#8220;Installing emTeX on a
+ Network&#8221;</a></em></span>,&#8221; later in this
+ chapter. Incorporating the more recent, beta test versions
+ of emTeX is described in the section called \linebreak</p>
+
+ <p>&#8220;<a href="ch13.html#sec.betaemtex"
+ title="Environment variables">the section called
+ &#8220;Environment variables&#8221;</a>.&#8221; emTeX is
+ available on CTAN in the directory
+ <tt>systems/msdos/emtex</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>On the whole, the installation instructions for emTeX
+ are provided in the distribution. Begin by reading the
+ English or German versions of the documentation provided.
+ Additionally, you should read the DVI driver documentation
+ at least once. (It's quite long, and you may not remember
+ all of it after a single reading, but at least you'll have
+ a feel for what can be done.)</p>
+
+ <p>Table&#160;<a href="ch13.html#tab.emtexfilesum"
+ title="Table&#160;13.1.&#160;Summary of the \protect\emTeX Distribution">
+ Table&#160;13.1</a> summarizes the files in the
+ distribution. The standard emTeX distribution occupies six
+ high-density floppy disks. A complete installation requires
+ more than 12 megabytes of storage without fonts. You must
+ also get a set of fonts (available in font library format
+ for emTeX) or set up automatic font generation.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.emtexfilesum" name="tab.emtexfilesum"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;13.1.&#160;Summary of the
+ \protect\emTeX Distribution</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Summary of the \protect\emTeX Distribution"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="right" />
+ <col align="right" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">&#160;</th>
+
+ <th align="left">&#160;</th>
+
+ <th align="right">&#160;</th>
+
+ <th align="right">\multicolumn{1}{l}{\bf
+ Expanded}</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left"><span>\bf File</span></td>
+
+ <td align="left">\bf Abbreviated Contents</td>
+
+ <td align="right">\multicolumn{1}{l}{\bf Size}</td>
+
+ <td align="right">\multicolumn{1}{|l}{\bf
+ Size}</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it *.eng</td>
+
+ <td align="left">English documentation</td>
+
+ <td align="right">125Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">125Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it{}*.ger</td>
+
+ <td align="left">German documentation</td>
+
+ <td align="right">140Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">140Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it{}*.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Delete, remove, pkunzip</td>
+
+ <td align="right">227Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">227Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tex1.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">TeX executables, <tt>TFM</tt>s,
+ inputs</td>
+
+ <td align="right">368Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">645Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tex2.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Plain formats, more
+ <tt>TFM</tt>s</td>
+
+ <td align="right">262Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">403Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it blatex.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Big TeX LaTeX format</td>
+
+ <td align="right">227Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">494Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it latex1.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Documentation and formats</td>
+
+ <td align="right">243Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">393Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it latex2.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">LaTeX styles and
+ <tt>TFM</tt>s</td>
+
+ <td align="right">233Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">705Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it latexdoc.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">LaTeX style documentation</td>
+
+ <td align="right">110Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">315Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it makeindx.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><b>MakeIndex</b></td>
+
+ <td align="right">52Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">152Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pictex.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">PiCTeX macros</td>
+
+ <td align="right">43Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">144Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it texware.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><b>texchk</b>, <b>texconv</b>,
+ <b>maketcp</b>,</td>
+
+ <td align="right">265Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">433Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">TeXware</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvidrv1.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Driver configuration, batch,</td>
+
+ <td align="right">119Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">370Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it</td>
+
+ <td align="left">and setup files</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvidrv2.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Driver executables</td>
+
+ <td align="right">345Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">551Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvidrv3.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Preview executables</td>
+
+ <td align="right">293Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">506Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it texcad.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">TeXCad</td>
+
+ <td align="right">118Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">236Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it bmf1.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Big MetaFont</td>
+
+ <td align="right">261Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">472Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it mf1.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MetaFont executables</td>
+
+ <td align="right">245Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">398Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it mf2.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MetaFont sources,</td>
+
+ <td align="right">337Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">613Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it</td>
+
+ <td align="left">OS/2 executable</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it mf3.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MetaFont sources</td>
+
+ <td align="right">273Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">768Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it mfware1.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><tt>GF</tt> tools, <tt>PK</tt>
+ tools</td>
+
+ <td align="right">320Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">504Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it bibtex.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">BibTeX</td>
+
+ <td align="right">117Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">319Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it bmf2.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">OS/2 executable,</td>
+
+ <td align="right">266Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">564Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Big MetaFont bases</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it btex1.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Big TeX executables</td>
+
+ <td align="right">259Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">447Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it btex2.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Big TeX Plain format</td>
+
+ <td align="right">269Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">533Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it emsy.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Special fonts from emTeX</td>
+
+ <td align="right">8Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">11Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it mfware2.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><b>MFjob</b>, some more
+ inputs</td>
+
+ <td align="right">138Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">230Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it misc_mf.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Miscellaneous inputs</td>
+
+ <td align="right">36Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">130Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pkedit.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><b>PKEdit</b></td>
+
+ <td align="right">51Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">97Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvidrvma.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">DVI driver manual</td>
+
+ <td align="right">178Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">494Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it web.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\web tools</td>
+
+ <td align="right">128Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">252Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it g*.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">German versions of TeX</td>
+
+ <td align="right">800Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="right">1614Kb</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>For simplicity, the discussion that follows assumes that
+ you have enough disk space to install the entire 12Mb
+ distribution. If you can't get that much space (even
+ temporarily), you can perform the steps discussed in the
+ section &#8220;<a href="ch13.html#sec.emtex.smaller"
+ title="Installing Fonts">the section called
+ &#8220;Installing Fonts&#8221;</a>&#8221; as you
+ install.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2925718"
+ name="id2925718"></a>Where to Start</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Begin by reading the English (<tt>*.eng</tt>) or
+ German (<tt>*.ger</tt>) documentation files on the first
+ disk. Where there is disagreement between this book and
+ those files, believe the files---especially if a new
+ version of emTeX has been released.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2925747"
+ name="id2925747"></a>Unpacking the Archives</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The emTeX<a id="id2925756" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2925756"></a> distribution is a collection of
+ <tt>ZIP</tt> files spread over six disks. You must
+ install these files into your hard drive. If you have
+ more than one hard disk, you may install emTeX on any
+ drive you choose. Select one with more than 12Mb of free
+ space, at first. You can copy the files onto another
+ drive after you've deleted things that you don't
+ need.</p>
+
+ <p>All of the emTeX files are installed in a subdirectory
+ tree rooted at <tt>emtex</tt>. If you absolutely must use
+ a different subdirectory tree, unpack each archive file
+ into a temporary directory and then copy the files into
+ the subtree you want to use. You will have to do much
+ more extensive customization of the batch files and
+ configuration files before emTeX will work. That sort of
+ customization isn't described here in detail.</p>
+
+ <p>Make the root directory of the hard disk that you wish
+ to install onto the current directory, and then use the
+ <b>pkunzip</b><a id="id2925817" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2925817"></a> program distributed on the first
+ disk, or any later version of <b>pkunzip</b>, to unpack
+ each of the archive files. You can also use the
+ <b>Info-Zip</b><a id="id2925862" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2925862"></a> version of <b>unzip</b> (version
+ 5.0 or later) to unpack the archives. If you do not want
+ the German versions of the TeX macro files, do not bother
+ to unpack the <tt>lkurz.zip</tt> or <tt>g*.zip</tt> files
+ on disk six.</p>
+
+ <p>After you have unpacked the files, you will have a
+ directory tree rooted at <tt>\bs EMTEX</tt> containing
+ about 12Mb of files and the following additional
+ directories: <tt>bibinput</tt>, <tt>bmfbases</tt>,
+ <tt>btexfmts</tt>, <tt>doc</tt>, <tt>mfbases</tt>,
+ <tt>mfinput</tt>, <tt>MFjob</tt>, <tt>remove</tt>,
+ <tt>texfmts</tt>, <tt>texinput</tt>, and
+ <tt>tfm</tt>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2925984"
+ name="id2925984"></a>Setting Up the Environment</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <a id="id2925990" class="indexterm" name="id2925990"></a>
+
+ <p>A lot of information about where and how things are
+ installed for emTeX is stored in the \glo{environment}.
+ If you are unfamiliar with the DOS or OS/2 environment,
+ consult your operating system reference for more details.
+ In brief, the environment<a id="id2926007"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2926007"></a> is a collection
+ of named strings. For example, your <tt>PATH</tt> is in
+ the environment.</p>
+
+ <p>The emTeX distribution includes a batch file called
+ <tt>set-tex</tt><a id="id2926042" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2926042"></a>, which sets all of the environment
+ variables that emTeX uses. Edit this file and change all
+ references to C: to the drive where you installed emTeX.
+ If you installed emTeX on drive C:, you needn't change
+ anything. The section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch13.html#sec.emtex.basiccust"
+ title="Deleting extra documentation">the section called
+ &#8220;Deleting extra documentation&#8221;</a>&#8221;
+ later in this chapter describes the variables used by
+ emTeX in greater detail.</p>
+
+ <p>If you are using MS-DOS and haven't already made the
+ environment larger than its default size, you may need to
+ do so in order to use emTeX. Insert the following
+ command, or something like it, in your
+ <tt>CONFIG.SYS</tt> file:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+SHELL=C:\COMMAND.COM /P /E:1024
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This is very system-dependent. You will have to use
+ different settings if you keep <tt>COMMAND.COM</tt> in a
+ subdirectory or if you use a different command
+ processor.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2926107"
+ name="id2926107"></a>Testing the Installation</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2926114" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2926114"></a>After you have set up the
+ environment, make the <tt>emtex</tt> directory the
+ current directory and test TeX by typing:</p>
+
+ <div class="informalexample">
+<pre class="screen">
+C:\ttbackslash{}EMTEX&gt;{\bf tex}
+This is emTeX, Version 3.0 [3a] (no format preloaded)
+**{\bf \ttbackslash{}relax}
+
+*{\bf This is a test}
+
+*{\bf \ttbackslash{}bye}
+[1]
+Output written on texput.dvi (1 page, 224 bytes).
+Transcript written on texput.log.
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This will produce a small <tt>DVI</tt> file called
+ <tt>texput.dvi</tt><a id="id2926173" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2926173"></a>. Keep this file; you can use it in
+ a few minutes to test the previewer.</p>
+
+ <p>To test LaTeX, enter the command:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span class="bold"><b>tex &amp;lplain testpage</b></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>See the section &#8220;<a
+ href="ch03.html#sec.runtex.cmdcautions"
+ title="Command-line Options">the section called
+ &#8220;Command-line Options&#8221;</a>&#8221; in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a></em></span>,
+ for an explanation of some potential problems with using
+ the ampersand (&amp;) character on the command line.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.emtex.smaller"
+ name="sec.emtex.smaller"></a>Installing Fonts</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2926254" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2926254"></a><a id="id2926267" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2926267"></a>There are several sets of fonts
+ available for emTeX. You should select the set that is
+ appropriate for your printer. They are summarized in
+ Table&#160;<a href="ch13.html#tab.emtex.fontlibs"
+ title="Table&#160;13.2.&#160;Fonts Libraries Available for \protect\emTeX on CTAN">
+ Table&#160;13.2</a>. The CTAN directory
+ <tt>systems/msdos/emtex</tt> contains the libraries or
+ disks of libraries.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.emtex.fontlibs"
+ name="tab.emtex.fontlibs"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;13.2.&#160;Fonts
+ Libraries Available for \protect\emTeX on CTAN</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Fonts Libraries Available for \protect\emTeX on CTAN"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf CTAN Directory</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Resolution</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it fx_\,fonts</td>
+
+ <td align="left">240x216</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Epson FX series printers, Tandy
+ DMP-130 printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it fx_med_\,fonts</td>
+
+ <td align="left">240x144</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Epson FX series (for Windows
+ drivers)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it ito_\,fonts</td>
+
+ <td align="left">160x144</td>
+
+ <td align="left">C. ITOH 8510A printers</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it lj_\,fonts</td>
+
+ <td align="left">300x300</td>
+
+ <td align="left">300dpi Laser printers</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it p6h_\,fonts</td>
+
+ <td align="left">360x360</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Epson LQ series, NEC P6 \</td>
+
+ <td>P7, IBM Proprinter, and Panasonic KX-P1124
+ printers</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it p6m_\,fonts</td>
+
+ <td align="left">360x180</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Epson LQ series, NEC P6 \</td>
+
+ <td>P7, IBM Proprinter, and Panasonic KX-P1124
+ printers</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it p6l_\,fonts</td>
+
+ <td align="left">180x180</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Epson LQ series, NEC P6 \</td>
+
+ <td>P7, IBM Proprinter and Panasonic KX-P1124
+ printers</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it psfonts</td>
+
+ <td align="left">300x300</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Standard 35 PostScript
+ fonts</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Not every font set is appropriate for every model of
+ the series mentioned. If your printer isn't mentioned,
+ use the <b>dvidot</b><a id="id2926534" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2926534"></a> program included with emTeX to
+ generate an appropriate configuration file. Select the
+ font set with the same resolution as your printer.</p>
+
+ <p>The PostScript fonts included in the
+ <tt>psfonts</tt><a id="id2926555" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2926555"></a> libraries are suited primarily for
+ previewing. The quality of many of the fonts is
+ substandard. (They were generated from unhinted outlines
+ with <b>Ghostscript</b><a id="id2926572"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2926572"></a>.) A font
+ substitution file is provided for 300dpi, 180dpi, and
+ 360dpi printers.</p>
+
+ <p>Once you have retrieved the font libraries that you
+ need, unpack them (if they are in <tt>ZIP</tt> archives)
+ and place the <tt>FLI</tt> files in the <tt>\bs
+ TEXFONTS</tt> directory of the drive where you installed
+ emTeX. The amount of disk space required depends on the
+ font set that you install. It can be more than 5.5
+ megabytes. The section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch13.html#sec.emtex.autofont"
+ title="Running emTeX 386 in Windows">the section called
+ &#8220;Running emTeX 386 in Windows&#8221;</a>,&#8221;
+ later in this chapter, provides an overview of automatic
+ font generation under emTeX. This can save a considerable
+ amount of disk space.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2926632"
+ name="id2926632"></a>Testing font installation</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>After you have installed a font set, you should be
+ able to preview and print TeX documents. If you
+ followed the instructions in &#8220;<a
+ href="ch13.html#sec.emtex.testinstall"
+ title="emTeX">the section called
+ &#8220;emTeX&#8221;</a>,&#8221; earlier in this
+ chapter, you have two <tt>DVI</tt> files in your
+ <tt>\bs EMTEX</tt> directory.</p>
+
+ <p>First, figure out which configuration file is
+ appropriate for your installation. The table near the
+ top of <tt>dvidrv.doc</tt> in the emTeX documentation
+ directory should help you determine which one is
+ appropriate.</p>
+
+ <p>The default configuration file for previewing is the
+ LaserJet configuration. If you installed the LaserJet
+ fonts (<tt>lj\ttunder*.fli</tt>), you do not have to
+ change the previewer. Otherwise, edit the preview batch
+ file (<tt>v.bat</tt> for MS-DOS systems and
+ <tt>v.cmd</tt> for OS/2 systems) and change the
+ configuration file. The preview batch file looks like
+ this:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+@echo off
+dviscr @lj.cnf /ocr=1 /fl=-1
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The configuration file name is <tt>lj.cnf</tt>. If,
+ for example, you are using the Epson FX series printer
+ fonts, you would change this to <tt>fx.cnf</tt>:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+@echo off
+dviscr @fx.cnf /ocr=1 /fl=-1
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Now type <span class="bold"><b>v texput</b></span>
+ to preview the test file. Under OS/2, you should do
+ this from a full-screen session, not a windowed
+ session. You can type <span class="bold"><b>v
+ testpage</b></span> to preview the LaTeX test page, if
+ you created it.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2926788"
+ name="id2926788"></a>Making emTeX Smaller</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2926796" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2926796"></a>The complete distribution of emTeX
+ is much larger than the practical requirements. This
+ section discusses the pros and cons of deleting (or at
+ least archiving) parts of the emTeX distribution.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="sec.emtex.basiccust"
+ name="sec.emtex.basiccust"></a>Deleting extra
+ documentation</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The <tt>\bs emtex\bs doc</tt> directory contains two
+ complete sets of documentation, one in English and the
+ other in German. Delete the set that you do not need.
+ This will save about 500Kb.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2926842"
+ name="id2926842"></a>Deleting extra
+ executables</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>There are six versions of the TeX and MetaFont
+ executables in the emTeX distribution. You can probably
+ delete at least four from each. Follow these
+ guidelines:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>If you have a 80286 or larger processor,
+ delete the non-286 versions: <tt>btex.exe</tt>,
+ <tt>tex.exe</tt>, <tt>bmf.exe</tt>, and
+ <tt>mf.exe</tt>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>If you do not have OS/2, delete the OS/2
+ versions: <tt>btexp.exe</tt>, <tt>texp.exe</tt>,
+ <tt>bmfp.exe</tt>, and <tt>mfp.exe</tt>.
+ Conversely, if you have OS/2 and you are
+ satisfied that you will never want to run TeX or
+ MetaFont under DOS or Windows, delete the
+ non-OS/2 versions: <tt>btex286.exe</tt>,
+ <tt>tex286.exe</tt>, <tt>bmf286.exe</tt>,
+ <tt>mf286.exe</tt>, and the non-286 versions
+ listed above. If you need both, you'll have to
+ keep both around, of course.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Finally, if disk space is at a premium and/or
+ you have a fast computer, you may choose to
+ delete the small versions of TeX and MetaFont.
+ The small versions are faster than the big
+ versions, but large or complex documents and
+ fonts may require the big versions, so don't
+ delete them. If you want to delete the small
+ versions, delete <tt>tex.exe</tt>,
+ <tt>tex286.exe</tt>, <tt>mf.exe</tt>,
+ <tt>mf286.exe</tt>, <tt>texp.exe</tt>, and
+ <tt>mfp.exe</tt>. In this case you must keep at
+ least one of <tt>btex.exe</tt>,
+ <tt>btex286.exe</tt>, and <tt>btexp.exe</tt>
+ depending on your environment. Similarly, you
+ must keep at least one of the big \MF{}s. If
+ you've decided to delete the small versions, you
+ can also delete two directories:
+ <tt>emtex{\bs}mfbases</tt> and
+ <tt>emtex{\bs}texfmts</tt>. These contain the
+ format files and base files for the small
+ versions of TeX and MetaFont.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Suppose that you have a 80386 computer running
+ MS-DOS (not OS/2) and you are willing to sacrifice the
+ speed of the small versions of TeX and MetaFont. You
+ would keep the <tt>btex286.exe</tt> and
+ <tt>bmf286.exe</tt> executables and delete the rest
+ plus the formats and bases that you don't need, saving
+ 2704Kb. You can save an equivalent amount of space by
+ deleting the big 80286 versions and keeping the big
+ non-286 versions, or by deleting all of the non-OS/2
+ versions, depending on your environment.</p>
+
+ <p>Table&#160;<a href="ch13.html#tab.emtexotherex"
+ title="Table&#160;13.3.&#160;Other \protect\emTeX Executables">
+ Table&#160;13.3</a> summarizes the other executables in
+ the emTeX distribution. This will help you decide which
+ programs you need to keep. Programs that you don't feel
+ you need should probably be stored in archive files,
+ possibly on diskettes, in case you change your
+ mind.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.emtexotherex" name="tab.emtexotherex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;13.3.&#160;Other
+ \protect\emTeX Executables</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Other \protect\emTeX Executables"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="right" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Program</th>
+
+ <th align="right">\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{\bf
+ Size}</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it ask.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">6Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Prompts user in batch file,
+ only used by gh.bat</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it bibtex.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">94Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">BibTeX</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it chtopx.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">39Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Obsolete: converts
+ <tt>CHR</tt> files to <tt>PXL</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pxtoch.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">40Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Obsolete: converts
+ <tt>PXL</tt> files to <tt>CHR</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pxtopk.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">49Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Obsolete: converts
+ <tt>PXL</tt> files to <tt>PK</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvidot.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">129Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Dot matrix printer driver</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvihplj.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">134Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">HP LaserJet printer
+ driver</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it makedot.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">54Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Updates dot matrix printer
+ parameters</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvimsp.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">128Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>DVI</tt> files
+ into graphic images</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it fontlib.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">67Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Font library management</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it maketcp.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">28Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Change the TeX code page</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it MFjob.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">51Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MetaFont driver</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pcltomsp.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">56Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts HP LaserJet graphics
+ into <tt>MSP</tt> or <tt>PCX</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pkedit.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">94Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Edits <tt>PK</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pktopx.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">55Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>PK</tt> files to
+ <tt>PXL</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it texcad.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">79Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Interactive LaTeX drawing
+ tool</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it texchk.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">49Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Syntax checker for LaTeX</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it texconv.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">27Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts input files (see
+ &#8220;code pages&#8221;)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dviscr.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">215Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Previewer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dviscrs.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">164Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Previewer for small-memory
+ configurations</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvivik.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">142Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Previewer for Viking I
+ displays</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvitype.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">72Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Texware: shows <tt>DVI</tt>
+ file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pltotf.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">74Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Texware: converts <tt>PL</tt>
+ files to <tt>TFM</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tftopl.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">48Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Texware: converts <tt>TFM</tt>
+ files to <tt>PL</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it gftodvi.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">69Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Mfware: makes proof sheets for
+ a font</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it gftopk.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">53Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Mfware: converts <tt>GF</tt>
+ files to <tt>PK</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it gftopxl.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">59Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Mfware: converts <tt>GF</tt>
+ files to <tt>PXL</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it gftype.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">61Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Mfware: shows <tt>GF</tt>
+ file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it mft.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">55Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Mfware: pretty-prints
+ <tt>MF</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pktogf.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">47Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Mfware: converts <tt>PK</tt>
+ files to <tt>GF</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pktype.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">45Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Mfware: shows <tt>PK</tt>
+ file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it makeindx.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">102Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Builds indices for
+ documents</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pooltype.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">31Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Web: shows contents of pool
+ files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tangle.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">52Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Web: creates compilable
+ file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it weave.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">72Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Web: creates documentation
+ file</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it vftovp.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">69Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Virtual fonts: converts
+ <tt>VF</tt> files to <tt>VPL</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it vptovf.exe</td>
+
+ <td align="right">73Kb</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Virtual fonts: converts
+ <tt>VPL</tt> files to <tt>VF</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Deciding which programs to remove from the emTeX
+ directory depends, to a large extent, on how you use
+ TeX. If you haven't been using TeX for very long, try
+ to keep as many things as you can until you get a
+ better feel for what you'll be using. Save copies of
+ all the programs you delete on floppy disks so that
+ they are easy to get back. Here are some
+ suggestions:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Delete the previewer and printer drivers that
+ you don't need.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Delete obsolete programs unless you know you
+ need them.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Delete \web programs if you'll never be
+ compiling TeX yourself or reading TeX program
+ source code.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Delete <b>Mfware</b> programs if you won't be
+ doing a lot of work with fonts. Note: keep
+ <b>gftopk.exe</b> if you want to use automatic
+ font generation.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Delete <b>Texware</b> and <b>Virtual</b> font
+ programs if you won't be working with virtual
+ fonts. (You can probably delete
+ <b>dvitype.exe</b>, in any case).</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Delete <b>bibtex.exe</b> if you won't be
+ working with bibliographic databases.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Delete <b>makeindx.exe</b> if you won't be
+ working with indexes.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Delete <b>ask.exe</b> if you won't be using
+ <b>gh.bat</b>.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Next, figure out what batch files you'll be using
+ and delete (or archive) all the others. If you aren't
+ using OS/2, this includes all of the <tt>*.cmd</tt>
+ files.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2928261"
+ name="id2928261"></a>Deleting extra printer
+ drivers</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Read about the <b>dvidot</b><a id="id2928276"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2928276"></a> program for
+ printing to a dot matrix printer, if you have one. When
+ you figure out which of the <tt>DOT</tt> parameter
+ files you need, delete (or archive) the rest. Follow
+ these guidelines:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>If you don't have a Viking I display, delete
+ <b>dvivik.exe</b>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>If you don't have a laser printer, delete
+ <b>dvihplj.exe</b>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Delete <b>dviscrs.exe</b> if you have enough
+ memory to use <b>dviscr</b> instead. If you are
+ always going to use a Windows or OS/2 previewer,
+ you can delete <b>dviscr.exe</b> as well.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2928367"
+ name="id2928367"></a>Basic Customization</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2928375" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928375"></a>There are two ways to customize
+ emTeX. One way is to customize the environment variables
+ that emTeX uses; the other is to customize the
+ configuration files that emTeX uses for previewing and
+ printing (configuration files have no effect on TeX
+ itself).</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="sec.betaemtex"
+ name="sec.betaemtex"></a>Environment variables</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>There are thirteen environment variables<a
+ id="id2928409" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928409"></a><a id="id2928422"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2928422"></a> that emTeX
+ uses. For simplicity in the following discussion,
+ assume that emTeX is installed on drive C:. If it is
+ not, change <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>every</em></span> reference to C:
+ to the drive actually in use.</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>EMTEXDRV</tt><a
+ id="id2928458" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928458"></a> (Not set by
+ default)</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Special note: this variable will become
+ obsolete with the next release of emTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>This variable tells emTeX what drive to use
+ when searching for default paths. Although I
+ don't recommend it, if you use entirely standard
+ paths for your files, you can rely on the
+ compiled-in defaults in the emTeX
+ executables.<sup>[<a id="id2928486"
+ name="id2928486"
+ href="#ftn.id2928486">123</a>]</sup> The
+ <tt>EMTEXDRV</tt> environment variable should be
+ set to the single letter of the drive on which
+ these paths reside. For example, if you installed
+ emTeX on drive C: (in completely standard
+ directories), you could set
+ <tt><tt>EMTEXDRV</tt>=C</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>EMTEXDIR</tt><a
+ id="id2928532" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928532"></a> (Not set by
+ default)</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Special note: this is a new variable; it will
+ become available with the next release of emTeX.
+ <tt>EMTEXDIR</tt> replaces <tt>EMTEXDRV</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>This variable tells emTeX what path to use
+ when searching for default paths. The
+ <tt>EMTEXDIR</tt> environment variable should be
+ set to the root path where emTeX is installed
+ (for example, <tt>C:\EMTEX</tt>).</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>TEXINPUT</tt><a
+ id="id2928598" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928598"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Defines the directories that emTeX uses when
+ searching for TeX input files. You would
+ typically leave
+ <tt>C:{\bs}EMTEX{\bs}TEXINPUT</tt> in this path
+ and extend it with directories of your own in
+ place of <tt>C:{\bs}MYTEX</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>TEXFMT</tt><a
+ id="id2928651" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928651"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Specifies where small versions of TeX look for
+ format files. Typically you would leave this set
+ as it is and add new format files to that
+ directory. You do not have to set this variable
+ if you are not using the small versions of
+ TeX.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>BTEXFMT</tt><a
+ id="id2928691" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928691"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Specifies where large versions of TeX look for
+ format files. You will typically leave this set
+ as it is and add new format files to the
+ directory specified. If you do not use large
+ versions of TeX, you need not set this
+ variable.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>TEXTFM</tt><a
+ id="id2928731" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928731"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>TeX uses the directories stored in this
+ variable when searching for <tt>TFM</tt> files
+ for fonts used in your documents. If you install
+ new fonts, you should put the <tt>TFM</tt> files
+ for these fonts in their own directory and add
+ the name of that directory to the <tt>TEXTFM</tt>
+ path.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>MFINPUT</tt><a
+ id="id2928794" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928794"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The MetaFont program looks for input files in
+ this path. It is analogous to the
+ <tt>TEXINPUT</tt> variable. If you add new
+ MetaFont fonts to your system, for example, the
+ \AmS fonts, place them in a different directory
+ and add that directory to this path. If you do
+ not use MetaFont, you do not need this
+ variable.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>MFBAS</tt><a
+ id="id2928840" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928840"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Analogous to <tt>TEXFMT</tt>. Specifies where
+ small versions of MetaFont look for base files.
+ If you do not use MetaFont, you do not need this
+ variable.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>BMFBAS</tt><a
+ id="id2928882" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928882"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Analogous to <tt>BTEXFMT</tt>. Specifies where
+ large versions of MetaFont look for base files.
+ If you do not use MetaFont, you do not need this
+ variable.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>MFJOB</tt><a
+ id="id2928924" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928924"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Specifies where <b>MFjob</b> looks for input
+ files. If you are not using MetaFont or
+ <b>MFjob</b> for font generation, you do not need
+ this variable.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>BIBINPUT</tt><a
+ id="id2928976" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2928976"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Specifies where <b>bibtex</b> searches for
+ bibliography database files (<tt>BIB</tt> files).
+ Clearly, if you're not using BibTeX, you don't
+ need <tt>BIBINPUT</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>DVIDRVINPUT</tt><a
+ id="id2929034" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2929034"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This tells the emTeX DVI drivers where to
+ search for <tt>DVI</tt> files. In practice, I
+ simply set this to &#8220;<tt>.</tt>&#8221; so
+ that only the current directory is used. If you
+ find it convenient to search for <tt>DVI</tt>
+ files, by all means set it to an appropriate
+ path. The default path includes
+ <tt>C:{\bs}EMTEX{\bs}DOC</tt> so that it is easy
+ to preview or print the local guide.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>DVIDRVFONTS</tt><a
+ id="id2929109" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2929109"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>This tells the emTeX DVI drivers where to
+ search for fonts. The <tt>C:{\bs}TEXFONTS</tt>
+ directory is the default location for font
+ libraries. If other fonts are installed, it's
+ natural to include them in this path. For
+ example, preview versions of the PostScript fonts
+ are now available from CTAN in font library
+ format. If you install those libraries in
+ <tt>C:{\bs}PSFONTS</tt>, you should change the
+ <tt>DVIDRVFONTS</tt> environment variable to
+ include both paths.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>DVIDRVGRAPH</tt><a
+ id="id2929166" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2929166"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>The emTeX DVI drivers can incorporate
+ <tt>PCX</tt> and <tt>MSP</tt> graphics with a
+ \special command. The <tt>DVIDRVGRAPH</tt>
+ environment variable tells the drivers where to
+ look for the graphic files. The <tt>$r</tt>
+ portion of the path is replaced by the resolution
+ of the image required. For example, I set this to
+ <tt>C:{\bs}TEXGRAPH{\bs}GR\$r</tt> and put 300dpi
+ graphic images in
+ <tt>C:{\bs}TEXGRAPH{\bs}GR300</tt>, 420dpi images
+ in <tt>C:{\bs}TEXGRAPH{\bs}GR420</tt>, etc. The
+ default value of this variable is set so that the
+ local guide will print properly.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2929255"
+ name="id2929255"></a>Setting up configuration
+ files</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2929262" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2929262"></a>Configuration file options are
+ described completely in the DVI driver documentation
+ that accompanies emTeX. Read the English or German
+ versions of <tt>dvidrv.doc</tt> carefully. The
+ &#8220;out of the box&#8221; configuration is
+ sufficient for most uses, but specifying a new
+ configuration file is a convenient way to alter the
+ default size of the page in preview mode or set up
+ emTeX to print pages in &#8220;two-up&#8221; or
+ &#8220;four-up&#8221; variations (for printing
+ booklets, for example).</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2929307"
+ name="id2929307"></a>Installing the Beta Test
+ Versions of emTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>It has been several years since the standard
+ distribution of emTeX was assembled. In that time,
+ several other releases have been made. These are beta
+ test releases, but they are as rock-solid as the standard
+ distribution. Personally, I encourage you to install the
+ beta test versions, especially because they offer
+ features not found in the standard release.</p>
+
+ <p>The beta test versions are stored in a series of
+ <tt>ZIP</tt> files at CTAN in the directory
+ <tt>systems/msdos/emtex/betatest</tt>. Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch13.html#tab.emtex.betasummary"
+ title="Table&#160;13.4.&#160;The Beta Test Files for \protect\emTeX">
+ Table&#160;13.4</a> summarizes the files in the beta test
+ distribution.\footnote{As this chapter is being written,
+ Eberhard Mattes\index{Mattes, Eberhard} is working on a
+ new version of \emTeX. This new version will, at some
+ point, replace the existing beta test files, making this
+ section somewhat out of date. Use the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>READ.ME</em></span> files in the
+ actual distribution as the definitive source of
+ information.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.emtex.betasummary"
+ name="tab.emtex.betasummary"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;13.4.&#160;The Beta Test
+ Files for \protect\emTeX</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="The Beta Test Files for \protect\emTeX"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf File</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Contents</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it btexb8.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Big \TeX executables</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvidrv_1.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">New drivers and support
+ files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvispell.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\program{dvispell}</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it maketcp.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\program{maketcp}</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it mfb1.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\MF executables</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it MFjob11l.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\program{MFjob}</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it mfpm.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">OS/2 support for \MF
+ preview</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it pkeditpm.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">OS/2 PM version of
+ \program{PKEdit}</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tex386b8.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">386 version of \TeX</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it texb5.zip</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Small \TeX executables</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>To install the beta test versions, simply unpack the
+ archives into your <tt>\bs emtex</tt> directory,
+ replacing any existing files with the new versions. After
+ you have installed the beta test versions, you can repeat
+ the space-saving steps suggested earlier in this
+ chapter.</p>
+
+ <p>What are the advantages of the beta test versions?</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>Automatic font generation is supported. This
+ means that you do not need large font library
+ files.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The beta test versions are TeX version 3.141;
+ the standard distribution is the slightly older
+ version 3.0.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The beta test distribution includes a
+ 386-specific version of TeX, which is much faster
+ than other versions.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>For OS/2 users, a Presentation Manager
+ <tt>DVI</tt> previewer is provided.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.emtex.autofont"
+ name="sec.emtex.autofont"></a>Running emTeX 386 in
+ Windows</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2929644" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2929644"></a><a id="id2929656" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2929656"></a>The 386-specific version of TeX
+ provided by the beta test distributions of emTeX has some
+ compelling advantages over the other TeX executables:
+ it's a big TeX and it's fast. Unfortunately, it does not
+ run in Windows (or some other MS-DOS environments).</p>
+
+ <p>The problem is memory management. In order to be large
+ and fast, the <tt>tex386</tt><a id="id2929686"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2929686"></a> executable relies
+ on some advanced features of the 386 (and higher)
+ processors. These features are provided under MS-DOS by a
+ &#8220;DOS extender.&#8221; The DOS extender<a
+ id="id2929701" class="indexterm" name="id2929701"></a>
+ allows MS-DOS applications to use &#8220;protected
+ mode,&#8221; where they can address more than 640Kb of
+ memory. There are several competing standards for
+ protected mode memory management. <tt>emx</tt><a
+ id="id2929728" class="indexterm" name="id2929728"></a>,
+ the extender implemented in emTeX, is not compatible with
+ the DPMI standard used by Microsoft Windows and some
+ other MS-DOS extenders (for example, MS-DOS sessions
+ under OS/2).</p>
+
+ <p>Luckily, there is a freely available MS-DOS extender,
+ which is compatible with both DPMI and emTeX, the RSX
+ extender. Starting with version beta-11 of emTeX, the<a
+ id="id2929744" class="indexterm" name="id2929744"></a> is
+ very easy to use.<sup>[<a id="id2929756" name="id2929756"
+ href="#ftn.id2929756">124</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>There are two versions of the extender: <tt>rsx</tt><a
+ id="id2929798" class="indexterm" name="id2929798"></a>,
+ for use in MS-DOS with DPMI extenders<a id="id2929808"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2929808"></a>, and
+ <tt>rsxwin</tt><a id="id2929822" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2929822"></a>, for use in Windows. Both versions
+ are available on the CTAN archives in the directory
+ <tt>support/msdos/dpmi/rsx</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>To use the RSX extender in MS-DOS with <tt>tex386</tt>
+ version beta-11 or later, simply put <tt>rsx.exe</tt>
+ somewhere on your <tt>PATH</tt>. When emTeX discovers a
+ DPMI extender, it will use <tt>rsx</tt> instead of
+ <tt>emx</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>To use the RSX extender in Windows, you must modify
+ the command line that is executed to run <tt>tex386</tt>.
+ Where you currently use:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+<span class="emphasis"><em>d:{\bs}path1\bs</em></span>tex.exe <span
+class="emphasis"><em>options</em></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>you must now use:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+<span
+class="emphasis"><em>d:{\bs}path2\bs</em></span>rsxwin.exe -e <span
+class="emphasis"><em>d:\bs path1\bs</em></span>tex386.exe <span
+class="emphasis"><em>options</em></span>
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The <tt>rsxwin</tt> extender will set up an extender
+ for emTeX and then run TeX.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2929946"
+ name="id2929946"></a>Automatic Font Generation with
+ emTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="note"
+ style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
+ <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+
+ <p>Automatic font generation<a id="id2929960"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2929960"></a><a
+ id="id2929972" class="indexterm" name="id2929972"></a>
+ is not supported by the standard distribution of emTeX.
+ You must install the beta test versions to use
+ automatic font generation.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The new versions of the emTeX DVI drivers include a
+ program called <b>dvidrv</b><a id="id2930004"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2930004"></a>, which handles
+ automatic font generation. The <b>dvidrv</b> program runs
+ the driver and if the driver indicates that fonts are
+ missing, gives you the opportunity to use font
+ substitution or build new fonts. The <b>MFjob</b> program
+ is used to build the fonts. <b>MFjob</b> runs the
+ MetaFont and <b>GFtoPK</b> to produce and install the
+ necessary fonts. <b>MFjob</b> installs the <tt>PK</tt>
+ files into the first directory on the font path.</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>dvidrv</b> program can be replaced by a batch
+ file that can select an appropriate font-rendering
+ program (something other than MetaFont, for example) to
+ build the necessary fonts. This feature is only available
+ in the OS/2 versions of emTeX releases 1.4t and later.
+ The batch file in Example&#160;<a
+ href="apd.html#ex.dvidxx"
+ title="Example&#160;D.3.&#160;dvidxx.btm">Example&#160;D.3</a>
+ in Appendix&#160;<a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a></em></span>,
+ is a replacement for <b>dvidrv</b>. It uses
+ <b>ps2pk</b><a id="id2930120" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930120"></a> to make <tt>PK</tt> versions of
+ PostScript Type&#160;1 fonts if an appropriate
+ <tt>PFB</tt> file can be found. Otherwise, it calls
+ <b>MFjob</b> in the same way that <b>dvidrv</b> does.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.netemtex"
+ name="sec.netemtex"></a>Installing emTeX on a
+ Network</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Ordinarily, emTeX does not require write access to any
+ of its data files, so installation on a network<a
+ id="id2930180" class="indexterm" name="id2930180"></a> is
+ not a problem. The location of temporary files that must
+ be writable is controlled with environment variables. If
+ automatic font generation is being used, there are two
+ applicable cautions.</p>
+
+ <p>First, if you use the batch file approach to automatic
+ font generation in order to support different rendering
+ software, be aware that your batch file must handle the
+ fact that multiple files may be written to the same
+ directory from different users. Don't let filenames
+ collide.</p>
+
+ <p>Second, it is ideal if you can provide a single
+ world-writable location for automatically generated
+ fonts. If multiple users are working with similar
+ documents, each will not need private copies of the fonts
+ they require. If your networking software tracks the time
+ of last file access, you can determine which files to
+ delete from this global font area on a regular basis.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2930222"
+ name="id2930222"></a>texas</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>texas</b><a id="id2930235" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930235"></a> is a 32-bit MS-DOS version of TeX. It
+ is a big TeX. Unlike <b>tex386</b>, which comes with emTeX,
+ the <b>texas</b> executable uses a royalty-free, commercial
+ DOS extender. The advantage of this extender is that it can
+ run under Windows and other protected-mode environments
+ such as DESQview.</p>
+
+ <p>Before you install <b>texas</b>, you should get a
+ complete TeX system from some other location (emTeX or
+ gTeX, for example). The <b>texas</b> distribution does not
+ include anything other than the TeX executable and the
+ MS-DOS extender---no format files, no input files,
+ nothing.</p>
+
+ <p>The <span class="emphasis"><em>-i</em></span> switch
+ runs <b>texas</b> in iniTeX<a id="id2930301"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2930301"></a> mode. Using the
+ instructions from Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>,
+ you should be able to build new format files for use with
+ <b>texas</b> if you have another TeX distribution to work
+ from.</p>
+
+ <p><b>texas</b> uses the following environment <a
+ id="id2930352" class="indexterm" name="id2930352"></a><a
+ id="id2930362" class="indexterm" name="id2930362"></a>
+ variables:</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>TEXINPUTS</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p><a id="id2930395" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930395"></a>Defines the directories that
+ <b>texas</b> uses when searching for TeX input files.
+ You would typically leave the defaults in this path
+ and extend it with directories of your own in place
+ of <tt>C:{\bs}MYTEX</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>TEXFORMATS</tt><a
+ id="id2930448" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930448"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Specifies where <b>texas</b> looks for format
+ files. Typically you would leave this set as is and
+ add new format files to that directory.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>TEXFONTS</tt><a
+ id="id2930492" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930492"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>TeX uses the directories stored in this variable
+ when searching for <tt>TFM</tt> files for fonts used
+ in your documents. If you install new fonts, you
+ should put the <tt>TFM</tt> files in their own
+ directory and add the name of that directory to the
+ <tt>TEXFONTS</tt> path.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>TEXPOOL</tt><a
+ id="id2930555" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930555"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Specifies where <b>texas</b> looks for its pool
+ file. Unless you have installed <b>texas</b> in an
+ unusual way, you will not have to change this
+ setting.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>DOS4GVM</tt><a
+ id="id2930602" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930602"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p><b>texas</b> uses a DOS extender<a id="id2930630"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2930630"></a> to overcome
+ memory limitations under MS-DOS. If the extender runs
+ out of memory, it writes parts of the memory-image
+ that it is maintaining out to disk. This environment
+ variable specifies where that information should be
+ written. You do not usually need to change this
+ setting.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2930652"
+ name="id2930652"></a>sbTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>sbTeX<a id="id2930661" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930661"></a> is another MS-DOS implementation of
+ TeX. The <tt>sb38tex</tt><a id="id2930680"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2930680"></a> distribution
+ includes TeX and iniTeX executables, <tt>TFM</tt> files for
+ the Computer Modern Roman fonts, and TeX sources for the
+ Plain TeX format. This is TeX version 3.141. You will have
+ to get DVI drivers and other TeX tools from a different
+ package.</p>
+
+ <p>The <tt>sb32xet</tt><a id="id2930712" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930712"></a> distribution is \XeT version
+ 3.1.<sup>[<a id="id2930721" name="id2930721"
+ href="#ftn.id2930721">125</a>]</sup> The source files for
+ the \XeT <tt>nailp</tt> format are included, as well as the
+ supporting files for Hebrew.</p>
+
+ <p>The <tt>sbmf13</tt><a id="id2930746" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930746"></a> distribution is MetaFont version
+ 2.71. Only the sources for the Plain MetaFont base file are
+ provided. Like the sbTeX distribution, this is a very
+ minimal set of files. Only the <b>GFtoPK</b><a
+ id="id2930763" class="indexterm" name="id2930763"></a>
+ utility is included; all of the other MetaFont programs you
+ need will have to be obtained from another package.</p>
+
+ <p>The default directories for sbTeX are <tt>\bs TEX\bs
+ INPUTS</tt> for input files, <tt>\bs TEX\bs FORMATS</tt>
+ for format files, and <tt>{\bs TEX\bs FONTTFMS}</tt> for
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files. The default drive is C:, but that can
+ be changed with the <b>sb38set</b> program.</p>
+
+ <p>You can also modify these paths by setting the
+ <tt>TEXINPUTS</tt> environment variable<a id="id2930826"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2930826"></a><a id="id2930839"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2930839"></a> for input files,
+ the <tt>FMTSB</tt> environment variable for format files,
+ and the <tt>FONTTFMS</tt> environment variable for
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files. Additionally, sbTeX uses the
+ <tt>SBFTMP</tt> environment variable to determine where
+ temporary files should be located if font caching is
+ performed. Here is a more complete description of sbTeX's
+ environment variables:</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>TEXINPUTS</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p><a id="id2930903" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930903"></a>Defines the directories that
+ sbTeX uses when searching for TeX input files. You
+ would typically leave the defaults in this path and
+ extend it with directories of your own in place of
+ <tt>C:{\bs}MYTEX</tt>.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>FMTSB</tt><a id="id2930949"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2930949"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Specifies where sbTeX looks for format files.
+ Typically you would leave this set as it is and add
+ new format files to that directory.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>FONTTFMS</tt><a
+ id="id2930987" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2930987"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>TeX uses the directories stored in this variable
+ when searching for <tt>TFM</tt> files for fonts used
+ in your documents. If you install new fonts, you
+ should put the <tt>TFM</tt> files for these fonts in
+ their own directory and add the name of that
+ directory to the <tt>FONTTFMS</tt> path.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>SBFTMP</tt><a id="id2931046"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2931046"></a></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>When font-caching is enabled, sbTeX writes cached
+ information to disk when it runs out of memory. This
+ environment variable specifies where that information
+ should be written. You do not usually need to change
+ this setting.</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2931076"
+ name="id2931076"></a>gTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The gTeX<a id="id2931085" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931085"></a> package is distributed in two ways.
+ One way is intended to supplement (actually, replace part
+ of) the emTeX distribution. The advantage of gTeX
+ executables over emTeX is that they will run under Windows.
+ The 386 versions of emTeX executables will not run under
+ Windows. On the other hand, although gTeX will run in an
+ MS-DOS session under OS/2, only the emTeX executables will
+ actually run in a native OS/2 session. The other
+ distribution is a complete set of <tt>TFM</tt> files,
+ source, and input files for Plain TeX, LaTeX, and AMSTeX.
+ In either distribution, you must get DVI drivers and some
+ ancillary programs from another complete package (like
+ emTeX).</p>
+
+ <p>The following programs are included in the gTeX
+ distribution:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\begin{tabular}{lll}
+&amp;BibTeX; &amp; &lt;command&gt;GFtoPK&lt;/command&gt; &amp; &lt;command&gt;VFtoVP&lt;/command&gt; \\
+&lt;command&gt;DVItype&lt;/command&gt; &amp; &lt;command&gt;MFT&lt;/command&gt; &amp; &lt;command&gt;VPtoVF&lt;/command&gt; \\
+&lt;command&gt;DVIcopy&lt;/command&gt; &amp; &lt;command&gt;PKtoGF&lt;/command&gt; \ &amp; &lt;command&gt;MakeIndx&lt;/command&gt; \\
+&lt;command&gt;GFtoDVI&lt;/command&gt; \ &amp; &lt;command&gt;PKtype&lt;/command&gt; &amp; &amp;MF; \\[2pt]
+\multicolumn{3}{l}{\program{amSpell} (a third party spell-checker, not traditionally part of \TeX)}\\[2pt]
+\multicolumn{3}{l}{\program{MEwin} (an Emacs-like editor for Windows, also not traditionally part of \TeX)}\\
+\end{tabular}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The gTeX executables use the same environment
+ variables<a id="id2931134" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931134"></a><a id="id2931160" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931160"></a> as emTeX.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2920364" name="ftn.id2920364"
+ href="#id2920364">122</a>]</sup> {Hence the spider on the
+ cover, by the way.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2928486" name="ftn.id2928486"
+ href="#id2928486">123</a>]</sup> {One of the reasons I
+ don't recommend it is that it isn't easy to determine
+ precisely what the compiled-in defaults are, and they may
+ change without notice.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2929756" name="ftn.id2929756"
+ href="#id2929756">124</a>]</sup> {Earlier versions of
+ <tt>tex386.exe</tt> had the <tt>emx</tt> extender
+ &#8220;bound&#8221; into the executable, which made the
+ process more complicated. The <tt>emx</tt> extender had
+ to be unbound before the new one could be used.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2930721" name="ftn.id2930721"
+ href="#id2930721">125</a>]</sup> {\XeT is a variant of
+ TeX that can typeset in both left-to-right and
+ right-to-left modes.}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments"
+ href="ch14.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools
+ Overview&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
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+ <title>Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments</title>
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+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh" />
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+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
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+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments"
+ href="ch13.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
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+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.commercialtex"
+ name="chap.commercialtex"></a>Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial
+ Environments</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p>There are several commercial versions<a id="id2924356"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2924356"></a> of TeX on the market.
+ The advantage of commercial programs over free ones is that
+ they provide an automated installation procedure and some
+ level of technical support. There's no reason to believe that
+ a commercial implementation of TeX is necessarily better than
+ a free one (or vice versa, for that matter) because the
+ source code for TeX is in the public domain.</p>
+
+ <p>The following sections highlight several commercial
+ implementations of TeX.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.com.turbo" name="sec.com.turbo"></a>µTeX by
+ ArborText</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>ArborText<a id="id2924394" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2924394"></a> sells µTeX<a id="id2924249"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2924249"></a> for MS-DOS<a
+ id="id2924260" class="indexterm" name="id2924260"></a>
+ systems as well as an implementation of TeX for unix
+ workstations. The ArborText previewer and DVI driver
+ software are also available for both unix and MS-DOS
+ systems. The following discussion is based on experiences
+ with µTeX version 3.14B, the MS-DOS implementation of
+ ArborText's TeX package.</p>
+
+ <p>The µTeX package is a complete TeX implementation for
+ MS-DOS. The additional utilities, <b>PLtoTF</b><a
+ id="id2924296" class="indexterm" name="id2924296"></a>,
+ <b>TFtoPL</b><a id="id2924310" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2924310"></a>, and BibTeX<a id="id2924318"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2924318"></a>, are also included.
+ Neither MetaFont nor <b>MakeIndex</b> is provided.</p>
+
+ <p>The default installation of µTeX creates format files
+ for Plain TeX and LaTeX. To be as fast as possible, µTeX
+ creates executable versions of TeX for each of these
+ formats; these versions have the appropriate macro packages
+ preloaded into the executable. You can use the standard
+ notation to load alternate macro packages if you wish to
+ save disk space.</p>
+
+ <p>ArborText includes a lot of support for using TeX for
+ non-English documents<a id="id2931362" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931362"></a>. Several files of international
+ hyphenation patterns (English, French<a id="id2931375"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2931375"></a>, German<a
+ id="id2931383" class="indexterm" name="id2931383"></a>,
+ Dutch<a id="id2931392" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931392"></a>, and Portuguese<a id="id2931400"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2931400"></a>) are provided, as
+ well as reprints of the TUGboat articles describing new
+ features of TeX version 3.0 and virtual fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>Designed for an MS-DOS environment having only limited
+ memory, µTeX uses a swap file (potentially located in EMS<a
+ id="id2931415" class="indexterm" name="id2931415"></a> or
+ XMS memory<a id="id2931426" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931426"></a>) to process large files. Several
+ environment variables can be used to alter the size of
+ internal TeX data structures when a new format is being
+ produced. In terms of big and small versions, µTeX can be
+ configured either way. These choices are made when you
+ create the format file however, so you will need to use
+ iniTeX<a id="id2931434" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931434"></a> (included with µTeX) to make a
+ &#8220;bigger&#8221; TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>One of the most interesting features of µTeX is a
+ quick-and-dirty preview mode provided by the TeX
+ executable. After at least one page of your document has
+ been processed, you can switch to a preview mode and see
+ what the page looks like while TeX continues processing
+ your document. This previewer is not particularly
+ attractive, but it's quick and easy to use. No other
+ previewer is provided. ArborText sells a fully functional
+ previewer as a separate package.</p>
+
+ <p>To print your documents, you must purchase or obtain a
+ DVI driver separately. ArborText sells two drivers, one for
+ HP LaserJet printers and another for PostScript printers.
+ The µTeX distribution includes a complete set of
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files, but it does not include any <tt>PK</tt>
+ files.</p>
+
+ <p>The ArborText previewer is summarized in the section
+ called &#8220;<a href="ch09.html#sec.arb.preview"
+ title="TeX Preview">the section called &#8220;TeX
+ Preview&#8221;</a>&#8221; in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a></em></span>.
+ The ArborText printer drivers, <b>DVILASER/HP</b><a
+ id="id2931542" class="indexterm" name="id2931542"></a> and
+ <b>DVILASER/PS</b><a id="id2931556" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931556"></a>, are described in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2931589"
+ name="id2931589"></a>\yyTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\yyTeX<a id="id2931596" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931596"></a> is an MS-DOS<a id="id2931608"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2931608"></a> implementation of
+ TeX by Y&amp;Y Inc.<a id="id2931622" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931622"></a> (a 386 or higher processor is
+ required). \yyTeX is sold as a bundled package with
+ <b>DVIWindo</b><a id="id2931641" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931641"></a>, <b>dvipsone</b><a id="id2931655"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2931655"></a>,<sup>[<a
+ id="id2931663" name="id2931663"
+ href="#ftn.id2931663">126</a>]</sup> and a set of
+ PostScript fonts (either the Computer Modern fonts, the
+ Lucida Bright and Lucida New Math fonts, or the MathTime
+ fonts). The installation provides format files for Plain
+ TeX and LaTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>\yyTeX stands out among TeX systems because of its
+ memory management. Unlike other TeX systems, which exist in
+ big and small versions, all of \yyTeX's memory management
+ is dynamic. All of the buffers that TeX uses (main memory,
+ font memory, string memory, etc.) will expand to meet the
+ needs of the most complex documents you create. The memory
+ required for hyphenation patterns is dynamically allocated
+ as well, which means that you can construct multilingual
+ formats with as many sets of hyphenation patterns as you
+ need (multilingual formats are discussed in more detail in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">Chapter&#160;7</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">Chapter&#160;7</a></em></span>).
+ The advantage of dynamic memory management over a fast and
+ big TeX is that \yyTeX starts out small (big TeXs reserve a
+ large fixed amount of memory even when processing simple
+ jobs that don't require very much). In a multitasking
+ environment where several programs are competing for
+ memory, one large program can slow the progress of the
+ entire system. \yyTeX's memory manager supports XMS<a
+ id="id2931742" class="indexterm" name="id2931742"></a>,
+ VCPI<a id="id2931757" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931757"></a>, and DPMI<a id="id2931765"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2931765"></a>. This means that it
+ can run under MS-DOS with any of the common memory managers
+ and under Windows, Windows NT, and DOS sessions in OS/2<a
+ id="id2931776" class="indexterm" name="id2931776"></a><a
+ id="id2931789" class="indexterm" name="id2931789"></a><a
+ id="id2931802" class="indexterm" name="id2931802"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>\yyTeX has a couple of additional strengths for
+ multilingual use: it supports customizable input character
+ translation and more than 255 internal font numbers. Most
+ versions of TeX only support a maximum of 255 fonts in any
+ single document.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2931820"
+ name="id2931820"></a>Textures</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Textures</b><a id="id2931838" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931838"></a> is a commercial implementation of TeX
+ for the Macintosh<a id="id2931846" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931846"></a> distributed by Blue Sky Research<a
+ id="id2931862" class="indexterm" name="id2931862"></a>. It
+ is described fully in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch15.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch15.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2931894"
+ name="id2931894"></a>TurboTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TurboTeX<a id="id2931902" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931902"></a> is a complete TeX system for MS-DOS<a
+ id="id2931914" class="indexterm" name="id2931914"></a><a
+ id="id2931927" class="indexterm" name="id2931927"></a> with
+ full support for Microsoft Windows. It is distributed by
+ the Kinch Computer Company<a id="id2931943"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2931943"></a>. The programs
+ included in TurboTeX version 3.0 are shown in Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html#tab.turbotex"
+ title="Table&#160;14.1.&#160;TurboTeX Programs">Table&#160;14.1</a>.
+ The <b>dvideo</b> and <b>wdviwin</b> previewers are
+ described in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.turbotex" name="tab.turbotex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;14.1.&#160;TurboTeX
+ Programs</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="TurboTeX Programs" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col />
+ <col />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Program</th>
+
+ <th>Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>dvialw</tt><sup>[<a id="tab.turbotex.ftn"
+ name="tab.turbotex.ftn"
+ href="#ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn">a</a>]</sup></td>
+
+ <td>A PostScript DVI driver</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>dvideo</tt></td>
+
+ <td>An EGA (non-Windows) previewer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>wdviwin</tt></td>
+
+ <td>A Windows previewer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>dvielq</tt><sup>[<a
+ href="#ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn">a</a>]</sup></td>
+
+ <td>An Epson LQ driver</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>dvieps</tt><sup>[<a
+ href="#ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn">a</a>]</sup></td>
+
+ <td>An Epson/IBM graphics printer driver</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>dvijep</tt><sup>[<a
+ href="#ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn">a</a>]</sup></td>
+
+ <td>An HP LaserJet PLus/Series II driver</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>dvijet</tt><sup>[<a
+ href="#ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn">a</a>]</sup></td>
+
+ <td>An HP LaserJet/DeskJet driver</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>dvilj4</tt><sup>[<a
+ href="#ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn">a</a>]</sup></td>
+
+ <td>An HP LaserJet 4 driver</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>initex</tt><sup>[<a
+ href="#ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn">a</a>]</sup></td>
+
+ <td>iniTeX for building new format files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>latex</tt><sup>[<a
+ href="#ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn">a</a>]</sup></td>
+
+ <td>TeX with the LaTeX format preloaded</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>tex</tt><sup>[<a
+ href="#ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn">a</a>]</sup></td>
+
+ <td>TeX with the Plain format preloaded</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>texidx</tt></td>
+
+ <td>The GNU TeX indexing program</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>tif2hp</tt></td>
+
+ <td>Converts TIFF bitmapped graphics to HP LaserJet
+ bitmaps</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><tt>virtex</tt><sup>[<a
+ href="#ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn">a</a>]</sup></td>
+
+ <td>TeX with no format preloaded</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+
+ <tbody class="footnotes">
+ <tr>
+ <td colspan="2">
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn"
+ name="ftn.tab.turbotex.ftn"
+ href="#tab.turbotex.ftn">a</a>]</sup> Windows
+ version included.</p>
+ </div>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The Microsoft Windows version of TurboTeX is a superset
+ of the DOS version (you must install both, but you can
+ delete the non-Windows executable programs that have
+ Windows versions, if you wish).</p>
+
+ <p>TurboTeX includes a complete MetaFont distribution. In
+ addition to the programs shown in Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html#tab.turbomf"
+ title="Table&#160;14.2.&#160;Turbo\protect\TeX \protect\MF Programs">
+ Table&#160;14.2</a>, the complete sources for the Computer
+ Modern, LaTeX, and \AmS-fonts are also provided.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.turbomf" name="tab.turbomf"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Table&#160;14.2.&#160;Turbo\protect\TeX \protect\MF
+ Programs</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Turbo\protect\TeX \protect\MF Programs"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Program</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it gftodvi\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Creates proof sheets of MetaFont
+ characters</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it inimf</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MetaFont with no base file
+ preloaded</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it mfscript</td>
+
+ <td align="left">A script generator (for building
+ multiple fonts)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it mfcga</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MetaFont for CGA displays</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it mfhga</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MetaFont for Hercules
+ displays</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it gftopk\x</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>GF</tt> files to
+ <tt>PK</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>At the time of this writing, a new version of TurboTeX
+ is actively being developed. Unfortunately, it was not
+ available for review in time for this edition of <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>Making TeX Work</em></span>. The Kinch
+ Computer Company claims that the next release will include
+ a big TeX running under Windows 3.1/Win32s and Windows NT
+ as a native, protected-mode 32-bit application. A new
+ Windows previewer will also be available, and it takes
+ advantage of Windows &#8220;multiple document
+ interface&#8221; to preview multiple documents in the same
+ session. Kinch will also provide a set of the standard
+ Computer Modern Fonts in TrueType and Type 1 formats.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sec.pctex"
+ name="sec.pctex"></a>PCTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>PCTeX<a id="id2932539" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2932539"></a> is a complete TeX system for MS-DOS<a
+ id="id2932551" class="indexterm" name="id2932551"></a>
+ distributed by Personal TeX, Inc.<a id="id2932565"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2932565"></a> It is one of two
+ offerings from PTI. The version for Windows is described
+ later in this chapter.</p>
+
+ <p>PCTeX is sold in two configurations. The PCTeX Starter
+ System includes the latest releases of PCTeX and
+ PCTeX/386<a id="id2932582" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2932582"></a>, <b>PTI View</b><a id="id2932607"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2932607"></a> (for previewing),
+ one printer driver with the appropriate Computer Modern
+ fonts in <tt>PK</tt> format, <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>LaTeX For
+ Everyone</em></span>&#160;[<a
+ href="bi01.html#jh:latexforeveryone">jh:latexforeveryone</a>],
+ and the sources for Plain TeX, LaTeX, and AMSTeX. The PCTeX
+ Laser System includes Big PCTeX/386, LaserJet, LaserJet 4,
+ PostScript and DeskJet printer drivers (along with a
+ complete set of Computer Modern fonts in <tt>PK</tt> format
+ at 300dpi and 600dpi), and the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>PC TeX Manual</em></span>, in addition
+ to everything contained in the Starter System.</p>
+
+ <p>The discussion that follows is based on experiences with
+ the PCTeX Starter System with PCTeX version 3.14 and the
+ <b>PTI Laser/HP</b> DVI driver.</p>
+
+ <p>In addition to the TeX executables and macro packages
+ mentioned above, PCTeX includes these standard TeX
+ utilities: BibTeX<a id="id2932675" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2932675"></a>, <b>PLtoTF</b><a id="id2932694"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2932694"></a>, <b>TFtoPL</b><a
+ id="id2932708" class="indexterm" name="id2932708"></a>,
+ <b>PXtoPK</b><a id="id2932722" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2932722"></a>, and <b>PKtoPX</b><a id="id2932735"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2932735"></a>. It does not
+ include any of the other standard utilities or the
+ <b>MakeIndex</b> processor. MetaFont is available as a
+ separate package (although it is being discontinued, so it
+ may not be available for long).</p>
+
+ <p>Several additional features make PCTeX an attractive
+ commercial alternative:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>It uses a text-based &#8220;menu system&#8221; for
+ processing documents. This program makes the
+ edit/format/preview cycle a simple matter of
+ selecting the appropriate menu item. Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html#fig.pcmenu"
+ title="Figure&#160;14.1.&#160;The PCTeX menu system">Figure&#160;14.1</a>
+ shows this system in use.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.pcmenu" name="fig.pcmenu"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;14.1.&#160;The
+ PCTeX menu system</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Support is provided for Bitstream fonts<a
+ id="id2932819" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2932819"></a>. Bitstream<a id="id2932830"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2932830"></a> is a vendor
+ of high-quality scalable typefaces. The utilities
+ included with PCTeX allow you to create <tt>TFM</tt>
+ and <tt>PK</tt> files from Bitstream compressed
+ outline fonts.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>If you prepare multilingual documents, you'll
+ appreciate the attention they receive in the PCTeX
+ documentation. Although the ability to compose
+ multilingual documents is really a feature of TeX
+ version 3, not PCTeX in particular, PTI provides
+ step-by-step instructions for building a multilingual
+ format file. Support files for English, French<a
+ id="id2932869" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2932869"></a>, and Spanish<a id="id2932885"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2932885"></a> are
+ included.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>PTI's previewer, <b>PTI View</b>, is described in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a></em></span>.
+ The <b>PTI Laser/HP</b> and <b>PTI Laser/PS</b> printer
+ drivers are discussed in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a></em></span>.
+ Drivers for DeskJet and Epson printers are also
+ available.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.pctexforwin" name="sec.pctexforwin"></a>PCTeX
+ For Windows</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>PCTeX For Windows<a id="id2932979" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2932979"></a><a id="id2932991" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2932991"></a> is a new offering from Personal TeX,
+ Inc.<a id="id2933006" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2933006"></a> PCTeX For Windows is a superset of
+ Personal TeX's MS-DOS version of PCTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>This version of PCTeX is an integrated system with a
+ built-in editor (with complete on-line help), previewer,
+ and push-button access to PCTeX for composing your
+ documents. Figure&#160;<a href="ch14.html#fig.wpctex"
+ title="Figure&#160;14.2.&#160;PCTeX For Windows editing and previewing a LaTeX document">
+ Figure&#160;14.2</a> shows PCTeX For Windows in action.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.wpctex" name="fig.wpctex"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;14.2.&#160;PCTeX For
+ Windows editing and previewing a LaTeX document</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>PCTeX For Windows</b> includes a complete set of
+ Computer Modern and \AmS fonts in scalable TrueType format.
+ This allows PCTeX to print directly to any printer (or
+ other device) supported by Microsoft Windows. To provide
+ better access to other TrueType fonts that you may have
+ installed, PCTeX includes a <tt>TFM</tt> generator for
+ TrueType fonts. This generator is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html#fig.wpctextttotf"
+ title="Figure&#160;14.3.&#160;PCTeX For Windows TrueType font metric builder">
+ Figure&#160;14.3</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.wpctextttotf" name="fig.wpctextttotf"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;14.3.&#160;PCTeX For
+ Windows TrueType font metric builder</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Except for the <b>PXtoPK</b> and <b>PKtoPX</b>
+ utilities, <b>PCTeX For Windows</b> has all of the features
+ of the MS-DOS version of PCTeX.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2933148"
+ name="id2933148"></a>Scientific Word</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Scientific Word</b><a id="id2933161"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2933161"></a>, a commercial
+ package from TCI Software Research<a id="id2933174"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2933174"></a>, bridges the gap
+ between TeX and word processing by providing a more or less
+ WYSIWYG interface on top of TeX. <b>Scientific Word</b>
+ requires Microsoft Windows<a id="id2933192"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2933192"></a>. Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html#fig.sciword"
+ title="Figure&#160;14.4.&#160;Editing a document with Scientific Word ">
+ Figure&#160;14.4</a> shows a sample document being edited
+ by <b>Scientific Word</b>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.sciword" name="fig.sciword"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;14.4.&#160;Editing a
+ document with Scientific Word</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Scientific Word</b> is a powerful program that might
+ prove to be invaluable in some circumstances. An ideal
+ candidate for <b>Scientific Word</b> is someone with little
+ or no desire to learn TeX, but who wants professional
+ quality output for documents containing a lot of
+ mathematics. <b>Scientific Word</b> is not simply a fast,
+ interactive previewer; it really is a visual editor that
+ produces TeX code behind the scenes. You enter document
+ elements (even complex elements like mathematics) in an
+ interactive push-button fashion, and <b>Scientific Word</b>
+ translates it into the appropriate LaTeX input. This is
+ very different from Blue Sky Research's <b>Textures</b>
+ where the user types in TeX but has nearly instantaneous
+ feedback.</p>
+
+ <p>Unfortunately, the complexity of TeX vastly exceeds
+ <b>Scientific Word's</b> ability to act as a visual editor,
+ and this leads to a number of potentially confusing
+ discrepancies. For example, in a TeX document, the
+ \parindent and \parskip control sequences control the
+ indentation of the first line of a paragraph and the
+ distance between paragraphs. In <b>Scientific Word</b>, the
+ on-screen appearance of the document is controlled
+ separately. This difference is apparent in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html#fig.sciword"
+ title="Figure&#160;14.4.&#160;Editing a document with Scientific Word ">
+ Figure&#160;14.4</a>, where the paragraphs appear to be
+ indented with no additional space between them, and
+ Figure&#160;<a href="ch14.html#fig.commercial.swpreview"
+ title="Figure&#160;14.5.&#160;Preview of the Scientific Word document shown in Figure ">
+ Figure&#160;14.5</a> (the same document shown in the
+ previewer) where the paragraphs are not indented but have
+ additional space between them.</p>
+
+ <p>These discrepancies arise because <b>Scientific Word</b>
+ was designed with the same philosophy as LaTeX: separation
+ of content and form. The purpose of the <b>Scientific
+ Word</b> editor is to allow you to organize your thoughts
+ and perfect the content of your document. It is the job of
+ LaTeX, in conjunction with the document style options that
+ you select, to perfect the appearance of your document. The
+ display shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html#fig.sciword"
+ title="Figure&#160;14.4.&#160;Editing a document with Scientific Word ">
+ Figure&#160;14.4</a> is not incorrect in any way, it just
+ isn't WYSIWYG. TCI Research claims that &#8220;by going
+ beyond WYSIWYG, <b>Scientific Word</b> allows you to focus
+ on the creative process&#160;$&#8230;$ and not the layout
+ commands necessary to typeset [your document].&#8221;</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.commercial.swpreview"
+ name="fig.commercial.swpreview"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;14.5.&#160;Preview of the
+ Scientific Word document shown in Figure <a
+ href="ch14.html#fig.sciword"
+ title="Figure&#160;14.4.&#160;Editing a document with Scientific Word ">
+ Figure&#160;14.4</a></b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>When <b>Scientific Word</b> encounters TeX code that it
+ does not understand, it leaves a labelled grey box in the
+ display (you can see two such boxes above the chapter title
+ &#8220;Unsolved Problems&#8221; in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html#fig.sciword"
+ title="Figure&#160;14.4.&#160;Editing a document with Scientific Word ">
+ Figure&#160;14.4</a>).<sup>[<a id="id2933466"
+ name="id2933466" href="#ftn.id2933466">127</a>]</sup> This
+ means that you can edit all of the TeX code in your
+ document from within <b>Scientific Word</b>, and small
+ amounts of customization do not require abandoning the
+ program. The <b>Scientific Word</b> technical reference,
+ included online with the program, describes how you can
+ tailor <b>Scientific Word</b> to recognize many of your
+ customizations.</p>
+
+ <p>Behind the scenes, <b>Scientific Word</b> documents are
+ processed by a full-fledged TeX processor (TurboTeX<a
+ id="id2933511" class="indexterm" name="id2933511"></a> by
+ the Kinch Computer Company<a id="id2933524"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2933524"></a>). This includes
+ integrated document formatting and previewing under
+ Windows. Starting with version 1.1 of <b>Scientific
+ Word</b>, instructions are included to switch to a
+ different version of TeX, or different previewers and DVI
+ drivers, if you prefer.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2931663" name="ftn.id2931663"
+ href="#id2931663">126</a>]</sup> {<b>DVIWindo</b> is
+ described in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a>,
+ and <b>dvipsone</b> is described in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a>.}</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2933466" name="ftn.id2933466"
+ href="#id2933466">127</a>]</sup> {I forced the issue of
+ unrecognized control sequences by inserting \parskip and
+ \parindent control sequences into the body of the
+ document. They really belong in a document style
+ option.}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments"
+ href="ch13.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh"
+ href="ch15.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial
+ Environments&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch15.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch15.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..339ed29bd3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch15.html
@@ -0,0 +1,958 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch16.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments"
+ href="ch14.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities"
+ href="ch16.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.mac"
+ name="chap.mac"></a>Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the
+ Macintosh</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2931284" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931284"></a>For the most part, using TeX on the
+ Macintosh is like using TeX on any other system. Certainly,
+ the TeX documents that you edit are the same, and the output
+ (on paper) is the same as the output from any other version
+ of TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>However, because they are immersed in a consistent
+ graphical environment, Macintosh tools have a substantially
+ different appearance from their non-graphical
+ counterparts.<sup>[<a id="id2931310" name="id2931310"
+ href="#ftn.id2931310">128</a>]</sup></p>
+
+ <p>There are four implementations of TeX available for the
+ Macintosh. Of these four, one is commercial, two are
+ shareware, and one is (mostly) free. The following sections
+ present an overview of each implementation, in alphabetical
+ order.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.Excalibur"
+ name="sec.Excalibur"></a>CMacTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The CMacTeX<a id="id2931194" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931194"></a> package includes the most recent
+ versions of TeX and MetaFont and all of the standard tools.
+ A port of \dvips\index{dvips!for Macintosh} is also
+ included, as well as a <tt>DVI</tt> previewer and a
+ <b>PrintPS<a id="id2931222" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2931222"></a></b> tool for printing PostScript
+ files directly to a LaserWriter printer over AppleTalk.</p>
+
+ <p>Each utility is a straightforward port of its unix
+ counterpart. Command-line options have been replaced by
+ standard Mac dialog boxes and menus where appropriate. TeX
+ has been extended to include a built-in editor, although it
+ is not necessary to use that editor if you have another
+ favorite.</p>
+
+ <p>By design, CMacTeX is a very modular package. This makes
+ it easy to substitute different tools, or different ports
+ of the same tools, where it is advantageous to do so. For
+ example, you can use <b>MacGS<a id="id2931255"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2931255"></a></b><a
+ id="id2933708" class="indexterm" name="id2933708"></a> (a
+ Macintosh version of <b>Ghostscript</b>) as a previewer if
+ you like.</p>
+
+ <p>Small versions of TeX, iniTeX, MetaFont, and
+ <b>iniMF</b> are provided in the free distribution of
+ CMacTeX. Big versions are available only in a commercial
+ distribution purchased directly from the author. At the
+ time of this writing, the commercial distribution is
+ available on diskettes and via email. The commercial
+ version also provides fully automated font generation (see
+ &#8220;<a href="ch05.html#sec.autofont"
+ title="Automatic Font Generation by DVI Drivers">the
+ section called &#8220;Automatic Font Generation by DVI
+ Drivers&#8221;</a>&#8221; in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>)
+ and faster versions of TeX and MetaFont.</p>
+
+ <p>The configuration files<a id="id2933780"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2933780"></a> used by CMacTeX
+ resemble the environment variables used by implementations
+ of TeX on other systems. You can set up multiple search
+ folders for input files and fonts, for example, by
+ providing a list of folder names separated by colons.</p>
+
+ <p>Table&#160;<a href="ch15.html#tab.mac.cmacdist"
+ title="Table&#160;15.1.&#160;Summary of the \protect\cmactex Distribution at CTAN">
+ Table&#160;15.1</a> summarizes the CMacTeX version 2.1
+ distribution available on the CTAN archives (in
+ <tt>systems/mac/cmactex</tt>) as of July, 1993. The
+ top-level folders and their contents are presented, not a
+ list of the archive files that form the distribution.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.mac.cmacdist" name="tab.mac.cmacdist"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;15.1.&#160;Summary of the
+ \protect\cmactex Distribution at CTAN</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Summary of the \protect\cmactex Distribution at CTAN"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Folder</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it TeX</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Small versions of TeX</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it Metafont</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Small versions of MetaFont</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it view\</td>
+
+ <td align="left">print</td>
+
+ <td><tt>DVI</tt> previewer and <b>PrintPS</b></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvips5516</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Complete distribution of \dvips,
+ version 5.516.</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it Utilities</td>
+
+ <td align="left">All of the standard \texware and
+ \mfware utilities</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it ams</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Versions of AMSTeX and
+ AMSLaTeX</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it ams-pk</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\AmS-fonts in <tt>PK</tt>
+ format</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it ams-tfm</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><tt>TFM</tt> files for the
+ \AmS-fonts</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it amsfonts</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MetaFont sources for version 2.0
+ of the \AmS-fonts</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it tfms</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><tt>TFM</tt> files for the CMR and
+ LaTeX fonts</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it cmpk300</td>
+
+ <td align="left">The CMR fonts in <tt>PK</tt>
+ format</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it lpk300</td>
+
+ <td align="left">The LaTeX extensions to CMR in
+ <tt>PK</tt> format</td>
+
+ <td class="auto-generated">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The installation instructions for CMacTeX are easy to
+ understand, but you will have to configure CMacTeX before
+ you try to use it. Unfortunately, the default configuration
+ files do not reflect the layout of folders that results
+ directly from unpacking the archive files.</p>
+
+ <p>CMacTeX includes a prebuilt format file for Plain TeX,
+ but if you want to use LaTeX, you will have to build the
+ format file with iniTeX first.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2934116"
+ name="id2934116"></a>DirectTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>DirectTeX<a id="id2934125" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2934125"></a> <a id="id2934136" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2934136"></a> is a Macintosh Programmer's Workshop
+ (MPW)<a id="id2934152" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2934152"></a> based TeX package. It is distributed
+ in archive files containing eight disk images. You will
+ have to copy each disk image onto a diskette (using a tool
+ provided) before you can install DirectTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>Because I don't have access to a Mac with MPW installed,
+ there is very little that I can say about DirectTeX at this
+ point.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2934176"
+ name="id2934176"></a>OzTeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>OzTeX<a id="id2934185" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2934185"></a> is a complete TeX package that
+ includes an integrated <tt>DVI</tt> previewer. OzTeX can
+ print TeX <tt>DVI</tt> files directly to any printer
+ selected by the <b>Chooser<a id="id2934223"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2934223"></a></b>. Because OzTeX
+ does not include MetaFont, you may need to get from some
+ other source <tt>PK</tt> files at a resolution appropiate
+ for your printer. The standard OzTeX distribution includes
+ a complete set of <tt>PK</tt> files<a id="id2934253"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2934253"></a> for 300dpi and
+ 360dpi printers.</p>
+
+ <p>A default configuration file and a selection of
+ specialized configuration files for different printers and
+ environments are provided with OzTeX. The distinction
+ between big and small implementations of TeX has been
+ replaced by configurable memory limits<a id="id2934277"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2934277"></a>. With enough RAM
+ and appropriate configuration, you should be able to get
+ OzTeX to process any TeX file you give it.</p>
+
+ <p>OzTeX includes a simple text editor called
+ <b>$\Sigma$Edit<a id="id2934309" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2934309"></a></b>, but you can replace it with any
+ editor you choose. Table&#160;<a
+ href="ch15.html#tab.mac.oztexdist"
+ title="Table&#160;15.2.&#160;Summary of the \protect\oztex Distribution at CTAN">
+ Table&#160;15.2</a> summarizes the OzTeX version 1.5
+ distribution available on the CTAN archives (in
+ <tt>systems/mac/oztex</tt>) as of July, 1993. The top-level
+ folders and their contents are given, not a list of the
+ archive files that form the distribution.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.mac.oztexdist" name="tab.mac.oztexdist"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;15.2.&#160;Summary of the
+ \protect\oztex Distribution at CTAN</b></p>
+
+ <table
+ summary="Summary of the \protect\oztex Distribution at CTAN"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Folder</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Contents</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it Configs</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Configuration files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it TeX-formats</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Format files for Plain TeX and
+ LaTeX</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it TeX-fonts</td>
+
+ <td align="left"><tt>TFM</tt> files for CMR, LaTeX,
+ and PostScript fonts</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it Help-files</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Online help files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it PS-files</td>
+
+ <td align="left">PostScript sources for OzTeX's
+ PostScript built-in driver</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it TeX-docs</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Example TeX files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it LaTeX-docs</td>
+
+ <td align="left">LaTeX sources for a 26 page User's
+ Guide to OzTeX</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it $\Sigma$Edit</td>
+
+ <td align="left">A simple text editor desk
+ accessory</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it TeX-inputs</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Input files for Plain TeX and
+ LaTeX</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it PK-files</td>
+
+ <td align="left">A set of <tt>PK</tt> files for
+ 300dpi and 360dpi printers</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The OzTeX <tt>DVI</tt> printer recognizes \special
+ commands for inserting PICT<a id="id2934565"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2934565"></a>, PNTG<a
+ id="id2934574" class="indexterm" name="id2934574"></a>
+ (<b>MacPaint</b>), and EPSF<a id="id2934589"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2934589"></a> images into your
+ documents. Provision is also made for including raw
+ PostScript code if the selected printer is a PostScript<a
+ id="id2934601" class="indexterm" name="id2934601"></a>
+ printer.</p>
+
+ <p>OzTeX is a shareware program. If you continue to use it
+ after a reasonable trial period, you are expected to
+ purchase it.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2934618"
+ name="id2934618"></a>Textures</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Textures<a id="id2934631" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2934631"></a></b> is a commercial implementation of
+ TeX from Blue Sky Research<a id="id2934639"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2934639"></a>. It has a number of
+ features that make it unique in the TeX market. It is
+ supported by a complete user's guide and access to
+ telephone and email product support.</p>
+
+ <p>Textures supports an interactive preview mode called
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lightning</em></span> Textures<a
+ id="id2934662" class="indexterm" name="id2934662"></a><a
+ id="id2934669" class="indexterm" name="id2934669"></a>. It
+ is this feature that really sets Textures apart from other
+ implementations. In this mode, changes to your document are
+ reflected immediately in the preview window. In an
+ environment with sufficient resources (memory and
+ processing speed), the result is striking. Constructing
+ complex items like tables and mathematical formulae is much
+ easier, especially for the TeX novice, than using the
+ conventional edit, TeX, preview, debug cycle. Because the
+ log file is also visible, it's easy to see when you've
+ written erroneous TeX code.</p>
+
+ <p>Note that <span class="emphasis"><em>Lightning
+ Textures</em></span> is not really a WYSIWYG environment
+ (like <b>Scientific Word</b>, for example) because you
+ still enter regular TeX commands in a purely textual
+ fashion. You get immediate feedback in a different
+ window.</p>
+
+ <p>Textures is fast. Extensive instrumentation and
+ hand-tuning of the program has produced an executable that
+ is several (maybe many) times faster than other TeX
+ executables on similar hardware.</p>
+
+ <p>A complete set of Computer Modern Roman fonts is
+ provided in Adobe Type&#160;1 format. This means that any
+ font can be rendered at any size without loss of quality.
+ PostScript versions of the \AmS-fonts are also available.
+ The fonts can be purchased separately in either Macintosh
+ or Adobe <tt>PFB</tt> formats.</p>
+
+ <p>Textures is a very integrated environment. This can
+ hardly be labelled a disadvantage considering how well it
+ works, but it does mean that some extra effort is required
+ if you want access to your document in a less integrated
+ fashion. Using another editor to compose your document is
+ possible, but it prevents you from using <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>Lighting</em></span> Textures.
+ Starting with version 1.6, the Textures editor includes a
+ macro programming language, so you can customize it with
+ features that you find useful. Blue Sky Research provides
+ the tools you need to incorporate other fonts into TeX or
+ extract TeX files (like <tt>DVI</tt> files) that are
+ normally hidden from view by Textures.</p>
+
+ <p>Figure&#160;<a href="ch15.html#fig.mac.textures"
+ title="Figure&#160;15.1.&#160;Editing, previewing, and typesetting in Textures">
+ Figure&#160;15.1</a> shows an example of a Textures
+ session. The preview quality in this image is less than
+ optimal because the Macintosh that Textures is running on
+ does not have Adobe Type Manager.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.mac.textures" name="fig.mac.textures"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;15.1.&#160;Editing,
+ previewing, and typesetting in Textures</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Because the Computer Modern Roman fonts are included in
+ Adobe Type&#160;1 format, MetaFont is not provided in the
+ Textures package. Recently, BSR made their version of
+ MetaFont freely available. BSR's MetaFont was designed to
+ work with Textures, and creates output files that are
+ suitable for Textures, but not necessarily the standard
+ <tt>GF</tt> and <tt>TFM</tt> files you might expect. Those
+ files can be obtained elsewhere, of course.</p>
+
+ <p>The Textures package includes implementations of many
+ auxiliary TeX programs including BibTeX<a id="id2934846"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2934846"></a>, <b>MakeIndex<a
+ id="id2934864" class="indexterm" name="id2934864"></a></b>,
+ the <b>Excalibur<a id="id2934878" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2934878"></a></b> spellchecker (see the &#8220;<a
+ href="ch15.html#sec.Excalibur" title="CMacTeX">the section
+ called &#8220;CMacTeX&#8221;</a>&#8221; section later in
+ this chapter), a <b>DVITool<a id="id2934906"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2934906"></a></b> for importing
+ and exporting <tt>DVI</tt> files, and font tools for
+ importing and exporting fonts. (Because Textures doesn't
+ use <tt>PK</tt> files directly, the standard \mfware tools
+ are not provided.) The Textures font tools are freely
+ available from Blue Sky Research; see the &#8220;<a
+ href="ch15.html#sec.bsrtools" title="BSR Font Tools">the
+ section called &#8220;BSR Font Tools&#8221;</a>&#8221;
+ section later in this chapter. Textures also supports
+ virtual fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>Textures includes the Eplain<a id="id2934956"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2934956"></a> and Midnight<a
+ id="id2934964" class="indexterm" name="id2934964"></a>
+ macro packages in addition to Plain TeX and LaTeX. iniTeX
+ is built into Textures, so you can make additional format
+ files as described in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.
+ Making format files with Textures requires a Macintosh Plus
+ or other system with at least 1Mb of memory.</p>
+
+ <p>The Textures previewer and printing operations
+ understand bitmap or scalable (EPSF) pictures inserted into
+ your document with \special commands. Although not visible
+ on the previewer, raw PostScript can also be inserted for
+ documents printed on PostScript devices.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2935013"
+ name="id2935013"></a>Other Tools</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The following sections describe Macintosh versions of
+ other common tools. Some of these programs are unique to
+ the Mac, while others are ports of tools from other
+ systems.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2935026"
+ name="id2935026"></a>Alpha</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Alpha<a id="id2935040" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935040"></a></b> is a sophisticated shareware
+ editor for text files. <b>Alpha</b> uses <b>Tcl<a
+ id="id2935061" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935061"></a></b>, an interpreted C-like
+ language, as a macro programming language for extending
+ the editor. LaTeX support, which is written in
+ <b>Tcl</b>, is very complete. An example of the
+ <b>Alpha</b> editor is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch15.html#fig.mac.alpha"
+ title="Figure&#160;15.2.&#160;Alpha editing the fonts chapter from this book">
+ Figure&#160;15.2</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.mac.alpha" name="fig.mac.alpha"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;15.2.&#160;Alpha
+ editing the fonts chapter from this book</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2935128"
+ name="id2935128"></a>BBEdit</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>BBEdit<a id="id2935142" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935142"></a></b> is another shareware editor.
+ Like <b>Alpha</b>, it has a wide range of features
+ including a LaTeX-aware editing mode. An example of the
+ <b>BBEdit</b> editor is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch15.html#fig.mac.bbedit"
+ title="Figure&#160;15.3.&#160;\program{BBEdit} editing the fonts chapter from this book">
+ Figure&#160;15.3</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.mac.bbedit" name="fig.mac.bbedit"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Figure&#160;15.3.&#160;\program{BBEdit} editing the
+ fonts chapter from this book</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.bsrtools"
+ name="sec.bsrtools"></a>BSR Font Tools</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The Macintosh Programmer's Workshop (MPW)<a
+ id="id2935216" class="indexterm" name="id2935216"></a> is
+ required to use the Blue Sky Research Font Tools. These
+ tools were written for Textures users so that they could
+ make other fonts, like those created with MetaFont, for
+ example, usable in Textures. In practice however, they
+ create standard Macintosh font resources, so the
+ resulting fonts can be used by any Mac application.
+ Table&#160;<a href="ch15.html#tab.mac.bsrtools"
+ title="Table&#160;15.3.&#160;Font Tools in the BSR package">
+ Table&#160;15.3</a> describes the tools included in the
+ <b>BSR Font Tools<a id="id2935252" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935252"></a></b> package.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.mac.bsrtools" name="tab.mac.bsrtools"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;15.3.&#160;Font Tools in
+ the BSR package</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Font Tools in the BSR package"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Tool</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it GFtoPK</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts MetaFont <tt>GF</tt>
+ files into standard <tt>PK</tt> format</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it PKtoFOND</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Creates Mac FOND resource from
+ <tt>PK</tt> and <tt>TFM</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it TFMtoSuit</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Creates a font metrics
+ suitcase</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it NFNTcon</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Finds NFNT resource numbering
+ conflicts</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it TFtoPL</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Converts <tt>TFM</tt> files into
+ <tt>PL</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it PLtoTF</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Translates <tt>PL</tt> files
+ (back) into <tt>TFM</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2935468"
+ name="id2935468"></a>Excalibur</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>Excalibur<a id="id2935481" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935481"></a></b> is a spellchecker designed to
+ work with LaTeX documents. An example of <b>Excalibur</b>
+ is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch15.html#fig.mac.Excalibur"
+ title="Figure&#160;15.4.&#160;\program{Excalibur} spellchecking the fonts chapter from this book">
+ Figure&#160;15.4</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.mac.Excalibur" name="fig.mac.Excalibur"></a>
+
+ <p class="title">
+ <b>Figure&#160;15.4.&#160;\program{Excalibur}
+ spellchecking the fonts chapter from this book</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2935534"
+ name="id2935534"></a>HyperBibTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><a id="id2935542" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935542"></a>This is a hypercard stack for
+ maintaining bibliographic databases <a id="id2935554"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2935554"></a> <a id="id2935565"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2935565"></a> suitable for use
+ with BibTeX<a id="id2935577" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935577"></a>. BibTeX is described in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch12.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
+ Chapter&#160;12</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
+ href="ch12.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
+ Chapter&#160;12</a></em></span>. An example of
+ HyperBibTeX is shown in Figure&#160;<a
+ href="ch15.html#fig.mac.hyperbib"
+ title="Figure&#160;15.5.&#160;The \program{Hyper\BibTeX} view of a bibliographic database">
+ Figure&#160;15.5</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="figure">
+ <a id="fig.mac.hyperbib" name="fig.mac.hyperbib"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Figure&#160;15.5.&#160;The
+ \program{Hyper\BibTeX} view of a bibliographic
+ database</b></p>
+<pre class="screen">
+FIXME:
+</pre>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2935646"
+ name="id2935646"></a>MacGS</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>MacGS<a id="id2935659" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935659"></a></b> is a Macintosh port of GNU
+ <b>Ghostscript</b><a id="id2935673" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935673"></a>, described in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2935708"
+ name="id2935708"></a>dvidvi</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>dvidvi<a id="id2935720" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935720"></a></b> is a Macintosh port of the
+ <b>dvidvi</b> utility for rearranging pages in a
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2935748"
+ name="id2935748"></a>MacDVIcopy</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>MacDVIcopy<a id="id2935761" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935761"></a></b> is a port of the <b>DVICOPY<a
+ id="id2935775" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935775"></a></b> utility, which transforms
+ virtual font references in a <tt>DVI</tt> file into the
+ appropriate non-virtual fonts or commands. This allows
+ DVI drivers and previewers that lack support for virtual
+ fonts to preview documents that use them.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2935800"
+ name="id2935800"></a>MacBibTeX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>MacBibTeX<a id="id2935808" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935808"></a> is a port of the standard BibTeX
+ utility for accessing bibliographic databases in a
+ document. BibTeX is described in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch12.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
+ Chapter&#160;12</a>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2935830"
+ name="id2935830"></a>MacMakeIndex</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p><b>MacMakeIndex<a id="id2935843" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2935843"></a></b> is a port of the standard
+ <b>MakeIndex</b> for creating sorted, multilevel indexes
+ in a document. <b>MakeIndex</b> is described in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch12.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
+ Chapter&#160;12</a>.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="footnotes">
+ <br />
+ <hr width="100" align="left" />
+
+ <div class="footnote">
+ <p><sup>[<a id="ftn.id2931310" name="ftn.id2931310"
+ href="#id2931310">128</a>]</sup> {I'm not going to argue
+ about the relative merits of graphical and non-graphical
+ environments or particular implementations of graphical
+ environments. When all is said and done, the Mac <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> different. At least
+ today.}</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments"
+ href="ch14.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities"
+ href="ch16.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch16.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch16.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8ab8648ab09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/ch16.html
@@ -0,0 +1,1805 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="ch15.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh" />
+ <link rel="next" href="apa.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh"
+ href="ch15.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary"
+ href="apa.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="chapter">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="chap.utils"
+ name="chap.utils"></a>Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX
+ Utilities</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ <hr class="component-separator" />
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This chapter offers a brief summary of a large number of
+ TeX utilities (some more commonly used than others). Some of
+ these programs are mentioned elsewhere in this book in
+ connection with the particular tasks that they perform.</p>
+
+ <p>Although many programs are described in this chapter,
+ there is no way that it can be entirely complete. There are
+ just too many programs on CTAN for me to be familiar with
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> of them. This list
+ is representative of the collection of programs present in
+ the archives during the winter of 1993. Regrettably, programs
+ not documented in English are not included at this time. Take
+ the time to explore the CTAN archives yourself; you won't be
+ disappointed.</p>
+
+ <div class="sidebar">
+ <p class="title"><b>Use the Web, Luke!</b></p>
+
+ <p>One of the most convenient online tools for searching
+ the archives is the World Wide Web (WWW) interface
+ available at <tt>http://jasper.ora.com/ctan.html</tt>. The
+ WWW interface is constructed automatically from the most
+ recent list of files in the CTAN archives with annotations
+ taken from this chapter from the <tt>TeX-index</tt>, and
+ from the <tt>ctan.dat</tt> descriptions maintained by the
+ CTAN archivists.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This chapter attempts to describe only part of the
+ archives. Here are some of the things that are <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> described in this
+ chapter:</p>
+
+ <div class="itemizedlist">
+ <ul type="disc">
+ <li>
+ <p>The thirty or more packages in the
+ <tt>archive-tools</tt> directory. This directory
+ contains sources and executables for almost every
+ archiving tool imaginable. If you retrieve a file from
+ an FTP site and you don't have the tool necessary to
+ unpack it, you'll probably find it in here. You'll also
+ find other archive-related programs like an FTP server
+ and the <b>Gopher</b> sources.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Files from the <tt>digests</tt>,
+ <tt>documentation</tt>, and <tt>help</tt> directories.
+ These are collections of electronic digests, documents,
+ and articles that discuss aspects of TeX. They are
+ recommended reading.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Files from the <tt>fonts</tt> directory. These are
+ summarized in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Files from the <tt>languages</tt> directory. These
+ are summarized in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">
+ Chapter&#160;7</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
+ href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">
+ Chapter&#160;7</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The many special macro files in the <tt>macros</tt>
+ subtree. Many macro formats are described in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Architecture-specific applications from the
+ <tt>systems</tt> subtree. These include applications
+ for Amiga, Atari, Macintosh, MS-DOS, OS/2, unix, VMS,
+ and Xenix systems. The Common-TeX distribution is also
+ available under this directory, as well as the standard
+ TeX distributions by Knuth. archiving tool imaginable.
+ If you retrieve a file from an FTP site and you don't
+ have the tool necessary to unpack it, you'll probably
+ find it in here. You'll also find other archive-related
+ programs like an FTP server and the <b>Gopher</b>
+ sources.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Files from the <tt>digests</tt>,
+ <tt>documentation</tt>, and <tt>help</tt> directories.
+ These are collections of electronic digests, documents,
+ and articles that discuss aspects of TeX. They are
+ recommended reading.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Files from the <tt>fonts</tt> directory. These are
+ summarized in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>Files from the <tt>languages</tt> directory. These
+ are summarized in Chapter&#160;<a href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">
+ Chapter&#160;7</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
+ href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">
+ Chapter&#160;7</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <p>The many special macro files in the <tt>macros</tt>
+ subtree. Many macro formats are described in
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2936355"
+ name="id2936355"></a>List of Tools</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>These tools are available in the CTAN archives in the
+ directories specified. This list is sorted by CTAN path
+ name so that related utilities appear near each other.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bib2dvi}{bib2dvi}{sh}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bib2dvi}</p>
+
+ <p><b>bib2dvi</b> is a shell script that creates a
+ printable listing of an entire BibTeX database.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bibcard}{bibcard}{C}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibcard}</p>
+
+ <p><b>bibcard</b> is an X11 based database editor for
+ BibTeX databases. This is an OpenWindows application
+ requiring the <tt>xview</tt> and <tt>olgx</tt>
+ libraries.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bibclean}{bibclean}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibclean}</p>
+
+ <p><b>bibclean</b> syntax-checks and pretty-prints a BibTeX
+ database.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bibextract}{bibextract}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibextract}</p>
+
+ <p><b>bibextract</b> extracts bibliographic entries from a
+ list of BibTeX databases based upon a user-supplied regular
+ expression.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{citefind}{citefind}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibextract}</p>
+
+ <p><b>citefind</b> extracts bibliographic entries from a
+ list of BibTeX databases based upon a user-supplied list of
+ keys.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{citetags}{citetags}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibextract}</p>
+
+ <p><b>citetags</b> extracts citation tags from a list of
+ LaTeX source files. These tags can be fed to
+ <b>citefind</b> to produce a bibliography database
+ customized for a particular document.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bibindex}{bibindex}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibindex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>bibindex</b> creates a bibliographic index for the
+ <b>biblook</b> program.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{biblook}{biblook}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibindex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>biblook</b> uses a binary index constructed by
+ <b>bibindex</b> to perform very fast lookups into BibTeX
+ databases.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bibsort}{bibsort}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibsort}</p>
+
+ <p><b>bibsort</b> sorts a BibTeX database.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bibtool}{bibtool}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibtool}</p>
+
+ <p><b>bibtool</b> performs a number of operations on BibTeX
+ databases. It can pretty-print and syntax-check a database,
+ automatically build new keys, extract particular entries,
+ sort a database, and perform a number of other operations.
+ The operation of <b>bibtool</b> can be customized with one
+ or more resource files.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{aux2bib}{aux2bib}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibtools}</p>
+
+ <p><b>aux2bib</b> extracts citations from a LaTeX
+ <tt>AUX</tt> file and constructs a bibliography that
+ contains only the entries required by the document.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bibify}{bibify}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibtools}</p>
+
+ <p><b>bibify</b> attempts to generate an <tt>AUX</tt> file
+ that contains appropriate references for citations. This
+ eliminates one LaTeX pass over the document and may be much
+ faster for large documents. <b>bibify</b> cannot handle
+ documents that use multiple <tt>AUX</tt> files.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bibkey}{bibkey}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibtools}</p>
+
+ <p>Lists all entries in a BibTeX database that contain a
+ particular keyword in the keyword field.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{cleantex}{cleantex}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibtools}</p>
+
+ <p>Deletes temporary files (<tt>AUX</tt>, <tt>LOF</tt>,
+ etc.) created by LaTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{looktex}{looktex}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibtools}</p>
+
+ <p>Lists all BibTeX database entries that match a specified
+ regular expression.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{makebib}{makebib}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibtools}</p>
+
+ <p><b>makebib</b> creates a &#8220;portable&#8221; BibTeX
+ database by performing string substitutions, removing
+ comments, and optionally discarding all entries that do not
+ match a given list of keys.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{printbib}{printbib}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibtools}</p>
+
+ <p><b>printbib</b> creates a printable listing of an entire
+ BibTeX database. <b>printbib</b> is also available in the
+ <tt>biblio/bibtex/utils/printbib</tt> directory.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bibview}{bibview}{Perl}{biblio/bibtex/utils/bibview}</p>
+
+ <p><b>bibview</b> is an interactive Perl script that allows
+ you to view and search through a BibTeX database.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{HyperBibTeX}{HyperBibTeX}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/hyperbibtex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>HyperBibTeX</b> is a Macintosh tool for manipulating
+ BibTeX databases.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bibdestringify}{bibdestringify}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/lookbibtex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>bibdestringify</b> performs BibTeX string
+ substitution on a BibTeX database.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{lookbibtex}{lookbibtex}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/lookbibtex}</p>
+
+ <p>Lists all BibTeX database entries that match a specified
+ regular expression.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{r2bib}{r2bib}{C}{biblio/bibtex/utils/r2bib}</p>
+
+ <p><b>r2bib</b> converts <b>refer</b> databases into BibTeX
+ databases.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{ref2bib}{ref2bib}{Perl}{biblio/bibtex/utils/ref2bib}</p>
+
+ <p><b>ref2bib</b> converts <b>refer</b> databases into
+ BibTeX databases.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{xbibtex}{xbibtex}{}{biblio/bibtex/utils/xbibtex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>xbibtex</b> is an X11 program for manipulating BibTeX
+ databases.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Public Doman DVI Driver
+ Family}{*}{C}{dviware/beebe}</p>
+
+ <p>A collection of <tt>DVI</tt> drivers. This code has been
+ used as the basis for many other <tt>DVI</tt>-aware
+ programs. Table&#160;<a href="ch16.html#tab.util.beebedr"
+ title="Table&#160;16.1.&#160;The Public Doman DVI Driver Family">
+ Table&#160;16.1</a> summarizes the drivers included in this
+ package.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.util.beebedr" name="tab.util.beebedr"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;16.1.&#160;The Public
+ Doman DVI Driver Family</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="The Public Doman DVI Driver Family"
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Driver</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvialw</td>
+
+ <td align="left">PostScript (Apple LaserWriter
+ laser printer)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvibit</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Version 3.10 BBN BitGraph
+ terminal</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvica2</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Canon LBP-8 A2 laser printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvican</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Canon LBP-8 A2 laser printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvidjp</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Hewlett-Packard Desk Jet plus
+ (from LaserJet)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvie72</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Epson 9-pin family 240/216-dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvie72</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Epson 9-pin family 60/72-dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvieps</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Epson 9-pin family 240/216-dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvieps</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Epson 9-pin family 60/72-dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvigd</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Golden Dawn Golden Laser 100 laser
+ printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dviimp</td>
+
+ <td align="left">imPRESS (Imagen laser printer
+ family)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvijep</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Hewlett-Packard LaserJet Plus
+ laser printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvijet</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Hewlett-Packard 2686A Laser Jet
+ laser printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvil3p</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Digital LN03-PLUS 300 dpi laser
+ printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvil3p</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Digital LN03-PLUS 150 dpi laser
+ printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvil75</td>
+
+ <td align="left">DEC LA75 144h x 144v dot matrix
+ printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvil75</td>
+
+ <td align="left">DEC LA75 72h x 72v dot matrix
+ printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvim72</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Apple ImageWriter 144 dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvim72</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Apple ImageWriter 72 dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvimac</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Apple ImageWriter 144 dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvimac</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Apple ImageWriter 72 dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvimpi</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MPI Sprinter 144h x 144v dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvimpi</td>
+
+ <td align="left">MPI Sprinter 72h x 72v dot matrix
+ printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvio72</td>
+
+ <td align="left">OKIDATA Pacemark 2410 144 dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvio72</td>
+
+ <td align="left">OKIDATA Pacemark 2410 72 dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvioki</td>
+
+ <td align="left">OKIDATA Pacemark 2410 144 dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvioki</td>
+
+ <td align="left">OKIDATA Pacemark 2410 72 dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dviprx</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Printronix 300/600 60h x 72v dpi
+ dot matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it dvitos</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Toshiba P-1351 180h x 180v dpi dot
+ matrix printer</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\package{bitpxl}{bitpxl}{C}{dviware/bitpxl}</p>
+
+ <p>Converts HP LaserJet bitmaps into PXL files.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{cdvi}{cdvi}{}{dviware/cdvi}</p>
+
+ <p>MS-DOS <tt>DVI</tt> file previewer. Does not support
+ external fonts, but has 16 Computer Modern fonts built
+ in.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{Crudetype}{crudetype}{Web}{dviware/crudetype/version3}</p>
+
+ <p>A <tt>DVI</tt>-to-text translator. <b>Crudetype</b>
+ attempts to make a readable <tt>DVI</tt> file. An
+ interactive mode is available on some platforms. A
+ 132-column display is expected for most output.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVItoVDU}{dvgt, dvitovdu,
+ dvi2vdu}{C}{dviware/dvgt}</p>
+
+ <p><b>DVItoVDU</b> is a terminal previewer for <tt>DVI</tt>
+ files. The <b>dvgt</b> version supports graphics preview
+ using various graphics terminals and limited typeset
+ preview on other terminals such as the VT100 and VT220.
+ Tektronix emulation allows remote previewing of
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files through Telnet or using Kermit from a
+ PC, for example.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVI2PCL}{dvi2pcl}{C}{dviware/dvi2pcl}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates <tt>DVI</tt> files into HP LaserJet
+ format.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvi2ps}{}{C}{dviware/dvi2ps}</p>
+
+ <p>There are a number of translators called <b>dvi2ps</b>.
+ Some appear to be older <tt>DVI</tt> to PostScript
+ translators supporting the MIT <tt>printcap</tt> entries
+ and Apple LaserWriter printers, while others offer support
+ for Asian fonts compatible with the tools used by the
+ Japanese TeX User's Group and the <b>chfont</b> program,
+ better support for built-in printer features, and faster
+ execution.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{psdvi}{psdvi}{C}{dviware/dvi2ps/psdvi}</p>
+
+ <p>This program translates <tt>DVI</tt> files into
+ resolution-independent PostScript files. This allows the
+ PostScript output to be printed on high-resolution
+ phototypesetting equipment. Many other
+ <tt>DVI</tt>-to-PostScript converters assume that the
+ output resolution is 300dpi, which makes the PostScript
+ more difficult, or impossible, to print on high-resolution
+ devices.</p>
+
+ <p>Because bitmapped fonts are inherently
+ resolution-dependent, documents that use them cannot be
+ translated with this driver. This means that none of the
+ Computer Modern or \AmS fonts can be used unless you have
+ them in PostScript Type&#160;1 format.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVI2QMS}{dvi2qms}{C}{dviware/dvi2qms}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates <tt>DVI</tt> files into output suitable for
+ QMS 800/1200/2400 printers.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVI2TTY}{dvi2tty}{C}{dviware/dvi2tty}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates <tt>DVI</tt> files into plain ASCII text.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvi2xx}{dvilj2, dvilj2p, dvilj, dviljp,
+ dvi3812}{C}{dviware/dvi2xx}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates <tt>DVI</tt> files into output suitable for
+ the HP LaserJet family of printers and compatible printers.
+ It also supports output to the IBM 3812 printer. MS-DOS and
+ OS/2 executables are provided.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dviapollo}{dviapollo}{C}{dviware/dviapollo}</p>
+
+ <p>A screen previewer for Apollo workstations.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvibit}{dvibit}{C}{dviware/dvibit}</p>
+
+ <p>A screen previewer for BBN BitGraph terminals.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvibook}{dvibook}{C}{dviware/dvibook}</p>
+
+ <p>Rearranges <tt>DVI</tt> file pages into a sequence
+ suitable for printing and folding into a book. Actually, it
+ produces signatures, which are small groups of pages that
+ can be folded together. A signature is composed of several
+ folded pages; a book is composed of many signatures bound
+ together.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVIChk}{dvichk}{C}{dviware/dvichk}</p>
+
+ <p><b>DVIChk</b> examines a <tt>DVI</tt> file and prints
+ out the page numbers that occur in the document in the
+ order in which they occur. Pages in a <tt>DVI</tt> file do
+ not have to occur in any particular order.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVICOPY}{dvicopy}{Web}{dviware/dvicopy}</p>
+
+ <p>This program copies a <tt>DVI</tt> file that contains
+ references to virtual fonts and creates an equivalent
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file with all references to virtual fonts
+ translated into references to the appropriate non-virtual
+ fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVIDIS}{dvidis}{C}{dviware/dvidis}</p>
+
+ <p>A <tt>DVI</tt> file previewer for VaxStations running
+ VMS.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvidoc}{dvidoc}{C}{dviware/dvidoc}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates <tt>DVI</tt> files into plain ASCII. Although
+ it does not attempt to form the same page breaks, it does
+ claim to get the interword spacing correct.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVIDVI}{dvidvi}{C}{dviware/dvidvi}</p>
+
+ <p>Rearranges pages in a <tt>DVI</tt> file. The resulting
+ file is a new <tt>DVI</tt> file containing only the
+ selected pages. A Macintosh executable is available in
+ <tt>dviware/dvidvi/mac</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVIEW}{dview}{}{dviware/dview}</p>
+
+ <p>A very old previewer for MS-DOS. This program relies on
+ <tt>PXL</tt> files and requires the antique Almost Modern
+ fonts to print the user manual.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVIIMP}{dviimp}{Web}{dviware/dviimp}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates <tt>DVI</tt> files into a format suitable for
+ printing on an Imagen printer. This program reads
+ <tt>GF</tt> files rather than <tt>PK</tt> files.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvimerge}{dvimerge}{<span
+ class="emphasis"><em>sh</em></span>}{dviware/dvimerge}</p>
+
+ <p><b>dvimerge</b> is a shell script (written in <b>sh</b>)
+ that uses <b>dvidvi</b> and <b>dviconcat</b> to merge two
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files together.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVIMSWin}{dvimswin}{}{dviware/dvimswin}</p>
+
+ <p>A <tt>DVI</tt> previewer for MS-DOS running Windows 3.1.
+ This program uses <tt>PK</tt> fonts at screen resolution.
+ These can be generated by MetaFont or obtained from the
+ <b>dvivga</b> distribution.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvipage}{dvipage}{C}{dviware/dvipage}</p>
+
+ <p>A <tt>DVI</tt> previewer for workstations running
+ SunView version 3.0 or later.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvipj}{dvipj}{C}{dviware/dvipj}</p>
+
+ <p>This program is a modification of the <b>dvijet</b>
+ driver that supports color printing on the HP PaintJet
+ printer. To build this program, you need source from the
+ Public Doman DVI Driver Family.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvips}{afm2tfm, dvips}{C}{dviware/dvips}</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>dvips</b> program is the de facto standard
+ <tt>DVI</tt> to PostScript translator. Several versions are
+ available, although the most recent release seems to offer
+ a superset of the features provided by all the other
+ versions.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvipsk}{afm2tfm, dvipsk}{C}{dviware/dvipsk}</p>
+
+ <p><b>dvipsk</b> is a modification of <b>dvips</b> version
+ 5.516 that supports an extended path searching algorithm
+ for <tt>PK</tt> fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVISUN}{dvisun}{C}{dviware/dvisun}</p>
+
+ <p>A <tt>DVI</tt> previewer for Sun II terminals.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvitodvi}{dvitodvi}{C}{dviware/dvitodvi}</p>
+
+ <p>Rearranges pages in a <tt>DVI</tt> file, producing a new
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvitool}{dvitool}{C}{dviware/dvitool}</p>
+
+ <p>A <tt>DVI</tt> previewer for workstations running
+ SunView.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvitops}{psfont, pfbtops, aftopl,
+ dvitops}{C}{dviware/dvitops/dvitops}</p>
+
+ <p><b>dvitops</b> is a <tt>DVI</tt>-to-PostScript
+ translator. <b>psfont</b> can be used to download
+ PostScript fonts. <b>pfbtops</b> decodes printer font
+ binary files into printer font ASCII files. <b>aftopl</b>
+ builds a <tt>PL</tt> file from a PostScript <tt>AFM</tt>
+ file. <tt>PL</tt> files can be further translated into
+ <tt>TFM</tt> files with the standard <b>PLtoTF</b>
+ utility.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvitovdu}{dvitovdu}{C}{dviware/dvitovdu}</p>
+
+ <p>A <tt>DVI</tt> previewer for terminals. <b>dvitovdu</b>
+ handles plain ASCII terminals as well as some graphics
+ terminals. Includes VMS and unix ports.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvitovdu}{dvitovdu}{C}{dviware/dvitovdu32}</p>
+
+ <p>Another version of the <b>dvitovdu</b> <tt>DVI</tt>
+ previewer for terminals. <b>dvitovdu</b> handles plain
+ ASCII terminals as well as some graphics terminals. This
+ version seems to read only <tt>PXL</tt> files.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvitty}{dvitty}{Pascal}{dviware/dvitty}</p>
+
+ <p>A simple previewer for ASCII display of <tt>DVI</tt>
+ files.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVIVGA}{dvivga}{}{dviware/dvivga}</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>DVIVGA</b> distribution includes a program for
+ previewing <tt>DVI</tt> files on PCs with EGA, VGA, or MCGA
+ displays. <b>DVIVGA</b> is derived from the Public Doman
+ DVI Driver Family. \pagebreak The <b>DVIVGA</b>
+ distribution also includes a full set of <tt>PK</tt> fonts
+ at many resolutions: 70, 76, 84, 92, 100, 110, 121, 132,
+ 145, 174, 208, 250, and 300dpi. Other previewers that
+ require <tt>PK</tt> fonts at screen resolution (typically
+ near 100dpi) can also use these fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{DVIWIN}{dviwin}{}{dviware/dviwin}</p>
+
+ <p>A screen previewer for MS-DOS running Windows 3.1. This
+ program includes the ability to use emTeX <tt>FLI</tt> font
+ libraries.</p>
+
+ <p>\goodbreak
+ \package{eps}{eps}{C}{dviware/epson/eps-0.2}</p>
+
+ <p>Prints a <tt>DVI</tt> file on an Epson dot-matrix
+ printer. Some <tt>PK</tt> fonts at the appropriate
+ resolutions are included in
+ <tt>dviware/epson/epson</tt>.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{ivd2dvi}{ivd2dvi}{C}{dviware/ivd2dvi}</p>
+
+ <p>The TeX-\XeT driver produces <tt>IVD</tt> files, which
+ are like <tt>DVI</tt> files except that they use some
+ special commands to perform reflection, which allows them
+ to print <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>right-to-left</em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>This program translates an <tt>IVD</tt> file into a
+ standard <tt>DVI</tt> file by replacing all of the special
+ commands with standard <tt>DVI</tt> file commands.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvijep}{dvijep}{C}{dviware/kane}</p>
+
+ <p>Another <tt>DVI</tt>-to-HP LaserJet+ driver.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvijep\_p}{dvijep\_p}{C}{dviware/kane}</p>
+
+ <p>A modified version of <b>dvijep</b> with Centronics PP8
+ workarounds <span class="emphasis"><em>removed</em></span>
+ where they might confuse a real LaserJet+ printer.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dvi2kyo}{dvi2kyo}{C}{dviware/kyocera}</p>
+
+ <p>A <tt>DVI</tt> translator that produces Kyocera's native
+ Prescribe command language rather than relying on Kyocera's
+ somewhat limited HP LaserJet compatibility mode.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{kyodev}{kyodev}{C}{dviware/kyocera}</p>
+
+ <p>This DVI driver produces output in Kyocera's native
+ Prescribe format.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{dviplus}{dviplus}{Web}{dviware/laserjet}</p>
+
+ <p>An old <tt>DVI</tt>-to-HP LaserJet Plus translator that
+ uses <tt>PXL</tt> files.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{LN03 Driver}{ln03dvi}{C}{dviware/ln03}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates <tt>DVI</tt> files into a format suitable for
+ printing on a Digital LN03 printer.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PSPrint}{psprint}{Pascal}{dviware/psprint}</p>
+
+ <p>A PostScript printing program that can handle
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files, raw PostScript files, or text files.
+ This program is a combined <tt>DVI</tt>-to-PostScript
+ translator and file-printing utility.</p>
+
+ <p>unix and VMS sources are provided, but a Pascal compiler
+ is required.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{QMS}{dvilg8, dviqms12,
+ ddviqms8}{}{dviware/qms}</p>
+
+ <p>An old VMS <tt>DVI</tt> driver for QMS printers.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{QuicSpool}{pktoch, tfm2difont, tfm2ofont,
+ dumpdesc, cati}{C}{dviware/quicspool}</p>
+
+ <p>This is a collection of programs for printing files to
+ QMS and Talaris laser printers. Support for <tt>DVI</tt>
+ files is included.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{SCREENVIEW}{crude}{Web}{dviware/screenview}</p>
+
+ <p>A VMS tool based on <b>Crudetype</b> for previewing
+ <tt>DVI</tt> files at an ASCII terminal.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{See\protect\TeX}{xtex, texsun, texx, iptex,
+ mftops}{C}{dviware/seetex}</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>SeeTeX</b> package contains a number of tools for
+ working with <tt>DVI</tt> files. The most substantial of
+ these tools are the <b>xtex</b> and <b>texsun</b>
+ previewers for workstations running the X Window system and
+ the SunView window system, respectively.</p>
+
+ <p><b>xtex</b> is unique among X11 previewers because it
+ uses X Window fonts. This makes <b>xtex</b> quite fast. It
+ also means that <b>xtex</b> has to build a lot of new X
+ Window fonts the first few times that you use it. The
+ <b>mftops</b> program converts TeX <tt>PK</tt> fonts into X
+ Window fonts. <b>xtex</b> uses the <b>MakeTeXPK</b> program
+ to build new <tt>PK</tt> fonts at the necessary
+ resolutions. <b>xtex</b> also uses <b>Ghostscript</b> to
+ display the PostScript figures in your document. This is
+ typically much faster than using <b>GhostView</b> to
+ preview the entire document. The <b>texx</b> previewer is a
+ much simpler X Window previewer. It cannot interpret
+ PostScript, but it does recognize most of the <b>tpic</b>
+ specials. <b>SeeTeX</b> also includes <b>iptex</b>, an
+ Imagen printer driver.</p>
+
+ <p>\obsolete{symbolics}{symbolics}{}{dviware/symbolics}</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeX{}tool}{textool}{}{dviware/textool}</p>
+
+ <p>This is a TeX previewer for the SunView window
+ system.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{umddvi}{dvidmd, dvipr, dviselect,
+ iptex}{C}{dviware/umddvi}</p>
+
+ <p><b>dvidmd</b> is a <tt>DVI</tt> previewer for DMD 5620
+ displays. <b>dvipr</b> is a <tt>DVI</tt> driver for
+ Versatec printers. <b>iptex</b> is a <tt>DVI</tt> driver
+ for Imagen printers. Finally, <b>dviselect</b> extracts
+ pages from a <tt>DVI</tt> file and produces a new
+ <tt>DVI</tt> file containing the selected pages.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{VU\protect\TeX}{vutex}{Web}{dviware/vutex}</p>
+
+ <p>Another VMS <tt>DVI</tt> previewer for ASCII
+ terminals.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{xdvi}{xdvi}{C}{dviware/xdvi}</p>
+
+ <p>A screen previewer for workstations running the X11
+ Window System. MS-DOS executables, useful only if you have
+ an X11 Window system running on your PC, are available in
+ the <tt>dviware/xdvi-dos</tt> directory.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{xdvik}{xdvik}{C}{dviware/xdvik}</p>
+
+ <p><b>xdvik</b> is a modification of <b>xdvi</b> that
+ supports an extended path searching algorithm for
+ <tt>PK</tt> fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{bit2spr}{bit2spr}{C}{graphics/bit2spr}</p>
+
+ <p><b>bit2spr</b> converts X11 <tt>XBM</tt> bitmaps into a
+ &#8220;sprite&#8221; format that can be included directly
+ in TeX documents. The resulting sprites are fully portable,
+ although they require a lot of memory, which may make large
+ bitmaps impractical.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{bm2font}{bm2font}{C/Pascal}{graphics/bm2font}</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>bm2font</b> program converts bitmapped images
+ into TeX, <tt>TFM</tt>, and <tt>PK</tt> files.
+ <b>bm2font</b> also generates the Plain TeX or LaTeX
+ statements necessary to insert the figure into your
+ document. Color images can be dithered in a number of
+ different ways. This is one of the most portable ways to
+ insert pictures into a document; almost every available DVI
+ driver can print TeX <tt>PK</tt> fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{fig2MF}{fig2mf}{C}{graphics/fig2mf}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates Fig code into MetaFont source. This allows
+ you to use interactive drawing tools like <b>xfig</b> to
+ construct diagrams that can be included into your document
+ in a portable manner with <b>fig2MF</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{gnuplot}{gnuplot}{C}{graphics/gnuplot}</p>
+
+ <p><b>gnuplot</b> is an interactive function plotting
+ program. Several different types of output are supported
+ and can be included directly into your document.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{hpgl2ps}{hpgl2ps}{C}{graphics/hpgl2ps}</p>
+
+ <p>This program translates HPGL Plotter language commands
+ into encapsulated PostScript.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{mactotex}{mactotex}{C}{graphics/mactotex}</p>
+
+ <p>This program cleans up Macintosh PostScript so it can be
+ included into your documents with <b>psfig</b>. (Some
+ printers have difficulty printing PostScript output
+ generated on a Macintosh because the PostScript is tailored
+ towards the Apple LaserWriter series of printers.)</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MFPic}{mfpic}{C}{graphics/mfpic}</p>
+
+ <p><b>MFPic</b> is a flexible replacement for the LaTeX
+ <tt>picture</tt> environment. Instead of relying on special
+ fonts to generate pictures, <b>MFPic</b> writes MetaFont
+ code, which generates a font containing the picture
+ specified. This makes <b>MFPic</b> more flexible than the
+ standard <tt>picture</tt> environment without losing
+ portability.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{pbmtopk}{pbmtopk}{C}{graphics/pbmtopk}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates <tt>PBM</tt> files into TeX <tt>PK</tt>
+ fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PiCTeX}{pictex}{C}{graphics/pictex}</p>
+
+ <p>A sophisticated macro package that works on top of Plain
+ TeX and LaTeX. It provides a device-independent way of
+ producing many kinds of figures. The PiCTeX implementation
+ frequently generates documents that are too complex for
+ &#8220;small&#8221; versions of TeX to render. The PiCTeX
+ manual is not freely available and must be purchased before
+ PiCTeX can be used.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Glo+Index}{idxtex,
+ glotex}{C}{indexing/glo+index}</p>
+
+ <p>These are tools for automatic construction of indexes
+ and glossaries. The glossary building tool uses \glossary
+ entries from your document in conjunction with a database
+ of word definitions to automatically construct a glossary.
+ The <b>idxtex</b> program provides many of the same
+ features as the <b>MakeIndex</b> program.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MakeIndex}{makeindex,
+ makeindx}{C}{indexing/makeindex}</p>
+
+ <p>This is the standard tool for processing \index entries
+ from LaTeX documents. <b>MakeIndex</b> reads the entries,
+ sorts them, handles a number of useful features (multilevel
+ indexes, special sorting criteria, etc.) and produces LaTeX
+ source code, which produces a typeset index.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{RTF Translator}{rtf2text, rtf2troff,
+ *}{C++}{support/RTF-1_06a1}</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>RTF Translator</b> package includes several
+ programs for converting RTF (Rich Text Format) files. RTF
+ files contain information about the structure as well as
+ the content of a document. Microsoft Word and several NeXT
+ tools can produce RTF files.</p>
+
+ <p>Table&#160;<a href="ch16.html#tab.rtfxlate"
+ title="Table&#160;16.2.&#160;RTF Translators">Table&#160;16.2</a>
+ summarizes the translators provided. Note that there is no
+ TeX or LaTeX translator in this package at present.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.rtfxlate" name="tab.rtfxlate"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;16.2.&#160;RTF
+ Translators</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="RTF Translators" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Program</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Translation</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it rtf2null</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Removes RTF codes</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it rtf2text</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Translates to ASCII text</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it rtf2troff</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Translates to <b>ms</b> macros in
+ <b>troff</b></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it rtfwc</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Counts actual words in an RTF
+ document</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it rtfdiag</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Verifies the RTF parser (or the
+ RTF document)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it rtfskel</td>
+
+ <td align="left">A skeleton for producing new
+ translators</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>\package{accents}{accents}{Web}{support/accents}</p>
+
+ <p><b>accents</b> generates a virtual font containing
+ accented letters arranged according to the KOI8-CS
+ character set. This program constructs the accented letters
+ from characters and accent marks, if necessary. If the
+ input font is in Adobe Standard Encoding, <b>accents</b>
+ can rearrange it into TeX Text encoding.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{addindex}{addindex}{C}{support/addindex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>addindex</b> inserts LaTeX \index commands into your
+ document. Presented with a list of words and index entries,
+ <b>addindex</b> reads your LaTeX files and indexes every
+ word from the list that occurs in your document.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{amSpell}{amspell}{}{support/amspell}</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>amSpell</b> program is an interactive MS-DOS
+ spellchecker for plain ASCII and TeX documents.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{atops}{atops}{}{support/atops}</p>
+
+ <p>A simple program to convert ASCII text files into
+ PostScript.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\auctex}{}{elisp}{support/auctex}</p>
+
+ <p>A comprehensive TeX editing environment for GNU
+ emacs.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{basix}{basix}{tex}{support/basix}</p>
+
+ <p><b>basix</b> is a BASIC interpreter written entirely in
+ TeX. Honest. ;-)</p>
+
+ <p>\package{BibDB}{bibdb}{}{support/bibdb}</p>
+
+ <p>An MS-DOS program for editing BibTeX bibliographic
+ databases.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{brief_t}{}{}{support/brief_t}</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>brief_t</b> package is a LaTeX editing
+ environment for Borland International's <b>Brief</b>
+ editor.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{c++2latex}{c2latex,
+ c++2latex}{C}{support/c++2LaTeX-1_1}</p>
+
+ <p>This program parses your C or C++ programs and creates
+ LaTeX source code for pretty-printing them. The syntactic
+ elements of the source (keywords, identifiers, comments,
+ etc.) can be set in different fonts. Compiling this program
+ requires <b>flex</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{C2\LaTeX}{c2latex}{}{support/c2latex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>C2LaTeX</b> is a filter designed to provide simple
+ literate programming support for C programming. This filter
+ massages LaTeX-coded C comments and source code into a
+ LaTeX document.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{chi2tex}{chi2tex}{}{support/chi2tex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>chi2tex</b> is an MS-DOS program for converting
+ <b>ChiWriter</b> documents into TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{detex}{detex, texspell}{C}{support/detex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>detex</b> removes TeX control sequences from a
+ document. The <b>texspell</b> script pipes the resulting
+ output through a spell checker.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{bibtex-mode, web-mode}{bibtex-mode.el,
+ web-mode.el}{elisp}{support/emacs-modes}</p>
+
+ <p>GNU emacs macros that provide an enhanced editing
+ environment for BibTeX databases and <b>Web</b> source
+ files. Another substantial set of modes for editing LaTeX
+ documents is provided by aucTeX, listed separately.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{flow}{flow}{C}{support/flow}</p>
+
+ <p><b>flow</b> reads a plain text description of a flow
+ chart and produces the appropriate LaTeX <tt>picture</tt>
+ environment for printing the flow chart.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{byte2tex}{byte2tex}{C}{support/foreign/byte2tex}</p>
+
+ <p>A translator for multilingual documents that use the
+ upper range of the ASCII character set as a second
+ alphabet. The translation performed is controlled by a
+ plain text description of the alphabet. See also <b>EDI</b>
+ and <b>cyrlatex</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{cyrlatex}{cyrlatex}{tex}{support/foreign/cyrlatex}</p>
+
+ <p>A LaTeX style for using the \AmS Cyrillic fonts as a
+ second alphabet under LaTeX. See also <b>EDI</b> and
+ <b>byte2tex</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{EDI}{edi}{}{support/foreign/edi}</p>
+
+ <p>An MS-DOS editor for multilingual (particularly
+ Cyrillic) documents. <b>EDI</b> uses the upper range of the
+ ASCII character set as a programmable second alphabet. See
+ also <b>byte2tex</b> and <b>cyrlatex</b>. MS-DOS and Atari
+ executables are available.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{genfam}{genfam,
+ modern}{Perl}{support/genfam}</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>genfam</b> script reads a configuration file that
+ describes a set of fonts and then runs the appropriate
+ MetaFont commands to produce them. A sample configuration
+ file, <tt>modern</tt>, is provided for the Computer Modern
+ Roman family.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Ghostview}{ghostview}{C}{support/ghostview}</p>
+
+ <p><b>Ghostview</b> provides an interactive interface to
+ <b>Ghostscript</b>, the GNU PostScript interpreter.
+ <b>Ghostview</b> requires X11, but there are ports to
+ Microsoft Windows and OS/2.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Stanford
+ GraphBase}{}{CWeb}{support/graphbase}</p>
+
+ <p>This is a collection of <b>CWeb</b> programs for
+ studying combinatorial algorithms. It is related to TeX
+ only because <b>CWeb</b> files are part TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{HPTFM2PL}{hptfm2pl,
+ showsym}{}{support/hp2pl}</p>
+
+ <p>This program reads Hewlett-Packard Tagged Font Metric
+ files and creates TeX <tt>PL</tt> files. The <tt>PL</tt>
+ files can be further translated into TeX <tt>TFM</tt> files
+ with the standard utility <b>PLtoTF</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>Hewlett-Packard distributes metric information about
+ LaserJet built-in fonts and font cartridges in Tagged Font
+ Metric format, so this program gives you a way of getting
+ TeX metrics for those fonts. To actually use them, you must
+ have both the metrics and a DVI driver that can use
+ built-in fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{HP2\protect\TeX}{hp2tex,
+ hpopt}{}{support/hp2tex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>HP2TeX</b> translates HPGL files into TeX documents
+ that use the \special commands found in emTeX for drawing
+ lines at arbitrary angles. This makes diagrams in HPGL
+ format that use only straight lines printable directly with
+ TeX. See also <b>HP2XX</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{HP2XX}{hp2xx}{}{support/hp2xx}</p>
+
+ <p><b>HP2XX</b> converts HPGL diagrams into PostScript or
+ one of several bitmapped formats. It can also translate
+ some diagrams directly into TeX if \special commands are
+ available for drawing lines at any angle.</p>
+
+ <p>MS-DOS, Sparc, Convex 210, and HP9000 executables are
+ available. A Windows front-end is also available for
+ MS-DOS.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{HPtoMF}{hptomf}{}{support/hptomf}</p>
+
+ <p><b>HPtoMF</b> converts HPGL (Hewlett-Packard's plotter
+ language) into a variety of other vector and raster
+ formats.</p>
+
+ <p>\undescribed{HTML}{html}{}{support/html}</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{HTMLto\LaTeX}{html2latex}{}{support/html2latex}</p>
+
+ <p>This program converts HTML documents into LaTeX source
+ for printing.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Icons}{}{}{support/icons}</p>
+
+ <p>This is a collection of icons for TeX and MetaFont. They
+ were designed by Donald Knuth for OpenWindows and have
+ subsequently been translated into Microsoft Windows, OS/2,
+ and X11 XBM format.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Imake-\TeX}{imaketex}{}{support/imaketex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>Imake-TeX</b> helps you create an Imakefile for TeX
+ documents. Imakefiles are used to generate custom makefiles
+ for an application, in this case a LaTeX document.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{ispell}{ispell}{C}{support/ispell}</p>
+
+ <p>An interactive spellchecker. <b>ispell</b> is
+ intelligent about TeX documents and can handle languages
+ other than English. \editorial{there are two!}</p>
+
+ <p>\package{jspell}{jspell}{C}{support/jspell}</p>
+
+ <p><b>jspell</b> is an MS-DOS spellchecker. It includes
+ special support for TeX documents.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeX{}Tools}{textools}{}{support/kamal}</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>TeXTools</b> package includes several tools for
+ manipulating TeX documents. <b>detex</b> strips TeX
+ commands from a file. <b>texeqn</b> extracts displayed
+ equations from a document. <b>texexpand</b> merges
+ documents loaded with \input or \include into a single
+ file. <b>texmatch</b> checks for matching delimiters.
+ <b>texspell</b> uses <b>detex</b> to spellcheck the
+ filtered version of a document.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{LaCheck}{lacheck}{C}{support/lacheck}</p>
+
+ <p><b>LaCheck</b> reads a LaTeX document and reports any
+ syntax errors it finds. This is faster than running the
+ document through TeX if you are only interested in finding
+ TeXnical mistakes.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{\LaTeX2HTML}{latex2html}{}{support/latex2html}</p>
+
+ <p>Converts LaTeX documents into HTML documents, suitable
+ for browsing with a WWW browser. Many complex document
+ elements are handled automatically.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\LaTeX{}Mk}{latexmk}{}{support/latexmk}</p>
+
+ <p>LaTeXMk is a <b>Perl</b> script that attempts to
+ determine what operations need to be performed on a
+ document to produce a complete <tt>DVI</tt> file. LaTeXMk
+ runs LaTeX, BibTeX, etc. until a complete document has been
+ built.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{lgrind}{lgrind}{}{support/lgrind}</p>
+
+ <p><b>lgrind</b> formats program sources using LaTeX.
+ Syntactic elements are identified by typographic changes in
+ the printed sources.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{LSEdit}{}{}{support/lsedit}</p>
+
+ <p>This is an add-on package for the VAX/VMS Language
+ Sensitive Editor (<b>LSEDI</b>). It provides an editing
+ environment for LaTeX documents.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{make\_\hskip.25pt
+ latex}{make\_latex}{}{support/make\_latex}</p>
+
+ <p>Provides a set of <b>make</b> rules for LaTeX
+ documents.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MakeProg}{makeprog}{Web}{support/makeprog}</p>
+
+ <p><b>MakeProg</b> is a system for doing Literate
+ Programming in TeX. It provides a mechanism for combining
+ documentation with TeX macros. Donald Knuth's original
+ articles on Literate Programming are included with the
+ documentation.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MathPad}{mathpad}{}{support/mathpad}</p>
+
+ <p>MathPad is an X11 editor for TeX sources. It was not
+ available (or known to me) in time for review in this
+ edition of <span class="emphasis"><em>Making TeX
+ Work</em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MC\TeX}{}{tex}{support/mctex}</p>
+
+ <p>A TeX macro package for pretty-printing <b>Lisp</b>
+ code.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MEW\LaTeX}{}{}{support/mewltx}</p>
+
+ <p>An extension to <b>microEMACS</b> for Windows. It
+ provides a LaTeX editing environment that allows you to
+ write, spellcheck, process, and view your document from
+ within <b>microEMACS</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{MNU}{}{DOS}{support/mnu}</p>
+
+ <p><b>MNU</b> is an MS-DOS menu system written with batch
+ files. It was designed for running TeX but can be extended
+ to other applications.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{pbm2\TeX}{pbm2tex}{}{support/pbm2tex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>pbm2TeX</b> converts PBM files into LaTeX
+ <tt>picture</tt> environments. This provides a portable way
+ to include bitmap images in documents. The documents take a
+ long time to typeset, however, and may require a big
+ TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PCWri\TeX}{}{}{support/pcwritex}</p>
+
+ <p>Adds TeX to <b>PC-Write</b> as a special kind of
+ printer. Documents &#8220;printed&#8221; to the TeX printer
+ can be processed with TeX to get typeset output.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PM\TeX}{pmtex}{}{support/pmtex}</p>
+
+ <p>An OS/2 Presentation Manager application that provides a
+ shell around common TeX-related activities (editing,
+ TeXing, previewing, printing, etc.).</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PP}{pp}{}{support/pp}</p>
+
+ <p>A Pascal or Modula-2 pretty-printer. It translates code
+ into a Plain TeX or LaTeX document. An MS-DOS executable is
+ provided.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PS2EPS}{ps2eps}{c}{support/ps2eps}</p>
+
+ <p>Attempts to convert PostScript output from other
+ programs into encapsulated PostScript output suitable for
+ including in TeX documents with <b>dvips</b>, for example.
+ Support is included for converting output from <b>GEM</b>
+ 3.0, <b>DrawPerfect</b> 1.1, <b>PSpice</b> 4.05,
+ <b>OrCAD</b> 3.11, <b>PrintGL</b> 1.18, <b>Mathcad</b> 3.0,
+ and <b>GNUPlot</b> 3.0.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{PS Utils}{psbook, psselect, pstops, psnup,
+ epsffit}{C}{support/psutils}</p>
+
+ <p>A collection of utilities for transforming PostScript
+ output files in various ways. <b>psbook</b> rearranges
+ pages into signatures. <b>psselect</b> selects ranges of
+ pages. <b>pstops</b> performs arbitrary rearrangement and
+ selection of pages. <b>psnup</b> prints multiple pages on a
+ single sheet of paper. <b>epsffit</b> rescales an
+ encapsulated PostScript figure to fit within a specified
+ bounding box. These programs can be used to rearrange the
+ output from PostScript DVI drivers like <b>dvips</b>.</p>
+
+ <p><b>PS Utils</b> also includes scripts for displaying
+ character information and &#8220;fixing&#8221; PostScript
+ output from other sources. (Some PostScript output is
+ nonstandard and must be fixed-up before it can be used with
+ the <b>PS Utils</b>.) These scripts are summarized in
+ Table&#160;<a href="ch16.html#tab.psutils.scripts"
+ title="Table&#160;16.3.&#160;Additional Scripts in PS Utils ">
+ Table&#160;16.3</a>.</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="tab.psutils.scripts"
+ name="tab.psutils.scripts"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;16.3.&#160;Additional
+ Scripts in PS Utils</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="Additional Scripts in PS Utils "
+ border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">\bf Script</th>
+
+ <th align="left">\bf Purpose</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it getafm</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Retrieves font metrics from the
+ printer</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it showchar</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Prints a character and its
+ metrics</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it fixfmps</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Fixes output from
+ <b>FrameMaker</b></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it fixwpps</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Fixes output from
+ <b>WordPerfect</b></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it fixwfwps</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Fixes output from <b>Word</b> for
+ Windows</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it fixmacps</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Fixes Macintosh PostScript</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it fixpsditps</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Fixes
+ <b>Transcript</b><tt>psdit</tt> files</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">\it fixpspps</td>
+
+ <td align="left">Fixes output from
+ <b>PSPrint</b></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{rtf2\LaTeX}{rtf2latex}{C}{support/rtf2LaTeX}</p>
+
+ <p>A conversion program to translate RTF sources into
+ LaTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{rtf2\TeX}{rtf2tex}{C}{support/rtf2TeX}</p>
+
+ <p>A conversion program to translate RTF sources into
+ TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{RTF-to-\LaTeX}{rtflatex}{Pascal}{support/rtflatex}</p>
+
+ <p>Another conversion program to translate RTF sources into
+ LaTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{S2\LaTeX}{s2l}{C}{support/s2latex}</p>
+
+ <p>A <b>Scribe</b>-to-LaTeX converter. Requires <b>lex</b>
+ and <b>yacc</b> to compile.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{Scheme\TeX}{schemetex}{C}{support/schemetex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>SchemeTeX</b> provides support for Literate
+ Programming in <b>Scheme</b>. <b>Lex</b> is required to
+ build <b>SchemeTeX</b>.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeX{}OrTho}{texortho}{C}{support/spelchek}</p>
+
+ <p><b>TeXOrTho</b> is a spellchecking filter for text
+ files. It was designed for spellchecking TeX and LaTeX
+ documents, but it is parameter-file driven so it may be
+ possible to extend it to other formats.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Tek2EEPIC}{tek2eepic}{C}{support/tek2eepic}</p>
+
+ <p>A filter for Tektronix 4015 escape sequences that allows
+ graphics output designed for a Tektronix 4015 display to be
+ included in a TeX document. The resulting <tt>DVI</tt> file
+ must be processed by a DVI driver that recognizes the <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>tpic</em></span> \special
+ commands.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeX{}calc}{}{}{support/texcalc}</p>
+
+ <p><b>TeXcalc</b> is an <b>InstaCalc</b> spreadsheet for
+ calculating TeX typeface design sizes based upon
+ magnification and scaling factors.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{\TeXinfo{}2HTML}{texi2html}{Perl}{support/texi2html}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates GNU TeXinfo sources into HTML.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{\TeX{}i2roff}{texi2roff}{C}{support/texi2roff}</p>
+
+ <p>This is a TeXinfo-to-<b>nroff</b> converter (although it
+ should be possible to process most documents with
+ <b>troff</b> as well).</p>
+
+ <p>\package{\TeX{}it}{texit}{Perl}{support/texit}</p>
+
+ <p>A <b>Perl</b> script for processing TeX documents
+ intelligently.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{texproc}{texproc}{C}{support/texproc}</p>
+
+ <p><b>texproc</b> is a filter that inserts the output from
+ a command into your document. This can be used, for
+ example, to automatically insert the output from
+ <b>GNUPlot</b> directly into your TeX document (assuming
+ that you use one of the TeX-compatible output terminals in
+ <b>GNUPlot</b>).</p>
+
+ <p>\package{tgrind}{tgrind}{C}{support/tgrind}</p>
+
+ <p><b>tgrind</b> is a source code pretty-printer modelled
+ after the standard BSD unix <b>vgrind</b> utility. It
+ produces a TeX or LaTeX document that typesets an
+ attractive program listing from your source code.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{tr2\LaTeX}{tr2latex}{C}{support/tr2latex}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates <b>troff</b> sources into LaTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{tr2\TeX}{tr2tex}{C}{support/tr2tex}</p>
+
+ <p>Translates <b>troff</b> sources into Plain TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{TRANSLIT}{translit}{C}{support/translit}</p>
+
+ <p><b>TRANSLIT</b> transliterates ASCII character codes.
+ Single characters can be translated into multiple
+ characters and vice versa, in addition to simple
+ permutations. This program allows files written in one
+ national character set to be translated into another
+ character set without losing characters or meaning.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{TSpell}{tspell, chk,
+ putback}{C}{support/tspell}</p>
+
+ <p>A spellchecking filter for TeX documents. It strips TeX
+ and LaTeX macros out of a document, runs the document
+ through a spellchecker, and restores the TeX and LaTeX
+ macros. It looks like it was designed for VAX machines.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{umlaute}{umlaute}{\protect\TeX}{support/umlaute}</p>
+
+ <p>A collection of style files for processing TeX documents
+ with accented characters using machine-native character
+ encodings. Support for the ISO standard character set (ISO
+ Latin1) and the MS-DOS code page 437 character set is
+ provided.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{undump}{undump}{C}{support/undump}</p>
+
+ <p><b>undump</b> combines a core dump and an executable
+ program to build a new executable using the core dump to
+ provide initial values for all of the program's static
+ variables. One use of this program is to construct TeX
+ executables with macro packages preloaded. This is
+ unnecessary on most modern computers (they're fast enough
+ to simply load the format files). <b>undump</b> is no
+ longer a supported program.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{untex}{untex}{C}{support/untex}</p>
+
+ <p>Removes all LaTeX control sequences from a document. Can
+ optionally remove arguments to control sequences, as well
+ as all math-mode text. Replaces many accented characters
+ with their IBM OEM character set equivalents.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{VMSSpell}{vmsspell}{}{support/vmsspell}</p>
+
+ <p>A VMS spellchecking tool. Distributed in a VMS-style
+ archive package.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{Vor\TeX}{}{Emacs lisp}{support/vortex}</p>
+
+ <p>A GNU emacs editing mode for TeX documents. Also
+ provides support for BibTeX databases.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{windex}{windex}{C}{support/windex}</p>
+
+ <p><b>windex</b> is an aid for building indexes in LaTeX
+ documents. It modifies the LaTeX indexing macros to produce
+ a different output format. The <b>windex</b> program can
+ then sort the terms and construct an index for you.</p>
+
+ <p>
+ \package{WP2\protect\LaTeX}{wp2latex}{C/Pascal}{support/wp2latex-5_1}</p>
+
+ <p>This program attempts to translate WordPerfect v5.1
+ documents into LaTeX.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{xet}{xet}{C}{support/xet}</p>
+
+ <p>The <b>xet</b> program removes all commands and
+ mathematical formulae from Plain TeX and LaTeX documents.
+ <b>xet</b> has a number of options for handling different
+ aspects of a document (such as accents and LaTeX
+ environments) and claims to be useful as a simple syntax
+ checker for TeX files.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{xetal}{xetal}{C}{support/xetal}</p>
+
+ <p>This is a more recent version of <b>xet</b>, described
+ above.</p>
+
+ <p>\package{xlatex}{xlatex}{C}{support/xlatex}</p>
+
+ <p>An X11 Windows application that ties together several
+ aspects of TeXing a document. It provides a &#8220;push
+ button&#8221; interface to editing, processing, previewing,
+ and printing your document.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh"
+ href="ch15.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary"
+ href="apa.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on
+ the Macintosh&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview"
+ href="pt03.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension
+ Summary</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/co01.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/co01.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..58229bc7ad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/co01.html
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Colophon</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="bi01.html" title="Bibliography" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a title="Bibliography"
+ href="bi01.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Making TeX Work" href="index.html"><img
+ src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up" border="0" />
+ </a>&#160;<img src="figures/nav-xnext.png" alt="Next"
+ border="0" /></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="colophon">
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="colophon"
+ name="colophon"></a>Colophon</h2>
+
+ <p><span class="bold"><b>About this Book</b></span></p>
+
+ <p>This is an <span class="emphasis"><em>alpha</em></span>
+ edition of this book. This version may contain glaring
+ inconsistencies, missing sections, and other misfeatures
+ indicative of a &#8220;work in progress&#8221;.</p>
+
+ <p><span class="bold"><b>About the Author</b></span></p>
+
+ <p>Norm Walsh is a Production Tools Specialist at O'Reilly
+ and Associates' Cambridge office. Before Norm joined ORA, he
+ was a research assistant at the University of Massachusetts,
+ Amherst where he earned his master's degree in computer
+ science.</p>
+
+ <p>Besides maintaining a number of TeX and font-related
+ resources on the Net, Norm enjoys bicycling, herpetology,
+ prestidigitation, and browsing record and book stores. Norm
+ lives in Boxborough, MA with his wife Deborah, two cats, a
+ box turtle, two toads, and two frogs.</p>
+
+ <p><span class="bold"><b>Colophon</b></span></p>
+
+ <p>Our look is the result of reader comments, our own
+ experimentation, and feedback from distribution channels.</p>
+
+ <p>Distinctive covers complement our distinctive approach to
+ technical topics, breathing personality and life into
+ potentially dry subjects. <span class="sc">UNIX</span> and
+ its attendant programs can be unruly beasts. Nutshell
+ Handbooks® help you tame them.</p>
+
+ <p>The animal featured on the cover of <i>Making TeX Work</i>
+ is the European garden spider. Garden spiders are orb
+ weavers, known for their intricate orb-shaped webs. Web
+ building is a complex process: support lines are constructed
+ first; then the radial lines; and finally the spiraling
+ strands are spun from the center outward. Without training
+ from adults, even the tiniest just-hatched spiderlings are
+ able to spin silk and weave webs. Another orb weaver, <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>nephila</em></span>, builds an extremely
+ thick and strong web, up to eight feet in diameter. People in
+ Southeast Asia have found an interesting use for this
+ spider's web&#8212;they bend a pliable stick into a loop and
+ pass it through the large web, resulting in a surprisingly
+ strong and effective fishing net!</p>
+
+ <p>Spiders produce silk from glands called spinnerets. Orb
+ weavers can have three or four pairs of these glands, each
+ producing different textures of silk: non-stick silk for the
+ radial web lines, and sticky silk for the spiraling strands.
+ Some spiders even produce an ultraviolet silk to attract
+ insects. Spider silk, a super protein that hardens as it is
+ stretched from the spinnerets, may look delicate but it is
+ unbelievably tough. The relative tension necessary to break
+ it is far greater than for steel.</p>
+
+ <p>When finished with the construction of its web, the garden
+ spider will often go to the center, hang upside down, and
+ wait for a flying or jumping insect to become ensnared.
+ Having poor eyesight, orb weavers rely on a highly-developed
+ sense of touch. When an insect because caught in th web and
+ struggles, the spider is alerted by the vibrations. It rushes
+ tout to secure its prey, usually wrapping it in silk. A
+ poison is injected into the victim, paralyzing it and
+ converting the contents of its body to a liquid. The spider
+ returns later to insert its tube-like fangs and suck up its
+ meal.</p>
+
+ <p>The garden spider's profound sense of touch has another
+ purpose: it provides male spiders with a channel to
+ communicate with females. Before climbing onto the female's
+ web, the male taps out a special message. Then he cautiously
+ crawls toward his mate&#8212;a perilous task, for he is
+ always in danger of being mistaken for prey. It is commonly
+ thought that the female spider kills and eats the male after
+ mating, but this is an exaggeration. The male, who stops
+ eating during his mate-hunting ordeal, generally dies of
+ malnourishment and exhaustion.</p>
+
+ <p>Spiders are similar to, but not the same as insects. They
+ belong to the class <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>Arachnida</em></span>, named after
+ Arachne, a maiden in Greek mythology. She defeated the
+ goddess Athena in a weaving contest. In a fury of anger,
+ Athena destroyed Arachne's weaving and beat the girl about
+ the head. In utter disgrace, Arachne hanged herself. A
+ regretful Athena changed Arachne into a spider so that she
+ could weave forever.</p>
+
+ <p>While they are certainly not going to win any popularity
+ contests, spiders' insect-eating habits are extremely helpful
+ to humans. Every year, billions of spiders do away with a
+ large number of disease-carrying and crop-destroying insects.
+ If every spider ate just one a day for a year, those insects,
+ piled in one spot, would weigh as much as 50 million people.
+ Spiders are, by far, the most important predator of insects
+ in our world.</p>
+
+ <p>Edie Freedman designed this cover and the entire UNIX
+ bestiary that appears on other Nutshell Handbooks. The beasts
+ themselves are adapted from nineteenth century engravings
+ from the Dover Pictorial Archive. The cover layout was
+ produced with QuarkXPress 3.1 using the ITC Garamond
+ font.</p>
+
+ <p>The inside layout was designed by Edie Freedman and
+ implemented by Norm Walsh in TeX using the ITC Garamond font
+ family. The figures (except those in chapter 6) were created
+ in Aldus Freehand 3.1 by Chris Reilley. The colophon was
+ written by Elaine and Michael Kalantarian.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a title="Bibliography"
+ href="bi01.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Bibliography&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/amspell.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/amspell.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..93178755a7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/amspell.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/arab.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/arab.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9276ca647d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/arab.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/badfont.err b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/badfont.err
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..01242196a7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/badfont.err
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+This is emTeX (tex386), Version 3.141 [3c-beta8]
+**&lplain badfont
+(badfont.tex
+LaTeX Version 2.09 <25 March 1992>
+(d:\tex\latex\sty\article.sty
+Standard Document Style `article' <14 Jan 92>.
+(d:\tex\latex\sty\art10.sty)) (badfont.aux)
+! Font cmr/m/n/18 not found.
+extract@fontinfo ...@name space not found}
+ fi
+extract@font ...fontinfo font@info 3<@nil
+ csna...
+define@newfont ... endcsname extract@font
+ fi e...
+pickup@font ...@name relax define@newfont
+ fi
+p@selectfont ...ze endcsname }pickup@font
+ font...
+<argument> reset@font Large
+ bf
+...
+l.21 \section{First Section}
+
+?
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/bbox.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/bbox.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9239fa11a6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/bbox.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/bezier.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/bezier.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..69136abd47c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/bezier.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/caffeine.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/caffeine.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..479e1a7070c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/caffeine.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/cover.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/cover.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d4595f75cdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/cover.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/eepic.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/eepic.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6dac200314b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/eepic.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/eight.mf b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/eight.mf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ea2f5ba3663
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/eight.mf
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+mode_setup;
+u# := 2mm#;
+define_pixels(u);
+
+beginchar("A", 8u#, 9u#, 5u#);
+ z1 = ( 0u, 0u);
+ z2 = ( 8u, 0u);
+ z3 = ( 1u, 8u);
+ z4 = ( 7u, 8u);
+ pickup pencircle scaled 1u#;
+ draw z4 .. z1 .. z2 .. z3 .. cycle;
+ pickup pencircle scaled 3u#;
+ drawdot z1;
+ drawdot z2;
+ drawdot z3;
+ drawdot z4;
+endchar;
+
+\end \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/epic.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/epic.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a384bb56398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/epic.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/fi-ligs.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/fi-ligs.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..93b1612cf4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/fi-ligs.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/frog.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/frog.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..76c296ffa82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/frog.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/g-h.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/g-h.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..caa71c4adc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/g-h.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/gs-eps.1 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/gs-eps.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..10e335b5724
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/gs-eps.1
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#! perl
+#
+# Usage: gs-eps epsfile <outputfile> <resolution> <device>
+#
+# Where: epsfile is the encapsulated postscript file
+# outputfile is the output file (the default name
+# is <basename epsfile>.<device>)
+# resolution is the output resolution (default=300)
+# device is the GS driver to use (default=pbm)
+
+($epsfile,$outputfile,$res,$device) = @ARGV;
+
+if (! $epsfile) {
+ printf "Usage: gs-eps epsfile <outputfile> <resolution>";
+ printf " <gsdriver>\n";
+ printf "Note: parameters are positional. To specify a";
+ printf " driver, you\n";
+ printf "must also specify an outputfile and resolution.\n";
+ exit 1;
+ }
+
+$epsfile =~ tr/\\/\//; # translate \foo\bar -> /foo/bar
+
+if (! -r $epsfile) {
+ printf "Cannot read file: $epsfile\n";
+ exit 1;
+ }
+
+if (! $res) { $res = 300 }
+if (! $device) { $device = "pbm" }
+
+if (! $outputfile ) {
+ @pathname = split(/\//,$epsfile);
+ $outputfile = $pathname[$#pathname];
+ $outputfile =~ s/.eps$//;
+ $outputfile = join(".", $outputfile, $device);
+ }
+
+printf "Converting $epsfile to $outputfile at ${res}dpi...\n";
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/gs-eps.2 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/gs-eps.2
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7ba4b721355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/gs-eps.2
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+open (EPSFILE,$epsfile);
+
+undef $bbox;
+undef $showpg;
+while (<EPSFILE>) {
+ $bbox = $_ if /\%\%\s*BoundingBox:\s*\d+\s+\d+\s+\d+\s+\d+/;
+ $showpage = $_ if /showpage/;
+ last if ($bbox && $showpage);
+ }
+
+if (! $bbox) {
+ printf "Cannot find a bounding box in $epsfile";
+ exit 1;
+ }
+
+$bbox =~ s/\D*//; # remove everything preceding the digits
+
+($llx,$lly,$urx,$ury) = split(/\s/,$bbox);
+
+$xsize = sprintf("%d", (($urx - $llx) * $res / 72) + 0.5);
+$ysize = sprintf("%d", (($ury - $lly) * $res / 72) + 0.5);
+
+printf "$llx neg $lly neg translate .gt. gs-eps-a.$$\n";
+printf "quit .gt. gs-eps-b.$$\n";
+
+if (! $showpg) {
+ printf "showpage .gt. gs-eps-b.$$\n";
+ printf "quit .gtgt. gs-eps-b.$$\n";
+ }
+
+# join sillyness to keep the length of lines in the
+# script small enough to print in the book.
+$gscmd = join(" ", "gs -sDEVICE=$device",
+ "-q -sOutputFile=$outputfile",
+ "-g${xsize}x${ysize} -r$res",
+ "gs-eps-a.$$ $epsfile -",
+ ".lt. gs-eps-b.$$");
+
+printf "$gscmd\n";
+
+printf "rm -f gs-eps-a.$$ gs-eps-b.$$\n";
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/hebrew-sample.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/hebrew-sample.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cdffc323e6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/hebrew-sample.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/jgenji.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/jgenji.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aed7ef606da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/jgenji.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/lint.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/lint.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2554447f0cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/lint.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/lithium.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/lithium.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fcecb0dc347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/lithium.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.1 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e521a3b8f50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.1
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+$ mf 'mode=localfont; \input eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version d)
+! I can't find file `mode=localfont.mf'.
+<*> mode=localfont
+ ; \input eight
+Please type another input file name:
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.2 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.2
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c675a9ae738
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.2
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+$ mf '\input eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version d)
+(eight.mf
+! Value is too large (4097).
+<recently read> ;
+
+beginchar->...rdp:=(EXPR3);w:=hround(charwd*hppp);
+ h:=vround(charht*hppp);d:=...
+l.5 beginchar("A", 8u#, 9u#, 5u#)
+ ;
+?
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.3 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..65d8b4f38f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.3
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+$ mf '\mode=localfont \input eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version d)
+(eight.mf
+>> unknown string mode_name0
+! Not a string.
+<to be read again>
+ ;
+mode_setup->...nput "&mode)else:mode_name[mode]fi;
+ if.unknown.mag:mag=1;fi.if...
+l.1 mode_setup
+ ;
+?
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.4 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.4
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..beb55d333fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.4
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+$ mf '\mode=localfont; mag=magstep(1) \input eight'
+Running MetaFont from /exp/rcf/share...
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version d)
+(eight.mf
+! Extra tokens will be flushed.
+<to be read again>
+ warningcheck
+mode_setup->warningcheck
+ :=0;if.unknown.mode:mode=proof;fi.numeric.aspect_rat...
+l.1 mode_setup
+ ;
+?
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.5 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.5
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..43aea3c7ffc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.5
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+$ mf '\mode=localfont; \input eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version d)
+(eight.mf [65] )
+Font metrics written on eight.tfm.
+Output written on eight.300gf (1 character, 5444 bytes).
+Transcript written on eight.log.
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.6 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.6
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2bc42d544f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mferr.6
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+$ mf '\mode=localfont; eight'
+This is METAFONT, Version 2.71 (C version d)
+
+*
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mozart.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mozart.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..14b576a38aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/mozart.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-amt.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-amt.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bfca2fe30d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-amt.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-inf.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-inf.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e0aff2def97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-inf.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-lol.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-lol.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a13d385c523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-lol.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-ltx.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-ltx.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..23b583c291d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-ltx.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-ptx.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-ptx.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5f480fffb90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/perf-ptx.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pgenji.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pgenji.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..031857f4efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pgenji.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pictex-example.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pictex-example.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9bc5ae06783
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pictex-example.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pictexex.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pictexex.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9bc5ae06783
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pictexex.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pmc-sample.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pmc-sample.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c89f1903daf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pmc-sample.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pmcs-sample.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pmcs-sample.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..687e2cbe691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pmcs-sample.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pmj-sample.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pmj-sample.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..41dcf6f31f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/pmj-sample.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/sample.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/sample.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..768583dc343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/sample.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/tex.01.03.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/tex.01.03.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7334208f9b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/tex.01.03.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/tex.01.04.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/tex.01.04.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..396f34575cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/tex.01.04.png
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/tex.01.05.png b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/figures/tex.01.05.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6a260c65b74
--- /dev/null
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Making TeX Work</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="next" href="pr01.html"
+ title="Forward to the SourceForge Edition" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="book">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <div class="mediaobject">
+ <img src="figures/cover.png" align="left" />
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <h1 class="title"><a id="id2788873"
+ name="id2788873"></a>Making TeX Work</h1>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="titlepage-block"><span
+ class="authorgroup">by&#160;NormanWalsh</span><br />
+ <span class="isbn">ISBN: 156592-051-1
+ (out-of-print)</span><br />
+ <span class="version">Version 1.0.1</span><br />
+ <span class="date">Updated: Fri, 23 Aug 2002</span></p>
+
+ <p class="copyright"><a
+ href="mtwcpyright.html">Copyright</a> © 1994 O'Reilly
+ &amp; Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.</p>
+ <br clear="all" />
+ </div>
+ <hr />
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="toc">
+ <p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="pr01.html">Forward to the SourceForge
+ Edition</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="pr01.html#id2841267">Acknowledgments</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html">Preface</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#sec.implementation">Why Read
+ This Book?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#id2788121">Scope of This
+ Book</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#id2855196">Conventions Used in
+ This Book</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#id2855490">How to Get
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#id2855700">Where Are the
+ Files?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#id2855768">Getting
+ Software Without FTP</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="pr02.html#sec.gettingexamples">Getting
+ Examples From This Book</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#id2856562">Versions of
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#id2856618">Implementations and
+ Platforms</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#id2856757">UNIX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#id2856866">MS-DOS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#id2856997">OS/2</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="pr02.html#id2857046">Macintosh</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="pr02.html#id2857161">We'd Like to Hear
+ From You</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="pr02.html#id2857251">Acknowledgments</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>I. <a href="pt01.html">An Introduction to
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt>1. <a href="ch01.html">The Big Picture</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#sec.texforbeginners">What
+ Is TeX?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2857628">TeX for
+ Beginners</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch01.html#sec.tex.controlsequences">Boxes
+ and Glue</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2858068">Control
+ Sequences</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch01.html#sec.textformVSwordproc">Special
+ Characters</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2859644">Text Formatting
+ Versus Word Processing</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#sec.howtexworks">What
+ About Desktop Publishing?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2860232">What About
+ troff?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2860619">What About
+ SGML?</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2860690">How TeX
+ Works</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch01.html#subsubsec.runningtex">TeXing
+ a Simple Document</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2861683">TeXing More
+ Complex Documents</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2861875">Building a
+ Table of Contents</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2861991">Figure
+ References</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2862061">Indexes and
+ Glossaries</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch01.html#id2862096">Bibliographies</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2862381">Special
+ Things</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>2. <a href="ch02.html">Editing</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#sec.whatcando">What Can an
+ Editor Do?</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#sec.auctex">Quoting
+ Automatically</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2862787">Matching
+ Braces</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2862919">Inserting
+ Common Control Sequences</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2862968">Running TeX
+ Automatically</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863045">GNU
+ Emacs</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863154">Starting
+ TeX Mode</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863366">Typing in
+ Emacs</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863418">Running TeX
+ Automatically</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863525">aucTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#sec.multifile">Starting
+ aucTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863748">Typing in
+ aucTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2865794">aucTeX
+ Outline Mode</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2865831">Intelligent
+ Paragraph Reformatting</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2865862">Multi-file
+ Documents</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#sec.texcomp">Running
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2866224">Finding
+ Errors</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2866254">Multi-Edit</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2866322">Setting Up
+ TeX Support</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2866543">Typing in
+ Multi-Edit</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2866670">Running
+ TeX</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2866742">Brief</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2866836">MicroEMACS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2867057">epm: OS/2's
+ Enhanced Editor</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2867165">Other
+ Tools</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2867406">TeX as a
+ Compiler</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2867481">Processing
+ a Document</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868148">Spellchecking</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868250">ispell</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868280">amSpell</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2868394">Revision
+ Control</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2868511">TeX
+ Shells</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868544">TeXShell</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868647">TeXPert</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868748">4TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868860">PMTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868984">TeXit</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>3. <a href="ch03.html">Running TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#run.sec.formatfiles">What
+ Do You Run?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2869278">What Files Does
+ TeX Need?</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2869610">Pool
+ Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2869651">Format
+ Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#sec.userfiles">User
+ Files</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#sec.clineopts">The Command
+ Line</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch03.html#sec.runtex.cmdcautions">Command-line
+ Options</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch03.html#id2870602">Command-line
+ Cautions</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2871334">TeX Without
+ Options</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#sec.errors">What About
+ Errors?</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#sec.logfiles">Log
+ Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch03.html#sec.qprompt">Interpreting TeX
+ Error Messages</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2872461">Naming a
+ File TeX Cannot Find</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2872549">Misspelling
+ a Control Sequence Name</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2872653">Failure to
+ Close an Environment</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2872844">Math
+ Outside of Math Mode</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2873082">Missing
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2873273">Everything
+ Else</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2873346">The Question
+ Mark Prompt</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>4. <a href="ch04.html">Macro Packages</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#macpack.sec.latexvslatexe">Installation:
+ Making Format Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2874541">Hyphenation
+ Patterns</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2874634">General-purpose
+ Formats</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2874772">Plain
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2875093">Extended
+ Plain TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2875359">LaTeX2e
+ Versus LaTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#sec.latexe">LaTeX2e</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#sec.latex">LaTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#sec.texincolor">AMSTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2877047">AMSLaTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2877164">Lollipop</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2873910">TeXinfo</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2877747">Other
+ Formats</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2878394">Special-purpose
+ Formats</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2878827">SliTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2878922">FoilTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2878993">Seminar</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879086">TeX in
+ Color</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879169">Setting Up
+ Color</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879595">Using
+ Color</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879708">Now I've
+ Got Color, but I Need Black and
+ White!</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879774">Color Under
+ LaTeX2e</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879830">Color Is
+ Subtle</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879898">Further
+ Reading</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>II. <a href="pt02.html">Elements of a Complex
+ Document</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt>5. <a href="ch05.html">Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#sec.issueofsize">What TeX
+ Needs To Know</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2880659">Selecting a
+ Font in TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2880773">Which
+ Character Is Which?</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2880909">The Issue of
+ Size</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.gettingtfms">Expressing
+ Design Size in TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2881284">Expressing
+ Magnification in TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2881380">Standard
+ Magnifications</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2881671">Where Do
+ TFM Files Come From?</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#sec.nfss2">The New Font
+ Selection Scheme</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.fonts.defnfss2">Selecting
+ Fonts with the New Font Selection
+ Scheme</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2855857">Defining
+ Fonts with NFSS2</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2884733">Storing
+ Font Definitions</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2884863">Changing
+ the Defaults</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885098">NFSS
+ Pitfalls</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885459">PostScript
+ Fonts Under NFSS</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885510">Adjustments
+ to Scale</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885640">When Things Go
+ Wrong</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885669">When TeX
+ Complains</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885907">When the
+ DVI Driver Complains</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2886211">Encoding
+ Vectors</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.fonts.virtualfonts">Virtual
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#sec.autofont">Automatic
+ Font Generation by DVI Drivers</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#sec.t1fonts">Math Fonts in
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2887790">Concrete
+ Examples</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2887816">MetaFont
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2887929">PostScript
+ Type 1 Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2890165">HP LaserJet
+ Softfonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2890329">TrueType
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>6. <a href="ch06.html">Pictures and
+ Figures</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.devindrev">Different
+ Kinds of Images</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2890411">Bitmapped
+ Images</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2884033">Scalable
+ Images</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2884144">Device
+ Independence Revisited</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.ptexpic">Using Only
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2890867">Plain
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.pictures.latex">LaTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2891692">PiCTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2891884">XYPic</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2892057">DraTeX</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2892246">Using a Little
+ Help</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2892297">MFPic</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2892403">Fig2MF</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.tpic">MetaFont</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2892560">Using a Little
+ More Help</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.pictures.pstricks">PSTricks</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2892664">TeXdraw</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2892716">tpic</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.scaleformat">Using a
+ Lot of Help</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2892815">Electronic
+ Cut-and-paste</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2893032">Scalable
+ Image Formats</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.incps">Bitmapped
+ Image Formats</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2893872">Inserting
+ PostScript Images into TeX</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.picconv">Manipulating
+ Images</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.gs">Image
+ Magick</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2895306">PBMplus</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2895807">xv</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2895932">xloadimage</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2896003">Image
+ Alchemy</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2896234">ColorView</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2896325">Jpeg4</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2896400">pmjpeg</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2896523">txt2pcx</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2896564">Ghostscript</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.screendump">GoScript</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2897312">hp2xx</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2897483">Image
+ Editors</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2897734">xfig</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2897932">idraw</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2898057">tgif</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2898297">bitmap/pixmap</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2898403">Other
+ Bitmap Editors</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2898442">texcad/xtexcad</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2898527">Screen
+ Dumps</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>7. <a href="ch07.html">International
+ Considerations</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch07.html#sec.for.printing">Typesetting in
+ Any Language</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#id2899289">Reading
+ Input Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#id2900395">Changing
+ the Rules</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#id2902005">Printing
+ the Result</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#sec.babel">The Babel
+ Styles</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#sec.babelfmt">Building
+ Multilingual Babel Formats</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#sec.asciijtex">TeX
+ Pitfalls</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#id2903161">Very Complex
+ Languages</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch07.html#id2903174">Japanese</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch07.html#id2903882">Chinese</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch07.html#id2903985">Arabic</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch07.html#id2904076">Hebrew</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>8. <a href="ch08.html">Printing</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#sec.printing">Printing
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#sec.bitfonts">Built-in
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2904946">External
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2905223">Bitmapped
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2905872">Scalable
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2905916">Font
+ Printing Pitfalls</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906078">Printing
+ Pictures and Figures</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906166">Unsolvable
+ Problems</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906292">Solvable
+ Problems</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906405">Pictures
+ Using Only TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906432">MetaFont
+ Figures</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906500">Scalable
+ Images</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906554">Bitmap
+ Images</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906581">Selected
+ Drivers</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906990">emTeX
+ Drivers</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch08.html#id2907474">dvilj2</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch08.html#id2907508">dvips</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch08.html#sec.pr.dvilaserhp">DVILASER/HP</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch08.html#sec.pr.dvilaserps">DVILASER/PS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2909658">PTI
+ Laser/HP and PTI Jet</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2909924">PTI
+ Laser/PS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch08.html#id2910137">dvipsone</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>9. <a href="ch09.html">Previewing</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#sec.ghostscript">Previewing Under
+ X11</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2911502">Previewing
+ with xdvi</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2911812">Previewing
+ with \xtex</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2912002">Previewing with
+ Ghostscript</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2912205">Previewing with
+ emTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2912806">Previewing with
+ dvivga</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#sec.arb.preview">TeX
+ Preview</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2913678">dvideo</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2913841">PTI
+ View</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2914028">Previewing
+ Under Windows</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2914065">dvimswin</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2914192">dviwin</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2914502">wdviwin</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2914603">DVIWindo</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#sec.preview.tty">Previewing on a
+ TTY</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2915377">dvi2tty</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2915519">dvgt/dvitovdu</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2915747">crudetype</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>10. <a href="ch10.html">Online
+ Documentation</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch10.html#id2916146">Something Is
+ Lost</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch10.html#id2916199">TeXinfo</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch10.html#id2916555">\LaTeX2HTML</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch10.html#id2916701">LameTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch10.html#id2917217">latex2hy</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch10.html#id2917348">detex</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch10.html#id2917381">dvispell</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>11. <a href="ch11.html">Introducing
+ MetaFont</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch11.html#sec.mf.gettingstarted">What to
+ Run?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918131">What Files Does
+ MetaFont Need?</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918156">Pool
+ Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918200">Base
+ Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918279">MetaFont
+ Programs</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918336">Command-line
+ Options</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918545">Building a Base
+ File</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#sec.buildfont">Running
+ MetaFont</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918826">Picking a
+ Mode</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2919066">Selecting a
+ Size</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2919175">Making a GF
+ Font</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2919378">Making a PK
+ Font</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2919679">What About
+ Errors?</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2920144">Other
+ Errors</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2920215">Output at Very
+ High Resolutions</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2920252">Output at Very
+ Low Resolutions</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>12. <a href="ch12.html">Bibliographies, Indexes,
+ and Glossaries</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch12.html#sec.indexeslooklike">BibTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2920526">How BibTeX
+ Works</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2920800">Building a
+ Bibliography Database</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch12.html#id2921724">Bibliography
+ Styles</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch12.html#id2922224">Bibliography
+ Database Tools</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2923157">Tib</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2923378">Making
+ Indexes</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2923569">Index
+ Entries</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2923830">Index
+ Format</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2923963">Special-purpose
+ styles</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2924031">Making
+ Glossaries</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>III. <a href="pt03.html">A Tools Overview</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt>13. <a href="ch13.html">Non-commercial
+ Environments</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#free.web">Web2C</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch13.html#sec.emtex.testinstall">emTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2925718">Where to
+ Start</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2925747">Unpacking
+ the Archives</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2925984">Setting Up
+ the Environment</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2926107">Testing the
+ Installation</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch13.html#sec.emtex.smaller">Installing
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2926788">Making
+ emTeX Smaller</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2928367">Basic
+ Customization</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2929307">Installing
+ the Beta Test Versions of emTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch13.html#sec.emtex.autofont">Running
+ emTeX 386 in Windows</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2929946">Automatic
+ Font Generation with emTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch13.html#sec.netemtex">Installing
+ emTeX on a Network</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2930222">texas</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2930652">sbTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2931076">gTeX</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>14. <a href="ch14.html">Commercial
+ Environments</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#sec.com.turbo">µTeX by
+ ArborText</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#id2931589">\yyTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch14.html#id2931820">Textures</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch14.html#id2931894">TurboTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#sec.pctex">PCTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#sec.pctexforwin">PCTeX For
+ Windows</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#id2933148">Scientific
+ Word</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>15. <a href="ch15.html">TeX on the
+ Macintosh</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#sec.Excalibur">CMacTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2934116">DirectTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch15.html#id2934176">OzTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2934618">Textures</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch15.html#id2935013">Other
+ Tools</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935026">Alpha</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935128">BBEdit</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch15.html#sec.bsrtools">BSR Font
+ Tools</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935468">Excalibur</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935534">HyperBibTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935646">MacGS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935708">dvidvi</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935748">MacDVIcopy</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935800">MacBibTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935830">MacMakeIndex</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>16. <a href="ch16.html">TeX Utilities</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch16.html#id2936355">List of
+ Tools</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>A. <a href="apa.html">Filename Extension
+ Summary</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>B. <a href="apb.html">Font Samples</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="apb.html#id2941555">Font
+ Encodings</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="apb.html#id2945478">Font
+ Samples</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>C. <a href="apc.html">Resources</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2943524">TUG: The TeX
+ Users Group</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946099">Other User
+ Groups</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946152">TeX
+ Software</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946301">TeX
+ Shells</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946342">Editors</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946460">Macro Packages
+ (Formats)</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946539">Styles and
+ Macros</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946714">Styles That
+ Produced This Book</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="apc.html#id2946829">Utilities</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="apc.html#id2948003">Miscellaneous</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>D. <a href="apd.html">Long Examples</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>E. <a href="ape.html">GNU Free Documentation
+ License</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt>0. <a
+ href="ape.html#id2948209">PREAMBLE</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>1. <a href="ape.html#id2948100">APPLICABILITY
+ AND DEFINITIONS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2. <a href="ape.html#id2948673">VERBATIM
+ COPYING</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>3. <a href="ape.html#id2948707">COPYING IN
+ QUANTITY</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4. <a
+ href="ape.html#id2948791">MODIFICATIONS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5. <a href="ape.html#id2949025">COMBINING
+ DOCUMENTS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6. <a href="ape.html#id2949073">COLLECTIONS
+ OF DOCUMENTS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>7. <a href="ape.html#id2949112">AGGREGATION
+ WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>8. <a
+ href="ape.html#id2949149">TRANSLATION</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9. <a
+ href="ape.html#id2949177">TERMINATION</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>10. <a href="ape.html#id2949201">FUTURE
+ REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ape.html#id2948479">How to use this
+ License for your documents</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="bi01.html">Bibliography</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="list-of-figures">
+ <p><b>List of Figures</b></p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>1.1. <a href="ch01.html#fig.charbox">The Letters g
+ and h inside their boxes.</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>1.2. <a href="ch01.html#id2860574">Example figure
+ produced by both TeX and troff</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>1.3. <a href="ch01.html#fig.wholesimple">A high-level
+ view of TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>1.4. <a href="ch01.html#fig.wholething">High-level
+ view of TeX including more detail</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>1.5. <a href="ch01.html#fig.texcmplx">TeXing a More
+ Complex Document</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.1. <a href="ch02.html#fig.meextsetup">Extension
+ setup in Multi-Edit</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.2. <a href="ch02.html#fig.melatexcmp">LaTeX as a
+ compiler in Multi-Edit</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.3. <a href="ch02.html#fig.editing.mew">Editing a
+ file with MicroEMACS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.4. <a href="ch02.html#fig.winhelp">Microsoft
+ Windows online help for LaTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.5. <a href="ch02.html#fig.editing.epm">Editing a
+ TeX document with epm under OS/2</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.6. <a href="ch02.html#fig.mespell">Edit settings
+ control word delimiters</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.7. <a href="ch02.html#fig.amspell">Spellchecking a
+ document with amSpell</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.8. <a
+ href="ch02.html#fig.texshell">TeXShell</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.9. <a href="ch02.html#fig.texpert">TeXPert</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.10. <a href="ch02.html#fig.fourtex">4TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.11. <a href="ch02.html#fig.pmtex">PMTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.12. <a href="ch02.html#fig.texit">TeXit</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.1. <a href="ch04.html#fig.sampresults">Sample
+ page</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.2. <a href="ch04.html#ex.sampplaintex">Plain TeX
+ Input</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.3. <a href="ch04.html#fig.samplatex2e">LaTeX2e
+ Input</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.4. <a href="ch04.html#fig.samplatex">LaTeX Input
+ File</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.5. <a href="ch04.html#ex.sampamstex">AMSTeX Input
+ File</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.6. <a href="ch04.html#fig.amsresults">AMS sample
+ page</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.7. <a href="ch04.html#ex.samplollipop">Lollipop
+ Input File</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.8. <a href="ch04.html#ex.infinp">TeXinfo
+ Input</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.9. <a href="ch04.html#fig.infex">TeXinfo sample
+ page</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.10. <a href="ch04.html#fig.infinf">Online
+ documentation produced by MakeInfo</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.11. <a href="ch04.html#fig.caffeine">Caffeine by
+ ChemTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.12. <a href="ch04.html#fig.caffeine-source">The
+ ChemTeX Source for Caffeine</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.13. <a href="ch04.html#fig.lithium">A lithium
+ cation rendered by ChemStruct</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.14. <a href="ch04.html#fig.lithium-source">The
+ ChemStruct Source for the Lithium Cation</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.15. <a href="ch04.html#fig.mozart">A little
+ Mozart&#8230;</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4.16. <a href="ch04.html#fig.mozart-source">The
+ MusicTeX Source for Figure</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.1. <a href="ch05.html#fig.filig">fi as two
+ characters and as a ligature</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.2. <a href="ch05.html#fig.kerning">We unkerned and
+ kerned</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.3. <a href="ch05.html#fig.Rs">The Computer Modern
+ Roman letter R at 150pt: (a) from a 5pt design; (b) from
+ a 17pt design</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.4. <a href="ch05.html#fig.vfdiagram">How TeX uses a
+ virtual font</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.1. <a href="ch06.html#fig.plaintex">An example
+ diagram in Plain TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.2. <a href="ch06.html#fig.latexpic">A parallelogram
+ in LaTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.3. <a href="ch06.html#fig.epic">A figure created
+ with (a) epic, and (b) eepic</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.4. <a href="ch06.html#fig.bezier">Several bezier
+ curves created with the LaTeX bezier style</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.5. <a href="ch06.html#fig.pictex">Sample diagrams
+ using PiCTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.6. <a href="ch06.html#fig.xypic">An XYPic
+ diagram</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.7. <a href="ch06.html#fig.dratex">An DraTeX
+ diagram</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.8. <a href="ch06.html#fig.epsbox">A PostScript
+ bounding box example</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.9. <a href="ch06.html#fig.psfigure">An example of
+ an encapsulated figure</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.10. <a href="ch06.html#fig.psfigurerot">Another
+ example of an encapsulated figure (resized and
+ rotated)</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.11. <a href="ch06.html#fig.sd-xfig">Editing an
+ image with xfig</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.12. <a href="ch06.html#fig.sd-idraw">Editing an
+ image with idraw</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.13. <a href="ch06.html#fig.sd-tgif">Editing an
+ image with tgif</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.14. <a href="ch06.html#fig.xbitmap">An example of
+ bitmap editing an icon</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.15. <a href="ch06.html#fig.textshot">A text mode
+ screen dump.</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>7.1. <a href="ch07.html#fig.charmap">Character
+ mapping example</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>7.2. <a href="ch07.html#fig.pmj">Poor Man's
+ Japanese</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>7.3. <a href="ch07.html#fig.jemtex">\jemtex
+ sample</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>7.4. <a href="ch07.html#fig.flang.arab">Arabic text
+ typeset with ArabTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>7.5. <a href="ch07.html#fig.hebrew">Hebrew</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>8.1. <a href="ch08.html#fig.reschange">Resolution of
+ the bitmap and the device changed simultaneously</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>8.2. <a href="ch08.html#fig.sizechange">Resolution of
+ the bitmap changed while device held constant</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>8.3. <a href="ch08.html#fig.emdvi">Previewing and
+ printing with emTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.1. <a href="ch09.html#fig.xdvi">How Previewing with
+ xdvi Works</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.2. <a href="ch09.html#fig.preview.xdvi">Previewing
+ with xdvi</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.3. <a href="ch09.html#fig.xtex">How Previewing with
+ xtex Works</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.4. <a href="ch09.html#fig.preview.xtex">Previewing
+ with xtex</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.5. <a
+ href="ch09.html#fig.preview.ghostview">Previewing with
+ Ghostview</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.6. <a
+ href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dviscr">Previewing with
+ emTeX's dviscr</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.7. <a href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dvipm">Previewing
+ with emTeX's dvipm</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.8. <a href="ch09.html#fig.dvivga.vga">Previewing
+ with dvivga</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.9. <a href="ch09.html#fig.tpre.vga">Previewing with
+ ArborText's Previewer</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.10. <a href="ch09.html#fig.ttexd.ega">Previewing
+ with TurboTeX dvideo (using limited selection of
+ fonts)</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.11. <a href="ch09.html#fig.ptipreview">Previewing
+ with Personal TeX's Previewer</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.12. <a
+ href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dvimswin">Previewing with
+ dvimswin</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.13. <a
+ href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dviwin">Previewing with
+ dviwin</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.14. <a
+ href="ch09.html#fig.preview.wttpreview">Previewing with
+ TurboTeX's wdviwin</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.15. <a
+ href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dviwindo">Previewing with
+ Y&amp;Y's DVIWindo</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.16. <a
+ href="ch09.html#fig.preview.dviwindo2">DVIWindo preview
+ much enlarged</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.17. <a href="ch09.html#fig.dvgttek">Previewing with
+ dvgt under Tektronix 4010 emulation</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>10.1. <a href="ch10.html#fig.on.infex">TeXinfo sample
+ page</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>10.2. <a href="ch10.html#fig.on.infinf">Online
+ documentation produced by MakeInfo</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>11.1. <a href="ch11.html#fig.eight">A figure eight
+ created with MetaFont</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>12.1. <a href="ch12.html#fig.bib.bibview">Editing an
+ article entry with \program{bibview}</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>12.2. <a href="ch12.html#fig.bib.xbibtex">Editing an
+ article entry with \program{xbibtex}</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>12.3. <a href="ch12.html#fig.bib.bibdb">Editing an
+ article entry with \program{bibdb}</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>14.1. <a href="ch14.html#fig.pcmenu">The PCTeX menu
+ system</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>14.2. <a href="ch14.html#fig.wpctex">PCTeX For
+ Windows editing and previewing a LaTeX document</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>14.3. <a href="ch14.html#fig.wpctextttotf">PCTeX For
+ Windows TrueType font metric builder</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>14.4. <a href="ch14.html#fig.sciword">Editing a
+ document with Scientific Word</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>14.5. <a
+ href="ch14.html#fig.commercial.swpreview">Preview of the
+ Scientific Word document shown in Figure</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>15.1. <a href="ch15.html#fig.mac.textures">Editing,
+ previewing, and typesetting in Textures</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>15.2. <a href="ch15.html#fig.mac.alpha">Alpha editing
+ the fonts chapter from this book</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>15.3. <a
+ href="ch15.html#fig.mac.bbedit">\program{BBEdit} editing
+ the fonts chapter from this book</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>15.4. <a
+ href="ch15.html#fig.mac.Excalibur">\program{Excalibur}
+ spellchecking the fonts chapter from this book</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>15.5. <a href="ch15.html#fig.mac.hyperbib">The
+ \program{Hyper\BibTeX} view of a bibliographic
+ database</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="list-of-tables">
+ <p><b>List of Tables</b></p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>1. <a href="pr02.html#id2855538"></a></dt>
+
+ <dt>1.1. <a href="ch01.html#tab.activechars">Special
+ Characters in Plain TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>1.2. <a href="ch01.html#tab.acttype">How to Typeset
+ Special Characters</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.1. <a href="ch02.html#tbl.mathops">aucTeX Math
+ Operators in Mathematics Minor-mode</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.2. <a href="ch02.html#tab.modes">TeX Modes of
+ Interaction</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>3.1. <a href="ch03.html#id2871639"></a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.1. <a href="ch05.html#tab.fontshapeww">Standard
+ Weight and Width Designations</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.2. <a href="ch05.html#tab.fontshapeex">Weight and
+ Width Are Combined to Form Series</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.3. <a href="ch05.html#tab.fontshapeshape">Standard
+ Abbreviations of Font Shape</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.4. <a
+ href="ch05.html#tab.nfss2.userlevel">User-level Font
+ Selection Control Sequences in NFSS2</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.5. <a href="ch05.html#tab.nfss2.encoding">Encoding
+ Schemes Supported by NFSS2</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.6. <a href="ch05.html#tab.nfssdefaults">Default
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.7. <a href="ch05.html#id2888084"></a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.1. <a href="ch06.html#tab.manipover">Graphics
+ Manipulation Packages</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.2. <a href="ch06.html#tab.drawingtools">Graphics
+ Editing Packages</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>7.1. <a href="ch07.html#tab.accentedchar">Standard
+ Control Sequences for Symbols from Other Character
+ Sets</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>7.2. <a href="ch07.html#tab.newaccentedchar">New
+ Control Sequences Proposed by TWGMLC</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>7.3. <a href="ch07.html#tab.langswitch">Language
+ Switch Macros Proposed by TUG</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>8.1. <a href="ch08.html#tab.drivers">Common DVI
+ Drivers</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>8.2. <a href="ch08.html#tab.dvilaserhp.util">Other
+ \protect\dvilaserhp Utilities</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>8.3. <a href="ch08.html#tab.dvilaserps.util">Other
+ \protect\dvilaserps Utilities</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>8.4. <a href="ch08.html#tab.dvipsone.util">Other
+ dvipsone Utilities</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.1. <a href="ch09.html#tab.previewers">Common
+ Previewers</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.2. <a href="ch09.html#tab.tpre.utils">TeX Preview
+ Utilities</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9.3. <a href="ch09.html#tab.dviwindo">DVIWindo
+ Utilities</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>11.1. <a href="ch11.html#tab.mf.mfdistrib">Some
+ Popular MetaFont Fonts on the CTAN Archives</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>12.1. <a href="ch12.html#tab.bib.entries">Types of
+ Entries with Required and Optional Fields</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>13.1. <a href="ch13.html#tab.emtexfilesum">Summary of
+ the \protect\emTeX Distribution</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>13.2. <a href="ch13.html#tab.emtex.fontlibs">Fonts
+ Libraries Available for \protect\emTeX on CTAN</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>13.3. <a href="ch13.html#tab.emtexotherex">Other
+ \protect\emTeX Executables</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>13.4. <a href="ch13.html#tab.emtex.betasummary">The
+ Beta Test Files for \protect\emTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>14.1. <a href="ch14.html#tab.turbotex">TurboTeX
+ Programs</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>14.2. <a
+ href="ch14.html#tab.turbomf">Turbo\protect\TeX
+ \protect\MF Programs</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>15.1. <a href="ch15.html#tab.mac.cmacdist">Summary of
+ the \protect\cmactex Distribution at CTAN</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>15.2. <a href="ch15.html#tab.mac.oztexdist">Summary
+ of the \protect\oztex Distribution at CTAN</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>15.3. <a href="ch15.html#tab.mac.bsrtools">Font Tools
+ in the BSR package</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>16.1. <a href="ch16.html#tab.util.beebedr">The Public
+ Doman DVI Driver Family</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>16.2. <a href="ch16.html#tab.rtfxlate">RTF
+ Translators</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>16.3. <a
+ href="ch16.html#tab.psutils.scripts">Additional Scripts
+ in PS Utils</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>B.1. <a href="apb.html#tab.cmrencode">The Computer
+ Modern Roman Font Encoding</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>B.2. <a href="apb.html#tab.cmmiencode">The Computer
+ Modern Math Italic Font Encoding</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>B.3. <a href="apb.html#tab.font.corkencoding">The
+ Cork Font Encoding</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>B.4. <a href="apb.html#tab.adbstdencode">The Adobe
+ Standard Font Encoding</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="list-of-examples">
+ <p><b>List of Examples</b></p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>1.1. <a href="ch01.html#ex.csexample">An Example of a
+ TeX Document</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>1.2. <a href="ch01.html#ex.knuthbbl">A typical
+ bibliography database entry</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.1. <a href="ch02.html#ex.driver">A Simple Driver
+ File</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.2. <a href="ch02.html#ex.localvars">Local Variables
+ in an Emacs Buffer</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.3. <a href="ch02.html#ex.madeuperr">A Contrived
+ Error</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2.4. <a href="ch02.html#ex.rcsmac">Revision Control
+ Macros for TeX Documents Using RCS}</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>3.1. <a href="ch03.html#ex.badfonttex">The Document
+ BADFONT.TEX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.1. <a href="ch05.html#ex.logoshape">Font-shape
+ Declaration with NFSS2</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.2. <a href="ch05.html#ex.logoshape2">Font-shape
+ declaration with NFSS2 (simplified)</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5.3. <a href="ch05.html#ex.pstotexfont">The
+ PStoTeXfont script</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.1. <a href="ch06.html#ex.plaintexm">The Input for
+ the Plain TeX Diagram</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.2. <a href="ch06.html#ex.latexpicsrc">The LaTeX
+ Input for</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.3. <a href="ch06.html#ex.epicsrc">The epic Input
+ for</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.4. <a href="ch06.html#ex.beziersrc">The Input
+ for</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.5. <a href="ch06.html#ex.pictexsrc">PiCTeX Input
+ for</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.6. <a href="ch06.html#ex.xypicsrc">The XYPic Input
+ for</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.7. <a href="ch06.html#ex.dratexsrc">The DraTeX
+ Input for</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.8. <a href="ch06.html#ex.gseps">Converting
+ Encapsulated PostScript to a Bitmap with
+ Ghostscript</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6.9. <a href="ch06.html#ex.texscreencapt">Script for
+ Inserting a Captured Text Screen</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>7.1. <a href="ch07.html#ex.usinglangs">{A Sample
+ Multilingual Document Using English and French}</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>10.1. <a href="ch10.html#ex.on.infinp">TeXinfo
+ Commands</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>11.1. <a href="ch11.html#ex.eightcode">The Code for
+ the Figure Eight</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>12.1. <a href="ch12.html#ex.bib.bibexample">A Sample
+ BibTeX entry</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>12.2. <a href="ch12.html#ex.tibdb">A Tib style
+ database entry</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>D.1. <a
+ href="apd.html#ex.maketexpk">MakeTeXPK.pl</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>D.2. <a
+ href="apd.html#ex.maketextfm">MakeTeXTFM.pl</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>D.3. <a href="apd.html#ex.dvidxx">dvidxx.btm</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>D.4. <a href="apd.html#ex.makepk">makepk.btm</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>D.5. <a
+ href="apd.html#ex.encafmpl">enc-afm.pl</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>D.6. <a
+ href="apd.html#ex.textoxfont">TeXtoXfont</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>D.7. <a
+ href="apd.html#ex.pstoxfont">PStoXfont</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>D.8. <a
+ href="apd.html#ex.txt2verb">txt2verb.pl</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/mtw.css b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/mtw.css
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6fc8bbe2b08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/mtw.css
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/* CSS2 Stylesheet for _Making TeX Work_
+ *
+ * $Id: mtw.css,v 1.1 2002/08/23 14:31:13 nwalsh Exp $
+ */
+
+.box { border: thin solid #7F7F7F;
+ }
+
+DIV.example-output {
+ padding-left: 15px;
+ border-style: solid;
+ border-width: 0px;
+ border-left-width: 2px;
+ border-color: black;
+}
+
+pre.screen {
+ background: #E8E8E8;
+}
+
+pre.programlisting {
+ background: #E8E8E8;
+}
+
+div.example-source {
+ background: #E8E8E8;
+}
+
+p.publisher {
+ text-align: center;
+}
+
+div.component-title {
+ text-align: right;
+}
+
+h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+h1.label {
+ font-size: 150pt;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ font-family: sans-serif;
+ margin-bottom: 0px;
+ padding-bottom: 0px;
+ margin-top: 0px;
+ padding-top: 0px;
+}
+
+div.component-title h1.title {
+ font-family: sans-serif;
+ margin-top: 0px;
+ padding-top: 0px;
+ margin-right: 20px;
+ font-size: 36pt;
+}
+
+p.alpha-version {
+ margin-top: 0px;
+ padding-top: 0px;
+}
+
+hr.component-separator {
+ height: 1px;
+}
+
+div.refentry div.titlepage {
+ margin-left: 20px;
+}
+
+div.refentry div.titlepage h1.title {
+ margin-left: -20px;
+ margin-bottom: 0px;
+ font-size: 36pt;
+}
+
+body {
+ margin-top: 0px;
+ padding-top: 0px;
+ margin-left: 0px;
+ margin-right: 0px;
+ padding-left: 0px;
+ padding-right: 0px;
+}
+
+div.navheader {
+ padding-top: 2px;
+ background-color: #c6bec6;
+ padding-right: 2px;
+ border-bottom-style: solid;
+ border-bottom-width: 1px;
+}
+
+div.navfooter {
+ background-color: #c6bec6;
+ margin-bottom: 0px;
+ padding-bottom: 0px;
+ padding-left: 10px;
+ padding-right: 10px;
+ border-top-style: solid;
+ border-top-width: 1px;
+ padding-top: 2px;
+}
+
+div.copyrightfooter {
+ background-color: #c6bec6;
+ margin-top: 0px;
+ padding-top: 0px;
+ padding-left: 10px;
+ padding-right: 10px;
+ padding-bottom: 2px;
+}
+
+div.copyrightfooter p {
+ margin-top: 0px;
+ padding-top: 10px;
+}
+
+div.refentry,
+div.preface,
+div.chapter,
+div.appendix,
+div.reference,
+div.part,
+div.bibliography,
+div.glossary,
+div.index,
+div.colophon,
+div.legalnotice {
+ margin-left: 10px;
+ margin-right: 10px;
+}
+
+div.book {
+ margin-left: 10px;
+ margin-right: 10px;
+ margin-top: 5px;
+}
+
+thead {
+ background-color: black;
+ color: white;
+}
+
+table,
+tbody,thead,tfoot,
+tr,td {
+ border-color: #8F8F8F;
+}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/mtwcpyright.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/mtwcpyright.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..64fd10d21c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/mtwcpyright.html
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Making TeX Work</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
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+ <div class="legalnotice">
+ <p><i>Making TeX Work</i>. Copyright © 1994 O'Reilly &amp;
+ Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.</p>
+
+ <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
+ this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
+ License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the
+ Free Software Foundation; with the Back-Cover Texts being <a
+ href="#backcover" target="_top">Back Cover Text</a>. A copy
+ of the license is included in <a href="ape.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;E.&#160;GNU Free Documentation License">Appendix&#160;E</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the
+ O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly &amp;
+ Associates, Inc. The association between the image of a
+ spider and the topic of TeX is a trademark of O'Reilly &amp;
+ Associates, Inc. Java and all Java-based trademarks and logos
+ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems,
+ Inc., in the United States and other countries. O'Reilly
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+
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+
+ <p><a id="backcover" name="backcover"></a><b>Back Cover
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+
+ <p>Visit O'Reilly on the Web at <a
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+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
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+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a>&#160;<a title="Preface"
+ href="pr02.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="preface">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="id2788712"
+ name="id2788712"></a>Forward to the SourceForge
+ Edition</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>I wrote <i>Making TeX Work</i> in 1994. It has not been
+ updated and is unquestionably out-of-date. In fact, the TeX
+ sources are still in LaTeX 2.09.</p>
+
+ <p>It is provided here for the benefit of those readers who
+ would like to read it (it has been out of print for several
+ years) or its TeX sources.</p>
+
+ <p>I have no plans to update it.</p>
+
+ <div class="important"
+ style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
+ <h3 class="title">Important</h3>
+
+ <p>The conversion from TeX to XML <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>is not</em></span> complete. There are
+ lots of TeXisms left in the XML version. And tables that
+ haven't been converted. And figures that haven't been
+ converted. And probably lots of other stuff. I do plan,
+ over time, to fix those errors so that the XML sources are
+ a reasonable reflection of the published book.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2841267"
+ name="id2841267"></a>Acknowledgments</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>My thanks to Tim O'Reilly for agreeing to republish this
+ book under the <a href="ape.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;E.&#160;GNU Free Documentation License">
+ GNU Free Documentation License</a>.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a title="Preface"
+ href="pr02.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
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+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Making TeX Work&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
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+
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@@ -0,0 +1,1296 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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+ <meta name="generator"
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+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Preface</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
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+ <link rel="previous" href="pr01.html"
+ title="Forward to the SourceForge Edition" />
+ <link rel="next" href="pt01.html"
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Forward to the SourceForge Edition"
+ href="pr01.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
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+ title="Making TeX Work" href="index.html"><img
+ src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up" border="0" />
+ </a>&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
+ href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="preface">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="id2841290"
+ name="id2841290"></a>Preface</h2>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div>
+ <p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX is a tool for creating professional quality, typeset
+ pages of any kind. It is particularly good, perhaps
+ unsurpassed, at typesetting mathematics<a id="id2841277"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2841277"></a> <a id="id2841322"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2841322"></a>; as a result, it is
+ widely used in scientific writing. Some of its other
+ features, like its ability to handle multiple languages<a
+ id="id2787586" class="indexterm" name="id2787586"></a> <a
+ id="id2787597" class="indexterm" name="id2787597"></a> in the
+ same document and the fact that the content of a document
+ (chapters, sections, equations, tables, figures, etc.) can be
+ separated from its form (typeface, size, spacing,
+ indentation, etc.) are making TeX more common outside of
+ scientific and academic circles.</p>
+
+ <p>Designed by Donald Knuth<a id="id2787617"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2787617"></a> in the late 1970s,
+ more than a decade of refinement has gone into the program
+ called &#8220;TeX&#8221; today. The resulting system produces
+ publication-quality output while maintaining portability
+ across an extremely wide range of platforms.</p>
+
+ <p>Remarkably, TeX is free. This fact, probably as much as
+ any other, has contributed to the development of a complete
+ &#8220;TeX system&#8221; by literally thousands of
+ volunteers. TeX, the program, forms the core of this
+ environment and is now supported by hundreds of tools.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
+ id="sec.implementation"
+ name="sec.implementation"></a>Why Read This Book?</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This book is for anyone who uses TeX. Novices will need
+ at least one other reference, because this book does not
+ describe the nuts and bolts of writing documents with TeX
+ in any great detail.</p>
+
+ <p>If you are new to TeX, there is much to learn. There are
+ many books that describe how to use TeX. However, the focus
+ of this book is mostly at a higher level. After digesting
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a></em></span>,
+ you should be able to proceed through the rest of the book
+ without much difficulty even if you have never seen TeX
+ before. So, if you are a system administrator interested in
+ learning enough about these programs to install and test
+ them for your users, you should be all set. If you are
+ interested in learning how to write documents with TeX,
+ this book will be helpful, but it will not be wholly
+ sufficient.</p>
+
+ <p>Why do you need this book at all? Although many
+ individual components of the TeX system are well
+ documented, there has never before been a complete
+ reference to the whole system. This book surveys the entire
+ world of TeX software and helps you see how the various
+ pieces are related.</p>
+
+ <p>A functioning TeX system is really a large collection of
+ programs that interact in subtle ways to produce a document
+ that, when formatted by TeX, prints the output you want.
+ All the different interactions that take place ultimately
+ result in less work for you, the writer, even though it may
+ seem like more work at first. Heck, it may <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>be</em></span> more work at first, but
+ in the long run, the savings are tremendous.</p>
+
+ <p>Many books about TeX refer the reader to a &#8220;local
+ guide&#8221; for more information about previewing and
+ printing documents and what facilities exist for
+ incorporating special material into documents (like special
+ fonts and pictures and figures). In reality, very few local
+ guides exist.</p>
+
+ <p>The TeX environment is now mature and stable enough to
+ support a more &#8220;global guide.&#8221; That is what
+ this book attempts to be. It goes into detail about
+ previewing and printing, about incorporating other fonts,
+ about adding pictures and figures to your documents, and
+ about many other things overlooked by other books.</p>
+
+ <p>Because fonts play a ubiquitous role in typesetting,
+ this book is also about MetaFont, the tool that Donald
+ Knuth<a id="id2788111" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2788111"></a> designed for creating fonts.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2788121"
+ name="id2788121"></a>Scope of This Book</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Here's how the book is laid out.</p>
+
+ <p><span class="bold"><b>Part&#160;<a href="pt01.html"
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX">Part&#160;I</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="pt01.html"
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX">Part&#160;I</a></em></span></b></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture">Chapter&#160;1</a></em></span>.
+ If you don't know anything about TeX at all, this chapter
+ will help you get started. If you're a system adminstrator
+ charged with the task of installing and maintaining TeX
+ tools, you'll get enough information to do the job.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch02.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing">Chapter&#160;2</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch02.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Editing">Chapter&#160;2</a></em></span>.
+ An overview of some environments that can make working with
+ TeX documents easier. It describes some editors that
+ &#8220;understand&#8221; TeX, how to integrate TeX into a
+ &#8220;programmer's editor,&#8221; spellchecking, revision
+ control, and other aspects of TeXnical editing.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch03.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Running TeX">Chapter&#160;3</a></em></span>.
+ The mechanics of running TeX, the program. It discusses
+ what things TeX needs to be able to run, how to start TeX,
+ command-line options, leaving TeX, and recovery from
+ errors.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages">Chapter&#160;4</a></em></span>.
+ Overview of TeX macro packages. This chapter describes how
+ to make a format file, the major general-purpose writing
+ packages, some special-purpose writing packages, how to
+ make slides for presentations, and how to handle color in
+ TeX.</p>
+
+ <p><span class="bold"><b>Part&#160;<a href="pt02.html"
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document">Part&#160;II</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="pt02.html"
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document">Part&#160;II</a></em></span></b></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts">Chapter&#160;5</a></em></span>.
+ This chapter explores the issues that need to be addressed
+ when using fonts. Many of these issues are not particularly
+ TeX-related, but TeX is very flexible, and it's important
+ to understand the tradeoffs that must be made. This chapter
+ also examines some TeX-specific issues: font selection,
+ files that TeX needs, automatic font generation, and
+ virtual fonts.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch06.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Pictures and Figures">Chapter&#160;6</a></em></span>.
+ How many ways are there to include pictures and figures in
+ a TeX document? Lots and lots of ways. This chapter
+ examines them all.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">Chapter&#160;7</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch07.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;7.&#160;International Considerations">Chapter&#160;7</a></em></span>.
+ TeX is well qualified to do international typesetting. This
+ chapter looks at the issues that are involved: representing
+ international symbols in your input file, what TeX
+ produces, getting the right fonts, multiple languages in
+ the same document, and macro packages and style files that
+ solve some of these problems. Some strategies for dealing
+ with very difficult languages (like Japanese and Arabic)
+ are also explored.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch08.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;8.&#160;Printing">Chapter&#160;8</a></em></span>.
+ What goes in has to come out. This chapter tells the what,
+ where, why, and how of printing your documents.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch09.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;9.&#160;Previewing">Chapter&#160;9</a></em></span>.
+ Save paper; preview your documents before you print
+ them.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch10.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation">Chapter&#160;10</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch10.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;10.&#160;Online Documentation">Chapter&#160;10</a></em></span>.
+ Online documentation is becoming increasingly popular. This
+ chapter explores different ways that both typeset and
+ online documentation can be produced from the same set of
+ input files.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch11.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;11.&#160;Introducing MetaFont">Chapter&#160;11</a></em></span>.
+ Sometimes it is necessary or desirable to create a special
+ version of a standard TeX font. Maybe you really need the
+ standard 10pt font at 11.3pt. This chapter will tell you
+ how to work with existing MetaFont fonts. It <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>won't</em></span> tell you how to
+ create your own fonts; that's a whole different story.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch12.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
+ Chapter&#160;12</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
+ href="ch12.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
+ Chapter&#160;12</a></em></span>. Maintaining a
+ bibliographic database can be a great timesaver. This
+ chapter looks at the BibTeX program and other tools for
+ building and using bibliographic databases. It also
+ discusses the creation of indexes and glossaries.</p>
+
+ <p><span class="bold"><b>Part&#160;<a href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview">Part&#160;III</a>:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview">Part&#160;III</a></em></span></b></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch13.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;13</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch13.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;13</a></em></span>.
+ Many TeX environments are freely available. This chapter
+ describes public domain, free, and shareware versions of
+ TeX.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a></em></span>.
+ A large, complex system like TeX can be overwhelming
+ (although I hope less so after you read this book ;-). One
+ of the advantages of selecting a commercial implementation
+ of TeX is that some form of customer support is usually
+ provided. Still other commercial implementations offer
+ features not found in any free releases. This chapter
+ describes several commercial TeX releases.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch15.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch15.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a></em></span>.
+ Many issues discussed in this book apply equally to all
+ platforms, including the Macintosh platform, but the Mac
+ has its own special set of features. This chapter looks at
+ some versions of TeX and other tools designed specifically
+ for use on the Mac.</p>
+
+ <p>Chapter&#160;<a href="ch16.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities">Chapter&#160;16</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch16.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;16.&#160;TeX Utilities">Chapter&#160;16</a></em></span>.
+ This chapter lists many of the the utilities available in
+ the CTAN archives and provides a brief description of what
+ they do.</p>
+
+ <p>Appendix&#160;<a href="apa.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary">Appendix&#160;A</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apa.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;A.&#160;Filename Extension Summary">Appendix&#160;A</a></em></span>.
+ Lots of files can be identified by their extensions. This
+ appendix lists the extensions that are most often seen in
+ conjunction with TeX and describes what the associated
+ files contain.</p>
+
+ <p>Appendix&#160;<a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apb.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;B.&#160;Font Samples">Appendix&#160;B</a></em></span>.
+ Examples of many MetaFont fonts available from the CTAN
+ archives.</p>
+
+ <p>Appendix&#160;<a href="apc.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources">Appendix&#160;C</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apc.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources">Appendix&#160;C</a></em></span>.
+ A complete list of the resources described in this
+ book.</p>
+
+ <p>Appendix&#160;<a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apd.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;D.&#160;Long Examples">Appendix&#160;D</a></em></span>.
+ This appendix contains examples (scripts, batch files,
+ programs) that seemed too long to place in the running
+ text.</p>
+
+ <p><span class="emphasis"><em>Bibliography</em></span>.
+ Where I learned what I know. Also, where you can look for
+ more information about specific topics.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2855196"
+ name="id2855196"></a>Conventions Used in This Book</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The following typographic conventions are used in this
+ book:</p>
+
+ <div class="variablelist">
+ <dl>
+ <dt><span class="term"><span
+ class="emphasis"><em>Italic</em></span></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>is used for filenames, directories, user commands,
+ program names, and macro packages (except where the
+ distinctive logo type is used). Sometimes italics are
+ used in the traditional way for emphasis of new ideas
+ and important concepts.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>Typewriter</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>is used for program examples, FTP sites, TeX
+ control sequences, and little bits of TeX syntax that
+ appear in running text (for example, typewriter text
+ in a reference to the LaTeX <tt>picture</tt>
+ environment is a clue that LaTeX literally uses the
+ word &#8220;picture&#8221; to identify this
+ environment).</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>\bf Typewriter
+ Bold</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>is used in examples to show the user's actual
+ input at the terminal.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term"><tt>\it Typewriter
+ Italic</tt></span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>identifies text that requires a context-specific
+ substitution. For example, <span
+ class="emphasis"><em><tt>filename</tt></em></span> in
+ an example would be replaced by some particular
+ filename.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><span class="term">Footnotes</span></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>are used for parenthetical remarks. Sometimes,
+ lies are spoken to simplify the discussion, and the
+ footnotes restore the lie to the truth. (And
+ sometimes they don't ;-)</p>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Filename extensions, like &#8220;<span
+ class="emphasis"><em>.tex</em></span>&#8221; in
+ <tt>book.tex</tt>, are shown in uppercase letters when
+ referring to a particular type of file. For example, a TeX
+ Font Metric or <tt>TFM</tt> file would be
+ <tt>somefile.tfm</tt>. The actual extension of the file may
+ be different (upper or lowercase, longer or shorter)
+ depending on your operating environment.</p>
+
+ <p>When the shell prompt is shown in an example, it is
+ shown as a dollar sign, \$. You should imagine that this is
+ your system's prompt, which might otherwise be
+ <tt>&lt;!--</tt> , <tt>C&gt;</tt>, --&gt; <tt>[C:\]</tt>,
+ or a dialog box.</p>
+
+ <p>When spaces are important in an example, the
+ &#8220;{&#160;}&#8221; character is used to emphasize the
+ spaces. Effective,&#160; isn't&#160; it?</p>
+
+ <p>In some places, I refer to specific keys that you should
+ press. When it's important that I mean pressing particular
+ keys and not typing something, I emphasize the keys. For
+ instance, an example that includes <b>Enter</b> means that
+ you should literally press the Enter or Return key. The
+ sequence <b>Ctrl-D</b> means that you should press and hold
+ the &#8220;Control&#8221; and &#8220;d&#8221; keys
+ simultaneously. Control-key combinations aren't case
+ sensitive, so you needn't press the shift key.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2855490"
+ name="id2855490"></a>How to Get TeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>TeX and the other programs mentioned in this book are
+ available from a number of places. It's impossible to list
+ all of the places where you might find any given tool, but
+ there is one place where you will almost certainly find
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>every</em></span> tool: the
+ Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN)<a id="id2855505"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2855505"></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>This network is a fully-mirrored anonymous FTP hierarchy
+ in three countries. Always use the FTP site<a
+ id="id2855524" class="indexterm" name="id2855524"></a> that
+ is geographically closest to you. The following table lists
+ the current members of CTAN as of July, 1993:</p>
+
+ <div class="table">
+ <a id="id2855538" name="id2855538"></a>
+
+ <p class="title"><b>Table&#160;1.&#160;</b></p>
+
+ <table summary="" border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ <col align="left" />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th align="left">Geographic Location</th>
+
+ <th align="left">Site</th>
+
+ <th align="left">IP Address</th>
+
+ <th align="left">Top Level Directory</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">United States</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\tt ftp.shsu.edu</td>
+
+ <td align="left">192.92.115.10</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\it /tex-archive</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">England</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\tt ftp.tex.ac.uk</td>
+
+ <td align="left">131.151.79.32</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\it /tex-archive</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">Germany</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\tt ftp.uni-stuttgart.de</td>
+
+ <td align="left">129.69.8.13</td>
+
+ <td align="left">\it /tex-archive</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You may also access the CTAN archives by electronic
+ mail<a id="id2855672" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2855672"></a> if you do not have FTP access. For
+ up-to-date instructions about the mail server, send the
+ single-line message <tt>help</tt> to
+ <tt>fileserv@shsu.edu</tt>.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2855700"
+ name="id2855700"></a>Where Are the Files?</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>Every CTAN mirror site has the same well-organized
+ directory structure<a id="id2855710" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2855710"></a>. The top-level directory also
+ contains a complete catalog of current files organized by
+ name, date, and size. The catalogs are named
+ <tt>FILES.byname</tt>, <tt>FILES.bydate</tt>, and
+ <tt>FILES.bysize</tt>, respectively, in the top level
+ directory. The top-level directory contains the following
+ subdirectories:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+&lt;table&gt;
+&lt;title&gt;&lt;/title&gt;
+&lt;tgroup cols="1"&gt;
+&lt;colspec align="left"&gt;
+&lt;colspec align="left"&gt;
+&lt;thead&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Directory&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Description of Contents &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;/thead&gt;
+&lt;tbody&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;tools&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Archiving tools (&lt;command&gt;unzip&lt;/command&gt;, &lt;command&gt;tar&lt;/command&gt;, &lt;command&gt;compress&lt;/command&gt;, etc.) &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;biblio&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Tools for maintaining bibliographic databases &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;digests&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Electronic digests (&amp;TeX;hax, UK&amp;TeX;, etc.)&lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;info&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Free documentation, many good guides &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;dviware&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Printing and previewing software &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;fonts&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Fonts for &amp;TeX; &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;graphics&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Software for working with pictures and figures &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;help&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Online help files, etc. &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;indexing&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Indexing and glossary building tools &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;language&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Multi-national language support &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;macros&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Macro packages and style files &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;misc&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Stuff that doesn't fit in any other category &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;support&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Tools for running and supporting &amp;TeX;&lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;systems&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;OS-specific programs and files&lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;row&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;web&lt;/entry&gt;
+ &lt;entry&gt;Sources for &amp;TeX; programs (in &amp;Web;) &lt;/entry&gt;
+&lt;/row&gt;
+&lt;/tbody&gt;
+&lt;/tgroup&gt;
+&lt;/table&gt;
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The archives at <tt>ftp.shsu.edu</tt> and
+ <tt>ftp.tex.ac.uk</tt> also support <b>gopher</b><a
+ id="id2788674" class="indexterm" name="id2788674"></a>
+ access to the archives. The UK <b>gopher</b> supports
+ indexed access to the archives. A World Wide Web
+ (hypertext) interface<a id="id2788694" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2788694"></a> to the archives is available
+ from:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+
+http://jasper.ora.com/ctan.html
+</pre>
+
+ <p>This interface includes brief descriptions of many
+ packages and the ability to perform keyword and date
+ searches.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2855768"
+ name="id2855768"></a>Getting Software Without
+ FTP</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The electronic alternatives<a id="id2788563"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2788563"></a> to FTP, described
+ in the section &#8220;<a
+ href="pr02.html#sec.gettingexamples"
+ title="Getting Examples From This Book">the section
+ called &#8220;Getting Examples From This
+ Book&#8221;</a>&#8221; of this chapter are also viable
+ alternatives for getting software from the CTAN
+ archives.</p>
+
+ <p>In addition, there are a number of ways to get
+ distributions through nonelectronic<a id="id2788597"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2788597"></a> channels. The
+ names and addresses of these sources are listed in
+ Appendix&#160;<a href="apc.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources">Appendix&#160;C</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apc.html"
+ title="Appendix&#160;C.&#160;Resources">Appendix&#160;C</a></em></span>.</p>
+
+ <p>You can get many of the popular TeX distributions on
+ diskette from the TeX Users Group (TUG)<a id="id2856094"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2856094"></a>. Emacs,
+ <b>Ghostscript</b>, and other packages by the Free
+ Software Foundation (FSF)<a id="id2856119"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2856119"></a> are available on
+ tape directly from the FSF. You may also find large
+ bulletin board systems that support TeX (for example,
+ Channel1 in Cambridge, MA)</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="sec.gettingexamples"
+ name="sec.gettingexamples"></a>Getting Examples From
+ This Book</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>All of the substantial code fragments and programs
+ printed in this book are available online. The examples<a
+ id="id2856154" class="indexterm" name="id2856154"></a> in
+ this book are all in <b>Perl</b><a id="id2856168"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2856168"></a>, a language for
+ easily manipulating text, files, and processes. I decided
+ to use <b>Perl</b> simply because it is available for
+ every platform discussed in this book. It is the only
+ &#8220;universal&#8221; scripting language that will work
+ under MS-DOS, OS/2, unix, and the Macintosh. All of the
+ scripts in this book can be converted to a different
+ scripting language (the various unix shells or something
+ like <b>4DOS</b>'s extended batch language for MS-DOS and
+ OS/2) if you prefer. I've tried to write the <b>Perl</b>
+ scripts in a straightforward way so that any given task
+ won't be too difficult.</p>
+
+ <p>The examples are available electronically in a number
+ of ways: by FTP, FTPMAIL, BITFTP, and UUCP. The cheapest,
+ fastest, and easiest ways are listed first. If you read
+ from the top down, the first one that works is probably
+ the best. Use FTP if you are directly on the Internet.
+ Use FTPMAIL if you are not on the Internet but can send
+ and receive electronic mail to Internet sites (this
+ includes CompuServe users). Use BITFTP if you send
+ electronic mail via BITNET. Use UUCP if none of the above
+ work.</p>
+
+ <div class="note"
+ style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
+ <h3 class="title">Note</h3>
+
+ <p>The examples were prepared using a unix system. If
+ you are running unix, you can use them without
+ modification. If you are running on another platform,
+ you may need to modify these examples to correct the
+ end-of-line markers. For example, whereas under unix
+ every line ends with a line feed character (the
+ carriage return is implicit), under DOS every line must
+ end with explicit carriage return and line feed
+ characters.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2856246"
+ name="id2856246"></a>FTP</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>To use FTP<a id="id2856255" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856255"></a>, you need a machine with direct
+ access to the Internet. A sample session is shown
+ below.</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\${\bf ftp ftp.uu.net} Connected to ftp.uu.net.
+220 ftp.UU.NET FTP server (Version 6.34 Oct 22 14:32:01 1992) ready.
+Name (ftp.uu.net:prefect): {\bf anonymous}
+331 Guest login ok, send e-mail address as password.
+Password:{\bf prefect@guide.com} \ \ \ {\rm\it\small (use your user name and host here)}
+230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
+ftp&gt;{\bf cd /published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork}
+250 CWD command successful.
+ftp&gt;{\bf get README}
+200 PORT command successful.
+150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for README (xxxx bytes).
+226 Transfer complete.
+local: README remote: README
+xxxx bytes received in xxx seconds (xxx Kbytes/s)
+ftp&gt;{\bf binary} \ \ {\rm\it\small (select binary mode for compressed files)}
+200 Type set to I.
+{\rm\it\small \ (Repeat get commands for the other files.}
+{\rm\it\small \ They are listed in the README file.)}
+ftp&gt;{\bf quit} 221 Goodbye.
+\$
+</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2856292"
+ name="id2856292"></a>FTPMAIL</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>FTPMAIL<a id="id2856301" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856301"></a> is a mail server available to
+ anyone who can send electronic mail to, and receive it
+ from, Internet sites. This includes most workstations
+ that have an email connection to the outside world and
+ CompuServe<a id="id2856314" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856314"></a> users. You do not need to be
+ directly on the Internet.</p>
+
+ <p>Send mail to <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com</em></span>.
+ In the message body, give the name of the anonymous FTP
+ host and the FTP commands you want to run. The server
+ will run anonymous FTP for you and mail the files back
+ to you. To get a complete help file, send a message
+ with no subject and the single word <tt>help</tt> in
+ the body. The following is an example mail session that
+ should get you the examples. This command sends you a
+ listing of the files in the selected directory and the
+ requested example files. The listing is useful if
+ there's a later version of the examples you're
+ interested in.</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\${\bf mail ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com}
+Subject: {\bf{}reply prefect@guide.com} \ \ {\rm\it\small (where you want files mailed)}
+{\bf{}connect ftp.uu.net}
+{\bf{}chdir /published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork}
+{\bf{}dir}
+{\bf{}get README}
+{\bf{}quit}
+</pre>
+
+ <p>A signature at the end of the message is acceptable
+ as long as it appears after <tt>quit</tt>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2856375"
+ name="id2856375"></a>BITFTP</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>BITFTP<a id="id2856384" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856384"></a> is a mail server for BITNET
+ users. You send it electronic mail messages requesting
+ files, and it sends you back the files by electronic
+ mail. BITFTP currently serves only users who send it
+ mail from nodes that are directly on BITNET, EARN, or
+ NetNorth. BITFTP is a public service of Princeton
+ University.</p>
+
+ <p>To use BITFTP, send mail containing your FTP
+ commands to <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>BITFTP@PUCC</em></span>. For a
+ complete help file, send <tt>HELP</tt> as the message
+ body.</p>
+
+ <p>The following is the message body you should send to
+ BITFTP:</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+
+FTP ftp.uu.net
+NETDATA USER anonymous
+PASS<span
+class="emphasis"><em>your Internet e-mail address</em></span> {\rm\it\small (not your BITNET address)}
+CD /published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork
+DIR
+GET README
+QUIT
+</pre>
+
+ <p>Questions about BITFTP can be directed to <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>MAINT@PUCC</em></span> on
+ BITNET.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2856447"
+ name="id2856447"></a>UUCP</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>UUCP<a id="id2856456" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856456"></a> is standard on virtually all unix
+ systems and is available for IBM-compatible PCs and
+ Apple Macintoshes. The examples are available by UUCP
+ via modem from UUNET; UUNET's connect-time charges
+ apply. You can get the examples from UUNET whether you
+ have an account or not. If you or your company has an
+ account with UUNET, you will have a system with a
+ direct UUCP connection to UUNET. Find that system, and
+ type (as one line):</p>
+<pre class="screen">
+\$ <span
+class="bold"><b>uucp uunet\!&#160;/published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork/README \</b></span>
+<span class="emphasis"><em>\ \ yourhost</em></span>\!&#160;/<span
+class="emphasis"><em>yourname</em></span>/
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The README file should appear some time later (up to
+ a day or more) in the directory <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>/usr/spool/uucppublic/yourname</em></span>.
+ If you don't have an account, but would like one so
+ that you can get electronic mail, contact UUNET at
+ 703-204-8000.</p>
+
+ <p>If you don't have a UUNET account, you can set up a
+ UUCP connection to UUNET in the United States using the
+ phone number 1-900-468-7727. As of this writing, the
+ cost is 50 cents per minute. The charges will appear on
+ your next telephone bill. The login name is <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>uucp</em></span> with no password.
+ Your entry may vary depending on your UUCP
+ configuration.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h4 class="title"><a id="id2856527"
+ name="id2856527"></a>Gopher</h4>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>If you are on the Internet, you can use the
+ <b>gopher</b><a id="id2856542" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856542"></a> facility to learn about online
+ access to examples through the O'Reilly Online
+ Information Resource. Access <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>gopher.ora.com</em></span> as
+ appropriate from your site.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2856562"
+ name="id2856562"></a>Versions of TeX</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The most recent versions of TeX<a id="id2856571"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2856571"></a> and MetaFont<a
+ id="id2856585" class="indexterm" name="id2856585"></a> are
+ version 3.1415 and version 2.71, respectively. Version 3 of
+ TeX introduced several new features designed to improve
+ support for non-English languages (including the use of
+ 8-bit input and some refinements to hyphenation control).
+ If you use an older version of TeX, you should upgrade.</p>
+
+ <p>Donald Knuth<a id="id2856609" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856609"></a> has specified that TeX's version
+ number converges to $&#960;$, therefore version 3.1415 is
+ only the fourth minor revision after version 3. The next
+ minor revision will be version 3.14159. Similarly,
+ MetaFont's version number converges to $e$
+ (2.7182818284$&#8230;$).</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2856618"
+ name="id2856618"></a>Implementations and Platforms</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The interface that TeX presents to the writer is very
+ consistent. Most of the examples described in this book are
+ applicable to every single implementation<a id="id2856636"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2856636"></a><a id="id2856653"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2856653"></a> of TeX. However,
+ TeX is not a closed system. It is possible to step outside
+ of TeX to incorporate special elements into your document
+ or take advantage of the special features of a particular
+ environment. These extensions can dramatically restrict the
+ portability of your documents.</p>
+
+ <p>Many of the topics covered in this book offer
+ alternatives in those areas that are less portable.
+ Therefore, it is natural to ask what implementations are
+ really covered.</p>
+
+ <p>Before outlining which implementations are covered, let
+ me suggest that this book will be useful even if you are
+ using an implementation not &#8220;officially&#8221;
+ covered here. The reality of the situation is this: many,
+ many tools have been ported with TeX. Many of the tools
+ mentioned in this book are available on platforms that are
+ not specifically discussed. Time and equipment constraints
+ prevented Amiga<a id="id2856696" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856696"></a>, Atari<a id="id2856708"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2856708"></a>, NeXT<a
+ id="id2856719" class="indexterm" name="id2856719"></a>,
+ VMS<a id="id2856731" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856731"></a>, and Windows NT<a id="id2856743"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2856743"></a> implementations of
+ TeX from being specifically addressed in this edition of
+ the book.</p>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2856757"
+ name="id2856757"></a>UNIX</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>unix<a id="id2856765" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856765"></a> is probably the most common TeX
+ platform. The emphasis in this book is on unix
+ workstations running X11, producing output for PostScript
+ and HP LaserJet printers.</p>
+
+ <p><b>Linux</b><a id="id2856788" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856788"></a> and other personal computer
+ implementations of unix are not addressed specifically;
+ however, with the successful port of X11 to <b>Linux</b>,
+ I'm confident that every unix tool here can be, or has
+ been, ported to <b>Linux</b> (and probably other PC unix
+ environments).</p>
+
+ <p>The only implementation of the TeX program for unix
+ considered in any detail is the free implementation
+ distributed in <span
+ class="emphasis"><em>web2c</em></span>. This distribution
+ is described in the section called &#8220;<a
+ href="ch13.html#free.web" title="Web2C">the section
+ called &#8220;Web2C&#8221;</a>&#8221; in Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch13.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">
+ Chapter&#160;13</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
+ href="ch13.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">
+ Chapter&#160;13</a></em></span>. Most of the other unix
+ tools discussed here are also free.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2856866"
+ name="id2856866"></a>MS-DOS</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>With very few exceptions, the tools in this book are
+ available under MS-DOS<a id="id2856875" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856875"></a>. Because PCs are very popular, a
+ lot of effort has gone into porting unix tools to MS-DOS.
+ Some packages, however, require a 386SX (or more
+ powerful) processor. For the most part, I focus on PCs
+ running MS-DOS only; however, Microsoft Windows<a
+ id="id2856888" class="indexterm" name="id2856888"></a>
+ and DesqView<a id="id2856906" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2856906"></a> are not entirely ignored.</p>
+
+ <p>There are quite a few options when it comes to
+ selecting an implementation of the TeX program under
+ MS-DOS. Several free implementations are discussed as
+ well as some commercial implementations. For more
+ information about these implementations, consult
+ Chapter&#160;<a href="ch13.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">
+ Chapter&#160;13</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
+ href="ch13.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments">
+ Chapter&#160;13</a></em></span>, and Chapter&#160;<a
+ href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch14.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;14.&#160;Commercial Environments">Chapter&#160;14</a></em></span>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2856997"
+ name="id2856997"></a>OS/2</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>In this book, OS/2 is treated primarily as a superset
+ of MS-DOS. When possible, I look at OS/2-specific
+ versions of each utility, but rely on MS-DOS as a
+ fall-back.</p>
+
+ <p>Extensions to emTeX for OS/2<a id="id2857012"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857012"></a> are explored, as
+ are editing environments such as <b>epm<a id="id2857032"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857032"></a></b>. The
+ multi-threaded nature of OS/2 allows more complete
+ porting of unix tools. When better ports are available
+ for OS/2, they are discussed.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h3 class="title"><a id="id2857046"
+ name="id2857046"></a>Macintosh</h3>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>The Macintosh<a id="id2857054" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857054"></a> is very different from the systems
+ described above. Chapter&#160;<a href="ch15.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch15.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;15.&#160;TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter&#160;15</a></em></span>,
+ discusses the Macintosh environment in detail.</p>
+
+ <p>There are four implementations of TeX for the
+ Macintosh. Three are freely available, and one is
+ commercial: CMacTeX<a id="id2857095" class="indexterm"
+ name="id2857095"></a> is free, OzTeX<a id="id2857112"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857112"></a> and DirectTeX<a
+ id="id2857123" class="indexterm" name="id2857123"></a>
+ are shareware, and <b>Textures</b><a id="id2857140"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857140"></a> is a commercial
+ package from Blue Sky Research<a id="id2857150"
+ class="indexterm" name="id2857150"></a>.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2857161"
+ name="id2857161"></a>We'd Like to Hear From You</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>We have tested and verified all of the information in
+ this book to the best of our ability, but you may find that
+ features have changed (or even that we have made
+ mistakes!). Please let us know about any errors you find,
+ as well as your suggestions for future editions, by
+ writing:</p>
+
+ <div class="address">
+ <p><br />
+ O'Reilly&#160;&amp;&#160;Associates,&#160;Inc.<br />
+ 103&#160;Morris&#160;Street,&#160;Suite&#160;A<br />
+ Sebastopol,&#160;CA&#160;95472<br />
+ 1-800-998-9938&#160;(in&#160;the&#160;US&#160;or&#160;Canada)<br />
+
+ 1-707-829-0515&#160;(international/local)<br />
+ 1-707-829-0104&#160;(FAX)<br />
+ </p>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>You can also send us messages electronically. To be put
+ on the mailing list or request a catalog, send email
+ to:</p>
+
+ <div class="informaltable">
+ <table border="1">
+ <colgroup>
+ <col />
+ <col />
+ </colgroup>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td><span
+ class="emphasis"><em>nuts@ora.com</em></span></td>
+
+ <td>(via the Internet)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><span
+ class="emphasis"><em>uunet!ora!nuts</em></span></td>
+
+ <td>(via UUCP)</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>To ask technical questions or comment on the book, send
+ email to:</p>
+
+ <p><span
+ class="emphasis"><em>bookquestions@ora.com</em></span> (via
+ the Internet)</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="section">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2857251"
+ name="id2857251"></a>Acknowledgments</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <p>This book would not exist if I had not received support
+ and encouragement from my friends and colleagues, near and
+ far. I owe the deepest debt of gratitude to my wife,
+ Deborah, for patience, understanding, and support as I
+ progressed through what is easily the most all-consuming
+ task I have ever undertaken.</p>
+
+ <p>The earliest draft of this book came about because my
+ advisor at the University of Massachusetts, Eliot Moss,
+ allowed me to tinker with the TeX installation in the
+ Object Systems Lab and was always able to suggest ways to
+ make it better. My friends and colleages at UMass, Amer
+ Diwan, Darko Stefanovi\'c, Dave Yates, Eric Brown, Erich
+ Nahum, Jody Daniels, Joe McCarthy, Ken Magnani, Rick
+ Hudson, and Tony Hosking, asked all the hard questions and
+ didn't seem to mind when I used them as guinea pigs for my
+ latest idea.</p>
+
+ <p>I'm indebted also to Eberhard Mattes, Geoffrey Tobin,
+ George D. Greenwade, Peter Schmitt, Sebastian Rahtz, and
+ Tomas Rokicki, who provided technical review comments on
+ the materials presented here. Jim Breen and Ken Lunde
+ offered invaluable feedback on Chapter 7.</p>
+
+ <p>And I'd like to thank a lot of people at O'Reilly for
+ their help and enthusiasm; in particular, my editor, Debby
+ Russell, offered advice, helpful criticism, and support
+ beyond the call of duty (Debby keyed most of the index for
+ this book as production deadlines drew near and other
+ arrangements fell through); Chris Tong organized the raw
+ entries into a usable index; Lenny Muellner, Donna
+ Woonteiler, and Sheryl Avruch allowed me to work on the
+ book when it wasn't technically my job; Stephen Spainhour
+ copyedited it into English with the help of Leslie Chalmers
+ and Kismet McDonough (Stephen offered helpful suggestions
+ along the way, too); Jennifer Niederst helped me get the
+ design right; and Chris Reilly created the figures and
+ screen dumps. I enjoyed working with everyone at O'Reilly
+ so much that I left UMass and joined the production
+ department myself ;-).</p>
+
+ <p>Several companies provided review copies of their
+ software while I was writing this book. I would like to
+ thank ArborText, Blue Sky Research, Borland International,
+ The Kinch Computer Company, LaserGo, Personal TeX, TCI
+ Software Research, and Y&amp;Y, for their generosity.</p>
+
+ <p>Finally, I'd like to thank the entire Internet TeX
+ community. Countless thousands of questions and answers on
+ the Net refined my understanding of how TeX works and what
+ it can do.</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Forward to the SourceForge Edition"
+ href="pr01.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX"
+ href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Forward to the SourceForge
+ Edition&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;Part&#160;I.&#160;An
+ Introduction to TeX</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/pt01.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/pt01.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e86a45b1926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/pt01.html
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="pr02.html" title="Preface" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch01.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a title="Preface"
+ href="pr02.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Making TeX Work" href="index.html"><img
+ src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up" border="0" />
+ </a>&#160;<a title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture"
+ href="ch01.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="part">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h1 class="title"><a id="part.intro"
+ name="part.intro"></a>An Introduction to TeX</h1>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="partintro">
+ <p><a href="pt01.html"
+ title="Part&#160;I.&#160;An Introduction to TeX">Part&#160;I</a>,
+ introduces TeX and the tools that make up the TeX system.
+ It describes various editing environments that simplify the
+ job of editing TeX documents. It also discusses the
+ mechanics of running TeX and recovery from errors, and it
+ provides an overview of TeX macro packages and format
+ files.</p>
+
+ <div class="toc">
+ <p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>1. <a href="ch01.html">The Big Picture</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#sec.texforbeginners">What Is
+ TeX?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2857628">TeX for
+ Beginners</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch01.html#sec.tex.controlsequences">Boxes
+ and Glue</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2858068">Control
+ Sequences</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch01.html#sec.textformVSwordproc">Special
+ Characters</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2859644">Text Formatting
+ Versus Word Processing</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#sec.howtexworks">What
+ About Desktop Publishing?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2860232">What About
+ troff?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2860619">What About
+ SGML?</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2860690">How TeX
+ Works</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch01.html#subsubsec.runningtex">TeXing a
+ Simple Document</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2861683">TeXing More
+ Complex Documents</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2861875">Building a
+ Table of Contents</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2861991">Figure
+ References</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2862061">Indexes and
+ Glossaries</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch01.html#id2862096">Bibliographies</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch01.html#id2862381">Special
+ Things</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>2. <a href="ch02.html">Editing</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#sec.whatcando">What Can an
+ Editor Do?</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#sec.auctex">Quoting
+ Automatically</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2862787">Matching
+ Braces</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2862919">Inserting
+ Common Control Sequences</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2862968">Running TeX
+ Automatically</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863045">GNU
+ Emacs</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863154">Starting TeX
+ Mode</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863366">Typing in
+ Emacs</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863418">Running TeX
+ Automatically</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863525">aucTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#sec.multifile">Starting
+ aucTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2863748">Typing in
+ aucTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2865794">aucTeX
+ Outline Mode</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2865831">Intelligent
+ Paragraph Reformatting</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2865862">Multi-file
+ Documents</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#sec.texcomp">Running
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2866224">Finding
+ Errors</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2866254">Multi-Edit</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2866322">Setting Up
+ TeX Support</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2866543">Typing in
+ Multi-Edit</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2866670">Running
+ TeX</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2866742">Brief</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2866836">MicroEMACS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2867057">epm: OS/2's
+ Enhanced Editor</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2867165">Other
+ Tools</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2867406">TeX as a
+ Compiler</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2867481">Processing a
+ Document</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868148">Spellchecking</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868250">ispell</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868280">amSpell</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2868394">Revision
+ Control</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2868511">TeX
+ Shells</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868544">TeXShell</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868647">TeXPert</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch02.html#id2868748">4TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868860">PMTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch02.html#id2868984">TeXit</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>3. <a href="ch03.html">Running TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#run.sec.formatfiles">What Do
+ You Run?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2869278">What Files Does
+ TeX Need?</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2869610">Pool
+ Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2869651">Format
+ Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#sec.userfiles">User
+ Files</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#sec.clineopts">The Command
+ Line</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch03.html#sec.runtex.cmdcautions">Command-line
+ Options</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2870602">Command-line
+ Cautions</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2871334">TeX Without
+ Options</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#sec.errors">What About
+ Errors?</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#sec.logfiles">Log
+ Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch03.html#sec.qprompt">Interpreting TeX
+ Error Messages</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2872461">Naming a File
+ TeX Cannot Find</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2872549">Misspelling a
+ Control Sequence Name</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2872653">Failure to
+ Close an Environment</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2872844">Math Outside
+ of Math Mode</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2873082">Missing
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2873273">Everything
+ Else</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch03.html#id2873346">The Question Mark
+ Prompt</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>4. <a href="ch04.html">Macro Packages</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#macpack.sec.latexvslatexe">Installation:
+ Making Format Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2874541">Hyphenation
+ Patterns</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2874634">General-purpose
+ Formats</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2874772">Plain
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2875093">Extended
+ Plain TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2875359">LaTeX2e
+ Versus LaTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#sec.latexe">LaTeX2e</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#sec.latex">LaTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#sec.texincolor">AMSTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2877047">AMSLaTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2877164">Lollipop</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2873910">TeXinfo</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2877747">Other
+ Formats</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2878394">Special-purpose
+ Formats</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2878827">SliTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2878922">FoilTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch04.html#id2878993">Seminar</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879086">TeX in
+ Color</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879169">Setting Up
+ Color</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879595">Using
+ Color</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879708">Now I've Got
+ Color, but I Need Black and White!</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879774">Color Under
+ LaTeX2e</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879830">Color Is
+ Subtle</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch04.html#id2879898">Further
+ Reading</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a title="Preface"
+ href="pr02.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture"
+ href="ch01.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Preface&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Chapter&#160;1.&#160;The Big Picture</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/pt02.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/pt02.html
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/pt02.html
@@ -0,0 +1,733 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex
+ Document</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="ch04.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch05.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages"
+ href="ch04.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Making TeX Work" href="index.html"><img
+ src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up" border="0" />
+ </a>&#160;<a title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts"
+ href="ch05.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="part">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h1 class="title"><a id="part.elements"
+ name="part.elements"></a>Elements of a Complex
+ Document</h1>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="partintro">
+ <p><a href="pt02.html"
+ title="Part&#160;II.&#160;Elements of a Complex Document">Part&#160;II</a>,
+ describes the major components of TeX involved in producing
+ a non-trivial document. It discusses how to use different
+ font technologies, how to incorporate pictures and figures
+ into the document, how to typeset non-English languages,
+ and how to maintain complex structures like indexes and
+ bibliographies. This section also explains the preview and
+ printing processes in detail.</p>
+
+ <div class="toc">
+ <p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>5. <a href="ch05.html">Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#sec.issueofsize">What TeX
+ Needs To Know</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2880659">Selecting a
+ Font in TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2880773">Which
+ Character Is Which?</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2880909">The Issue of
+ Size</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.gettingtfms">Expressing
+ Design Size in TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2881284">Expressing
+ Magnification in TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2881380">Standard
+ Magnifications</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2881671">Where Do TFM
+ Files Come From?</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#sec.nfss2">The New Font
+ Selection Scheme</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.fonts.defnfss2">Selecting
+ Fonts with the New Font Selection
+ Scheme</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2855857">Defining
+ Fonts with NFSS2</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2884733">Storing Font
+ Definitions</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2884863">Changing the
+ Defaults</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885098">NFSS
+ Pitfalls</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885459">PostScript Fonts
+ Under NFSS</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885510">Adjustments
+ to Scale</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885640">When Things Go
+ Wrong</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885669">When TeX
+ Complains</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2885907">When the DVI
+ Driver Complains</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2886211">Encoding
+ Vectors</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch05.html#sec.fonts.virtualfonts">Virtual
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#sec.autofont">Automatic Font
+ Generation by DVI Drivers</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#sec.t1fonts">Math Fonts in
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2887790">Concrete
+ Examples</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2887816">MetaFont
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2887929">PostScript
+ Type 1 Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2890165">HP LaserJet
+ Softfonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch05.html#id2890329">TrueType
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>6. <a href="ch06.html">Pictures and
+ Figures</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.devindrev">Different
+ Kinds of Images</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2890411">Bitmapped
+ Images</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2884033">Scalable
+ Images</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2884144">Device
+ Independence Revisited</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.ptexpic">Using Only
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2890867">Plain
+ TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.pictures.latex">LaTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2891692">PiCTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2891884">XYPic</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2892057">DraTeX</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2892246">Using a Little
+ Help</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2892297">MFPic</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2892403">Fig2MF</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.tpic">MetaFont</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2892560">Using a Little
+ More Help</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.pictures.pstricks">PSTricks</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2892664">TeXdraw</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2892716">tpic</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.scaleformat">Using a Lot
+ of Help</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2892815">Electronic
+ Cut-and-paste</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2893032">Scalable
+ Image Formats</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.incps">Bitmapped
+ Image Formats</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2893872">Inserting
+ PostScript Images into TeX</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.picconv">Manipulating
+ Images</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#sec.gs">Image
+ Magick</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2895306">PBMplus</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2895807">xv</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2895932">xloadimage</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2896003">Image
+ Alchemy</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2896234">ColorView</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2896325">Jpeg4</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2896400">pmjpeg</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2896523">txt2pcx</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2896564">Ghostscript</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#sec.screendump">GoScript</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2897312">hp2xx</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2897483">Image
+ Editors</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2897734">xfig</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2897932">idraw</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2898057">tgif</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2898297">bitmap/pixmap</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2898403">Other Bitmap
+ Editors</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch06.html#id2898442">texcad/xtexcad</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch06.html#id2898527">Screen
+ Dumps</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>7. <a href="ch07.html">International
+ Considerations</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch07.html#sec.for.printing">Typesetting in
+ Any Language</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#id2899289">Reading Input
+ Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#id2900395">Changing the
+ Rules</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#id2902005">Printing the
+ Result</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#sec.babel">The Babel
+ Styles</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#sec.babelfmt">Building
+ Multilingual Babel Formats</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#sec.asciijtex">TeX
+ Pitfalls</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch07.html#id2903161">Very Complex
+ Languages</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch07.html#id2903174">Japanese</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch07.html#id2903882">Chinese</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch07.html#id2903985">Arabic</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch07.html#id2904076">Hebrew</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>8. <a href="ch08.html">Printing</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#sec.printing">Printing
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#sec.bitfonts">Built-in
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2904946">External
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2905223">Bitmapped
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2905872">Scalable
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2905916">Font Printing
+ Pitfalls</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906078">Printing Pictures
+ and Figures</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906166">Unsolvable
+ Problems</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906292">Solvable
+ Problems</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906405">Pictures
+ Using Only TeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906432">MetaFont
+ Figures</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906500">Scalable
+ Images</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906554">Bitmap
+ Images</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906581">Selected
+ Drivers</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2906990">emTeX
+ Drivers</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch08.html#id2907474">dvilj2</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch08.html#id2907508">dvips</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch08.html#sec.pr.dvilaserhp">DVILASER/HP</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch08.html#sec.pr.dvilaserps">DVILASER/PS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2909658">PTI Laser/HP
+ and PTI Jet</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch08.html#id2909924">PTI
+ Laser/PS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch08.html#id2910137">dvipsone</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>9. <a href="ch09.html">Previewing</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#sec.ghostscript">Previewing
+ Under X11</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2911502">Previewing
+ with xdvi</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2911812">Previewing
+ with \xtex</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2912002">Previewing with
+ Ghostscript</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2912205">Previewing with
+ emTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2912806">Previewing with
+ dvivga</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#sec.arb.preview">TeX
+ Preview</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2913678">dvideo</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2913841">PTI View</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#id2914028">Previewing Under
+ Windows</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2914065">dvimswin</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2914192">dviwin</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2914502">wdviwin</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2914603">DVIWindo</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch09.html#sec.preview.tty">Previewing
+ on a TTY</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2915377">dvi2tty</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2915519">dvgt/dvitovdu</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch09.html#id2915747">crudetype</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>10. <a href="ch10.html">Online
+ Documentation</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch10.html#id2916146">Something Is
+ Lost</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch10.html#id2916199">TeXinfo</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch10.html#id2916555">\LaTeX2HTML</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch10.html#id2916701">LameTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch10.html#id2917217">latex2hy</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch10.html#id2917348">detex</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch10.html#id2917381">dvispell</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>11. <a href="ch11.html">Introducing
+ MetaFont</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#sec.mf.gettingstarted">What
+ to Run?</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918131">What Files Does
+ MetaFont Need?</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918156">Pool
+ Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918200">Base
+ Files</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918279">MetaFont
+ Programs</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918336">Command-line
+ Options</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918545">Building a Base
+ File</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#sec.buildfont">Running
+ MetaFont</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2918826">Picking a
+ Mode</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2919066">Selecting a
+ Size</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2919175">Making a GF
+ Font</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2919378">Making a PK
+ Font</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2919679">What About
+ Errors?</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2920144">Other
+ Errors</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2920215">Output at Very
+ High Resolutions</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch11.html#id2920252">Output at Very
+ Low Resolutions</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>12. <a href="ch12.html">Bibliographies, Indexes,
+ and Glossaries</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch12.html#sec.indexeslooklike">BibTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2920526">How BibTeX
+ Works</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2920800">Building a
+ Bibliography Database</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2921724">Bibliography
+ Styles</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2922224">Bibliography
+ Database Tools</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2923157">Tib</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2923378">Making
+ Indexes</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2923569">Index
+ Entries</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2923830">Index
+ Format</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2923963">Special-purpose
+ styles</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch12.html#id2924031">Making
+ Glossaries</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro Packages"
+ href="ch04.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts" href="ch05.html"><img
+ src="figures/nav-next.png" alt="Next" border="0" />
+ </a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">Chapter&#160;4.&#160;Macro
+ Packages&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Fonts</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/pt03.html b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/pt03.html
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/make-tex-work/html/pt03.html
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+ <head>
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+
+ <title>Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
+ <meta name="generator"
+ content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
+ <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="up" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
+ <link rel="previous" href="ch12.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries" />
+ <link rel="next" href="ch13.html"
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments" />
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ <div class="navheader">
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
+ width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td align="left">&#160;<a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries"
+ href="ch12.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Making TeX Work" href="index.html"><img
+ src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up" border="0" /></a>&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments"
+ href="ch13.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
+ <span class="alpha-version">(<a
+ href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="part">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h1 class="title"><a id="part.tools"
+ name="part.tools"></a>A Tools Overview</h1>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="partintro">
+ <p><a href="pt03.html"
+ title="Part&#160;III.&#160;A Tools Overview">Part&#160;III</a>,
+ summarizes the tools you can use in processing TeX
+ documents. It describes the major free and commercial
+ implementations of TeX, and then briefly summarizes the
+ many TeXnical tools available.</p>
+
+ <div class="toc">
+ <p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+
+ <dl>
+ <dt>13. <a href="ch13.html">Non-commercial
+ Environments</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#free.web">Web2C</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch13.html#sec.emtex.testinstall">emTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2925718">Where to
+ Start</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2925747">Unpacking the
+ Archives</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2925984">Setting Up
+ the Environment</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2926107">Testing the
+ Installation</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch13.html#sec.emtex.smaller">Installing
+ Fonts</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2926788">Making emTeX
+ Smaller</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2928367">Basic
+ Customization</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2929307">Installing
+ the Beta Test Versions of emTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch13.html#sec.emtex.autofont">Running
+ emTeX 386 in Windows</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2929946">Automatic
+ Font Generation with emTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#sec.netemtex">Installing
+ emTeX on a Network</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2930222">texas</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2930652">sbTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch13.html#id2931076">gTeX</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>14. <a href="ch14.html">Commercial
+ Environments</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#sec.com.turbo">µTeX by
+ ArborText</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#id2931589">\yyTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#id2931820">Textures</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#id2931894">TurboTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#sec.pctex">PCTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#sec.pctexforwin">PCTeX For
+ Windows</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch14.html#id2933148">Scientific
+ Word</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>15. <a href="ch15.html">TeX on the
+ Macintosh</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#sec.Excalibur">CMacTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2934116">DirectTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch15.html#id2934176">OzTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch15.html#id2934618">Textures</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch15.html#id2935013">Other
+ Tools</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935026">Alpha</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935128">BBEdit</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ch15.html#sec.bsrtools">BSR Font
+ Tools</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935468">Excalibur</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935534">HyperBibTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935646">MacGS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935708">dvidvi</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935748">MacDVIcopy</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935800">MacBibTeX</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="ch15.html#id2935830">MacMakeIndex</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>16. <a href="ch16.html">TeX Utilities</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="ch16.html#id2936355">List of
+ Tools</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>A. <a href="apa.html">Filename Extension
+ Summary</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>B. <a href="apb.html">Font Samples</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="apb.html#id2941555">Font
+ Encodings</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="apb.html#id2945478">Font
+ Samples</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>C. <a href="apc.html">Resources</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2943524">TUG: The TeX Users
+ Group</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946099">Other User
+ Groups</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946152">TeX
+ Software</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946301">TeX
+ Shells</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946342">Editors</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946460">Macro Packages
+ (Formats)</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946539">Styles and
+ Macros</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946714">Styles That
+ Produced This Book</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="apc.html#id2946829">Utilities</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a
+ href="apc.html#id2948003">Miscellaneous</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>D. <a href="apd.html">Long Examples</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>E. <a href="ape.html">GNU Free Documentation
+ License</a></dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <dl>
+ <dt>0. <a
+ href="ape.html#id2948209">PREAMBLE</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>1. <a href="ape.html#id2948100">APPLICABILITY
+ AND DEFINITIONS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>2. <a href="ape.html#id2948673">VERBATIM
+ COPYING</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>3. <a href="ape.html#id2948707">COPYING IN
+ QUANTITY</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>4. <a
+ href="ape.html#id2948791">MODIFICATIONS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>5. <a href="ape.html#id2949025">COMBINING
+ DOCUMENTS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>6. <a href="ape.html#id2949073">COLLECTIONS OF
+ DOCUMENTS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>7. <a href="ape.html#id2949112">AGGREGATION
+ WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>8. <a
+ href="ape.html#id2949149">TRANSLATION</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>9. <a
+ href="ape.html#id2949177">TERMINATION</a></dt>
+
+ <dt>10. <a href="ape.html#id2949201">FUTURE
+ REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</a></dt>
+
+ <dt><a href="ape.html#id2948479">How to use this
+ License for your documents</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a href="bi01.html">Bibliography</a></dt>
+ </dl>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliography">
+ <div class="titlepage">
+ <div>
+ <h2 class="title"><a id="id2935958"
+ name="id2935958"></a>Bibliography</h2>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="pk:texdraw" name="pk:texdraw"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[pk:texdraw] manual author =
+ "Peter Kabal", title = "{\TeX draw}: PostScript drawings
+ from {\TeX}", edition = "1.4a", month = jul, year = 1992,
+ etext = "CTAN:graphics/texdraw/manual/*"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="chicman" name="chicman"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[chicman] manual editor = "John
+ Grossman", Title = "The Chicago Manual of Style",
+ publisher = "University of Chicago Press", year = "1993",
+ edition = "fourteenth", organization = "University of
+ Chicago"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="lw:progperl" name="lw:progperl"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[lw:progperl] book Author = "Larry
+ Wall and Randal L. Schwartz", Title = "Programming Perl",
+ Publisher = O'Reilly &amp; Associates, Year = 1992, isbn
+ = "0-937175-64-1"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="eu:international" name="eu:international"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[eu:international] book Author =
+ "Emmanual Uren and Robert Howard and Tiziana Perinotti",
+ title = "Software Internationalization and Localization:
+ An Introduction", publisher = "Van Nostrand Reinhold",
+ year = 1993, isbn = "0-442-01498-8"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="latexcompanion" name="latexcompanion"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[latexcompanion] book author =
+ "Michel Goossens and Frank Mittelbach and Alexander
+ Samarin", title = "The {\LaTeX} Companion", publisher =
+ Addison Wesley, year = 1994, isbn = "0-201-54199-8"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="eg:dratex" name="eg:dratex"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[eg:dratex] Book author = "Eitan
+ M. Gurari", title = "{\TeX} {\&amp;} {\LaTeX}: Drawing
+ and Literate Programming", publisher = "McGraw Hill",
+ year = 1993, isbn = "0-07-911616-7"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="kl:japinfoproc" name="kl:japinfoproc"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[kl:japinfoproc] Book author =
+ "Ken Lunde", title = "Understanding Japanese Information
+ Processing", address = "Sebastopol, CA", publisher =
+ O'Reilly &amp; Associates, year = 1993, edition =
+ "first", isbn = "1-56592-043-0"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="kn:texbook" name="kn:texbook"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[kn:texbook] Book author = "Donald
+ E. Knuth", title = "The {\TeX}book", publisher = Addison
+ Wesley, year = 1989, edition = "Fifteenth", isbn =
+ "0-201-13447-0", paperisbn = "0-201-13448-9"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="jh:latexforeveryone"
+ name="jh:latexforeveryone"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[jh:latexforeveryone] Book author
+ = "Jane Hahn", title = "{\LaTeX} For Everyone", publisher
+ = "Personal {\TeX}, Inc.", year = 1991, edition =
+ "Second", paperisbn = "0-9631044-0-3"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="dn:psyeveryday" name="dn:psyeveryday"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[dn:psyeveryday] Book author =
+ "Donald A. Norman", title = "The Psychology of Everyday
+ Things", publisher = "Basic Books, Inc.", year = 1988,
+ paperisbn = "0-465-06709-3"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="ll:latexbook" name="ll:latexbook"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[ll:latexbook] Book author =
+ "Leslie Lamport", title = "{\rm \LaTeX:} A Document
+ Preparation System", publisher = Addison Wesley, year =
+ 1986, paperisbn = "0-201-15790-X"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="ll:makeindex" name="ll:makeindex"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[ll:makeindex] unpublished author
+ = "Leslie Lamport", title = "MakeIndex: An Index
+ Processor for {\rm\LaTeX}", year = 1987, month = feb,
+ etext = "CTAN:indexing/makeindex/doc/*"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="dc:colorlatex" name="dc:colorlatex"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[dc:colorlatex] unpublished author
+ = "David Carlisle", title = "The implementation of the
+ {\LaTeX} Colour interface", year = 1994, month = feb</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="kn:mfbook" name="kn:mfbook"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[kn:mfbook] Book author = "Donald
+ E. Knuth", title = "{\TheMFbook}", publisher = Addison
+ Wesley, year = 1986, isbn = "0-201-13445-4"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="ms:joyoftex" name="ms:joyoftex"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[ms:joyoftex] Book author =
+ "Michel Spivak", title = "The Joy of {\TeX}---A Gourmet
+ Guide to Typesetting with the {\AMSTeX} Macro Package",
+ publisher = Addison Wesley, year = "1986"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="or:emacs" name="or:emacs"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[or:emacs] Book author = "Debra
+ Cameron and Bill Rosenblatt", title = "Learning GNU
+ Emacs", address = "Sebastopol, CA", publisher = O'Reilly
+ &amp; Associates, year = "1991", isbn =
+ "0-937175-84-6"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="gu:numbertheory" name="gu:numbertheory"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[gu:numbertheory] Book author =
+ "Richard K. Guy", title = "Unsolved Problems in Number
+ Theory", publisher = "Springer-Verlag", year = 1981, isbn
+ = "0-387-90593-6", series = "Unsolved Problems in
+ Intuitive Mathematics", volume = 1</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="js:comp" name="js:comp"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[js:comp] unpublished author =
+ "Joachim Schrod", title = "The Components of {\TeX{}}",
+ year = 1991, month = mar, etext =
+ "CTAN:info/components-of-TeX/*"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="em:dvidrv" name="em:dvidrv"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[em:dvidrv] manual author =
+ "Eberhard Mattes", title = "The {\emTeX} DVI Driver
+ Manual", year = 1993, month = Jun,</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="mw:pictex" name="mw:pictex"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[mw:pictex] manual author =
+ "Michael J. Wichura", title = "The {\PiCTeX} Manual",
+ year = 1992, month = mar, publisher = "The \TeX\ User's
+ Group"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="l3:project" name="l3:project"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[l3:project] unpublished author =
+ "Frank Mittelbach and Chris Rowley", title = "The
+ {\LaTeX}3 Project", year = 1993, month = apr, etext =
+ "CTAN:info/ltx3pub/l3d001.tex"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="FAQ:comp.text" name="FAQ:comp.text"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[FAQ:comp.text] unpublished author
+ = "Chris Lewis and Nils-Peter Nelson", title =
+ "Frequently Asked Questions for {\texttt{comp.text}}",
+ year = 1993, month = jun, etext =
+ "rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/comp.text.tex"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="texware:tftopl" name="texware:tftopl"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[texware:tftopl] unpublished
+ author = "Donald E. Knuth", title = "The TF to PL
+ Processor", howpublished = "Part of the {\web}
+ distribution",</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="texware:vptovf" name="texware:vptovf"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[texware:vptovf] unpublished
+ author = "Donald E. Knuth", title = "The VP to VF
+ Processor", howpublished = "Part of the {\web}
+ distribution",</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="mfware:gftopk" name="mfware:gftopk"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[mfware:gftopk] unpublished author
+ = "Donald E. Knuth", title = "The GF to PK Processor",
+ howpublished = "Part of the {\web} distribution",</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="texware:pltotf" name="texware:pltotf"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[texware:pltotf] unpublished
+ author = "Donald E. Knuth", title = "The PL to TF
+ Processor", howpublished = "Part of the {\web}
+ distribution",</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="texware:vftovp" name="texware:vftovp"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[texware:vftovp] unpublished
+ author = "Donald E. Knuth", title = "The VF to VP
+ Processor", howpublished = "Part of the {\web}
+ distribution",</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="gt:mfbeginners" name="gt:mfbeginners"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[gt:mfbeginners] unpublished
+ author = "Geoffrey Tobin", title = "METAFONT for
+ Beginners", year = 1992, month = dec, etext =
+ "CTAN:info/metafont-for-beginners.tex"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="zw:simple" name="zw:simple"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[zw:simple] unpublished author =
+ "Zden\v{e}k Wagner", title = "Simple Drawings in {\MF}",
+ year = "1993", etext = "CTAN:info/wagner-drawing.tex"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="lreq:metafonts" name="lreq:metafonts"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[lreq:metafonts] unpublished
+ author = "Liam R. E. Quin", title = "Definitive List of
+ All Fonts Available for {\MF}", year = 1991, month = sep,
+ etext = "CTAN:info/metafonts.lst"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="mf:inrstexref" name="mf:inrstexref"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[mf:inrstexref] Manual author =
+ "Michael J. Ferguson", title = "{\INRSTeX} Manual",
+ organization = "INRS Communications", year = "1991",</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="pcl5:techref" name="pcl5:techref"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[pcl5:techref] Manual title = "PCL
+ 5 Printer Language Technical Reference Manual",
+ organization = "Hewlett Packard", year = 1990, month =
+ sep, edition = "First"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="type1:format" name="type1:format"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[type1:format] Manual title =
+ "Adobe Type 1 Font Format, version 1.1", organization =
+ Adobe Systems Incorporated, year = 1990, month = aug,
+ Edition = "First"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="intellifont" name="intellifont"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[intellifont] Manual title =
+ "IntelliFont Scalable Typeface Format", organization =
+ "Agfa Compugraphic Division", year = 1991, Month = apr,
+ Edition = "First"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="nfss" name="nfss"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[nfss] unpublished AUTHOR = "Frank
+ Mittelbach and Rainer {Sch\"opf}", TITLE = "The New Font
+ Selection Scheme---User Interface Standard to {\LaTeX}",
+ YEAR = 1990, howpublished = "Part of the NFSS
+ distribution"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="nfss2interface" name="nfss2interface"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[nfss2interface] unpublished
+ AUTHOR = "Frank Mittelbach", TITLE = "Interface
+ description of NFSS2", YEAR = 1993, howpublished = "Part
+ of the NFSS2 distribution"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="psfonts" name="psfonts"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[psfonts] Techreport key = Adobe
+ Systems Incorporated, TITLE = "Supporting Downloadable
+ PostScript Fonts", address = "Mountain View, CA",
+ INSTITUTION = Adobe Systems Incorporated, NUMBER =
+ "5040", YEAR = 1988, MONTH = jan, etext =
+ "CTAN:fonts/postscript/adobe/Documents/5040.Download_Fonts.ps"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="abffiles" name="abffiles"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[abffiles] techreport key = adobe,
+ TITLE = "Adobe Binary Screen Font Files", INSTITUTION =
+ Adobe Systems Incorporated, YEAR = 1989, MONTH = jan,
+ NUMBER = 5006, etext =
+ "CTAN:fonts/postscript/adobe/Documents/5006.ABF_Spec.ps"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="afmfiles" name="afmfiles"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[afmfiles] techreport key = adobe,
+ TITLE = "Adobe Font Metric Files", INSTITUTION = Adobe
+ Systems Incorporated, YEAR = 1990, MONTH = mar, NUMBER =
+ 5004, etext =
+ "CTAN:fonts/postscript/adobe/Documents/5004.AFM_Spec.ps"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="macfond" name="macfond"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[macfond] Techreport key = adobe,
+ TITLE = "Macintosh {FOND} Resources", INSTITUTION = Adobe
+ Systems Incorporated, NUMBER = "0091", YEAR = 1990, MONTH
+ = jul, etext =
+ "jasper.ora.com:/pub/AdobeDocs/Specifications/0091-FondResources.ps"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="bdffiles" name="bdffiles"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[bdffiles] techreport key = adobe,
+ TITLE = "Character Bitmap Distribution Format",
+ INSTITUTION = Adobe Systems Incorporated, YEAR = 1989,
+ MONTH = jan, NUMBER = 5005, etext =
+ "CTAN:fonts/postscript/adobe/Documents/5005.BDF_Spec.ps"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="dvi:standard" name="dvi:standard"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[dvi:standard] unpublished key =
+ "tug dvi driver standards committee", author = "{The TUG
+ DVI Driver Standards Committee}", TITLE = "The DVI Driver
+ Standard, Level 0 Version 0.05", INSTITUTION = "The
+ {\TeX} User's Group", YEAR = 1991, MONTH = aug, etext =
+ "jasper.ora.com:/pub/docs/DVI-Standard-level0/*"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="faq:comp.text.tex" name="faq:comp.text.tex"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[faq:comp.text.tex] unpublished
+ AUTHOR = "Bobby Bodenheimer", title = "{\TeX}, {\LaTeX},
+ etc.: Frequently Asked Questions with Answers", year =
+ 1992, month = dec, etext =
+ "rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/comp.text.tex/*"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="faq:comp.fonts" name="faq:comp.fonts"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[faq:comp.fonts] unpublished
+ AUTHOR = "Norman Walsh", title = "The
+ {\texttt{comp.fonts}} Frequently Asked Questions List",
+ year = 1992, month = dec, etext =
+ "rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/comp.fonts/FAQ.*"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="nw:fontbook" name="nw:fontbook"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[nw:fontbook] unpublished AUTHOR =
+ "Norman Walsh", title = "Font Samples of
+ Internet-Available PostScript Type1 Fonts", year = 1992,
+ month = dec, etext = "jasper.ora.com:/pub/fontbook/*"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="metapost" name="metapost"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[metapost] unpublished AUTHOR =
+ "John D. Hobby", title = "A User's Manual for MetaPost",
+ institution = "AT{\&amp;}T Bell Laboratories", etext =
+ "research.att.com:/pub/research/cstr/162.Z"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:10-2" name="tug:10-2"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:10-2] ARTICLE AUTHOR = "Frank
+ Mittelbach and Rainer {Sch\"opf}", TITLE = "A new font
+ selection scheme for {\TeX} macro packages---the basic
+ macros", JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1989, MONTH = jul,
+ NUMBER = 2, VOLUME = 10, PAGES = "222--238"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:vfonts:dek" name="tug:vfonts:dek"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:vfonts:dek] ARTICLE AUTHOR =
+ "Donald E. Knuth", TITLE = "Virtual Fonts: More fun for
+ Grand Wizards", JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1990, MONTH =
+ apr, NUMBER = 1, VOLUME = 11, PAGES = "13--23"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:gr-tex-pc:1" name="tug:gr-tex-pc:1"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:gr-tex-pc:1] ARTICLE AUTHOR =
+ "Lee S. Pickrell", TITLE = "Combining graphics with
+ {\TeX} on IBM PC-compatible systems with LaserJet
+ printers", JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1990, MONTH = apr,
+ NUMBER = 1, VOLUME = 11, PAGES = "26--31"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:gr-tex-pc:2" name="tug:gr-tex-pc:2"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:gr-tex-pc:2] ARTICLE AUTHOR =
+ "Lee S. Pickrell", TITLE = "Combining graphics with
+ {\TeX} on PC systems with laser printers, part II",
+ JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1990, MONTH = jun, NUMBER =
+ 2, VOLUME = 11, PAGES = "200--206"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:gr-tex-implementation"
+ name="tug:gr-tex-implementation"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:gr-tex-implementation]
+ ARTICLE AUTHOR = "Gerhard Berendt", TITLE = "On the
+ implementation of graphics into {\TeX}", JOURNAL =
+ "TUGboat", YEAR = 1990, MONTH = jun, NUMBER = 2, VOLUME =
+ 11, PAGES = "190--194"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:mac-graphics-latex"
+ name="tug:mac-graphics-latex"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:mac-graphics-latex] ARTICLE
+ AUTHOR = "Len Schwer", TITLE = "Including Macintosh
+ graphics in {\LaTeX} documents", JOURNAL = "TUGboat",
+ YEAR = 1990, MONTH = jun, NUMBER = 2, VOLUME = 11, PAGES
+ = "194--200"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:nfss-userinterface"
+ name="tug:nfss-userinterface"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:nfss-userinterface] ARTICLE
+ AUTHOR = "Frank Mittelbach and Rainer {Sch\"opf}", TITLE
+ = "The new font family selection---User Interface to
+ Standard {\LaTeX}", JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1990,
+ MONTH = jun, NUMBER = 1, VOLUME = 11, PAGES = "297--305",
+ Note = "Reprinted with corrections in TUGboat 11:2."</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:transfig" name="tug:transfig"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:transfig] ARTICLE AUTHOR =
+ "Micah Beck and A. Siegal", TITLE = "Transfig: Portable
+ Graphics for {\TeX}", JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1990,
+ MONTH = sep, NUMBER = 3, VOLUME = 11, PAGES =
+ "373--380"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:vtex" name="tug:vtex"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:vtex] ARTICLE AUTHOR =
+ "Michael Vulis", TITLE = "V{\TeX} enhancements to the
+ {\TeX} language", JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1990, MONTH
+ = sep, NUMBER = 3, VOLUME = 11, PAGES = "429--435"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:filenames-fonts"
+ name="tug:filenames-fonts"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:filenames-fonts] ARTICLE
+ AUTHOR = "Karl Berry", TITLE = "Filenames for Fonts",
+ JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1990, MONTH = nov, NUMBER =
+ 4, VOLUME = 11, PAGES = "517--520"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:gr-tex-bm2font" name="tug:gr-tex-bm2font"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:gr-tex-bm2font] ARTICLE
+ AUTHOR = "Friedhelm Sowa", TITLE = "Integration of
+ graphics into {\TeX}", JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1991,
+ MONTH = mar, NUMBER = 1, VOLUME = 12, PAGES =
+ "58--63",</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:halftoning" name="tug:halftoning"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:halftoning] ARTICLE AUTHOR =
+ "Adrian F. Clark", TITLE = "Practical halftoning in
+ {\TeX}", JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1991, MONTH = mar,
+ NUMBER = 1, VOLUME = 12, PAGES = "157--165",</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:xbitmaps" name="tug:xbitmaps"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:xbitmaps] ARTICLE AUTHOR =
+ "Reinhard {F\"o\ss{}meier}", TITLE = "X bitmaps in
+ {\TeX}", JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1991, MONTH = jun,
+ NUMBER = 2, VOLUME = 12, PAGES = "229--232"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="tug:bm2font2" name="tug:bm2font2"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[tug:bm2font2] ARTICLE AUTHOR =
+ "Friedhelm Sowa", TITLE = "Bitmaps and halftones with
+ BM2FONT", JOURNAL = "TUGboat", YEAR = 1991, MONTH = dec,
+ NUMBER = 3, VOLUME = 12, PART = "II", PAGES =
+ "534--539"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="op:btxdoc" name="op:btxdoc"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[op:btxdoc] unpublished author =
+ "Oren Patashnik", title = "{\BibTeX}ing", year = 1988,
+ month = feb, etext =
+ "CTAN:biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/btxdoc.tex"</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="bibliomixed">
+ <a id="op:btxhak" name="op:btxhak"></a>
+
+ <p class="bibliomixed">[op:btxhak] unpublished author =
+ "Oren Patashnik", title = "Designing {\BibTeX} Styles",
+ year = 1988, month = feb, etext =
+ "CTAN:biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/btxhak.tex"</p>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+
+ <div class="navfooter">
+ <table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left"><a
+ title="Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries"
+ href="ch12.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
+ alt="Prev" border="0" /></a>&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
+ alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">&#160;<a
+ title="Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial Environments"
+ href="ch13.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
+ alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td width="40%" align="left">
+ Chapter&#160;12.&#160;Bibliographies, Indexes, and
+ Glossaries&#160;</td>
+
+ <td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
+ href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
+ border="0" /></a></td>
+
+ <td width="40%" align="right">
+ &#160;Chapter&#160;13.&#160;Non-commercial
+ Environments</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/errors.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/errors.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3ab9c0a06fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/errors.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+Corrections to the book
+
+Math into LaTeX
+An Introduction to LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX
+
+by George Gratzer, published by Birkhauser Boston,
+ISBN 0-8176-3805-9.
+
+These errors have been corrected in the document mil.pdf.
+
+page xxvi, lines 11-12:
+Package names are printed in Helvetica. (PJA)
+
+page 5, line 13:
+"Unless there are" should read "Unless" (PJA)
+
+page 8, line 14:
+"Since it only" should read "Since it" (PJA)
+
+page 12, line 25:
+"3 + 5" should read "3+5" (PJA)
+
+page 358, Table B.6
+delete lines 9 of table (PJA)
+
+page 359, Table B.8
+correct order of entries: (PJA)
+
+\Tiny, \tiny, \SMALL or \scriptsize, \Small or \footnotesize, \small,
+\normalsize, \large, \Large, \LARGE, \huge, \Huge
+
+Pedro J. Aphalo (PJA) \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/gratzer b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/gratzer
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..af9cde2ece8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/gratzer
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+This small document was added to the mil (Math into
+LaTeX) distribution, so that people looking for it with
+
+quote site index gratzer
+
+would find it.
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/mil.txt b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/mil.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0c63cfd6b51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/mil.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+November 7, 1995
+
+The file mil.pdf provides an introduction to LaTeX:
+
+Math into LaTeX
+Short Course
+
+based on the book
+
+Math into LaTeX
+An Introduction to LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX
+
+by George Gratzer, published by Birkhauser Boston,
+ISBN 0-8176-3805-9.
+
+The following parts are reproduced from the book:
+
+ 1. Short contents
+ 2. Contents
+ 3. List of tables
+ 4. List of figures
+ 5. Preface
+ 6. Introduction
+ 7. Part I, A short course
+ 8. Appendix A, Math symbol tables
+ 9. Appendix B, Text symbol tables
+10. Afterword
+
+In addition, there is an Index but it is not the full index for
+the whole book but the index for the parts reproduced here.
+
+Please note that this material is copyrighted by Birkhauser
+Boston; the copyright information and isbn number is on page 4 of
+mil.pdf.
+
+mil.pdf is a portable document format (pdf) file. To view the pdf
+file (it cannot be printed), you need the Acrobat Reader; it is
+available (free of charge) from Adobe Inc. for the following
+platforms:
+
+DOS
+Windows 3.1, Windows NT, Windows 95
+Macintosh
+Silicon Graphics Irix
+Sun Sparc and HP
+
+If you do not have the reader, you can download it from the ftp site:
+
+ftp.adobe.com
+
+or from the WWW site:
+
+www.adobe.com
+
+Ask an Adobe dealer for a free copy.
+
+To see the thumbnail sketches of the pages, choose the
+
+Thumbnails and Page
+
+option in the View menu.
+
+Some pages on the Macintosh do not read correctly on the computer
+monitor; it seems then preferable to read the printed version of
+mil.pdf. If the System file contains only Adobe licensed fonts, all
+the significant problems go away.
+
+The subdirectory
+
+templates
+
+contains the templates and sample documents for Part I of the book.
+
+This directory contains two more files:
+
+errors.txt is a listing of the errors in the book;
+
+gratzer is a file added to the distribution, so that people
+ looking for it with
+
+ quote site index gratzer
+
+ would find it.
+
+Please direct your comments concerning the Math into LaTeX, Short
+Course to
+
+George_Gratzer@umanitoba.ca \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/article.tpl b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/article.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..16626ed4d58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/article.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+% Sample file: article.tpl
+% Typeset with LaTeX format
+
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
+
+\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
+\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
+\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}
+\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
+\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
+\newtheorem{notation}{Notation}
+
+\begin{document}
+\title{
+ titleline1\\
+ titleline2}
+\author{name\thanks{support}\\
+ addressline1\\
+ addressline2\\
+ addressline3}
+\date{date}
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+ abstract
+\end{abstract}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{99}
+
+\end{thebibliography}
+\end{document}
+
+Papers:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, journal \textbf{volume}
+ (year), pages.
+
+Books:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, publisher, address, year.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, series, vol.~volume,
+ publisher, address, edition, date.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ editor, ed., \emph{title}, publisher, address, year.
+
+Papers in books:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, book title, publisher,
+ year, pp~pages.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, book title (editor, ed.),
+ vol.~volume, publisher, publisher address, date,
+ pp.~pages.
+
+Theses:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Ph.D. thesis, university, year.
+
+Tech reports:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, tech. report, university, year.
+
+Research notes:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Research Note number,
+ university, location, date, research paper in
+ preparation.
+
+Conference proceedings:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, conference title (location,
+ year).
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, conference title, year
+ (editor, ed.), vol.~volume, publisher, address,
+ pp.~pages.
+
+Abstracts:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Abstract: journal, volume,
+ year. \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/article2.tpl b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/article2.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d9af7aae62f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/article2.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+% Sample file: article2.tpl for two authors
+% Typeset with LaTeX format
+
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
+
+\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
+\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
+\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}
+\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
+\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
+\newtheorem{notation}{Notation}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{titleline1\\
+ titleline2}
+\author{name1\thanks{support1}\\
+ address1line1\\
+ address1line2\\
+ address1line3
+ \and
+ name2\thanks{support2}\\
+ address2line1\\
+ address2line2\\
+ address2line3}
+\date{date}
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+ abstract
+\end{abstract}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{99}
+
+\end{thebibliography}
+\end{document}
+
+Papers:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, journal \textbf{volume}
+ (year), pages.
+
+Books:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, publisher, address, year.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, series, vol.~volume,
+ publisher, address, edition, date.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ editor, ed., \emph{title}, publisher, address, year.
+
+Papers in books:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, book title, publisher,
+ year, pp~pages.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, book title (editor, ed.),
+ vol.~volume, publisher, publisher address, date,
+ pp.~pages.
+
+Theses:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Ph.D. thesis, university, year.
+
+Tech reports:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, tech. report, university, year.
+
+Research notes:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Research Note number,
+ university, location, date, research paper in
+ preparation.
+
+Conference proceedings:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, conference title (location,
+ year).
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, conference title, year
+ (editor, ed.), vol.~volume, publisher, address,
+ pp.~pages.
+
+Abstracts:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Abstract: journal, volume,
+ year. \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/contents.doc b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/contents.doc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8ef21393743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/contents.doc
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+article.tpl section 1-6
+article2.tpl section 1-6
+contents.doc this document
+gallery.tex section 1-3
+ggart.tpl section 1-6
+ggart2.tpl section 1-6
+inbibl.tpl section 1-7.4
+intrart.tex section 1-5
+math.tex section 1-2.2
+mathb.tex section 1-2.2
+note1.tex section 1-1.2
+note1b.tex section 1-1.3
+note2.tex section 1-1.4
+noteslug.tex section 1-1.3
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/gallery.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/gallery.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..630be7c11d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/gallery.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+% Sample file: gallery.tex formula template file
+% Typeset with LaTeX format
+
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+Step 1
+$\left[ \frac{n}{2} \right]$
+
+Step 2
+\[
+ \sum_{i = 1}^{ \left[ \frac{n}{2} \right] }
+\]
+
+Step 3
+\[
+ x_{i, i + 1}^{i^{2}} \qquad \left[ \frac{i + 3}{3} \right]
+\]
+
+Step 4
+\[
+ \binom{ x_{i,i + 1}^{i^{2}} }{ \left[ \frac{i + 3}{3} \right] }
+\]
+
+Step 5
+$\sqrt{ \mu(i)^{ \frac{3}{2} } (i^{2} - 1) }$
+
+Step 6
+$\sqrt[3]{ \rho(i) - 2 }$ $\sqrt[3]{ \rho(i) - 1 }$
+
+Step 7
+\[
+ \frac{ \sqrt{ \mu(i)^{ \frac{3}{2}} (i^{2} -1) } }
+ { \sqrt[3]{\rho(i) - 2} + \sqrt[3]{\rho(i) - 1} }
+\]
+
+Step 8
+\[
+ \sum_{i = 1}^{ \left[ \frac{n}{2} \right] }
+ \binom{ x_{i, i + 1}^{i^{2}} }
+ { \left[ \frac{i + 3}{3} \right] }
+ \frac{ \sqrt{ \mu(i)^{ \frac{3}{2}} (i^{2} - 1) } }
+ { \sqrt[3]{\rho(i) - 2} + \sqrt[3]{\rho(i) - 1} }
+\]
+
+\[\sum_{i=1}^{\left[\frac{n}{2}\right]}\binom{x_{i,i+1}^{i^{2}}}
+{\left[\frac{i+3}{3}\right]}\frac{\sqrt{\mu(i)^{\frac{3}
+{2}}(i^{2}-1)}}{\sqrt[3]{\rho(i)-2}+\sqrt[3]{\rho(i)-1}}\]
+
+\[\sum_{i=1}^{\left[\frac{n}{2}\right]}\binom{x_{i,i+1}^{i^{2}}}
+{\left[\frac{i+3}{3}\right]}\frac{\sqrt{\mu(i)^{\frac{3}
+{2}}}(i^{2}-1)}}{\sqrt[3]{\rho(i)-2}+\sqrt[3]{\rho(i)-1}}\]
+
+
+Formula 1
+\[
+ x \mapsto \{\, c \in C \mid c \leq x \,\}
+\]
+
+Formula 2
+\[
+ \left| \bigcup (\, I_{j} \mid j \in J \,) \right|
+ < \mathfrak{m}
+\]
+
+Formula 3
+\[
+ A = \{\, x \in X \mid x \in X_{i}
+ \mbox{\quad for some } i \in I \,\}
+\]
+
+Formula 4
+\[
+ \langle a_{1}, a_{2} \rangle \leq \langle a'_{1}, a'_{2}\rangle
+ \qquad \mbox{if{f}} \qquad a_{1} < a'_{1} \quad \mbox{or}
+ \quad a_{1} = a'_{1} \mbox{ and } a_{2} \leq a'_{2}
+\]
+
+Formula 5
+\[
+ \Gamma_{u'} = \{\, \gamma \mid \gamma < 2\chi,
+ \ B_{\alpha} \nsubseteq u', \ B_{\gamma} \subseteq u' \,\}
+\]
+
+Formula 6
+\[
+ A = B^{2} \times \mathbb{Z}
+\]
+
+Formula 7
+\[
+ \left( \bigvee (\, s_{i} \mid i \in I \,) \right)^{c} =
+ \bigwedge (\, s_{i}^{c} \mid i \in I \,)
+\]
+
+Formula 8
+\[
+ y \vee \bigvee (\, [B_{\gamma}] \mid \gamma
+ \in \Gamma \,) \equiv z \vee \bigvee (\, [B_{\gamma}]
+ \mid \gamma \in \Gamma \,) \pmod{ \Phi^{x} }
+\]
+
+Formula 9
+\[
+ f(\mathbf{x}) = \bigvee\nolimits_{\!\mathfrak{m}}
+ \left(\,
+ \bigwedge\nolimits_{\mathfrak{m}}
+ (\, x_{j} \mid j \in I_{i} \,) \mid i < \aleph_{\alpha}
+ \,\right)
+\]
+
+Formula 10
+\[
+ \left. F(x) \right|_{a}^{b} = F(b) - F(a)
+\]
+
+Formula 11
+\[
+ u \underset{\alpha}{+} v \overset{1}{\thicksim} w
+ \overset{2}{\thicksim} z
+\]
+
+Formula 12
+\[
+ f(x) \overset{ \text{def} }{=} x^{2} - 1
+\]
+
+Formula 13
+\[
+ \overbrace{a + b + \cdots + z}^{n}
+\]
+
+Formula 14
+\[
+ \begin{vmatrix}
+ a + b + c & uv\\
+ a + b & c + d
+ \end{vmatrix}
+ = 7
+\]
+
+\[
+ \begin{Vmatrix}
+ a + b + c & uv\\
+ a + b & c + d
+ \end{Vmatrix}
+ = 7
+\]
+
+Formula 15
+\[
+ \sum_{j \in \mathbf{N}} b_{ij} \hat{y}_{j} =
+ \sum_{j \in \mathbf{N}} b^{(\lambda)}_{ij} \hat{y}_{j} +
+ (b_{ii} - \lambda_{i}) \hat{y}_{i} \hat{y}
+\]
+
+Formula 16
+\[
+ \left( \prod^n_{\, j = 1} \hat x_{j} \right) H_{c} =
+ \frac{1}{2} \hat k_{ij} \det \hat{ \mathbf{K} }(i|i)
+\]
+
+\[
+ \biggl( \prod^n_{\, j = 1} \hat x_{j} \biggr) H_{c} =
+ \frac{1}{2} \hat{k}_{ij} \det \widehat{ \mathbf{K} }(i|i)
+\]
+
+Formula 17
+\[
+ \det \mathbf{K} (t = 1, t_{1}, \dots, t_{n}) =
+ \sum_{I \in \mathbf{n} }(-1)^{|I|}
+ \prod_{i \in I} t_{i}
+ \prod_{j \in I} (D_{j} + \lambda_{j} t_{j})
+ \det \mathbf{A}^{(\lambda)} (\overline{I} | \overline{I}) = 0
+\]
+
+Formula 18
+\[
+ \lim_{(v, v') \to (0, 0)}
+ \frac{H(z + v) - H(z + v') - BH(z)(v - v')}
+ {\| v - v' \|} = 0
+\]
+
+Formula 19
+\[
+ \int_{\mathcal{D}} | \overline{\partial u} |^{2}
+ \Phi_{0}(z) e^{\alpha |z|^2} \geq
+ c_{4} \alpha \int_{\mathcal{D}} |u|^{2} \Phi_{0}
+ e^{\alpha |z|^{2}} + c_{5} \delta^{-2} \int_{A}
+ |u|^{2} \Phi_{0} e^{\alpha |z|^{2}}
+\]
+
+Formula 20
+\[
+ \mathbf{A} =
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ \dfrac{\varphi \cdot X_{n, 1}}
+ {\varphi_{1} \times \varepsilon_{1}}
+ & (x + \varepsilon_{2})^{2} & \cdots
+ & (x + \varepsilon_{n - 1})^{n - 1}
+ & (x + \varepsilon_{n})^{n}\\
+ \dfrac{\varphi \cdot X_{n, 1}}
+ {\varphi_{2} \times \varepsilon_{1}}
+ & \dfrac{\varphi \cdot X_{n, 2}}
+ {\varphi_{2} \times \varepsilon_{2}}
+ & \cdots & (x + \varepsilon_{n - 1})^{n - 1}
+ & (x + \varepsilon_{n})^{n}\\
+ \hdotsfor{5}\\
+ \dfrac{\varphi \cdot X_{n, 1}}
+ {\varphi_{n} \times \varepsilon_{1}}
+ & \dfrac{\varphi \cdot X_{n, 2}}
+ {\varphi_{n} \times \varepsilon_{2}}
+ & \cdots & \dfrac{\varphi \cdot X_{n, n - 1}}
+ {\varphi_{n} \times \varepsilon_{n - 1}}
+ & \dfrac{\varphi\cdot X_{n, n}}
+ {\varphi_{n} \times \varepsilon_{n}}
+ \end{pmatrix}
+ + \mathbf{I}_{n}
+\]
+
+\end{document}
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/ggart.tpl b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/ggart.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b07fd2ec5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/ggart.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+% Sample file: ggart.tpl
+% Typeset with LaTeX format
+
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}
+
+\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
+\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
+\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}
+\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
+\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
+\newtheorem{notation}{Notation}
+
+\begin{document}
+\title{titleline1\\
+ titleline2}
+\author{George Gr\"{a}tzer\thanks{Research supported by the
+ NSERC of Canada.}\\
+ University of Manitoba\\
+ Department of Mathematics\\
+ Winnipeg, MN, R3T 2N2\\
+ Canada}
+\date{date}
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+ abstract
+\end{abstract}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{99}
+
+
+\end{thebibliography}
+\end{document}
+
+Papers:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, journal \textbf{volume}
+ (year), pages.
+
+Books:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, publisher, address, year.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, series, vol.~volume,
+ publisher, address, edition, date.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ editor, ed., \emph{title}, publisher, address, year.
+
+Papers in books:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, book title, publisher,
+ year, pp~pages.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, book title (editor, ed.),
+ vol.~volume, publisher, publisher address, date,
+ pp.~pages.
+
+Theses:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Ph.D. thesis, university, year.
+
+Tech reports:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, tech. report, university, year.
+
+Research notes:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Research Note number,
+ university, location, date, research paper in
+ preparation.
+
+Conference proceedings:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, conference title (location,
+ year).
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, conference title, year
+ (editor, ed.), vol.~volume, publisher, address,
+ pp.~pages.
+
+Abstracts:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Abstract: journal, volume,
+ year. \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/ggart2.tpl b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/ggart2.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..96b71eef459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/ggart2.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+% Sample file: ggart2.tpl for two authors
+% Typeset with LaTeX format
+
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}
+
+\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
+\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}
+\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}
+\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
+\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}
+\newtheorem{notation}{Notation}
+
+\begin{document}
+\title{titleline1\\
+ titleline2}
+\author{George Gr\"{a}tzer\thanks{Research supported by the
+ NSERC of Canada.}\\
+ University of Manitoba\\
+ Department of Mathematics\\
+ Winnipeg, MN, R3T 2N2\\
+ Canada
+ \and
+ name2\thanks{support2}\\
+ address2line1\\
+ address2line2\\
+ address2line3}
+\date{date}
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+ abstract
+\end{abstract}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{99}
+
+
+\end{thebibliography}
+\end{document}
+
+Papers:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, journal \textbf{volume}
+ (year), pages.
+
+Books:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, publisher, address, year.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, series, vol.~volume,
+ publisher, address, edition, date.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ editor, ed., \emph{title}, publisher, address, year.
+
+Papers in books:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, book title, publisher,
+ year, pp~pages.
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, book title (editor, ed.),
+ vol.~volume, publisher, publisher address, date,
+ pp.~pages.
+
+Theses:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Ph.D. thesis, university, year.
+
+Tech reports:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, tech. report, university, year.
+
+Research notes:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Research Note number,
+ university, location, date, research paper in
+ preparation.
+
+Conference proceedings:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, conference title (location,
+ year).
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, conference title, year
+ (editor, ed.), vol.~volume, publisher, address,
+ pp.~pages.
+
+Abstracts:
+
+\bibitem{xxx}
+ author, \emph{title}, Abstract: journal, volume,
+ year. \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/inbibl.tpl b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/inbibl.tpl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7b47595e83d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/inbibl.tpl
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+% Sample file: inbibl.tpl
+% in article bibliography template file
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{99}
+\bibitem{hA70}
+ Henry~H. Albert,
+ \emph{Free torsoids},
+ Current Trends in Lattice Theory, D.~Van Nostrand, 1970.
+\bibitem{hA70a}
+ Henry~H. Albert,
+ \emph{Free torsoids},
+ Current Trends in Lattice Theory (G.~H. Birnbaum, ed.), vol.~7,
+ D.~Van Nostrand, Princeton-Toronto-London-Melbourne,
+ January 1970,
+ no translation available, pp.~173--215 (Hungarian).
+\bibitem{sF90}
+ Soo-Key Foo,
+ \emph{Lattice Constructions},
+ Ph.D. thesis,
+ University of Winnebago, 1990.
+\bibitem{sF90a}
+ Soo-Key Foo,
+ \emph{Lattice Constructions},
+ Ph.D. thesis,
+ University of Winnebago, Winnebago, MN, December 1990,
+ final revision not yet available (Chinese).
+\bibitem{gF86}
+ Grant~H. Foster,
+ \emph{Computational complexity in lattice theory},
+ tech. report, Carnegie Mellon University, 1986.
+\bibitem{gF86a}
+ Grant~H. Foster,
+ \emph{Computational complexity in lattice theory},
+ Research Note 128A, Carnegie Mellon University,
+ Pittsburgh PA, December 1986,
+ research article in preparation (English).
+\bibitem{pK69}
+ Peter~A. Konig,
+ \emph{Composition of functions},
+ Proceedings of the Conference on Universal Algebra
+ (Kingston, 1969).
+\bibitem{pK69a}
+ Peter~A. Konig,
+ \emph{Composition of functions},
+ Proceedings of the Conference on Universal Algebra, 1969
+ (G.~H. Birnbaum, ed.), vol.~7, Canadian Mathematical
+ Society, Queen's Univ., available from the Montreal office,
+ pp.~1--106 (English).
+\bibitem{wL75}
+ William~A. Landau,
+ \emph{Representations of complete lattices},
+ Abstract: Notices Amer. Math. Soc., \textbf{18}, 937.
+\bibitem{wL75a}
+ William~A. Landau,
+ \emph{Representations of complete lattices},
+ Abstract: Notices Amer. Math. Soc. \textbf{18}, 937,
+ December 1975 (English).
+\bibitem{gM68}
+ George~A. Menuhin,
+ \emph{Universal Algebra},
+ D.~van Nostrand, Princeton-Toronto-London-Melbourne, 1968.
+\bibitem{gM68a}
+ George~A. Menuhin,
+ \emph{Universal Algebra},
+ University Series in Higher Mathematics, vol.~58,
+ D.~van Nostrand, Princeton-Toronto-London-Melbourne,
+ second ed., March 1968, no Russian translation (English).
+\bibitem{eM57}
+ Ernest~T. Moynahan,
+ \emph{On a problem of M.~H. Stone},
+ Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. \textbf{8} (1957), 455--460.
+\bibitem{eM57a}
+ Ernest~T. Moynahan,
+ \emph{On a problem of M.~H. Stone},
+ Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. \textbf{8} (1957), 455--460,
+ Russian translation available (English).
+\end{thebibliography}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/intrart.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/intrart.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dbfa149f7af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/intrart.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+% Introductory sample article: intrart.tex
+% Typeset with LaTeX format
+
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
+\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
+\newtheorem{definition}{Definition}
+\newtheorem{notation}{Notation}
+
+\begin{document}
+\title{A construction of complete-simple\\
+ distributive lattices}
+\author{George~A. Menuhin\thanks{Research supported
+ by the NSF under grant number~23466.}\\
+ Computer Science Department\\
+ Winnebago, Minnesota 23714\\
+ menuhin@ccw.uwinnebago.edu}
+\date{March 15, 1995}
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+ In this note we prove that there exist \emph{complete-simple
+ distributive lattices}, that is, complete distributive
+ lattices in which there are only two complete congruences.
+\end{abstract}
+
+\section{Introduction} \label{S:intro}
+In this note we prove the following result:
+
+\begin{theorem}
+ There exists an infinite complete distributive lattice $K$
+ with only the two trivial complete congruence relations.
+\end{theorem}
+
+\section{The $\Pi^{*}$ construction} \label{S:P*}
+The following construction is crucial in our proof of our Theorem:
+
+\begin{definition} \label{D:P*}
+ Let $D_{i}$, $i \in I$, be complete distributive
+ lattices satisfying condition~\textup{(J)}. Their
+ $\Pi^{*}$ product is defined as follows:
+ \[
+ \Pi^{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I ) =
+ \Pi ( D_{i}^{-} \mid i \in I ) + 1;
+ \]
+ that is, $\Pi^{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I )$ is
+ $\Pi ( D_{i}^{-} \mid i \in I )$ with a new unit element.
+\end{definition}
+
+\begin{notation}
+ If $i \in I$ and $d \in D_{i}^{-}$, then
+ \[
+ \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0,
+ \dots \rangle
+ \]
+ is the element of $\Pi^{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I )$ whose
+ $i$th component is $d$ and all the other components
+ are $0$.
+\end{notation}
+
+See also Ernest~T. Moynahan~\cite{eM57a}.
+
+Next we verify the following result:
+
+\begin{theorem} \label{T:P*}
+ Let $D_{i}$, $i \in I$, be complete distributive
+ lattices satisfying condition~\textup{(J)}. Let $\Theta$
+ be a complete congruence relation on
+ $\Pi^{*} ( D_{i} \mid i \in I )$.
+ If there exist $i \in I$ and $d \in D_{i}$ with
+ $d < 1_{i}$ such that for all $d \leq c < 1_{i}$,
+ \begin{equation} \label{E:cong1}
+ \langle \dots, 0, \dots,\overset{i}{d},
+ \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \equiv \langle \dots, 0, \dots,
+ \overset{i}{c}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \pmod{\Theta},
+ \end{equation}
+ then $\Theta = \iota$.
+\end{theorem}
+
+\emph{Proof.} Since
+\begin{equation} \label{E:cong2}
+ \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0,
+ \dots \rangle \equiv \langle \dots, 0, \dots,
+ \overset{i}{c}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \pmod{\Theta},
+\end{equation}
+and $\Theta$ is a complete congruence relation, it follows
+from condition~(C) that
+\begin{align} \label{E:cong}
+ & \langle \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0,
+ \dots \rangle \equiv\\
+ &\qquad \qquad \quad \bigvee ( \langle \dots, 0, \dots,
+ \overset{i}{c}, \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \mid d \leq c < 1 )
+ \equiv 1 \pmod{\Theta}. \notag
+\end{align}
+
+Let $j \in I$, $j \neq i$, and let $a \in D_{j}^{-}$.
+Meeting both sides of the congruence \eqref{E:cong2} with
+$\langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{j}{a}, \dots, 0,
+\dots \rangle$, we obtain
+
+\begin{align} \label{E:comp}
+ 0 = & \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{i}{d}, \dots, 0, \dots
+ \rangle \wedge \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{j}{a},
+ \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \equiv\\
+ &\langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{j}{a}, \dots, 0, \dots
+ \rangle \pmod{\Theta}, \notag
+\end{align}
+Using the completeness of $\Theta$ and \eqref{E:comp},
+we get:
+\[
+ 0 \equiv \bigvee ( \langle \dots, 0, \dots, \overset{j}{a},
+ \dots, 0, \dots \rangle \mid a \in D_{j}^{-} ) = 1 \pmod{\Theta},
+\]
+hence $\Theta = \iota$.
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{9}
+ \bibitem{sF90}
+ Soo-Key Foo, \emph{Lattice Constructions}, Ph.D. thesis,
+ University of Winnebago, Winnebago, MN, December 1990.
+ \bibitem{gM68}
+ George~A. Menuhin, \emph{Universal Algebra}, D.~van Nostrand,
+ Princeton-Toronto-London-Mel\-bourne, 1968.
+ \bibitem{eM57}
+ Ernest~T. Moynahan, \emph{On a problem of M.~H. Stone}, Acta Math.
+ Acad. Sci. Hungar. \textbf{8} (1957), 455--460.
+ \bibitem{eM57a}
+ Ernest~T. Moynahan, \emph{Ideals and congruence relations in
+ lattices.~II}, Magyar Tud. Akad. Mat. Fiz. Oszt. K\"{o}zl. \textbf{9}
+ (1957), 417--434.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\end{document}
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/math.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/math.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..995b0cf52f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/math.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+% Sample file: math.tex
+% Typeset with LaTeX format
+\documentclass{article}
+
+\begin{document}
+In first year Calculus, we define intervals such as
+$(u, v)$ and $(u, \infty)$. Such an interval is a
+\emph{neighborhood} of $a$
+if $a$ is in the interval. Students should
+realize that $\infty$ is only a
+symbol, not a number. This is important since
+we soon introduce concepts
+ such as $\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x)$.
+
+When we introduce the derivative
+\[
+ \lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x) - f(a)}{x - a},
+\]
+we assume that the function is defined and continuous
+in a neighborhood of $a$.
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/mathb.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/mathb.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4a1d4bbc1c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/mathb.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+% Sample file: mathB.tex
+% Typeset with LaTeX format
+\documentclass{article}
+
+\begin{document}
+In first year Calculus, we define intervals such as
+%$(u, v)$ and $(u, \infty)$. Such an interval is a
+ $(u, v)$ and (u, \infty)$. Such an interval is a
+ {\emph{neighborhood} of $a$
+if $a$ is in the interval. Students should
+realize that $\infty$ is only a
+symbol, not a number. This is important since
+we soon introduce concepts
+ such as $\lim_{x \to \infty} f(x)$.
+%such as $\lim_{x \to \infty f(x)$.
+
+When we introduce the derivative
+\[
+ \lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x) - f(a)}{x - a}
+ %\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x) - f(a) x - a}
+\]
+we assume that the function is defined and continuous
+in a neighborhood of $a$.
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/note1.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/note1.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6ae24ab3ec3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/note1.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+% Sample file: note1.tex
+% Typeset with LaTeX format
+\documentclass{article}
+
+\begin{document}
+It is of some concern to me that
+the terminology used in multi-section
+ math courses is not uniform.
+
+In several sections of the course on
+matrix theory, the term
+ ``hamiltonian-reduced'' is used.
+ I, personally, would rather call these ``hyper-simple''. I
+invite others to comment on this problem.
+
+Of special concern to me is the terminology in the course
+by Prof.~Rudi Hochschwabauer.
+ Since his field is new, there is
+ no accepted
+terminology. It is imperative
+that we arrive at a satisfactory solution.
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/note1b.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/note1b.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d117539c2b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/note1b.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+% Sample file: note1b.tex
+% Typeset with LaTeX format
+\documentclass{article}
+
+\begin{document}
+It is of some concern to me that
+the terminology used in multi-section
+ math courses is not uniform.
+
+In several sections of the course on
+matrix theory, the strange term
+ ``hamiltonian-reduced'' is used.
+ I, personally, would rather call these ``hyper-simple''. I
+invite others to comment on this problem.
+
+Of special concern to me is the terminology in the course
+by Prof.~Hochschwabauer.
+ Since his field is new, there is
+ no accepted
+terminology. It is imperative
+that we arrive at a satisfactory solution.
+\end{document} \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/note2.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/note2.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0e0ac630315
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/note2.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+% Sample file: note2.tex
+% Typeset with LaTeX format
+\documentclass{article}
+
+\begin{document}
+\begin{flushright}
+ \today
+\end{flushright}
+\textbf{From the desk of George Gr\"{a}tzer}\\[10pt]
+
+February~7--21 \emph{please} use my temporary e-mail address:
+\begin{center}
+ \texttt{George\_Gratzer@umanitoba.ca}
+\end{center}
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/noteslug.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/noteslug.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..723909db4d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/math-into-latex/templates/noteslug.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+% Sample file: noteslug.tex
+% Typeset with the LaTeX format
+\documentclass[draft]{article}
+
+\begin{document}
+It is of some concern to me that
+the terminology used in multi-section
+ math courses is not uniform.
+
+In several sections of the course on
+matrix theory, the strange term
+ ``hamiltonian-reduced'' is used.
+ I, personally, would rather call these ``hyper-simple''. I
+invite others to comment on this problem.
+
+Of special concern to me is the terminology in the course
+by Prof.~Hochschwabauer.
+ Since his field is new, there is
+ no accepted
+terminology. It is imperative
+that we arrive at a satisfactory solution.
+\end{document} \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Changes b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Changes
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..254ee0bfc66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Changes
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+..... Mathmode.ltx|tex|bib|ist
+
+2.09 2005-10-24 fix problem with braket package
+2.08 2005-10-21 example for linear equation matrix
+ typos
+2.07 2005-10-08 update everymath subsection
+2.06 2005-08-28 add an example for braces around operators with
+ with stacked limits
+2.05 2005-08-15 add an example for vertical line spacing
+2.04 2005-07-07 small changes to the text
+2.03 2005-07-07 wrong references
+2.02 2005-07-07 typos
+2.01 2005-07-02 do not use PSTricks with pdflatex
+2.00 2005-06-30 typos
+1.99 2005-06-03 typos and bugfix with sqrt
+1.98 2005-05-13 small tweaks
+1.97 2005-05-08 small tweaks
+1.96 2005-05-03 small tweaks
+1.95 2005-04-23 added xlongleftrightarrow
+1.94 2005-04-10 small tweaks
+1.93 2005-02-22 one more example for different vertical spacing
+ in arrays, amsmath without usind \def\arraystretch
+1.92 2005-02-02 minor changes
+1.91 2005-01-30 different sizes of operators
+1.90 2004-12-22 preventing linebreaks for inline mode
+1.89 2004-12-08 fixed typos
+1.87 2004-11-14 fixed typos
+1.86 2004-11-08 fixed a small bug with inline math
+1.85 2004-11-08 forgot a LateX run for the TOC
+1.84 2004-11-03 fixing typos
+1.83 2004-10-18 added an example for alignat
+ Some more bib entries
+1.82 2004-10-01 TeX math macros
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.bib b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.bib
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9bfd164295f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.bib
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+@STRING{bretter = {Bretter, die die Welt bedeuten} }
+@STRING{dtk = {{D}ie {\TeX}nische {K}om{\"o}die} }
+@STRING{PS = {{P}ost{S}cript} }
+
+@Manual{MathGuide,
+ Title = {Short Math Guide for \LaTeX},
+ Author = {Downes, Michael},
+ Organization = {American Mathematical Society},
+ Address = {\url{http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = 2002,
+}
+
+@Manual{Notes,
+ Title = {Technical Notes on the \texttt{amsmath} package},
+ Author = {Downes, Michael},
+ Organization = {American Mathematical Society},
+ Address = {\url{ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/technote.pdf}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = 1999,
+}
+
+@Manual{webmath,
+ Title = {Web Math Formulas Using \TeX},
+ Author = {Fitzgerald, J. Anthony},
+ Organization = {},
+ Address = {\url{http://www.unb.ca/web/Sample/math/}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = 1997,
+}
+
+@article{rahtz92,
+ Author = {Sebastian Rahtz and Leonor Barroca},
+ Title = {A style option for rotated objects in {\LaTeX}},
+ journal = {TUGboat Journal},
+ year = 1992,
+ volume = 13,
+ number = 2,
+ pages = "156--180",
+ month = jul,
+}
+
+@Manual{mathwriting87,
+ Title= {Mathematical Writing},
+ Author= {Donald {E}. {K}nuth and {T}racy {L}arrabee and {P}aul {M}. Roberts},
+ Organization = {Stanford University, Computer Science Department},
+ Address = {\url{http://sunburn.stanford.edu/~knuth/papers/mathwriting.tex.gz}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = 1987,
+}
+
+@Manual{harvard,
+ Title= {An Introduction to using {\LaTeX} in the {H}arvard {M}athematics {D}epartment},
+ Author= {R. Kuhn and R. Scott and L. Andreev},
+ Organization = {Harvard University, Department of Mathematics},
+ Address = {\url{http://abel.math.harvard.edu/computing/latex/manual/texman.html}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = {},
+}
+
+@book{graetzer00,
+ Title = {Math into {\LaTeX}},
+ Author = {George Grätzer},
+ Publisher = {Birkhäuser Boston},
+ Edition= {third},
+ Year= {2000},
+}
+
+@Manual{impatient,
+ Title= {{\TeX} for the {I}mpatient},
+ Author = {Paul W. Abrahams and Karl Berry and Kathryn Hargreaves},
+ Address = {\url{http://tug.org/ftp/tex/impatient/book.pdf}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = {2003},
+}
+
+@book{knuth86,
+ Title = {The {\TeX}book},
+ Author = {Donald E. Knuth},
+ Publisher = {Addison Wesley Professional},
+ Edition= {21},
+ Year= {1986},
+}
+@book{companion94,
+ Title = {The {\LaTeX} {C}ompanion},
+ Author = {Michel Goosens and Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin},
+ Publisher = {Addison Wesley},
+ Edition= {13},
+ Year= {1994},
+}
+
+@Manual{eijkhout,
+ Title= {{\TeX} by {T}opic},
+ Author = {Victor Eijkhout},
+ Address = {\url{http://www.eijkhout.net/tbt/}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = {1992},
+}
+@Manual{taylor00,
+ Title = {Commutative Diagrams in \TeX},
+ Author = {Paul Taylor},
+ Organization = {Department of Computer Science, Queen Mary and Westfield College},
+ Address = {\url{http://www.dcs.qmw.ac.uk/~pt/diagrams/}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = 2000,
+}
+@Manual{selden00,
+ Title = {Math cheat sheet},
+ Author = {Steve Seiden},
+ Organization = {TUG},
+ Address = {\url{http://www.tug.org/texshowcase/#math}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = 2000,
+}
+
+@Manual{nist,
+ Title= {Typefaces for Symbols in Scientific
+Manuscripts},
+ Author = {NIST},
+ Address = {\url{http://physics.nist.gov/Document/typefaces.pdf}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = {2004},
+}
+
+@Manual{expressionsI,
+ Title= {Ecrire des mathématiques avec \LaTeX},
+ Author = {David Cobac},
+ Address = {\url{http://crdp.ac-lille.fr/crdp2003/archives/latex/Ateliers/Atelier2/prepDocMaths.pdf}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = {2004},
+}
+
+@Manual{expressionsII,
+ Title= {Atelier documents mathématiques},
+ Author = {David Cobac},
+ Address = {\url{http://crdp.ac-lille.fr/crdp2003/archives/latex/Ateliers/Atelier2/Presentation4.pdf}},
+ Note = {},
+ year = {2004},
+}
+
+@Manual{kuester:2004,
+ Title= {Fonts for Mathematics},
+ Author= {Johannes Küster},
+ Address={\url{http://www.typoma.com/publ/20041002-atypi.pdf}},
+ Note = {Vortrag auf der {AT}yp{I}-{K}onferenz in {P}rag},
+ month={oct},
+ year = {2004},
+}
+
+@Manual{kuester:2004-2,
+ Title= {Designing Math Fonts},
+ Author= {Johannes Küster},
+ Address={\url{http://www.typoma.com/publ/20040430-bachotex.pdf}},
+ Note = {Vortrag auf der polnischen TeX-Konferenz »BachoTeX«},
+ month={apr},
+ year = {2004},
+}
+
+@article{bouchie98,
+ Author = {Thierry Bouche},
+ Title = {Diversity in math fonts},
+ journal = {TUGboat Journal},
+ year = 1998,
+ volume = 19,
+ number = 2,
+ pages = "121--135",
+ Address={\url{http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb19-2/tb59bouc.pdf}},
+}
+
+ @article{beccardi97,
+ Author = {Claudio Beccari},
+ Title = {Typesetting mathematics for science
+ and technology according to ISO 31/XI},
+ journal = {TUGboat Journal},
+ year = 1997,
+ volume = 18,
+ number = 1,
+ pages = "39--47",
+ Address={\url{http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb18-1/tb54becc.pdf}},
+}
+
+@article{padovani03,
+ Author = {Luca Padovani},
+ Title = {MathML formatting with TeX rules and TeX fonts},
+ journal = {TUGboat Journal},
+ year = 2003,
+ volume = 24,
+ number = 1,
+ pages = "53--61",
+ Address={\url{http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb24-1/padovani.pdf}},
+}
+
+@article{lawrence04,
+ Author = {Richard Lawrence},
+ Title = {Math={T}ypography?},
+ journal = {TUGboat Journal},
+ year = 2003,
+ volume = 24,
+ number = 2,
+ pages = "165--168",
+ Address={\url{http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb24-2/tb77lawrence.pdf}},
+}
+@Article{dtk04.2:voss,
+ author = {Herbert Vo{\ss}},
+ title = {Farbige {M}athematik},
+ journal = dtk,
+ year = 2004,
+ volume = {2/04},
+ month = mar,
+ pages = {81--87},
+ annote = bretter,
+ keywords = {},
+}
+
+@Article{dtk04.3:voss,
+ author = {Carole Siegfried and Herbert Vo{\ss}},
+ title = {{M}athematik im {I}nline-Modus},
+ journal = dtk,
+ year = 2004,
+ volume = {3/04},
+ month = nov,
+ pages = {25--32},
+ annote = bretter,
+ keywords = {},
+}
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.ist b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.ist
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..898825bc52e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.ist
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+%%
+%% This is file `Letter.ist',
+%%
+%% The idea is from Ingo Kloeckl, Latex2e:
+%% Herbert Voss 000726
+%%
+%% This is a MAKEINDEX style file which should be used to
+%% generate the formatted change history for use with the doc
+%% package. The TeX commands used below are defined in
+%% doc.sty. The commands for MAKEINDEX like `level'
+%% `item_x1' are described in `` Makeindex, A General
+%% Purpose, Formatter-Independent Index Processor'' by
+%% Pehong Chen.
+%%
+headings_flag 1 % headings yes
+heading_prefix "\\textbf{" % boldfont
+heading_suffix "}\n" % newline
+quote '"'
+preamble
+ "\\begin{theindex}\n"
+item_1
+ "\\par\\leavevmode\\hangindent10pt\\makebox[10pt][l]{--}"
+item_01
+ "\\par\\leavevmode\\hangindent10pt\\makebox[10pt][l]{--}"
+item_x1
+ "\\par\\leavevmode\\hangindent10pt\\makebox[10pt][l]{--}"
+item_2
+ "\\par\\leavevmode\\hangindent20pt\\makebox[20pt][l]{-- -- }"
+item_12
+ "\\par\\leavevmode\\hangindent20pt\\makebox[20pt][l]{-- -- }"
+item_x2
+ "\\par\\leavevmode\\hangindent20pt\\makebox[20pt][l]{-- -- }"
+%%
+%%
+%% End of file `Letter.ist'.
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.ltx b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.ltx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ca4585d2e2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.ltx
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+%%
+%% This is file `Mathmode.ltx',
+%%
+%% IMPORTANT NOTICE:
+%%
+%% Herbert Voss <voss@pstricks.de>
+%% 2005-06-30
+%%
+%% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
+%% of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN archives
+%% in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt.
+%%
+%% DESCRIPTION:
+%% `Mathmode' is a document how the math mode works inside LaTeX
+%%
+\listfiles
+\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,english]{article}
+\usepackage{fixltx2e}%% the official fixes for LaTeX2e
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+%\usepackage{lmodern}
+%
+\usepackage{ifpdf}
+\usepackage{ifvtex}
+\ifvtex\pdffalse\fi
+\usepackage{comment}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{varwidth}
+\usepackage{array}
+\usepackage{delarray}
+\usepackage{tabularx}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{amssymb}
+\usepackage{amsopn}
+\usepackage{bm}
+\usepackage{upgreek}
+\usepackage{cancel}
+\newcommand\hcancel[2][black]{\setbox0=\hbox{#2}%
+ \rlap{\raisebox{.45\ht0}{\textcolor{#1}{\rule{\wd0}{1pt}}}}#2}
+\DeclareMathOperator{\Res}{Res}
+\usepackage{amscd}
+\usepackage{accents}
+\usepackage{dsfont}
+\usepackage{multirow}
+\usepackage{bigdelim}
+\usepackage{framed}
+\usepackage{longtable}
+\usepackage{varioref}
+%
+\ifvtex
+ \usepackage{pstricks}
+ \usepackage{pst-node}
+\else\ifpdf\usepackage{xcolor}\else
+ \usepackage{pstricks}
+ \usepackage{pst-node}
+\fi\fi
+\usepackage{makeidx}
+\makeindex
+\usepackage{url}
+\usepackage{setspace}
+\usepackage{framed}
+%
+%
+\DeclareMathDelimiter{\Norm}
+ {\mathord}{largesymbols}{"3E}{largesymbols}{"3E}
+%
+\makeatletter
+\def\mathllap{\mathstrut\mathpalette\mathllapinternal}
+%\def\mathllap{\mathpalette\mathllapinternal}
+\def\mathllapinternal#1#2{%
+ \llap{$\mathsurround=0pt#1{#2}$}%
+}
+\def\clap#1{\hbox to 0pt{\hss#1\hss}}
+\def\mathclap{\mathpalette\mathclapinternal}
+\def\mathclapinternal#1#2{%
+ \clap{$\mathsurround=0pt#1{#2}$}%
+}
+
+\def\mathrlap{\mathpalette\mathrlapinternal}
+\def\mathrlapinternal#1#2{%
+ \rlap{$\mathsurround=0pt#1{#2}$}%
+}
+\def\bijmap{\ensuremath{%
+ \mathrlap{\rightarrowtail}\rightarrow}}
+% extensible Arrow
+\newcommand{\xLongLeftRightArrow}[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 0055{\LongLeftRightArrowfill@}{#1}{#2}}
+\def\LongLeftRightArrowfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\Leftarrow\Relbar\Rightarrow}
+\newcommand\xlongleftrightarrow[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 0055{\longleftrightarrowfill@}{#1}{#2}}
+\def\longleftrightarrowfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\leftarrow\relbar\rightarrow}
+%
+%
+\def\@bracketheight{2pt}
+\def\underbracket{\@ifnextchar[{\@underbracket}{\@underbracket[\@bracketheight]}}
+\def\@underbracket[#1]{\@ifnextchar[{\@under@bracket[#1]}{\@under@bracket[#1][0.4em]}}
+\def\@under@bracket[#1][#2]#3{%\message {Underbracket: #1,#2,#3}
+ \mathop {\vtop {\m@th \ialign {##\crcr $\hfil \displaystyle {#3}\hfil $%
+ \crcr \noalign {\kern 3\p@ \nointerlineskip }\upbracketfill{#1}{#2}
+ \crcr \noalign {\kern 3\p@ }}}}\limits}
+\def\upbracketfill#1#2{$\m@th \setbox \z@ \hbox {$\braceld$}
+ \edef\@bracketheight{\the\ht\z@}\bracketend{#1}{#2}
+ \leaders \vrule \@height #1 \@depth \z@ \hfill
+ \leaders \vrule \@height #1 \@depth \z@ \hfill \bracketend{#1}{#2}$}
+\def\bracketend#1#2{\vrule height #2 width #1\relax}
+\def\overbracket{\@ifnextchar[{\@overbracket}{\@overbracket[\@bracketheight]}}
+%
+\def\@overbracket[#1]{\@ifnextchar[{\@over@bracket[#1]}{\@over@bracket[#1][0.3em]}}
+\def\@over@bracket[#1][#2]#3{%\message {Overbracket: #1,#2,#3}
+ \mathop {\vbox {\m@th \ialign {##\crcr \noalign {\kern 3\p@
+ \nointerlineskip }\downbracketfill {#1}{#2}
+ \crcr \noalign {\kern 3\p@ }
+ \crcr $\hfil \displaystyle {#3}\hfil $%
+ \crcr} }}\limits}
+\def\downbracketfill#1#2{$\m@th \setbox \z@ \hbox {$\braceld$}
+ \edef\@bracketheight{\the\ht\z@}\downbracketend{#1}{#2}
+ \leaders \vrule \@height #1 \@depth \z@ \hfill
+ \leaders \vrule \@height #1 \@depth \z@ \hfill
+\downbracketend{#1}{#2}$}
+\def\downbracketend#1#2{\vrule depth #2 width #1\relax}
+%
+\def\rightharpoondownfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\relbar\relbar\rightharpoondown}
+\def\rightharpoonupfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\relbar\relbar\rightharpoonup}
+\def\leftharpoondownfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\leftharpoondown\relbar\relbar}
+\def\leftharpoonupfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\leftharpoonup\relbar\relbar}
+\newcommand{\xrightharpoondown}[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 0359\rightharpoondownfill@{#1}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\xrightharpoonup}[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 0359\rightharpoonupfill@{#1}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\xleftharpoondown}[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 3095\leftharpoondownfill@{#1}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\xleftharpoonup}[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 3095\leftharpoonupfill@{#1}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\xleftrightharpoons}[2][]{\mathrel{%
+ \raise.22ex\hbox{%
+ $\ext@arrow 3095\leftharpoonupfill@{\phantom{#1}}{#2}$}%
+ \setbox0=\hbox{%
+ $\ext@arrow 0359\rightharpoondownfill@{#1}{\phantom{#2}}$}%
+ \kern-\wd0 \lower.22ex\box0}%
+}
+\newcommand{\xrightleftharpoons}[2][]{\mathrel{%
+ \raise.22ex\hbox{%
+ $\ext@arrow 3095\rightharpoonupfill@{\phantom{#1}}{#2}$}%
+ \setbox0=\hbox{%
+ $\ext@arrow 0359\leftharpoondownfill@{#1}{\phantom{#2}}$}%
+ \kern-\wd0 \lower.22ex\box0}%
+}
+
+\usepackage{empheq}% defines also harpoon macros
+
+\newcommand*{\threesim}{%
+ \mathrel{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip
+ \hbox{$\sim$}\vskip-.35ex\hbox{$\sim$}\vskip-.35ex\hbox{$\sim$}}}}
+%
+\newcounter{subequation}
+%
+\newlength\mtabskip\mtabskip=-1.25cm
+%
+\newcommand\eqnCnt[1][]{%
+ \refstepcounter{subequation}%
+ \begin{align}#1\end{align}%
+ \addtocounter{equation}{-1}%
+}
+\def\mtabLong{long}
+\makeatletter
+\newenvironment{mtabular}[2][\empty]{%
+ \parindent=0pt%
+ \def\@xarraycr{%
+ \global\stepcounter{equation}%
+ \setcounter{subequation}{0}%
+ \@ifnextchar[\@argarraycr{\@argarraycr[\mtabskip]}%
+ }
+ \let\theoldequation\theequation%
+ \renewcommand\theequation{\theoldequation.\alph{subequation}}
+ \edef\mtabOption{#1}
+ \setcounter{subequation}{0}%
+ \tabcolsep=0pt
+ \ifx\mtabOption\mtabLong\longtable{#2}\else\tabular{#2}\fi%
+}{%
+ \ifx\mtabOption\mtabLong\endlongtable\else\endtabular\fi%
+ \let\theequation\theoldequation%
+ \stepcounter{equation}
+}
+%
+\makeatother
+\def\zero{\multicolumn{1}{>{\columncolor{white}}c}{0}}
+\def\colCell#1#2{\multicolumn{1}{>{\columncolor{#1}}c}{#2}}
+%% For printing a cirumflex inside a formula
+\newcommand{\mathcircumflex}[0]{\mbox{\^{}}}
+\providecommand{\tabularnewline}{\\}
+\usepackage{exscale}
+\usepackage{relsize}
+\usepackage{xspace}
+\usepackage[mathscr]{eucal}
+\usepackage{dsfont}
+\usepackage[bottom]{footmisc}
+\usepackage{esint}
+\usepackage{esvect}
+\usepackage{remreset}
+\usepackage{calc}
+\usepackage{xypic}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+%
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+\lfoot{\footnotesize\ttfamily\jobname.tex}
+\cfoot{}
+\rfoot{\thepage}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
+%
+\definecolor{umbra}{rgb}{0.8,0.8,0.5}
+\definecolor{gray90}{gray}{0.9}
+%
+\addtocontents{toc}{\hfill Page\endgraf\vspace{-4ex}}
+\addtocontents{lof}{\ Figure\hfill Page}
+\addtocontents{lot}{\ Table\hfill Page}
+\let\myPart\part
+\renewcommand\part[1]{\clearpage\myPart{#1}}
+%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%% Math symbols %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\newcommand{\mysin}{\operatorname{mysin}}
+\newcommand{\eqdef}{\ensuremath{\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}}}
+\newcommand{\eqexcl}{\ensuremath{\stackrel{\mathrm{!}}{=}}}
+\newcommand{\eqhat}{\ensuremath{\widehat{=}}}
+%
+\newlength{\fullwidth}
+\setlength\fullwidth{\textwidth}
+\addtolength\fullwidth{\marginparsep}
+\addtolength\fullwidth{\marginparwidth}
+%
+\newlength{\LBoxWidth}
+\newcommand{\LyXBox}[1]{%
+ \settowidth{\LBoxWidth}{#1}
+ \fbox{\parbox[c]{\LBoxWidth}{#1}}\xspace%
+}
+\let\mpar\marginpar
+\renewcommand\marginpar[1]{%
+ \mpar{\small #1}%
+}
+\newcommand{\logo}{%
+ \bgroup
+ \psset{unit=1in,linewidth=2pt}
+ \psline(-2.5,2.5)(-2.5,-\paperheight)
+ \psline(-2,2.5)(-2,-\paperheight)
+ \rput[lb]{90}(-2.05,-0.7\paperheight){\red\Huge\textbf{\AllTeX}}
+ \rput[lb]{90}(-2.15,-0.1\paperheight){\red\Huge\textbf{Documentation}}
+ \egroup
+}
+\newcommand*{\CMD}[1]{\texttt{\textbackslash#1}}
+%
+\makeatletter
+\def\La{%
+ L\kern-.36em{%
+ \setbox0\hbox{T}%
+ \vbox to\ht0{%
+ \hbox{$\m@th$%
+ \csname S@\f@size\endcsname
+ \fontsize\sf@size\z@
+ \math@fontsfalse\selectfont A}%
+ \vss%
+ }%
+ }%
+}
+\def\AllTeX{(\La\kern-.075em)\kern-.075em\TeX\xspace}
+\def\AMS{American Mathematical Society\xspace}
+\def\AmS{$\mathcal{A}$\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox
+ {$\mathcal{M}$}\kern-.125em$\mathcal{S}$\xspace}
+\def\AmSmath{\AmS{}math\xspace}
+\def\AmSLaTeX{\AmS-\LaTeX\xspace}
+\def\AmSTeX{\AmS-\TeX\xspace}
+\makeatother
+%
+\def\cIndex#1{\index{#1@\CMD{#1}}}
+%
+\usepackage{showexpl}
+\lstset{language=[AlLaTeX]TeX}
+%
+\usepackage[%
+ pdftitle={TeX Mathmode},%
+ pdfauthor={Herbert Voss},%
+ urlcolor=blue,%
+ linktocpage,%
+ a4paper,%
+ colorlinks=true]{hyperref}
+\usepackage{hypcap}
+\usepackage{babel}
+
+\def\tIndex#1{\index{#1@{\UrlFont\texttt{#1}}}}
+\def\cIndex#1{\index{#1@\CMD{#1}}}
+\def\pIndex#1{\index{Parameter@\textbf{Parameter}!{\UrlFont\texttt{#1}}}}
+\def\PIndex#1{\index{Paket@\textbf{Paket}!\texttt{#1}}}
+
+\usepackage{braket}% there were problems when loading before other packages ...
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\input{Mathmode.tex}
+%\input{test.tex}
+
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.pdf b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5d33ec9bc14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5fde86ff401
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/Mathmode.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,7061 @@
+%%
+%% This is file `Mathmode.tex',
+%%
+%% IMPORTANT NOTICE:
+%%
+%% Herbert Voss <voss@pstricks.de>
+%% 2005-06-30
+%%
+%% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
+%% of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from CTAN archives
+%% in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt.
+%%
+%% DESCRIPTION:
+%% `Mathmode' is a document how the math mode works inside LaTeX
+%%
+\def\MathmodeVersion{2.09}
+\ifvtex\title{\logo Math mode - v.\MathmodeVersion}\else
+ \ifpdf\title{Math mode - v.\MathmodeVersion}\else
+ \title{\logo Math mode - v.\MathmodeVersion}\fi\fi
+%
+\author{Herbert Vo\ss\footnote{\sloppy Thanks for the feedback to:
+ Hendri Adriaens;
+ Alexander Boronka; Christian Faulhammer; Jos\'e{} Luis G\'omez Dans;
+ Azzam Hassam; Martin Hensel;
+ Morten H\o{}gholm; M. Kalidoss; Dan Lasley;
+ Angus Leeming; Tim Love;
+ Hendrik Maryns; Heinz Mezera;
+ David Neuway;
+ Joachim Punter;
+ Carl Riehm; Will Robertson; Christoph Rumsm\"uller;
+ Jos\'e{} Carlos Santos; Jens Schwaiger; Uwe Siart; Martin Sievers; Heiko Stamer; Uwe St\"ohr;
+ Carsten Thiel;
+ David Weenink;
+ Zou Yuan-Chuan;
+ Michael Zedler;
+ and last but not least a special thanks to Monika Hattenbach for her
+ excellent job of proofreading.
+}}
+\date{\today}
+
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+More than once people say that \TeX{} was designed for mathematical or technical purpose.
+This maybe true when we remember the reasons why Donald Knuth created \TeX{}. But nowadays
+there are a lot
+of examples where \TeX{} was used for publications without any mathematical or technical background.
+Nevertheless, we have to consider, that writing publications with a lot of mathematical
+material is one of the important advantages of \TeX{} and it seems that is impossible to
+know all existing macros and options of \AllTeX{} and the several additional packages,
+especially \AmSmath. This is the reason why I tried to collect all important
+facts in this paper.
+
+\vspace{3cm}
+\noindent Please report typos or any other comments to this documentation to
+\href{mailto:voss@perce.de}{voss@perce.de}.
+\noindent This document was written with the \LaTeX{} editor \verb+Kile 1.8+ \verb+(Qt 3.3+ \verb+KDE 3.4)+
+\href{http://sourceforge.net/projects/kile/}{http://sourceforge.net/projects/kile/} and the PDF output
+was built with the Linux version of \texttt{V\TeX/Free}, Version 8.46
+(\href{http://www.micropress-inc.com/linux/}{http://www.micropress-inc.com/linux/})
+
+This file can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
+of the LaTeX Project Public License Distributed from \verb+CTAN+ archives
+in directory \url{CTAN://macros/latex/base/lppl.txt}.
+
+\end{abstract}
+
+
+\clearpage
+\tableofcontents{}
+
+\part{Standard \protect\LaTeX{} math mode}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+The following sections describe all the math commands which are available
+without any additional package. Most of them also work with special
+packages and some of them are redefined. At first some important facts for typesetting math expressions.
+
+\section{The Inlinemode}\label{sec:The-Inlinemode}
+As the name says this are always math expressions which are in a standard
+textline, like this one: $f(x)=\int_{a}^{b}\frac{\sin x}{x}dx$. There
+are no limitations for the height of the math expressions, so that
+the layout may be very lousy if you insert a big matrix in an inline mode
+like this:
+$\underline{A}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
+a & b & c\\
+d & e & f\\
+g & h & i\end{array}\right]$. In this case it is better to use the \verb|\smallmatrix| environment
+$\underline{A}=\left[\begin{smallmatrix}%
+a & b & c\cr
+d & e & f\cr
+g & h & i\end{smallmatrix}\right]$ from the \AmSmath{} package (see section \vref{sec:ams-matrix}) or the
+displaymath mode\index{Display math mode} (section \ref{display} on page \pageref{display}).
+
+This inline mode is possible with three different commands:
+
+\bigskip
+\begin{minipage}{0.35\fullwidth}
+\(\sum_{i=1}^{n}i=\frac{1}{2}n\cdot(n+1)\)\\[10pt]
+$\sum_{i=1}^{n}i=\frac{1}{2}n\cdot(n+1)$\\[10pt]
+\begin{math}
+ \sum_{i=1}^{n}i=\frac{1}{2}n\cdot(n+1)
+\end{math}
+\end{minipage}\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{0.62\fullwidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\(\sum_{i=1}^{n}i=\frac{1}{2}n\cdot(n+1)\)\\[10pt]
+$\sum_{i=1}^{n}i=\frac{1}{2}n\cdot(n+1)$\\[10pt]
+\begin{math}
+ \sum_{i=1}^{n}i=\frac{1}{2}n\cdot(n+1)
+\end{math}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item \CMD{( ... }\CMD{)} \marginpar{\CMD{(}...\CMD{)}}, the problem is that \verb+\(+ is
+not a robust macro (see section~\vref{subsec:mathInTitles}).
+\item \verb+$ ... $+ \marginpar{\$...\$}
+\item \CMD{begin\{math\}} ... \CMD{end\{math\}}, also not robust%
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{math\}}\\...\\\CMD{end\{math\}}}
+\end{enumerate}
+
+In general \verb+$...$+ is the best choice, but this does not work in environments like \verb+verbatim+
+or \verb+alltt+. In this case \verb+\(...\)+ works.
+
+
+\subsection{Limits}\label{sub:Limits-Inline}
+
+In the inline mode the limits\index{limits@\textbackslash limits} are by default only in
+super\index{Superscript} or subscript mode\index{Subscript} and
+the fractions\index{Fraction} are always in the scriptstyle\footnote{See section \vref{sec:Styles}.}\index{scriptstyle}
+font size. For
+example: $\int_{1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}dx=1$, which is not too
+big for the textline. You %
+\marginpar{\CMD{limits}}can change this with the command \CMD{limits},
+which must follow a math operator\footnote{To define a new operator see
+page~\pageref{OperatorNames}}\index{Math operator} like %
+\marginpar{\CMD{int}\\\CMD{lim}\\\CMD{prod}\\\CMD{sum}}
+ an integral (\CMD{int}\index{int@\textbackslash int}), a sum (\CMD{sum}\index{sum@\textbackslash sum}),
+a product (\CMD{prod}\index{prod@\textbackslash prod}) or a limes
+(\CMD{lim}\index{lim@\textbackslash lim}). But this $\int\limits_{1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}dx=1$
+does not look very nice in a text line when it appears between two lines,
+especially when there are multiline limits.\footnote{For more
+information about limits see section \vref{sub:Multiple-Limits} or section \vref{sec:limit-AMS}.}
+
+
+\subsection{Fraction command}\label{sub:fraction command}
+
+For inlined formulas the fractions\index{Fraction} are by default
+in the scriptstyle\index{scriptstyle@\textbackslash scriptstyle} (see tabular \vref{cap:Mathstyles}),
+which is good for typesetting $y=\frac{a}{b+1}$, because the
+linespacing %
+\marginpar{\CMD{frac}}is nearly the same, but not optimal, when the formula shows some important
+facts. There are two solutions to get a better reading:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item choose the display mode instead of the inline mode, which is the better
+one;
+\item set the fontstyle to \verb+displaystyle+\index{displaystyle@\textbackslash displaystyle}, which makes
+the fraction $y={\displaystyle\frac{a}{b+1}}$ more readable but
+the linespacing increases which is always a bad solution and should
+only be used when the first solution makes no sense.\footnote{For an abbreviation see
+section \vref{sec:ams-fraction}, there is a special \CMD{dfrac} macro.}
+
+\bigskip
+\begin{minipage}{0.25\fullwidth}
+$y=\frac{a}{b+1}={\displaystyle\frac{a}{b+1}}$
+\end{minipage}\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{0.72\fullwidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+$y=\frac{a}{b+1}={\displaystyle\frac{a}{b+1}}$
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{enumerate}
+
+
+\subsection[Math in Chapter/Section Titles]{\label{inline-chapter}Math in \CMD{part},
+\CMD{chapter}, \CMD{section},
+... titles like $f(x)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(i-\frac{1}{2i}\right)$}\label{subsec:mathInTitles}
+
+All commands which appear in positions like contents, index, header,
+... must be robust\footnote{%
+\texttt{robust} means that the macro is not expanded before it is moved
+into for example the tableofcontents file (\texttt{*.toc}). No robustness is
+often a problem, when a macro is part of another macro.}
+which is the case for \verb+$...$+ but not for \verb+\(\...\)+.
+If you do not have any contents, index, a.s.o.
+you can write the mathstuff in \CMD{chapter}\index{chapter@\textbackslash chapter},
+\CMD{section}\index{section@\textbackslash section},
+a.s.o without any restriction. Otherwise use \verb+\protect\(+ and \verb+\protect\)+ or the
+\verb+$...$+ version.
+
+The whole math expression appears in the default font shape and not
+in bold like the other text. Section \vref{sec:titleItem} describes how the math
+expressions can be printed also in bold.
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{texorpdfstring}}%
+There are problems with \verb+hyperref+\index{hyperref.sty} when there is a non
+text part in a title. It is possible to tell \verb+hyperref+\index{hyperref.sty} to use different
+commands, one for the title and another one for the bookmarks\index{texorpdfstring@\textbackslash texorpdfstring}:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\texorpdfstring{<TeX part>}{<hyperref part>}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+E.g.
+
+\begin{minipage}{\fullwidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\texorpdfstring{$\int f(x)\,dx$}{Integral function}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Equation numbering}
+
+It is obvious that the numbering of inline mathstuff makes no sense!
+
+\subsection{Framed math}
+With the \verb|\fbox| macro everything of inline math can be framed\index{Framed inline
+math}\index{boxed inline math}, like the following one:
+
+\bigskip
+\begin{minipage}{0.325\fullwidth}
+\fbox{$f(x)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(i-\frac{1}{2i}\right)$}
+\end{minipage}\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{0.67\fullwidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\fbox{$f(x)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(i-\frac{1}{2i}\right)$}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+
+
+Parameters are the width of \verb|\fboxsep| and \verb|\fboxrule|, the predefined values
+from \verb|latex.ltx| are:
+
+\bigskip
+\begin{minipage}{\fullwidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\fboxsep = 3pt
+\fboxrule = .4pt
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+
+The same is possible with the \verb|\colorbox|
+\colorbox{yellow}{$f(x)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(i-\frac{1}{2i}\right)$}
+from the color package.
+
+\bigskip
+\begin{minipage}{\fullwidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\colorbox{yellow}{$f(x)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(i-\frac{1}{2i}\right)$}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Linebreak}
+
+\LaTeX{} can break an inline formula only when a relation symbol ($=, <, >, \ldots$) or a
+binary operation symbol ($+,-, \ldots$) exists and at least one of these symbols appears at
+the outer level of a formula.
+Thus \verb|$a+b+c$| can be broken across lines, but \verb|${a+b+c}$| not.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item The default: \hspace{1cm}
+$f(x)=a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+a_{n-2}x^{n-2}+\ldots
+ +a_ix^i +a_2x^2 +a_1x^1 +a_0$
+\item The same inside a group \{...\}:
+${f(x)=a_nx^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+a_{n-2}x^{n-2}+\ldots
+ +a_ix^i +a_2x^2 +a_1x^1 +a_0}$
+
+\item Without any symbol: \hspace{4cm}
+$f(x)=a_n\left(a_{n-1}\left(a_{n-2}\left(\ldots\right)\ldots\right)\ldots\right)$
+\end{itemize}
+
+If it is not possible to have any mathsymbol, then split the inline formula in two
+or more pieces (\verb|$...$ $...$|). If you do not want a linebreak for the whole
+document, you can set in the preamble:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\relpenalty=9999
+\binoppenalty=9999
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\noindent
+which is the extreme case of grudgingly allowing breaks in extreme cases.
+
+
+\subsection{Whitespace}\label{subsec:whitespace}
+\LaTeX{} defines the length \verb|\mathsurround|\index{mathsurround@\textbackslash mathsurround} with the default value of
+\verb|0pt|. This length is added before and after an inlined math expression (see table \vref{tab:whitespace}).
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\hspace*{-0.1\linewidth}%
+\begin{tabular}{@{}cc@{}}
+foo \fbox{$ f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}dx=1 $} bar &
+\begin{minipage}{0.7\linewidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+foo \fbox{$ f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}dx=1 $} bar
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
+%
+foo \rule{20pt}{\ht\strutbox}\fbox{$ f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}dx=1 $}\rule{20pt}{\ht\strutbox} bar &
+\begin{minipage}{0.7\linewidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+foo \rule{20pt}{\ht\strutbox}\fbox{$ f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}dx=1 $}\rule{20pt}{\ht\strutbox} bar
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
+\setlength{\mathsurround}{20pt}foo \fbox{$ f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}dx=1 $} bar &
+\begin{minipage}{0.7\linewidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\setlength{\mathsurround}{20pt}
+foo \fbox{$ f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}dx=1 $} bar
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{tabular}
+%
+\caption{Meaning of \CMD{mathsurround}}\label{tab:whitespace}
+\end{table}
+
+
+\subsection{\AmSmath for the inline mode}
+
+None of the \AmSmath-functions are available in inline mode.
+
+\section{Displaymath mode}\label{display}
+This means, that every formula gets its own paragraph (line). There are
+some differences in the layout to the one from the title
+of \ref{inline-chapter}.
+
+
+\subsection{\texttt{equation} environment}
+
+For example:
+
+\bigskip\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{cc}
+\begin{minipage}{0.35\linewidth}
+\begin{equation}
+ f(x)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(i-\frac{1}{2i}\right)
+\end{equation}
+\end{minipage} &
+\begin{minipage}{0.63\linewidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}
+ f(x)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(i-\frac{1}{2i}\right)
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{tabular}
+
+\bigskip
+The delimiters\index{Delimiter}
+\CMD{begin\{equation\} ... }\CMD{end\{equation\}} are the only difference to the inline version. There
+are some equivalent commands for the display-math mode:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{displaymath\}}\\
+\ldots\\
+\CMD{end\{displaymath\}}}%
+\item \CMD{begin\{displaymath\}}\ldots\CMD{end\{displaymath\}}, same as
+\CMD{[} \ldots \CMD{]}
+%
+\item \CMD{[\ldots}\CMD{]}. (see above) the short form of a displayed formula, no number%
+\marginpar{\texttt{\textbackslash[\ldots\textbackslash{}]}}
+\[
+f(x)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(i-\frac{1}{2i}\right)
+\]
+displayed, no number. Same as 1.
+%
+\item \CMD{begin\{equation\}\ldots}\CMD{end\{equation\}}%
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{equation\}}\\
+\ldots\\
+\CMD{end\{equation\}}}%
+%
+\begin{equation}
+f(x)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\left(i-\frac{1}{2i}\right)\end{equation}
+\\
+displayed, a sequential equation number, which may be reset when
+starting a new chapter or section.
+
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item There is only \textbf{one} equation number for the whole environment.
+\item \marginpar{\CMD{nonumber}}There exists no star-version of the equation environment
+because \verb|\[...\]| is the equivalent. With the tag
+\CMD{nonumber}\index{nonumber@\textbackslash nonumber} it is possible to suppress the equation number:
+
+\begin{minipage}{0.5\linewidth}
+\begin{equation}
+ f(x)= [...] \nonumber
+\end{equation}
+\end{minipage}%
+\begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}
+ f(x)= [...] \nonumber
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+%
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{enumerate}
+
+
+\subsection{\texttt{eqnarray} environment}\label{display:eqnarray}
+
+This is by default an array with three columns and as many rows as
+you like. \marginpar{\CMD{begin\{eqnarray\}}\\
+...\\
+\CMD{end\{eqnarray\}}} It is nearly the same as an array with a \verb|rcl| column definition.
+
+It is \textbf{not possible} to change the internal behaviour of the \verb|eqnarray| environment without
+rewriting the environment.
+It is always an impli\-cit array with \textbf{three} columns and the horizontal
+alignment \verb|right-center-left (rcl)| and small \textbf{symbol} sizes for the
+middle column. All this can not be changed by the user without rewriting
+the whole environment in \verb|latex.ltx|.
+
+\bigskip\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{cc}
+\begin{minipage}{0.35\linewidth}
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+\mathrm{left} & \mathrm{middle} & \mathrm{right}\\
+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}= & \frac{\sqrt{n}}{n}= & \frac{n}{n\sqrt{n}}
+\end{eqnarray*}
+\end{minipage} &
+\begin{minipage}{0.63\linewidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+\mathrm{left} & \mathrm{middle} & \mathrm{right}\\
+\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}= & \frac{\sqrt{n}}{n}= & \frac{n}{n\sqrt{n}}
+\end{eqnarray*}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{tabular}
+
+\bigskip
+The \verb|eqnarray| environment should not be used as an array. As seen in the above
+example the typesetting is wrong for the middle column. The numbering of eqnarray
+environments is always for every row, means,
+that four lines get four different equation numbers (for the labels see section \ref{sec:Labels}):
+
+\bigskip
+\begin{minipage}{0.5\columnwidth}
+\begin{eqnarray}
+y & = & d\label{eq:2}\\
+y & = & cx+d\\
+y & = & bx^{2}+cx+d\\
+y & = & ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d\label{eq:5}
+\end{eqnarray}
+\end{minipage}\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{0.43\columnwidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{eqnarray}
+y & = & d\label{eq:2}\\
+y & = & cx+d\\
+y & = & bx^{2}+cx+d\\
+y & = & ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d\label{eq:5}
+\end{eqnarray}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+
+
+\medskip
+Toggling numbering off/on for \textbf{all} rows is possible
+with the starred version of eqnarray.
+
+\medskip
+\begin{minipage}{0.45\columnwidth}
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+y & = & d\label{eq:3}\\
+y & = & cx+d\\
+y & = & bx^{2}+cx+d\\
+y & = & ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d\label{eq:4}
+\end{eqnarray*}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}{0.53\columnwidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+y & = & d\label{eq:3}\\
+y & = & cx+d\\
+y & = & bx^{2}+cx+d\\
+y & = & ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d\label{eq:4}
+\end{eqnarray*}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+
+\medskip
+Toggling off/on for \textbf{single} rows is possible with the above
+mentioned \CMD{nonumber}\index{nonumber@\textbackslash nonumber} tag at the end of a row
+(before the newline command).
+For example:
+
+\medskip
+\begin{minipage}{0.45\columnwidth}
+\begin{eqnarray}
+ y & = & d\nonumber \\
+ y & = & cx+d\nonumber \\
+ y & = & bx^{2}+cx+d\nonumber \\
+ y & = & ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d
+\end{eqnarray}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}{0.53\columnwidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{eqnarray}
+ y & = & d\nonumber \\
+ y & = & cx+d\nonumber \\
+ y & = & bx^{2}+cx+d\nonumber \\
+ y & = & ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d
+\end{eqnarray}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Short commands}\label{subsec:shortcommand}
+It is possible to define short commands for the \verb|eqnarray| environment
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\makeatletter
+\newcommand{\be}{%
+ \begingroup
+% \setlength{\arraycolsep}{2pt}
+ \eqnarray%
+ \@ifstar{\nonumber}{}%
+}
+\newcommand{\ee}{\endeqnarray\endgroup}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\makeatletter
+\newcommand{\be}{%
+ \begingroup
+% \setlength{\arraycolsep}{2pt}
+ \eqnarray%
+ \@ifstar{\nonumber}{}%
+}
+\newcommand{\ee}{\endeqnarray\endgroup}
+\makeatother
+
+Now you can write the whole equation as
+
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.5\columnwidth,wide]
+\be
+ f(x) &=& \int\frac{\sin x}{x}dx
+\ee
+\end{showexample}
+
+\medskip
+\noindent or, if you do not want to have a numbered equation as
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.5\columnwidth,wide]
+\be*
+ f(x) &=& \int\frac{\sin x}{x}dx
+\ee
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\subsection{Equation numbering}\label{sub:Equationnumbering}
+
+For all equations which can have one or %
+\marginpar{\CMD{nonumber}}more equation numbers (for every line/row) the numbering
+for the whole equation can be disabled with switching from the unstarred to the star
+version. This is still for the whole formula and doesn't work for single rows.
+In this case use the \CMD{nonumber} tag.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item This doc is written with the article-class, which counts the equations
+continuously over all parts/sections. You can change this behaviour
+in different ways (see the following subsections).
+\item In standard \LaTeX{} it is a problem with too long equations and the
+equation number, which may be printed with the equation one upon the other. In this case
+use the \AmSmath package, where the number is set above or below
+of a too long equation (see equation \vref{eq:braces}).
+\item For counting subequations see section \vref{ams:subeqn}.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsubsection{Changing the style}
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{theequation}}%
+With the beginning of Section \vref{sec:alignat environment} the
+counting changes from ``\ref{eq:IntoSection}{}'' into the new style
+``\ref{eq:newCounting}''. The command sequence is
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\renewcommand\theequation{%
+ \thepart-\arabic{equation}%
+}
+\end{lstlisting}
+See section \vref{sec:Equation-numbering} for the \AmSmath command.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Resetting a counter style}
+
+Removing a given reset is possible with the package \verb+remreset+.%
+\footnote{\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/carlisle/remreset.sty}{CTAN://macros/latex/contrib/supported/carlisle/remreset.sty}} Write into the %
+\marginpar{\CMD{@removefromreset}} preamble
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\makeatletter
+\@removefromreset{equation}{section}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+or anywhere in the text.
+
+Now the equation counter is no longer reset when a new section starts.
+You can see this after section~\vref{split}.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Equation numbers on the left side}
+
+Choose package \texttt{leqno}%
+\footnote{\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/unpacked/leqno.sty}{CTAN://macros/latex/unpacked/leqno.sty}}
+or have a look at your document class, if such an option exists.
+
+\subsubsection{Changing the equation number style}
+The number style can be changed with a redefinition of
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\def\@eqnnum{{\normalfont \normalcolor (\theequation)}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+For example: if you want the numbers not in parentheses write
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\makeatletter
+\def\@eqnnum{{\normalfont \normalcolor \theequation}}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+For \AmSmath there is another macro, see section~\ref{sec:Equation-numbering} on
+page~\pageref{sec:Equation-numbering}.
+
+\subsubsection{More than one equation counter}
+You can have more than the default equation counter. With the following code you
+can easily toggle between roman and arabic equation counting.
+\makeatletter
+%Roman counter
+\newcounter{roem}
+\renewcommand{\theroem}{\roman{roem}}
+
+% save the original counter
+\newcommand{\c@org@eq}{}
+\let\c@org@eq\c@equation
+\newcommand{\org@theeq}{}
+\let\org@theeq\theequation
+
+%\setroem sets roman counting
+\newcommand{\setroem}{
+ \let\c@equation\c@roem
+ \let\theequation\theroem}
+
+%\setarab the arabic counting
+\newcommand{\setarab}{
+ \let\c@equation\c@org@eq
+ \let\theequation\org@theeq}
+\makeatother
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+%code by Heiko Oberdiek
+\makeatletter
+%Roman counter
+\newcounter{roem}
+\renewcommand{\theroem}{\roman{roem}}
+
+% save the original counter
+\newcommand{\c@org@eq}{}
+\let\c@org@eq\c@equation
+\newcommand{\org@theeq}{}
+\let\org@theeq\theequation
+
+%\setroem sets roman counting
+\newcommand{\setroem}{
+ \let\c@equation\c@roem
+ \let\theequation\theroem}
+
+%\setarab the arabic counting
+\newcommand{\setarab}{
+ \let\c@equation\c@org@eq
+ \let\theequation\org@theeq}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The following examples show how it works:
+
+\noindent
+\begin{minipage}{1.2\linewidth}
+\begin{minipage}{0.38\linewidth}
+\begin{align}
+f(x) &= \int\sin x dx\label{eq:arab1}\\
+g(x) &= \int\frac{1}{x}dx
+\end{align}
+%
+\setroem
+%
+\begin{align}
+F(x) &=-\cos x\\
+G(x) &=\ln x\label{eq:rom1}
+\end{align}
+%
+\setarab
+%
+\begin{align}
+f^{\prime} (x) &= \sin x\\
+g^{\prime} (x) &= \frac{1}{x}\label{eq:arab2}
+\end{align}
+\end{minipage}\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{0.58\linewidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align}
+f(x) &= \int\sin x dx\label{eq:arab1}\\
+g(x) &= \int\frac{1}{x}dx
+\end{align}
+%
+\setroem
+%
+\begin{align}
+F(x) &=-\cos x\\
+G(x) &=\ln x\label{eq:rom1}
+\end{align}
+%
+\setarab
+%
+\begin{align}
+f^{\prime} (x) &= \sin x\\
+g^{\prime} (x) &= \frac{1}{x}\label{eq:arab2}
+\end{align}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{minipage}
+
+\medskip
+There can be references to these equations in the usual way, like eq.\ref{eq:arab1},
+\ref{eq:arab2} and for the roman one eq.\ref{eq:rom1}.
+
+
+\subsection{Labels}\label{sec:Labels}
+
+Every numbered equation can have a label\index{Label} to which a
+reference\index{Reference} is possible.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item There is one restriction for the label names, they cannot include
+one of \LaTeX{}'s command characters.\footnote{\$ \_ \^{} \textbackslash{} \& \% \{ \}}
+\item The label names are replaced by the equation number.
+\end{itemize}
+%
+\marginpar{\CMD{tag}}If you do not want a reference to the equation number but to a self
+defined name then use the \AmS{}math command \CMD{tag{...}},
+which is described in section \vref{sec:Labels-and-Tags}\index{tag@\textbackslash tag}.
+
+\subsection{Frames}\label{sec:Frames}
+Similiar to the inline mode, displayed equations can also be framed with
+the \verb|\fbox|\index{fbox@\textbackslash fbox} command, like equation \ref{eq:frame0}.
+The only difference is
+the fact, that the equation must be packed into a parbox or minipage. It is
+nearly the same for a colored box, where the \verb|\fbox{...}| has to be
+replaced with \verb|\colorbox{yellow}{...}|. The package \verb|color.sty| must
+be loaded and --important -- the \verb|calc.sty| package to get a correct boxwidth.
+
+\noindent\fbox{\parbox{\linewidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule}{%
+\begin{equation}\label{eq:frame0}
+f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\dfrac{1}{x^2}dx=1
+\end{equation}%
+}}
+
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\noindent\fbox{\parbox{\linewidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule}{%
+\begin{equation}\label{eq:frame0}
+ f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\dfrac{1}{x^2}dx=1
+\end{equation}%
+}}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+If the equation number should not be part of the frame, then it is a bit
+complicated. There is one tricky solution, which puts an unnumbered equation
+just beside an empty numbered equation. The \verb|\hfill| is only useful for
+placing the equation number right aligned, which is not the default. The
+following four equations \ref{eq:frame2}-\ref{eq:frame5} are the same,
+only the second one written with the \verb|\myMathBox| macro which has the
+border and background color as optional arguments with the defaults
+\verb|white| for background and \verb|black| for the frame. If there is only
+one optional argument, then it is still the one for the frame color (\ref{eq:frame3}).
+
+\makeatletter
+\def\myMathBox{\@ifnextchar[{\my@MBoxi}{\my@MBoxi[black]}}
+\def\my@MBoxi[#1]{\@ifnextchar[{\my@MBoxii[#1]}{\my@MBoxii[#1][white]}}
+\def\my@MBoxii[#1][#2]#3#4{%
+ \par\noindent%
+ \fcolorbox{#1}{#2}{%
+ \parbox{\linewidth-\labelwidth-2\fboxrule-2\fboxsep}{#3}%
+ }%
+ \parbox{\labelwidth}{%
+ \begin{eqnarray}\label{#4}\end{eqnarray}%
+ }%
+ \par%
+}
+\makeatother
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\makeatletter
+\def\myMathBox{\@ifnextchar[{\my@MBoxi}{\my@MBoxi[black]}}
+\def\my@MBoxi[#1]{\@ifnextchar[{\my@MBoxii[#1]}{\my@MBoxii[#1][white]}}
+\def\my@MBoxii[#1][#2]#3#4{%
+ \par\noindent%
+ \fcolorbox{#1}{#2}{%
+ \parbox{\linewidth-\labelwidth-2\fboxrule-2\fboxsep}{#3}%
+ }%
+ \parbox{\labelwidth}{%
+ \begin{eqnarray}\label{#4}\end{eqnarray}%
+ }%
+ \par%
+}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{equation}\label{eq:frame2}
+ f(x)=x^2 +x
+\end{equation}
+\myMathBox[red]{\[f(x)=x^2 +x\]}{eq:frame3}
+\myMathBox[red][yellow]{\[f(x)=x^2 +x\]}{eq:frame4}
+\myMathBox{\[f(x)=x^2 +x\]}{eq:frame5}
+
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}\label{eq:frame2}
+ f(x)=x^2 +x
+\end{equation}
+\myMathBox[red]{\[f(x)=x^2 +x\]}{eq:frame3}
+\myMathBox[red][yellow]{\[f(x)=x^2 +x\]}{eq:frame4}
+\myMathBox{\[f(x)=x^2 +x\]}{eq:frame5}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+If you are using the \AmSmath package, then try the solutions from section
+\vref{sec:ams-frames}.
+
+\section{\texttt{array} environment}
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{array\}}\\...\\\CMD{end\{array\}}}
+This is simply the same as the eqnarray environment only with the
+possibility of variable rows \textbf{and} columns and the fact, that
+the whole formula has only \textbf{one} equation number and that the
+\verb|array| environment can only be part of another math environment,
+like \verb|equation| or \verb|displaymath|.
+
+\begin{equation}
+\left.%
+\begin{array}{r@{\quad}ccrr}
+ \textrm{a}) & y & = & c & (constant)\\
+ \textrm{b}) & y & = & cx+d & (linear)\\
+ \textrm{c}) & y & = & bx^{2}+cx+d & (square)\\
+ \textrm{d}) & y & = & ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d & (cubic)
+\end{array}%
+\right\} \textrm{Polynomes}
+\end{equation}
+
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}
+\left.%
+\begin{array}{r@{\\
+\quad}ccrr}
+ \textrm{a}) & y & = & c & (constant)\\
+ \textrm{b}) & y & = & cx+d & (linear)\\
+ \textrm{c}) & y & = & bx^{2}+cx+d & (square)\\
+ \textrm{d}) & y & = & ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d & (cubic)
+\end{array}%
+\right\} \textrm{Polynomes}
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+The horizontal alignment of the columns is the same as the one from the
+\texttt{tabular} environment.
+
+For arrays with delimiters see section \vref{delarray}.
+
+\subsection{Cases structure}
+
+If you do not want to use the \AmSmath package then write your own
+cases structure\index{cases@\textbackslash cases} with the \verb|array| environment:
+
+\begin{showexample}[pos=b]
+\begin{equation}
+x=\left\{ \begin{array}{cl}
+0 & \textrm{if A=...}\\
+1 & \textrm{if B=...}\\
+x & \textrm{this runs with as much text as you like, but without an raggeright text.}\end{array}\right.
+\end{equation}
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+It is obvious, that we need a \CMD{parbox} if the text is longer than the possible linewidth.
+
+\begin{showexample}[pos=b]
+\begin{equation}
+x = \left\{%
+ \begin{array}{l>{\raggedright}p{.5\textwidth}}%
+ 0 & if A=...\tabularnewline
+ 1 & if B=...\tabularnewline
+ x & \parbox{0.5\columnwidth}{this runs with as much text as you like, %
+ because an automatic linebreak is given with %
+ a raggedright text. Without this %
+ \raggedright command, you'll get a formatted %
+ text like the following one ... but with a parbox ... it works}
+ \end{array}%
+ \right. %
+\end{equation}
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+
+\subsection{\texttt{arraycolsep}}\label{sec:arraycolsep}
+\marginpar{\CMD{arraycolsep}}All the foregoing math environments use the array to typeset the math
+expression. The predefined separation between two columns is the length
+\verb|\arraycolsep|, which is set by nearly all document classes to \verb|5pt|,
+which seems to be too big. The following equation is typeset with the
+default value and the second one with \verb|\arraycolsep=1.4pt|
+
+
+\bgroup
+\fboxsep=0pt
+\def\xstrut{\vphantom{\int\frac{\sin x}{x}}}
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+\boxed{f(x)\xstrut} & \boxed{=\xstrut} & \boxed{\int\frac{\sin x}{x}dx}
+\end{eqnarray*}
+
+\vspace{-2ex}
+\arraycolsep=1.4pt
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+\boxed{f(x)\xstrut} & \boxed{=\xstrut} & \boxed{\int\frac{\sin x}{x}dx}
+\end{eqnarray*}
+\egroup
+
+If this modification should be valid for all arrays/equations, then write it into the
+preamble, otherwise put it into a group or define your own environment as done
+in section \vref{subsec:shortcommand}.
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\bgroup
+\arraycolsep=1.4pt
+\begin{eqnarray}
+f(x) & = & \int\frac{\sin x}{x}dx
+\end{eqnarray}
+\egroup
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\makeatletter
+\newcommand{\be}{%
+ \begingroup
+ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{1.4pt}
+[ ... ]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\section{Matrix}\label{sec:matrix}
+\marginpar{\CMD{matrix}\\\CMD{bordermatrix}}\TeX{} knows two macros and \LaTeX{} one more for typesetting a matrix\index{bordermatrix@\textbackslash bordermatrix}:
+
+\begin{showexample}
+$\begin{matrix}
+ A & B & C \\
+ d & e & f \\
+ 1 & 2 & 3 \\
+\end{matrix}$
+\end{showexample}
+\vspace{-10pt}
+\begin{showexample}
+$\bordermatrix{%
+ & 0 & 1 & 2 \cr
+ 0 & A & B & C \cr
+ 1 & d & e & f \cr
+ 2 & 1 & 2 & 3 \cr
+}$
+\end{showexample}
+
+\iffalse % smallmatrix belongs to amsmath
+\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
+\begin{center}
+$
+\begin{smallmatrix}%
+ A & B & C \\
+ d & e & f \\
+ 1 & 2 & 3
+\end{smallmatrix}
+$
+\end{center}
+\end{minipage}\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{smallmatrix}%
+ A & B & C \\
+ d & e & f \\
+ 1 & 2 & 3
+\end{smallmatrix}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+\fi
+
+The first two macros are listed here for some historical reason, because the \verb|array| or especially the
+\AmSmath package offers the same or better macros/environments. Nevertheless it is
+possible to redefine the \verb|bordermatrix| macro to get other parentheses and a star
+version which takes the left top part as matrix:
+
+\makeatletter
+\newif\if@borderstar
+\def\bordermatrix{\@ifnextchar*{%
+ \@borderstartrue\@bordermatrix@i}{\@borderstarfalse\@bordermatrix@i*}%
+}
+\def\@bordermatrix@i*{\@ifnextchar[{\@bordermatrix@ii}{\@bordermatrix@ii[()]}}
+\def\@bordermatrix@ii[#1]#2{%
+\begingroup
+ \m@th\@tempdima8.75\p@\setbox\z@\vbox{%
+ \def\cr{\crcr\noalign{\kern 2\p@\global\let\cr\endline }}%
+ \ialign {$##$\hfil\kern 2\p@\kern\@tempdima & \thinspace %
+ \hfil $##$\hfil && \quad\hfil $##$\hfil\crcr\omit\strut %
+ \hfil\crcr\noalign{\kern -\baselineskip}#2\crcr\omit %
+ \strut\cr}}%
+ \setbox\tw@\vbox{\unvcopy\z@\global\setbox\@ne\lastbox}%
+ \setbox\tw@\hbox{\unhbox\@ne\unskip\global\setbox\@ne\lastbox}%
+ \setbox\tw@\hbox{%
+ $\kern\wd\@ne\kern -\@tempdima\left\@firstoftwo#1%
+ \if@borderstar\kern2pt\else\kern -\wd\@ne\fi%
+ \global\setbox\@ne\vbox{\box\@ne\if@borderstar\else\kern 2\p@\fi}%
+ \vcenter{\if@borderstar\else\kern -\ht\@ne\fi%
+ \unvbox\z@\kern-\if@borderstar2\fi\baselineskip}%
+ \if@borderstar\kern-2\@tempdima\kern2\p@\else\,\fi\right\@secondoftwo#1 $%
+ }\null \;\vbox{\kern\ht\@ne\box\tw@}%
+\endgroup
+}
+\makeatother
+
+\begin{showexample}
+$\bordermatrix{%
+ & 1 & 2 \cr
+1 & x1 & x2 \cr
+2 & x3 & x4 \cr
+3 & x5 & x6
+}$
+\end{showexample}
+\vspace{-10pt}
+\begin{showexample}
+$\bordermatrix[{[]}]{%
+ & 1 & 2 \cr
+1 & x1 & x2 \cr
+2 & x3 & x4 \cr
+3 & x5 & x6
+}$
+\end{showexample}
+\vspace{-10pt}
+\begin{showexample}
+$\bordermatrix[\{\}]{%
+ & 1 & 2 \cr
+1 & x1 & x2 \cr
+2 & x3 & x4 \cr
+3 & x5 & x6
+}$
+\end{showexample}
+\vspace{-10pt}
+\begin{showexample}
+$\bordermatrix*{%
+ x1 & x2 & 1 \cr
+ x3 & x4 & 2 \cr
+ x5 & x6 & 3 \cr
+ 1 & 2
+}$
+\end{showexample}
+\vspace{-10pt}
+\begin{showexample}
+$\bordermatrix*[{[]}]{%
+ x1 & x2 & 1 \cr
+ x3 & x4 & 2 \cr
+ x5 & x6 & 3 \cr
+ 1 & 2
+}$
+\end{showexample}
+\vspace{-10pt}
+\begin{showexample}
+$\bordermatrix*[\{\}]{%
+ x1 & x2 & 1 \cr
+ x3 & x4 & 2 \cr
+ x5 & x6 & 3 \cr
+ 1 & 2
+}$
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+There is now an optional argument for the parenthesis with \verb|()| as the default one. To get such a behaviour, write into the preamble:
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-0.75cm,xrightmargin=-0.75cm]
+\makeatletter
+\newif\if@borderstar
+\def\bordermatrix{\@ifnextchar*{%
+ \@borderstartrue\@bordermatrix@i}{\@borderstarfalse\@bordermatrix@i*}%
+}
+\def\@bordermatrix@i*{\@ifnextchar[{\@bordermatrix@ii}{\@bordermatrix@ii[()]}}
+\def\@bordermatrix@ii[#1]#2{%
+\begingroup
+ \m@th\@tempdima8.75\p@\setbox\z@\vbox{%
+ \def\cr{\crcr\noalign{\kern 2\p@\global\let\cr\endline }}%
+ \ialign {$##$\hfil\kern 2\p@\kern\@tempdima & \thinspace %
+ \hfil $##$\hfil && \quad\hfil $##$\hfil\crcr\omit\strut %
+ \hfil\crcr\noalign{\kern -\baselineskip}#2\crcr\omit %
+ \strut\cr}}%
+ \setbox\tw@\vbox{\unvcopy\z@\global\setbox\@ne\lastbox}%
+ \setbox\tw@\hbox{\unhbox\@ne\unskip\global\setbox\@ne\lastbox}%
+ \setbox\tw@\hbox{%
+ $\kern\wd\@ne\kern -\@tempdima\left\@firstoftwo#1%
+ \if@borderstar\kern2pt\else\kern -\wd\@ne\fi%
+ \global\setbox\@ne\vbox{\box\@ne\if@borderstar\else\kern 2\p@\fi}%
+ \vcenter{\if@borderstar\else\kern -\ht\@ne\fi%
+ \unvbox\z@\kern-\if@borderstar2\fi\baselineskip}%
+ \if@borderstar\kern-2\@tempdima\kern2\p@\else\,\fi\right\@secondoftwo#1 $%
+ }\null \;\vbox{\kern\ht\@ne\box\tw@}%
+\endgroup
+}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The \verb|matrix| macro cannot be used together with the \AmSmath package, it redefines
+this macro (see section \vref{sec:ams-matrix}).
+
+\section{Super/Subscript and limits}\label{sec:limits}
+Writing $a_{min}$ and $a_{max}$ gives the same depth for the subscript, but
+writing them in upright mode with \verb+\mbox+ gives a different depth: $a_{\mbox{min}}$ and $a_{\mbox{max}}$.
+The problem is the different height, which can be modified in several ways
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \verb+$a_{\mbox{\vphantom{i}max}}+: $a_{\mbox{min}}$ and $a_{\mbox{\vphantom{i}max}}$;
+\item \verb+$a_{\mathrm{max}}+: $a_{\mathrm{min}}$ and $a_{\mathrm{max}}$;
+\item \verb+$a_{\max}+: $a_{\min}$ and $a_{\max}$. Both are predefined operators (see section~\vref{sec:ltxOperators}).
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+\subsection{Multiple limits}\label{sub:Multiple-Limits}
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{atop}}For general information about limits\index{Limits} read section
+\vref{sub:Limits-Inline}. With the \CMD{atop}\index{atop@\textbackslash atop} command
+multiple limits for a sum\index{sum@\textbackslash sum} or prod\index{prod@\textbackslash prod}
+are possible. The syntax is:
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.4\linewidth]
+\[ {above \atop below} \]
+\end{showexample}
+
+\noindent which is nearly the same as a fraction without a rule. This can
+be enhanced to \verb|a\atop b\atop c| and so on. For equation \ref{eq:atop} do the following steps:
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.4\linewidth]
+\begin{equation}\label{eq:atop}
+\sum_{{1\le j\le p\atop {%
+ {1\le j\le q\atop 1\le k\le r}}}%
+}a_{ij}b_{jk}c_{ki}
+\end{equation}
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\bigskip
+There are other solutions to get multiple limits, e.g. an array,
+which is not the best solution because the space between the lines
+is too big. The \AmSmath package provides several commands for limits (section \ref{sec:limit-AMS}) and the \CMD{underset} and \CMD{overset} commands (see section \ref{sec:misc-AMS}).
+
+\subsection{Problems}
+
+\begin{equation}\label{eq:disp-limits}
+\fboxsep=0pt\fboxrule=0.1pt
+\boxed{\sum_{
+ {{1\le j\le p\atop {%
+ {1\le j\le q\atop 1\le k\le r}}}%
+ }}%
+}\boxed{a_{ij}b_{jk}c_{ki}}
+\end{equation}
+
+The equation \ref{eq:disp-limits} shows that the horizontal alignment
+is not optimal, because the math expression on the right follows at the
+end of the limits which are a unit together with the sum symbol. There
+is an elegant solution with \AmSmath, described in subsection
+\vref{subsec:ams-limits}. If you do not want to use \AmSmath,
+then use \CMD{makebox}. But there is a problem when the general fontsize
+is increased, \CMD{makebox} knows nothing about the actual math font
+size. Equation \ref{eq:disp-limits2} shows the effect and equation
+\ref{eq:disp-limits3} the view without the boxes.
+
+\vspace{\abovedisplayskip}
+\begin{subequations}
+\begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
+\begin{equation}\label{eq:disp-limits2}
+\fboxsep=0pt\fboxrule=0.1pt
+\boxed{\sum_{%
+ \makebox[0pt]{$%
+ {{\scriptscriptstyle 1\le j\le p\atop {%
+ {1\le j\le q\atop 1\le k\le r}}}}%
+ $}%
+ }%
+}\boxed{a_{ij}b_{jk}c_{ki}}
+\end{equation}
+\end{minipage}\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
+\begin{equation}\label{eq:disp-limits3}
+\sum_{%
+ \makebox[0pt]{$%
+ {{\scriptscriptstyle 1\le j\le p\atop {%
+ {1\le j\le q\atop 1\le k\le r}}}}%
+ $}}a_{ij}b_{jk}c_{ki}
+\end{equation}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{subequations}
+
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}
+\sum_{\makebox[0pt]{$%
+ {{\scriptscriptstyle 1\le j\le p\atop {%
+ {1\le j\le q\atop 1\le k\le r}}}}%
+ $}}a_{ij}b_{jk}c_{ki}
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\section{Roots}\label{sec:Roots}
+
+The square root\index{Root} \CMD{sqrt}\index{sqrt@\textbackslash sqrt} is the default
+for \LaTeX{} and the $n$-th root can be inserted with the optional parameter \CMD{sqrt[n]\{\ldots\}}.
+\marginpar{\CMD{sqrt}}.
+
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{cc}
+ \verb|\sqrt{x}| & $\sqrt{x}$\\
+ \verb|\sqrt[3]{x}| & $\sqrt[3]{x}$
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+There is a different typesetting in roots. Equation \vref{eq:root1}
+has different heights for the roots, whereas equation \vref{eq:root2}
+has the same one. This is possible with the %
+\marginpar{\CMD{vphantom}}%
+\verb+\vphantom+\index{vphantom@\textbackslash vphantom} command,
+which reserves the vertical space (without a horizontal one) of the
+parameter height.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.35\linewidth,wide]
+\begin{equation}
+ \sqrt{a}\,%
+ \sqrt{T}\,%
+ \sqrt{2\alpha k_{B_1}T^i}\label{eq:root1}
+\end{equation}
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\vspace{-10pt}
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.35\linewidth,wide]
+\begin{equation}\label{eq:root2}
+ \sqrt{a\vphantom{k_{B_1}T^i}}\,%
+ \sqrt{T\vphantom{k_{B_1}T^i}}\,%
+ \sqrt{2\alpha k_{B_1}T^i}
+\end{equation}
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+The typesetting looks much better, especially when the formula
+has different roots in a row, like equation \vref{eq:root1}. Using
+\AmSmath with the \CMD{smash} command%
+\footnote{The \CMD{smash} command exists also in \LaTeX{}
+but without an optional argument, which makes the use for roots possible.%
+} gives some more possibilities for the typesetting of roots (see section
+\vref{sec:Roots-ams}).
+
+
+\section[Brackets, braces \ldots]{Brackets, braces and parentheses}\label{sec:Brackets,-Braces-and}
+
+This is one of the major problems inside the math mode, because there is often a need for different brackets, braces and parentheses in different size. At first we had to admit, that
+there is a difference between the characters ``\verb|()[]/\|
+$\lbrace\rbrace$
+|
+$\Vert$
+$\lfloor\rfloor$
+$\lceil\rceil$
+$\langle\rangle$
+$\uparrow\Uparrow$
+$\downarrow\Downarrow$
+$\updownarrow\Updownarrow${}''
+and their use as an argument %
+\marginpar{\CMD{leftX}\\\CMD{rightX}} of the \CMD{left}\index{left@\textbackslash left}
+and \CMD{right}\index{right@\textbackslash right}
+command, where \LaTeX{} stretches the size in a way that everything between
+the pair of left and right parentheses is smaller than the parentheses themselves. In some cases%
+\footnote{See section \vref{cap:Use-of-the-vphantom} for example.%
+} it may be useful to choose a fixed height, which is possible with
+the \CMD{big}-series. Instead of writing \CMD{leftX}
+or \CMD{rightX} one of the following commands can
+be chosen:
+
+\medskip
+\marginpar{\CMD{bigX}\\\CMD{BigX}\\\CMD{biggX}\\\CMD{BiggX}}
+\index{big@\textbackslash big}\index{Big@\textbackslash Big}%
+\index{bigg@\textbackslash bigg}\index{Bigg@\textbackslash Bigg}
+\begin{tabular}{rl}
+default & ()[]/\textbackslash$\lbrace\rbrace$|$\Vert$ $\lfloor\rfloor$
+$\lceil\rceil$ $\langle\rangle$ $\uparrow\Uparrow$ $\downarrow\Downarrow$%
+$\updownarrow\Updownarrow$\\[2pt]
+\CMD{bigX} & $\big(\big)$ $\big[\big]$
+$\bigl/\big\backslash\big\{\big\}$
+$\big|$ $\big\Vert$ $\big\lfloor\big\rfloor$ $\big\lceil\big\rceil$
+$\big\langle\big\rangle$ $\big\uparrow\big\Uparrow$ $\big\downarrow\big\Downarrow$
+$\big\updownarrow\big\Updownarrow$\\[2pt]
+\CMD{BigX} & $\Big(\Big)$
+$\Big[\Big]$ $\Bigl/\Big\backslash\Big\{\Big\}$
+$\Big|$ $\Big\Vert$ $\Big\lfloor\Big\rfloor$
+$\Big\lceil\Big\rceil$ $\Big\langle\Big\rangle$
+$\Big\uparrow\Big\Uparrow$ $\Big\downarrow\Big\Downarrow$
+$\Big\updownarrow\Big\Updownarrow$\\[4pt]
+\CMD{biggX} & $\bigg(\bigg)$
+$\bigg[\bigg]$ $\biggl/\bigg\backslash\bigg\{\bigg\}$%
+$\bigg|$ $\bigg\Vert$ $\bigg\lfloor\bigg\rfloor$ $\bigg\lceil\bigg\rceil$
+$\bigg\langle\bigg\rangle$ $\bigg\uparrow\bigg\Uparrow$
+$\bigg\downarrow\bigg\Downarrow$ $\bigg\updownarrow\bigg\Updownarrow$\\[8pt]
+\CMD{Big}gX & $\Bigg(\Bigg)$
+$\Bigg[\Bigg]$ $\Biggl/\Bigg\backslash\Bigg\{\Bigg\}$
+$\Bigg|$ $\Bigg\Vert$ $\Bigg\lfloor\Bigg\rfloor$
+$\Bigg\lceil\Bigg\rceil$ $\Bigg\langle\Bigg\rangle$
+$\Bigg\uparrow\Bigg\Uparrow$ $\Bigg\downarrow\Bigg\Downarrow$%
+$\Bigg\updownarrow\Bigg\Updownarrow$
+\end{tabular}
+
+\medskip{}
+Only a few commands can be written in a short form like \CMD{big(}.
+The ``X{}'' has to be replaced with one of the following characters
+or commands from table \ref{tab:big}, which shows the parentheses
+character, its code for the use with one of the ``big{}'' commands
+and an example with the code for that.
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{biglX}\\\CMD{bigrX}}%
+For all commands there exists a left/right version \CMD{bigl}\index{bigl@\textbackslash bigl},
+\CMD{bigr}\index{bigr@\textbackslash bigr}, \CMD{Bigl}\index{Bigl@\textbackslash Bigl}
+and so on, which only makes sense when writing things like:
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.3\linewidth,wide]
+\begin{align}
+ \biggl)\times \frac{a}{b} \times\biggr(
+\end{align}
+\begin{align}
+ \bigg)\times \frac{a}{b} \times\bigg(
+\end{align}
+\end{showexample}
+
+\LaTeX{} takes the \verb|\biggl)| as a mathopen symbol, which has by default
+another horizontal spacing.
+
+In addition to the above additional commands there exist some more:
+\CMD{bigm}\index{bigm@\textbackslash bigm}, \CMD{Bigm}\index{Bigm@\textbackslash Bigm}, \CMD{biggm}\index{biggm@\textbackslash biggm} and \CMD{Biggm}\index{Biggm@\textbackslash Biggm},
+which work as the standard ones (without the addtional ``m{}'')
+but add some more horizontal space%
+\marginpar{\CMD{bigmX}\\\CMD{bigmX}} between the delimiter and the formula before and after (see table \ref{cap:Difference-between-the-bigg}).
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\begin{showexample}
+$3\bigg|a^2-b^2-c^2\bigg|+2$
+\end{showexample}
+\vspace{-15pt}
+\begin{showexample}
+$3\biggm|a^2-b^2-c^2\biggm|+2$
+\end{showexample}
+\caption{Difference between the default
+\CMD{bigg} and the \CMD{biggm} command}\label{cap:Difference-between-the-bigg}
+\end{table}
+
+
+\newcommand{\xstrut}{\rule{0pt}{0.55cm}}
+{\setlength{\hangindent}{-\marginparwidth}
+\begin{longtable}{l>{\raggedright}p{2.4cm}l>{\raggedright}p{5.7cm}}
+Char & Code & Example & Code\tabularnewline
+\hline
+\endhead
+\xstrut$(\ )$ & ( ) & %
+ $3\Big(a^{2}+b^{c^{2}}\Big)$ & %
+ \texttt{3\CMD{Big}( a\^{}2+b\^{}\{c\^{}2\}\CMD{Big})}\tabularnewline
+%
+\xstrut$[\ ]$ & {[} {]}&
+$3\Big[a^{2}+b^{c^{2}}\Big]$&
+\texttt{3\CMD{Big}{[} a\^{}2+b\^{}\{c\^{}2\}\CMD{Big}{]}}\tabularnewline
+%
+\xstrut$/\ \backslash$ & \texttt{/}\CMD{backslash} & $3\Big/a^{2}+b^{c^{2}}\Big\backslash$ &
+\texttt{3\CMD{Big}/ a\^{}2+b\^{}\{c\^{}2\}\CMD{Big}\CMD{backslash}}\tabularnewline
+%
+\xstrut$\{\ \}$ & \CMD{\{}\CMD{\}}\\
+ & $3\Big\{ a^{2}+b^{c^{2}}\Big\}$ &
+\texttt{3\CMD{Big}\CMD{\{} a\^{}2+b\^{}\{c\^{}2\}\CMD{Big}\CMD{\}}}\tabularnewline
+%
+\xstrut$\vert\ \Vert$ & | \CMD{Vert} & $3\Big|a^{2}+b^{c^{2}}\Big\Vert$ & \texttt{3\CMD{Big}|a\^{}2+b\^{}\{c\^{}2\}\CMD{Big}\CMD{Vert}}\tabularnewline
+%
+\xstrut$\lfloor\ \rfloor$ & \CMD{lfloor} \CMD{rfloor} & %
+ $3\Big\lfloor a^{2}+b^{c^{2}}\Big\rfloor$ & %
+ \texttt{3\CMD{Big}\CMD{lfloor} a\^{}2+b\^{}\{c\^{}2\}
+ \CMD{Big}\CMD{rfloor}}\tabularnewline
+%
+\xstrut$\lceil\ \rceil$ & \CMD{lceil}\CMD{rceil} &
+ $3\Big\lceil a^{2}+b^{c^{2}}\Big\rceil$ &
+ \texttt{3\CMD{Big}\CMD{lceil} a\^{}2+b\^{}\{c\^{}2\} \CMD{Big}%
+ \CMD{rceil}}\tabularnewline
+%
+\xstrut$\langle\ \rangle$ & \CMD{langle}\CMD{rangle} &
+ $3\Big\langle a^{2}+b^{c^{2}}\Big\rangle$ &
+ \texttt{3\CMD{Big}\CMD{langle} a\^{}2+b\^{}\{c\^{}2\}%
+ \CMD{Big}\CMD{rangle}}\tabularnewline
+%
+\xstrut$\uparrow\ \Uparrow$ &
+ \CMD{uparrow} \CMD{Uparrow} &
+ $3\Big\uparrow a^{2}+b^{c^{2}}\Big\Uparrow$ &
+ \texttt{3\CMD{Big}\CMD{uparrow} a\^{}2+b\^{}\{c\^{}2\}%
+ \CMD{Big}\CMD{Uparrow}}\tabularnewline
+%
+\xstrut$\downarrow\ \Downarrow$ & \CMD{downarrow} \CMD{Downarrow} &
+ $3\Big\downarrow a^{2}+b^{c^{2}}\Big\Downarrow$ &
+ \texttt{3\CMD{Big}\CMD{downarrow} a\^{}2+b\^{}\{c\^{}2\}
+ \CMD{Big}\CMD{Downarrow}}\tabularnewline
+%
+\xstrut$\updownarrow\ \Updownarrow$ & \CMD{updownarrow} \CMD{Updownarrow} &
+ $3\Big\updownarrow a^{2}+b^{c^{2}}\Big\Updownarrow$ &
+ \texttt{3\CMD{Big}\CMD{updownarrow} a\^{}2+b\^{}\{c\^{}2\}
+ \CMD{Big}\CMD{Updownarrow}}\tabularnewline
+& & &\\
+\caption{Use of the different parentheses for the ``big{}'' commands} \label{tab:big}\tabularnewline
+\end{longtable}}
+
+
+\subsection{Examples}
+\subsubsection{Braces over several lines}\label{cap:Use-of-the-vphantom}
+The following equation in the single line mode looks like
+
+
+\begin{equation}
+\frac{1}{2}\Delta(f_{ij}f^{ij})=2\left(\sum_{i<j}\chi_{ij}(\sigma_{i}-\sigma_{j})^{2}+f^{ij}\nabla_{j}\nabla_{i}(\Delta f)+\nabla_{k}f_{ij}\nabla^{k}f^{ij}+f^{ij}f^{k}[2\nabla_{i}R_{jk}-\nabla_{k}R_{ij}]\right)\label{eq:braces}
+\end{equation}
+
+
+\noindent and is too long for the text width and the equation number has to be placed
+under the equation.\footnote{In standard \LaTeX{} the equation and the number are
+printed one over the other for too long
+formulas. Only \AmSmath puts it one line over (left numbers) or under (right
+numbers) the formula.} With the array environment the formula can be split in two smaller
+pieces:
+
+{\arraycolsep=2pt
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{array}{rcl}
+ \frac{1}{2}\Delta(f_{ij}f^{ij}) & = & 2\left({\displaystyle
+ \sum_{i<j}}\chi_{ij}(\sigma_{i}-\sigma_{j})^{2}+f^{ij}%
+ \nabla_{j}\nabla_{i}(\Delta f)+\right.\\
+& & \left.+\nabla_{k}f_{ij}\nabla^{k}f^{ij}+f^{ij}f^{k}[2
+ \nabla_{i}R_{jk}-\nabla_{k}R_{ij}]\right)
+\end{array}
+\end{equation}
+}
+
+
+It is obvious that there is a problem with the right closing parentheses.
+Because of the two pairs ``\verb|\left( ... \right.|''
+and ``\verb|\left. ... \right)|''
+they have a different size because every pair does it in its own
+way. Using the \CMD{Bigg} command changes this into a better
+typesetting:
+
+{\arraycolsep=2pt
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{array}{rcl}
+ \frac{1}{2}\Delta(f_{ij}f^{ij}) & = & 2\Bigg({\displaystyle
+ \sum_{i<j}}\chi_{ij}(\sigma_{i}-\sigma_{j})^{2}+f^{ij}%
+ \nabla_{j}\nabla_{i}(\Delta f)+\\
+& & +\nabla_{k}f_{ij}\nabla^{k}f^{ij}+f^{ij}f^{k}[2
+ \nabla_{i}R_{jk}-\nabla_{k}R_{ij}]\Bigg)
+\end{array}
+\end{equation}
+}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+{\arraycolsep=2pt
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{array}{rcl}
+ \frac{1}{2}\Delta(f_{ij}f^{ij}) & = & 2\Bigg({\displaystyle
+ \sum_{i<j}}\chi_{ij}(\sigma_{i}-\sigma_{j})^{2}+f^{ij}%
+ \nabla_{j}\nabla_{i}(\Delta f)+\\
+& & +\nabla_{k}f_{ij}\nabla^{k}f^{ij}+f^{ij}f^{k}[2
+ \nabla_{i}R_{jk}-\nabla_{k}R_{ij}]\Bigg)
+\end{array}
+\end{equation}
+}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Section~\vref{sec:Specials-for-multline} shows another solution
+for getting the right size for parentheses when breaking the equation
+in smaller pieces.
+
+\begin{align*}
+ B(r,\phi,\lambda) = & \,\dfrac{\mu}{r}
+ \Bigg[\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \Bigg( \left( \dfrac{R_e}{r} \right)^n J_nP_n(s\phi) \\
+ & +\sum_{m=1}^n \left( \dfrac{R_e}{r} \right) ^n
+ (C_{nm}\cos m\lambda+S_{nm}\sin m\lambda)P_{nm}(s\phi) \Bigg)\Bigg]
+\end{align*}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align*}
+ B(r,\phi,\lambda) = & \,\dfrac{\mu}{r}
+ \Bigg[\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \Bigg( \left( \dfrac{R_e}{r} \right)^n J_nP_n(s\phi) \\
+ & +\sum_{m=1}^n \left( \dfrac{R_e}{r} \right) ^n
+ (C_{nm}\cos m\lambda+S_{nm}\sin m\lambda)P_{nm}(s\phi) \Bigg)\Bigg]
+\end{align*}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Middle bar}
+See section \vref{sec:braket} for examples and the use of package \verb|braket.sty|.
+
+\subsection{New delimiters}\label{subsec:delim}
+The default delimiters\index{Delimiter} are defined in the file \verb|fontmath.ltx|\index{fontmath.ltx}
+which is stored in general
+in \path{[TEXMF]/tex/latex/base/fontmath.ltx}. If we need for example a thicker vertical symbol
+than the existing \verb|\vert| symbol we can define in the preamble:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\DeclareMathDelimiter{\Norm}
+ {\mathord}{largesymbols}{"3E}{largesymbols}{"3E}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The character number $3E_{16}$ (decimal $62$) from the \verb|cmex10|\index{cmex10} font is the small
+thick vertical rule. Now the new delimiter \verb|\Norm| can be used in the usual way:
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.3\linewidth,wide]
+$\left\Norm *BLA* \right\Norm$
+
+$\left\Norm \dfrac{*BLA*}{*BLUB*} \right\Norm$
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Problems with parentheses}\label{subsec:Problems-with-parenthesis}
+\marginpar{\CMD{delimitershortfall}\\\CMD{delimiterfactor}}It is obvious that the following
+equation has not the right size of the parenthesis in the
+second integral, the inner one should be a bit smaller than the outer one.
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.425\linewidth,wide]
+\[
+\int_\gamma F'(z) dz =\int_\alpha^\beta
+F'\left(\gamma (t)\right)\cdot\gamma '(t)dt
+\]
+\end{showexample}
+
+The problem is that \TeX{} controlls the height of the parenthesis with
+\verb|\delimitershortfall|\index{delimitershortfall@\textbackslash delimitershortfall} and \verb|\delimiterfactor|\index{delimiterfactor@\textbackslash delimiterfactor}, with the default values
+\begin{verbatim}
+\delimitershortfall=5pt
+\delimiterfactor=901
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\verb|\delimiterfactor/1000| is the relative size of the parenthesis for a given formula
+environment. They could be of \verb|\delimitershortfall| too short. These values are valid
+at the end of the formula, the best way is to set them straight before the math environment
+or globally for all in the preamble.
+
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.425\linewidth,wide]
+{\delimitershortfall=-1pt
+\[
+\int_\gamma F'(z) dz =\int_\alpha^\beta
+F'\left(\gamma (t)\right)\cdot\gamma '(t)dt
+\]}
+\end{showexample}
+
+\section{Text in math mode}\label{sec:Text}
+
+Standard \index{Text}text in math mode should be written in upright shape and not
+in the italic\index{Italic} one. This shape is reserved for the variable
+names: $\boxed{{I\ am\ \textrm{text}\ inside\ math.}}$ (see also
+(\vref{cap:Spaces-in-math mode}). There are different ways to write text inside math.
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{textstyle}\\\CMD{mbox}}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\marginpar{\CMD{mathrm}}
+\item \CMD{mathrm}. It is like math mode (no spaces), but in upright mode
+\item \CMD{textrm}. Upright mode with printed spaces (real textmode)
+\item \CMD{mbox}. The font size is still the one from \CMD{textstyle} (see section \vref{sec:Styles}), so that you have to place additional
+commands when you use \CMD{mbox} in a super- or subscript for limits.
+\end{itemize}
+
+Inserting long text is possible with a \verb+parbox+, which can be aligned as usual to the top,
+bottom or center, e.g.\index{Text!\textbackslash parbox}
+\begin{eqnarray}
+ a+b+c+d+ef & = & g+h+i+j+k %
+ \qquad\textrm{\parbox[t]{.25\linewidth}{%
+ this is a very long description of a formula}%
+ }
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{eqnarray}
+ a+b+c+d+ef & = & g+h+i+j+k %
+ \qquad\textrm{\parbox[t]{.25\linewidth}{%
+ this is a very long description of a formula}%
+ }
+\end{eqnarray}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Additional commands for text inside math are provided by \AmSmath (see
+section \vref{sec:Text-in-math mode}).
+
+
+\section{Font commands}
+
+\subsection{Old-style font commands}
+
+Should never be used, but are still present and supported by \LaTeX{}. The
+default syntax for the old commands is
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+{\XX test}
+\end{lstlisting}
+Table~\vref{cap:Old-Fontstyle-commands} shows what has to be replaced for the \verb+XX+.
+The major difference to the new style is that these
+\CMD{XX} are toggling the actual math mode into
+the ``XX{}'' one, whereas the new commands start a group which
+switches back to the mode before at its end.
+
+\begin{table}[!htb]
+\centering\begin{tabular}{rc|rc|rc|cc|cc}
+\CMD{bf}\index{bf@\textbackslash bf} & ${\bf {\bf test}}$ &
+\CMD{cal}\index{cal@\textbackslash cal} & ${\cal TEST}$ &
+\CMD{it}\index{it@\textbackslash it} &
+${\it test}$ &
+\CMD{rm}\index{rm@\textbackslash rm} &
+${\rm test}$ &
+\CMD{tt}\index{tt@\textbackslash tt} &
+${\tt test}$\tabularnewline
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{Old font style commands}\label{cap:Old-Fontstyle-commands}
+\end{table}
+
+\subsection{New-style font commands}\label{sub:New-Style-Fontcommands}
+
+%
+\marginpar{\CMD{mathrm}\\
+\CMD{mathfrak}\\
+\CMD{mathcal}\\
+\CMD{mathsf}\\
+\CMD{mathbb}\\
+\CMD{mathtt}\\
+\CMD{mathit}\\
+\CMD{mathbf}}
+
+The default syntax is
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\mathXX{test}
+\end{lstlisting}
+Table~\ref{cap:Fonts-in-math-mode} shows what has to be
+replaced for the XX. See section \vref{sec:euscript.sty} for additional packages.
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\includegraphics{styles}
+
+\iffalse
+%\vspace{0.5ex}
+%\rule{0.3\columnwidth}{0.5pt}\\
+%{}\textsuperscript{a}{\small Not available for lower letters. For mathcal there exists a
+% non free font for lower letters (http://www.yandy.com)}
+%\caption{Fonts in math mode}\label{cap:Styles-in-math mode}
+%\end{table}
+
+%\begin{comment}
+
+\begin{table}[!htb]
+\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
+\centering
+\begin{tabularx}{.9\linewidth}{l|X}
+\textbf{Command} & \textbf{Test}\tabularnewline\hline
+default & $ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ$
+
+$abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{mathfrak} &
+$\mathfrak{{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}}$
+$\mathfrak{{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{mathcal}%
+\footnote{Not available for lower letters. For mathcal exists a
+ non free font for lower letters (http://www.yandy.com)}\addtocounter{mpfootnote}{-1} &
+$\mathcal{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{mathsf}&
+$\mathsf{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$
+$\mathsf{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$\tabularnewline
+
+\CMD{mathbb}${}^a$ & $\mathbb{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{mathtt} & $\mathtt{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$
+
+$\mathtt{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{mathit} & $\mathit{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$
+
+$\mathit{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{mathrm} & $\mathrm{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$
+
+$\mathrm{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{mathbf} & $\mathbf{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$
+
+$\mathbf{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$\tabularnewline
+
+\CMD{mathds}${}^b$ & $\mathds{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$\tabularnewline
+\end{tabularx}
+\end{minipage}
+\fi
+
+\caption{Fonts in math mode}\label{cap:Fonts-in-math-mode}
+\end{table}
+
+\index{mathfrak@\textbackslash mathfrak}\index{mathsf@\textbackslash mathsf}
+\index{mathbb@\textbackslash mathbb}\index{mathcal@\textbackslash mathcal}
+\index{mathbf@\textbackslash mathbf}\index{mathit@\textbackslash mathit}
+\index{mathrm@\textbackslash mathrm}\index{mathtt@\textbackslash mathtt}
+\index{mathds@\textbackslash mathds}\index{double stroke}
+\index{dsfont@\texttt{dsfont}}\index{Set symbol}
+%\end{comment}
+
+\section{Space}
+\subsection{Math typesetting}\label{subsec:mathskip}
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{thinmuskip}\\
+\CMD{medmuskip}\\
+\CMD{thickmuskip}}
+\LaTeX\ defines the three math lengths\footnote{For more
+information see: \url{http://www.tug.org/utilities/plain/cseq.html}} with the following
+values\footnote{see \texttt{\small fontmath.ltx}}:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\thinmuskip=3mu
+\medmuskip=4mu plus 2mu minus 4mu
+\thickmuskip=5mu plus 5mu
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\noindent where \verb|mu| is the abbreviation for \verb|math unit|.
+\[
+1 \mathrm{mu}= \dfrac{1}{18} \mathrm{em}
+\]
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+\fboxsep=0pt
+\text{default} & $\boxed{f(x)=x^2+3x_0\cdot\sin x}$\\
+\CMD{thinmuskip=0mu} & {\thinmuskip=0mu $\boxed{f(x)=x^2+3x_0\cdot\sin x}$}\\
+\CMD{medmuskip=0mu} & {\medmuskip=0mu $\boxed{f(x)=x^2+3x_0\cdot\sin x}$}\\
+\CMD{thickmuskip=0mu} & {\thickmuskip=0mu $\boxed{f(x)=x^2+3x_0\cdot\sin x}$}\\
+all set to zero & {\thickmuskip=0mu\thinmuskip=0mu\medmuskip=0mu $\boxed{f(x)=x^2+3x_0\cdot\sin x}$}\\
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{The meaning of the math spaces}\label{tab:mathSpaces}
+\end{table}
+
+These lengths can have all glue and are
+used for the horizontal spacing in math expressions where \TeX{} puts spaces between symbols
+and operators. The meaning of these different
+horizontal skips is shown in table \ref{tab:mathSpaces}. For a better typesetting \LaTeX{}
+inserts different spaces between the symbols.
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[\CMD{thinmuskip}] space between ordinary and operator atoms
+\item[\CMD{medmuskip}] space between ordinary and binary atoms in display and text styles
+\item[\CMD{thickmuskip}] space between ordinary and relation atoms in display and text styles
+\end{description}
+
+\subsection{Additional horizontal spacing}
+\marginpar{\CMD{thinspace}\\
+\CMD{medspace}\\
+\CMD{thickspace}\\
+\CMD{negthinspace}\\
+\CMD{negmedspace}\\
+\CMD{negthickspace}}
+
+\begin{table}[!htb]
+\def\arraystretch{1.2}
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{ll|ll}
+\multicolumn{2}{l|}{Positive Space}&\multicolumn{2}{l}{Negative Space}\\\hline
+\verb|$ab$| & $\boxed{a}\boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$a b$| & $\boxed{a} \boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$a\ b$| & $\boxed{a}\ \boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$a\mbox{\textvisiblespace}b$| & $\boxed{a}\mbox{\textvisiblespace}\boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$a\,b$|\index{,@\textbackslash ,} (\verb|$a\thinspace b$|)\index{thinspace@\textbackslash thinspace} & $\boxed{a}\,\boxed{b}$&
+\verb|$a\! b$|\index{negthinspace@\textbackslash negthinspace} & $\boxed{a}\!\boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$a\: b$|\index{:@\textbackslash :} (\verb|$a\medspace b$|)\index{medspace@\textbackslash medspace}&
+$\boxed{a}\:\boxed{b}$&
+\verb|$a\negmedspace b$|\index{negmedspace@\textbackslash negmedspace} & $\boxed{a}\negmedspace\boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$a\; b$|\index{;@\textbackslash ;} (\verb|$a\thickspace b$|\index{thickspace@\textbackslash thickspace}&
+$\boxed{a}\;\boxed{b}$&
+\verb|$a\negthickspace b$|\index{negthickspace@\textbackslash negthickspace}&
+$\boxed{a}\negthickspace\boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$a\quad b$|\index{quad@\textbackslash quad} & $\boxed{a}\quad\boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$a\qquad b$|\index{qquad@\textbackslash qquad} & $\boxed{a}\qquad\boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$a\hspace{0.5cm}b$|\index{hspace@\textbackslash hspace}& $\boxed{a}\hspace{0.5cm}\boxed{b}$&
+\verb|$a\hspace{-0.5cm}b$| & $\boxed{a}\hspace{-0.5cm}\boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$a\kern0.5cm b$|\index{kern@\textbackslash kern} & $\boxed{a}\kern0.5cm \boxed{b}$ & \verb|$a\kern-0.5cm b$| & $\boxed{a}\kern-0.5cm \boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$a\hphantom{xx}b$|\index{hphantom@\textbackslash hphantom} & $\boxed{a}\hphantom{xx}\boxed{b}$\\
+\verb|$axxb$| & $\boxed{a}xx\boxed{b}$
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{Spaces in math mode}\label{cap:Spaces-in-math mode}
+\end{table}
+
+
+LaTeX defines the following short commands:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\def\>{\mskip\medmuskip}
+\def\;{\mskip\thickmuskip}
+\def\!{\mskip-\thinmuskip}
+\end{verbatim}
+In math mode there is often a need for additional tiny spaces between variables,
+e.g. $L\dfrac{di}{dt}$ written with a tiny space between $L$ and
+$\dfrac{di}{dt}$ looks nicer: $L\:\dfrac{di}{dt}$. Table \ref{cap:Spaces-in-math mode}
+shows a list of all commands for horizontal space which can be used
+in math mode. The ``space{}'' is seen ``between{}'' the boxed a
+and b. For all examples a is \texttt{\textbackslash{}boxed\{a\}} and
+b is \texttt{\textbackslash{}boxed\{b\}}. The short forms for some
+\marginpar{\CMD{hspace}\\
+\CMD{hphantom}\\
+\CMD{kern}}spaces may cause problems with other packages. In this case use the
+long form of the commands.
+
+\subsection{Problems}\label{space:problems}
+Using \verb+\hphantom+\index{hphantom@\textbackslash hphantom}\index{phantom@\textbackslash phantom}
+in mathmode depends to on object. \verb+\hphantom+ reserves only the space of
+the exact width without any additional space. In the following example the second line is
+wrong: \verb+& \hphantom{\rightarrow} b\\+. It does not reserve any additional space.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.15\linewidth,wide]
+\begin{align*}
+a & \rightarrow b\\
+ & \hphantom{\rightarrow} b\\
+ & \mkern\thickmuskip\hphantom{\rightarrow}\mkern\thickmuskip b\\
+ & \mathrel{\hphantom{\rightarrow}} b
+\end{align*}
+\end{showexample}
+
+This only works when the math symbol is a mathrel one, otherwise you have to change the
+horizontal space to \verb+\medmuskip+ or \verb+\thinmuskip+. For more informations
+about the math objects look into \verb+fontmath.ltx+ or \verb+amssymb.sty+ or use the \verb+\show+
+macro, which prints out the type of the mathsymbol, e.g.: \verb+\show\rightarrow+ with the
+output:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+> \rightarrow=\mathchar"3221.
+l.20 \show\rightarrow
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The first digit represents the type:
+
+\begin{tabular}{l@{ : }l}
+0 & ordinary\\
+1 & large operator\\
+2 & binary operation\\
+3 & relation\\
+4 & opening\\
+5 & closing\\
+6 & punctuation\\
+7 & variable family
+\end{tabular}
+
+
+%\iffalse
+\begingroup
+\thinmuskip=3mu
+\medmuskip=4mu plus 2mu minus 4mu
+\thickmuskip=5mu plus 5mu
+
+\medskip
+Grouping a math symbol can change the behaviour in horizontal spacing. Compare
+$50\mkern\thinmuskip\times\mkern\thinmuskip10^{12}$ and $50{\times}10^{12}$, the first one is typeset with
+\verb+$50\times10^{12}$+ and the second one with \verb+$50{\times}10^{12}$+.
+\endgroup
+%\fi
+Another possibilty is to use the \verb+numprint+ package.\footnote{%
+\href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/numprint/}%
+{CTAN://macros/latex/contrib/numprint/}}
+
+\subsection{Dot versus comma}\label{subsec:dot-comma}
+\marginpar{\CMD{mathpunct}\\\CMD{mathord}}%
+In difference to a decimal point\index{decimal point} and a \index{comma}comma as a marker of thousends a lot of
+countries prefer it vice versa. To get the same behaviour the meaning of \index{dot}dot and
+comma has to be changed:
+
+\begin{align}
+1,234,567.89 & \textrm{ default}\\
+1.234.567,89 & \textrm{ vice versa, wrong spacing}\\\label{eq:comma}
+1\mathpunct{.}234\mathpunct{.}567{,}89 & \textrm{ correct spacing}
+\end{align}
+
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+1,234,567.89 & \textrm{ default}\\
+1.234.567,89 & \textrm{ vice versa, wrong spacing}\\
+1\mathpunct{.}234\mathpunct{.}567{,}89 & \textrm{ correct spacing}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The original definitions from \verb+fontmath.ltx+\footnote{%
+Located in \url{texmf/tex/latex/base/}} are
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{,}{\mathpunct}{letters}{"3B}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{.}{\mathord}{letters}{"3A}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\noindent\index{mathord@\textbackslash mathord}\index{mathpunct@\textbackslash mathpunct}and can be changed for a documentwide other behaviour. In the above equation~\ref{eq:comma} the comma is only set in a pair of braces \verb+{,}+, which is the same as writing \verb+\mathord{,}+ because LaTeX{} handles everything
+inside of parenthises as a formula, which gets the same spacing.
+
+It is also possible to use the package \verb+icomma.sty+\footnote{%
+\href{ftp://ftp.dante.de/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/was/}%
+{CTAN:// macros/latex/contrib/was/}} for a documentwide
+correct spacing.
+
+\subsection{Vertical whitespace}\label{subsec:whitespace}
+\subsubsection{Before/after math expressions}\label{subsubsec:displayskip}
+
+There are four predefined lengths, which control the vertical whitespace
+of displayed formulas:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\abovedisplayskip=12pt plus 3pt minus 9pt
+\abovedisplayshortskip=0pt plus 3pt
+\belowdisplayskip=12pt plus 3pt minus 9pt
+\belowdisplayshortskip=7pt plus 3pt minus 4pt
+\end{verbatim}
+\index{abovedisplayskip@\textbackslash abovedisplayskip}
+\index{abovedisplayshortskip@\textbackslash abovedisplayshortskip}
+\index{belowdisplayskip@\textbackslash belowdisplayskip}
+\index{belowdisplayshortskip@\textbackslash belowdisplayshortskip}
+The short skips are used if the formula starts behind the end of the foregoing
+last line. Only for demonstration the shortskips
+are set to \verb|0pt| in the following examples and the normal skips to \verb|20pt| without any glue:
+
+\medskip
+\noindent\fbox{\begin{minipage}{\linewidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule}
+\abovedisplayshortskip=0pt
+\belowdisplayshortskip=0pt
+\abovedisplayskip=20pt
+\belowdisplayskip=20pt
+\noindent The line ends before.
+\begin{equation}
+f(x) = \int\frac{\sin x}{x}dx
+\end{equation}
+\noindent The line doesn't end before the formula.
+\begin{equation}
+f(x) = \int\frac{\sin x}{x}dx
+\end{equation}
+\noindent And the next line starts as usual with some text ...
+\end{minipage}}
+
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\abovedisplayshortskip=0pt
+\belowdisplayshortskip=0pt
+\abovedisplayskip=20pt
+\belowdisplayskip=20pt
+\noindent The line ends before.
+\begin{equation}
+ f(x) = \int\frac{\sin x}{x}dx
+\end{equation}
+\noindent The line doesn't end before the formula.
+\begin{equation}
+ f(x) = \int\frac{\sin x}{x}dx
+\end{equation}
+\noindent And the next line starts as usual with some text ...
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsubsection{Inside math expressions}\label{subsec:vspacing}
+
+\paragraph{\CMD{\textbackslash [<length>]}}
+This works inside the math mode in the same way as in the text mode.
+
+
+\paragraph{\CMD{jot}}\marginpar{\CMD{jot}}
+The vertical space between the lines for all math expressions which allow multiple
+lines can be changed with the length
+\verb|\jot|\index{jot@\textbackslash jot}, which is predefined as
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newdimen\jot \jot=3pt
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The following three formulas show this for the default value, \verb|\jot=0pt| and \verb|\jot=10pt|.
+
+\begin{minipage}{0.3\linewidth}
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+ y & = & d\\
+ y & = & c\frac{1}{x}+d\\
+ y & = & b\frac{1}{x^{2}}+cx+d\\
+\end{eqnarray*}
+\end{minipage}\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{0.3\linewidth}
+\jot=0pt
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+ y & = & d\\
+ y & = & c\frac{1}{x}+d\\
+ y & = & b\frac{1}{x^{2}}+cx+d\\
+\end{eqnarray*}
+\end{minipage}\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{0.3\linewidth}
+\jot=10pt
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+ y & = & d\\
+ y & = & c\frac{1}{x}+d\\
+ y & = & b\frac{1}{x^{2}}+cx+d\\
+\end{eqnarray*}
+\end{minipage}
+
+Defining a new environment with a parameter makes things easier, because changes to the
+length are locally.
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newenvironment{mathspace}[1]{%
+ \setlength{\jot}{#1}%
+ \ignorespaces%
+}{%
+ \ignorespacesafterend%
+}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\paragraph{\CMD{arraystretch}}\cIndex{arraystretch}
+\marginpar{\CMD{arraystretch}}%
+The vertical space between the lines for all math expressions which contain an
+\verb+array+ environment can be changed with the command
+\verb|\arraystretch|, which is predefined
+as
+\begin{verbatim}
+\def\arraystretch{1}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Renewing this definition is global to all following math expressions, so it should be used
+in the same way as \verb+\jot+.
+
+\paragraph{\CMD{vskip}}\cIndex{vskip}\index{Vertical spacing}\index{Spacing!vertical}
+Another spacing for single lines is possible with the \CMD{vskip} macro:
+
+\begin{LTXexample}[width=0.4\linewidth]
+\[
+\begin{pmatrix}
+0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
+1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\
+\noalign{\vskip2pt}
+0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} & 1\\
+\noalign{\vskip2pt}
+1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
+0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\
+\end{pmatrix}
+\]
+\end{LTXexample}
+
+
+
+\paragraph{Package \texttt{setspace}}
+\PIndex{setspace}
+To have all formulas with another vertical spacing, one can choose
+the package \verb+setspace+ and redefining some of the math macros, e.g.
+
+\begingroup
+\newcommand*\Array[2][1]{\setstretch{#1}\array{#2}}
+\let\endArray\endarray
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newcommand*\Array[2][1]{\setstretch{#1}\array{#2}}
+\let\endArray\endarray
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.25\linewidth]
+\[
+\begin{Array}[2]{cc}
+a =&b\\
+a =&b\\
+a =&b
+\end{Array}
+\]
+
+text $\begin{Array}{cc}
+a =&b\\
+a =&b\\
+a =&b
+\end{Array}$ text
+\end{showexample}
+\endgroup
+
+\section{Styles}\label{sec:Styles}
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\newlength\formula
+\settowidth{\formula}{$f(t)=\frac{T}{2\pi }\int \frac{1}{\sin \frac{\omega }{t}}dt$}
+\begin{tabular}{l|ll}
+Mode & Inline & Displayed\\\hline
+default & $f(t)=\frac{T}{2\pi}\int\frac{1}{\sin\frac{\omega}{t}}dt$&
+\begin{minipage}{\formula}\[
+f(t)=\frac{T}{2\pi}\int\frac{1}{\sin\frac{\omega}{t}}dt\]
+\end{minipage}\\
+\CMD{displaystyle} &
+${\displaystyle f(t)=\frac{T}{2\pi}\int\frac{1}{\sin\frac{\omega}{t}}dt}$&
+\begin{minipage}{\formula}\[
+{\displaystyle f(t)=\frac{T}{2\pi}\int\frac{1}{\sin\frac{\omega}{t}}dt}\]
+\end{minipage}\\
+\CMD{scriptstyle} &
+${\scriptstyle {\textstyle f(t)=\frac{T}{2\pi}\int\frac{1}{\sin\frac{\omega}{t}}dt}}$&
+\begin{minipage}{\formula}\[
+{\textstyle {\scriptstyle f(t)=\frac{T}{2\pi}\int\frac{1}{\sin\frac{\omega}{t}}dt}}\]
+\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
+\CMD{scriptscriptstyle} &
+${\scriptscriptstyle f(t)=\frac{T}{2\pi}\int\frac{1}{\sin\frac{\omega}{t}}dt}$&
+\begin{minipage}{\formula}\[
+{\scriptscriptstyle f(t)=\frac{T}{2\pi}\int\frac{1}{\sin\frac{\omega}{t}}dt}\]
+\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
+\CMD{textstyle} &
+${\textstyle f(t)=\frac{T}{2\pi}\int\frac{1}{\sin\frac{\omega}{t}}dt}$&
+\begin{minipage}{\formula}\[
+{\textstyle f(t)=\frac{T}{2\pi}\int\frac{1}{\sin\frac{\omega}{t}}dt}\]
+\end{minipage}
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{Math styles}\label{cap:Mathstyles}
+\end{table}
+
+\makeatletter
+\newenvironment{smallequation}[1]{%
+ \skip@=\baselineskip
+ #1%
+ \baselineskip=\skip@
+ \equation
+}{\endequation \ignorespacesafterend}
+\makeatother
+
+This depends on the environment in which they are used. An inline
+formula has a default math %
+\marginpar{\CMD{textstyle}\\
+\CMD{displaystyle}\\
+\CMD{scriptstyle}\\
+\CMD{scripscriptstyle}} fontsize called \CMD{textstyle}\index{textstyle@\textbackslash textstyle},
+which is smaller than the one for a display formula (see section \ref{display}), which is called
+\CMD{displaystyle}\index{displaystyle@\textbackslash displaystyle}.
+Beside this predefinition there are two other special fontstyles for
+math, \CMD{scriptstyle}\index{scriptstyle@\textbackslash scriptstyle}
+and \CMD{scriptscriptstyle}\index{scriptscriptstyle@\textbackslash scriptscriptstyle}.
+They are called ``style{}'' in difference to ``size{}'', because
+they have a dynamic character, their real fontsize belongs to the
+environment in which they are used. A fraction for example is by default in scriptstyle when it is in an
+inline formula like this $\frac{a}{b}$, which can be changed to
+${\displaystyle \frac{a}{b}}$.
+This may be in some cases useful but it looks in general ugly because
+the line spacing is too big.
+These four styles\index{Style} are predefined and together in a
+logical relationship. It is no problem to use the other styles like
+\CMD{large}\index{large@\textbackslash large},
+\CMD{Large}\index{Large@\textbackslash Large},
+... \textbf{outside} the math environment. For example a fraction written with
+\CMD{Huge}\index{Huge@\textbackslash Huge}: {\Huge$\frac{a}{b}$}
+(\verb|\Huge$\frac{a}{b}$|). This may cause some problems when you want to write
+a displayed formula in another fontsize\index{Font size}, because it also affects the interline spacing of
+the preceding part of the paragraph.
+If you end the paragraph, you get problems with spacing and page breaking
+above the equations. So it is better to declare the font size and then
+restore the baselines:
+\begin{smallequation}{\tiny}
+\int_1^2\,\frac{1}{x^2}\,dx=0.5
+\end{smallequation}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\makeatletter
+\newenvironment{smallequation}[1]{%
+ \skip@=\baselineskip
+ #1%
+ \baselineskip=\skip@
+ \equation
+}{\endequation \ignorespacesafterend}
+\makeatother
+
+\begin{smallequation}{\tiny}
+\int_1^2\,\frac{1}{x^2}\,dx=0.5
+\end{smallequation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+If you use this the other way round for huge fontsizes, don't forget to load package
+\verb+exscale+ (see section~\vref{sec:exscale}). Also see this section for diffent symbol sizes.
+
+
+
+\section{Dots\label{sec:Dots}}
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{cdots}\\
+\CMD{dots}\\
+\CMD{dotsb}\\
+\CMD{dotsc}\\
+\CMD{dotsi}\\
+\CMD{dotsm}\\
+\CMD{dotso}\\
+\CMD{ldots}\\
+\CMD{vdots}}%
+In addition to the above decorations there are some more different
+dots which are single commands and not by default over/under a letter.
+It is not easy to see the differences between some of them. Dots from
+lower left to upper right are possible with \verb|\reflectbox{$\ddots$}|\index{reflectbox@\textbackslash reflectbox}
+\reflectbox{$\ddots$}
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering\begin{tabular}{*{5}{rc}}
+\CMD{cdots}\index{cdots@\textbackslash cdots}&$\cdots$ &
+\CMD{ddots}\index{ddots@\textbackslash ddots}&$\ddots$ &
+\CMD{dotsb}\index{dotsb@\textbackslash dotsb}&$\dotsb$ &
+\CMD{dotsc}\index{dotsc@\textbackslash dotsc}&$\dotsc$ &
+\CMD{dotsi}\index{dotsi@\textbackslash dotsi}&$\dotsi$ \\\hline
+\CMD{dotsm}\index{dotsm@\textbackslash dotsm}&$\dotsm$ &
+\CMD{dotso}\index{dotso@\textbackslash dotso}&$\dotso$ &
+\CMD{ldots}\index{ldots@\textbackslash ldots}&$\ldots$ &
+\CMD{vdots}\index{vdots@\textbackslash vdots}&$\vdots$
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{Dots in math mode}
+\end{table}
+
+
+
+\section{Accents}\label{sec:Accents}
+
+The letter ``a{}'' is only for demonstration. The table \ref{cap:Accents-in-math mode}
+shows all in standard \LaTeX{} available accents and also the ones placed under a character.
+With package \verb|amssymb| it is easy to define new accents. For
+more information see section \vref{amssymb} or
+other possibilities at section \vref{sec:package-accent}.
+
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\makebox[\textwidth]{%
+\begin{tabular}{rc|rc|rc}
+\CMD{acute}\index{acute@\textbackslash acute} &$\acute{a}$&
+\CMD{bar}\index{bar@\textbackslash bar}&$\bar{a}$&
+\CMD{breve}\index{breve@\textbackslash breve} & $\breve{a}$\\
+\CMD{bar}\index{bar@\textbackslash bar}&$\bar{a}$&
+\CMD{breve}\index{breve@\textbackslash breve} &$\breve{a}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{check}\index{check@\textbackslash check} &$\check{a}$&
+\CMD{dddot} \index{dddot@\textbackslash dddot}&$\dddot{a}$&
+\CMD{ddot}\index{ddot@\textbackslash ddot}&$\ddot{a}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{dot}\index{dot@\textbackslash dot}&$\dot{a}$&
+\CMD{grave}\index{grave@\textbackslash grave}&$\grave{a}$&
+\CMD{hat}\index{hat@\textbackslash hat}&$\hat{a}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{mathring}\index{mathring@\textbackslash mathring}&$\mathring{a}$&
+\CMD{overbrace}\index{overbrace@\textbackslash overbrace}&$\overbrace{a}$&
+\CMD{overleftarrow}\index{overleftarrow@\textbackslash overleftarrow}&$\overleftarrow{a}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{overleftrightarrow}\index{overleftrightarrow@\textbackslash overleftrightarrow}&$\overleftrightarrow{a}$&
+\CMD{overline}\index{overline@\textbackslash overline}&$\overline{a}$&
+\CMD{overrightarrow}\index{overrightarrow@\textbackslash overrightarrow}&$\overrightarrow{a}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{tilde}\index{tilde@\textbackslash tilde}&$\tilde{a}$&
+\CMD{underbar}\index{underbar@\textbackslash underbar}&$\underbar{a}$&
+\CMD{underbrace}\index{underbrace@\textbackslash underbrace}&$\underbrace{a}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{underleftarrow}\index{underleftarrow@\textbackslash underleftarrow}&$\underleftarrow{a}$&
+\CMD{underleftrightarrow}\index{underleftrightarrow@\textbackslash underleftrightarrow}&
+$\underleftrightarrow{a}$&
+\CMD{underline}\index{underline@\textbackslash underline}&$\underline{a}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{underrightarrow}\index{underrightarrow@\textbackslash underrightarrow}&$\underrightarrow{a}$&
+\CMD{vec}\index{vec@\textbackslash vec}&$\vec{a}$&
+\CMD{widehat}\index{widehat@\textbackslash widehat}&$\widehat{a}$\tabularnewline
+\CMD{widetilde}\index{widetilde@\textbackslash widetilde}&$\widetilde{a}$ & & & &
+\end{tabular}%
+}
+\caption{Accents in math mode}\label{cap:Accents-in-math mode}
+\end{table}
+
+The letters \verb+i+ and \verb+j+ can be substituted with the macros \verb+\imath+ and \verb+\jmath+ when an accents is placed over these letters and the dot should
+disappear: $\vec{\imath}\ \dddot{\jmath}$ (\verb+$\vec{\imath}\ \dddot{\jmath}$+).
+\index{imath@\textbackslash imath}\index{jmath@\textbackslash jmath}
+
+Accents can be used in different ways, e.g. strike a single character with a horizontal line like
+\verb+$\mathaccent`-A$+: $\mathaccent`-A$ or \verb+$\mathaccent\mathcode`-A$+: $\mathaccent\mathcode`-A$.
+In section \vref{cancel.sty} is a better solution for more than one character.
+
+\subsection{Over- and underbrackets}
+There are no \CMD{underbracket}\index{underbracket@\textbackslash{}underbracket} and \CMD{overbracket}\index{overbracket@\textbackslash{}overbracket}
+commands in the list of accents. They can be defined in the preamble
+with the following code.
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1cm,xrightmargin=-1cm]
+\makeatletter
+\def\underbracket{%
+ \@ifnextchar[{\@underbracket}{\@underbracket [\@bracketheight]}%
+}
+\def\@underbracket[#1]{%
+ \@ifnextchar[{\@under@bracket[#1]}{\@under@bracket[#1][0.4em]}%
+}
+\def\@under@bracket[#1][#2]#3{%\message {Underbracket: #1,#2,#3}
+ \mathop{\vtop{\m@th \ialign {##\crcr $\hfil \displaystyle {#3}\hfil $%
+ \crcr \noalign {\kern 3\p@ \nointerlineskip }\upbracketfill {#1}{#2}
+ \crcr \noalign {\kern 3\p@ }}}}\limits}
+\def\upbracketfill#1#2{$\m@th \setbox \z@ \hbox {$\braceld$}
+ \edef\@bracketheight{\the\ht\z@}\bracketend{#1}{#2}
+ \leaders \vrule \@height #1 \@depth \z@ \hfill
+ \leaders \vrule \@height #1 \@depth \z@ \hfill \bracketend{#1}{#2}$}
+\def\bracketend#1#2{\vrule height #2 width #1\relax}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item \verb/\underbrace{...}/ is an often used command:
+\begin{eqnarray}
+\underbrace{{x^{2}+2x+1}} & = & f(x)\\
+\left(x+1\right)^{2}\,\,\,\nonumber
+\end{eqnarray}
+
+\item Sometimes an under\textbf{bracket} is needed, which can be used in
+ more ways than \verb/\underbrace{...}/. An example for \verb/\underbracket{...}/:
+
+
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+\textrm{Hate Science }& \underbracket[0.5pt]{1\rightarrow2\rightarrow3\rightarrow4}
+ \underbracket[0.75pt][0.75em]{\rightarrow5\rightarrow6\rightarrow7}
+ \underbracket[1pt][1em]{\rightarrow8\rightarrow9\rightarrow10} & \textrm{Love Science}\\
+ & \textrm{low}\hspace{1.5cm}\textrm{medium}\hspace{1.5cm}\textrm{high}
+ \end{eqnarray*}
+
+
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsubsection{Use of \CMD{underbracket\{...\}}}
+
+The \verb/\underbracket{...}/ command has two optional parameters:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the line thickness in any valid latex unit, e.g. \verb/1pt/
+\item the height of the edge brackets, e.g. \verb/1em/
+\end{itemize}
+using without any parameters gives the same values for thickness and
+height as predefined for the \verb/\underbrace/ command.
+
+
+\vspace{0.3cm}
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
+\hline
+1.& \verb/$\underbracket{foo~bar}$/ & $\underbracket{foo~bar}$ \tabularnewline\hline
+2.& \verb/$\underbracket[2pt]{foo~bar}$/ & $\underbracket[2pt]{foo~bar}$ \tabularnewline\hline
+3.& \verb/$\underbracket[2pt][1em] {foo~bar}$/& $\underbracket[2pt][1em] {foo~bar}$\tabularnewline\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Overbracket}
+
+In addition to the underbracket an overbracket is also useful, which can be used in
+more ways than \verb/\overbrace{...}/. For example:
+
+
+\begin{eqnarray*}
+\textrm{Hate Science }& \overbracket[0.5pt]{1\rightarrow2\rightarrow3\rightarrow4}
+ \overbracket[0.75pt][0.75em]{\rightarrow5\rightarrow6\rightarrow7}
+ \overbracket[1pt][1em]{\rightarrow8\rightarrow9\rightarrow10} & \textrm{Love Science}\\
+ & \textrm{low}\hspace{1.5cm}\textrm{medium}\hspace{1.5cm}\textrm{high}\nonumber
+ \end{eqnarray*}
+
+
+The \verb/\overbracket{...}/ command has two optional parameters:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the line thickness in any valid latex unit, e.g. \verb/1pt/
+\item the height of the edge brackets, e.g. \verb/1em/
+\end{itemize}
+using without any parameters gives the same values for thickness and
+height as predefined for the \verb/\overbrace/ command.
+
+
+\vspace{0.3cm}
+\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
+\hline
+1.&\verb/$\overbracket {foo\ bar}$/ & $\overbracket {foo\ bar}$ \tabularnewline\hline
+2.&\verb/$\overbracket[2pt] {foo\ bar}$/ &$\overbracket[2pt] {foo\ bar}$ \tabularnewline\hline
+3.&\verb/$\overbracket[2pt] [1em] {foo\ bar}$/&$\overbracket[2pt] [1em] {foo\ bar}$\tabularnewline\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+
+\subsection{Vectors}
+
+Especially for vectors\index{Vector} there is the \verb|esvect.sty|\index{esvect.sty}%
+\footnote{\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/esvect/}%
+ {CTAN://macros/latex/contrib/esvect/}} package, which looks better than the
+\CMD{overrightarrow}\index{overrightarrow@\textbackslash overrightarrow}, f.ex:
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering\begin{tabular}{c|c}
+\textbackslash{}vv\{...\}&\textbackslash{}overrightarrow\{...\}\tabularnewline\hline
+$\vv{a}$ & $\overrightarrow{a}$\tabularnewline
+$\vv{abc}$ & $\overrightarrow{abc}$\tabularnewline
+$\vv{\imath}$ & $\overrightarrow{\imath}$\tabularnewline
+$\vv*{A}{x}$ & $\overrightarrow{A}_{x}$\tabularnewline
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{Vectors with package \texttt{esvect.sty} (in the right column the
+default one from \LaTeX{})}
+\end{table}
+
+
+Look into the documentation for more details about \verb|esvect.sty|.
+
+\section{Exponents and indices}\label{sec:exponents}
+The two active characters \verb|_| and \verb|^| can only be used in math mode. The
+\textbf{following} character will be printed as an index (\verb|$y=a_1x+a_0$|: $y=a_1x+a_0$)
+or as an exponent (\verb|$x^2+y^2=r^2$|: $x^2+y^2=r^2$). For more than the next character
+put it inside of \verb|{}|, like \verb|$a_{i-1}+a_{i+1}<a_i$|: $a_{i-1}+a_{i+1}<a_i$.
+
+Especially for multiple exponents \index{Multiple exponents}
+there are several possibilities. For example:
+\begin{equation}
+((x^2)^3)^4 = {({(x^2)}^3)}^4 = {\left({\left(x^2\right)}^3\right)}^4
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+((x^2)^3)^4 =
+{({(x^2)}^3)}^4 =
+{\left({\left(x^2\right)}^3\right)}^4
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+For variables with both exponent\index{Exponent} and indices index\index{Indices} the order is not important, \verb|$a_1^2$| is
+exactly the same than \verb|$a^2_1$|: $a_1^2=a^2_1$
+
+
+\section{Operators}\label{sec:ltxOperators}
+
+They are written in upright font shape and are placed with some additional
+space before and after for a better typesetting. With the \AmSmath
+package it is possible to define one's own operators\index{Operator} (see
+section \vref{OperatorNames}). Table~\vref{tab:operator} and \vref{tab:operator2} show a list of
+the predefined ones for standard \LaTeX{}.
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{llllll}
+\verb+\coprod+ &$\coprod$ &\verb+\bigvee+ &$\bigvee$ &\verb+\bigwedge+&$\bigwedge$\\
+\verb+\biguplus+&$\biguplus$&\verb+\bigcap+ &$\bigcap$ &\verb+\bigcup+ &$\bigcup$ \\
+\verb+\intop+ &$\intop$ &\verb+\int+ &$\int$ &\verb+\prod+ &$\prod$ \\
+\verb+\sum+ &$\sum$ &\verb+\bigotimes+&$\bigotimes$&\verb+\bigoplus+&$\bigoplus$\\
+\verb+\bigodot+ &$\bigodot$ &\verb+\ointop+ &$\ointop$ &\verb+\oint+ &$\oint$\\
+\verb+\bigsqcup+&$\bigsqcup$&\verb+\smallint+ &$\smallint$
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{The predefined operators of \texttt{fontmath.ltx}}\label{tab:operator}
+\end{table}
+The difference between \verb+\intop+ and \verb+\int+ is that the first one has by default
+over/under limits and the second subscript/superscript limits. Both can be changed
+with the \verb+\limits+ or \verb+\nolimits+ command. The same behaviour happens to the
+\verb+\ointop+ and \verb+\oint+ Symbols.
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{llllll}
+\verb+\log+ & $\log$ &\verb+\lg+ & $\lg$ &\verb+\ln+ & $\ln$ \\
+\verb+\lim+ & $\lim$ &\verb+\limsup+ & $\limsup$ &\verb+\liminf+ & $\liminf$ \\
+\verb+\sin+ & $\sin$ &\verb+\arcsin+ & $\arcsin$ &\verb+\sinh+ & $\sinh$ \\
+\verb+\cos+ & $\cos$ &\verb+\arccos+ & $\arccos$ &\verb+\cosh+ & $\cosh$ \\
+\verb+\tan+ & $\tan$ &\verb+\arctan+ & $\arctan$ &\verb+\tanh+ & $\tanh$ \\
+\verb+\cot+ & $\cot$ &\verb+\coth+ & $\coth$ &\verb+\sec+ & $\sec$ \\
+\verb+\csc+ & $\csc$ &\verb+\max+ & $\max$ &\verb+\min+ & $\min$ \\
+\verb+\sup+ & $\sup$ &\verb+\inf+ & $\inf$ &\verb+\arg+ & $\arg$ \\
+\verb+\ker+ & $\ker$ &\verb+\dim+ & $\dim$ &\verb+\hom+ & $\hom$ \\
+\verb+\det+ & $\det$ &\verb+\exp+ & $\exp$ &\verb+\Pr+ & $\Pr$ \\
+\verb+\gcd+ & $\gcd$ &\verb+\deg+ & $\deg$ &\verb+\bmod+ & $\bmod$ \\
+\verb+\pmod{a}+& $\pmod{a}$
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{The predefined operators of \texttt{latex.ltx}}\label{tab:operator2}
+\end{table}
+
+
+\makeatletter
+\newcommand\foo{\mathop{\operator@font foo}\nolimits}
+\makeatother
+For more predefined operator names see table~\vref{tab:amsopn}. It is easy to define a new operator with
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\makeatletter
+\newcommand\foo{\mathop{\operator@font foo}\nolimits}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Now you can use \verb|\foo| in the usual way:
+\begin{showexample}[width=4cm]
+\[ \foo_1^2 = x^2 \]
+\end{showexample}
+In this example \verb|\foo| is defined with \verb|\nolimits|, means that limits\index{Limits} are placed in
+superscript/subscript mode and not over under. This is still possible with \verb|\limits| in the
+definition or the equation:
+\begin{showexample}[width=4cm]
+\[ \foo\limits_1^2 = x^2 \]
+\end{showexample}
+
+\AmSmath has an own macro for a definition, have a look at section \vref{OperatorNames}.
+
+
+\section{Greek letters}\label{sec:greek}
+The \AmSmath package simulates a bold font for the greek letters, it writes a greek character twice with a small kerning. The \verb|\mathbf{<character>}| doesn't work with lower greek character. See
+section \vref{sec:greek-AMS} for the \verb|\pmb| macro, which makes it possible to print bold lower greek\index{Greek} letters. Not all upper case letters have own macro names. If there is no difference to the roman font, then the default letter is used, e.g.: A for the upper case of
+$\alpha$. Table \ref{tab:greek-letters} shows only those upper case letters which have own macro names. Some of the lower case letters have an additional \verb|var| option for
+an alternative.
+
+\bgroup
+\tabcolsep=3pt
+\begin{longtable}{lclccc}
+lower & default & upper & default & \verb|\mathbf| & \verb|\mathit|\\\hline
+\endhead
+\verb|\alpha| & $\alpha$ \\
+\verb|\beta| & $\beta$ \\
+\verb|\gamma| & $\gamma$
+ & \verb|\Gamma| & $\Gamma$ & $\mathbf{\Gamma}$ & $\mathit{\Gamma}$\\
+\verb|\delta| & $\delta$
+ & \verb|\Delta| & $\Delta$ & $\mathbf{\Delta}$ & $\mathit{\Delta}$\\
+\verb|\epsilon| & $\epsilon$\\
+\verb|\varepsilon| & $\varepsilon$\\
+\verb|\zeta| & $\zeta$\\
+\verb|\eta| & $\eta$ \\
+\verb|\theta| & $\theta$
+ & \verb|\Theta| & $\Theta$ & $\mathbf{\Theta}$ & $\mathit{\Theta}$\\
+\verb|\vartheta| & $\vartheta$\\
+\verb|\iota| & $\iota$\\
+\verb|\kappa| & $\kappa$\\
+\verb|\delta| & $\lambda$
+ & \verb|\Lambda| & $\Lambda$ & $\mathbf{\Lambda}$ & $\mathit{\Lambda}$\\
+\verb|\mu| & $\mu$ \\
+\verb|\nu| & $\nu$\\
+\verb|\xi| & $\xi$
+ & \verb|\Xi| & $\Xi$ & $\mathbf{\Xi}$ & $\mathit{\Xi}$\\
+\verb|\pi| & $\pi$
+ & \verb|\Pi| & $\Pi$ & $\mathbf{\Pi}$ & $\mathit{\Pi}$\\
+\verb|\varpi| & $\varpi$ \\
+\verb|\rho| & $\rho$\\
+\verb|\varrho| & $\varrho$\\
+\verb|\sigma| & $\sigma$
+ & \verb|\Sigma| & $\Sigma$ & $\mathbf{\Sigma}$ & $\mathit{\Sigma}$\\
+\verb|\varsigma| & $\varsigma$\\
+\verb|\tau| & $\tau$\\
+\verb|\upsilon| & $\upsilon$
+ & \verb|\Upsilon| & $\Upsilon$ & $\mathbf{\Upsilon}$ & $\mathit{\Upsilon}$\\
+\verb|\phi| & $\phi$
+ & \verb|\Phi| & $\Phi$ & $\mathbf{\Phi}$ & $\mathit{\Phi}$\\
+\verb|\varphi| & $\varphi$\\
+\verb|\chi| & $\chi$ \\
+\verb|\psi| & $\psi$
+ & \verb|\Psi| & $\Psi$ & $\mathbf{\Psi}$ & $\mathit{\Psi}$\\
+\verb|\omega| & $\omega$
+ & \verb|\Omega| & $\Omega$ & $\mathbf{\Omega}$ & $\mathit{\Omega}$\\[5pt]
+\caption{The greek letters}\label{tab:greek-letters}\\
+\end{longtable}
+\egroup
+
+Bold greek letters are possible with the package \verb+bm+ (see section \vref{sec:bm})
+and if they should also be upright with the package \verb+upgreek+:
+\index{greek}\index{greek!upright}\index{greek!bold}
+
+\medskip
+\verb+$\bm{\upalpha}, \bm{\upbeta} ... $+ $ \bm{\upalpha}, \bm{\upbeta} ... $
+
+
+
+
+\section{Pagebreaks}
+\marginpar{\CMD{allowdisplaybreaks}}By default a displayed formula cannot have a pagebreak. This makes some sense, but sometimes it gives a better typesetting when a pagebreak is possible.
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\allowdisplaybreaks
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\index{allowdisplaybreaks@\textbackslash allowdisplaybreaks} This macro enables \TeX{} to insert pagebreaks into displayed formulas whenever a newline command appears.\index{Pagebreak} With the command \verb+\displaybreak+ it is also possible to insert a pagebreak at any place.\index{displaybreak@\textbackslash displaybreak}
+
+\section{\CMD{stackrel}}
+
+\CMD{stackrel}\index{stackrel@\textbackslash stackrel}
+puts a character on top of another one which may be important if a
+used symbol is not predefined. For example ``$\stackrel{\wedge}{=}$''
+(\verb|\stackrel{\wedge}{=}|).
+The syntax is
+
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\stackrel{top}{base}
+\end{lstlisting}
+Such symbols may be often needed so that a macro definition in the preamble makes some sense:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newcommand{\eqdef}{%
+ \ensuremath{%
+ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}%
+ }%
+}
+\end{lstlisting}
+With the \CMD{ensuremath}\index{ensuremath@\textbackslash ensuremath}
+command we can use the new \CMD{eqdef} command in text
+and in math mode, \LaTeX{} switches automatically in math mode, which
+saves some keystrokes like the following command, which is written
+without the delimiters (\texttt{\$...\$}) for the math mode \eqdef ,
+only \CMD{eqdef} with a space at the end. In math mode
+together with another material it may look like $\vec{x}\eqdef\left(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n}\right)$ and as command sequence
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+$\vec{x}\eqdef\left(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n}\right)$
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The fontsize of the top is one size smaller than the one from the
+base, but it is no problem to get both the same size, just increase the
+top or decrease the base.
+
+\section{\CMD{choose}}
+
+\CMD{choose}\index{choose@\textbackslash choose}\index{Binom}
+is like \CMD{atop}\index{atop@\textbackslash atop}
+with delimiters or like \CMD{frac}\index{frac@\textbackslash frac}
+without the fraction line and also with delimiters. It is often used
+for binoms and has the following syntax:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+{above \choose below}
+\end{lstlisting}
+The two braces are not really important but it is safe to use them.
+
+\begin{equation}
+{{m+1 \choose n}}={{m \choose n}}+{{m \choose k-1}}\label{eq:choose}
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+{{m+1 \choose n}}={{m \choose n}}+{{m \choose k-1}}\label{eq:choose}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+See section \vref{sub:Binoms} for the \AmSmath equivalents and enhancements.
+
+\section{Color in math expressions}\label{sec:color}
+\index{Color}There is no difference in using colored text and colored math expressions. With
+\begin{verbatim}
+\usepackage{color}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\noindent in the preamble the macro \verb|\textcolor{<color>}{<text or math>}| exists.
+\begin{equation}
+\textcolor{blue}{f(x)} = \int\limits_1^{\infty}\textcolor{red}{\frac{1}{x^2}}\,dx=1
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}
+\textcolor{blue}{f(x)} = \int\limits_1^{\infty}\textcolor{red}{\frac{1}{x^2}}\,dx=1
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+If all math expressions should be printed in the same color, then it is better
+to use the \verb+everydisplay+ macro (section~\vref{sec:other}).
+
+
+\section{Boldmath}\label{sec:boldmath}
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{mathversion}\\\CMD{boldmath}\\\CMD{unboldmath}}%
+Writing a whole formula in bold\index{boldmath@\textbackslash boldmath} is possible with the command sequence
+\verb|\boldmath ... \unboldmath|, which itself must be written in textmode (outside the
+formula) or with the command \verb+{\mathversion{bold} ... }+.
+\index{mathversion@\textbackslash mathversion}\index{boldmath@\textbackslash
+boldmath}\index{unboldmath@\textbackslash unboldmath}
+
+\noindent\begin{minipage}{0.49\linewidth}
+\[
+\sum_{%
+ \makebox[0pt]{$%
+ {{\scriptscriptstyle 1\le j\le p\atop {%
+ {1\le j\le q\atop 1\le k\le r}}}}%
+ $}%
+ }a_{ij}b_{jk}c_{ki}
+\]
+\end{minipage}\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{0.49\linewidth}
+\boldmath
+\[
+\sum_{%
+ \makebox[0pt]{$%
+ {{\scriptscriptstyle 1\le j\le p\atop {%
+ {1\le j\le q\atop 1\le k\le r}}}}%
+ $}%
+ }a_{ij}b_{jk}c_{ki}
+\]
+\unboldmath
+\end{minipage}
+
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\boldmath
+\[
+\sum_{%
+ \makebox[0pt]{$%
+ {{\scriptscriptstyle 1\le j\le p\atop {%
+ {1\le j\le q\atop 1\le k\le r}}}}%
+ $}%
+ }a_{ij}b_{jk}c_{ki}
+\]
+\unboldmath
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The \verb+\mathversion+ macro defines a math style which is valid for all following
+math expressions. If you want to have all math in bold then use this macro instead of
+\verb+\boldmath+. But it is no problem to put \verb+\mathversion+ inside a group to hold
+the changes locally.
+
+{\mathversion{bold}%
+\begin{equation}
+y(x) = ax^3+bx^2+cx+d
+\end{equation}}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+{\mathversion{bold}%
+\begin{equation}
+y(x) = ax^3+bx^2+cx+d
+\end{equation}}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+Single characters inside a formula can be written in bold with \verb|mathbf|, but only in upright mode, which is in general not useful as shown in equation~\ref{eq:bold}. It is better
+to use package \verb|bm.sty| (see section \vref{sec:bm}).
+
+\begin{equation}\label{eq:bold}
+\sum_{%
+ \makebox[0pt]{$%
+ {{\scriptscriptstyle 1\le j\le p\atop {%
+ {1\le j\le q\atop 1\le k\le r}}}}%
+ $}%
+ }a_{ij}\mathbf{b_{jk}}c_{ki}
+\end{equation}
+
+\subsection[Bold math titles and items]{Bold math expressions as part of titles and items}\label{sec:titleItem}
+By default the titles in sections, subsections, a.s.o. are printed in bold. Same for the
+\verb|description| environment. The problem is that a math expression in one of these
+environments is printed in default font shape, like the following example for a \verb|section| and
+\verb|description| environment:
+
+\medskip
+\fbox{%
+\begin{minipage}{.75\linewidth}
+\section*{\thesection\ Function $f(x)=x^2$}
+\begin{description}
+\item[This is $y=f(x)$] Only a demonstration.
+\item[And $z=f(x,y)$] Another demonstration.
+\end{description}
+\end{minipage}%
+}
+
+\medskip
+With a redefinition of the \verb|section| and \verb|item| macros it is possible to get everything in bold font.
+
+\medskip
+\fbox{%
+\begin{minipage}{.75\linewidth}
+\let\itemOld\item
+\makeatletter
+\renewcommand\item[1][]{%
+ \def\@tempa{#1}
+ \ifx\@tempa\@empty\itemOld\else\boldmath\itemOld[#1]\unboldmath\fi%
+}
+\makeatother
+\section*{\thesection\ \boldmath Function $f(x)=x^2$\unboldmath}
+\begin{description}
+\item[This is $y=f(x)$] Only a demonstration.
+\item[And $z=f(x,y)$] Another demonstration.
+\end{description}
+\end{minipage}%
+}
+
+
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\let\itemOld\item
+\makeatletter
+\renewcommand\item[1][]{%
+ \def\@tempa{#1}
+ \ifx\@tempa\@empty\itemOld\else\boldmath\itemOld[#1]\unboldmath\fi%
+}
+\makeatother
+\let\sectionOld\section
+\renewcommand\section[2][\empty]{%
+ \boldmath\sectionOld[#1]{#2}\unboldmath%
+}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\section{Multiplying numbers}
+When the dot is used as the decimal marker as in the United States, the preferred sign
+for the multiplication of
+numbers or values of quantities is a cross (\verb|\times| $\times$ ), not a half-high and
+centered dot (\verb|\cdot| $\cdot$ ).
+
+When the comma is used as the decimal marker as in Europe, the preferred sign for the
+multiplication of
+numbers is the half-high dot. The multiplication of quantity symbols (or numbers in
+parentheses or values of
+quantities in parentheses) may be indicated in one of the following ways: $ab$,
+$a\cdot b$, $a\times b$.
+
+For more information see ``Nist Guide to SI Units -More on Printing and Using Symbols and
+Numbers in Scientific and
+Technical Documents''\footnote{\url{http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec10.html}} or
+the German DIN 1304, Teil 1.
+
+
+\section{Other macros}\label{sec:other}
+\marginpar{\CMD{everymath}\\\CMD{everydisplay}\\\CMD{underline}}%
+There are some other macros which are not mentioned in the foregoing text. Here comes
+a not really complete list of these macros.
+\begin{description}
+\item[\CMD{everymath}] \index{everymath@\textbackslash everymath} puts the argument before
+any inlined math expression, e.g. \verb+\everymath{\small}+.
+\item[\CMD{everydisplay}] \index{everydisplay@\textbackslash everydisplay} puts the
+argument before any displayed math expression, e.g. \verb+\everydisplay{\color{blue}}+.
+\item[\CMD{underline}] \index{underline@\textbackslash underline} underlines a math
+expression and has to be used inside the math mode.
+\[
+\underline{F(x)=\int f(x)\,dx}
+\]
+\end{description}
+
+
+
+\part{\texorpdfstring{\AmSmath}{amsmath} package}\label{par:AMSmath-package}
+
+In general the \AmS packages are at least a collection of three different ones:
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item \verb|amsmath.sty|
+\item \verb|amssymb.sty|
+\item \verb|amsfonts.sty|
+\end{enumerate}
+In the following only the first one is described in detail.
+
+The \AmSmath has the following options:
+
+\bigskip\noindent
+\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}lX@{}}
+\verb+centertags+\index{centertags} & (default) For a split equation, place
+equation numbers vertically centered on the total height of the equation.\\\hline
+\verb+tbtags+\index{tbtags} & `Top-or-bottom tags' For a split equation,
+place equation numbers level with the last (resp. first) line, if
+numbers are on the right (resp. left).\\\hline
+\verb+sumlimits+\index{sumlimits} & (default) Place the subscripts and superscripts
+of summation symbols above and below, in displayed equations. This
+option also affects other symbols of the same type -- $\prod$, $\coprod$,
+$\bigotimes$, $\bigoplus$, and so forth -- but excluding integrals
+(see below).\\\hline
+\verb+nosumlimits+\index{nosumlimits} & Always place the subscripts and
+superscripts of summation-type symbols to the side, even in displayed
+equations.\\\hline
+\verb+intlimits+\index{intlimits} & Like sumlimits, but for integral symbols.\\\hline
+\verb+nointlimits+\index{nointlimits} & (default) Opposite of intlimits.\\\hline
+\verb+namelimits+\index{namelimits} & (default) Like sumlimits, but for
+certain `operator names' such as \verb+det+, \verb+inf+, \verb+lim+, \verb+max+, \verb+min+, that traditionally
+have subscripts placed underneath when they occur in a displayed equation.\\\hline
+\verb+nonamelimits+\index{nonamelimits} & Opposite of namelimits.\\\hline
+\end{tabularx}
+\bigskip
+
+To use one of these package options, put the option name in the optional
+argument, e.g.,
+\verb|\usepackage[intlimits]{amsmath}|. The %%% ----- Martin -----
+\AmSmath also recognises the following options which are normally
+selected (implicitly or explicitly) through the \verb|documentclass|
+command, and thus need not be repeated in the option list of the \verb|\usepackage{amsmath}| statement. %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\bigskip\noindent
+\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{@{}lX@{}}
+\verb+leqno+\index{leqno} & Place equation numbers on the left.\\\hline
+\verb+reqno+\index{reqno} & (default) Place equation numbers on the right.\\\hline
+\verb+fleqn+\index{fleqn} & Position equations at a fixed indent from the
+left margin rather than centered in the text column. \AmSmath defines the
+length \CMD{mathindent} and uses it when the equations have only one
+tabbing character (\verb+&+).\index{mathindent@\textbackslash mathindent}\\\hline
+\end{tabularx}
+
+\bigskip\noindent All math environments are displayed ones, so there is no special inline
+math.
+
+\section{\texttt{align} environments}
+
+There are four different align environments, described in the following
+subsections. Their behaviour is shown in table \ref{cap:align}. The
+code for all align environments was:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{<name>}
+ <name> &= x & x &= x\\
+ <name> &= x & x &= x
+\end{<name>}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\begin{align*}
+\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{align} &= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x}&= & \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x}\\
+\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{align}&= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x}
+\end{align*}
+
+\begin{alignat*}{2}
+\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{alignat} &= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x} &= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x}\\
+\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{alignat} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x}
+\end{alignat*}
+
+\begin{flalign*}
+\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{flalign} &= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x} &= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x}\\
+\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{flalign} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x}
+\end{flalign*}
+
+\begin{xalignat*}{2}
+\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{xalignat} &= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x} &= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x}\\
+\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{xalignat} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x}
+\end{xalignat*}
+
+\begin{xxalignat}{2}
+\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{xxalignat} &= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x} &= \framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{x}\\
+\framebox[0.125\columnwidth]{xxalignat} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} & \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x} &= \framebox[0.1\columnwidth]{x}
+\end{xxalignat}
+
+\caption{Comparison between the different align environments
+with the same code, where the first three can have an equation number}\label{cap:align}
+\end{table}
+
+In difference to the \verb+eqnarray+ environment from standard \LaTeX{}
+(section~\ref{display:eqnarray}), the ``three'' parts
+of one equation \verb+expr.-symbol-expr.+ are divided by only one ampersand %%% ----- Martin -----
+in two parts. In general the ampersand should be before the symbol to get the right spacing, e.g.
+\verb+y &= x+. Compare the following three equations, the second one has a wrong spacing. %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+
+\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}
+\begin{align}
+\rnode[lt]{a}{y} &= \rnode[rt]{A}{x}
+\end{align}
+\vspace*{-3\abovedisplayskip}
+\begin{align}
+y =& x
+\end{align}
+\vspace*{-3\abovedisplayskip}
+\begin{align}
+\rnode[lb]{b}{y} ={}& \rnode[rb]{B}{x}
+\end{align}
+\ncline[nodesep=-10pt,linewidth=0.1pt]{A}{B}
+\ncline[nodesepA=-11pt,nodesepB=-10pt,linewidth=0.1pt]{a}{b}
+\end{minipage}
+\hfill\begin{minipage}{0.4\linewidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+ y &= x
+ y =& x
+ y ={}& x
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}
+
+\subsection{The default \texttt{align} environment}
+
+The \texttt{eqnarray} environment has a not so good spacing between
+the cells. Writing the equations no. \ref{eq:2} to \ref{eq:5} with
+the \texttt{align} environment gives:
+
+\begin{align}
+ y & =d\label{eq:IntoSection}\\
+ y & =cx+d\\
+ y_{12} & =bx^{2}+cx+d\\
+ y(x) & =ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d
+\end{align}
+
+\noindent The code looks like:
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align}
+ y & =d\label{eq:IntoSection}\\
+ y & =cx+d\\
+ y_{12} & =bx^{2}+cx+d\\
+ y(x) & =ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d
+\end{align}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item The \texttt{align} environment has an implicit \textbf{\{rlrl...\}}
+horizontal alignment with a vertical column-alignment, e.g.:
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.5\linewidth]
+\begin{align*}
+ 1 & 2 & 3
+\end{align*}
+\end{showexample}
+
+\item A nonumber-version \texttt{\small \textbackslash{}begin\{align{*}\}...\textbackslash{}end\{align{*}\}}
+exists.
+\item Unnumbered single rows are possible with \CMD{nonumber}. %%% ----- Martin -----
+\item The \texttt{align} environment takes the whole horizontal space if
+you have more than two columns:
+\begin{align}
+y & =d & z & =1\\
+y & =cx+d & z & =x+1\\
+y_{12} & =bx^{2}+cx+d & z & =x^{2}+x+1\nonumber \\
+y(x) & =ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d & z & =x^{3}+x^{2}+x+1
+\end{align}
+
+\end{itemize}
+The code for this example looks like%
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align}
+ y & =d & z & =1\\
+ y & =cx+d & z & =x+1\\
+ y_{12} & =bx^{2}+cx+d & z & =x^{2}+x+1\nonumber \\
+ y(x) & =ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d & z & =x^{3}+x^{2}+x+1
+\end{align}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{\texttt{alignat} environment\label{sec:alignat environment}}
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{align\}\\...\\\CMD{end\{align\}}}}
+\renewcommand{\theequation}{%
+ \thepart-\arabic{equation}%
+}
+
+\begin{leftbar}
+>From now the counting of the equation changes. It is introduced with a foregoing command,
+which doesn't really make sense, it is only for demonstration:\\
+\verb|\renewcommand{\theequation}{\thepart-\arabic{equation}}|.
+\end{leftbar}
+
+
+This means ``align at several places{}'' and is something like
+more than two \verb+align+ environment side by side.
+Parameter is the number of the \verb+align+ environments, which
+is not important for the user. The
+above last \verb+align+ example looks like:
+
+\begin{alignat}{2}
+y & =d & z & =1\label{eq:newCounting}\\
+y & =cx+d & z & =x+1\\
+y_{12} & =bx^{2}+cx+d & z & =x^{2}+x+1\nonumber \\
+y(x) & =ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d\quad & z & =x^{3}+x^{2}+x+1\end{alignat}
+
+
+The parameter was 2 and it is 3 for the following example: %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\begin{alignat}{3}
+i_{11} & =0.25 & i_{12} & =i_{21} & i_{13} & =i_{23}\nonumber \\
+i_{21} & =\frac{1}{3}i_{11} & i_{22} & =0.5i_{12} & i_{23} & =i_{31}\\
+i_{31} & =0.33i_{22}\quad & i_{32} & =0.15i_{32}\quad & i_{33} & =i_{11}\end{alignat}
+
+
+For this example the code is:
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1cm,xrightmargin=-1.5cm]
+\begin{alignat}{3}
+ i_{11} & =0.25 & i_{12} & =i_{21} & i_{13} & =i_{23}\nonumber\\
+ i_{21} & =\frac{1}{3}i_{11} & i_{22} & =0.5i_{12}& i_{23} & =i_{31}\\
+ i_{31} & =0.33i_{22}\quad & i_{32} & =0.15i_{32}\quad & i_{33} & =i_{11}
+\end{alignat}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+With the \verb+alignat+ environment one can easily align equations vertically
+at more than one marker:
+
+\begin{alignat}{3}
+ abc &= xxx &&= xxxxxxxxxxxx &&= aaaaaaaaa \\
+ ab &= yyyyyyyyyyyyyyy &&= yyyy &&= ab
+\end{alignat}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{alignat}{3}
+ abc &= xxx &&= xxxxxxxxxxxx &&= aaaaaaaaa \\
+ ab &= yyyyyyyyyyyyyyy &&= yyyy &&= ab
+\end{alignat}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item The \texttt{alignat} environment has an implicit \{rlrl...rlrl\}
+horizontal alignment with a vertical column alignment.
+\item A nonumber-version \texttt{\small
+\textbackslash{}begin\{alignat{*}\}...\textbackslash{}end\{alignat{*}\}}
+exists.
+\item Unnumbered single rows are possible with \CMD{nonumber}. %%% ----- Martin -----
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{\texttt{flalign} environment}\label{ams:flalign}
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{flalign\}\\...\\\CMD{end\{flalign\}}}}This is the new replacement for the \texttt{xalignat} and \texttt{xxalignat}
+environments. It is nearly the same as the \texttt{xalignat} environment, only
+more ``out spaced'' and ``left aligned''.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.5\linewidth]
+\begin{flalign}
+i_{11} & =0.25\nonumber \\
+i_{21} & =\frac{1}{3}i_{11}\\
+i_{31} & =0.33i_{22}
+\end{flalign}
+\end{showexample}
+
+\medskip
+As seen, the equations are not really left aligned, when they have only one
+ampersand. In this case \verb+flalign+ has the same behaviour as the \verb+align+
+environment.
+
+
+When there are more than one tabbing characters (\verb+&+), then the equations are
+really left aligned. This is also an easy way to get an equation with only one
+ampersand left aligned, see equation \ref{eq:leftaligned} below.
+\begin{flalign}
+i_{11} & =0.25 & i_{12} & =i_{21} & i_{13} & =i_{23}\nonumber \\
+i_{21} & =\frac{1}{3}i_{11} & i_{22} & =0.5i_{12} & i_{23} & =i_{31}\\
+i_{31} & =0.33i_{22} & i_{32} & =0.15i_{32} & i_{33} & =i_{11}
+\end{flalign}
+The code looks like:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1cm,xrightmargin=-1.5cm]
+\begin{flalign}
+ i_{11} & =0.25 & i_{12} & =i_{21} & i_{13} & =i_{23}\nonumber\\
+ i_{21} & =\frac{1}{3}i_{11} & i_{22} & =0.5i_{12}& i_{23} & =i_{31}\\
+ i_{31} & =0.33i_{22}\quad & i_{32} & =0.15i_{32}\quad & i_{33} & =i_{11}
+\end{flalign}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\medskip
+This environment can be used to mix centered and left aligned\index{Left aligned}
+equations without
+using the document wide valid option \verb|fleqn|.
+\begin{align}\label{eq:centered}
+ f(x) & = \int\frac{1}{x^2}\,dx
+\end{align}
+
+\begin{flalign}\label{eq:leftaligned}
+ f(x) & = \int\frac{1}{x^2}\,dx &
+\end{flalign}
+Equation \ref{eq:leftaligned} is left aligned in fact of the second tabbing
+character \verb|&|.
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align}\label{eq:centered}
+ f(x) & = \int\frac{1}{x^2}\,dx
+\end{align}
+
+\begin{flalign}\label{eq:leftaligned}
+ f(x) & = \int\frac{1}{x^2}\,dx &
+\end{flalign}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Another case is placing text left aligned, whereas the formulas should be right aligned.
+
+\begin{flalign*}
+ && 12(x-1)+20(y-3)+14(z-2) &= 0\\
+\text{same as } && 6x+10y+7z &= 0
+\end{flalign*}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{flalign*}
+ && 12(x-1)+20(y-3)+14(z-2) &= 0\\
+\text{same as } && 6x+10y+7z &= 0
+\end{flalign*}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\subsection{\texttt{xalignat} environment}
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{xalignat\}\\...\\\CMD{end\{xalignat\}}}}%
+This is an obsolete macro but still supported by the \AmSmath package.
+Same as \texttt{alignat} environment, only a little more ``out spaced{}''.
+\begin{xalignat}{3}
+i_{11} & =0.25 & i_{12} & =i_{21} & i_{13} & =i_{23}\nonumber \\
+i_{21} & =\frac{1}{3}i_{11} & i_{22} & =0.5i_{12} & i_{23} & =i_{31}\\
+i_{31} & =0.33i_{22} & i_{32} & =0.15i_{32} & i_{33} & =i_{11}
+\end{xalignat}
+The same code looks like:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1cm,xrightmargin=-1.5cm]
+\begin{xalignat}{3}
+ i_{11} & =0.25 & i_{12} & =i_{21} & i_{13} & =i_{23}\nonumber\\
+ i_{21} & =\frac{1}{3}i_{11} & i_{22} & =0.5i_{12}& i_{23} & =i_{31}\\
+ i_{31} & =0.33i_{22}\quad & i_{32} & =0.15i_{32}\quad & i_{33} & =i_{11}
+\end{xalignat}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{\texttt{xxalignat} environment}
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{xxalignat\}\\...\\\CMD{end\{xxalignat\}}}}%
+Like \texttt{xalignat} an obsolete macro but still supported by the \AmSmath package.
+Same as \texttt{align} environment, only extremely ``out spaced{}'',
+therefore no equation number!
+\begin{xxalignat}{3}
+i_{11} & =0.25 & i_{12} & =i_{21} & i_{13} & =i_{23}\\
+i_{21} & =\frac{1}{3}i_{11} & i_{22} & =0.5i_{12} & i_{23} & =i_{31}\\
+i_{31} & =0.33i_{22} & i_{32} & =0.15i_{32} & i_{33} & =i_{11}
+\end{xxalignat}
+The same code looks like:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1cm,xrightmargin=-1.5cm]
+\begin{xxalignat}{3}
+ i_{11} & =0.25 & i_{12} & =i_{21} & i_{13} & =i_{23}\nonumber\\
+ i_{21} & =\frac{1}{3}i_{11} & i_{22} & =0.5i_{12}& i_{23} & =i_{31}\\
+ i_{31} & =0.33i_{22} & i_{32} & =0.15i_{32} & i_{33} & =i_{11}
+\end{xxalignat}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{\texttt{aligned} environment}\label{sec:aligned}
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{aligned\}\\...\\\CMD{end\{aligned\}}}}In difference to the \verb|split| environment (section \vref{split})\index{Split equation}, the \verb|aligned| environment allows more than one horizontal alignment but has also only one equation number:
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{aligned}
+ 2x+3 &= 7 & 2x+3-3 &=7-3 \\
+ 2x &= 4 & \frac{2x}2 &=\frac42\\
+ x &= 2
+\end{aligned}
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{aligned}
+ 2x+3 &= 7 & 2x+3-3 &= 7-3 \\
+ 2x &= 4 & \frac{2x}2 &= \frac42\\
+ x &= 2
+\end{aligned}
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The \verb|aligned| environment is similar to the \verb|array|\index{array} environment, there exists no
+starred version and it has only one equation number and has to be part of another math environment, which should be \verb|equation| environment. The advantage of \verb|aligned| is the much
+ better horizontal and vertical spacing. %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+
+\subsection{Problems}
+When using one of the \verb+align+ environments, there should be no \verb+\\+ at the
+end of the last line, otherwise you'll get another equation number for this ``empty{}'' line: %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.65\linewidth]
+\begin{align}
+ 2x+3 &= 7\\
+\end{align}
+\end{showexample}
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.65\linewidth]
+\begin{align}
+ 2x+3 &= 7
+\end{align}
+\end{showexample}
+\section{Other environments}
+
+\subsection{\texttt{gather} environment}
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{gather\}\\...\\\CMD{end\{gather\}}}}
+This is like a multi line environment with no special horizontal alignment.
+All rows are centered and can have an own equation number:
+\begin{gather}
+i_{11}=0.25\\
+i_{21}=\frac{1}{3}i_{11}\nonumber \\
+i_{31}=0.33i_{22}
+\end{gather}
+For this example the code looks like:
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{gather}
+ i_{11} = 0.25\\
+ i_{21} = \frac{1}{3}i_{11}\nonumber\\
+ i_{31} =0.33i_{22}
+\end{gather}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item The \texttt{gather}\index{gather} environment has an implicit \texttt{\{c\}}
+horizontal alignment with no vertical column alignment. It is just
+like an one column array/table.
+\item A nonumber-version \texttt{\small \textbackslash{}begin\{gather{*}\}...\textbackslash{}end\{gather{*}\}}
+exists.
+Look at section \vref{split} for an example.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{\texttt{multline} environment}
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{multline\}\\...\\\CMD{end\{multline\}}}}
+This is also like a multi line%
+\footnote{It is no typo, the name of the environment is \texttt{multline}, no
+missing i here!} environment with a special vertical alignment. The \textbf{first}
+row is \textbf{left aligned}, the second and all following ones except
+the last one are \textbf{centered} and the \textbf{last} line is \textbf{right
+aligned}. It is often used to write extremely long formulas:
+
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1cm,xrightmargin=-1.5cm]
+\begin{multline}
+ A = \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }\Delta x\left( a^{2}+\left( a^{2}+2a\Delta x
+ +\left( \Delta x\right) ^{2}\right)\right.\\
+ +\left( a^{2}+2\cdot 2a\Delta x+2^{2}\left( \Delta x\right) ^{2}\right)\\
+ +\left( a^{2}+2\cdot 3a\Delta x+3^{2}\left( \Delta x\right) ^{2}\right)\\
+ + \ldots\\
+ \left.+\left( a^{2}+2\cdot (n-1)a\Delta x +(n-1)^{2}\left( \Delta x\right) ^{2}\right) \right)\\
+ = \frac{1}{3}\left( b^{3}-a^{3}\right)
+\end{multline}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\begin{multline}
+A=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\Delta x\left(a^{2}+\left(a^{2}+2a\Delta x+\left(\Delta x\right)^{2}\right)\right.\label{eq:reset}\\
++\left(a^{2}+2\cdot2a\Delta x+2^{2}\left(\Delta x\right)^{2}\right)\\
++\left(a^{2}+2\cdot3a\Delta x+3^{2}\left(\Delta x\right)^{2}\right)\\
++\ldots\\
+\left.+\left(a^{2}+2\cdot(n-1)a\Delta x+(n-1)^{2}\left(\Delta x\right)^{2}\right)\right)\\
+=\frac{1}{3}\left(b^{3}-a^{3}\right)
+\end{multline}
+
+
+\begin{figure}[htb]
+\begin{multline}
+\framebox[0.5\columnwidth]{x}\\
+\framebox[0.5\columnwidth]{x}\\
+\framebox[0.5\columnwidth]{x}\\
+\shoveright{\framebox[0.5\columnwidth]{x}}\\
+\framebox[0.5\columnwidth]{x}\\
+\framebox[0.5\columnwidth]{x}
+\end{multline}
+\caption{\texttt{multline} Alignment demo
+(the fourth row is shifted to the right with \CMD{shoveright})}
+\label{cap:multline-Alignment-Demo}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[htb]
+\begin{minipage}[c]{0.45\textwidth}%
+\fbox{\parbox{\columnwidth}{\begin{multline}
+\framebox[0.5\columnwidth]{\textrm{\textbackslash multlinegap=}}\\
+\framebox[0.5\columnwidth]{\the\multlinegap}\end{multline}
+}}
+\end{minipage}%
+\hfill{}\begin{minipage}[c]{0.45\textwidth}%
+{\setlength{\multlinegap}{0pt}\fbox{\parbox{\columnwidth}{\begin{multline}
+\framebox[0.5\columnwidth]{\textbackslash\textrm{multlinegap=}}\\
+\framebox[0.5\columnwidth]{\the\multlinegap}\end{multline}
+}}}
+\end{minipage}%
+\caption{\label{cap:multlinegap}Demonstration of \CMD{multlinegap} (default is 0pt)}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item A nonumber-version \CMD{begin\{multline{*}\}...}\CMD{end\{multline{*}\}}
+exists.
+\item By default only the last line (for right equation numbers) or the
+first line (for left equation numbers) gets a number, the others can't.
+\item The alignment of a single line can be changed with the command
+\CMD{shoveright}\index{shoveright@\textbackslash shoveright} (figure \vref{cap:multline-Alignment-Demo})
+\item The first line and the last line have a small gap to the text border.%
+\footnote{When the first (numbers left) or last line (numbers right) has an
+equation number then \CMD{multlinegap} is not used
+for these ones, only for the line without a number.} See figure \ref{cap:multlinegap}, where the length of \CMD{multlinegap}\index{multlinegap@\textbackslash multlinegap}
+is set to \texttt{0pt} for the right one.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{\texttt{split} environment}\label{split}
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{split\}\\...\\\CMD{end\{split\}}}}%
+\makeatletter
+\@removefromreset{equation}{section}
+\makeatother
+%
+\begin{leftbar}
+>From now on the counting of the equations changes. It is introduced with a foregoing command, which doesn't really make sense, it is only for demonstration: %%% ----- Martin -----
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\makeatletter
+\@removefromreset{equation}{section}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{leftbar}
+
+
+The \verb|split| environment is like the \verb|multline|\index{multline}
+or \verb|array| environment for equations longer than the column
+width. Just like the array environment and in contrast to \verb|multline|,
+\verb|split| can only be used as \textbf{part of another environment}.
+\verb|split| itself has no own numbering, this is given by the other
+environment. Without an ampersand all lines in the split environment
+are right-aligned and can be aligned at a special point by using an
+ampersand. In difference to the \verb|aligned| environment (section \vref{sec:aligned}), the \verb|split| environment permits more than one horizontal alignment.
+
+It is important that the split environment has another behaviour when used inside one of the %%% ----- Martin -----
+``old'' \LaTeX{} environments \verb+\[...\]+ or \verb+\begin{equation}+ \verb+...+\verb+ \end{equation}+, in this
+case more than one horizontal alignment tabs are possible.
+
+\hspace*{-\marginparwidth}%
+\begin{minipage}{0.5\columnwidth}
+\[
+\begin{split}
+ \framebox[0.35\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ \framebox[0.75\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ \framebox[0.65\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ \framebox[0.95\columnwidth]{x}
+\end{split}
+\]
+\end{minipage}\hfill%
+\begin{minipage}{0.5\columnwidth}
+\footnotesize\begin{verbatim}
+\[
+\begin{split}
+ \framebox[0.35\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ \framebox[0.75\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ \framebox[0.65\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ \framebox[0.95\columnwidth]{x}
+\end{split}
+\]
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+\vspace{2ex}
+
+\hspace*{-\marginparwidth}%
+\begin{minipage}{0.5\columnwidth}
+\[
+\begin{split}
+ \vec{a} = {}&\framebox[0.35\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ &\framebox[0.75\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ &\framebox[0.65\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ &\framebox[0.95\columnwidth]{x}
+\end{split}
+\]
+\end{minipage}\hspace{1cm}%
+\begin{minipage}{0.5\columnwidth}
+\footnotesize\begin{verbatim}
+\[
+\begin{split}
+ \vec{a} = {}&\framebox[0.35\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ &\framebox[0.75\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ &\framebox[0.65\columnwidth]{x}\\
+ &\framebox[0.95\columnwidth]{x}
+\end{split}
+\]
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+\vspace{1ex}
+
+The following example shows the \texttt{split} environment as part
+of the \texttt{equation} environment:
+
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{split}A_{1} & =\left|\int_{0}^{1}(f(x)-g(x))dx\right|+\left|\int_{1}^{2}(g(x)-h(x))dx\right|\\
+ & =\left|\int_{0}^{1}(x^{2}-3x)dx\right|+\left|\int_{1}^{2}(x^{2}-5x+6)dx\right|\\
+ & =\left|\frac{x^{3}}{3}-\frac{3}{2}x^{2}\right|_{0}^{1}+\left|\frac{x^{3}}{3}-\frac{5}{2}x^{2}+6x\right|_{1}^{2}\\
+ & =\left|\frac{1}{3}-\frac{3}{2}\right|+\left|\frac{8}{3}-\frac{20}{2}+12-\left(\frac{1}{3}-\frac{5}{2}+6\right)\right|\\
+ & =\left|-\frac{7}{6}\right|+\left|\frac{14}{3}-\frac{23}{6}\right|=\frac{7}{6}+\frac{5}{6}=2\,\textrm{FE}\end{split}
+\label{eq:Beispiel-Integral}\end{equation}
+
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1cm,xrightmargin=-1.5cm]
+\begin{equation}
+ \begin{split}
+ A_{1} & = \left| \int _{0}^{1}(f(x)-g(x))dx\right| +\left|
+ \int _{1}^{2}(g(x)-h(x))dx\right| \\
+ & = \left| \int _{0}^{1}(x^{2}-3x)dx\right| +\left|
+ \int _{1}^{2}(x^{2}-5x+6)dx\right| \\
+ & = \left| \frac{x^{3}}{3}-\frac{3}{2}x^{2}\right| _{0}^{1}+
+ \left| \frac{x^{3}}{3}-
+ \frac{5}{2}x^{2}+6x\right| _{1}^{2}\\
+ & = \left| \frac{1}{3}-\frac{3}{2}\right| +\left|
+ \frac{8}{3}-\frac{20}{2}+12-
+ \left( \frac{1}{3}-\frac{5}{2}+6\right) \right| \\
+ & = \left| -\frac{7}{6}\right| +\left| \frac{14}{3}-\frac{23}{6}
+ \right| =\frac{7}{6}+\frac{5}{6}=2\, \textrm{FE}
+ \end{split}
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\bigskip{}
+The same using the \verb|array| environment with \verb|{rl}|-alignment
+instead of \verb|split| gives same horizontal alignment, but another %%% ----- Martin -----
+vertical spacing%
+\footnote{Can be changed with \texttt{\textbackslash renewcommand\textbackslash arraystretch\{1.5\}}} and the
+symbols are only in scriptsize and not textsize:\footnote{See section \vref{sec:Styles}} %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{array}{rl}
+A_{1} & =\left|\int_{0}^{1}(f(x)-g(x))dx\right|+\left|\int_{1}^{2}(g(x)-h(x))dx\right|\\
+ & =\left|\int_{0}^{1}(x^{2}-3x)dx\right|+\left|\int_{1}^{2}(x^{2}-5x+6)dx\right|\\
+ & =\left|\frac{x^{3}}{3}-\frac{3}{2}x^{2}\right|_{0}^{1}+\left|\frac{x^{3}}{3}-\frac{5}{2}x^{2}+6x\right|_{1}^{2}\\
+ & =\left|\frac{1}{3}-\frac{3}{2}\right|+\left|\frac{8}{3}-\frac{20}{2}+12-\left(\frac{1}{3}-\frac{5}{2}+6\right)\right|\\
+ & =\left|-\frac{7}{6}\right|+\left|\frac{14}{3}-\frac{23}{6}\right|=\frac{7}{6}+\frac{5}{6}=2\,\textrm{FE}
+ \end{array}
+ \end{equation}
+
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item There exists no starred version (\texttt{\textbackslash{}begin\{split{*}\}}) %%% ----- Martin -----
+of the \texttt{split} environment.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection[Specials]{Specials for \texttt{multline} and \texttt{split}
+environments}\label{sec:Specials-for-multline}
+
+With the multline environment the equation~\vref{eq:braces} looks like:
+
+\begin{multline}
+\frac{1}{2}\Delta(f_{ij}f^{ij})=2\left(\sum_{i<j}\chi_{ij}(\sigma_{i}-\sigma_{j})^{2}+f^{ij}\nabla_{j}\nabla_{i}(\Delta f)+\right.\\
++\left.\nabla_{k}f_{ij}\nabla^{k}f^{ij}+f^{ij}f^{k}\left[2\nabla_{i}R_{jk}-\nabla_{k}R_{ij}\right]\right)\end{multline}
+
+
+\noindent which is again a bad typesetting because of the two unequal parentheses.
+Each one has a size which is correct for the line but not for the
+whole formula. \LaTeX{} accepts only pairs of parentheses for one
+line and has an ``empty{}'' parentheses, the dot ``\texttt{\textbackslash{}left.}''
+or ``\texttt{\textbackslash{}right.}''{} to get only one of the ``pair{}''.
+There are different solutions to get the right size of the parentheses.
+One of them is to use the \CMD{vphantom} command,
+which reserves the vertical space without any horizontal one, like
+a vertical rule without any thickness. The sum symbol from the first
+line is the biggest one and responsible for the height, so this one is
+the argument of \CMD{vphantom} which has to be
+placed anywhere.
+
+\begin{multline}
+\frac{1}{2}\Delta(f_{ij}f^{ij})=
+ 2\left(\sum_{i<j}\chi_{ij}(\sigma_{i}-
+ \sigma_{j})^{2}+f^{ij}\nabla_{j}\nabla_{i}(\Delta f)+\right.\\
+ \left.+\nabla_{k}f_{ij}\nabla^{k}f^{ij}+
+ f^{ij}f^{k}\left[2\nabla_{i}R_{jk}-
+ \nabla_{k}R_{ij}\right]\vphantom{\sum_{i<j}}\right)
+\end{multline}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1cm,xrightmargin=-1.5cm]
+\begin{multline}
+\frac{1}{2}\Delta(f_{ij}f^{ij})=
+ 2\left(\sum_{i<j}\chi_{ij}(\sigma_{i}-
+ \sigma_{j})^{2}+f^{ij}\nabla_{j}\nabla_{i}(\Delta f)+\right.\\
+ \left.+\nabla_{k}f_{ij}\nabla^{k}f^{ij}+
+ f^{ij}f^{k}\left[2\nabla_{i}R_{jk}-
+ \nabla_{k}R_{ij}\right]\vphantom{\sum_{i<j}}\right)
+\end{multline}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Instead of using the \CMD{vphantom} command it is
+also possible to use fixed-width parentheses, which is described in
+section \vref{sec:Brackets,-Braces-and}.
+
+
+\subsection{\texttt{cases} environment }
+
+This gives support for an often used mathematical construct.\index{cases@\textbackslash cases}
+You can also choose the more than once described way to convert some
+text into math, like
+{\footnotesize\begin{verbatim}
+$x=\begin{cases}
+ 0 & \text{if A=...}\\
+ 1 & \text{if B=...}\\
+ x & \textrm{this runs with as much text as you like,
+ but without an automatic linebreak, it runs out
+ of page....}
+\end{cases}$%$ %%% ----- Martin -----(wegen EMacs Syntaxhighlighting)
+\end{verbatim}}
+\noindent which gives equation~\vref{eq:cases}. It is obvious what the problem
+is.
+
+\begin{eqnarray}
+x & = & \begin{cases}
+0 & \text{if A=...}\\
+1 & \text{if B=...}\\
+x & \textrm{this runs with as much text as you like, but without a linebreak, it runs out of page....}\end{cases}\label{eq:cases}\end{eqnarray}
+
+
+In this case it is better to use a parbox\index{parbox@\textbackslash parbox}
+for the text part with a \texttt{flushleft} command for a better view.
+
+\begin{equation}
+x=\begin{cases}
+0 & \text{if A=...}\\
+1 & \text{if B=...}\\
+x & \parbox{5cm}{\flushleft this runs with as much text as you like, but without an automatic linebreak, it runs out of page....}\end{cases}\end{equation}
+
+
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}
+x=\begin{cases}
+ 0 & \text{if A=...}\\
+ 1 & \text{if B=...}\\
+ x & \parbox{5cm}{%
+ \flushleft%
+ this runs with as much text as you like,
+ but without an automatic linebreak,
+ it runs out of page....}%
+\end{cases}
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{leftbar}
+>From now on the counting of the equations changes. It is introduced with a foregoing command, which doesn't really make sense, it is only for demonstration: %%% ----- Martin -----
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\renewcommand\theequation{\arabic{equation}}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{leftbar}
+
+\renewcommand\theequation{\arabic{equation}}
+
+
+\subsection{Matrix environments}\label{sec:ams-matrix}
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering\begin{tabular}{rcrcrc}
+\textbackslash{}Vmatrix\index{Vmatrix@\textbackslash Vmatrix}&
+$\begin{Vmatrix}a & b\\
+c & d\end{Vmatrix}$&
+\textbackslash{}Bmatrix\index{Bmatrix@\textbackslash Bmatrix}&
+$\begin{Bmatrix}a & b\\
+c & d\end{Bmatrix}$&
+\textbackslash{}matrix\index{matrix@\textbackslash matrix}&
+$\begin{matrix}a & b\\
+c & d\end{matrix}$\tabularnewline
+\rule{0pt}{0.85cm}\textbackslash{}vmatrix\index{vmatrix@\textbackslash vmatrix}&
+$\begin{vmatrix}a & b\\
+c & d\end{vmatrix}$&
+\textbackslash{}bmatrix\index{bmatrix@\textbackslash bmatrix}&
+$\begin{bmatrix}a & b\\
+c & d\end{bmatrix}$&
+\textbackslash{}pmatrix\index{pmatrix@\textbackslash pmatrix}&
+$\begin{pmatrix}a & b\\
+c & d\end{pmatrix}$\tabularnewline[10pt]
+&&&&\textbackslash{}smallmatrix\index{smallmatrix@\textbackslash smallmatrix}&
+$\begin{smallmatrix}a & b\\
+c & d\end{smallmatrix}$
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{Matrix environments}
+\end{table}
+
+All matrix environments can be nested and an element may also contain
+any other math environment, so that very complex structures are possible.
+By default all cells have a centered alignment, which is often not the best
+when having different decimal numbers or plus/minus values. Changing the
+alignment to right (not for the \verb+smallmatrix+) is possible with
+\marginpar{%
+\texttt{matrix}\\
+\texttt{vmatrix}\\
+\texttt{Vmatrix}\\
+\texttt{bmatrix}\\
+\texttt{Bmatrix}\\
+\texttt{pmatrix}\\
+\texttt{smallmatrix}%
+}%
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\makeatletter
+\def\env@matrix{\hskip -\arraycolsep
+ \let\@ifnextchar\new@ifnextchar
+ \array{*\c@MaxMatrixCols r}}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The special matrix environment \verb+smallmatrix+, which decreases
+horizontal and vertical space is typeset in scriptstyle. The \verb|smallmatrix|
+\index{smallmatrix@\textbackslash smallmatrix} environment makes some sense
+in the inline mode to decrease the line height.
+For dots over several columns look for \CMD{hdotsfor} in the following section.
+
+
+
+\section{Vertical whitespace}\label{sec:ams-whitespace}
+See section~\vref{subsec:whitespace} for the lengths which control the
+vertical whitespace. There is no difference to \AmSmath.
+
+\section{Dots}\label{sec:ams-dots}
+
+In addition to section~\vref{sec:Dots} \AmSmath has two more commands
+for dots: \CMD{dddot}\{...\}\footnote{already mentioned in section \ref{sec:Accents}} and \CMD{ddddot}\{...\}
+\index{dddot@\textbackslash dddot}\index{ddddot@\textbackslash ddddot}
+
+\verb|$\dddot{y}$|: $\dddot{y}$
+
+\verb|$\ddddot{y}$|: $\ddddot{y}$
+
+
+Another interesting dot command is \CMD{hdotsfor}\index{hdotsfor@\textbackslash hdotsfor}
+with the syntax:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\hdotsfor[<spacing factor>]{<number of columns>}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+With the spacing factor the width of the dots can be stretched or
+shrinked. The number of columns allows a continuing dotted line over
+more columns. Equation \ref{eq:tridiagonal} shows the definition
+of a tridiagonal matrix.
+
+\begin{equation}
+\underline{A}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccccc}
+a_{11} & a_{12} & 0 & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & 0\\
+a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & 0 & \ldots & \ldots & 0\\
+0 & a_{32} & a_{33} & a_{34} & 0 & \ldots & 0\\
+\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots\\
+\hdotsfor{7}\cr\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots\\
+0 & \ldots & 0 & a_{n-2,n-3} & a_{n-2,n-2} & a_{n-2,n-1} & 0\\
+0 & \ldots & \ldots & 0 & q_{n-1,n-2} & a_{n-1,n-1} & a_{n-1,n}\\
+0 & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & 0 & a_{n,n-1} & a_{nn}
+\end{array}\right]\label{eq:tridiagonal}
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1cm,xrightmargin=-1.5cm]
+\begin{equation}
+\underline{A}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccccc}
+a_{11} & a_{12} & 0 & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & 0\\
+a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & 0 & \ldots & \ldots & 0\\
+0 & a_{32} & a_{33} & a_{34} & 0 & \ldots & 0\\
+\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots\\
+\hdotsfor{7}\cr\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots\\
+0 & \ldots & 0 & a_{n-2,n-3} & a_{n-2,n-2} & a_{n-2,n-1} & 0\\
+0 & \ldots & \ldots & 0 & q_{n-1,n-2} & a_{n-1,n-1} & a_{n-1,n}\\
+0 & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & 0 & a_{n,n-1} & a_{nn}
+\end{array}\right]
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\section{\texttt{fraction} commands}\label{sec:ams-fraction}
+
+
+\subsection{Standard}
+
+Additional to the font size problem described in subsection~\vref{sub:fraction command}
+\AmSmath supports some more commands for fractions\index{Fraction}. The \CMD{frac} command
+described in \cite{MathGuide}, does no more exist in \AmSmath. %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item The global fraction definition has five parameters\index{genfrac@\textbackslash genfrac}
+\index{fraction@\textbackslash frac}
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1em,xrightmargin=-1em]
+\genfrac{<left delim>}{<right delim>}{<thickness>}{<mathstyle>}{<nominator>}{<denominator>}
+\end{lstlisting}
+where thickness can have any length with a valid unit like \\
+\verb|genfrac{}{}{1pt}{}{x^2+x+1}{3x-2}|
+$\rightarrow\genfrac{}{}{1pt}{}{x^2+x+1}{3x-2}$
+\item \CMD{cfrac}\index{cfrac@\textbackslash cfrac} (continued fraction) which is
+by default set in the display mathstyle and useful for fractions like
+\begin{equation}
+\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}+\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}+\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{4}+\cfrac{1}{\ldots}}}}\label{cfrac}
+\end{equation}
+which looks with the default \CMD{frac} command like
+\begin{equation}
+ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{4}+\frac{1}{\ldots}}}}
+\end{equation}
+where the mathstyle decreases for every new level in the fraction.
+The \CMD{cfrac} command can be called with an optional
+parameter which defines the placing of the nominator, which can be
+\texttt{[l]}eft, \texttt{[r]}ight or \texttt{[c]}enter (the default - see
+equation~\ref{cfrac}):\\
+\begin{minipage}[c]{0.40\textwidth}%
+\[
+\cfrac[l]{1}{\sqrt{2}+\cfrac[l]{1}{\sqrt{3}+\cfrac[l]{1}{\sqrt{4}+\cfrac[l]{1}{\ldots}}}}
+\]
+\end{minipage}%
+\hfill{}\begin{minipage}[c]{0.40\textwidth}%
+\[\cfrac[r]{1}{\sqrt{2}+\cfrac[r]{1}{\sqrt{3}+\cfrac[r]{1}{\sqrt{4}+\cfrac[r]{1}{\ldots}}}}\]
+\end{minipage}%
+
+\item \CMD{dfrac}\index{dfrac@\textbackslash dfrac}
+which takes by default the displaystyle\index{displaystyle@\textbackslash displaystyle}, so that
+fractions in inline mode $\dfrac{1}{2}$ have the same size than in
+display mode.
+\item \CMD{tfrac}\index{tfrac@\textbackslash tfrac} (vice versa to \CMD{dfrac}) which takes by default
+the scriptstyle\index{scriptstyle@\textbackslash scriptstyle}, so that fractions in display
+mode have the same size than in inline mode.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\[\tfrac{2}{3} \text{\hspace{0.5cm}\CMD{tfrac\{2\}\{3\}}} \]
+\[\frac{2}{3} \text{\hspace{0.5cm}\CMD{frac\{2\}\{3\}}} \]
+
+
+\subsection{Binoms}\label{sub:Binoms}
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{binom}\\\CMD{dbinom}\\\CMD{tbinom}}They are like fractions without a rule and its syntax is different
+to the \CMD{choose} command from standard \LaTeX{}
+(see section \vref{sub:fraction command}). \AmSmath{} provides three
+different commands for binoms just like the ones for fractions.
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering%
+\begin{tabular}{lcl}
+Command & Inlinemath & Displaymath\tabularnewline
+\hline
+\texttt{\textbackslash{}binom\{m\}\{n\}} & $\binom{m}{n}$&
+${\displaystyle \binom{m}{n}}$\tabularnewline
+\texttt{\rule{0pt}{0.75cm}\textbackslash{}dbinom\{m\}\{n\}}&
+$\dbinom{m}{n}$&
+${\displaystyle \dbinom{m}{n}}$\tabularnewline
+\texttt{\rule{0pt}{0.5cm}\textbackslash{}tbinom\{m\}\{n\}}&
+$\tbinom{m}{n}$&
+${\displaystyle \tbinom{m}{n}}$\tabularnewline
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{binom commands}
+\end{table}
+
+
+\section{Roots}\label{sec:Roots-ams}
+
+The typesetting for roots\index{uproot@\textbackslash uproot} is sometimes not
+the best. Some solutions for better typesetting are %
+\marginpar{\CMD{leftroot}\\\CMD{uproot}}%
+described in section~\vref{sec:Roots} for standard \LaTeX{}. \AmSmath
+has some more commands for the $n$-th root:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\sqrt[\leftroot{<number>}\uproot{<number>}<root>]{< ... >}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\noindent \verb+<number>+ indicates a value for the points%
+\footnote{In PostScript units (bp -- Big Points).} of which the root can be
+adjusted to the left and/or to the top, e.g.:
+$\sqrt[k_n]{a}$ (\verb+$\sqrt[k_n]{a}$+) has a too deep exponent, whereas $\sqrt[\uproot{2}k_n]{a}$ \verb+$\sqrt[\uproot{2}k_n]{a}$+ looks nicer.
+
+
+
+\subsection{Roots with \CMD{smash} command}
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{smash}}The default for a root\index{Root} with $\lambda_{k_{i}}$ as root
+argument looks like $\sqrt{\lambda_{k_{i}}}$, which may be not the %%% ----- Martin -----
+best typesetting. It is possible to reduce the lowest point of the root
+to the baseline with the \CMD{smash} command: $\sqrt{\lambda_{k_{i}}}\xrightarrow{\text{with \textbackslash smash}}\sqrt{\smash[b]{\lambda_{k_{i}}}}$
+
+
+The syntax of the \CMD{smash} command%
+\footnote{In \texttt{latex.ltx} \CMD{smash} is defined without an optional argument.} renewed by the \AmSmath package is %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\smash[<position>]{<argument>}
+\end{lstlisting}
+The optional argument for the position can be:
+
+\begin{description}
+\item [t]keeps the bottom and annihilates the top
+\item [b]keeps the top and annihilates the bottom
+\item [tb]annihilates top and bottom (the default)
+\end{description}
+
+\section{Accents}\label{amssymb}
+
+With the macro \verb|\mathaccent| it is easy to define new accent types, for example
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\def\dotcup{$\mathaccent\cdot\cup$}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+$\mathaccent\cdot\cup$
+
+\def\curvearrowleftright{%
+ \ensuremath{%
+ \mathaccent\curvearrowright{\mkern-5mu\curvearrowleft}%
+ }%
+}
+
+Overwriting of two symbols is also possible:
+
+{\huge
+$\curvearrowleft\curvearrowright\curvearrowleftright$}
+
+In this case the second symbol has to be shifted to the left for a length %%% ----- Martin -----
+of $5mu$ (mu: math unit\index{Math unit}).
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\def\curvearrowleftright{%
+ \ensuremath{%
+ \mathaccent\curvearrowright{\mkern-5mu\curvearrowleft}%
+ }%
+}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+For other possibilities to define new accents see section \vref{sec:package-accent}. %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\section{\CMD{mod} command}
+
+In standard \LaTeX{} the modulo command is not an operator, though %%% ----- Martin -----
+it is often used in formulas. \AmSmath provides two (three) different
+commands for modulo, which are listed in tabular~\vref{cap:The-modulo commands}.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item They all insert some useful space before and behind the mod-operator.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering\begin{tabular}{rrl}
+a\textbackslash{}mod\{n\^{}2\}=b&
+$\rightarrow$&
+$a\mod{n^{2}}=b$\tabularnewline
+a\textbackslash{}pmod\{n\^{}2\}=b&
+$\rightarrow$&
+$a\pmod{n^{2}}=b$\tabularnewline
+a\textbackslash{}pod\{n\^{}2\}=b&
+$\rightarrow$&
+$a\pod{n^{2}}=b$\tabularnewline
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{\label{cap:The-modulo commands}The modulo commands and their meaning}
+\end{table}
+
+
+
+\section{Equation numbering\label{sec:Equation-numbering}}
+
+See section \vref{sub:Equationnumbering} for equation numbering\index{Equation!numbering}.
+It is mostly the %
+\marginpar{\textbackslash{}numberwithin%
+}same, only one command is new to \AmSmath. If you want
+a numbering like ``\ref{eq:IntoSection}{}'' then write either in the preamble %%% ----- Martin -----
+or like this example anywhere in your doc:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\numberwithin{equation}{section}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{leftbar}
+\numberwithin{equation}{section}From now on the numbering looks like %%% ----- Martin -----
+equation \vref{eq:IntoSection}. For the book-class you can get the
+same for chapters.
+\end{leftbar}
+
+If you want to get rid of the parentheses then write in the preamble: %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\makeatletter
+\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{\ignorespaces#1\unskip\@@italiccorr}}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Now the following four subequation numbers have no parentheses.
+
+
+
+
+\makeatletter
+\let\oldTagForm\tagform@
+\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{\ignorespaces#1\unskip\@@italiccorr}}
+\makeatother
+
+\subsection{Subequations}\label{ams:subeqn}
+
+Amsmath supports this with the environment \verb|subequation|\index{Subequations}.
+For example:
+\begin{subequations}
+\begin{align}
+y & = d\\
+y & = cx+d\\
+y & = bx^{2}+cx+d\\
+y & = ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d
+\end{align}
+\end{subequations}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{subequations}
+\begin{align}
+y & = d\\
+y & = cx+d\\
+y & = bx^{2}+cx+d\\
+y & = ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d
+\end{align}
+\end{subequations}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\makeatletter
+\let\tagform@\oldTagForm
+\makeatother
+
+
+Inside of subequations only complete other environments (\texttt{\textbackslash{}begin\{...\}
+... \textbackslash{}end\{...\}}) are possible.
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\renewcommand{\theequation}{%
+ \theparentequation{}-\arabic{equation}%
+}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{subequations}
+\renewcommand{\theequation}{%
+ \theparentequation -\arabic{equation}%
+}%
+\begin{align}
+y & = d\\
+y & = cx+d\label{eq:subequation-neu}\\
+y & = bx^{2}+cx+d\\
+y & = ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d
+\end{align}
+\end{subequations}
+
+A ref to a subequation is possible like the one to equation \ref{eq:subequation-neu}.
+The environment chooses the same counter ``\texttt{equation}''
+but saves the old value into ``\texttt{parentequation}''.
+
+\newcounter{mySubCounter}
+\newcommand{\twocoleqn}[2]{
+ \setcounter{mySubCounter}{0}%
+ \let\OldTheEquation\theequation%
+ \renewcommand{\theequation}{\OldTheEquation\alph{mySubCounter}}%
+ \noindent%
+ \begin{minipage}{.49\textwidth}
+ \begin{equation}\refstepcounter{mySubCounter}
+ #1
+ \end{equation}
+ \end{minipage}\hfill%
+ \addtocounter{equation}{-1}%
+ \begin{minipage}{.49\textwidth}
+ \begin{equation}\refstepcounter{mySubCounter}
+ #2
+ \end{equation}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \let\theequation\OldTheEquation
+}
+
+It is also possible to place two equations side by side with counting as subfigures:
+
+\twocoleqn{y=f(x)}{y=f(z)}
+
+\vspace{1ex}
+In this case, the \AmSmath internal subfigure counter cannot be used and an own
+counter has to be defined:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newcounter{mySubCounter}
+\newcommand{\twocoleqn}[2]{
+ \setcounter{mySubCounter}{0}%
+ \let\OldTheEquation\theequation%
+ \renewcommand{\theequation}{\OldTheEquation\alph{mySubCounter}}%
+ \noindent%
+ \begin{minipage}{.49\textwidth}
+ \begin{equation}\refstepcounter{mySubCounter}
+ #1
+ \end{equation}
+ \end{minipage}\hfill%
+ \addtocounter{equation}{-1}%
+ \begin{minipage}{.49\textwidth}
+ \begin{equation}\refstepcounter{mySubCounter}
+ #2
+ \end{equation}
+ \end{minipage}%
+ \let\theequation\OldTheEquation
+}
+[ ... ]
+\twocoleqn{y=f(x)}{y=f(z)}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\section{Labels and tags}\label{sec:Labels-and-Tags}
+
+For the \CMD{label} command\index{label@\textbackslash label} \marginpar{\textbackslash{}tag%
+}
+see section \vref{sec:Labels}, it is just the same behaviour. \AmSmath
+allows to define own single ``equation numbers\index{Equation number}''
+with the \CMD{tag} command.
+\begin{align}
+f(x) & =a\tag{linear}\label{eq:linear}\\
+g(x) & =dx^{2}+cx+b\tag{quadratic}\label{eq:quadratic}\\
+h(x) & =\sin x\tag*{trigonometric}
+\end{align}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align}
+f(x) & =a\tag{linear}\label{eq:linear}\\
+g(x) & =dx^{2}+cx+b\tag{quadratic}\label{eq:quadratic}\\
+h(x) & =\sin x\tag*{trigonometric}
+\end{align}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item The \CMD{tag} command is also possible for unnumbered
+equations, \LaTeX{} changes the behaviour when a tag is detected.
+\item There exists a starred version \verb|\tag{*}{...}|, %%% ----- Martin -----
+which supresses any annotations like parentheses for equation numbers\index{Equation!number}.
+\item There exist two package options for tags, \verb|ctagsplit|\index{ctagsplit} %%% ----- Martin -----
+and \verb|righttag|\index{righttag} (look at the beginning of this
+part on page~\pageref{par:AMSmath-package}).
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+\section{Limits}\label{sec:limit-AMS}
+
+By default the sum/prod has the limits above/below and the integral
+at the side. To get the same behaviour for all symbols which can have
+limits load the package \AmSmath in the preamble as %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\usepackage[sumlimits,intlimits]{amsmath}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+There exist also options for the vice versa (see page~\pageref{par:AMSmath-package}). %%% ----- Martin -----
+See also section~\ref{sec:misc-AMS} for the additional commands \CMD{underset} and \CMD{overset}.
+
+
+
+\subsection{Multiple limits}
+
+For general information about limits\index{Limits} read section
+\vref{sub:Limits-Inline}. Standard \LaTeX{} provides the \texttt{\textbackslash{}atop}\index{atop@\textbackslash atop} command
+for multiple limits (section \vref{sub:Multiple-Limits}). \AmSmath \marginpar{\textbackslash{}substack%
+}
+has an additional command for that, which
+can have several lines with the following syntax:
+\marginpar{\CMD{begin\{Sb\}}\\...\\\CMD{end\{Sb\}}\\\CMD{begin\{Sp\}}\\...\\\CMD{end\{Sp\}}%
+}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\substack{...\\...\\...}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The environments described in \cite{MathGuide}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{Sb} ... \end{Sb}
+\begin{Sp} ... \end{Sp}
+\end{lstlisting}
+are obsolete and no more part of \AmSmath.
+
+The example equation \vref{eq:atop} with the \CMD{substack}\index{substack@\textbackslash substack} command
+looks like:
+
+\begin{equation}\label{eq:multlimits}
+\sum_{\substack{1\le i\le p\\
+1\le j\le q\\
+1\le k\le r}
+}a_{ij}b_{jk}c_{ki}
+\end{equation}
+
+
+Insert these limits in the following way:
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}
+ \sum_{%
+ \substack{1\le i\le p\\
+ 1\le j\le q\\
+ 1\le k\le r}
+ }%
+ a_{ij}b_{jk}c_{ki}
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Problems}\label{subsec:ams-limits}
+
+There are still some problems with limits and the following math
+expression. For example:
+
+\[
+X = \sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}X_{ij}
+\]
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+X = \sum_{1\le i\le j\le n}X_{ij}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\noindent does not look nice because of the long limit. Using a
+\CMD{makebox} also does not really solve the problem, because
+\CMD{makebox} is in \TeX{} horizontal mode and knows nothing about
+the appropriate math font size, because limits have a smaller font size.
+It is better to define a \CMD{mathclap}\index{mathclap@\textbackslash mathclap} macro, similiar to the two
+macros \CMD{llap} and \CMD{rlap} and uses the also new defined \CMD{mathclap} macro\index{clap@\textbackslash clap}:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\def\mathllap{\mathpalette\mathllapinternal}
+\def\mathllapinternal#1#2{%
+ \llap{$\mathsurround=0pt#1{#2}$}% $
+}
+\def\clap#1{\hbox to 0pt{\hss#1\hss}}
+\def\mathclap{\mathpalette\mathclapinternal}
+\def\mathclapinternal#1#2{%
+ \clap{$\mathsurround=0pt#1{#2}$}%
+}
+\def\mathrlap{\mathpalette\mathrlapinternal}
+\def\mathrlapinternal#1#2{%
+ \rlap{$\mathsurround=0pt#1{#2}$}% $
+}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+Now we can write limits which have a boxwidth of 0pt and the right font
+size and the following math expression appears just behind the symbol:
+
+\[
+X = \sum_{\mathclap{1\le i\le j\le n}}X_{ij}
+\]
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+X = \sum_{\mathclap{1\le i\le j\le n}}X_{ij}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Another problem occurs when having operators with stacked limits in braces:\index{substack@\textbackslash substack}
+\index{Braces!Problems}
+\index{Stacked limits}
+\begin{align}
+\left[\sum_{\substack{i,j\\i>j}} \dots \right]
+\end{align}
+
+This case is not easy to handle when some other math expressions are around the braces
+which should be on the same baseline. However, the following may help in some cases
+to get better looking braces.
+
+\begin{LTXexample}[width=0.45\linewidth,wide]
+\begin{align}
+foo \left[\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}
+ \displaystyle\sum_{\substack{i,j\\i>j}} \dots
+ \end{array}\right] bar
+\end{align}
+\end{LTXexample}
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{sideset}}
+
+This is a command for a very special purpose, to combine over/under
+limits with superscript/subscripts for \marginpar{\CMD{sideset}}the
+sum-symbol. For example: it is not possible to place the prime
+for the equation \ref{eq:sideset} near to the sum\index{sum@\textbackslash sum} symbol,
+because it becomes an upper limit when writing without an preceeding \verb|{}|.
+\begin{equation}
+\sum_{n<k\atop n\ \textrm{odd}}{}'nE_{n}\label{eq:sideset}
+\end{equation}
+
+The command \CMD{sideset}\index{sideset@\textbackslash sideset}
+has the syntax
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\sideset{<before>}{<behind>}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+It can place characters on all four corners of the sum-symbol:
+\[
+\sideset{_{LowerLeft}^{UpperLeft}}{_{LowerRight}^{UpperRight}}\sum_{B}^{T}
+\]
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+\sideset{_{LowerLeft}^{UpperLeft}}{_{LowerRight}^{UpperRight}}\sum_{B}^{T}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Now it is possible to write the equation \ref{eq:sideset} in a proper
+way with the command \verb|\sideset{}{'}| before
+the sum symbol:
+\begin{equation}
+\sideset{}{'}\sum_{n<k\atop n\ \textrm{odd}}nE_{n}
+\end{equation}
+
+
+\section{Operator names}\label{OperatorNames}
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{operatorname}}%
+By default variables are written in italic\index{Italic} and operator
+names\index{Operator!names} in upright mode, like $y=\sin(x)$.%
+\footnote{See section \vref{sec:ltxOperators}, where all the standard \LaTeX{} %%% ----- Martin -----
+known operator names are listed. Package \AmSmath has
+some more (see documentation).} This happens only for the known operator names, but creating a new
+one is very easy with:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newcommand{\mysin}{\operatorname{mysin}}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Now \CMD{mysin} is also written in upright mode
+$y=\mysin(x)$ and with some additional space before and behind.
+
+It is obvious, that only those names can be defined as new operator
+names which are not commands in another way. Instead of using the
+new definition as an operator, it is also possible to use the text
+mode. But it is better to have all operators of the same type, so that
+changing the style will have an effect for all operators.
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{operatornamewithlimits}}%
+The new defined operator names cannot have limits\index{Limits}, only
+superscript/subscript is possible. \verb+amsopn.sty+ has an additional command
+\CMD{operatornamewithlimits}\index{operatornamewithlimits@\textbackslash operatornamewithlimits},
+which supports over/under limits like the one from \CMD{int}
+or \CMD{sum}.
+
+\marginpar{\CMD{mathop}}
+It is also possible to use the macro \verb+\mathop+ to declare anything
+as operator, like
+\[ \sideset{_1}{}{\mathop{\mathrm{B}}} \]
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[ \sideset{_1}{}{\mathop{\mathrm{B}}} \]
+\end{lstlisting}
+With this definition it is possible to use \CMD{sideset} for a forgoing index, which
+is only possible for an operator.
+
+For a real \LaTeX{} definition have a look at section \vref{sec:ltxOperators}.
+
+
+\section{Text in math mode}\label{sec:Text-in-math mode}
+
+If you need complex structures between formulas, look also at section \ref{sec:verticalAlignment}.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{text} command}
+\marginpar{%
+\CMD{text}\\
+\CMD{mbox}\\
+\CMD{textnormal}\\
+\CMD{mathrm}%
+}%
+This is the equivalent command to \CMD{mathrm}\index{mathrm@\textbackslash mathrm}
+or \CMD{mbox}\index{mbox@\textbackslash mbox}
+from the standard \LaTeX{} (section~\vref{sec:Text}) with the exception, that \CMD{mathrm}
+always uses the roman font and \CMD{text} the actual one and that the font size is different
+when used in super- and subscript.
+
+For example: $\boxed{f(x)=x\quad\text{this was math}}$.
+
+\bigskip
+{\sffamily\huge
+$A^{\mbox{text}}_{\mbox{text}}$\quad
+$A^{\text{text}}_{\text{text}}$\quad
+$A^{\textnormal{text}}_{\textnormal{text}}$\quad
+$A^{\mathrm{text}}_{\mathrm{text}}$
+}
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+$\boxed{f(x)=x\quad\text{this was math}}$
+
+{\sffamily\huge
+$A^{\mbox{text}}_{\mbox{text}}$\quad
+$A^{\text{text}}_{\text{text}}$\quad
+$A^{\textnormal{text}}_{\textnormal{text}}$\quad
+$A^{\mathrm{text}}_{\mathrm{text}}$
+}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The \verb+\text+ macro can be used at any place and can be in some cases a better
+solution as \verb+\intertext+ (see section~\ref{subsec:intertext}).
+
+\begin{flalign*}
+ && 12(x-1) + 20(y-3) + 14(z-2) & = 0 &&\\
+ \text{and} && 6x + 10y + 7z & = 0 &&
+\end{flalign*}
+
+\begin{align}
+ && 12(x-1) + 20(y-3) + 14(z-2) & = 0\\
+ \text{and} && 6x + 10y + 7z & = 0
+\end{align}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{flalign*}
+ && 12(x-1) + 20(y-3) + 14(z-2) & = 0 &&\\
+ \text{and} && 6x + 10y + 7z & = 0 &&
+\end{flalign*}
+
+\begin{align}
+ && 12(x-1) + 20(y-3) + 14(z-2) & = 0\\
+ \text{and} && 6x + 10y + 7z & = 0
+\end{align}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{intertext} command}\label{subsec:intertext}
+
+This is useful when you want to place some text between two parts
+of math stuff without leaving the math mode, like the name
+``intertext\index{intertext@\textbackslash intertext}'' %%% ----- Martin -----
+says. For example we write the equation~\vref{eq:Beispiel-Integral}
+with an additional command after the second line.
+
+\[
+ \begin{split}
+ A_{1} & = \left| \int _{0}^{1}(f(x)-g(x))dx\right| +\left| \int _{1}^{2}(g(x)-h(x))dx\right| \\
+ & = \left| \int _{0}^{1}(x^{2}-3x)dx\right| +\left| \int _{1}^{2}(x^{2}-5x+6)dx\right| \\
+ \intertext{Now the limits of the integrals are used}
+ & = \left| \frac{x^{3}}{3}-\frac{3}{2}x^{2}\right| _{0}^{1}+\left| \frac{x^{3}}{3}-
+ \frac{5}{2}x^{2}+6x\right| _{1}^{2}\\
+ & = \left| \frac{1}{3}-\frac{3}{2}\right| +\left| \frac{8}{3}-\frac{20}{2}+12-
+ \left( \frac{1}{3}-\frac{5}{2}+6\right) \right| \\
+ & = \left| -\frac{7}{6}\right| +\left| \frac{14}{3}-\frac{23}{6}\right| =\frac{7}{6}+
+ \frac{5}{6}=2\, \textrm{FE}
+ \end{split}
+\]
+
+The code looks like:\\
+
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1cm,xrightmargin=-1.5cm]
+\begin{equation}
+ \begin{split}
+ A_{1} & = \left| \int _{0}^{1}(f(x)-g(x))dx\right| +\left| \int _{1}^{2}(g(x)-h(x))dx\right| \\
+ & = \left| \int _{0}^{1}(x^{2}-3x)dx\right| +\left| \int _{1}^{2}(x^{2}-5x+6)dx\right| \\
+ \intertext{Now the limits of the integrals are used}
+ & = \left| \frac{x^{3}}{3}-\frac{3}{2}x^{2}\right| _{0}^{1}+\left| \frac{x^{3}}{3}-
+ \frac{5}{2}x^{2}+6x\right| _{1}^{2}\\
+ & = \left| \frac{1}{3}-\frac{3}{2}\right| +\left| \frac{8}{3}-\frac{20}{2}+12-
+ \left( \frac{1}{3}-\frac{5}{2}+6\right) \right| \\
+ & = \left| -\frac{7}{6}\right| +\left| \frac{14}{3}-\frac{23}{6}\right| =\frac{7}{6}+
+ \frac{5}{6}=2\, \textrm{FE}
+ \end{split}
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Writing very long text is possible by using a \verb+parbox+, see section~\vref{sec:Text} for %%% ----- Martin -----
+an example with \verb+\textrm+, which behaves in the same way as \verb+\text+.
+
+
+
+
+\section{Extensible arrows}
+\marginpar{%
+ \CMD{xrightarrow}\\
+ \CMD{xleftarrow}\\
+ \CMD{xmapsto}}To write something like $\xrightarrow[\text{below}]{\text{above the arrow}}$ you can use the following macro
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+$\xrightarrow[\text{below}]{\text{above the arrow}}$
+\end{verbatim}
+\index{Arrows}\index{Extensible arrows}
+
+\noindent and the same with \verb|\xleftarrow|. You can define your own extensible arrow macros
+if you need other than these two predefined ones. To get a doublelined extensible
+arrow like \verb|$\Longleftrightarrow$| ($\Longleftrightarrow$) but with the same
+behaviour as an extensible one, write in the preamble %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newcommand\xLongLeftRightArrow[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 0055{\LongLeftRightArrowfill@}{#1}{#2}}
+\def\LongLeftRightArrowfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\Leftarrow\Relbar\Rightarrow}
+\newcommand\xlongleftrightarrow[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 0055{\longleftrightarrowfill@}{#1}{#2}}
+\def\longleftrightarrowfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\leftarrow\relbar\rightarrow}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The three parts \verb|\Leftarrow\Relbar\Rightarrow| define left|middle|right of the
+arrow, where the middle part would be stretched in a way that the arrow is at least
+as long as the text above and/or below it. This macro has one optional and one
+standard parameter. The optional one is written below and the standard one above this %%% ----- Martin -----
+arrow. Now we can write
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+$\xLongLeftRightArrow[\text{below}]{\text{above the arrow}}$
+$\xlongleftrightarrow[\text{below}]{\text{above the arrow}}$
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\noindent to get $\xLongLeftRightArrow[\text{below}]{\text{above the arrow}}$ or
+$\xlongleftrightarrow[\text{below}]{\text{above the arrow}}$.
+The ``number'' $0055$ after \verb+\ext@arrow+ defines the position relative to the extended error and is
+not a number but four parameters for additional space in the math unit \verb+mu+.
+\index{mapstofill@\CMD{mapstofill}}
+
+\makeatletter
+\def\mapstofill@{%
+ \arrowfill@{\mapstochar\relbar}\relbar\rightarrow}
+\renewcommand*\xmapsto[6][]{%
+ \ext@arrow #3#4#5#6\mapstofill@{#1}{#2}}
+\makeatother
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\def\mapstofill@{%
+ \arrowfill@{\mapstochar\relbar}\relbar\rightarrow}
+\newcommand*\xmapsto[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow <four digits>\mapstofill@{#1}{#2}}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+{\fboxsep=0pt
+\verb+$\ext@arrow 0000$+\quad{\huge $\xmapsto[\fbox{under}]{\fbox{over}}0000$}
+
+\verb+$\ext@arrow 9000$+\quad{\huge $\xmapsto[\fbox{under}]{\fbox{over}}9000$}
+
+\verb+$\ext@arrow 0900$+\quad{\huge $\xmapsto[\fbox{under}]{\fbox{over}}0900$}
+
+\verb+$\ext@arrow 0009$+\quad{\huge $\xmapsto[\fbox{under}]{\fbox{over}}0009$}
+
+\verb+$\ext@arrow 0090$+\quad{\huge $\xmapsto[\fbox{under}]{\fbox{over}}0090$}
+
+\verb+$\ext@arrow 0099$+\quad{\huge $\xmapsto[\fbox{under}]{\fbox{over}}0099$}
+
+\verb+$\ext@arrow 9999$+\quad{\huge $\xmapsto[\fbox{under}]{\fbox{over}}9999$}
+}
+
+% $
+\begin{itemize}
+\item 1st digit: space left
+\item 2nd digit: space right
+\item 3rd digit: space left and right
+\item 4th digit: space relativ to the tip of the ``arrow''
+\end{itemize}
+
+The two macros \verb+\xrightarrow+ and \verb+\xleftarrow+ are defined as:
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newcommand{\xrightarrow}[2][]{\ext@arrow 0359\rightarrowfill@{#1}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\xleftarrow}[2][]{\ext@arrow 3095\leftarrowfill@{#1}{#2}}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+
+\section{Frames}\label{sec:ams-frames}
+\marginpar{\CMD{boxed}}%
+\AmSmath knows the macro \verb|\boxed|\index{boxed@\textbackslash boxed} which can
+be used for inline $a\boxed{b+c}$ and displayed math expressions:
+
+\begin{align}
+\boxed{f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}\,dt=1}
+\end{align}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align}
+\boxed{f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}\,dt=1}
+\end{align}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+For coloured boxes use package \verb|empheq|. For an example see section \vref{sec:empheq}.
+
+\section{Greek letters}\label{sec:greek-AMS}
+\marginpar{\CMD{pmb}}%
+The \AmSmath package simulates a bold font for the greek letters by writing a greek %%% ----- Martin -----
+character twice with a small kerning. This is done with the macro
+\verb|\pmb{<letter>}|\index{pmb@\textbackslash pmb}\index{Bold greek letters}. The
+\verb|\mathbf{<character>}| doesn't work with lower greek character.
+
+\begin{tabular}{cc}
+$\alpha$ & $\pmb{\alpha}$\\
+$\beta$ & $\pmb{\beta}$\\
+$\gamma$ & $\pmb{\gamma}$\\
+$\delta$ & $\pmb{\delta}$\\
+$\epsilon$ & $\pmb{\epsilon}$\\
+$\ldots$ & $\ldots$
+\end{tabular}
+
+
+\section{Miscellaneous commands}\label{sec:misc-AMS}
+
+There are several commands which can be used in math mode:\marginpar{\CMD{overset}\\\CMD{underset}\\\CMD{boxed}}
+
+Some examples are shown in table~\vref{cap:Different-Mathcommands-supported-AMS}.
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering
+{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{2}
+\begin{tabular}{r|>{\raggedright}p{2cm}}
+\verb|$\underset{under}{baseline}$| \index{underset@\textbackslash underset} &
+$\underset{under}{baseline}$\tabularnewline
+\verb|$\overset{over}{baseline}$| \index{overset@\textbackslash overset} &
+$\overset{over}{baseline}$\tabularnewline
+\end{tabular}}
+\caption{Different mathcommands}\label{cap:Different-Mathcommands-supported-AMS}
+\end{table}
+
+\CMD{underset} is a useful macro for having limits under non-operators (see page~\pageref{sec:amsopn}). %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+
+\part{\TeX{} and math}
+
+There is in general no need to use the \TeX{} macros, because the ones defined with \LaTeX{}
+or with \AmSmath{} are much more useful. Nevertheless there may be situations, where someone %%% ----- Martin -----
+has to use one of the \TeX{} macros or special \TeX{} math length. One can not expect, that all
+macros work in the usual way, a lot of them are redefined by \LaTeX{} %%% ----- Martin -----
+or \AmSmath{}. On the other hand some of these basic macros or length definitions are used
+in the \TeX{} way, so it might be interesting to have all declared in a short way for some
+information.
+
+\section{Length registers}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{abovedisplayshortskip}}
+\cIndex{abovedisplayshortskip}A length with glue, see section~\ref{subsubsec:displayskip} for an example.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{abovedisplayskip}}
+\cIndex{abovedisplayskip}A length with glue, see section~\ref{subsubsec:displayskip} for an example.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{belowdisplayshortskip}}
+\cIndex{belowdisplayshortskip}A length with glue, see section~\ref{subsubsec:displayskip} for an example.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{belowdisplayskip}}
+\cIndex{belowdisplayskip}A length with glue, see section~\ref{subsubsec:displayskip} for an example.
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{delimiterfactor}}
+\cIndex{delimiterfactor}The height of a delimiter is often not optimally calculated by \TeX{}. In some cases it is %%% ----- Martin -----
+too short. With \verb+\delimiterfactor+ one can correct this height. The delimiterheight
+is $<\textrm{calculated height}>\cdot <\textrm{\#1}>/1000$ where \verb+#1+ is the parameter of
+\verb+\delimiterfactor+. The default value is $901$.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.4\linewidth]
+\[
+y = \left\{%
+ \begin{array}{ll}
+ x^2+2x &\textrm{if }x<0,\\
+ x^3 &\textrm{if }0\le x<1,\\
+ x^2+x &\textrm{if }1\le x<2,\\
+ x^3-x^2 &\textrm{if }2\le x.
+ \end{array}%
+\right.
+\]
+\end{showexample}
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.4\linewidth]
+\[
+\delimiterfactor=1500
+y = \left\{%
+ \begin{array}{ll}
+ x^2+2x &\textrm{if }x<0,\\
+ x^3 &\textrm{if }0\le x<1,\\
+ x^2+x &\textrm{if }1\le x<2,\\
+ x^3-x^2 &\textrm{if }2\le x.
+ \end{array}%
+\right.
+\]
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{delimitershortfall}}
+\cIndex{delimitershortfall}Additionally to the forgoing \verb+\delimiterfactor+ one can modify the height of the
+delimiter with another value. \TeX{} makes the delimiter larger than the values of
+$<\textrm{calculated height}>\cdot <\textrm{delimiterfactor}>/1000$ and $<\textrm{calculated height}>-<\textrm{delimitershortfall}>$. This makes it possible to always get different heights %%% ----- Martin -----
+of a sequence of delimiters.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.3\linewidth]
+$x\cdot\left(\left(x^2-y^2\right)-3\right)$\\[7pt]
+
+$
+\delimitershortfall-1pt
+x\cdot\left(\left(x^2-y^2\right)-3\right)$
+\end{showexample}
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+$\left(\left(\left(A\right)\right)\right)$\\[7pt]
+
+$\delimitershortfall-1pt
+\left(\left(\left(A\right)\right)\right)$
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{displayindent}}
+\cIndex{displayindent}This is the left shift amount of a line holding displayed equation. By default it is $0pt$ but
+gets the value of an indented paragraph when there is an environment like the quotation one.
+
+The following formula is typeset in the usual way without modifying anything.
+
+\[ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx \]
+
+Now we start a quotation environment which sets \verb+\labelwidth+ to new values for a greater %%% ----- Martin -----
+left margin.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item The following formula is typeset in the usual way without modifying anything.
+
+\[ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx \]
+
+\item Now we write the same equation, but now with modifying \verb+\displayindent+, it is set to
+the negative \verb+\labelwidth+:
+
+\[
+ \displayindent=-\labelwidth
+ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx
+\]
+\end{itemize}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+ \displayindent=-\leftskip
+ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{displaywidth}}
+\cIndex{displaywidth}The width of the line holding a displayed equation, which is by default \verb+\linewidth+. In the
+second example the formula is centered for a display width of \verb+0.5\linewidth+.
+
+\[ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx \]
+\[
+ \displaywidth=0.5\linewidth
+ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx
+\]
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx \]
+\[
+ \displaywidth=0.5\linewidth
+ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathsurround}}
+\cIndex{mathsurround}Extra space added when switching in and out of the
+inline math mode (see section~\ref{subsec:whitespace}).
+
+\subsection{\CMD{medmuskip}}
+\cIndex{medmuskip}See section~\ref{subsec:mathskip} for an example.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mkern}}
+\cIndex{mkern}Similiar to \verb+\kern+, but adds a math kern item to the current math list. Length must be a math unit.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mskip}}
+\cIndex{mskip}Similiar to \verb+\skip+, but adds math glue to the current math list. Length must be a math unit.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{muskip}}
+\cIndex{muskip}Assigns a length with a math unit to one of the 256 \verb+\muskip+ register.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{muskipdef}}
+\cIndex{muskipdef}Defines a symbolic name for a \verb+\muskip+ register.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{nonscript}}
+\cIndex{nonscript}Ignores immediately following glue or kern in script and scriptscript styles, which makes
+a redefinition of \verb+\mathchoice+ superfluous.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{nulldelimiterspace}}
+\cIndex{nulldelimiterspace}This is the width of a null or missing delimiter, e.g. \verb+\right.+ or for the left one.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{predisplaysize}}
+\cIndex{predisplaystyle}Is the effective width of the line preceeding a displayed equation, whether
+\verb+\abovedisplayskip+ or \verb+abovedisplayshortskip+ is used for the vertical skip.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{scriptspace}}
+\cIndex{scriptspace}The space inserted after an exponent or index, predefined as \verb+\scriptspace=0.5pt+ %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\subsection{\CMD{thickmuskip}}
+\cIndex{thickmuskip}See section~\ref{subsec:mathskip}.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{thinmuskip}}
+\cIndex{thinmuskip}The short version for positive skip is defined as \verb+\def\,{\mskip\thinmuskip}+ and the one
+for a negative skip as \verb+\def\!{\mskip-\thinmuskip}+ (see also section~\ref{subsec:mathskip}).
+
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.35\linewidth]
+$\sqrt 2 x$ -- $\sqrt 2\,x$\\
+$\sqrt{\log x}$ -- $\sqrt{\,\log x}$\\
+$P\left({1/\sqrt n}\right)$ -- $P\left({1/ \sqrt n}\,\right)$\\[8pt]
+ $[0,1)$ -- $[\,0,1)$\\
+$x^2/2$ -- $x^2\!/2$\\
+\end{showexample}
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.35\linewidth]
+\[\int\int_D dxdy \quad
+ \int\!\int_D dx\,dy\]
+\[\int\!\!\int_D dx\,\,dy \quad
+ \int\!\!\!\int_D dx\,\,\,dy\]
+\[\int\!\!\!\!\int_D dx\,\,\,\,dy \quad
+ \int\!\!\!\!\!\int_D dx\,\,\,\,\,dy\]
+\[\int\!\!\!\int_D dx\,dy\]
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{medmuskip}}
+See section~\ref{subsec:mathskip}.
+
+
+\section{Math font macros}
+\subsection{\CMD{delcode}}
+\cIndex{delcode}Each character has not only a \verb+\catcode+ and \verb+\mathcode+ but also a \verb+\delcode+
+which defines for a single chracter how it should look when used as a math delimiter.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{delimiter}}
+\cIndex{delimiter}Every character can be declared as a delimiter, but \TeX{} must know which characters
+should be used for the default and the big size. For \LaTeX{} the macro \verb+\DeclareMathDelimiter+ should be used (see section~\ref{subsec:delim}).
+
+In the following example \verb+\tdela+ is the character $0x22$ ($\uparrow$) from font number $2$ (\verb+csmy+) and character $0x78$ from font number $3$ (\verb+cmex+) for the big version.
+\verb+\tdelb+ is the same vice versa ($\downarrow$).
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.35\linewidth]
+\def\tdela{\delimiter"4222378\relax}
+\def\tdelb{\delimiter"5223379\relax}
+
+$\tdela x-y\tdelb(x+y)=x^2-y^2$
+
+\[\tdela\sum_{n=0}^\infty {1\over2^n}\tdelb^2 = 4\]
+
+\[\left\tdela\sum_{n=0}^\infty {1\over2^n}\right\tdelb^2 = 4\]
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{displaystyle}}
+\cIndex{displaystyle}See section~\ref{sec:Styles} for an example.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{fam}}
+\cIndex{fam}When \TeX{} switches into the math mode, it typesets everything using one of the 16
+possible families of fonts. \verb+\fam+ in an internal register where other macros can check which font is the actual one. At the beginning \TeX{} starts with \verb+\fam=-1+.
+
+\bigskip
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+\verb+\fam=-1+ & $\fam=-1 123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma$\\
+\verb+\fam=0+ & $\fam=0 123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma$\\
+\verb+\fam=1+ & $\fam=1 123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma$\\
+\verb+\fam=2+ & $\fam=2 123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma$\\
+\verb+\fam=3+ & $\fam=3 123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma$\\
+\verb+\fam=4+ & $\fam=4 123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma$\\
+\verb+\fam=5+ & $\fam=5 123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma$
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.3\linewidth]
+$\mathrm{123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma (\the\fam)}$\\[5pt]
+$\mathbf{123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma (\the\fam)}$\\[5pt]
+$\mathit{123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma (\the\fam)}$\\[5pt]
+$\mathtt{123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma (\the\fam)}$\\[5pt]
+$\mathsf{123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma (\the\fam)}$\\[5pt]
+$\mathnormal{123abcABC\alpha\beta\gamma (\the\fam)}$
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathaccent}}
+\cIndex{mathaccent}Requires three parameter as one number, the class, the font family and the character.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.3\linewidth]
+\def\dA{\mathaccent"7015\relax}
+{\Large $\dA{A}$}
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathbin}}
+\cIndex{mathbin}Declares a following character as a binary symbol with another spacing before and behind such
+a symbol.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.3\linewidth]
+{\Large
+$a|b \quad a\mathbin| b$}
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathchar}}
+\cIndex{mathchar}Declares a math character by three integer numbers as Parameters, giving its class, %%% ----- Martin -----
+font family, and font position. In the following example \verb+\mathchar+ defines a
+character of class 1 (big operators), font family 3 (math extension font) and number
+58 (big sum character).
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.3\linewidth]
+{\Large
+$a\sum\limits_{i=1}^{\infty} b \quad
+ a\mathchar"1358\limits_{i=1}^{\infty} b$}
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathchardef}}
+\cIndex{mathchardef}This is in principle the same as \verb+\mathchar+, it only allows to make such definitions permanent. %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.25\linewidth]
+\bgroup
+\mathchardef\sum="1358
+$a\sum\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\sqrt{i+1}$\\[5pt]
+\egroup
+
+$a\sum\limits_{i=1}^{\infty}\sqrt{i+1}$
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathchoice}}
+\cIndex{mathchoice}Specifies specific subformula sizes for the 4 main styles: \verb+displaystyle+ -- \verb+textstyle+ --
+\verb+scriptstyle+ -- \verb+scriptscriptstyle+.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.15\linewidth]
+\Large
+\def\myRule{{%
+ \color{red}%
+ \mathchoice{\rule{2pt}{20pt}}{\rule{1pt}{10pt}}%
+ {\rule{0.5pt}{5pt}}{\rule{0.25pt}{2.5pt}}%
+ \mkern2mu}}
+$\myRule\sum\limits_{\myRule i=1}^{\myRule\infty}%
+ \myRule\frac{\myRule\sqrt{\myRule i+1}}{\myRule i^2}$
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathclose}}\label{subsec:mathclose}
+\cIndex{mathclose}Assigns class 5 (closing character) to the following parameter, which can hold a single character
+or a subformula.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+{\large
+$A:\frac{B}{C}:D$\\[5pt]
+$A\mathopen:\frac{B}{C}\mathclose: D $}
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathcode}}
+\cIndex{mathcode}A math font is far different from a text font. A lot of the characters has to be defined with
+\verb+\mathcode+, which defines the character with its class, font family and character number, e.g.
+\verb+\mathcode`\<="313C+. It defines the character ``<''{} as a realtion symbol (class 3) from
+the font family 1 and the character number 0x3C, which is 60 decimal.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathop}}
+\cIndex{mathop}Assigns class 1 (large operator) to the parameter, which can be a single character or a subformula.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+\[ A_{i=1}^{\infty} \]
+\[ \mathop{A}_{i=1}^{\infty} \]
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathopen}}
+\cIndex{mathopen}Vice versa to \verb+\mathclose+ (see section~\ref{subsec:mathclose}).
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathord}}
+\cIndex{mathord}Assigns class 0 (ordinary character) to the following parameter, which can be a single character
+or a subformula.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+{\large
+$y = f(x)$\\[5pt]
+$y \mathord= f(x)$}
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathpunct}}
+\cIndex{mathpunct}Assigns class 6 (punctuation) to the following parameter, which can be a single character
+or a subformula (see section~\ref{subsec:dot-comma} for an example).
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathrel}}
+\cIndex{mathrel}Assigns class 3 (relation) to the following parameter, which can be a single character
+or a subformula.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.25\linewidth]
+{\large
+$x_1 o x_2 o x_3$\\[5pt]
+$x_1\mathrel o x_2\mathrel o x_3$}
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{scriptfont}}
+\cIndex{scriptfont}Specifies the scriptstyle font (used for super/subscript) for a family.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.25\linewidth]
+$A_1$
+\font\tenxii=cmr12
+\scriptfont0=\tenxii
+$A_1$
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{scriptscriptfont}}
+\cIndex{scriptscriptfont}Specifies the scriptscriptstyle font for a family.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{scriptscriptstyle}}
+\cIndex{scriptscriptstyle}Selects scriptscript style for the following characters.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{scriptstyle}}
+\cIndex{scriptstyle}Selects script style for the following characters.
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{skew}}
+\cIndex{skew}Especially for italic characters double accents are often misplaced. \verb+\skew+ has three arguments
+\begin{description}
+\item[horizontal shift:] A value in math units for the additional shift of the accent.
+\item[the accent:] The symbol which is placed above the character.
+\item[the character:] This is in general a single character, but can also include itself an accent.
+\end{description}
+
+\AmSmath\ redefines the setting of double accents. This is the reason why there are only a few
+cases where someone has to use \verb+\skew+ when \verb+amsmath.sty+ is loaded, like
+in this document.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+\large
+$\tilde i$ \qquad $\tilde{A}$\\[5pt]
+$\skew{3}{\tilde}{i}$ \qquad $\skew{7}{\tilde}{A}$
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{skewchar}}
+\cIndex{skewchar}Is -1 or the character (reference symbol) used to fine-tune the positioning of math accents.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{textfont}}
+\cIndex{textfont}Specifies the text font for a family.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{textstyle}}
+\cIndex{textstyle}Selects the text style for the following characters.
+
+
+
+\section{Math macros}
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{above}}
+\cIndex{above}
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+$a\above0pt b$\\[8pt]
+
+${a\above1pt b}$\\[8pt]
+
+${a\above2.5pt b}$\\[8pt]
+
+$\displaystyle{a\above0pt b}$
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{abovewithdelims}}
+\cIndex{abovewithdelims}
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+$a\abovewithdelims()0pt b$\\[8pt]
+
+\def\fdelimA{\abovewithdelims\{)1.0pt}
+${a\fdelimA b}$\\[8pt]
+
+\def\fdelimB{\abovewithdelims[]2.0pt}
+${a\fdelimB b}$\\[8pt]
+
+\def\fdelimC{\abovewithdelims\{.0pt}
+$\displaystyle{a\fdelimC b}$
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{atop}}
+\cIndex{atop}
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+$a\atop b$\\[8pt]
+
+$({n \atop k}) = {n!\above1pt k!(n-k)!}$\\[8pt]
+
+$\displaystyle{a\atop b}$
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{atopwithdelims}}
+\cIndex{atopwithdelims}
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+$a\atopwithdelims() b$\\[8pt]
+
+${n \atopwithdelims() k} = {n!\above1pt k!(n-k)!}$\\[8pt]
+
+$\displaystyle{a\atopwithdelims\{. b}$
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{displaylimits}}
+\cIndex{displaylimits}Resets the conventions for using limits with operators to the standard for the used environment.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{eqno}}\label{subsec:eqno}
+\cIndex{eqno}Puts an equation number at the right margin, the parameter can hold anything. \verb+\eqno+ places
+only the parameter, but doesn't increase any equation counter.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.5\linewidth]
+\[ y=f(x) \eqno{(A12)} \]
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{everydisplay}}
+\cIndex{everydisplay}Inserts the parameter at the start of every switch to display math mode.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.4\linewidth]
+\everydisplay{\color{red}
+}
+\[ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx \]
+\[ g(x) = \int \frac{\sin^2 x}{x^2}dx \]
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{everymath}}
+\cIndex{everymath}Same as \verb+\everydisplay+, but now for the inline mode. In the following example
+the displaystyle is used (besides using color red) for every inline math expression. %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\bgroup
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.45\linewidth]
+\everymath{\color{red}%
+ \displaystyle}
+\[ f(x) = \int \frac{\sin x}{x}dx \]
+Instead of $\frac{\sin x}{x}$
+ now with $\frac{\cos x}{x}$:
+\[ g(x) = \int \frac{\cos x}{x}dx \]
+\end{showexample}
+\egroup
+
+Pay attention for side effects on footnotes and other macros which use the math mode for superscript
+and other math related modes. In this case you'll get the footnotes also in red.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{left}}
+\cIndex{left}\TeX{} calculates the size of the following delimiter needed at the left side of a formula.
+Requires an additional \verb+right+.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{leqno}}
+\cIndex{leqno}Vice versa to \verb+\eqno+ (see section~\ref{subsec:eqno}).
+
+\subsection{\CMD{limits}}
+\cIndex{limits}Typesets limits above and/or below operators (see section~\ref{sec:limits}).
+
+\subsection{\CMD{mathinner}}
+\cIndex{mathinner}Defines the following parameter as subformula.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{nolimits}}
+\cIndex{nolimits}The opposit of \verb+\limits+, instead of above/below limits are placed to the right of large
+operators (class 1).
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{over}}
+\cIndex{over}Is equivalent to the fraction macro of \LaTeX{} and equivalent to the
+\verb+\overwithdelims+, see section~\ref{subsec:overwithdelims}.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+$ {a\over b} \qquad {{m\over n}\over{a+b}} $
+\[ {m\over n}\over{a+b} \]
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{overline}}
+\cIndex{overline}Puts a line over the following character or subformula and has the same problems with different
+heights as underlines (see section~\ref{subsec:underline}).
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+$\overline{x}+\overline{y}=\overline{z}$\\
+\let\ol\overline
+$ \ol{x} + \ol{A} = \ol{z} $\\[5pt]
+\def\yPh{\vphantom{A}}
+$ \ol{x\yPh} + \ol{A} = \ol{z\yPh} $
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{overwithdelims}}\label{subsec:overwithdelims}
+\cIndex{overwithdelims}Is a generalized fraction command with preset fraction bar thickness. %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.25\linewidth]
+$ {a\overwithdelims() b} \qquad {{m\over n}\overwithdelims[]{a+b}} $
+\[ {m\over n}\overwithdelims\{.{a+b} \]
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\subsection{\CMD{radical}}
+\cIndex{radical}Makes a radical atom from the delimiter (27-bit number) and the math field.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+\def\mySqrt{\radical"0270371\relax}
+$ \mySqrt{\frac{1}{7}} $\\[5pt]
+
+\def\mySqrt{\radical"0270372\relax}
+$ \mySqrt{\frac{1}{7}} $\\[5pt]
+
+\def\mySqrt{\radical"0270373\relax}
+$ \mySqrt{\frac{1}{7}} $\\[5pt]
+
+\def\mySqrt{\radical"0270374\relax}
+$ \mySqrt{\frac{1}{7}} $\\[5pt]
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{right}}
+\cIndex{right}Opposite to \verb+\left+, makes \TeX{} calculate the size of the delimiter needed at the right of a formula.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{underline}}\label{subsec:underline}
+\cIndex{underline}When there is a combination of variables with and without an index, the underlines are typeset %%% ----- Martin -----
+with a different depth. Using \verb+\vphantom+ in this case is a good choice.
+
+\begin{showexample}[width=0.2\linewidth]
+$\underline{x}+\underline{y}=\underline{z}$\\
+
+\let\ul\underline
+\def\yPh{\vphantom{y}}
+$ \ul{x\yPh} + \ul{y} = \ul{z\yPh} $\\
+
+$ \ul{x_1} + \ul{y_2} = \ul{z_3} $
+\end{showexample}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{vcenter}}
+\cIndex{vcenter}Centers vertical material with respect to the axis.
+
+
+\section{Math penalties}
+
+\subsection{\CMD{binoppenalty}}
+\cIndex{binoppenalty}A penalty for breaking math expressions between lines in a paragraph. TeX breaks lines only
+when the binary symbol is not the last one and when the penalty is below 10,000.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{displaywidowpenalty}}
+\cIndex{displaywidowpenalty}The penalty which is added after the penultimate line immediately preceeding a display math formula.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{postdisplaypenalty}}
+\cIndex{postdisplaypenalty}Is added immediately after a math display ends.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{predisplaypenalty}}
+\cIndex{predisplaypenalty}Is added immediately before a math display starts.
+
+\subsection{\CMD{relpenalty}}
+\cIndex{relpenalty}The penalty for a line break after a relation symbol (if a break is possible).
+
+
+\part{Other packages}
+The following sections are not a replacement for the package documentation!
+\section{List of available math packages}
+
+
+\begin{center}
+\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{llll}
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN/help/Catalogue/entries/accents.html}{accents}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN/help/Catalogue/entries/alphalph.html}{alphalph}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN/help/Catalogue/entries/amsart.html}{amsart}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN/help/Catalogue/entries/amsbook.html}{amsbook}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amsbsy.html}{amsbsy}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amscd.html}{amscd}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amscls.html}{amscls}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amsfonts.html}{amsfonts}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amslatex.html}{amslatex}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amsltx11.html}{amsltx11}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amsmath.html}{amsmath}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amsppt.html}{amsppt}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amsppt1.html}{amsppt1}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amsproc.html}{amsproc}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amssym.html}{amssym (plain TeX)}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amssymb.html}{amssymb (LaTeX)}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amstex.html}{amstex (Plain TeX)}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amstext.html}{amstext}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/amsthm.html}{amsthm}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/bez123.html}{bez123}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/bitfield.html}{bitfield}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/brclc.html}{brclc}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/breqn.html}{breqn}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/cancel.html}{cancel}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/cases.html}{cases}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/comma.html}{comma}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/datenumber.html}{datenumber}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/diagxy.html}{diagxy}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/doublestroke.html}{doublestroke}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/easyeqn.html}{easyeqn}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/easybmat.html}{easybmat}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/easymat.html}{easymat}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/eqnarray.html}{eqnarray}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/esvect.html}{esvect}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/fixmath.html}{fixmath}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/fltpoint.html}{ftlpoint}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/icomma.html}{icomma}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/leftidx.html}{leftidx}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/mathdots.html}{mathdots}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/mathematica.html}{mathematica}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/mil3.html}{mil3}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/mtbe.html}{mtbe}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/nath.html}{Nath}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/numprint.html}{numprint}\\
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/random.html}{random}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/romannum.html}{romannum}&
+\href{http://www.dante.de/CTAN//help/Catalogue/entries/texaide.html}{TeXaide}&
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+The following examples depend on the listed versions of the packages: %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+{\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+ amsopn.sty 1999/12/14 v2.01 operator names
+ bm.sty 1999/07/05 v1.0g Bold Symbol Support (DPC/FMi)
+ empheq.sty 2004/08/03 v2.11 Emphasizing equations (MH)
+ amscd.sty 1999/11/29 v2.0
+ accents.sty 2000/08/06 v1.2 Math Accent Tools
+ framed.sty 2002/12/29 v 0.5: framed or shaded text with page breaks
+ pstcol.sty 2001/06/20 v1.1 PSTricks color colompatibility (DPC)
+pstricks.sty 2004/05/06 v0.2k LaTeX wrapper for `PSTricks' (RN,HV)
+pstricks.tex 2003/03/07 v97 patch 15 `PSTricks' (tvz)
+pst-node.sty 1997/03/25 package wrapper for PSTricks pst-node.tex
+delarray.sty 1994/03/14 v1.01 array delimiter package (DPC)
+ xypic.sty 1999/02/16 Xy-pic version 3.7
+ exscale.eps Graphic file (type veps)
+\end{verbatim}
+}
+
+
+\section{\texttt{accents}}\label{sec:package-accent}
+\index{Accent}If you want to write for example an underlined M, then you can do it by %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\medskip
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+\verb|\underline{$M$}| & \underline{$M$}\\
+\verb|\underbar{$M$}| & \underbar{$M$}\\
+\verb|\underaccent{\bar}{M}| & $\underaccent{\bar}{M}$
+\end{tabular}
+\medskip
+
+As seen, there is no difference between \verb|\underline| and \verb|\underbar|. For %%% ----- Martin -----
+some reasons it may be better to use the package \verb|accents.sty| with the
+\verb|\underaccents| macro.
+
+\section{\texttt{amscd} -- commutative diagrams}
+
+\verb|amscd.sty|\index{amscd.sty} is part of the \AmSmath bundle
+or available at CTAN%
+\footnote{\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/amscd.dtx}%
+{CTAN://macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/amscd.dtx}} and has no options for the
+\verb|\usepackage| command.
+\texttt{amscd.sty} does not support diagonal arrows but is much %%% ----- Martin -----
+easier to handle than the complex pstricks\index{pstricks.sty} or
+the xypic\index{xypic.sty} package. On the other hand simple diagrams
+can be written with the array environment or look at \cite{taylor00}.
+
+\[
+\begin{CD}
+ R\times S\times T @>\text{restriction}>> S\times T \\
+ @VprojVV @VVprojV \\
+ R\times S @<<\text{inclusion}< S
+\end{CD}
+\]
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+\begin{CD}
+ R\times S\times T @>\text{restriction}>> S\times T \\
+ @VprojVV @VVprojV \\
+ R\times S @<<\text{inclusion}< S
+\end{CD}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\section{\texttt{amsopn}}\label{sec:amsopn}
+With this package it is very easy to declare new math operators, which are written in
+upright mode:
+
+$\underset{s=p}{Res}\quad\text{versus}\quad\underset{s=p}{\Res}$
+
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\documentclass[10pt]{article}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{amsopn}
+\DeclareMathOperator{\Res}{Res}
+\begin{document}
+$\underset{s=p}{Res}\quad\underset{s=p}{\Res}$
+\end{document}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Table~\ref{tab:amsopn} shows the predefined operatornames of \verb+amsopn+.
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{llllll}
+\verb+\arccos+ & $\arccos$ & \verb+\arcsin+ & $\arcsin$ & \verb+\arctan+ & $\arctan$\\
+\verb+\arg+ & $\arg$ & \verb+\cos+ & $\cos$ & \verb+\cosh+ & $\cosh$\\
+\verb+\cot+ & $\cot$ & \verb+\coth+ & $\coth$ & \verb+\csc+ & $\csc$\\
+\verb+\deg+ & $\deg$ & \verb+\det+ & $\det$ & \verb+\dim+ & $\dim$\\
+\verb+\exp+ & $\exp$ & \verb+\gcd+ & $\gcd$ & \verb+\hom+ & $\hom$\\
+\verb+\inf+ & $\inf$ & \verb+\injlim+ & $\injlim$ & \verb+\ker+ & $\ker$\\
+\verb+\lg+ & $\lg$ & \verb+\lim+ & $\lim$ & \verb+\liminf+ & $\liminf$\\
+\verb+\limsup+ & $\limsup$ & \verb+\ln+ & $\ln$ & \verb+\log+ & $\log$\\
+\verb+\max+ & $\max$ & \verb+\min+ & $\min$ & \verb+\Pr+ & $\Pr$\\
+\verb+\projlim+& $\projlim$& \verb+\sec+ & $\sec$ & \verb+\sin+ & $\sin$\\
+\verb+\sinh+ & $\sinh$ & \verb+\sup+ & $\sup$ & \verb+\tan+ & $\tan$\\
+\verb+\tanh+ & $\tanh$
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{The predefined operators of \texttt{amsopn.sty}}\label{tab:amsopn}
+\end{table}
+
+
+\section{\texttt{bigdel}}\label{sec:bigdelim}
+This is a very useful package together with the \verb|multirow.sty| package.
+In the following example we need additional parentheses for a different
+number of rows. This is also possible with the \verb|array| environment,
+but not as easy as with \verb|bigdelim.sty|. The trick is that you need one
+separate column for a big delimiter, but with empty cells in all rows, which
+the delimiter spans.
+
+\[
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ & x_{11} & x_{12} & \dots & x_{1p} & \rdelim\}{4}{3cm}[some text]\\
+ \ldelim[{5}{1cm}[text] & x_{21} & x_{22} & \dots & x_{2p} \\
+ & \vdots\\
+ & x_{n_1 1}& x_{n_1 2} & \dots & x_{n_1 p}\\
+ & x_{n_1+1,1}&x_{n_1+1,2} & \dots & x_{n_1+1, p} &
+ \rdelim\}{3}{3cm}[some more text]\\
+ & \vdots\\
+ & x_{n_1+n_2, 1} & x_{n_1+n_2,2} & \dots & x_{n_1+n_2,p}\\
+ & \vdots \\
+ \end{pmatrix}
+\]
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[xleftmargin=-1cm,xrightmargin=-1.5cm]
+\[
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ & x_{11} & x_{12} & \dots & x_{1p} & \rdelim\}{4}{3cm}[some text]\\
+ \ldelim[{5}{1cm}[text] & x_{21} & x_{22} & \dots & x_{2p} \\
+ & \vdots\\
+ & x_{n_1 1}& x_{n_1 2} & \dots & x_{n_1 p}\\
+ & x_{n_1+1,1}&x_{n_1+1,2} & \dots & x_{n_1+1, p} &
+ \rdelim\}{3}{3cm}[some more text]\\
+ & \vdots\\
+ & x_{n_1+n_2, 1} & x_{n_1+n_2,2} & \dots & x_{n_1+n_2,p}\\
+ & \vdots \\
+ \end{pmatrix}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+As seen in the above listing the left big delimiter is placed in the first
+column, all other rows start with second column. It is possible to use all
+columns above and below the delimiter. For the \verb|array| environment
+there must be two more columns defined, in case of a big delimiter left and
+right. The syntax of \verb|\ldelim| and \verb|\rdelim| is:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\ldelim<delimiter>{<n rows>}{<added horizontal space>}[<text>]
+\rdelim<delimiter>{<n rows>}{<added horizontal space>}[<text>]
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Any delimiter which is possible for the \verb|\left| or \verb|\right| command
+is allowed, e.g.: ``\verb/()[]{}|/''. The text is an optional argument and %%% ----- Martin -----
+always typeset in text mode.
+
+\section{\texttt{bm}}\label{sec:bm}
+By default the math macro \verb|mathbf| writes everything in bold and in upright mode
+$\mathbf{y=f(x)}$ (\verb|$\mathbf{y=f(x)}$|), but it should be in italic mode especially
+for variables $\bm{y=f(x)}$ (\verb|$\bm{y=f(x)}$|). For writing a whole formula in bold
+have a look at section \vref{sec:boldmath}.
+
+
+\section{\texttt{braket}}\label{sec:braket}
+It is available at
+ \href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/other/misc/braket.sty}%
+{CTAN://macros/latex/contrib/other/misc/braket.sty}
+and provides several styles for writing math expressions inside brakets. For example:
+
+\[ \left\{ x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<{|x|}<\frac{5}{3}\right\} \]
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[ \left\{ x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<{|x|}<\frac{5}{3}\right\} \]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\noindent looks not quit right and it is not really easy to get the first vertical line in the same
+size as the outer braces. Some solution may be using \CMD{vphantom}: %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\[
+\left\{\vphantom{\frac{5}{3}}x\in\mathbf{R} \right|\left. 0<{|x|}<\frac{5}{3}\right\}
+\]
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+\left\{\vphantom{\frac{5}{3}}x\in\mathbf{R} \right|\left. 0<{|x|}<\frac{5}{3}\right\}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\verb|braket.sty| has the macros
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\Bra{<math expression>}
+\Ket{<math expression>}
+\Braket{<math expression>}
+\Set{<math expression>}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\noindent and the same with a leading lower letter, which are not really interesting.
+
+\[ \Bra{x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<|x|<\frac{5}{3}} \]
+\[ \Ket{x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<|x|<\frac{5}{3}} \]
+\[ \Braket{x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<|x|<\frac{5}{3}} \]
+\[ \Braket{x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<\vert x\vert <\frac{5}{3}} \]
+\[ \Set{x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<|x|<\frac{5}{3}} \]
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[ \Bra{x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<|x|<\frac{5}{3}} \]
+\[ \Ket{x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<|x|<\frac{5}{3}} \]
+\[ \Braket{x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<|x|<\frac{5}{3}} \]
+\[ \Braket{x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<\vert x\vert <\frac{5}{3}} \]
+\[ \Set{x\in\mathbf{R} | 0<|x|<\frac{5}{3}} \]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The difference between the \CMD{Set} and the \CMD{Braket} macro is the handling of the
+vertical lines. In \CMD{Set} only the first one gets the same size as the
+braces\index{Braces} and in \CMD{Braket} all.
+
+\[ \Braket{ \phi | \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} | \psi }\]
+\[ \Set{ \phi | \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} | \psi }\]
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[\Braket{\phi | \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} | \psi}\]
+\[\Set{\phi | \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} | \psi}\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\CMD{Bra} and \CMD{Ket} do nothing with the inner vertical lines.
+
+
+\section{\texttt{cancel}}\label{cancel.sty}
+This is a nice package for canceling anything in mathmode with a slash, backslash or a \verb+X+. To get
+a horizontal line we can define an additional macro called \verb+hcancel+ with an optional argument
+for the line color (requires package \verb+color+):
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newcommand\hcancel[2][black]{\setbox0=\hbox{#2}%
+ \rlap{\raisebox{.45\ht0}{\textcolor{#1}{\rule{\wd0}{1pt}}}}#2}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+It is no problem to redefine the \verb+cancel+ macros to get also colored lines. A horizontal line for
+single characters is also decribed in section \vref{sec:Accents}.
+
+\medskip
+\noindent
+\verb+\cancel+: $f(x)=\dfrac{\left(x^2+1\right)\cancel{(x-1)}}{\cancel{(x-1)}(x+1)}$\\[0.5cm]
+\verb+\bcancel+: $\bcancel{3}\qquad\bcancel{1234567}$\\[0.5cm]
+\verb+\xcancel+: $\xcancel{3}\qquad\xcancel{1234567}$\\[0.5cm]
+\verb+\hcancel+: $\hcancel{3}\qquad\hcancel[red]{1234567}$
+
+\bigskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+$f(x)=\dfrac{\left(x^2+1\right)\cancel{(x-1)}}{\cancel{(x-1)}(x+1)}$\\[0.5cm]
+$\bcancel{3}\qquad\bcancel{1234567}$\\[0.5cm]
+$\xcancel{3}\qquad\xcancel{1234567}$\\[0.5cm]
+$\hcancel{3}\qquad\hcancel[red]{1234567}$
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\section{\texttt{delarray}}\label{delarray}
+
+Package \texttt{delarray.sty}%
+\footnote{\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/delarray.dtx}{CTAN://macros/latex/required/tools/delarray.dtx}%
+} supports different delimiters which are defined together with the
+beginning of an array:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{array}<delLeft>{cc}<delRight>
+...
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\noindent defines an array with two centered columns and the delimiters\\
+``\texttt{<delLeft><delRight>}{}'', e.g. ``\texttt{()}{}''.
+
+\medskip{}
+\begin{minipage}[c]{0.45\textwidth}%
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+A=\begin{array}({cc})
+ a & b\\
+ c & d
+\end{array}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\end{minipage}%
+\hfill{}\begin{minipage}[c]{0.45\textwidth}%
+\[
+A=\begin{array}({cc})
+a & b \\
+c & d
+\end{array}
+\]
+\end{minipage}%
+
+\medskip{}
+
+\verb|delarray.sty| expects a pair of delimiters. If you need only
+one (like the cases structure) then use the dot for an ``empty''
+delimiter, e.g.
+
+\medskip{}
+\begin{minipage}[c]{0.45\textwidth}%
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+A=\begin{array}\{{cc}.
+ a & b\\
+ c & d
+\end{array}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\end{minipage}%
+\hfill{}\begin{minipage}[c]{0.45\textwidth}%
+\[A=\begin{array}\{{cc}.
+a & b \\
+c & d
+\end{array}\]
+\end{minipage}%
+
+\medskip{}
+
+\noindent which is a useful command for a cases structure without the \AmSmath package, which is described in the \AmSmath part.
+
+
+\section{\texttt{empheq}}\label{sec:empheq}
+
+This package supports different frames for math environments of the \AmSmath
+package. It doesn't support all the environments from standard \LaTeX{} which %%% ----- Martin -----
+are not modified by \AmSmath, e.g. \verb|eqnarray|.
+
+With the optional argument of the environment \verb|empheq| the preferred box type
+can be specified. A simple one is \verb|\fbox|
+
+\begin{empheq}[box=\fbox]{align}
+ f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}\,dt=1
+\end{empheq}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{empheq}[box=\fbox]{align}
+ f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}\,dt=1
+\end{empheq}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The same is possible with the macro \verb|\colorbox|:
+\begin{empheq}[box={\fboxsep=10pt\colorbox{yellow}}]{align}
+ f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}\,dt=1
+\end{empheq}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{empheq}[box={\fboxsep=10pt\colorbox{yellow}}]{align}
+ f(x)=\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}\,dt=1
+\end{empheq}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The key \verb|box| can hold any possible \LaTeX{} command sequence. Boxing
+subequations is also no problem, the \verb|empheq| environment works in the same way:
+
+\begin{subequations}
+\begin{empheq}[box={\fboxsep=10pt\colorbox{cyan}}]{align}
+ f(x) & =\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^1}\,dt=1\\
+ f(x) & =\int_2^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}\,dt=0.25
+\end{empheq}
+\end{subequations}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{subequations}
+\begin{empheq}[box={\fboxsep=10pt\colorbox{cyan}}]{align}
+ f(x) & =\int_1^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}\,dt=1\\
+ f(x) & =\int_2^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^2}\,dt=0.25
+\end{empheq}
+\end{subequations}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+For more information on \verb|empheq| have a look at the documentation of the package
+which is available at any CTAN server.
+
+\section{\texttt{esint}}\label{sec:esint}
+This is a very useful package when you want nice double or triple integral or curve
+integral symbols. The ones from \verb|wasysym|%
+\footnote{\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/}%
+{CTAN://macros/latex/contrib/wasysym/}} are not the best.
+\verb|esint|\footnote{\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/esint/}%
+{CTAN://macros/latex/contrib/esint/}
+\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/esint/}{CTAN://fonts/ps-type1/esint/}} supports the following symbols:
+
+\allowdisplaybreaks
+\begin{align}
+\text{\CMD{int}} &: \int\\
+\text{\CMD{iint}} &: \iint\\
+\text{\CMD{iiintop}} &: \iiintop\\
+\text{\CMD{iiiintop}} &: \iiiintop\\
+\text{\CMD{dotsintop}}&: \dotsintop\\
+\text{\CMD{ointop}} &: \ointop\\
+\text{\CMD{oiint}} &: \oiint\\
+\text{\CMD{sqint}} &: \sqint\\
+\text{\CMD{sqiint}} &: \sqiint\\
+\text{\CMD{ointctrclockwise}} &: \ointctrclockwise\\
+\text{\CMD{ointclockwise}} &: \ointclockwise\\
+\text{\CMD{varointclockwise}} &: \varointclockwise\\
+\text{\CMD{varointctrclockwise}} &: \varointctrclockwise\\
+\text{\CMD{fint}} &: \fint\\
+\text{\CMD{varoiint}} &: \varoiint\\
+\text{\CMD{landupint}} &: \landupint\\
+\text{\CMD{landdownint}} &: \landdownint
+\end{align}
+
+
+\section{\texttt{eucal} and \texttt{euscript.sty}}\label{sec:euscript.sty}
+
+These packages should be part of your local \TeX{} installation, because
+they come with the \AmSmath packages. Otherwise get them from CTAN%
+\footnote{\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/amsfonts/latex/euscript.sty}%
+{CTAN://fonts/amsfonts/latex/euscript.sty}}. They support a scriptwriting of only uppercase
+letters:
+
+\begin{center}
+\texttt{\textbackslash{}mathscr\{...\}}\index{EuScript@\textbackslash EuScript}
+{$\EuScript{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$}
+\end{center}
+
+Read the documentation for the interdependence to the %%% ----- Martin -----
+\verb|\mathcal| command. For the above example the
+package \verb|eucal.sty| was loaded with the option \verb|mathscr|.
+
+
+\section{\texttt{exscale}}\label{sec:exscale}
+
+The following formula is written with the default fontsize where everything
+looks more or less well:
+
+\[
+\int_{-1}^{+1}\frac{f(x)}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,%
+dx\approx\frac{\pi}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}f\left(\cos\left(\frac{2i-1}{2n}\right)\right)\]
+
+
+Writing the same with the fontsize \texttt{\textbackslash{}huge} gives
+a surprising result, which belongs to the historical development of
+\LaTeX{}, the int\index{int@\textbackslash int} and sum\index{sum@\textbackslash sum} symbols
+are not stretched. This extreme fontsize is often needed for slides
+and not only written ``just for fun{}''.
+
+\begin{center}
+\includegraphics{exscale}
+\end{center}
+
+Using the \texttt{exscale.sty}%
+\footnote{\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/}%
+{CTAN://macros/latex/base/}} package, which should be part of any local \TeX{}
+installation, all symbols get the right size.
+
+\begin{minipage}[c]{1.0\textwidth}%
+\centering\huge\[
+\int_{-1}^{+1}\frac{f(x)}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\, dx\approx\frac{\pi}{n}%
+\sum_{i=1}^{n}f\left(\cos\left(\frac{2i-1}{2n}\right)\right)\]
+\end{minipage}%
+
+\section{\texttt{relsize}}\label{sec:relsize}
+Often consecutives math operators are used, like two sum symbols, e.g.:
+\[ \sum\sum_{i=1}^n i^2 \]
+
+
+As seen the sums are of the same size. To increase the first operator size, someone
+can use the \verb+\scalebox+ macro from \verb+graphicx+ and write an own macro %%% ----- Martin -----
+\verb+\Sum+, e.g.:\index{Operator!size}\index{Size!Operator}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\def\Sum{\ensuremath\mathop{\scalebox{1.2}{$\displaystyle\sum$}}}
+\[ \Sum_{j=1}\sum_{i=1}^\infty i \]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\def\Sum{\ensuremath\mathop{\scalebox{1.2}{$\displaystyle\sum$}}}
+\[ \Sum_{j=1}\sum_{i=1}^\infty i \]
+
+Another solution is to use the \verb+relsize+\footnote{\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/ltxmisc/}%
+{CTAN://macros/latex/ltxmisc/}} package together with the \verb+exscale+
+one. \verb+relsize+ defines a useful macro \verb+mathlarger+:
+
+\begin{showexample}
+\[ \mathlarger{\sum}\sum_{i=1}^n i^2 \]
+\end{showexample}
+
+
+\section{\texttt{xypic}}\label{xypic.sty}
+
+The \texttt{xymatrix}\index{xymatrix@\textbackslash xymatrix} macro is part of the
+\verb+xypic+ package%
+\footnote{\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/support/latex2html/}%
+{CTAN://macros/generic/diagrams/xypic/xy-3.7/}} which can be loaded with several options
+which are not so important.%
+\footnote{For more information look at the style file \texttt{xy.sty}, which
+is often saved in \texttt{/usr/share/texmf/tex/generic}}.
+
+\begin{equation}
+\xymatrix{A\POS[];[d]**\dir{~},[];[dr]**\dir{-} & B & C\\
+D & E\POS[];[l]**\dir{.},[];[r]**\dir{~} & F\POS[];[dl]**\dir{~}\\
+G & H & I}
+\label{eq:xymatrix}
+\end{equation}
+
+
+This matrix was created with
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+\xymatrix{ A\POS [];[d]**\dir {~},[];[dr]**\dir {-} & B & C\\
+ D & E\POS [];[l]**\dir {.},[];[r]**\dir {~} & F\POS [];[dl]**\dir {~}\\
+ G & H & I}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\part{Special symbols}
+
+In this section only those symbols are defined, which are not part of the %%% ----- Martin -----
+list of all available symbols:
+\href{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf}%
+{CTAN://info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-a4.pdf}. With
+\verb+fontmath.ltx+ \LaTeX{} itself defines the following special symbols for using inside math: %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{l|c}
+Name & Meaning\\\hline
+\verb+\mathparagraph+ & $\mathparagraph$\\
+\verb+\mathsection+ & $\mathsection$\\
+\verb+\mathdollar+ & $\mathdollar$\\
+\verb+\mathsterling+ & $\mathsterling$\\
+\verb+\mathunderscore+ & $\mathunderscore$\\
+\verb+\mathellipsis+ & $\mathellipsis$\\
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{Predefined math symbols from \texttt{fontmath.ltx}}\label{fontmath.ltx}
+\end{table}
+
+\section{Integral symbols}
+\index{Integral symbols}
+
+\def\Xint#1{\mathchoice
+ {\XXint\displaystyle\textstyle{#1}}%
+ {\XXint\textstyle\scriptstyle{#1}}%
+ {\XXint\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}%
+ {\XXint\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}%
+ \!\int}
+\def\XXint#1#2#3{{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1{#2#3}{\int}$}
+ \vcenter{\hbox{$#2#3$}}\kern-.5\wd0}}
+\def\ddashint{\Xint=}
+\def\dashint{\Xint-}
+\def\clockint{\Xint\circlearrowright} % GOOD!
+\def\counterint{\Xint\rotcirclearrowleft} % Good for Computer Modern!
+\def\rotcirclearrowleft{\mathpalette{\RotLSymbol{-30}}\circlearrowleft}
+\def\RotLSymbol#1#2#3{\rotatebox[origin=c]{#1}{$#2#3$}}
+
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{lc}
+Name & Symbol\\\hline
+\verb|\dashint| & $\dashint$\\
+\verb|\ddashint| & $\ddashint$\\
+\verb|\clockint| & $\clockint$\\
+\verb|\counterint| & $\counterint$
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+For all new integral symbols limits can be used in the usual way:
+
+\begin{equation}
+\ddashint_01=\dashint_10<\oint\limits_{-\infty}^\infty = \clockint\counterint_A
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\ddashint_01=\dashint_10<\oint\limits_{-\infty}^\infty = \clockint\counterint_A
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+Put the following definitions into the preamble to use one or all of these new
+integral symbols.
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\def\Xint#1{\mathchoice
+ {\XXint\displaystyle\textstyle{#1}}%
+ {\XXint\textstyle\scriptstyle{#1}}%
+ {\XXint\scriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}%
+ {\XXint\scriptscriptstyle\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}%
+ \!\int}
+\def\XXint#1#2#3{{\setbox0=\hbox{$#1{#2#3}{\int}$}
+ \vcenter{\hbox{$#2#3$}}\kern-.5\wd0}}
+\def\ddashint{\Xint=}
+\def\dashint{\Xint-}
+\def\clockint{\Xint\circlearrowright} % GOOD!
+\def\counterint{\Xint\rotcirclearrowleft} % Good for Computer Modern!
+\def\rotcirclearrowleft{\mathpalette{\RotLSymbol{-30}}\circlearrowleft}
+\def\RotLSymbol#1#2#3{\rotatebox[origin=c]{#1}{$#2#3$}}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+%\clearpage
+\section{Harpoons}
+\LaTeX{} knows no stretchable harpoon\index{Harpoon} symbols, like \verb|\xrightarrow|.
+The following code defines several harpoon symbols.%
+\index{xrightharpoondown@\textbackslash xrightharpoondown}
+\index{xrightharpoonup@\textbackslash xrightharpoonup}
+\index{xleftharpoondown@\textbackslash xleftharpoondown}
+\index{xleftharpoonup@\textbackslash xleftharpoonup}
+\index{xleftrightharpoons@\textbackslash xleftrightharpoons}
+\index{xrightleftharpoons@\textbackslash xrightleftharpoons}%
+%
+\marginpar{\CMD{xrightharpoondown}\\%
+\CMD{xrightharpoonup}\\%
+\CMD{xleftharpoondown}\\%
+\CMD{xleftharpoonup}\\%
+\CMD{xleftrightharpoons}\\%
+\CMD{xrightleftharpoons}%
+}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\def\rightharpoondownfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\relbar\relbar\rightharpoondown}
+\def\rightharpoonupfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\relbar\relbar\rightharpoonup}
+\def\leftharpoondownfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\leftharpoondown\relbar\relbar}
+\def\leftharpoonupfill@{%
+ \arrowfill@\leftharpoonup\relbar\relbar}
+\newcommand{\xrightharpoondown}[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 0359\rightharpoondownfill@{#1}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\xrightharpoonup}[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 0359\rightharpoonupfill@{#1}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\xleftharpoondown}[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 3095\leftharpoondownfill@{#1}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\xleftharpoonup}[2][]{%
+ \ext@arrow 3095\leftharpoonupfill@{#1}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\xleftrightharpoons}[2][]{\mathrel{%
+ \raise.22ex\hbox{%
+ $\ext@arrow 3095\leftharpoonupfill@{\phantom{#1}}{#2}$}%
+ \setbox0=\hbox{%
+ $\ext@arrow 0359\rightharpoondownfill@{#1}{\phantom{#2}}$}%
+ \kern-\wd0 \lower.22ex\box0}%
+}
+\newcommand{\xrightleftharpoons}[2][]{\mathrel{%
+ \raise.22ex\hbox{%
+ $\ext@arrow 3095\rightharpoonupfill@{\phantom{#1}}{#2}$}%
+ \setbox0=\hbox{%
+ $\ext@arrow 0359\leftharpoondownfill@{#1}{\phantom{#2}}$}%
+ \kern-\wd0 \lower.22ex\box0}%
+}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+\verb|\xrightharpoondown[under]{over}| & $\xrightharpoondown[under]{over}$\\[10pt]
+\verb|\xrightharpoonup[under]{over}| & $\xrightharpoonup[under]{over}$ \\[10pt]
+\verb|\xleftharpoondown[under]{over}| & $\xleftharpoondown[under]{over}$\\[10pt]
+\verb|\xleftharpoonup[under]{over}| & $\xleftharpoonup[under]{over}$ \\[10pt]
+\verb|\xleftrightharpoons[under]{over}|& $\xleftrightharpoons[under]{over}$\\[10pt]
+\verb|\xrightleftharpoons[under]{over}|& $\xrightleftharpoons[under]{over}$
+\end{tabular}
+
+
+\section{Bijective mapping arrow}
+
+To get something like \bijmap~we can define:
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\def\bijmap{%
+ \ensuremath{%
+ \mathrlap{\rightarrowtail}\rightarrow%
+ }%
+}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+This uses the \verb+\mathrlap+ definition from section~\vref{subsec:ams-limits}. With this
+definition a huge symbol is also possible: \verb+{\Huge\bijmap}+ {\Huge\bijmap}.
+
+\section{Stacked equal sign}
+There are several symbols stacked with an equal sign, e.g. \verb+\doteq+, \verb+\equiv+ or
+\verb+\cong+ ($\doteq$, $\equiv{}$, $\cong$ ). But there are still some missing, which are
+shown in table~\ref{tab:equal} and the following definitions.
+
+\begin{table}[htb]
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+\verb+\eqdef+ & \eqdef\\
+\verb+\eqexcl+ & \eqexcl\\
+\verb+\eqhat+ & \eqhat
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{New symbols in combination with the equal sign}\label{tab:equal}
+\end{table}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newcommand{\eqdef}{\ensuremath{\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}}}
+\newcommand{\eqexcl}{\ensuremath{\stackrel{\mathrm{!}}{=}}}
+\newcommand{\eqhat}{\ensuremath{\widehat{=}}}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\section{Other symbols}
+
+\begin{minipage}{0.7\linewidth}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newcommand*{\threesim}{%
+ \mathrel{\vcenter{\offinterlineskip
+ \hbox{$\sim$}\vskip-.35ex\hbox{$\sim$}\vskip-.35ex\hbox{$\sim$}}}}
+$\threesim ABC$
+\end{lstlisting}%
+\end{minipage}\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{0.15\linewidth}
+$\threesim ABC$
+\end{minipage}
+
+
+
+
+\part{Examples}
+
+\section{Matrix}
+\subsection{Identity matrix}
+
+There are several possibilities to write this matrix. Here is a solution
+with the default array environment.
+
+\begin{minipage}[c]{0.4\textwidth}%
+\[
+\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}
+1\\
+ & 1 & & \text{{\huge{0}}}\\
+ & & 1\\
+ & \text{{\huge{0}}} & & 1\\
+ & & & & 1\end{array}\right)\]
+
+\end{minipage}%
+\hfill{}\begin{minipage}[c]{0.49\textwidth}%
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}
+1\\
+ & 1 & & \text{{\huge{0}}}\\
+ & & 1\\
+ & \text{{\huge{0}}} & & 1\\
+ & & & & 1\end{array}\right)
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{minipage}%
+
+\subsection{System of linear equations}
+
+\begin{LTXexample}[pos=t]
+\[
+\begin{array}{l@{\:=\:}*{5}{l@{\:+\:}}l}
+y_1 & x_{11} & x_{12} & x_{13} & \dots & x_{1(n-1)} & x_{1n} \\
+y_2 & x_{21} & x_{22} & x_{23} & \dots & x_{2(n-1)} & x_{2n} \\
+\ \vdots &\ \vdots &\ \vdots &\ \vdots &\ \vdots &\ \vdots &\ \vdots\\
+y_{n-1} & x_{(n-1)1} & x_{(n-1)2} & x_{(n-1)3} & \dots & x_{(n-1)3} & x_{(n-1)n}\\
+y_n & x_{n1} & x_{n2} & x_{n3} & \dots & x_{(n-1)(n-1)} & x_{nn}
+\end{array}
+\]
+\end{LTXexample}
+
+\section{Cases structure}
+
+\index{Cases!numbered lines}Sometimes it is better to use the array environment instead of amsmath's %%% ----- Martin -----
+cases environment. To get optimal horizontal spacing for the conditions,
+there are two matrixes in series, one $3\times 1$ followed by $3\times 3$ matrix.
+To minimize the horizontal space around the variable $z$ a
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\addtolength{\arraycolsep}{-3pt}
+\end{lstlisting}
+is a useful command.
+
+\begin{equation}
+\addtolength{\arraycolsep}{-3pt}
+I(z)=\delta_{0}\left\{%
+ \begin{array}{lcrcl}
+ D+z & \quad & -D & \le z\le & -p\\
+ D-\frac{1}{2}\left(p-\frac{z^{2}}{p}\right)%
+ & \quad & -p & \le z\le & \phantom{-}p\\
+ D-z & \quad & p & \le z\le & \phantom{-}D
+ \end{array}\right.
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\addtolength{\arraycolsep}{-3pt}
+I(z)=\delta_{0}\left\{%
+ \begin{array}{lcrcl}
+ D+z & \quad & -D & \le z\le & -p\\
+ D-\frac{1}{2}\left(p-\frac{z^{2}}{p}\right)%
+ & \quad & -p & \le z\le & \phantom{-}p\\
+ D-z & \quad & p & \le z\le & \phantom{-}D
+ \end{array}\right.
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+The \CMD{phantom}\index{phantom@\textbackslash phantom} command
+replaces exactly that place with whitespace which the argument needs.
+
+\subsection{Cases with numbered lines}
+This is not possible in an easy way, because \verb+cases+ uses the array
+environment for typesetting which has by default no numbering. However, there
+are some tricky ways to get numbered lines. The following three examples
+use the \verb+tabular+, the \verb+tabularx+ and the \verb+array+ environment.
+
+\bigskip\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{rc}
+\ldelim\{{2}{2.75cm}[some text here] & %%% ----- Martin -----
+ \parbox{{\linewidth-3cm-4\tabcolsep}}{
+ \vspace*{1ex}
+ \begin{flalign}
+ x & = 2\quad\text{if }y >2 &\\
+ x & = 3\quad\text{if }y \le 2&
+ \end{flalign}}
+\end{tabular}
+
+\bigskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{tabular}{rc}
+\ldelim\{{2}{2.75cm}[some text here] & %%% ----- Martin -----
+ \parbox{{\linewidth-3cm-4\tabcolsep}}{
+ \vspace*{1ex}
+ \begin{flalign}
+ x & = 2\quad\text{if }y >2 &\\
+ x & = 3\quad\text{if }y \le 2&
+ \end{flalign}}
+\end{tabular}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\bigskip\noindent
+\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{rXc}
+\ldelim\{{2}{2.75cm}[some text here] %%% ----- Martin -----
+ & $ x = 2\quad\text{if }y > 2 $ & \refstepcounter{equation}(\theequation)\\
+ & $ x = 3\quad\text{if }y \le 2$ &\refstepcounter{equation}(\theequation)
+\end{tabularx}
+
+\bigskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}{rXc}
+\ldelim\{{2}{2.75cm}[some text here] %%% ----- Martin -----
+ & $ x = 2\quad\text{if }y > 2 $ & \refstepcounter{equation}(\theequation)\\
+ & $ x = 3\quad\text{if }y \le 2$ &\refstepcounter{equation}(\theequation)
+\end{tabularx}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\bigskip
+\[
+\begin{array}{rc@{\qquad}c}
+\ldelim\{{2}{2.75cm}[some text here] %%% ----- Martin -----
+ & x = 2\quad\text{if }y > 2 & \refstepcounter{equation}(\theequation)\\
+ & x = 3\quad\text{if }y \le 2& \refstepcounter{equation}(\theequation)
+\end{array}
+\]
+
+
+\bigskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+\begin{array}{rc@{\qquad}c}
+\ldelim\{{2}{2.75cm}[some text here] %%% ----- Martin -----
+ & x = 2\quad\text{if }y > 2 & \refstepcounter{equation}(\theequation)\\
+ & x = 3\quad\text{if }y \le 2& \refstepcounter{equation}(\theequation)
+\end{array}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+
+\section{Arrays}
+
+There is a general rule that a lot of mathematical stuff should be
+divided in smaller pieces. But sometimes it is difficult to get a nice
+horizontal alignment when splitting a formula. The following ones
+uses the \texttt{array} environment to get a proper alignment.
+
+
+\subsection{Quadratic equation}
+
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{array}{rcll}
+y & = & x^{2}+bx+c\\
+ & = & x^{2}+2\cdot{\displaystyle\frac{b}{2}x+c}\\
+ & = & \underbrace{x^{2}+2\cdot\frac{b}{2}x+\left(\frac{b}{2}\right)^{2}}-{\displaystyle%
+ \left(\frac{b}{2}\right)^{2}+c}\\
+ & & \qquad\left(x+{\displaystyle \frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}\\
+ & = & \left(x+{\displaystyle \frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}-\left({\displaystyle%
+ \frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}+c & \left|+\left({\displaystyle%
+ \frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}-c\right.\\
+y+\left({\displaystyle \frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}-c & = & \left(x+{\displaystyle%
+ \frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2} & \left|(\textrm{Scheitelpunktform})\right.\\
+y-y_{S} & = & (x-x_{S})^{2}\\
+S(x_{S};y_{S}) & \,\textrm{bzw.}\, & S\left(-{\displaystyle%
+ \frac{b}{2};\,\left({\displaystyle \frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}-c}\right)
+\end{array}
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{array}{rcll}
+y & = & x^{2}+bx+c\\
+ & = & x^{2}+2\cdot{\displaystyle\frac{b}{2}x+c}\\
+ & = & \underbrace{x^{2}+2\cdot\frac{b}{2}x+\left(\frac{b}{2}\right)^{2}}-{\displaystyle%
+ \left(\frac{b}{2}\right)^{2}+c}\\
+ & & \qquad\left(x+{\displaystyle \frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}\\
+ & = & \left(x+{\displaystyle \frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}-\left({\displaystyle%
+\frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}+c & \left|+\left({\displaystyle%
+\frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}-c\right.\\
+y+\left({\displaystyle \frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}-c & = & \left(x+{\displaystyle%
+\frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2} & \left|(\textrm{Scheitelpunktform})\right.\\
+y-y_{S} & = & (x-x_{S})^{2}\\
+S(x_{S};y_{S}) & \,\textrm{bzw.}\, & S\left(-{\displaystyle%
+\frac{b}{2};\,\left({\displaystyle \frac{b}{2}}\right)^{2}-c}\right)
+\end{array}
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Vectors and matrices}
+\index{Vector}
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{array}{rcl}
+\underline{RS} & = & \left(\begin{array}{cccccccc}
+01 & a4 & 55 & 87 & 5a & 58 & db & 9e\\
+a4 & 56 & 82 & f3 & 1e & c6 & 68 & e5\\
+02 & a1 & fc & c1 & 47 & ae & 3d & 19\\
+a4 & 55 & 87 & 5a & 58 & db & 9e & 03\end{array}\right)\\
+\\
+\left(\begin{array}{c}
+ s_{i,0}\\
+ s_{i,1}\\
+ s_{i,2}\\
+ s_{i,3}
+\end{array}\right) & = & \underline{RS}\cdot%
+\left(\begin{array}{c}
+ m_{8i+0}\\
+ m_{8i+1}\\
+ \cdots\\
+ m_{8i+6}\\
+ m_{8i+7}
+\end{array}\right)\\
+\\
+S_{i} & = & \sum_{j=0}^{3}s_{i,j}\cdot2^{8j}\qquad i=0,1,...,k-1\\
+\\
+S & = & \left(S_{k-1},S_{k-2},...,S_{1},S_{0}\right)
+\end{array}
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{array}{rcl}
+\underline{RS} & = & \left(\begin{array}{cccccccc}
+01 & a4 & 55 & 87 & 5a & 58 & db & 9e\\
+a4 & 56 & 82 & f3 & 1e & c6 & 68 & e5\\
+02 & a1 & fc & c1 & 47 & ae & 3d & 19\\
+a4 & 55 & 87 & 5a & 58 & db & 9e & 03\end{array}\right)\\
+\\
+\left(\begin{array}{c}
+ s_{i,0}\\
+ s_{i,1}\\
+ s_{i,2}\\
+ s_{i,3}
+\end{array}\right) & = & \underline{RS}\cdot%
+\left(\begin{array}{c}
+ m_{8i+0}\\
+ m_{8i+1}\\
+ \cdots\\
+ m_{8i+6}\\
+ m_{8i+7}
+\end{array}\right)\\
+\\
+S_{i} & = & \sum_{j=0}^{3}s_{i,j}\cdot2^{8j}\qquad i=0,1,...,k-1\\
+\\
+S & = & \left(S_{k-1},S_{k-2},...,S_{1},S_{0}\right)
+\end{array}
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\subsection{Cases with (eqn)array environment}
+
+This solution is important when \AmSmath can't be used. %%% ----- Martin -----
+
+$\lim\limits_{n->\infty}q^{n}=\left\{%
+ \begin{array}{lc@{\kern2pt}c@{\kern2pt}r}
+ \textrm{divergent}\ & q & \le & -1\\
+ 0 & |q| & < & 1\\
+ 1 & q & = & 1\\
+ \infty & q & > & 1
+ \end{array}\right.$
+
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+$\lim\limits_{n->\infty}q^{n}=\left\{%
+ \begin{array}{lc@{\kern2pt}c@{\kern2pt}r}
+ \textrm{divergent}\ & q & \le & -1\\
+ 0 & |q| & < & 1\\
+ 1 & q & = & 1\\
+ \infty & q & > & 1
+ \end{array}\right.$
+\end{lstlisting}
+%$
+
+\subsection{Arrays inside arrays}
+The array environment is a powerful one because it can be nested in several ways:
+
+\[
+\left(
+\begin{array}{c@{}c@{}c}
+\begin{array}{|cc|}
+\hline
+a_{11} & a_{12} \\
+a_{21} & a_{22} \\
+\hline
+\end{array} & 0 & 0 \\
+0 & \begin{array}{|ccc|}
+ \hline
+ b_{11} & b_{12} & b_{13}\\
+ b_{21} & b_{22} & b_{23}\\
+ b_{31} & b_{32} & b_{33}\\
+ \hline
+ \end{array} & 0 \\
+0 & 0 & \begin{array}{|cc|}
+ \hline
+ c_{11} & c_{12} \\
+ c_{21} & c_{22} \\
+ \hline
+ \end{array} \\
+\end{array}
+\right)
+\]
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+\left(
+\begin{array}{c@{}c@{}c}
+ \begin{array}{|cc|}\hline
+ a_{11} & a_{12} \\
+ a_{21} & a_{22} \\\hline
+ \end{array} & \mathbf{0} & \mathbf{0} \\
+ \mathbf{0} &
+ \begin{array}{|ccc|}\hline
+ b_{11} & b_{12} & b_{13}\\
+ b_{21} & b_{22} & b_{23}\\
+ b_{31} & b_{32} & b_{33}\\\hline
+ \end{array} & \mathbf{0} \\
+ \mathbf{0} & \mathbf{0} &
+ \begin{array}{|cc|}\hline
+ c_{11} & c_{12} \\
+ c_{21} & c_{22} \\\hline
+ \end{array} \\
+\end{array}
+\right)
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\[
+Y^1=
+\begin{array}{c}
+ \null\\[1ex]% kann weg
+ \left[\begin{array}{rrrr}
+ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\
+ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\
+ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1
+ \end{array}\right]\\[3ex]\hline
+ \begin{array}{rrrr}
+% \hdotsfor{4}\\% statt \\[3ex]\hline
+ 2 & 1 &3 & 1
+ \end{array}
+\end{array}
+\]
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+Y^1=
+\begin{array}{c}
+ \null\\[1ex]% only vor vertical alignment
+ \left[\begin{array}{rrrr}
+ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\
+ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\
+ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1
+ \end{array}\right]\\[3ex]\hline
+ \begin{array}{rrrr}
+% \hdotsfor{4}\\%( needs \AmSmath) instead of \\[3ex]\hline
+ 2 & 1 &3 & 1
+ \end{array}
+\end{array}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection{Colored cells}\label{sub:color}
+In general there is no difference in coloring tabular or array cells. The following example
+shows how one can put \index{color}colors in rows, columns and cells.
+\index{rowcolor@\textbackslash rowcolor}\index{columncolor@\textbackslash columncolor}
+
+\medskip
+\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{colArray}
+%\[
+%\left[\,
+%\begin{array}{*{5}{>{\columncolor[gray]{0.95}}c}}
+% {h_{k,1,0}(n)} & {h_{k,1,1}(n)} & {h_{k,1,2}(n)} & \zero & \zero \\
+% {h_{k,2,0}(n)} & {h_{k,2,1}(n)} & {h_{k,2,2}(n)} & \zero & \zero \\
+% {h_{k,3,0}(n)} & {h_{k,3,1}(n)} & {h_{k,3,2}(n)} & \zero & \zero \\
+% {h_{k,4,0}(n)} & \colCell{umbra}{h_{k,4,1}(n)} & {h_{k,4,2}(n)} & \zero & \zero \\
+% \zero & {h_{k,1,0}(n-1)} & {h_{k,1,1}(n-1)} & {h_{k,1,2}(n-1)} & \zero \\
+% \zero & {h_{k,2,0}(n-1)} & {h_{k,2,1}(n-1)} & {h_{k,2,2}(n-1)} & \zero \\
+% \zero & {h_{k,3,0}(n-1)} & {h_{k,3,1}(n-1)} & {h_{k,3,2}(n-1)} & \zero \\
+% \zero & \colCell{umbra}{h_{k,4,0}(n-1)} & {h_{k,4,1}(n-1)} & {h_{k,4,2}(n-1)} & \zero \\
+% \zero & \zero & {h_{k,1,0}(n-2)} & {h_{k,1,1}(n-2)} & {h_{k,1,2}(n-2)}\\
+% \rowcolor[gray]{0.75}%
+% \zero & \zero & {h_{k,2,0}(n-2)} & {h_{k,2,1}(n-2)} & {h_{k,2,2}(n-2)}\\
+% \zero & \zero & {h_{k,3,0}(n-2)} & {h_{k,3,1}(n-2)} & {h_{k,3,2}(n-2)}\\
+% \zero & \zero & {h_{k,4,0}(n-2)} & {h_{k,4,1}(n-2)} & {h_{k,4,2}(n-2)}
+%\end{array} \,\right]
+%\end]
+
+
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}[xrightmargin=-1cm]
+...
+\usepackage{array}
+\usepackage{colortbl}
+\definecolor{umbra}{rgb}{0.8,0.8,0.5}
+\def\zero{\multicolumn{1}{>{\columncolor{white}}c}{0}}
+\def\colCell#1#2{\multicolumn{1}{>{\columncolor{#1}}c}{#2}}
+\begin{document}
+\[\left[\,
+\begin{array}{*{5}{>{\columncolor[gray]{0.95}}c}}
+ h_{k,1,0}(n) & h_{k,1,1}(n) & h_{k,1,2}(n) & \zero & \zero\\
+ h_{k,2,0}(n) & h_{k,2,1}(n) & h_{k,2,2}(n) & \zero & \zero\\
+ h_{k,3,0}(n) & h_{k,3,1}(n) & h_{k,3,2}(n) & \zero & \zero\\
+ h_{k,4,0}(n)} & \colCell{umbra}{h_{k,4,1}(n)} & h_{k,4,2}(n) & \zero & \zero\\
+ \zero & h_{k,1,0}(n-1) & h_{k,1,1}(n-1) & h_{k,1,2}(n-1) & \zero\\
+ \zero & h_{k,2,0}(n-1) & h_{k,2,1}(n-1) & h_{k,2,2}(n-1) & \zero\\
+ \zero & h_{k,3,0}(n-1) & h_{k,3,1}(n-1) & h_{k,3,2}(n-1) & \zero\\
+ \zero & \colCell{umbra}{h_{k,4,0}(n-1)} & h_{k,4,1}(n-1) & h_{k,4,2}(n-1) & \zero\\
+ \zero & \zero & h_{k,1,0}(n-2) & h_{k,1,1}(n-2) & h_{k,1,2}(n-2)\\
+ \zero & \zero & h_{k,2,0}(n-2) & h_{k,2,1}(n-2) & h_{k,2,2}(n-2)\\
+ \zero & \zero & h_{k,3,0}(n-2) & h_{k,3,1}(n-2) & h_{k,3,2}(n-2)\\
+ \zero & \zero & h_{k,4,0}(n-2) & h_{k,4,1}(n-2) & h_{k,4,2}(n-2)
+\end{array} \,\right]_{12\times 5}\]
+...
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+
+\section{Over- and underbraces}
+\subsection{Braces and roots}
+To put an underbrace in a root without enlarging the root symbol is possible with
+the \verb+\makebox+ macro:
+
+\[ z =\;\;\underbrace{\makebox[\widthof{~$x^2+y^2$}][r]{$\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$}}_{=z^2} \]
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+z =\;\;\underbrace{%
+ \makebox[\widthof{~$x^2+y^2$}][r]{%
+ $\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$}}_{=z^2}
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Overlapping braces}
+Overlapping under- and overbraces like%
+\parbox{10em}{\begin{align*}
+\qquad\overbrace{\qquad\qquad}^o\qquad\\[-16pt]
+\underbrace{\qquad\qquad}_{u1}\underbrace{\qquad\qquad}_{u2}
+\end{align*}} needs some tricky code, because we cannot have parts of the argument inside
+\verb+overbrace+\index{overbrace@\textbackslash overbrace} and also \verb+underbrace+.
+\index{underbrace@\textbackslash underbrace} The following equation~\vref{eq:pqFormel}
+is an example for such a construction:
+
+\begin{align}\label{eq:pqFormel}
+y &= 2x^2 -3x +5\nonumber\\
+ & \hphantom{= \ 2\left(x^2-\frac{3}{2}\,x\right. }%
+ \textcolor{blue}{%
+ \overbrace{\hphantom{+\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2- %
+ \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2}}^{=0}}\nonumber\\[-11pt]
+ &= 2\left(\textcolor{red}{%
+ \underbrace{%
+ x^2-\frac{3}{2}\,x + \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2}%
+ }%
+ \underbrace{%
+ - \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2 + \frac{5}{2}}%
+ \right)\\
+ &= 2\left(\qquad\textcolor{red}{\left(x-\frac{3}{4}\right)^2}
+ \qquad + \ \frac{31}{16}\qquad\right)\nonumber\\
+y\textcolor{blue}{-\frac{31}{8}}
+ &= 2\left(x\textcolor{cyan}{-\frac{3}{4}}\right)^2\nonumber
+\end{align}
+
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{align}\label{eq:pqFormel}
+y &= 2x^2 -3x +5\nonumber\\
+ & \hphantom{= \ 2\left(x^2-\frac{3}{2}\,x\right. }%
+ \textcolor{blue}{%
+ \overbrace{\hphantom{+\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2- %
+ \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2}}^{=0}}\nonumber\\[-11pt]
+ &= 2\left(\textcolor{red}{%
+ \underbrace{%
+ x^2-\frac{3}{2}\,x + \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2}%
+ }%
+ \underbrace{%
+ - \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2 + \frac{5}{2}}%
+ \right)\\
+ &= 2\left(\qquad\textcolor{red}{\left(x-\frac{3}{4}\right)^2}
+ \qquad + \ \frac{31}{16}\qquad\right)\nonumber\\
+y\textcolor{blue}{-\frac{31}{8}}
+ &= 2\left(x\textcolor{cyan}{-\frac{3}{4}}\right)^2\nonumber
+\end{align}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\subsection[Vertical alignment]{Vertical alignment of different braces}
+When having several braces in one formula line, then it looks better when all
+braces are also on the same line, e.g.:
+
+\begin{equation}
+ \binom{x_R}{y_R} = \underbrace{r\vphantom{\binom{A}{B}}}_{\text{Scaling}}\cdot%
+ \underbrace{%
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ \sin \gamma & -\cos \gamma \\
+ \cos \gamma & \sin \gamma \\
+ \end{pmatrix}%
+ }_{\text{Rotation}}
+ \binom{x_K}{y_K} +
+ \underbrace{\binom{t_x}{t_y}}_{\text{Translation}}
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\begin{equation}
+ \binom{x_R}{y_R} = \underbrace{r\vphantom{\binom{A}{B}}}_{\text{Skaling}}\cdot%
+ \underbrace{%
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ \sin \gamma & -\cos \gamma \\
+ \cos \gamma & \sin \gamma \\
+ \end{pmatrix}%
+ }_{\text{Rotation}}
+ \binom{x_K}{y_K} +
+ \underbrace{\binom{t_x}{t_y}}_{\text{Translation}}
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+It is again the \verb+\vphantom+ macro which reserves the needed vertical space.
+Nevertheless the horizontal space around the \verb+r+ of the first underbrace and the last \verb|+| should
+be decreased to get a better typesetting. This is possible with \verb+\hspace+ or
+simply \verb+\kern+:
+
+\[ \binom{x_R}{y_R} = %
+ \kern-10pt\underbrace{r\vphantom{\binom{A}{B}}}_{\text{Skaling}}\kern-10pt%
+ \cdot\underbrace{%
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ \sin \gamma & -\cos \gamma \\
+ \cos \gamma & \sin \gamma \\
+ \end{pmatrix}%
+ }_{\text{Rotation}}
+ \binom{x_K}{y_K} +\kern-5pt%
+ \underbrace{\binom{t_x}{t_y}}_{\text{Translation}} \]
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[ \binom{x_R}{y_R} = %
+ \kern-10pt\underbrace{r\vphantom{\binom{A}{B}}}_{\text{Skaling}}\kern-10pt%
+ \cdot\underbrace{%
+ \begin{pmatrix}
+ \sin \gamma & -\cos \gamma \\
+ \cos \gamma & \sin \gamma \\
+ \end{pmatrix}%
+ }_{\text{Rotation}}
+ \binom{x_K}{y_K} +\kern-5pt%
+ \underbrace{\binom{t_x}{t_y}}_{\text{Translation}} \]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\subsection[Alignment]{Vertical and horizontal alignment}
+The forgoing example simply uses \verb+\hspace+ to decrease the horizontal width between two
+\index{underbrace@\textbackslash underbrace} underbraces. This may be okay for a single solution, but in general it is better to have some %%% ----- Martin -----
+code which works in any case.
+
+The following example looks simple but it needs some tricky code to get vertical and horizontal
+alignment.\index{substack@\textbackslash substack}
+
+\def\num#1{\hphantom{#1}}
+\def\vsp{\vphantom{\rangle_1}}
+
+\begin{equation*}
+ \frac{300}{5069}%
+ \underbrace{\longmapsto\vphantom{\frac{1}{1}}}_{%
+ \mathclap{\substack{%
+ \Delta a=271\num9\vsp \\[2pt]
+ \Delta b=4579\vsp\\[2pt]
+ \text{$1$ iteration}%
+ }}} \frac{29}{490}%
+ \underbrace{\longmapsto \frac{19}{321}\longmapsto}_{%
+ \mathclap{\substack{%
+ \Delta a=10\num{9}=\langle271\rangle_{29}\num{20}\\[2pt]
+ \Delta b=169=\langle4579\rangle_{490}\\[2pt]
+ \text{$2$ iterations}
+ }}} \frac{9}{152}
+ \underbrace{\longmapsto \frac{8}{135}\longmapsto\dots\longmapsto}_{%
+ \substack{%
+ \Delta a=1\num{7}=\langle10\rangle_{9}\num{119}\\[2pt]
+ \Delta b=17=\langle169\rangle_{152}\\[2pt]
+ \text{$8$ iterations}
+ }} \frac{1}{16}
+ \underbrace{\longmapsto\dots\longmapsto\vphantom{\frac{8}{135}}}_{%
+ \substack{%
+ \Delta a=0=\langle1\rangle_{1}\num{76} \\[2pt]
+ \Delta b=1=\langle17\rangle_{16} \\[2pt]
+ \text{$8$ iterations}
+ }} \frac{1}{1}
+\end{equation*}
+
+It uses the macro \verb+\mathclap+ defined in section\vref{subsec:ams-limits}
+\index{mathclap@\textbackslash mathclap}\index{vphantom@\textbackslash vphantom}\index{hphantom@\textbackslash hphantom}
+, which gives a better result. %%% ----- Martin -----
+It is also possible to use \verb+\makebox[0pt]{...}+ but it works only in text mode
+and this needs some more \verb+$...$+.\index{substack@\textbackslash substack}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\def\num#1{\hphantom{#1}}
+\def\vsp{\vphantom{\rangle_1}}
+
+\begin{equation*}
+ \frac{300}{5069}%
+ \underbrace{\longmapsto\vphantom{\frac{1}{1}}}_{%
+ \mathclap{\substack{%
+ \Delta a=271\num9\vsp \\[2pt]
+ \Delta b=4579\vsp\\[2pt]
+ \text{$1$ iteration}%
+ }}} \frac{29}{490}%
+ \underbrace{\longmapsto \frac{19}{321}\longmapsto}_{%
+ \mathclap{\substack{%
+ \Delta a=10\num{9}=\langle271\rangle_{29}\num{20}\\[2pt]
+ \Delta b=169=\langle4579\rangle_{490}\\[2pt]
+ \text{$2$ iterations}
+ }}} \frac{9}{152}
+ \underbrace{\longmapsto \frac{8}{135}\longmapsto\dots\longmapsto}_{%
+ \substack{%
+ \Delta a=1\num{7}=\langle10\rangle_{9}\num{119}\\[2pt]
+ \Delta b=17=\langle169\rangle_{152}\\[2pt]
+ \text{$8$ iterations}
+ }} \frac{1}{16}
+ \underbrace{\longmapsto\dots\longmapsto\vphantom{\frac{8}{135}}}_{%
+ \substack{%
+ \Delta a=0=\langle1\rangle_{1}\num{76} \\[2pt]
+ \Delta b=1=\langle17\rangle_{16} \\[2pt]
+ \text{$8$ iterations}
+ }} \frac{1}{1}
+\end{equation*}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\section{Integrals}\label{sec:Integrals}
+\index{underset@\textbackslash underset}
+\def\Q#1#2{\frac{\partial #1}{\partial #2}}
+%
+The \emph{first theorem of Green} is:
+\[
+\underset{\mathcal{G}\quad}\iiint\!%
+ \left[u\nabla^{2}v+\left(\nabla u,\nabla v\right)\right]d^{3}V%
+ =\underset{\mathcal{S}\quad}\oiint u\Q{v}{n}d^{2}A
+\]
+
+The \emph{second theorem of Green} is:
+
+\[
+\underset{{\mathcal{G}\quad}}\iiint\!%
+ \left[u\nabla^{2}v-v\nabla^{2}u\right]d^{3}V%
+ =\underset{\mathcal{S}\quad}\oiint%
+ \left(u\Q{v}{n}-v\Q{u}{n}\right)d^{2}A
+\]
+
+
+They are both written with the \texttt{esint.sty} package%
+\footnote{See section~\vref{sec:Integrals}.}, which gives nice integral symbols. The \LaTeX{} code for the first equation is:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\[
+\underset{\mathcal{G}\quad}\iiint\!%
+ \left[u\nabla^{2}v+\left(\nabla u,\nabla v\right)\right]d^{3}V%
+ =\underset{\mathcal{S}\quad}\oiint u\Q{v}{n}d^{2}A
+\]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\noindent with the following definition in the preamble for the partial derivation:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\def\Q#1#2{\frac{\partial#1}{\partial #2}}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\noindent which makes things easier to write.
+
+%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+\section{Vertical alignment}\label{sec:verticalAlignment}
+%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+\subsection{Example 1}
+%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Sometimes it may be useful to have a vertical alignment over the whole page with a mix of %%% ----- Martin -----
+formulas and text. Section \ref{sec:Text-in-math mode} shows the use of \CMD{intertext}.
+There is another trick to get all formulas vertical aligned. Let's have the following
+formulas distributed over the whole page:
+
+\begin{align*}
+ f(x) &= a\\
+ g(x) &= x2-4x\\
+f(x)-g(x) &= x2+x3+x\\
+ g &= x2+x3+x4+x5+b
+\end{align*}
+
+They all have a different length of the left and right side. Now we want to write some
+text and other objects between them, but let the alignment untouched. We choose the
+longest left and the longest right side and take them for scaling with the \CMD{hphantom}
+command:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\hphantom{\mbox{$f(x)-g(x)$}} & \hphantom{\mbox{$= x^2+x^3+x^4+x^5+b$}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+This is the first (empty) line in every equation where now all other lines are aligned to
+this one. For example:
+
+\medskip\noindent
+\rule{\columnwidth}{1pt}
+\newcommand{\x}{blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah }
+\addtolength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{-1cm} % decrease the skip
+\addtolength{\abovedisplayskip}{-1cm}
+\x\x\x\x\x
+\begin{align}
+\hphantom{\mbox{$f(x)-g(x)$}} & \hphantom{\mbox{$= x^2+x^3+x^4+x^5+b$}}\nonumber\\
+f(x) &= a\\
+g(x) &= x^2-4x
+\end{align}
+
+\x\x\x\x\x
+\begin{align}
+\hphantom{\mbox{$f(x)-g(x)$}} & \hphantom{\mbox{$= x^2+x^3+x^4+x^5+b$}}\nonumber\\
+f(x)-g(x) &= x^2+x^3+x
+\end{align}
+\x\x\x\x\x
+
+\begin{align}
+\hphantom{\mbox{$f(x)-g(x)$}} & \hphantom{\mbox{$= x^2+x^3+x^4+x^5+b$}}\nonumber\\
+g(x) &= x^2+x^3+x^4+x^5+b
+\end{align}
+\x\x\x\x\x
+% restore old values
+\addtolength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{1cm}
+\addtolength{\abovedisplayskip}{1cm}
+
+\noindent
+\rule{\columnwidth}{1pt}
+\medskip
+
+The phantom line is empty but leaves the vertical space for a line. This could be
+corrected with decreasing the \CMD{abovedisplayshortskip} length and restoring them
+after the whole sequence of commands. The code of the above looks like:
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newcommand{\x}{blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah }
+\addtolength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{-1cm} % decrease the skip
+\addtolength{\abovedisplayskip}{-1cm}
+\x\x\x\x\x
+\begin{align}
+\hphantom{\mbox{$f(x)-g(x)$}} & \hphantom{\mbox{$= x^2+x^3+x^4+x^5+b$}}\nonumber\\
+f(x) &= a\\
+g(x) &= x^2-4x
+\end{align}
+
+\x\x\x\x\x
+\begin{align}
+\hphantom{\mbox{$f(x)-g(x)$}} & \hphantom{\mbox{$= x^2+x^3+x^4+x^5+b$}}\nonumber\\
+f(x)-g(x) &= x^2+x^3+x
+\end{align}
+\x\x\x\x\x
+
+\begin{align}
+\hphantom{\mbox{$f(x)-g(x)$}} & \hphantom{\mbox{$= x^2+x^3+x^4+x^5+b$}}\nonumber\\
+g(x) &= x^2+x^3+x^4+x^5+b
+\end{align}
+\x\x\x\x\x
+% restore old values
+\addtolength{\abovedisplayshortskip}{1cm}
+\addtolength{\abovedisplayskip}{1cm}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+
+
+Another case of aligning equations inside an itemize environment is the following one.
+With the \verb+\makebox+ macro one can have the same size on the left side of the
+equal sign to get a vertical alignment.
+
+\newsavebox\lW
+\sbox\lW{$P_{3}+P_{2}-P_{1}$}% $
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item first function \\
+ $\displaystyle\makebox[\wd\lW][r]{$P_1$}=\sum_a \in A$
+\item but another one \\
+ $\makebox[\wd\lW][r]{$\sin\left(P_1\right)$}=blabla$
+\item or perhaps \\
+ $P_{3}+P_{2}-P_{1}=blablub$
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newsavebox\lW
+\sbox\lW{$P_{3}+P_{2}-P_{1}$}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item first function \\
+ $\displaystyle\makebox[\wd\lW][r]{$P_1$}=\sum_a \in A$
+\item but another one \\
+ $\makebox[\wd\lW][r]{$\sin\left(P_1\right)$}=blabla$
+\item or perhaps \\
+ $P_{3}+P_{2}-P_{1}=blablub$
+\end{itemize}
+\end{lstlisting}
+%$
+
+%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+\subsection{Example 2}
+%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+This one comes from Hartmut Henkel and offers a special form of placing
+additional text between the equation and the equationnumber. This makes only
+sense when you load the documentclass with the option \verb+fleqn+. The example
+places the additional text at \verb+0.5\textwidth+, changing this value is no
+problem.
+
+\clearpage
+\medskip
+\noindent\rule{\linewidth}{1pt}
+\begingroup
+\small
+text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
+text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
+text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
+text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
+
+\makeatletter
+\@fleqntrue
+\let\old@mathmargin=\@mathmargin
+\@mathmargin=-1sp
+\let\oldmathindent=\mathindent
+\let\mathindent=\@mathmargin
+\newsavebox{\myendhook} % hier gehen die Tabellen rein
+\def\tagform@#1{{(\maketag@@@{\ignorespaces#1\unskip\@@italiccorr)}
+ \makebox[0pt][r]{% hinter der Zeilennummer aufgehängt
+ \makebox[0.5\textwidth][l]{\usebox{\myendhook}}%
+ }%
+ \global\sbox{\myendhook}{}% Box wird geleert
+}}
+\makeatother
+\sbox{\myendhook}{%
+\begin{footnotesize}%
+\begin{tabular}{@{}ll}
+$a_0$ & Bohrscher Radius ($\mathrm{= 0{,}53\,\mbox{\AA}}$)\\
+$e$ & Elementarladung\\
+$N_{si}$ & Anzahl der Siliziumatome\\
+& pro Einheitsvolumen\\
+$m$ & Atomgewicht\\
+$Z$ & Kernladungszahl
+\end{tabular}
+\end{footnotesize}}
+
+\begin{equation}
+\varepsilon = \frac{E \cdot 4 \cdot \pi \cdot \varepsilon_{0}
+\cdot a_0 \cdot \left( Z_i^{\frac{2}{3}} + Z_{Si}^{\frac{2}{3}}
+\right)^{-\frac{1}{2}}} {Z_i \cdot Z_{Si} \cdot e2 \cdot \left( 1
++ \frac{m_i}{m_{Si}} \right)}\,;
+\end{equation}
+
+\sbox{\myendhook}{abc}
+
+\begin{equation}
+a2+b2=c2
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{equation}
+z = 9
+\end{equation}
+text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
+text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
+text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
+text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
+
+\endgroup
+\noindent\rule{\linewidth}{1pt}
+
+\medskip
+This solution works only with \AmSmath{}, without you have to redefine the
+\LaTeX{} macro, which creates the equation number.
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\newsavebox{\myendhook} % hier gehen die Tabellen rein
+\def\tagform@#1{{(\maketag@@@{\ignorespaces#1\unskip\@@italiccorr)}
+ \makebox[0pt][r]{% hinter der Zeilennummer aufgehaengt
+ \makebox[0.4\textwidth][l]{\usebox{\myendhook}}%
+ }%
+ \global\sbox{\myendhook}{}% Box wird geleert
+}}
+
+[ ... ]
+
+\sbox{\myendhook}{%
+\begin{footnotesize}%
+\begin{tabular}{@{}ll}
+$a_0$ & Bohrscher Radius ($\mathrm{= 0{,}53\,\mbox{\AA}}$)\\
+$e$ & Elementarladung\\
+$N_{si}$ & Anzahl der Siliziumatome\\
+& pro Einheitsvolumen\\
+$m$ & Atomgewicht\\
+$Z$ & Kernladungszahl
+\end{tabular}
+\end{footnotesize}}
+
+\begin{equation}
+\varepsilon = \frac{E \cdot 4 \cdot \pi \cdot \varepsilon_{0}
+\cdot a_0 \cdot \left( Z_i^{\frac{2}{3}} + Z_{Si}^{\frac{2}{3}}
+\right)^{-\frac{1}{2}}} {Z_i \cdot Z_{Si} \cdot e2 \cdot \left( 1
++ \frac{m_i}{m_{Si}} \right)}\,;
+\end{equation}
+
+\sbox{\myendhook}{abc}
+
+\begin{equation}
+a2+b2=c2
+\end{equation}
+
+\begin{equation}
+z = 9
+\end{equation}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+\section{Node connections}
+%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+This is a typical application for PSTricks and it needs the package \verb+pst-node+
+and doesn't work with \verb+pdflatex+. Use \verb+VTeX+, \verb+ps4pdf+ or \verb+ps2pdf+.
+
+\medskip
+\noindent\fbox{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{node}}
+
+\iffalse
+\noindent\fbox{\parbox{\linewidth-2\fboxsep-2\fboxrule}{%
+\psset{nodesep=3pt}
+\definecolor{lila}{rgb}{0.6,0.2,0.5}
+\definecolor{darkyellow}{rgb}{1,0.9,0}
+Die Bindungsenergie im Tr\"opfchenmodell setzt sich aus
+folgenden Teilen zusammen:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item dem \rnode{b}{Oberfl\"achenanteil}
+\item dem \rnode{a}{Volumenanteil},\\[0.75cm]
+\def\xstrut{\vphantom{\frac{(A)^1}{(B)^1}}}
+\begin{equation}
+E =
+\rnode[t]{ae}{\psframebox*[fillcolor=darkyellow,
+ linestyle=none]{\xstrut a_vA}} +
+\rnode[t]{be}{\psframebox*[fillcolor=lightgray,
+ linestyle=none]{\xstrut -a_fA^{2/3}}} +
+\rnode[t]{ce}{\psframebox*[fillcolor=green,
+ linestyle=none]{\xstrut -a_c\dfrac{Z(Z-1)}{A^{1/3}}}} +
+\rnode[t]{de}{\psframebox*[fillcolor=cyan,
+ linestyle=none]{\xstrut -a_s\frac{(A-2Z)^2}{A}}} +
+\rnode[t]{ee}{\psframebox*[fillcolor=yellow,
+ linestyle=none]{\xstrut E_p}}
+\end{equation}\\
+\item dem \rnode{c}{Coulomb-Anteil}
+\item der \rnode{d}{Symmetrieenergie}
+\item sowie einem \rnode{e}{Paarbildungsbeitrag}.
+\end{itemize}
+\nccurve[angleA=-90,angleB=90]{->}{a}{ae}
+\nccurve[angleB=45]{->}{b}{be}
+\nccurve[angleB=-90]{->}{c}{ce}
+\nccurve[angleB=-90]{->}{d}{de}
+\nccurve[angleB=-90]{->}{e}{ee}
+}}
+\fi
+
+\medskip
+\begin{lstlisting}[tabsize=4]
+\psset{nodesep=3pt}
+\definecolor{lila}{rgb}{0.6,0.2,0.5}
+\definecolor{darkyellow}{rgb}{1,0.9,0}
+Die Bindungsenergie im Tr\"opfchenmodell setzt sich aus
+folgenden Teilen zusammen:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item dem \rnode{b}{Oberfl\"achenanteil}
+\item dem \rnode{a}{Volumenanteil},\\[1cm]
+\def\xstrut{\vphantom{\frac{(A)^1}{(B)^1}}}
+\begin{equation}
+E =
+\rnode[t]{ae}{\psframebox*[fillcolor=darkyellow,
+ linestyle=none]{\xstrut a_vA}} +
+\rnode[t]{be}{\psframebox*[fillcolor=lightgray,
+ linestyle=none]{\xstrut -a_fA^{2/3}}} +
+\rnode[t]{ce}{\psframebox*[fillcolor=green,
+ linestyle=none]{\xstrut -a_c\frac{Z(Z-1)}{A^{1/3}}}} +
+\rnode[t]{de}{\psframebox*[fillcolor=cyan,
+ linestyle=none]{\xstrut -a_s\frac{(A-2Z)^2}{A}}} +
+\rnode[t]{ee}{\psframebox*[fillcolor=yellow,
+ linestyle=none]{\xstrut E_p}}
+\end{equation}\\[0.25cm]
+\item dem \rnode{c}{Coulomb-Anteil}
+\item der \rnode{d}{Symmetrieenergie}
+\item sowie einem \rnode{e}{Paarbildungsbeitrag}.
+\end{itemize}
+\nccurve[angleA=-90,angleB=90]{->}{a}{ae}
+\nccurve[angleB=45]{->}{b}{be}
+\nccurve[angleB=-90]{->}{c}{ce}
+\nccurve[angleB=-90]{->}{d}{de}
+\nccurve[angleB=-90]{->}{e}{ee}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+\section[Special Placement]{Special placement of displayed equations}
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+\subsection{Formulas side by side}\label{sec:sidebyside}
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Sometimes it may be useful to have numbered formulas side by side like the following ones:
+
+%\begin{framed}
+\begin{mtabular}{*{2}{m{0.35\linewidth}m{0.15\linewidth}}}
+\begin{align*} \oint E ds=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} \nabla\cdot B=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt[\label{blah}]\\
+\begin{align*} a =\frac{c}{d} \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} b = 1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} c =1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt[\label{blub}]
+ & \begin{align*} \int 2x dx = x^2+C \end{align*} & \eqnCnt
+\end{mtabular}
+%\end{framed}
+
+
+And again a default display equation:
+\begin{align}
+F(x) &= \int_0^\infty\dfrac{1}{x}\,dx
+\end{align}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[tabsize=4]
+\begin{mtabular}{*{2}{m{0.35\linewidth}m{0.15\linewidth}}}
+\begin{align*} \oint E ds=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} \nabla\cdot B=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt[\label{blah}]\\
+\begin{align*} a =\frac{c}{d} \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} b = 1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} c =1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt[\label{blub}]
+ & \begin{align*} \int 2x dx = x^2+C \end{align*} & \eqnCnt
+\end{mtabular}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+The new environment \verb|mtabular| has two arguments, one optional and one which is the same
+as the one from the \verb|tabular| environment. With the option \verb|long| it is possible to have %%% ----- Martin -----
+all the formulas in a \verb|longtable| environment, which allows a pagebreak. The new macro
+\verb|\eqnCnt| controls the counting of these equations as subequations for one tabular
+line. This macro can have an optional argument for a label. At least it counts the equations. If the
+equation number is not centered to the foregoing equation, then it needs some more horizontal
+space in the tabular column.
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\eqnCnt[<optional label>]
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The vertical space is controlled by the length \verb|mtabskip|, which is by default \verb|-1.25cm| and can be modified in the usual way.
+
+To define all these macros write into the preamble:
+\begin{lstlisting}[tabsize=4]
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\newcounter{subequation}
+%
+\newlength\mtabskip\mtabskip=-1.25cm
+%
+\newcommand\eqnCnt[1][]{%
+ \refstepcounter{subequation}%
+ \begin{align}#1\end{align}%
+ \addtocounter{equation}{-1}%
+}
+\def\mtabLong{long}
+\makeatletter
+\newenvironment{mtabular}[2][\empty]{%
+ \def\@xarraycr{%
+ \stepcounter{equation}%
+ \setcounter{subequation}{0}%
+ \@ifnextchar[\@argarraycr{\@argarraycr[\mtabskip]}%
+ }
+ \let\theoldequation\theequation%
+ \renewcommand\theequation{\theoldequation.\alph{subequation}}
+ \edef\mtabOption{#1}
+ \setcounter{subequation}{0}%
+ \tabcolsep=0pt
+ \ifx\mtabOption\mtabLong\longtable{#2}\else\tabular{#2}\fi%
+}{%
+ \ifx\mtabOption\mtabLong\endlongtable\else\endtabular\fi%
+ \let\theequation\theoldequation%
+ \stepcounter{equation}
+}
+\makeatother
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+As seen in equation~\ref{blub} and equation~\ref{blah}, everything is
+nonsense ... And the following tabular is defined as a longtable to enable pagebreaks.
+
+
+\vspace*{10cm}
+%\begin{framed}
+\begin{mtabular}[long]{*{2}{m{0.35\linewidth}m{0.15\linewidth}}}
+\begin{align*} \oint E ds=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} \nabla\cdot B=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} a =\frac{c}{d} \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} b = 1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} c =1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt
+ & \begin{align*} \int 2x dx = x^2+C \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} \oint E ds=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} \nabla\cdot B=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} a =\frac{c}{d} \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} b = 1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} c =1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt
+ & \begin{align*} \int 2x dx = x^2+C \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} \oint E ds=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} \nabla\cdot B=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt[\label{blah2}]\\
+\begin{align*} a =\frac{c}{d} \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} b = 1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} c =1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt[\label{blub2}]
+ & \begin{align*} \int 2x dx = x^2+C \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} \oint E ds=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} \nabla\cdot B=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} a =\frac{c}{d} \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} b = 1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} c =1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt
+ & \begin{align*} \int 2x dx = x^2+C \end{align*} & \eqnCnt
+\end{mtabular}
+%\end{framed}
+
+As seen in equation~\ref{blub2} and equation~\ref{blah2}, everything is nonsense ...
+
+
+And again a default display equation:
+\begin{align}
+F(x) &= \int_0^\infty\dfrac{1}{x}\,dx
+\end{align}
+
+\begin{lstlisting}[tabsize=4]
+\begin{mtabular}[long]{*{2}{m{0.375\linewidth}m{0.125\linewidth}}}
+\begin{align*} \oint E ds=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} \nabla\cdot B=0 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} a =\frac{c}{d} \end{align*} & \eqnCnt %
+ & \begin{align*} b = 1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+\begin{align*} c =1 \end{align*} & \eqnCnt
+ & \begin{align*} \int 2x dx = x^2+C \end{align*} & \eqnCnt\\
+
+[ ... ]
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+\subsection[Itemize environment]{Formulas inside an itemize enviroment}\label{sec:itemize}
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Without any modification it is not possible to get a numbered equation
+at the same height as the symbol of the itemize environment\index{itemize@\texttt{itemize}}. This depends on %%% ----- Martin -----
+the \CMD{abovedisplayskip}. The formula has to be raised up for exactly this length.
+
+\begin{lstlisting}
+\def\itemMath#1{%
+ \raisebox{-\abovedisplayshortskip}{%
+ \parbox{0.75\linewidth}{%
+ \begin{equation}#1\end{equation}}}}
+%
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \itemMath{ f = l }
+\item \itemMath{ g(x) = \int f(x) dx }
+\end{itemize}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+\def\itemMath#1{%
+ \raisebox{-\abovedisplayshortskip}{%
+ \parbox{0.75\linewidth}{%
+ \begin{equation}#1\end{equation}}}}
+%
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \itemMath{ f = l }
+\item \itemMath{ g(x) = \int f(x) dx }
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+\part{Lists, bibliography and index}
+\bgroup
+\lhead{}\rhead{}
+\clearpage\phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{List of Figures}
+\listoffigures
+\clearpage\phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{List of Tables}
+\listoftables
+\clearpage\phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Bibliography}
+
+{\nocite{*}
+\raggedright
+\bibliography{Mathmode}
+\bibliographystyle{plain}
+}
+\clearpage\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Index}
+{\let\BSL\textbackslash
+\renewcommand\textbackslash{{\tt\BSL}}
+\printindex{}
+}
+\egroup
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/README b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/README
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..068ccdd16b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/README
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Mathmode.pdf : math in TeX/LaTeX; package amsmath.sty
+ needs package showexpl. Should be on CTAN in
+ the near future. Until then go to
+ http://perce.de/LaTeX/showexpl/
+Mathmode.ltx : main source file (preamble)
+Mathmode.tex : document source
+Mathmode.bib : BibTeX data
+Mathmode.ist : index style file
+showexpl.cfg : config file for the showexpl package
+ save it together with showexpl.sty
+colArray,exscale,
+node,styles : images
+runVTeX : Shell script to tun vlatex
+runLaTeX : Shell script to tun latex->dvips->ps2pdf
+
+building the document:
+latex Mathmode.ltx
+latex Mathmode.ltx
+bibtex Mathmode
+makeindex -s Mathmode.ist Mathmode.idx
+latex Mathmode.ltx
+dvips Mathmode.dvi
+ps2pdf Mathmode.ps
+
+
+or alternative with VTeX (http://www.micropress-inc.com/linux/)
+vlatex Mathmode.ltx
+vlatex Mathmode.ltx
+bibtex Mathmode
+makeindex -s Mathmode.ist Mathmode.idx
+vlatex Mathmode.ltx
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/colArray.eps b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/colArray.eps
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2c35d1793f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/colArray.eps
@@ -0,0 +1,2856 @@
+%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0
+%%Creator: xpdf/pdftops 2.02pl1
+%%LanguageLevel: 2
+%%BoundingBox: 0 0 390 189
+%%HiResBoundingBox: 0 0 389.54 188.63
+%%DocumentSuppliedResources: (atend)
+%%EndComments
+%%BeginProlog
+%%BeginResource: procset xpdf 2.02pl1 0
+/xpdf 75 dict def xpdf begin
+% PDF special state
+/pdfDictSize 14 def
+/pdfSetup {
+ 3 1 roll 2 array astore
+ /setpagedevice where {
+ pop 3 dict begin
+ /PageSize exch def
+ /ImagingBBox null def
+ /Policies 1 dict dup begin /PageSize 3 def end def
+ { /Duplex true def } if
+ currentdict end setpagedevice
+ } {
+ pop pop
+ } ifelse
+} def
+/pdfStartPage {
+ pdfDictSize dict begin
+ /pdfFill [0] def
+ /pdfStroke [0] def
+ /pdfLastFill false def
+ /pdfLastStroke false def
+ /pdfTextMat [1 0 0 1 0 0] def
+ /pdfFontSize 0 def
+ /pdfCharSpacing 0 def
+ /pdfTextRender 0 def
+ /pdfTextRise 0 def
+ /pdfWordSpacing 0 def
+ /pdfHorizScaling 1 def
+} def
+/pdfEndPage { end } def
+% separation convention operators
+/findcmykcustomcolor where {
+ pop
+}{
+ /findcmykcustomcolor { 5 array astore } def
+} ifelse
+/setcustomcolor where {
+ pop
+}{
+ /setcustomcolor {
+ exch
+ [ exch /Separation exch dup 4 get exch /DeviceCMYK exch
+ 0 4 getinterval cvx
+ [ exch /dup load exch { mul exch dup } /forall load
+ /pop load dup ] cvx
+ ] setcolorspace setcolor
+ } def
+} ifelse
+/customcolorimage where {
+ pop
+}{
+ /customcolorimage {
+ gsave
+ [ exch /Separation exch dup 4 get exch /DeviceCMYK exch
+ 0 4 getinterval
+ [ exch /dup load exch { mul exch dup } /forall load
+ /pop load dup ] cvx
+ ] setcolorspace
+ 10 dict begin
+ /ImageType 1 def
+ /DataSource exch def
+ /ImageMatrix exch def
+ /BitsPerComponent exch def
+ /Height exch def
+ /Width exch def
+ /Decode [1 0] def
+ currentdict end
+ image
+ grestore
+ } def
+} ifelse
+% PDF color state
+/sCol {
+ pdfLastStroke not {
+ pdfStroke aload length
+ dup 1 eq {
+ pop setgray
+ }{
+ dup 3 eq {
+ pop setrgbcolor
+ }{
+ 4 eq {
+ setcmykcolor
+ }{
+ findcmykcustomcolor exch setcustomcolor
+ } ifelse
+ } ifelse
+ } ifelse
+ /pdfLastStroke true def /pdfLastFill false def
+ } if
+} def
+/fCol {
+ pdfLastFill not {
+ pdfFill aload length
+ dup 1 eq {
+ pop setgray
+ }{
+ dup 3 eq {
+ pop setrgbcolor
+ }{
+ 4 eq {
+ setcmykcolor
+ }{
+ findcmykcustomcolor exch setcustomcolor
+ } ifelse
+ } ifelse
+ } ifelse
+ /pdfLastFill true def /pdfLastStroke false def
+ } if
+} def
+% build a font
+/pdfMakeFont {
+ 4 3 roll findfont
+ 4 2 roll matrix scale makefont
+ dup length dict begin
+ { 1 index /FID ne { def } { pop pop } ifelse } forall
+ /Encoding exch def
+ currentdict
+ end
+ definefont pop
+} def
+/pdfMakeFont16 {
+ exch findfont
+ dup length dict begin
+ { 1 index /FID ne { def } { pop pop } ifelse } forall
+ /WMode exch def
+ currentdict
+ end
+ definefont pop
+} def
+/pdfMakeFont16L3 {
+ 1 index /CIDFont resourcestatus {
+ pop pop 1 index /CIDFont findresource /CIDFontType known
+ } {
+ false
+ } ifelse
+ {
+ 0 eq { /Identity-H } { /Identity-V } ifelse
+ exch 1 array astore composefont pop
+ } {
+ pdfMakeFont16
+ } ifelse
+} def
+% graphics state operators
+/q { gsave pdfDictSize dict begin } def
+/Q { end grestore } def
+/cm { concat } def
+/d { setdash } def
+/i { setflat } def
+/j { setlinejoin } def
+/J { setlinecap } def
+/M { setmiterlimit } def
+/w { setlinewidth } def
+% color operators
+/g { dup 1 array astore /pdfFill exch def setgray
+ /pdfLastFill true def /pdfLastStroke false def } def
+/G { dup 1 array astore /pdfStroke exch def setgray
+ /pdfLastStroke true def /pdfLastFill false def } def
+/rg { 3 copy 3 array astore /pdfFill exch def setrgbcolor
+ /pdfLastFill true def /pdfLastStroke false def } def
+/RG { 3 copy 3 array astore /pdfStroke exch def setrgbcolor
+ /pdfLastStroke true def /pdfLastFill false def } def
+/k { 4 copy 4 array astore /pdfFill exch def setcmykcolor
+ /pdfLastFill true def /pdfLastStroke false def } def
+/K { 4 copy 4 array astore /pdfStroke exch def setcmykcolor
+ /pdfLastStroke true def /pdfLastFill false def } def
+/ck { 6 copy 6 array astore /pdfFill exch def
+ findcmykcustomcolor exch setcustomcolor
+ /pdfLastFill true def /pdfLastStroke false def } def
+/CK { 6 copy 6 array astore /pdfStroke exch def
+ findcmykcustomcolor exch setcustomcolor
+ /pdfLastStroke true def /pdfLastFill false def } def
+% path segment operators
+/m { moveto } def
+/l { lineto } def
+/c { curveto } def
+/re { 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto
+ neg 0 rlineto closepath } def
+/h { closepath } def
+% path painting operators
+/S { sCol stroke } def
+/Sf { fCol stroke } def
+/f { fCol fill } def
+/f* { fCol eofill } def
+% clipping operators
+/W { clip newpath } def
+/W* { eoclip newpath } def
+% text state operators
+/Tc { /pdfCharSpacing exch def } def
+/Tf { dup /pdfFontSize exch def
+ dup pdfHorizScaling mul exch matrix scale
+ pdfTextMat matrix concatmatrix dup 4 0 put dup 5 0 put
+ exch findfont exch makefont setfont } def
+/Tr { /pdfTextRender exch def } def
+/Ts { /pdfTextRise exch def } def
+/Tw { /pdfWordSpacing exch def } def
+/Tz { /pdfHorizScaling exch def } def
+% text positioning operators
+/Td { pdfTextMat transform moveto } def
+/Tm { /pdfTextMat exch def } def
+% text string operators
+/awcp { % awidthcharpath
+ exch {
+ 1 string dup 0 3 index put 2 index charpath
+ 3 index 3 index rmoveto
+ 4 index eq { 5 index 5 index rmoveto } if
+ } forall
+ 6 {pop} repeat
+} def
+/Tj { fCol
+ 0 pdfTextRise pdfTextMat dtransform rmoveto
+ 1 index stringwidth pdfTextMat idtransform pop
+ sub 1 index length dup 0 ne { div } { pop pop 0 } ifelse
+ pdfWordSpacing pdfHorizScaling mul 0 pdfTextMat dtransform 32
+ 4 3 roll pdfCharSpacing pdfHorizScaling mul add 0
+ pdfTextMat dtransform
+ 6 5 roll
+ currentpoint 8 2 roll
+ pdfTextRender 1 and 0 eq {
+ 6 copy awidthshow
+ } if
+ pdfTextRender 3 and dup 1 eq exch 2 eq or {
+ 8 6 roll moveto
+ currentfont /FontType get 3 eq { fCol } { sCol } ifelse
+ false awcp currentpoint stroke moveto
+ } {
+ 8 {pop} repeat
+ } ifelse
+ 0 pdfTextRise neg pdfTextMat dtransform rmoveto } def
+/Tj16 { pdfTextRender 1 and 0 eq { fCol } { sCol } ifelse
+ 0 pdfTextRise pdfTextMat dtransform rmoveto
+ 2 index stringwidth pdfTextMat idtransform pop
+ sub exch div
+ pdfWordSpacing pdfHorizScaling mul 0 pdfTextMat dtransform 32
+ 4 3 roll pdfCharSpacing pdfHorizScaling mul add 0
+ pdfTextMat dtransform
+ 6 5 roll awidthshow
+ 0 pdfTextRise neg pdfTextMat dtransform rmoveto } def
+/Tj16V { pdfTextRender 1 and 0 eq { fCol } { sCol } ifelse
+ 0 pdfTextRise pdfTextMat dtransform rmoveto
+ 2 index stringwidth pdfTextMat idtransform exch pop
+ sub exch div
+ 0 pdfWordSpacing pdfTextMat dtransform 32
+ 4 3 roll pdfCharSpacing add 0 exch
+ pdfTextMat dtransform
+ 6 5 roll awidthshow
+ 0 pdfTextRise neg pdfTextMat dtransform rmoveto } def
+/TJm { pdfFontSize 0.001 mul mul neg 0
+ pdfTextMat dtransform rmoveto } def
+/TJmV { pdfFontSize 0.001 mul mul neg 0 exch
+ pdfTextMat dtransform rmoveto } def
+% Level 1 image operators
+/pdfIm1 {
+ /pdfImBuf1 4 index string def
+ { currentfile pdfImBuf1 readhexstring pop } image
+} def
+/pdfIm1Sep {
+ /pdfImBuf1 4 index string def
+ /pdfImBuf2 4 index string def
+ /pdfImBuf3 4 index string def
+ /pdfImBuf4 4 index string def
+ { currentfile pdfImBuf1 readhexstring pop }
+ { currentfile pdfImBuf2 readhexstring pop }
+ { currentfile pdfImBuf3 readhexstring pop }
+ { currentfile pdfImBuf4 readhexstring pop }
+ true 4 colorimage
+} def
+/pdfImM1 {
+ /pdfImBuf1 4 index 7 add 8 idiv string def
+ { currentfile pdfImBuf1 readhexstring pop } imagemask
+} def
+% Level 2 image operators
+/pdfImBuf 100 string def
+/pdfIm {
+ image
+ { currentfile pdfImBuf readline
+ not { pop exit } if
+ (%-EOD-) eq { exit } if } loop
+} def
+/pdfImSep {
+ findcmykcustomcolor exch
+ dup /Width get /pdfImBuf1 exch string def
+ dup /Decode get aload pop 1 index sub /pdfImDecodeRange exch def
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/node.pdf b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/node.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d3d448e9735
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/node.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/runLaTeX b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/runLaTeX
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3253d306df4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/runLaTeX
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+latex Mathmode.ltx
+latex Mathmode.ltx
+bibtex Mathmode
+makeindex -s Mathmode.ist Mathmode.idx
+latex Mathmode.ltx
+dvips Mathmode.dvi
+ps2pdf Mathmode.ps
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/runVTeX b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/runVTeX
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a104575bcc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/runVTeX
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+vlatex Mathmode.ltx
+vlatex Mathmode.ltx
+bibtex Mathmode
+makeindex -s Mathmode.ist Mathmode.idx
+vlatex Mathmode.ltx
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/showexpl.cfg b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/showexpl.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bead32fe961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/showexpl.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+% config file for showexpl.sty
+%
+% Copyright Herbert Voss, 2005
+% Licence: LPPL.
+
+\ProvidesFile{showexpl.cfg}
+ [2005/06/30 v0.02 Definitions for the showexpl package (hv)]
+%
+\definecolor{hellgelb}{rgb}{1,1,0.85}
+\definecolor{colKeys}{rgb}{0,0,1}
+\definecolor{colIdentifier}{rgb}{0,0,0}
+\definecolor{colComments}{rgb}{1,0,0}
+\definecolor{colString}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
+
+\lstset{%
+ preset=\centering,%
+ rframe={},%
+ language=[AlLaTeX]TeX,%
+ float=hbp,%
+ basicstyle=\footnotesize\ttfamily,%
+ identifierstyle=\color{colIdentifier},%
+ keywordstyle=\color{colKeys},%
+ stringstyle=\color{colString},%
+ commentstyle=\itshape\color{colComments},%
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+ extendedchars=true,%
+ showspaces=false,%
+ showstringspaces=false,%
+ numbers=left,%
+ numberstyle=\tiny\ttfamily,%
+ breaklines=true,%
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+ backgroundcolor=\color{hellgelb},%
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+}
+\lstnewenvironment{showexample}[1][]
+{%
+ \@temptokena{#1}%
+ \begingroup
+ \advance\c@ltxexample\@ne \advance\c@lstlisting\@ne
+ \expandafter\lstset\expandafter{\SX@explpreset,#1}%
+ \edef\x{\endgroup
+ \def\noexpand\SX@codefile{\SX@codefile}%
+ \def\noexpand\SX@graphicname{\SX@graphicname}%
+ \def\noexpand\SX@graphicparam{\SX@graphicparam}}%
+ \x
+ \xdef\SX@@explpreset{\the\@temptokena,codefile=\SX@codefile,
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+ \setbox\@tempboxa=\hbox\bgroup% Warum noetig?
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+}
+{%
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/styles.eps b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/styles.eps
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c0aba03da6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/styles.eps
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/styles.pdf b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/styles.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fd2b893e35e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/mathmode/styles.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metafont-for-beginners/metafont-for-beginners.tex b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metafont-for-beginners/metafont-for-beginners.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..516e70ed423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metafont-for-beginners/metafont-for-beginners.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,1313 @@
+% begin file mfb3w4.tex %
+\documentstyle[11pt]{article}
+
+% gt: Narrower margins; no marginal notes.
+
+\oddsidemargin=0in
+\evensidemargin=0in
+\marginparwidth=0in
+\marginparsep=0in
+
+% gt: text width that is okay for both Am. Quarto and for A4 paper.
+
+\textwidth=6.25in
+
+% gt: less gap at top of each page; more text height.
+
+\addtolength{\textheight}{\topmargin}
+\topmargin=0in
+\addtolength{\textheight}{0.4in}
+
+% gt: Variant of \METAFONT macro in "texnames.sty":
+% gt: Uses empty discretionary. See _The TeXbook_, p 95.
+\font\mf=logo10
+\font\mfsl=logosl10
+\hyphenchar\mf=-1
+\hyphenchar\mfsl=-1
+% A way to get a hyphen, courtesy of Karl Berry.
+\newcommand{\MF}{{\mf META}\-{\mf FONT\/}}
+\newcommand{\MFSL}{{\mfsl META}\-{\mfsl FONT\/}}
+\newcommand{\MFbook}{{\sl The \MFSL{}book\/}}
+\newcommand{\TeXbook}{{\sl The \TeX{}book\/}}
+\newcommand{\BibTeX}{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
+ T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
+\newcommand{\ttbsl}{{\tt \char`\\\/}} % typewriter type backslash.
+
+% gt: employing usual title font for "METAFONT" here.
+\title{%
+ \vspace*{-1in}%
+ METAFONT for Beginners\\%
+ {\normalsize Third Draft, Revision `W4'}\\%
+ {\normalsize (14:12 GMT +10 Thursday 14 July 1994)}%
+}
+
+\date{}
+
+\author{Geoffrey {\sc Tobin} ({\tt G.Tobin@ee.latrobe.edu.au})}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+
+\tableofcontents
+
+\newpage
+
+
+\section*{Scope}%
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Scope}
+
+This is not a tutorial on \MF{}. It is an attempted description of
+how some of the pitfalls in running the program may, hopefully, be
+avoided.
+
+
+\section*{Where you can obtain this file}\label{sec:CTAN}%
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Where you can obtain this file}
+
+For those without ftp, an older version of \MF{} for Beginners can be
+received by email from:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ fileserv@shsu.edu
+\end{verbatim}
+by sending the one-line message:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ sendme faq.mf
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\MF{} for Beginners can be obtained by ftp from the CTAN
+(Comprehensive \TeX{} Archive Network) sites, in the
+\begin{verbatim}
+ documentation
+\end{verbatim}
+subdirectory, as the file
+\begin{verbatim}
+ metafont-for-beginners.tex
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The following record of a unix `script' command lists several
+CTAN sites.
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+bash$ script
+Script started on Mon Jun 27 19:17:54 1994
+bash$ finger ctan_us@ftp.shsu.edu
+[ftp.shsu.edu]
+Login name: ctan_us In real life: US CTAN
+Bldg:
+Directory: /pub/mirror/ctan_us Shell: /usr/local/bin/tcsh
+Last login Sun Jun 26 14:59 on ttyp6
+Plan:
+In order to reduce network load, it is recommended that you use the CTAN
+host which is located in the closest network proximity to your site.
+
+The participating hosts in the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN) are:
+ ftp.dante.de (Germany) /tex-archive (/pub/tex /pub/archive)
+ ftp.shsu.edu (Texas, USA) /tex-archive (/pub/tex /pub/archive)
+ ftp.tex.ac.uk (England) /tex-archive (/pub/tex /pub/archive)
+
+Known mirrors of the CTAN reside on (alphabetically):
+ ftp.center.osaka-u.ac.jp (Japan) /CTAN
+ ftp.cs.rmit.edu.au (Australia) /tex-archive
+ ftp.loria.fr (France) /pub/unix/tex/ctan
+ ftp.uni-bielefeld.de (Germany) /pub/tex
+ ftp.uni-stuttgart.de (Germany) /tex-archive (/pub/tex)
+ ftpserver.nus.sg (Singapore) /pub/zi/TeX
+ src.doc.ic.ac.uk (England) /packages/tex/uk-tex
+ sunsite.unc.edu (North Carolina, USA) /pub/packages/TeX
+ wuarchive.wustl.edu (Missouri, USA) /packages/TeX
+
+Known partial mirrors of the CTAN reside on (alphabetically):
+ dongpo.math.ncu.edu.tw (Taiwan) /tex-archive
+ ftp.adfa.oz.au (Australia) /pub/tex/ctan
+ ftp.muni.cz (The Czech Republic) /pub/tex/CTAN
+ nic.switch.ch (Switzerland) /mirror/tex
+ ftp.cs.ruu.nl (The Netherlands) /pub/tex-archive
+Please send updates to this list to <CTAN-Mgr@SHSU.edu>.
+bash$ exit
+exit
+
+script done on Mon Jun 27 19:18:09 1994
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\section*{Reference}%
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Reference}
+
+\MFbook{}, by Donald Ervin {\sc Knuth}, published by the
+American Mathematical Society and Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
+First edition, 1986, covers \MF{} 1.0.
+Later editions cover \MF{} 2.0 and above.
+This file is based, except where indicated otherwise,
+on the 1986 edition.\footnote
+{Opinion: I actually enjoy reading \MFbook{},
+whereas \TeXbook{} confuses me no end.}
+
+
+\section*{Acknowledgements}%
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Acknowledgements}
+
+Additions and corrections were kindly contributed by:
+\begin{quote}
+Bill {\sc Alford} ({\tt bill@phys.anu.edu.au}),\\
+Tim A.~H.~{\sc Bell} ({\tt bhat@mundil.cs.mu.oz.au}),\\
+Karl {\sc Berry} ({\tt karl@cs.umb.edu}),\\
+Gert W.~{\sc Bultman} ({\tt bultman@dgw.rws.nl}),\\
+Anita {\sc Zanolini Hoover} ({\tt anita@ravel.udel.edu}),\\
+Berthold K.~P.~{\sc Horn} ({\tt bkph@kauai.ai.mit.edu}),\\
+Micha{\l} {\sc Jaegermann} ({\tt ntomczak@vm.ucs.ualberta.ca}),\\
+\hspace*{4em}and\\
+David {\sc Kastrup} ({\tt dak@pool.informatik.rwth-aachen.de}).
+\end{quote}
+
+Typesetting was initiated by
+\begin{quote}
+Yannis {\sc Haralambous} ({\tt yannis@gat.citilille.fr}).
+\end{quote}
+
+Mistakes remain copyright \copyright{} 1994 Geoffrey {\sc Tobin}.
+
+
+\section*{Motivation}%
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Motivation}
+
+It's a common experience to have initial (and medial and final
+{\tt :-)} ) difficulty with running \MF{}, and not all `\TeX{}nicians'
+are as familiar with \MF{} as they are with \TeX{}. Still, nothing
+ventured, nothing gained. So let's be of good cheer, and get down to
+work.
+
+
+\section{What is \MF{}?}
+
+\MF{} is a program for making bitmap fonts for use by \TeX{},
+its viewers, printer drivers, and related programs.
+It interprets a drawing language
+with a syntax apparently derived in part from the Algol\footnote
+{Around 1960, Donald {\sc Knuth} worked as an Algol compiler
+designer.}
+family of programming languages, of which C, C++, Pascal and Modula-2
+are members.
+
+The input can be interactive, or from a source file.
+\MF{} source files are usually suffixed `{\tt .mf}'.
+
+\MF{} sources can utilize scaling, rotation, reflection, skewing and shifting,
+and other complex transformations in obvious and intuitive ways.
+But that is another story, told (in part) by \MFbook{}.
+
+\MF{}'s bitmap output is a {\sc gf} ({\em generic font\/}) file.
+This may be compressed to an equivalent {\sc pk} ({\em packed\/}) font
+by the auxiliary program {\sf GFtoPK}.
+
+Why doesn't \MF{} output {\sc pk} fonts directly? Firstly, Tomas
+{\sc Rokicki} had not invented {\sc pk} at the time Donald
+E.~{\sc Knuth} was writing \MF{}. Secondly, to change \MF{} now
+would be too big a change in {\sc Knuth}'s opinion. ({\sc Knuth}
+is a very conservative programmer; this fact is a two-sided coin.)
+
+{\sc gf} and {\sc pk} files are suffixed `{\tt .*gf}' and `{\tt .*pk}'
+respectively, where, in a typical {\sc unix} installation, the
+`{\tt *}' stands for the font resolution.
+(Resolution will be explained below.)
+{\sc ms-dos} truncates file name suffixes to three characters, so a
+font suffix `{\tt .1200gf}' becomes `{\tt .120}' --- beware of this!
+
+A bitmap is all that's needed for large-scale {\em proofs},
+as produced by the {\sf GFtoDVI} utility,
+but for \TeX{} to typeset a font it needs a {\sc tfm}
+({\em \TeX{} Font Metric\/}) file to describe the dimensions, ligatures
+and kerns of the font. \MF{} can be told to make a {\sc tfm} file,
+by making the internal variable `{\tt fontmaking}' positive. Most
+output device modes (see subsection \ref{sub:modes} below) do this.
+
+Remember that \TeX{} reads only the {\sc tfm} files.
+The {\em glyphs}, or forms of the characters, as stored in {\sc gf}
+or {\sc pk} font files, do not enter the picture
+(I mean, are not read)
+until the {\sc dvi} drivers are run.
+
+\TeX{} can scale {\sc tfm} files. Unfortunately, bitmaps such as
+{\sc gf} and {\sc pk} are not scalable.
+% deleted "except in integer multiples of their original size".
+% Pixel replication is as inexact an interpolation as other schemes,
+% and does not produce adequate images.
+However, \MF{} files can be compiled into fonts of arbitrary scale
+by \MF{}, even
+by non-programmers --- see subsection \ref{sub:mag}.
+
+Incidentally, properly constructed {\sc tfm} files are
+device-independent, so running \MF{} with different modes normally
+produces the identical {\sc tfm}.
+% This explanation might want a different place...
+Dimensions in {\sc tfm}~files are specified to~\MF{} in device
+independent `sharped' dimensions (commonly suffixed by \#), where
+a~value of~1 corresponds to the dimension of {\tt 1pt} (typographical
+point). Most of \MF{}'s calculations are done with (resolution and
+device dependent) pixels as units. Care must be taken by font
+designers to {\em always\/} calculate unsharped dimensions from sharped
+ones, and never the other way round, so as to keep roundoff errors or
+similar effects from influencing the {\sc tfm} files to depend on
+resolution or device. Although type quality will be influenced only in
+minuscule ways, this is one of the more common reasons for checksum
+errors reported by printer drivers.
+Note that the only way to be sure that a TFM file is device-independent
+is to create the font in different modes and compare the resulting
+TFM's, perhaps using {\sf tftopl}.
+
+More detailed descriptions of {\sc tfm} and {\sc gf} files, and of
+{\em proof\/} mode, are found in Appendices F, G, and H, respectively
+of \MFbook{}.
+
+{\sl The TUG {\sc dvi} Drivers Standard, Level 0}, draft 0.05, includes
+precise definitions of the file structure of {\sc tfm} metrics and of
+{\sc gf} and {\sc pk} bitmap fonts.
+That document is obtainable from CTAN (see section \ref{sec:CTAN}
+above) as the several files in the subdirectory:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ dviware/driv-standard/level-0
+\end{verbatim}
+Related information is contained in the documents in the `sister'
+directory
+\begin{verbatim}
+ dviware/driv-standard/papers
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\section{Getting \MF{}'s Attention}\label{sec:typing}
+
+
+\subsection{Typing at \MF{}'s `{\tt **}' prompt}\label{sub:starstar}
+
+If you type the name of the \MF{} program alone on the command line:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ mf
+\end{verbatim}
+then {\tt mf} displays a `{\tt **}' prompt,
+which
+`is \MF{}'s way of asking you for an input file name'.
+(See \MFbook{}, Chapter 5: `Running \MF{}'.)
+Thus, to process a \MF{} file named {\tt fred.mf}, you may type:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ fred
+\end{verbatim}
+
+A backslash (`\ttbsl') can also be typed here.
+This causes all subsequent commands at the prompt line to be
+interpreted as in a \MF{} file.
+(Concerning the backslash, see \MFbook{}, Chapter 20:
+`More About Macros', pages 179 and 180 in the 1986 edition.)
+Thus we can respond to the {\tt **} prompt with:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \ input fred
+\end{verbatim}
+or even:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \ ; input fred
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The backslash is useful because
+certain commands are often executed before a \MF{} file is input.
+In particular, quality printing
+(see subsection \ref{sub:modes} below)
+requires the \MF{} command {\tt mode},
+and output magnification
+(subsection \ref{sub:mag})
+employs the {\tt mag} command.
+For example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \mode=localfont; mag=magstep(1); input fred
+\end{verbatim}
+
+To read {\sc ms-dos} pathnames at the {\tt **} prompt,
+this satisfies \MF{}:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \input \seldom\fred.mf
+\end{verbatim}
+as does:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ d:\seldom\fred.mf
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\subsection{Typing on the Command Line}\label{sub:cmdline}
+
+Most \MF{} implementations permit you to type \MF{} commands on the
+command line, instead of at the {\tt **} prompt. (Rather, it is
+automatically passed to that prompt.)
+
+On {\sc ms-dos}, type commands as at the {\tt **} prompt:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ mf \mode=localfont; input myfont10
+\end{verbatim}
+
+On {\sc unix}, command shells typically interpret semicolons,
+backslashes and parentheses specially, unless they are 'quoted'.
+So, when typing those characters as part of instructions to \MF{}
+on the {\sc unix} command line, it's wise to accustom
+yourself to protecting them with {\em apostrophes\/}:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ mf '\mode=localfont; input myfont10'
+\end{verbatim}
+If {\tt localfont} makes fonts for a 300 dots per inch (dpi) device,
+this should produce a {\sc tfm} file, `{\tt myfont10.tfm}',
+and a 300 dpi {\sc gf} font file, `{\tt myfont10.300gf}'.
+Almost all of the following will presume a 300 dpi device, and other
+resolution devices will have appropriately different font file names.
+
+These command lines are a bit long, very often used, and rather
+intolerant of mistakes (see subsection \ref{sub:typo} below),
+so you might type the repetitive parts into a {\sc unix} shell script
+or an {\sc ms-dos} batch file, as appropriate.
+
+In {\sc unix}, the {\tt **} prompt has the advantage that those pesky
+apostrophes are not needed. (Indeed, those apostrophes are always
+wrong at the {\tt **} prompt --- \MF{} doesn't understand them.
+It would not understand them on the command line either---it's just
+that the shell does not hand them over to \MF{}.)
+However, for shell scripts (and for batch files in {\sc ms-dos}),
+the command line is a boon.
+
+For the Macintosh, which is not command line based,
+Tim {\sc Bell} reports that one port of \MF{}
+(by Timothy {\sc Murphy\/} {\tt <tim@maths.tcd.ie>} 22 January 1993)
+simulates the command line within the program
+(using a special THINK C library written just for that).
+But what you type goes through some string processing,
+so you need double `\verb+\+'s.
+Thus your example line reads:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ mf \\mode=localfont; input myfont10
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\subsection{`{\tt Please type another input file name: }'}%
+\label{sub:another}
+
+When \MF{} cannot find the main source file, it doesn't quit.
+For example, when I typed {\tt mf fred}, \MF{} said:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ This is METAFONT ...
+ **fred
+ ! I can't find file `fred.mf'.
+ <*> fred
+
+ Please type another input file name:
+\end{verbatim}
+The usual program interrupts (eg, Control-C) don't work here,
+and the `{\tt Please type ...}' prompt does not understand
+\MF{} commands: it will read only the first word, and insist on
+interpreting this as a file name.
+
+Beginners faced with this often wonder how to avoid an endless loop
+or a reboot, or try to think of a \MF{} file that they do have
+in \MF{}'s path. In the latter case, the canonical name to use
+is `{\tt null}', standing for the file `{\tt null.mf}'.
+
+In fact, the solution is much easier: on the
+systems that I have tried, a simple end of file marker
+(`control-Z' in {\sc ms-dos}, `control-D' in {\sc unix})
+stops \MF{} in its tracks:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ ! Emergency stop.
+ <*> fred
+
+ End of file on the terminal!
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\section{Base files}\label{sec:base}
+
+In versions 2.7 and 2.71, the \MF{} language contains 224
+(previous versions had fewer) primitives,
+which are the commands preceded by an asterisk in the Index (Appendix I)
+to \MFbook{}. From these we can build more complex operations,
+using macros. In \MF{} macros have some of the desirable
+characteristics of functions in other languages. Collections of
+macros can be stored in \MF{} source files.
+
+{\em Base\/} files are {\em precompiled internal tables\/} that \MF{}
+loads faster than it loads the original \MF{} source files.
+Thus, they are closely analogous to \TeX{}'s {\em format\/} files.
+
+
+\subsection{The {\tt plain} base}\label{sub:plain}
+
+The {\tt plain} base provides the commands that \MFbook{}
+describes. (See Appendix B of \MFbook{}, if you have it around
+--- maybe a library has it --- I'm learning from a copy borrowed from the
+local university's library.)
+
+When it starts, \MF{} automatically loads\footnote
+{There are releases of \MF{} that contain the {\tt plain} base,
+and so don't have to load it. However, on most computers, including
+personal computers, reading bases is so fast that such a {\em preloaded\/}
+base is unnecessary.}
+the {\tt plain} base.
+This is usually called {\tt plain.base}, or sometimes only (see
+subsection~\ref{sub:link} for why this works) {\tt mf.base},
+although for those systems concerned (such as {\sc unix}),
+both file names should really be present.
+
+Em\TeX{} for {\sc ms-dos} calls the plain base {\tt plain.bas},
+due to filename truncation.
+
+
+\subsection{Loading a Different Base}\label{sub:loading}
+
+Suppose that you have a base named {\tt joe.base}.
+Typing
+\begin{verbatim}
+ mf &joe
+\end{verbatim}
+or (on unix, where we must either quote or escape the ampersand)
+\begin{verbatim}
+ mf \&joe
+\end{verbatim}
+or responding
+\begin{verbatim}
+ &joe
+\end{verbatim}
+to the {\tt **} prompt,
+omits loading {\tt plain} base, and loads the {\tt joe} base instead.
+Typically, however, the {\tt joe.mf} file which originally produced
+the {\tt joe} base will have included {\tt plain.mf}, because working
+without the {\tt plain} base macros would be too cumbersome.
+(Refer to \MFbook{} (1986), Chapter 5: `Running \MF{}', page 35,
+`dangerous bend' number two.)
+
+The `{\tt cm}' base, for making the {\sc Computer Modern} fonts,
+can be loaded in that way:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ mf &cm
+\end{verbatim}
+Remember to quote the ampersand under {\sc unix}!
+
+
+\subsection{The Linkage Trick}\label{sub:link}
+
+On systems such as {\sc unix} where programs can read their own
+command line name, and where files may be linked to two or more
+names, then programs can modify their behavior according to the
+name by which they are called. Many {\sc unix} \TeX{} and \MF{}
+installations exploit this in order to load different {\em format\/}
+and {\em base\/} files, one for each of the various names to which
+\TeX{} and \MF{} are linked. Such installations can often
+be recognised by the presence of the executable `{\tt virmf}'
+in one of the directories in the {\tt PATH}.
+
+For example, if a base file called `{\tt third.base}' resides where
+\MF{} can find it (see section \ref{sub:env} below), then
+{\tt virmf} can be linked to {\tt third}.
+In {\sc unix}, a {\em hard link\/} is formed by
+\begin{verbatim}
+ ln virmf third
+\end{verbatim}
+
+On systems supporting {\em symbolic links\/}, you should make all of
+these links symbolic, rather than hard, or else you will have to redo
+them every time you install a new copy of~{\tt virmf}; see below.
+In {\sc unix}, this is done by
+\begin{verbatim}
+ ln -s virmf third
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Normally one wants {\tt mf} to load the {\tt plain} base,
+so in such installations one links {\tt plain.base} to {\tt mf.base}:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ ln plain.base mf.base
+\end{verbatim}
+Again, you'd best make that link symbolic. This comment applies for
+the rest of this section as well.
+
+As another example, take the `{\tt cm}' base. In {\sf web2c}:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ ln virmf cmmf
+ ln cm.base cmmf.base
+\end{verbatim}
+so that `{\tt cmmf}' automatically loads `{\tt cm.base}'.
+
+This applies equally to \TeX{}, which is why {\tt tex} and {\tt latex}
+are then links to {\tt virtex}, {\tt tex.fmt} is a link to
+{\tt plain.fmt}, and {\tt latex.fmt} is a link to {lplain.fmt}:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ ln virtex tex
+ ln plain.fmt tex.fmt
+
+ ln virtex latex
+ ln lplain.fmt latex.fmt
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Karl {\sc Berry\/}'s {\sf web2c} distribution for {\sc unix} uses
+this `{\em linkage trick\/}'.
+
+If you used symbolic links, you can laugh off the following
+
+{\sc Warning:}
+This linkage is convenient, but watch out during updates!
+If {\tt mf.base} is a {\em hard link\/}
+to {\tt plain.base}, then replacing {\tt plain.base} with its
+new version severs the link: {\tt mf} will still load {\tt mf.base},
+but it will be the old version! The proper procedure is to remove
+the old {\tt mf.base}, and relink. On {\sc unix}:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ rm mf.base
+ ln plain.base mf.base
+\end{verbatim}
+On most {\sc unix\/} systems, {\tt ln -f} will automatically remove
+the second file (if present) --- in this case, mf.base --- before linking.
+
+Alternatively, {\sf web2c} will update `{\tt plain.base}'
+(and `{\tt plain.fmt}', and so on) for you,
+if you tell {\sf web2c\/}'s {\tt Makefile} to
+\begin{verbatim}
+ make install
+\end{verbatim}
+Symbolic links, on systems that have them, are probably the best
+method of handling updates, at least when doing them manually.
+(Consult your system administrator for details.)
+
+
+\subsection{Making a Base; the Local Modes file}\label{sub:modes}
+
+The {\tt plain} base is made from a \MF{} file named
+{\tt plain.mf} and, commonly, from some other file, often called
+{\tt local.mf} or {\tt modes.mf}.
+
+The {\tt local}/{\tt modes} file lists printers (and monitors), giving
+each output device a font-making {\em mode\/}, containing a
+description of some refinements that must be made in order to produce
+good-looking output. For instance, how to make the characters just
+dark enough, and how to make diagonal lines come out sharply.
+
+If you want to make a base, you need a variant of the \MF{} program
+called `{\tt inimf}'. (See \MFbook{}, p 279.) For example,
+{\tt plain.base} can be made in {\sc unix} by typing:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ inimf 'plain; input local; dump'
+\end{verbatim}
+If using the em\TeX{} version of \MF{} for a {\sc pc}, type:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ mf/i plain; input local; dump
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\section{Fonts}\label{sec:fonts}
+
+
+\subsection{Proof Mode}\label{sub:proof}
+
+The purpose of \MF{} is to make fonts. For \ae{}sthetically pleasing
+{\sc pk} bitmaps, the correct device mode must be selected.
+
+An obstacle to beware of is that {\tt plain} \MF{} uses
+{\em proof\/} mode by default.
+(\MFbook{}, page 270, defines this mode.)
+That means writing unmagnified font files with a resolution of
+2601.72 dots per inch (dpi); that's 36 pixels per point. (One
+point is 1/72.27 of an inch.) Proof mode does {\bf not} produce a
+{\sc tfm} file.
+
+What good is proof mode, and why is it the default?
+{\em Proofs\/} are blown up copies of characters used by font
+designers to judge whether they like the results of their work.
+Naturally, proofs come first, and normal sized character production
+later --- if you're a font designer.
+
+So there are two clues that proof mode is on: font files with
+extensions like `{\tt .2602gf}' (or on {\sc ms-dos}, `{\tt .260}'),
+and the `failure' to produce any {\sc tfm} file.
+
+On some systems, such as {\sc X11}, a third clue is that the proof
+font may be drawn on the screen --- it's so large, you can't miss it!
+
+
+\subsection{Localfont Mode}\label{sub:localfont}
+
+When using a stable font, or when testing the output of a new font,
+we {\em don't\/} want proof mode,
+we want our local output device's mode.
+Usually, \MF{} is installed with a `{\tt localfont}'
+assigned in the {\tt local}/{\tt modes} file.
+On our department's Sun Network, we have assigned
+\begin{verbatim}
+ localfont:=CanonCX
+\end{verbatim}
+We use Karl {\sc Berry\/}'s `{\tt modes.mf}'\footnote
+{Available at {\tt ftp.cs.umb.edu} in the {\tt pub/tex} directory.},
+which contains modes for many, many devices. We chose the
+{\tt CanonCX} mode because `{\tt modes.mf}' recommends it for Apple
+Laserwriters and HP Laserjet~II printers, which we use.
+
+To process a \MF{} source file named `{\tt myfont10.mf}' for the most
+usual local device, specify the local mode to {\tt mf} before
+inputting the font name:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \mode=localfont; input myfont10
+\end{verbatim}
+This should produce a {\sc gf} font file, `{\tt myfont10.300gf}'
+(`{\tt myfont10.300}' in {\sc ms-dos}),
+and a {\sc tfm} file, `{\tt myfont10.tfm}'.
+
+
+\subsection{Font Naming}\label{sub:naming}
+
+By the way, if you modify an existing, say a {\sc Computer
+Modern (cm)}, font, you must give it a new name. This is an honest
+practice, and will avoid confusion.
+
+
+\subsection{Using a New Font in \TeX{}}\label{sub:tex}
+
+To use a new font in a \TeX{} document, select it specifically.
+Example: in a \TeX{} macro file, or in a \LaTeX{} style file,
+to define \verb+\mine+ as a font-selection command for
+`{\tt myfont10.tfm}', say:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \font\mine=myfont10
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Then to typeset `Mary had a little lamb,' in the {\tt myfont10} font,
+and then to revert to the previous font, type
+\begin{verbatim}
+ {\mine Mary had a little lamb,}
+\end{verbatim}
+Note, however, that this will not change the line spacing parameters
+of \TeX{} as
+well. If your lines appear a little too cramped and unevenly spaced vertically,
+it is very probable that you need to increase \verb+\baselineskip+.
+For \LaTeX{} users, a simple remedy is to just select a larger font
+before your own. Also, end your paragraph by an empty line or a
+\verb+\par+ command before the closing brace, or your line spacing changes
+will be cancelled before the paragraph has a chance of being typeset.
+
+
+\subsection{Magnification (and Resolution)}\label{sub:mag}
+
+Now suppose that you want {\tt myfont10} to be magnified,
+say to magstep 1 (magnified by 1.2), for a `jumbo' printer.
+Assuming that the {\tt local}/{\tt modes} file has a mode
+for the jumbo printer,
+you may then run \MF{} with the following three commands:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \mode=jumbo; mag=magstep(1); input myfont10
+\end{verbatim}
+to produce `{\tt myfile10.tfm}' (again!)
+and a {\sc gf} font, `{\tt myfile10.360gf}'.
+On {\sc ms-dos}, the file names will be truncated;
+for example, `{\tt myfile10.360}'.
+
+The `{\tt 360}' is `300 {\tt *} 1.2', indicating the magnification.
+A 360 dpi font can be used either as a magnification 1.2 font on
+a 300 dpi printer or as a normal sized font on a 360 dpi printer.
+
+Note, however, that the \MF{} language includes special hints for
+each output device which clue \MF{} as to the reactions of the
+output device to pixel-sized minuscule changes.
+
+So for highest quality, you would not even want to mix the fonts for
+two 300~dpi printers, unless they share the same mode and most probably
+the same print engine.
+
+
+\subsection{{\sf GFtoPK}}\label{sub:gftopk}
+
+\TeX{} uses only the {\sc tfm} file, which \MF{}
+will produce if it's in a font-making mode.
+(\MFbook{}, Appendix F.)
+Most {\sc dvi} drivers read the {\sc pk} font format,
+but \MF{} makes a {\sc gf} (Generic Font) file.
+So we need also to apply the {\sf GFtoPK} utility:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ gftopk myfile10.300gf
+\end{verbatim}
+to produce the wanted `{\tt myfile.300pk}'
+(or, on {\sc ms-dos}, `{\tt myfile.pk}')
+{\sc pk} font.
+
+
+\subsection{Storing the Fonts}\label{sub:store}
+
+Now we have the fonts, where do we store them? \TeX{}, \MF{} and
+the various driver programs are compiled with default locations
+written in.
+These can be overridden by certain environment variables.
+The names of these variables differ between systems,
+but on {\sc unix} they might, for example, be `TEXFONTS' for the
+{\sc tfm} files, and either `PKFONTS' or `TEXPKS' (or both of those)
+--- before searching `TEXFONTS' --- for {\sc pk} fonts.
+You can find out what environment variables you now have
+by typing `{\tt set}' in {\sc ms-dos} and `{\tt env}' in the Bourne shell, sh,
+% `set' in the Bourne shell is dangerous, because it gives the values
+% of non-environment variables of the shell as well. If you forgot
+% to say export, you might have some time detecting your omission
+% if you use just `set'.
+in {\sc unix}. In the {\sc unix} C shell, {\tt csh}, type
+`{\tt setenv}'.
+
+Micha{\l} {\sc Jaegermann} notes that on a `virgin' installation
+--- in which everything is in default directories and no environment
+variables have yet been set --- that won't succeed. Presumably we're
+talking to system installers now. So, as a first resort:
+\begin{quote}
+ \em Read The Manual.
+\end{quote}
+As a last resort, one can discover default values and environment
+variable names by using a command like {\sc unix}'s {\tt strings}
+on the executable files.
+For instance:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ strings -6 /bin/virmf | less
+\end{verbatim}
+(Use `more' or `pg' for paging, if `less' is not available.)
+Seeking 6-letter names is about right, as ``{\tt TEXPKS}'' has six
+letters, while {\tt strings\/}' default of four collects too much
+random noise.
+Environment variables are usually in upper case, and their names
+strongly hint at their purposes.
+Default locations may be discovered by looking for path name strings.
+
+Using this advice may show some undocumented names.
+If you have the program sources, you may check their purpose.
+Otherwise, not to worry, the important ones should be self-evident.
+As an illustration, here are some environment variable names found by
+applying ``strings -6'' to {\sc Rokicki's} {\tt dvips}:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ * DVIPSHEADERS
+ HOME
+ * PKFONTS
+ PRINTER
+ TEXCONFIG
+ TEXFONTS
+ TEXINPUTS
+ * TEXPACKED
+ * TEXPICTS
+ TEXPKS
+ VFFONTS
+\end{verbatim}
+The four starred names are not documented by the {\tt dvips} manual
+(for version 5.484).
+In Karl {\sc Berry's} {\tt dvipsk}, a variant of {\tt dvips},
+{\tt DVIPSHEADERS}\footnote{In version 5.518b, which is forthcoming.},
+{\tt PKFONTS} and {\tt TEXPICTS} {\em are\/}
+documented, while {\tt TEXPACKED} is {\em not used}.
+
+If you want \TeX{} and \MF{} to find files in the current directory
+(as you almost certainly do!), then one way is to put `{\tt .}' into
+their search paths.
+(Both {\sc unix} and {\sc ms-dos} accept the {\tt .} notation
+for the current directory.)
+Default search paths are compiled into \TeX{} and \MF{}, but users
+can customise the environment variables (see subsection \ref{sub:env})
+that the programs read, to override the defaults.
+
+\MF{} (as illustrated in section \ref{sec:typing} above),
+as well as the {\sc dvi} drivers,
+can also be given full path specifications for input files.
+(On most systems, so can \TeX{}, but, as Berthold K.~P.~{\sc Horn}
+({\tt bkph@kauai.ai.mit.edu}) has observed,
+{\sc ms-dos} poses the problem that the backslash `\ttbsl{}'
+used in {\sc ms-dos} path names is very special in \TeX{} input.
+However, I'll leave solving that one to the \TeX{}ackers.)
+
+On the other hand, you may be content with your new font, and you may
+have write access to the place where most of the fonts are stored. In
+that case, copy your font to there. There will be a place for the
+{\sc tfm} files, and another for the {\sc pk} files. It's up to you
+or your local system administrator(s) to know where these directories
+are, because their names are very locale dependent.
+
+
+\subsection{Environment Variables for em\TeX{} and {\sf web2c}}%
+\label{sub:env}
+
+Environment variables often cause confusion, as they vary unpredictably
+--- sometimes subtly, sometimes widely --- between systems.
+
+Em\TeX{} for {\sc ms-dos} and {\sf web2c} for {\sc unix} are two
+popular distributions of \TeX{}, \MF{}, and associated programs.
+It's worthwhile therefore to compare their environment variables.
+
+Firstly, the variables used leading up to the production of the
+{\sc dvi} file:
+
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
+ \hline
+ \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{\TeX{}, \BibTeX{}, \MF{} and {\sf MFjob}} \\
+ \hline
+ Seeking & em\TeX{} & {\sf web2c} \\
+ \hline
+ \TeX{} Pool file & {\tt TEXFMT}, {\tt BTEXFMT} & {\tt TEXPOOL} \\
+ \TeX{} Formats & {\tt TEXFMT}, {\tt BTEXFMT} & {\tt TEXFORMATS} \\
+ \TeX{} Inputs & {\tt TEXINPUT} & {\tt TEXINPUTS} \\
+ \TeX{} Font Metrics & {\tt TEXTFM} & {\tt TFMFONTS, TEXFONTS} \\
+ \hline
+ \BibTeX{} {\tt bst} & {\tt TEXINPUT} & {\tt BSTINPUTS, TEXINPUTS} \\
+ \BibTeX{} {\tt bib} & {\tt BIBINPUT} & {\tt BIBINPUTS} \\
+ \hline
+ \MF{} Pool & {\tt MFBAS, BMFBAS} & {\tt MFPOOL} \\
+ \MF{} Bases & {\tt MFBAS, BMFBAS} & {\tt MFBASES} \\
+ \MF{} Inputs & {\tt MFINPUT} & {\tt MFINPUTS} \\
+ {\sf MFjob} Inputs & {\tt MFJOB} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{---} \\
+ \hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+The second table compares the environment variables used by em\TeX{}'s
+{\sc dvi} drivers with those for Tomas {\sc Rokicki\/}'s portable
+{\sf PostScript} driver, {\tt dvips}.
+
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
+ \hline
+ \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{{\sc dvi} Drivers} \\
+ \hline
+ Seeking & em\TeX{} Drivers & {\tt dvips} \\
+ \hline
+ {\sc dvi} files & {\tt DVIDRVINPUT} & {\em current directory} \\
+ {\sc pk} Fonts & {\tt DVIDRVFONTS} & {\tt TEXPKS, PKFONTS} \\
+ Bitmap Graphics & {\tt DVIDRVGRAPH} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{---} \\
+ Virtual Fonts & set by {\tt /pv} option & {\tt VFFONTS, TEXFONTS} \\
+ {\tt MakeTeXPK} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{---} & {\tt MAKETEXPK} \\
+ {\tt config.ps} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{---} & {\tt TEXCONFIG} \\
+ {\sc ps} files & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{---} & {\tt TEXINPUTS} \\
+ \hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+Where two or more variables are listed together, they are
+searched from left to right. For example, {\tt dvips} seeks {\sc pk}
+fonts first in {\tt TEXPKS}, then in {\tt PKFONTS}.
+By the way, if no {\sc pk} fonts can be found, then {\tt dvips}
+uses the {\sc tfm} files to determine spacing, and leaves the
+characters blank.
+
+{\sc Berry}'s {\tt dvipsk} seeks {\sc pk} fonts in whichever
+{\em one\/} of {\tt PKFONTS, TEXPKS, GLYPHFONTS} and {\tt TEXFONTS}
+--- in that order --- is set and of the highest priority.
+If a font cannot be found via environment variables, then the
+compile-time system default paths are searched; any lower priority
+font path environment variables are ignored --- which may also be the
+behavior of Rokicki's {\tt dvips}, but readers are encouraged to
+discover the truth for themselves.
+In addition, {\tt dvipsk} seeks {\sc gf} fonts using the successive
+environment variables {\tt GFFONTS, GLYPHFONTS} and {\tt TEXFONTS}.
+
+{\sf MFjob} and {\tt MakeTeXPK} have a similar function:
+to create {\sc pk} fonts from \MF{} files.
+When {\sc pk} fonts are missing, but the \MF{} font sources
+are available,
+{\sf MFjob} can be called by recent versions (1.4r and above)
+of the em\TeX{} drivers to create the missing fonts.
+{\tt MakeTeXPK} is called by {\tt dvips} for the same purpose.
+
+In {\sc Berry\/}'s {\tt web2c 5.851d}\footnote
+{Available at {\tt ftp.cs.umb.edu} in the {\tt pub/tex} directory.},
+\TeX{} can be configured to call {\tt MakeTeXTFM} and
+{\tt MakeTeXTeX}, and \MF{} to call {\tt MakeTeXMF},
+to make missing {\sc tfm}, \TeX{}, and \MF{} files, respectively.
+{\tt MakeTeXTFM}, like {\tt MakeTeXPK}, can call \MF{}.
+Design of {\tt MakeTeXTeX} and {\tt MakeTeXMF} are up to the user's
+imagination --- Karl says that one possibility is to employ {\tt ftp}.
+
+
+\section{Some Limitations of \MF{}}\label{sec:limit}
+
+\MF{} contains some builtin limitations, some obvious, others
+less so.
+
+Parts of the following list are most useful to budding programmers,
+though casual users may wish to read it to learn whether
+an error message produced by somebody else's \MF{} file is very
+serious or not.
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item
+All valid numbers are strictly less than 4096.
+
+\item
+\MFbook{}, in `Appendix F: Font Metric Information',
+warns of one limitation that I've met when processing some fonts.
+
+`At most 15 different nonzero heights, 15 different nonzero depths,
+and 63 different nonzero italic corrections\footnote{Respectively,
+{\tt charht}, {\tt chardp} and {\tt charic} values.}
+may appear in a single font. if these limits are exceeded,
+\MF{} will change one or more values, by as little as possible,
+until the restriction holds. A warning message is issued if such
+changes are necessary; for example
+
+{\small\tt (some charht values had to be adjusted by as much as 0.12pt)}
+
+means that you had too many different nonzero heights, but \MF{}
+found a way to reduce the number to at most 15 by changing some of them;
+none of them had to be changed by more than 0.12 points.
+No warning is actually given unless the maximum amount of perturbation
+exceeds $\frac{1}{16}$ pt.'
+
+Every correct implementation of \MF{} will adjust character box
+dimensions by the same amount, giving the same {\sc tfm} files, so we
+ignore small perturbations in other people's fonts. When designing
+your own fonts, however, I think it's courteous to keep within the
+limits, so as not to worry inexperienced users.
+
+\item
+In the {\tt addto} picture command, {\tt withweight} only accepts
+values that round to {\tt -3}, {\tt -2}, {\tt -1}, {\tt +1}, {\tt +2},
+or {\tt +3}. To obtain other pixel weights, you can apply further
+{\tt addto} commands.
+
+\item
+The memory size of the version of \MF{} you use is an evident,
+implementation dependent restriction, but it may be, as in \TeX{},
+that memory is not enough simply because, if you'll pardon my saying
+so, some of your coding may be seriously inefficient or logically
+invalid.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+
+\section{What Went Wrong?}
+
+The complexity of wrong things far exceeds that of things intended.
+
+References for some of the subsequent points:
+
+\MFbook{}, chapter 5, `Running \MF{}', contains
+instructive examples, and supposedly `dangerous', but actually basic
+and useful, notes.
+
+In that chapter, and in chapter 27, `Recovery from Errors', {\sc Knuth}
+discusses the diagnosis of \MF{}'s error messages. I find this
+perhaps the hardest part of the book --- if not of using \MF{}.
+
+Incidentally, \MF{}'s error messages are contained in an ASCII
+file called `{\tt mf.pool}'. Reading the {\tt pool} file can be
+entertaining.
+
+
+\subsection{Big fonts, but Unwanted}\label{sec:proof}
+
+Recently, I found myself accidentally producing fonts with extensions
+like `{\tt 3122gf}'. How?
+
+{\em \MF{} will take\/ {\bf anything} as an excuse to revert
+to\/ {\bf proof mode}.}
+
+The `{\tt 3122}' is a magstep 1 proof mode. It's
+\begin{verbatim}
+ (1.2)^1 * 2601.72 = 3122.164 dots per inch.
+\end{verbatim}
+
+My intention was for \MF{} on a PC to use an HP Laserjet mode in
+place of proof mode. However, \MF{}'s command line resembles
+the law: {\em every stroke of the pen is significant}. What I had
+forgotten was that on my setup, `{\tt localfont}' must be explicitly
+requested.
+
+Em\TeX{}'s \MF{}, with {\tt plain.mf}, defaults to proof mode.
+However, I usually want a local printer's font-making mode.
+So to process {\tt pics.mf} correctly, I need to say:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ mf '\mode=localfont; input pics'
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\subsection{Consequences of Some Typing Errors on \MF{}'s
+ command line}\label{sub:typo}
+
+Small typing errors are so common, and yet undocumented (why are
+common mistakes not documented?), that I thought I'd list several that
+have tripped me up on innumerable occasions. After all, why reinvent
+the car crash?
+
+Consider a source file `{\tt pics.mf}' that contains `{\tt mag=1200/1000;}',
+so it is automatically scaled by 1.2 (ie, by magstep 1). If the target
+printer has 300 dpi, then a 360 dpi {\sc gf} font is wanted.
+
+Here is the gist of what happens for various typing errors, when using
+em\TeX{}'s `{\tt mf186}' on a 286 {\sc pc} to process `{\tt pics.mf}'.
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item
+\verb+mf186+ $\Longrightarrow$ \MF{} will keep prompting for arguments:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ **
+\end{verbatim}
+
+We can type the contents of the command line here; for example, I can
+now type `{\tt pics}'. In fact, even if you use the command line,
+the {\tt .log} (`transcript') file shows \MF{} echoing its
+interpretation of the command line to a ** prompt.
+
+\item \verb+mf186 pics+ $\Longrightarrow$ proof mode:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ ! Value is too large (5184)
+\end{verbatim}
+
+No {\sc tfm} is produced, and the {\sc gf} file has resolution 3122 dpi.
+(3121.72 dpi, to be precise.)
+
+\item \verb+mf186 mode=localfont; input pics+ $\Longrightarrow$ misinterpretation:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ ! I can't find file `modes=localfont.mf'.
+\end{verbatim}
+
+So, `{\tt modes}' needs that backslash, otherwise mf thinks it's the start
+of a source font's filename. Backslash (`$\backslash$') and ampersand
+(`\&') are escapes from this standard interpretation by \MF{}
+of the first argument. (Ampersand is in fact only a temporary escape,
+as \MF{} resumes the {\tt mf} filename prompting attitude as soon
+as a base is read.)
+
+\item \verb+mf186 \mode=localfont input pics+ $\Longrightarrow$
+ weird effect:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ >> unknown string mode_name1.2
+ ! Not a string
+ <to be read again>
+ ;
+ mode_setup-> ...ode)else:mode_name[mode]fi;
+ l.6 mode_setup
+ ;
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Wow! What a difference a semicolon can make!
+
+\item \verb+mf186 \mode=localfont pics+ $\Longrightarrow$
+ almost nothing happens:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ ** \mode=localfont pics
+
+ *
+\end{verbatim}
+
+There's the echo I mentioned. From the lack of activity, {\tt pics}
+evidently needs to be `{\tt input}'.
+
+\item \verb+mf186 \mode=localfont; pics+ $\Longrightarrow$
+
+ Same as 5.
+
+So, yes, when the mode is specified, we need `{\tt input}'
+before `{\tt pics}'.
+
+\item \verb+mf186 &plain \mode=localfont; input pics+ $\Longrightarrow$
+
+ Works.
+
+Just as without the `{\tt \&plain}', it writes a {\sc gf} file,
+`{\tt pics.360gf}', which is correct.
+({\sc ms-dos} truncates the name to `{\tt pics.360}'.)
+So, redundancy seems okay. Does it waste time, though?
+\end{enumerate}
+
+
+\subsection{Finding the Fonts}\label{sub:finding}
+
+Finding the fonts ({\tt *.mf}, {\tt *.tfm}, {\tt *.gf}, and {\tt *.pk})
+trips up \TeX{}, \MF{}, {\sf GFtoPK} and the output drivers continually.
+`{\tt pics.tfm}' needs to be put where \TeX{} will look for {\sc tfm\/}s,
+so I needed to ensure that `{\tt .}' was in the appropriate path environment
+variable. Similarly for the \MF{}, {\sc gf} and {\sc pk} font files.
+
+Environment variables can be tricky. For instance, em\TeX{}'s font-making
+automation program `{\sf MFjob}' cannot make fonts in the current directory
+unless both `{\tt .}' and `{\tt ..}' are added to {\tt MFINPUT}.
+This was not documented.
+
+Also, some popular \TeX{} output drivers, such as the em\TeX{} drivers
+on {\sc ms-dos} and {\sc os/2}, and Tomas {\sc Rokicki\/}'s `{\tt dvips}'
+which has been ported to many systems, make missing fonts automatically
+--- provided that they can find the necessary \MF{} source files.
+Again, making fonts in the current directory can require some
+tweaking.
+
+
+\subsection{{\tt MakeTeXPK}}\label{sub:maketexpk}
+
+On {\sc unix}, when fonts are missing,
+{\tt dvips} calls a Bourne shell script, `{\tt MakeTeXPK}',
+which creates a temporary directory, which it then changes to,
+before calling \MF{} to make the missing fonts.
+The change of directory can cause \MF{} not to find font sources
+lying in what {\bf used} to be the current directory.
+
+Gert W.~{\sc Bultman} ({\tt bultman@dgw.rws.nl}) has suggested the
+following modification to {\tt MakeTeXPK\/}:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ MFINPUTS=${MFINPUTS}:`pwd`; export MFINPUTS
+\end{verbatim}
+to add the current directory to the search path, {\em before\/} the
+change to the temporary directory:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ cd $TEMPDIR
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Micha{\l} {\sc Jaegermann} ({\tt ntomczak@vm.ucs.ualberta.ca})
+has pointed out that:
+
+`This will not work very well in a situation when the {\tt MFINPUTS} variable
+is not set, and you rely instead on \MF{} files being in a default
+location. The problem is that in such a situation, after an execution
+of the line above, you will end up with ONLY your 'current working
+directory' in the {\tt MFINPUTS} path, [which still leaves you
+without access to the standard \MF{} files].
+
+`For the Bourne shell, {\tt sh}, this line should rather read
+somewhat\footnote
+{gt: I've separated this into two (valid, unix Bourne shell) lines,
+to fit into the text width of this document.}
+like:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ MFINPUTS=`pwd`:${MFINPUTS-/usr/lib/mf/inputs}
+ export MFINPUTS
+\end{verbatim}
+which gives you a fallback position. Of course,
+\begin{verbatim}
+ /usr/lib/mf/inputs
+\end{verbatim}
+should be replaced by a default value for the {\tt MFINPUTS} path.
+
+`This problem is highly likely to affect budding \MF{} hackers
+on {\sf NeXT}, for example.'
+
+Micha{\l}'s suggestion gives priority to \MF{} files in the directory that
+is current when MakeTeXPK is called, which is the usual preference.
+In {\tt sh}, the `{\tt \${A-B}}' construction has the value of {\tt A},
+if {\tt A} is defined, and the value of {\tt B}, otherwise.
+
+Karl {\sc Berry} advises that for {\tt web2c 5.851c} and above,
+a leading or trailing colon in a path is replaced by the compile-time
+default path. For {\tt web2c} he suggests:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ if test -z "$MFINPUTS"; then
+ MFINPUTS=`pwd`:
+ else
+ MFINPUTS=`pwd`:$MFINPUTS:
+ fi
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Test these ideas on your system, to see what is most applicable.
+
+Incidentally, on {\sc ms-dos}, {\tt dvips} calls a batch file,
+`{\tt MAKETEXP.BAT}', but, in the {\sc ms-dos} versions I've seen,
+this lacks the change to a temporary directory that causes
+the problem that occurs both in the {\sc unix} versions of {\tt dvips}
+and in em\TeX{}'s MFjob.
+
+
+\subsection{Strange Paths; Not a cycle; Bad pos}
+
+\MF{} satisfactorily fills simple closed curves, like `{\tt O}'
+and `{\tt D}', but filling a figure eight, `{\tt 8}', causes a
+complaint:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ Strange path (turning number is zero)
+\end{verbatim}
+because \MF{}'s rules for distinguishing inside from outside
+might or might not give what you want for an `{\tt 8}', as there is
+more than one conceivable answer. You can use the `positive turning
+rule' for all cases, and also turn off complaints, by setting
+\begin{verbatim}
+ turningcheck := 0;
+\end{verbatim}
+Chapter 13: `Drawing, Filling, and Erasing', and Chapter 27:
+`Recovery from Errors', discuss {\tt strange paths} in greater
+depth.
+
+
+Sometimes, when making a perfectly valid font, but in {\em low\/}
+resolutions, as for previewers (eg, VGA has 96 dpi), one may get
+flak about a `{\tt Strange path}', `{\tt Not a cycle}',
+`{\tt bad pos}', or something similar. Don't be alarmed. Fonts for
+previewing will still be OK even if not perfect. (Actually, I don't
+spot any difference!)
+
+Consequently, it is an idea to make low resolution fonts in
+\MF{}'s \hbox{\tt nonstopmode}.
+
+Em\TeX{}'s drivers version 1.4s make missing fonts automatically
+through the {\tt MFjob} program (version 1.1l). To keep {\tt MFjob}
+running, add the option {\tt /i} (`ignore errors produced by \MF{}')
+to the {\tt MFJOBOPT} environment variable.
+
+Examples of fonts that give messages of this nature are the pleasant
+Pandora, and --- from memory --- the commendable Ralf Smith's
+Formal Script ({\tt rsfs}). Everything is fine at higher resolutions.
+
+Mind you, some fonts provoke sporadic
+(that is, design size dependent)
+strange path messages at 300 dpi
+(phototypesetter users would consider that low resolution),
+yet the printed appearance shows no visible defect.
+
+Why do strange paths occur?
+One cause is rounding error on relatively coarse grids.
+
+To summarize, if your viewed or printed bitmaps are fine,
+then you are OK.
+
+
+\section{\MF{} Mail List}
+
+Since 10 December 1992, there has been an e-mail discussion list
+for \MF{}, created:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item as a means of communication between hooked \MF{}ers;
+
+\item as a way to bring the ``rest of us'' closer to them;
+
+\item as a means to get quick and efficient answers to questions
+ such as:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item[$\circ$] why do I always get a ``.2602gf'' file?
+ \item[$\circ$] what is a ``strange path'',
+ and what can I do to avoid it?
+ \item[$\circ$] is there a way to go from \MF{} to PostScript
+ and vice-versa?
+ \item[$\circ$] where can I find a Stempel Garamond font
+ written in \MF{}?
+ \item[$\circ$] what is metaness?
+\end{itemize}
+
+\item and finally, as a first step to encourage people to undertake
+ \MF{}ing, and start a new post-Computer Modern era of \MF{}!
+\end{enumerate}
+
+To subscribe to this list, send the following two lines to
+``{\tt listserv@ens.fr}'' on the Internet:
+ \begin{quote}
+ \tt
+ SUBSCRIBE METAFONT $<$Your name and affiliation$>$\\
+ SET METAFONT MAIL ACK
+ \end{quote}
+The address of the list is ``{\tt metafont@ens.fr}''
+(at the notorious Ecole Normale Superieure de~Paris).
+Owner of the list is Jacques {\sc Beigbeder}
+(``{\tt beig@ens.fr}''),
+coordinator is Yannis {\sc Haralambous}
+(``{\tt yannis@gat.citilille.fr}'').
+Language of the list is English;
+intelligent mottos are encouraged.
+
+
+\section{Conclusion}
+
+\MF{}, like \TeX{} and many another `portable' program of any
+complexity, merits the warning: `{\em Watch out for the first step\/}'.
+
+I hope that a document like this may help to prevent domestic
+accidents involving \MF{}, and so contribute to making the task
+of using and designing meta-fonts an enjoyable one. My brief
+experience with \MF{} suggests that it can be so.
+
+
+All the Best!
+%% Geoffrey Tobin
+
+\end{document}
+% end file mfb3w4.tex %
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metafp/metafp.pdf b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metafp/metafp.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fa9940fe18d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metafp/metafp.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/Makefile b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f2300310718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+METAPOST = mpost --interaction=nonstopmode
+
+all:
+ perl mp2html.pl
+
+old_all:
+ TEX=latex $(METAPOST) examples.mp
+
+clean:
+ rm -f examples.[0-9] examples.[0-9][0-9] examples.[0-9][0-9][0-9] *.mps
+ rm -f examples.tex examples.ps examples.dvi examples.pdf
+ rm -f *.dvi *.aux *.log *\~
+ rm -f mpxerr.* *.mpx mptextmp.*
+ rm -f nohup.out
+
+cleanse: clean
+ rm -f examples.[0-9].gif examples.[0-9][0-9].gif examples.[0-9][0-9][0-9].gif
+ rm -f examples.[0-9].eps examples.[0-9][0-9].eps examples.[0-9][0-9][0-9].eps
+ rm -f examples.[0-9].ps examples.[0-9][0-9].ps examples.[0-9][0-9][0-9].ps
+ rm -f examples.[0-9].tex examples.[0-9][0-9].tex examples.[0-9][0-9][0-9].tex
+ rm -f examples.html
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/README b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/README
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a884163d656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/README
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+These are a few (hundred) example pictures drawn with
+metapost, ranging from very simple (lines and circles)
+to rather intricate (uncommon geometric transformations,
+fractals, bitmap, etc.).
+
+README this file
+data1 sample data file (for plot drawings)
+data2
+data3
+examples.mp The examples
+mptohtml.pl A perl script that turns the examples into a PostScript
+ file and into an HTML file and GIF pictures
+ The resulting (huge) Web page may be seen here:
+ http://www.math.jussieu.fr/~zoonek/LaTeX/Metapost/metapost.html
+Makefile runs the above script
+
+Vincent Zoonekynd <zoonek@math.jussieu.fr>
+August 1999
+Updated august 2001
+Version 0.01
+Distributed under the GPL (see http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html for details)
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/data1 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/data1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..24092f087bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/data1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+0 82
+1 90
+2 100
+3 97
+4 70
+5 75
+6 93
+7 103
+8 115
+9 121
+10 119
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/data2 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/data2
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c934e72a70b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/data2
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+0 100
+1 95
+2 85
+3 80
+4 83
+5 90
+6 88
+7 96
+8 99
+9 100
+10 105
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/data3 b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/data3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7e54a066ff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/data3
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+0 125
+1 119
+2 123
+3 104
+4 81
+5 94
+6 90
+7 88
+8 85
+9 89
+10 90
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/examples.mp b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/examples.mp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7a156f03deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/examples.mp
@@ -0,0 +1,4896 @@
+warningcheck:=0;
+
+input rboxes;
+input sarith;
+input graph;
+
+verbatimtex
+\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+\begin{document}
+etex
+
+vardef TEX primary s =
+ write "verbatimtex" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "\documentclass[12pt]{article}" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "\begin{document}" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "etex" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "btex "&s&" etex" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write EOF to "mptextmp.mp";
+ scantokens "input mptextmp"
+enddef;
+
+vardef longueur(expr p) =
+ save l,i;
+ numeric l;
+ l:=0;
+ for i=0 step .01 until length(p):
+ l:=l+abs( (point i of p) - (point(i+.01) of p) );
+ endfor;
+ l % Pas de point-virgule
+enddef;
+
+vardef milieu(expr p) =
+ save l,i,tot,A,B;
+ numeric l,tot,i;
+ pair A,B;
+ tot := longueur(p);
+ l:=0;
+ B := point 0 of p;
+ for i:=0 step .01 until length(p):
+ A := B;
+ B := point i of p;
+ l := l+abs(B-A);
+ exitif l > 1/2 tot;
+ endfor;
+ show l; show tot;
+ 1/2[A,B]
+enddef;
+
+vardef milieu_time(expr p) =
+ save l,i,tot,A,B,t;
+ numeric l,tot,i,t;
+ pair A,B;
+ tot := longueur(p);
+ l:=0;
+ B := point 0 of p;
+ for i:=0 step .01 until length(p):
+ t:=i;
+ A := B;
+ B := point i of p;
+ l := l+abs(B-A);
+ exitif l > 1/2 tot;
+ endfor;
+ t
+enddef;
+
+beginfig(1)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(2)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(3)
+ pair A[];
+ A[0]:=(-1cm, -1cm);
+ A[1]:=( 1cm, -1cm);
+ A[2]:=( 1cm, 1cm);
+ A[3]:=(-1cm, 1cm);
+ draw A[0]--A[1]--A[2]--A[3]--cycle;
+ draw A[0]--A[2];
+ draw A[1]--A[3];
+endfig;
+beginfig(4)
+ pair A;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(5)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw B withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw C withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(6)
+ pair A, B, C, D;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0);
+ C:=(1cm,1cm); D:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--D--cycle;
+ draw A--C;
+ draw B--D;
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw B withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw C withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw D withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(7)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw 1/2[A,B] -- C;
+ draw 1/2[B,C] -- A;
+ draw 1/2[C,A] -- B;
+endfig;
+beginfig(8)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw 1/2[A,B] -- C;
+ draw 1/2[B,C] -- A;
+ draw 1/2[C,A] -- B;
+ draw 1/3 A + 1/3 B + 1/3 C
+ withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(9)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw A--B withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(10)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw A--B withcolor (green + red);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(11)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B;
+ draw B--C dashed evenly;
+ draw C--A dashed withdots;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(12)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B withpen pencircle scaled 2bp withcolor .8white;
+ draw B--C withpen pencircle scaled 2bp withcolor .6white;
+ draw C--A withpen pencircle scaled 2bp withcolor .4white;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(13)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw 1/2[A,B] -- C dashed evenly;
+ draw 1/2[B,C] -- A dashed evenly;
+ draw 1/2[C,A] -- B dashed evenly;
+ draw 1/3 A + 1/3 B + 1/3 C
+ withpen pencircle scaled 4bp
+ withcolor red;
+endfig;
+beginfig(14)
+ draw (0,0)--(3cm,0) dashed evenly scaled 2;
+ draw (0,-5mm)--(3cm,-5mm) dashed evenly;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(15)
+ draw (0,0)--(3cm,0)
+ dashed dashpattern(on 2bp off 3bp);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(16)
+ draw (0,0)--(3cm,0) dashed dashpattern(on 1bp off 2bp on 10bp off 2bp);
+endfig;
+beginfig(17)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ drawarrow C--B--A;
+ drawarrow A--C withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(18)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw C--B--A--cycle;
+ drawdblarrow A--C withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(19)
+ draw (-1.5cm,0)--(1.5cm,0);
+ draw (0,-1.5cm)--(0,1.5cm);
+ drawarrow (0,0)--(1cm,0)
+ withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ drawarrow (0,0)--(0,1cm)
+ withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(20)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ fill A--B--C--cycle withcolor .8 white;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(21)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ fill A--B--C--cycle withcolor .8 white;
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(22)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ fill A--B--C--cycle withcolor .8 white;
+ draw A--B--C--cycle withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(23)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ fill A--B--C--cycle withcolor .8 white;
+endfig;
+beginfig(24)
+ pair A, B, C, D;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0);
+ C:=(1cm,1cm); D:=(0,1cm);
+ fill A--C--B--D--cycle withcolor .8white;
+endfig;
+beginfig(25)
+ pair A, B, C, D;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0);
+ C:=(1cm,1cm); D:=(0,1cm);
+ path p;
+ p := A--C--B--D--cycle;
+ fill p withcolor .8white;
+ draw p;
+endfig;
+beginfig(26)
+ pair A, B, C, D;
+ A:=(-1.5cm,-1.5cm); B:=(1.5cm,-1.5cm);
+ C:=(1.5cm,1.5cm); D:=(-1.5cm,1.5cm);
+ fill A--C--B--D--cycle withcolor .8white;
+ draw (-1.5cm,0)--(1.5cm,0);
+ draw (0,-1.5cm)--(0,1.5cm);
+ drawarrow (0,0)--(1cm,0)
+ withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ drawarrow (0,0)--(0,1cm)
+ withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(27)
+ pair A;
+ A := (0,0);
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ label.top(btex Au dessus etex, A);
+ label.bot(btex En dessous etex, A);
+ label.rt (btex À droite etex, A);
+ label.lft(btex À gauche etex, A);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(28)
+ pair A;
+ A := (0,0);
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ label.ulft(btex En haut à gauche etex, A);
+ label.urt (btex En haut à droite etex, A);
+ label.llft(btex En bas à gauche etex, A);
+ label.lrt (btex En bas à droite etex, A);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(29)
+ pair A;
+ A := (0,0);
+ dotlabel.urt(btex $A$ etex, A);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(30)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ dotlabel.llft(btex $A$ etex, A);
+ dotlabel.lrt(btex $B$ etex, B);
+ dotlabel.top(btex $C$ etex, C);
+endfig;
+beginfig(31)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ label.bot(btex $1$ etex, 1/2[A,B]);
+ label.lft(btex $1$ etex, 1/2[A,C]);
+ label.urt(btex $\sqrt 2$ etex, 1/2[B,C]);
+endfig;
+beginfig(32)
+ u:=1cm;
+ pair A,B,C,D,E,F,G;
+ A := (-u,u);
+ B := (0,u);
+ C := (u,u);
+ D := (-u,0);
+ E := (0,0);
+ F := (u,0);
+ draw A--D; draw A--E; draw A--F;
+ draw B--D; draw B--E; draw B--F;
+ draw C--D; draw C--E; draw C--F;
+ dotlabel.top(btex $a$ etex, A);
+ dotlabel.top(btex $b$ etex, B);
+ dotlabel.top(btex $c$ etex, C);
+ dotlabel.bot(btex $a'$ etex, D);
+ dotlabel.bot(btex $b'$ etex, E);
+ dotlabel.bot(btex $c'$ etex, F);
+endfig;
+beginfig(33)
+ draw fullcircle;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(34)
+ draw (0,0) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw fullcircle scaled 1cm;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(35)
+ draw (0,0) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw fullcircle scaled 1cm shifted (1cm,1cm);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(36)
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0); C:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ fill fullcircle scaled 4bp shifted A withcolor white;
+ fill fullcircle scaled 4bp shifted B withcolor white;
+ fill fullcircle scaled 4bp shifted C withcolor white;
+ draw fullcircle scaled 4bp shifted A;
+ draw fullcircle scaled 4bp shifted B;
+ draw fullcircle scaled 4bp shifted C;
+endfig;
+beginfig(37)
+ draw (0,0) .. (0,1cm) .. (1cm,0) .. (1cm,1cm);
+ draw (0,0) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw (0,1cm) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw (1cm,0) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw (1cm,1cm) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(38)
+ draw (0,0) -- (0,1cm) .. (1cm,0) .. (1cm,1cm);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(39)
+ draw (0,0) --- (0,1cm) .. (1cm,0) .. (1cm,1cm);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(40)
+ draw (0,0) .. (0,1cm) .. (1cm,0) .. (1cm,1cm)
+ .. cycle;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(41)
+ pair A, B, C, D;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(1cm,0);
+ C:=(1cm,1cm); D:=(0,1cm);
+ draw A..B..C..D..cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(42)
+ draw (0,0) .. (1cm,1cm) .. cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(43)
+ draw (0,0){(0,1)} .. (2cm,0){(1,0)};
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(44)
+ draw (0,0){dir 90} .. (2cm,0){dir 0};
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(45)
+ draw (0,0){up} .. (2cm,0){right};
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(46)
+ draw (0,0){up} .. (2cm,0){up};
+endfig;
+beginfig(47)
+ draw (0,0){up} .. (2cm,0){up} .. cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(48)
+ alpha := 30;
+ draw (0,0) -- 2cm*dir 0;
+ draw (0,0) -- 2cm*dir alpha;
+ draw 1cm * dir 0 {dir 90} ..
+ 1cm * dir alpha {dir(90+alpha)};
+endfig;
+beginfig(49)
+ alpha := 30;
+ draw (0,0) -- 2cm*dir 0;
+ draw (0,0) -- 2cm*dir alpha;
+ draw 1cm * dir 0 {dir 90} ..
+ 1cm * dir alpha {dir(90+alpha)};
+ draw 1.1cm * dir 0 {dir 90} ..
+ 1.1cm * dir alpha {dir(90+alpha)};
+endfig;
+beginfig(50)
+ def draw_angle(expr A, O, B, n) =
+ draw_angle_(A,O,B,5mm);
+ if n>1 : draw_angle_(A,O,B,4.5mm); fi;
+ if n>2 : draw_angle_(A,O,B,4mm); fi;
+ if n>3 : draw_angle_(A,O,B,5.5mm); fi;
+ enddef;
+ def draw_angle_(expr A,O,B,d) =
+ draw (O + d*unitvector(A-O))
+ { d*unitvector(A-O) rotated 90 }
+ ..
+ { d*unitvector(B-O) rotated 90 }
+ (O + d*unitvector(B-O));
+ enddef;
+ pair A, B, C;
+ A := (0,0);
+ B := (3cm,0);
+ C := (1cm,2cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw_angle(B,A,C,1);
+ draw_angle(C,B,A,2);
+ draw_angle(A,C,B,3);
+endfig;
+beginfig(51)
+ u:=1cm;
+ path p;
+ p := (u,0){up}..(-u,0){down}--cycle;
+ fill p withcolor .8*white;
+ draw p withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(52)
+ u:=1cm;
+ path p;
+ p := (u,0){up} ..
+ (-u,0){down} --
+ (-.2u,0){up} ..
+ (.2u,0){down} --
+ cycle;
+ fill p withcolor .8*white;
+ draw p withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(53)
+ u:=1cm;
+ pair A,AA,B,BB,C,D;
+ A := ( .2u, .05u);
+ AA := ( .2u, -.05u);
+ B := ( u, .05u);
+ BB := ( u, -.05u);
+ C := (-.2u, 0);
+ D := ( -u, 0);
+ path p;
+ p:= B{up} .. D{down} .. BB{up} --
+ AA{down} .. C{up} .. A{down} -- cycle;
+ fill p withcolor .8*white;
+ draw p withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(54)
+ u:=1cm;
+ pair A,B,C,D;
+ A:=(0,0);
+ B:=u*dir 60;
+ C:=u*dir -60;
+ D:=(2u,0);
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw B withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw C withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw D withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw A--D--B--D--C;
+ draw A{up}..B;
+ draw A{down}..C;
+ draw A{dir 30}..B;
+ draw A{dir -30}..C;
+endfig;
+beginfig(55)
+ draw (0,0) .. (1cm,1cm) .. (2cm,0);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(56)
+ draw (0,0) .. tension 2 ..
+ (1cm,1cm) .. (2cm,0);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(57)
+ draw (0,u) {right} ..
+ ( u*dir -150 ){dir 120} ..
+ ( u*dir -30 ){dir -120} ..
+ cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(58)
+ draw (0,u) {right} .. tension 2 ..
+ ( u*dir -150 ){dir 120} .. tension 2 ..
+ ( u*dir -30 ){dir -120} .. tension 2 ..
+ cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(59)
+ draw (0,u) {right} .. tension 4 ..
+ ( u*dir -150 ){dir 120} .. tension 4 ..
+ ( u*dir -30 ){dir -120} .. tension 4 ..
+ cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(60)
+ u:=.5cm;
+ pair A,B,C,D;
+ A:=(0,0); B:=(-u,2u);
+ C:=(4u,3u); D:=(3u,0);
+ draw A.. controls B and C .. D
+ withpen pencircle scaled 2pt;
+ draw B--C dashed evenly;
+ drawarrow A--B;
+ drawarrow D--C;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(61)
+ pair A, B, C, D;
+ A = (0,0);
+ D = (2u,0);
+ B = (-u,2u);
+ C = (3u,3u);
+
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw B withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw C withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw D withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw A .. controls B and C .. D;
+
+ pair a[];
+ a[1] := A;
+ a[2] := B;
+ a[3] := C;
+ a[4] := D;
+
+ a[12] := 1/2 [ a[1], a[2] ];
+ a[23] := 1/2 [ a[2], a[3] ];
+ a[34] := 1/2 [ a[3], a[4] ];
+ a[123] := 1/2 [ a[12], a[23] ];
+ a[234] := 1/2 [ a[23], a[34] ];
+ a[1234] := 1/2 [ a[123], a[234] ];
+
+ draw a[1234] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(62)
+vardef bezier(expr n,A,B,C,D) =
+ save a;
+ pair a[];
+ a[1] := A;
+ a[2] := B;
+ a[3] := C;
+ a[4] := D;
+
+ a[12] := 1/2 [ a[1], a[2] ];
+ a[23] := 1/2 [ a[2], a[3] ];
+ a[34] := 1/2 [ a[3], a[4] ];
+ a[123] := 1/2 [ a[12], a[23] ];
+ a[234] := 1/2 [ a[23], a[34] ];
+ a[1234] := 1/2 [ a[123], a[234] ];
+
+ if n>0:
+ bezier(n-1, a[1], a[12], a[123], a[1234]);
+ bezier(n-1, a[1234], a[234], a[34], a[4]);
+ else:
+ draw a[1234] withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ fi;
+enddef;
+
+ pair A, B, C, D;
+ A = (0,0);
+ D = (2u,0);
+ B = (-u,2u);
+ C = (3u,3u);
+
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw B withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw C withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw D withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+
+ bezier(5,A,B,C,D);
+endfig;
+beginfig(63)
+ draw (0,0){up} .. (1cm, 1mm) .. (2cm,0){down};
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(64)
+ draw (0,0){up} ... (1cm, 1mm) ... (2cm,0){down};
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(65)
+ draw (0,0){curl 0} .. (0,1cm)..(1cm,0)..(1cm,1cm);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(66)
+ draw (0,0){curl 1} .. (0,1cm)..(1cm,0)..(1cm,1cm);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(67)
+ draw (0,0){curl 2} .. (0,1cm)..(1cm,0)..(1cm,1cm);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(68)
+ pair A,B,C,D;
+ xpart A = ypart A = ypart B = xpart C = 0;
+ xpart B = ypart C = xpart D = ypart D = 2cm;
+ draw A--B--C--D--cycle withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(69)
+ pair A,B,C,D,M;
+ numeric lambda, mu;
+ A=(0,0); B=(2cm,3cm);
+ C=(1cm,0); D=(-1cm,2cm);
+ M = lambda [A,B];
+ M = mu [C,D];
+ draw A--B;
+ draw C--D;
+ draw M withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(70)
+ pair A,B,C,D,M;
+ A=(0,0); B=(2cm,3cm);
+ C=(1cm,0); D=(-1cm,2cm);
+ M = whatever [A,B];
+ M = whatever [C,D];
+ draw A--B;
+ draw C--D;
+ draw M withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(71)
+ pair A,B,C,AA,BB,CC,G;
+ A=(0,0); B=(3cm,0); C=(1cm,2cm);
+ AA = 1/2 [B,C];
+ BB = 1/2 [C,A];
+ CC = 1/2 [A,B];
+ G = whatever [A,AA];
+ G = whatever [B,BB];
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw A--AA dashed withdots;
+ draw B--BB dashed withdots;
+ draw C--CC dashed withdots;
+ draw G withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(72)
+ path p;
+ p := fullcircle scaled 5mm;
+ draw p;
+ draw p shifted (1mm,2mm);
+ draw p shifted 2(1mm,2mm);
+ draw p shifted 3(1mm,2mm);
+ draw p shifted 4(1mm,2mm);
+ draw p shifted 5(1mm,2mm);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(73)
+ path p;
+ p := (5mm,-5mm) {right} .. (2cm,0);
+ draw p;
+ draw p rotated 10;
+ draw p rotated 20;
+ draw p rotated 30;
+ draw p rotated 40;
+ draw p rotated 50;
+ draw p rotated 60;
+ draw p rotated 70;
+ draw p rotated 80;
+ draw p rotated 90;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(74)
+ path p;
+ p := fullcircle scaled 5mm;
+ draw p;
+ draw p xscaled 2;
+ draw p xscaled 3;
+ draw p xscaled 4;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(75)
+ pair A,B,C,D,E;
+ A := (1cm,0);
+ B := A rotated 72;
+ C := B rotated 72;
+ D := C rotated 72;
+ E := D rotated 72;
+ draw A--B--C--D--E--cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(76)
+ pair A,B,C,D,E;
+ A := (1cm,0);
+ B := A rotated 72;
+ C := B rotated 72;
+ D := C rotated 72;
+ E := D rotated 72;
+ draw A--C--E--B--D--cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(77)
+ pair A,B,C,D,E;
+ A := (1cm,0);
+ B := A rotated 72;
+ C := B rotated 72;
+ D := C rotated 72;
+ E := D rotated 72;
+ pair AA, BB, CC, DD, EE;
+ AA = whatever [A, C];
+ AA = whatever [B, D];
+ BB = whatever [B, D];
+ BB = whatever [C, E];
+ CC = whatever [C, E];
+ CC = whatever [D, A];
+ DD = whatever [D, A];
+ DD = whatever [E, B];
+ EE = whatever [E, B];
+ EE = whatever [A, C];
+ fill A--C--E--B--D--cycle withcolor .8white;
+ fill AA--BB--CC--DD--EE--cycle withcolor white;
+ draw A--C--E--B--D--cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(78)
+ path p;
+ p := (0,0) -- (1cm,0);
+ drawarrow p withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ drawarrow p zscaled (1,2);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(79)
+ u:=1cm;
+ path p; p := (0,0) -- (u,0);
+ pair A; A := (u,-u);
+ numeric a; a := 90;
+ drawarrow p withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ drawarrow p rotatedaround( A, a );
+ drawarrow p shifted -A rotated a shifted A
+ withpen pencircle scaled 1bp dashed withdots;
+endfig;
+beginfig(80)
+ path p; p := (0,0) -- (u,0);
+ pair A; A := (u,-u);
+ numeric a; a := 90;
+ drawarrow p withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ label ulft ( btex $A$ etex, A );
+ draw (0,0) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ label bot ( btex $O$ etex, (0,0) );
+ for i=0 upto 10:
+ drawarrow p shifted -(i*A/10) withcolor red;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto 10:
+ drawarrow p shifted -A rotated (i*a/10) withcolor green;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto 10:
+ drawarrow p shifted -A rotated a shifted (i*A/10) withcolor blue;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(81)
+ pair A,B,C,AA,BB,CC,H;
+ A=(0,0); B=(3cm,0); C=(1cm,2cm);
+ AA - A = whatever * (B-C) rotated 90;
+ AA = whatever [B,C];
+ BB - B = whatever * (A-C) rotated 90;
+ BB = whatever [A,C];
+ CC - C = whatever * (A-B) rotated 90;
+ CC = whatever [A,B];
+ H = whatever [A,AA];
+ H = whatever [B,BB];
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw A--AA;
+ draw B--BB;
+ draw C--CC;
+ draw H withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(82)
+ pair A,B,C,H;
+ A=(0,0); B=(3cm,0); C=(1cm,2cm);
+ H - A = whatever * (B-C) rotated 90;
+ H - B = whatever * (A-C) rotated 90;
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw H withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(83)
+ pair A,B,C,O;
+ A=(0,0); B=(3cm,0); C=(1cm,2cm);
+ O - 1/2[B,C] = whatever * (B-C) rotated 90;
+ O - 1/2[A,B] = whatever * (A-B) rotated 90;
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw O withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw fullcircle scaled 2abs(O-A) shifted O;
+endfig;
+beginfig(84)
+ pair A,B,C,D;
+ u:=2cm;
+ A=(0,0); B=(u,0); C=(u,u); D=(0,u);
+
+ transform T;
+ A transformed T = 1/5[A,B];
+ B transformed T = 1/5[B,C];
+ C transformed T = 1/5[C,D];
+
+ path p;
+ p = A--B--C--D--cycle;
+ draw p;
+ draw p transformed T;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(85)
+ pair A,B,C,D;
+ u:=2cm;
+ A=(0,0); B=(u,0); C=(u,u); D=(0,u);
+
+ transform T;
+ A transformed T = 1/5[A,B];
+ B transformed T = 1/5[B,C];
+ C transformed T = 1/5[C,D];
+
+ path p;
+ p = A--B--C--D--cycle;
+ for i=0 upto 100:
+ draw p;
+ p:= p transformed T;
+ endfor;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(86)
+ u:=1cm;
+ pair A,B,C,D,E;
+ A := (0,u);
+ B := A rotated 72;
+ C := B rotated 72;
+ D := C rotated 72;
+ E := D rotated 72;
+ transform T;
+ A transformed T = 1/5[A,B];
+ B transformed T = 1/5[B,C];
+ C transformed T = 1/5[C,D];
+ path p;
+ p := A--B--C--D--E--cycle;
+ draw p;
+ p := p transformed T; draw p;
+ p := p transformed T; draw p;
+ p := p transformed T; draw p;
+endfig;
+beginfig(87)
+ u:=3mm;
+ fill fullcircle scaled 2u withcolor .8white;
+ fill fullcircle scaled u shifted (u*dir30)
+ withcolor .8white;
+ fill fullcircle scaled u shifted (u*dir150)
+ withcolor .8white;
+endfig;
+beginfig(88)
+ u:=3mm;
+ transform T;
+ (0,0) transformed T = (0,0);
+ (1,0) transformed T = (1,1);
+ (0,1) transformed T = (1,0);
+
+ fill fullcircle scaled 2u transformed T withcolor .8white;
+ fill fullcircle scaled u shifted (u*dir30) transformed T
+ withcolor .8white;
+ fill fullcircle scaled u shifted (u*dir150) transformed T
+ withcolor .8white;
+endfig;
+beginfig(89)
+ u:=3mm;
+ transform T;
+ xpart T = ypart T = 0;
+ xxpart T = 1;
+ yxpart T = 2;
+ xypart T = 3;
+ yypart T = 4;
+
+ fill fullcircle scaled 2u transformed T withcolor .8white;
+ fill fullcircle scaled u shifted (u*dir30) transformed T
+ withcolor .8white;
+ fill fullcircle scaled u shifted (u*dir150) transformed T
+ withcolor .8white;
+endfig;
+beginfig(90)
+ draw fullcircle scaled 1cm;
+ draw fullcircle scaled 5mm shifted (1cm*dir45);
+ draw fullcircle scaled 5mm shifted (1cm*dir135);
+ picture mypicture;
+ mypicture := currentpicture;
+ currentpicture := nullpicture;
+ draw mypicture;
+ draw mypicture shifted (1mm,1mm);
+ draw mypicture shifted (2mm,2mm);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(91)
+ picture pic;
+ pic := nullpicture;
+ addto pic contour fullcircle scaled 1cm
+ withcolor .8white;
+ addto pic doublepath fullcircle scaled 1cm
+ withpen pencircle scaled .5bp;
+ addto pic also pic shifted (1mm,1mm);
+ draw pic;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(92)
+ u:=3mm;
+ picture mickey;
+ mickey := nullpicture;
+ addto mickey contour fullcircle scaled 2u
+ withcolor .8white;
+ addto mickey contour fullcircle scaled u
+ shifted (u*dir30) withcolor .8white;
+ addto mickey contour fullcircle scaled u
+ shifted (u*dir150)
+ withcolor .8white;
+ draw mickey;
+endfig;
+beginfig(93)
+ u:=3mm;
+ picture mickey;
+ mickey := nullpicture;
+ addto mickey contour fullcircle scaled 2u
+ withcolor .8white;
+ addto mickey contour fullcircle scaled u
+ shifted (u*dir30) withcolor .8white;
+ addto mickey contour fullcircle scaled u
+ shifted (u*dir150) withcolor .8white;
+
+ transform T;
+ (0,0) transformed T = (0,0);
+ (1,0) transformed T = (1,1);
+ (0,1) transformed T = (1,0);
+
+ draw mickey transformed T;
+endfig;
+beginfig(94)
+ u:=3mm;
+ picture mickey;
+ fill fullcircle scaled 2u withcolor .8white;
+ fill fullcircle scaled u shifted (u*dir30)
+ withcolor .8white;
+ fill fullcircle scaled u shifted (u*dir150)
+ withcolor .8white;
+ mickey := currentpicture;
+ currentpicture := nullpicture;
+
+ transform T;
+ (0,0) transformed T = (0,0);
+ (1,0) transformed T = (1,1);
+ (0,1) transformed T = (1,0);
+
+ draw mickey transformed T;
+endfig;
+beginfig(95)
+ pair A,B;
+ path p;
+ A = (0,1cm);
+ B = A rotated 120;
+ p = A{dir 0} .. tension 2 .. B{dir 120};
+ draw p;
+ draw p rotated 120;
+ draw p rotated -120;
+endfig;
+beginfig(96)
+ pair A,B;
+ path p;
+ numeric n;
+ n:=5;
+ A = (0,1cm);
+ B = A rotated (2*360/n);
+ p = A{dir 180} .. tension 4 .. B{dir (180+2*360/n)};
+ draw p withcolor red;
+ draw p rotated (1*360/n);
+ draw p rotated (2*360/n);
+ draw p rotated (3*360/n);
+ draw p rotated (4*360/n);
+endfig;
+beginfig(97)
+ path c[], l[];
+ c[0] = fullcircle xscaled 1cm yscaled .5cm
+ shifted (0,1cm);
+ c[1] = c[0] rotated 120;
+ c[2] = c[1] rotated 120;
+ pair A;
+ A = (-.5cm,1cm);
+ l[0] = A{down} ..
+ (A xscaled -1 rotated 120){-down rotated 120};
+ l[1] = l[0] rotated 120;
+ l[2] = l[1] rotated 120;
+ draw c[0]; draw c[1]; draw c[2];
+ draw l[0]; draw l[1]; draw l[2];
+endfig;
+beginfig(98)
+ path c[], l[];
+ c[0] = fullcircle xscaled 1cm yscaled .5cm
+ shifted (0,1cm);
+ c[1] = c[0] rotated (360/4);
+ c[2] = c[1] rotated (360/4);
+ c[3] = c[2] rotated (360/4);
+ pair A;
+ A = (-.5cm,1cm);
+ l[0] = A{down} ..
+ (A xscaled -1 rotated (360/4))
+ {-down rotated (360/4)};
+ l[1] = l[0] rotated (360/4);
+ l[2] = l[1] rotated (360/4);
+ l[3] = l[2] rotated (360/4);
+ draw c[0]; draw c[1]; draw c[2]; draw c[3];
+ draw l[0]; draw l[1]; draw l[2]; draw l[3];
+endfig;
+beginfig(99)
+ pair A, B;
+ A := (0,0); B := (2cm,1cm);
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw B withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw fullcircle scaled abs(B-A) shifted 1/2[A,B];
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(100)
+ pair A;
+ A:=(2cm,2cm);
+ drawarrow origin--A;
+ drawarrow (origin--A) rotated -1/3 angle(A);
+ drawarrow (origin--A) rotated -2/3 angle(A);
+ drawarrow (origin--A) rotated -angle(A);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(101)
+ pair A,B;
+ A:=(1cm,2cm); B:=(2cm,1cm);
+ numeric alpha;
+ alpha = angle(A) - angle(B);
+ drawarrow origin--A;
+ drawarrow origin--B;
+ drawarrow (origin--A) rotated -1/3 alpha;
+ drawarrow (origin--A) rotated -2/3 alpha;
+ drawarrow (origin--A) rotated -alpha;
+endfig;
+beginfig(102)
+ pair A,B,C;
+ A=(0,0); B=(3cm,0); C=(1cm,2cm);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ label.llft(TEX decimal(angle(C-A)-angle(B-A)), A);
+ label.lrt(TEX decimal(angle(A-B)-angle(C-B)), B);
+ label.urt(TEX decimal(angle(B-C)-angle(A-C)), C);
+endfig;
+beginfig(103)
+ pair A,AA,B,BB,C,CC,O,H;
+ A=(0,0); B=(3cm,0); C=(1cm,2cm);
+ AA = 1/2[B,C];
+ BB = 1/2[A,C];
+ CC = 1/2[A,B];
+ O - 1/2[BB,CC] = whatever * (BB-CC) rotated 90;
+ O - 1/2[AA,BB] = whatever * (AA-BB) rotated 90;
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ draw AA withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw BB withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw CC withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw fullcircle scaled 2abs(O-AA) shifted O;
+ % Il faut aussi tracer les hauteurs
+ pair AA,BB,CC;
+ AA - A = whatever * (B-C) rotated 90;
+ AA = whatever [B,C];
+ BB - B = whatever * (A-C) rotated 90;
+ BB = whatever [A,C];
+ CC - C = whatever * (A-B) rotated 90;
+ CC = whatever [A,B];
+ draw A--AA; draw B--BB; draw C--CC;
+ draw AA withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw BB withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw CC withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ % Il passe aussi par le milieu de HA, HB, HC
+ H = whatever [A,AA];
+ H = whatever [B,BB];
+ draw 1/2 [A,H] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw 1/2 [B,H] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw 1/2 [C,H] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(104)
+ pair A,B,C,M,h;
+ u:=2cm;
+ A=(0,0); B=(2u,-.5u); C=(u,u);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ (M-A) = whatever * (
+ (A-C) rotated 1/2( angle(B-A) - angle(C-A)) );
+ (M-B) = whatever * (
+ (B-A) rotated 1/2( angle(C-B) - angle(A-B)) );
+ draw M--A; draw M--B; draw M--C;
+ M-h = whatever * (B-C) rotated 90;
+ h = whatever[B,C];
+ draw fullcircle scaled 2 abs(M-h) shifted M;
+endfig;
+beginfig(105)
+ path p;
+ p = (0,0){up} .. (2cm,0){down};
+ draw p;
+ draw point 0 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw point .5 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw point 1 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(106)
+ path p;
+ p = (0,0){up} .. (2cm,0){down};
+ draw p;
+ pair A;
+ A := point 0 of p;
+ B := A + 1cm*unitvector(direction 0 of p);
+ drawarrow A--B withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ A := point .5 of p;
+ B := A + 1cm*unitvector(direction .5 of p);
+ drawarrow A--B withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ A := point 1 of p;
+ B := A + 1cm*unitvector(direction 1 of p);
+ drawarrow A--B withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(107)
+ u:=5mm;
+ path p;
+ p = (0,0) {curl 0} .. (u,2u) .. (2u,1.5u)
+ .. (3u,2u) .. {curl 0} (4u,0);
+ draw subpath(0,1) of p withcolor red;
+ draw subpath(1,2) of p withcolor green;
+ draw subpath(2,3) of p withcolor blue;
+ draw subpath(3,3.5) of p dashed evenly;
+ draw subpath(3.5,4) of p dashed withdots;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(108)
+ u:=1cm;
+ path p,q;
+ p := (0,0){up} .. (u,2u){up};
+ q := (u,0){up} .. (0,2u){up};
+ draw p;
+ draw subpath(0,.4) of q withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw subpath(.6,1) of q withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(109)
+ u:=1cm;
+ path a,b,c,d;
+ a = (-u,-.2u){up} .. tension 1.2 .. (u,-.2u){down};
+ b = a rotated 90;
+ c = b rotated 90;
+ d = c rotated 90;
+ fill buildcycle(a,b,c,d) withcolor .8white;
+ draw a; draw b; draw c; draw d;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(110)
+ u:=1cm;
+ path c[];
+ c[1] := fullcircle scaled u;
+ c[2] := c[1] shifted (0,.5u);
+ draw c[1] dashed evenly;
+ draw c[2] dashed evenly;
+ draw buildcycle(c[1],c[2]) withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(111)
+ path a,b,c;
+ a = fullcircle scaled 2u shifted (.5u,0);
+ b = a rotated (360/3);
+ c = b rotated (360/3);
+ fill a withcolor red;
+ fill b withcolor green;
+ fill c withcolor blue;
+ fill buildcycle(a,b) withcolor red + green;
+ fill buildcycle(b,c) withcolor green + blue;
+ fill buildcycle(c,a) withcolor blue + red;
+ fill buildcycle(a,b,c) withcolor white;
+ draw a; draw b; draw c;
+endfig;
+beginfig(112)
+ def compute_curve(suffix f)(expr xmin, xmax, xinc) =
+ ( (xmin,f(xmin))
+ for x=xmin+xinc step xinc until xmax:
+ .. (x,f(x))
+ endfor )
+ enddef;
+ vardef f(expr x) = x**2 + 1 enddef;
+ vardef g(expr x) = 2 - (x-1)**2 enddef;
+ path p, q;
+ p := compute_curve(f, -1, 1.5, .1) scaled 1cm;
+ q := compute_curve(g, -.5, 2, .1) scaled 1cm;
+ fill buildcycle(p,reverse q) withcolor red+green;
+ draw p withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw q withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw (-1cm,0) -- (2cm,0);
+ draw (0,g(-.5)*1cm) -- (0,f(1.5)*1cm);
+endfig;
+beginfig(113)
+ path p, q;
+ p = (0,0){up} .. (2cm,0){up};
+ q = (0,1cm){dir -60}..(1cm,-1cm)..{dir 60}(2cm,1cm);
+ draw p; draw q;
+ draw p intersectionpoint q withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(114)
+ path p, q;
+ p = (0,0){up} .. (2cm,0){up};
+ q = (0,1cm){dir -60}..(1cm,-1cm)..{dir 60}(2cm,1cm);
+ draw p; draw q;
+ numeric a,b;
+ (a,whatever) = p intersectiontimes q;
+ draw point a of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(115)
+ pair A,B;
+ path p;
+ A = (0,1cm);
+ B = A rotated 120;
+ p = A{dir 0} .. tension 2 .. B{dir 120};
+ numeric a;
+ (a,whatever) = p intersectiontimes (p rotated 120);
+ draw subpath(0,a-.02) of p;
+ draw subpath(a+.02,1) of p;
+ draw subpath(0,a-.02) of p rotated 120;
+ draw subpath(a+.02,1) of p rotated 120;
+ draw subpath(0,a-.02) of p rotated -120;
+ draw subpath(a+.02,1) of p rotated -120;
+endfig;
+beginfig(116)
+ u:=2cm;
+ pair A[], B[], C[], D[], E[];
+ path p[];
+
+ A[0] = u*up;
+ for i=1 upto 10:
+ A[i] := A[i-1] rotated 72;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ p[i] := A[i]--A[i+1];
+ draw p[i];
+ draw (point 1 of p[i]) --
+ ( (point 1 of p[i]) + 4mm*unitvector(direction 1 of p[i]));
+ draw (point 0 of p[i]) --
+ ( (point 0 of p[i]) - 4mm*unitvector(direction 0 of p[i]));
+ endfor
+
+ for i=0 upto 9:
+ B[i] := 1/2[ A[i], A[i+1] ];
+ endfor;
+ B[5]:=B[0];
+
+ for i=0 upto 9:
+ C[i] := .8*B[i];
+ endfor;
+
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ p[i] := B[i] --- C[i] .. C[i+2]{dir 72i};
+ draw p[i];
+ draw (point 2 of p[i]) --
+ ( (point 2 of p[i]) + 4mm*unitvector(direction 2 of p[i]));
+ draw (point 0 of p[i]) --
+ ( (point 0 of p[i]) - 4mm*unitvector(direction 0 of p[i]));
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ draw subpath(1,1.4) of p[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp withcolor white;
+ draw subpath(0,1.5) of p[i];
+ endfor;
+
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ draw A[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw B[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw C[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(117)
+ u:=2cm;
+ pair A, B, C, D, E;
+ path p, q, r;
+
+ A = u*up;
+ p := (-.2)[ A, A rotated 72 ] -- (1.2)[ A, A rotated 72 ];
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ draw p rotated 72i;
+ endfor;
+ B := 1/2[ A, A rotated 72 ];
+ C := .8*B;
+
+ p := B --- C .. (C rotated (2*72)){right};
+ % On allonge le chemin p
+ p := ( (point 0 of p) - 4mm*unitvector(direction 0 of p))
+ --
+ (point 0 of p)
+ & p &
+ (point 2 of p)
+ --
+ ( (point 2 of p) + 4mm*unitvector(direction 2 of p));
+
+ E = p intersectionpoint (p rotated 72);
+ q := p cutbefore fullcircle scaled -2mm shifted E;
+ r := p cutafter fullcircle scaled 2mm shifted E;
+
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ draw q rotated 72i;
+ draw r rotated 72i;
+ draw A rotated 72i withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw B rotated 72i withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw C rotated 72i withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(118)
+ for i=0 step 1 until 3:
+ draw 1cm*right rotated (i*90)
+ withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(119)
+ draw for i=0 step 1 until 3:
+ 1cm*right rotated (i*90) --
+ endfor cycle;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(120)
+ n:=5;
+ draw for i=0 step 1 until n-1:
+ 1cm*up rotated (i*360/n) --
+ endfor cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(121)
+ n:=7;
+ draw for i=0 step 1 until n-1:
+ 1cm*up rotated (i*360/n) --
+ endfor cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(122)
+ path p;
+ p = (0,0) .. (-1cm,2cm) .. (2cm,1cm) .. (1cm,0);
+ draw p;
+ n:=10;
+ for i=0 step 1 until n:
+ draw point (i/n*length(p)) of p
+ withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(123)
+ path p;
+ p = (0,0) .. (-1cm,2cm) .. (2cm,1cm) .. (1cm,0);
+ draw p;
+ n:=10;
+ for i=0 step length(p)/n until length(p):
+ drawarrow (point i of p) --
+ 1cm * unitvector(direction i of p)
+ shifted point i of p;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(124)
+ u:=1cm;
+ draw (-2u,0)--(2u,0);
+ draw (0,-2u)--(0,2u);
+ for i=-2u step u until 2u:
+ draw (i,u/20)--(i,-u/20);
+ draw (u/20,i)--(-u/20,i);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(125)
+ u:=1cm;
+ draw (-2u,0)--(2u,0);
+ draw (0,-2u)--(0,2u);
+ for i=-2u step u until 2u:
+ draw (i,u/10)--(i,-u/10);
+ draw (u/10,i)--(-u/10,i);
+ endfor;
+ for i=-2u step u/5 until 2u:
+ draw (i,u/20)--(i,-u/20);
+ draw (u/20,i)--(-u/20,i);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(126)
+ u:=1cm;
+ draw (-2u,0)--(2u,0);
+ draw (0,-2u)--(0,2u);
+ for i=-2u step u until 2u:
+ draw (i,2u)--(i,-2u);
+ draw (2u,i)--(-2u,i);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(127)
+ u:=1cm;
+ draw (-2u,0)--(2u,0);
+ draw (0,-2u)--(0,2u);
+ for i=-2u step u until 2u:
+ draw (i,2u)--(i,-2u);
+ draw (2u,i)--(-2u,i);
+ endfor;
+ for i=-2u step u/5 until 2u:
+ draw (i,2u)--(i,-2u) withpen pencircle scaled .2bp;
+ draw (2u,i)--(-2u,i) withpen pencircle scaled .2bp;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(128)
+ u := 5mm;
+ % vardef est nécessaire pour pouvoir passer f en argument
+ vardef f(expr x) = x**2 -.1 enddef;
+ def axes(expr xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax) =
+ draw ( (xmin,0) -- (xmax,0) ) scaled u;
+ draw ( (0,ymin) -- (0,ymax) ) scaled u;
+ enddef;
+ def courbe(suffix f)(expr xmin, xmax, M) =
+ draw ( ( xmin, f(xmin) )
+ for i=1 upto M:
+ -- ( xmin + (i/M)*(xmax - xmin), f( xmin + (i/M)*(xmax - xmin) ))
+ endfor ) scaled u;
+ enddef;
+ vardef newton(suffix f)(expr y, h, M) =
+ save x,t;
+ numeric x,t; x:=y;
+ for i=1 upto M:
+ t := x - f(x)/( (f(x+h) - f(x))/h );
+ draw ( (x,f(x)) -- (t,0) -- (t,f(t)) ) scaled u;
+ x := t;
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+ axes(-.5,2,-.5,4);
+ courbe(f,-.5,2, 100);
+ newton(f, 2, .01, 10);
+endfig;
+beginfig(129)
+ transform T;
+ u:=1cm;
+ z0=(0,0); z1=(2u,0); z3 = z1 rotated 90; z2 = z1+z3;
+ z0 transformed T = .1[z0,z1];
+ z1 transformed T = .1[z1,z2];
+ z2 transformed T = .1[z2,z3];
+ path p;
+ p = z0--z1--z2--z3--cycle;
+ fill p withcolor .8*white;
+ fill p transformed T withcolor white;
+endfig;
+beginfig(130)
+ transform T;
+ u:=1cm;
+ z0=(0,0); z1=(2u,0); z3 = z1 rotated 90; z2 = z1+z3;
+ z0 transformed T = .1[z0,z1];
+ z1 transformed T = .1[z1,z2];
+ z2 transformed T = .1[z2,z3];
+ path p;
+ p = z0--z1--z2--z3--cycle;
+ for i=0 upto 100:
+ fill p withcolor .8*white;
+ p := p transformed T;
+ fill p withcolor white;
+ p := p transformed T;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(131)
+ transform T;
+ u:=1cm;
+ z1=(0,2u);
+ n := 5;
+ for i=1 upto n-1:
+ z[i+1] = z1 rotated (360*i/n);
+ endfor;
+ z1 transformed T = .1[z1,z2];
+ z2 transformed T = .1[z2,z3];
+ z3 transformed T = .1[z3,z4];
+ path p;
+ p = for i=1 upto n: z[i] -- endfor cycle;
+ for i=0 upto 100:
+ fill p withcolor .8*white;
+ p := p transformed T;
+ fill p withcolor white;
+ p := p transformed T;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(132)
+ u:=1cm;
+ pair A[];
+ numeric n; n:=7;
+ A[0] = (u,0);
+ for i=1 upto n-1:
+ A[i] = A[0] rotated (360/n*i);
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto n-1:
+ draw A[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ for j=0 upto n-1:
+ if i<>j: draw A[i]--A[j] fi;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(133)
+ u:=2cm;
+ numeric n,m; n:=4; m:=5;
+ pair A[], B[];
+ for i=1 upto n-1: A[i+1]-A[i] = (0,.2u); endfor;
+ for j=1 upto m-1: B[j+1]-B[j] = (0,.2u); endfor;
+ (0,0) for i=1 upto n: + A[i] endfor = (0,0);
+ (0,0) for j=1 upto m: + B[j] endfor = (4u,0);
+ for i=1 upto n:
+ draw A[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+ for j=1 upto m:
+ draw B[j] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+ for i=1 upto n:
+ for j=1 upto m:
+ draw A[i]--B[j];
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(134)
+ u:=1cm;
+ numeric n,m; n:=3; m:=3;
+ pair A[], B[];
+ for i=1 upto n-1: A[i+1]-A[i] = (.5u,0); endfor;
+ for j=1 upto m-1: B[j+1]-B[j] = (.5u,0); endfor;
+ (0,0) for i=1 upto n: + A[i] endfor = (0,0);
+ (0,0) for j=1 upto m: + B[j] endfor = (0,4u);
+ for i=1 upto n:
+ draw A[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+ for j=1 upto m:
+ draw B[j] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+ for i=1 upto n:
+ for j=1 upto m:
+ draw A[i]--B[j];
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(135)
+ pair A[], B[];
+ numeric n; n:=6;
+ for i=0 upto n-1:
+ A[i] = 1cm * right rotated (i*360/n);
+ B[i] = 2cm * right rotated (i*360/n);
+ endfor;
+ A[n] = A[0]; B[n] = B[0];
+ for i=0 upto n-1:
+ draw A[i] -- A[i+1] -- B[i+1] -- B[i];
+ draw A[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw B[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(136)
+ numeric n; n:=5;
+ pair O,A,B,C,D;
+ O = (0,0);
+ A = 1cm*up;
+ B = 2cm*up rotatedabout(A,30);
+ C = 2cm*up;
+ D = 2cm*up rotatedabout(A,-30);
+ for i=0 upto n-1:
+ draw (O--A--C) rotated (i*360/n);
+ draw (B--A--D) rotated (i*360/n);
+ draw A rotated (i*360/n) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw B rotated (i*360/n) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw C rotated (i*360/n) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw D rotated (i*360/n) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+ draw O withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(137)
+ path p; u:=1cm;
+ p = fullcircle xscaled -u yscaled 3u;
+ draw p;
+ for i=2 step .5 until 6:
+ draw (point 2 of p){down} .. (point i of p);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(138)
+ pair P[], Q[], R[], S[];
+ u:=.5cm;
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ P[i] = u* down rotated (i*360/5);
+ endfor;
+ P[5] = P[0];
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ Q[i] = 3*( 1/2[ P[i], P[i+1] ] );
+ endfor;
+ Q[5] = Q[0];
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ R[i] = 1/3( Q[i] + Q[i+1] + P[i+1] );
+ endfor;
+ R[5] = R[0];
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ S[i] = 1.5*Q[i];
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ draw P[i] -- P[i+1];
+ draw P[i+1] -- R[i];
+ draw Q[i] -- R[i];
+ draw R[i] -- Q[i+1];
+ draw Q[i] -- S[i];
+ draw S[i] -- S[i+1];
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(139)
+ pair P[], Q[], R[], S[];
+ u:=.5cm;
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ P[i] = u* down rotated (i*360/5);
+ endfor;
+ P[5] = P[0];
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ Q[i] = 3*( 1/2[ P[i], P[i+1] ] );
+ endfor;
+ Q[5] = Q[0];
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ R[i] = 1/3( Q[i] + Q[i+1] + P[i+1] );
+ endfor;
+ R[5] = R[0];
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ S[i] = 1.5*Q[i];
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ draw P[i] -- P[i+1];
+ draw P[i+1] -- R[i];
+ draw Q[i] -- R[i];
+ draw R[i] -- Q[i+1];
+ draw Q[i] -- S[i];
+ draw S[i] -- S[i+1];
+ endfor;
+ draw P[2] -- P[3] -- P[4] -- P[0] -- P[1] --
+ R[0] -- Q[0] -- R[4] -- Q[4] -- R[3]
+ -- Q[3] -- R[2] -- Q[2] --
+ S[2] -- S[3] -- S[4] -- S[0] -- S[1] --
+ Q[1] -- R[1] -- cycle
+ withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(140)
+ for i=1 step -.01 until 0:
+ fill fullcircle scaled (i*2cm) withcolor i*white;
+ endfor;
+ draw fullcircle scaled 2cm withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(141)
+ u:=5mm;
+ path p;
+ p = (0,0) .. (-1,1) .. (2,0) .. (0,-3) .. cycle;
+ p := p shifted (-1,0);
+ for i=1 step -.01 until 0:
+ fill p scaled (i*u) withcolor i*white;
+ endfor;
+ draw p scaled u withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(142)
+ z0 = (50,50);
+ z1 = z0 rotated 90;
+ z2 = z1 rotated 90;
+ z3 = z2 rotated 90;
+ path carre;
+ carre = z0--z1--z2--z3--cycle;
+ s := .01;
+ path rect;
+ z4 = s [z2,z3]; z5 = s [z1,z0];
+ rect = z1--z2--z4--z5--cycle;
+ for i=0 step s until 1:
+ fill rect shifted (i*(z0-z1)) withcolor i*white;
+ endfor;
+ draw carre withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(143)
+ z0 = (50,50);
+ z1 = z0 rotated 90;
+ z2 = z1 rotated 90;
+ z3 = z2 rotated 90;
+ path carre;
+ carre = z0--z1--z2--z3--cycle;
+ s := .01;
+ for i=1 step -s until s:
+ fill carre scaled i withcolor i*white;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(144)
+ u:=1cm;
+ vardef degrade(expr p,q,M,N) =
+ save a,b;
+ numeric a,b;
+ a := length(p);
+ b := length(q);
+ for i=0 upto M:
+ draw (i/M) [ point 0 of p, point 0 of q ]
+ for j=1 upto N:
+ .. (i/M) [ point (j/N*a) of p, point (j/N*b) of q ]
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+ degrade(
+ (-.1u,-.1u) .. (.1u,.1u) .. cycle,
+ (-u,-u) -- (u,-u) -- (u,u) -- (-u,u) -- cycle,
+ 10,
+ 100);
+endfig;
+beginfig(145)
+ u:=1cm;
+ def couleur(expr c) = c*white enddef;
+ vardef degrade(expr p,q,M,N) =
+ save a,b;
+ numeric a,b;
+ a := length(p);
+ b := length(q);
+ for i=0 upto M:
+ draw (i/M) [ point 0 of p, point 0 of q ]
+ for j=1 upto N:
+ .. (i/M) [ point (j/N*a) of p, point (j/N*b) of q ]
+ endfor
+ withcolor couleur(i/M);
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+ degrade(
+ (-.5u,-.5u) .. (.5u,.5u) .. cycle,
+ (-u,-u) -- (u,-u) -- (u,u) -- (-u,u) -- cycle,
+ 255,
+ 100);
+endfig;
+beginfig(146)
+ def degrade(expr p, q, N) =
+ begingroup
+ save n, m, M;
+ numeric n, m, M;
+ n := length(p);
+ m := length(q);
+ M := n*m; % Il faudrait prendre le ppcm
+ for i=0 upto N:
+ draw
+ (i/N)[ point 0 of p, point 0 of q ]
+ { (i/N)[ direction 0 of p, direction 0 of q ] }
+ for j=1 upto M-1:
+ ..
+ { (i/N) [ direction 1 of subpath((j-1)*n/M,j*n/M) of p,
+ direction 1 of subpath((j-1)*m/M,j*m/M) of q ] }
+ (i/N)[ point (j*n/M) of p, point (j*m/M) of q ]
+ { (i/N) [ direction 0 of subpath(j*n/M,(j+1)*n/M) of p,
+ direction 0 of subpath(j*m/M,(j+1)*m/M) of q ] }
+ endfor
+ ..
+ { (i/N)[ direction n of p, direction m of q ] }
+ (i/N)[ point n of p, point m of q ]
+ ;
+ endfor;
+ endgroup;
+ enddef;
+ numeric u;
+ u := 2cm;
+ path p, q;
+ p := fullcircle scaled u;
+ q := (-u,-u)--(u,-u)--(u,u)--(-u,u)--cycle;
+ degrade(p,q,10);
+endfig;
+beginfig(147)
+ draw for i=0 step 10 until 360:
+ 2cm* (sind(2*i), cosd(3*i)) ..
+ endfor cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(148)
+ for i=0 step .1 until 360:
+ col := i/360;
+ draw 2cm* (sind(2*i), cosd(3*i))
+ withpen pencircle scaled 2bp
+ withcolor
+ if col>.5: (2*(1-col)) [red, blue]
+ else: (1-2col) [blue, red]
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(149)
+ def couleur(expr x) =
+ if x>.5: (2*(1-x)) [red, blue];
+ else: (1-2x) [blue, red]
+ fi
+ enddef;
+ for i=0 step .1 until 360:
+ draw 2cm* (sind(2*i), cosd(3*i))
+ withpen pencircle scaled 2bp
+ withcolor couleur(i/360);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(150)
+ for i=0 step 1 until 360:
+ pair P;
+ P = 2cm* (sind(2*i), cosd(3*i));
+ fill fullcircle scaled 4mm shifted P withcolor white;
+ draw fullcircle scaled 4mm shifted P;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(151)
+ for i=0 step 1 until 360:
+ pair P;
+ P = 2cm* (sind(2*i), cosd(3*i));
+ fill fullcircle scaled 4mm shifted P withcolor white;
+ draw fullcircle scaled 4mm shifted P;
+ endfor;
+ picture p;
+ p:=nullpicture;
+ for i=-180 step 1 until 180:
+ pair P;
+ P = 2cm* (sind(2*i), cosd(3*i));
+ addto p contour fullcircle scaled 4mm shifted P withcolor white;
+ addto p doublepath fullcircle scaled 4mm shifted P
+ withpen pencircle scaled .5bp;
+ endfor;
+ clip p to (.5cm,2.5cm) -- (.5cm,1.5cm)--
+ (-.5cm,1.5cm) -- (-.5cm,2.5cm)--cycle;
+ draw p;
+endfig;
+beginfig(152)
+ u:=5mm;
+ vardef project(expr x,y,z) =
+ x*(-1,-1) + y*(1,0) + z*(0,1)
+ enddef;
+ vardef f(expr x,y) = sind(x/u*180)*sind(y/u*180)*u enddef;
+ numeric m,M;
+ m:=-2u; M:=2u;
+ for i=m step .1u until M:
+ path p;
+ p =
+ for j=m step .1u until M:
+ project(i,j,f(i,j)) --
+ endfor
+ project(i,M,f(i,M));
+ fill (project(i,m,f(i,m)) - (0,3u)) -- p --
+ (project(i,M,f(i,M)) - (0,3u)) -- cycle
+ withcolor white;
+ draw (project(i,m,f(i,m)) - (0,3u)) -- p --
+ (project(i,M,f(i,M)) - (0,3u)) -- cycle;
+ draw p;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(153)
+ vardef project(expr x,y,z) =
+ x*(-1,-1) + y*(1,0) + z*(0,1)
+ enddef;
+ vardef f(expr x,y) = sind(x/u*180)*sind(y/u*180)*u enddef;
+ m:=-2u; M:=2u; inc:=.1u;
+ for i=m step inc until M:
+ for j=m step inc until M:
+ path p;
+ p = project(i,j,f(i,j)) --
+ project(i,j+inc,f(i,j+inc)) --
+ project(i+inc,j+inc,f(i+inc,j+inc)) --
+ project(i+inc,j,f(i+inc,j)) --
+ cycle;
+ fill p withcolor white;
+ draw p;
+ endfor
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(154)
+ vardef project(expr x,y,z) =
+ x*(-1,-1) + y*(1,0) + z*(0,1)
+ enddef;
+ vardef f(expr x,y) = sind(x/u*180)*sind(y/u*180)*u enddef;
+ numeric m,M,inc,couleur;
+ m:=-2u; M:=2u; inc:=.1u;
+ for i=m step inc until M:
+ for j=m step inc until M:
+ path p;
+ p = project(i,j,f(i,j)) --
+ project(i,j+inc,f(i,j+inc)) --
+ project(i+inc,j+inc,f(i+inc,j+inc)) --
+ project(i+inc,j,f(i+inc,j)) --
+ cycle;
+ dfdx := (f(i,j) - f(i+inc,j))/inc;
+ dfdy := (f(i,j) - f(i,j+inc))/inc;
+ couleur := 1/sqrt( dfdx**2 + dfdy**2 + 1);
+ fill p withcolor couleur*(red+green);
+ endfor
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(155)
+vardef f(expr x,y) = sind(x/u*180)*sind(y/u*180)*u enddef;
+
+boolean dessine_fil_de_fer; dessine_fil_de_fer := false;
+color dessine_couleur; dessine_couleur := red+green;
+
+vardef dessine(suffix f)(expr xmin, xmax, xinc, ymin, ymax, yinc) =
+ save i,j,p,dfdx,dfdy,project;
+ vardef project(expr x,y,z) =
+ x*(-1,-1) + y*(1,0) + z*(0,1)
+ enddef;
+ for i=m step inc until M:
+ for j=m step inc until M:
+ path p;
+ p = project(i,j,f(i,j)) --
+ project(i,j+inc,f(i,j+inc)) --
+ project(i+inc,j+inc,f(i+inc,j+inc)) --
+ project(i+inc,j,f(i+inc,j)) --
+ cycle;
+ dfdx := (f(i,j) - f(i+inc,j))/inc;
+ dfdy := (f(i,j) - f(i,j+inc))/inc;
+ couleur := 1/sqrt( dfdx**2 + dfdy**2 + 1);
+ fill p withcolor couleur*dessine_couleur;
+ if dessine_fil_de_fer: draw p fi;
+ endfor
+ endfor;
+enddef;
+
+ % Il faudrait pouvoir choisir différents
+ % types d'« éclairage ».
+ vardef f(expr x,y) = sind(x/u*180)*sind(y/u*180)*u enddef;
+ dessine(f,-2u,2u,.1u, -2u,2u,.1u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(156)
+ vardef random_path (expr n) =
+ save i, A ; numeric i; pair A[];
+ for i=0 upto n:
+ A[i] = (uniformdeviate(2u), uniformdeviate(2u));
+ endfor;
+ A[0]
+ for i=1 upto n:
+ .. A[i]
+ endfor
+ enddef;
+
+ vardef intersections(expr p,q) =
+ save a,b,N,i,j;
+ numeric N,i,j;
+ N:=10;
+ for i=0 step length(p)/N until length(p):
+ for j=0 step length(q)/N until length(p):
+ numeric a,b;
+ pair A;
+ (a,b) = (subpath(i,i+length(p)/N) of p)
+ intersectiontimes
+ (subpath(j,j+length(q)/N) of q);
+ if a <> -1:
+ A = point a of subpath(i,i+length(p)/N) of p;
+ show A;
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+
+ path p,q;
+ p:=random_path(4);
+ q:=random_path(4);
+ draw p withcolor red;
+ draw q withcolor blue;
+ intersections(p,q);
+endfig;
+beginfig(157)
+ vardef auto_intersections(expr p) =
+ save a,b,N,i,j;
+ numeric N,i,j;
+ N:=100;
+ for i=0 step length(p)/N until length(p):
+ for j=i+2*length(p)/N
+ step length(p)/N
+ until length(p):
+ numeric a,b;
+ pair A;
+ (a,b) = (subpath(i,i+length(p)/N) of p)
+ intersectiontimes
+ (subpath(j,j+length(p)/N) of p);
+ if a <> -1:
+ A = point a of subpath(i,i+length(p)/N) of p;
+ show A;
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=2cm;
+ path p,q;
+ p:=random_path(12);
+ draw p;
+ auto_intersections(p);
+endfig;
+beginfig(158)
+ path p;
+ p := (0,0){up} .. (1cm,1cm) .. (1cm,0);
+ draw p;
+ draw point 1/2length(p) of p
+ withpen pencircle scaled 4bp withcolor red;
+ draw point (arctime (1/2 arclength(p)) of p) of p
+ withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(159)
+ vardef milieu(expr p) =
+ save l,i,tot,A,B;
+ numeric l,tot,i;
+ pair A,B;
+ tot := longueur(p);
+ l:=0;
+ B := point 0 of p;
+ for i:=0 step .01 until length(p):
+ A := B;
+ B := point i of p;
+ l := l+abs(B-A);
+ exitif l > 1/2 tot;
+ endfor;
+ 1/2[A,B]
+ enddef;
+
+ path p;
+ p := (0,0){up} .. (1cm,1cm) .. (1cm,0);
+ draw p;
+ draw point 1/2length(p) of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp withcolor red;
+ draw milieu(p) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(160)
+ vardef milieu_time(expr p) =
+ save l,i,tot,A,B,t;
+ numeric l,tot,i,t;
+ pair A,B;
+ tot := longueur(p);
+ l:=0;
+ B := point 0 of p;
+ for i:=0 step .01 until length(p):
+ t:=i;
+ A := B;
+ B := point i of p;
+ l := l+abs(B-A);
+ exitif l > 1/2 tot;
+ endfor;
+ t % Pas de point-virgule
+ enddef;
+
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,u; pair A,u;
+ A := milieu(p);
+ u := unitvector(direction milieu_time(p) of p);
+ A -- (A - ahlength*u rotated 15) --
+ (A - ahlength*u rotated -15) -- cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(161)
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,B,u; pair A,B,u;
+ A := milieu(p);
+ B := p intersectionpoint
+ (fullcircle scaled ahlength shifted A);
+ u := unitvector(direction milieu_time(p) of p);
+ A -- (A - ahlength*u rotated 30) -- B --
+ (A - ahlength*u rotated -30) -- cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(162)
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,u; pair A,u;
+ A := milieu(p);
+ u := unitvector(direction milieu_time(p) of p);
+ A -- (A - ahlength*u rotated 30) -- A --
+ (A - ahlength*u rotated -30) -- cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(163)
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,u,a,b; pair A,u; path a,b;
+ A := milieu(p);
+ u := unitvector(direction milieu_time(p) of p);
+ a := A{-u} .. (A - ahlength*u rotated 30);
+ b := A{-u} .. (A - ahlength*u rotated -30);
+ ( a & reverse(a) & b & reverse(b) ) --cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(164)
+ pair A,B,C;
+ C = 3mm*up;
+ A = C rotated 120;
+ B = C rotated -120;
+ picture pic ;
+ pic:=nullpicture;
+ addto pic doublepath A--B--C--cycle withpen currentpen;
+ addto pic doublepath A withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ addto pic doublepath B withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ addto pic doublepath C withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ for i=-3 upto 3:
+ for j=-3 upto 3:
+ draw pic shifted( i*(B-A) + j*(C-A) );
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ clip currentpicture to (-2cm,-2cm)--(2cm,-2cm)--(2cm,2cm)--(-2cm,2cm)--cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(165)
+ pair A,B,C;
+ C = 3mm*up;
+ A = C rotated 120;
+ B = C rotated -120;
+ picture pic ;
+ pic:=nullpicture;
+ path p;
+ p := A{(C-A) rotated 30} .. C{(C-A) rotated 30};
+ addto pic doublepath p withpen currentpen;
+ addto pic doublepath p rotated 120 withpen currentpen;
+ addto pic doublepath p rotated -120 withpen currentpen;
+ for i=-3 upto 3:
+ for j=-3 upto 3:
+ draw pic shifted( i*(B-A) + j*(C-A) );
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ clip currentpicture to (-2cm,-2cm)--(2cm,-2cm)--(2cm,2cm)--(-2cm,2cm)--cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(166)
+ ux:=2mm;
+ uy:=5mm;
+ numeric xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, M;
+ xmin := -6.3; xmax := 12.6;
+ ymin := -2; ymax := 2;
+ M := 100;
+ draw (ux*xmin,0) -- (ux*xmax,0);
+ draw (0,uy*ymin) -- (0,uy*ymax);
+ pair a[];
+ for i=0 upto M:
+ a[i] := (
+ xmin + (i/M)*(xmax-xmin),
+ sind(180/3.14*( xmin + (i/M)*(xmax-xmin) ))
+ ) xscaled ux yscaled uy;
+ endfor;
+ draw a[0] for i=1 upto M: --a[i] endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(167)
+ ux:=5mm;
+ uy:=2mm;
+ numeric xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, M;
+ xmin := -2; xmax := 2;
+ ymin := -.1; ymax := 8;
+ M := 100;
+ draw (ux*xmin,0) -- (ux*xmax,0);
+ draw (0,uy*ymin) -- (0,uy*ymax);
+ pair a[];
+ for i=0 upto M:
+ a[i] := (
+ xmin + (i/M)*(xmax-xmin),
+ mexp(256*( xmin + (i/M)*(xmax-xmin) ))
+ ) xscaled ux yscaled uy;
+ endfor;
+ draw a[0] for i=1 upto M: --a[i] endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(168)
+ ux:=5mm;
+ uy:=5mm;
+ numeric xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax, M;
+ xmin := .2; xmax := 3;
+ ymin := -1.6; ymax := 1.2;
+ M := 100;
+ draw (ux*-.1,0) -- (ux*xmax,0);
+ draw (0,uy*ymin) -- (0,uy*ymax);
+ pair a[];
+ for i=0 upto M:
+ a[i] := (
+ xmin + (i/M)*(xmax-xmin),
+ (1/256)*mlog(( xmin + (i/M)*(xmax-xmin) ))
+ ) xscaled ux yscaled uy;
+ endfor;
+ draw a[0] for i=1 upto M: --a[i] endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(169)
+ path p;
+ p = fullcircle scaled 2cm;
+ z0 = (-1cm,0);
+ draw p;
+ draw z0 withpen pencircle scaled 2pt;
+
+ pair A[];
+ for i=0 step length(p)/100 until length(p):
+ pair M,N;
+ M = point i of p;
+ N-M = whatever * direction i of p;
+ N-z0 = whatever * direction i of p rotated 90;
+ A[i] := N;
+ endfor;
+ draw for i=0 step length(p)/100 until length(p):
+ A[i] ..
+ endfor cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(170)
+vardef cardiodide(expr p, O) =
+ save i,M,N;
+ numeric i;
+ for i=0 step length(p)/100 until length(p):
+ hide(
+ pair M,N;
+ M = point i of p;
+ N-M = whatever * direction i of p;
+ N-O = whatever * direction i of p rotated 90;
+ )
+ N ..
+ endfor cycle
+enddef;
+
+ path p;
+ p = fullcircle scaled 2cm;
+ z0 = (-1cm,0);
+ draw p;
+ draw z0 withpen pencircle scaled 2pt;
+ draw cardiodide(p,z0);
+endfig;
+beginfig(171)
+vardef cardiodide(expr p, O) =
+ save i,M,N;
+ numeric i;
+ for i=0 step length(p)/100 until length(p):
+ hide(
+ pair M,N;
+ M = point i of p;
+ N-M = whatever * direction i of p;
+ N-O = whatever * direction i of p rotated 90;
+ )
+ N ..
+ endfor cycle
+enddef;
+
+ path p;
+ p = fullcircle scaled 2cm;
+ z0 = (-1cm,0);
+ pickup pencircle scaled 1pt
+ draw p;
+ draw z0 withpen pencircle scaled 3pt;
+ draw cardiodide(p,z0);
+ pickup pencircle scaled .4pt
+ pair M,N;
+ i:=1.5;
+ M = point i of p;
+ N-M = whatever * direction i of p;
+ N-z0 = whatever * direction i of p rotated 90;
+ draw z0--N;
+ draw (-1/2)[N,M]--(3/2)[N,M];
+ draw N withpen pencircle scaled 3pt;
+ draw M withpen pencircle scaled 3pt;
+endfig;
+beginfig(172)
+ path p;
+ p := (-1cm,0) .. (1cm,-1cm) .. (8mm,0)
+ .. (1cm,1cm) .. (-1cm,1cm) .. cycle;
+ z0 = (-2cm,0);
+ draw p withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw z0 withpen pencircle scaled 3pt;
+ draw cardiodide(p,z0);
+endfig;
+beginfig(173)
+vardef inversion (expr O,k,M) =
+ if pair M:
+ (O + k*unitvector(M-O)/abs(M-O))
+ elseif path M:
+ for i=0 step length(M)/100 until length(M):
+ inversion(O,k,point i of M) ..
+ endfor
+ cycle
+ fi
+enddef;
+
+ u:=4cm;
+ path p[],A,B;
+
+ z0 = (5u,0) rotated 10;
+
+ A = fullcircle scaled 2u;
+ B = A scaled 3;
+ draw inversion( z0, 2 (u**2), A )
+ withpen pencircle scaled 1pt;
+ draw inversion( z0, 2 (u**2), B )
+ withpen pencircle scaled 1pt;
+
+ p0 = fullcircle scaled 2u shifted (2u,0);
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ if i<>0:
+ p[i] = p[i-1] rotated (360/6);
+ fi;
+ draw inversion( z0, 2 (u**2), p[i] );
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(174)
+ def curve(expr p,i,q,j,t) =
+ point i of p {direction i of p} ..
+ tension t ..
+ point j of q {direction j of q}
+ enddef;
+
+ vardef sphere_with_holes (expr n) =
+ save i;
+ c[0] = fullcircle xscaled u yscaled 2u
+ shifted (4u,0) rotated (360/(2n)) ;
+ draw c[0];
+ for i=1 upto n-1:
+ c[i] = c[i-1] rotated (360/n);
+ draw c[i];
+ endfor;
+ l[0] = curve(c[0], 2, c[1], -2, 1);
+ draw l[0];
+ for i=1 upto n-1:
+ l[i] = l[i-1] rotated (360/n);
+ draw l[i];
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=3mm;
+ path c[], l[];
+ sphere_with_holes(5);
+endfig;
+beginfig(175)
+ def curve(expr p,i,q,j,t) =
+ point i of p {direction i of p} ..
+ tension t ..
+ point j of q {direction j of q}
+ enddef;
+
+ vardef sphere_with_holes (expr n) =
+ save i;
+ c[0] = fullcircle xscaled u yscaled 2u
+ shifted (4u,0) rotated (360/(2n)) ;
+ for i=1 upto n-1:
+ c[i] = c[i-1] rotated (360/n);
+ endfor;
+ l[0] = curve(c[0], 2, c[1], -2, 1);
+ for i=1 upto n-1:
+ l[i] = l[i-1] rotated (360/n);
+ endfor;
+ fill for i=0 upto n-1:
+ ( reverse subpath(2,6) of c[i] ) &
+ l[i] &
+ endfor
+ % To turn it into a cycle (ugly)
+ point length(l[n-1]) of l[n-1] -- cycle
+ withcolor .8white;
+ for i=0 upto n-1:
+ draw c[i]; draw l[i];
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=3mm;
+ path c[], l[];
+ sphere_with_holes(5);
+endfig;
+beginfig(176)
+ path c[], l[];
+ sphere_with_holes(6);
+ def ellipse(expr a,b,c,d,e) =
+ draw curve(a,b,c,d,e) ;
+ draw curve(c,d,a,b,e) dashed evenly;
+ enddef;
+
+ ellipse (l[0], 2/3, l[2], 1/3, 4);
+ ellipse (l[1], 2/3, l[3], 1/3, 4);
+ ellipse (l[2], 2/3, l[4], 1/3, 4);
+ ellipse (l[3], 2/3, l[5], 1/3, 4);
+ ellipse (l[4], 2/3, l[0], 1/3, 4);
+ ellipse (l[5], 2/3, l[1], 1/3, 4);
+endfig;
+beginfig(177)
+ vardef bar(expr m,a,b,c) =
+ m = 1/3a + 1/3b + 1/3c
+ enddef;
+ vardef dbar(expr m,a,b,c) =
+ draw m--a; draw m--b; draw m--c;
+ draw m withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ enddef;
+
+ pair P[], A,B,C;
+ for i=0 upto 4:
+ P[i] = 1cm * up rotated (i*360/5);
+ draw P[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+ bar(A, P[0], P[4], B);
+ bar(B, A, P[1], C);
+ bar(C, B, P[2], P[3]);
+ draw fullcircle scaled 2cm dashed evenly;
+ dbar(A, P[0], P[4], B);
+ dbar(B, A, P[1], C);
+ dbar(C, B, P[2], P[3]);
+endfig;
+beginfig(178)
+% M est sur la bissectrice de l'angle A
+vardef bissectrice(expr M,A,B,C) =
+ (M-A) = whatever * (
+ (A-C) rotated 1/2(angle(B-A) - angle(C-A)))
+enddef;
+
+% Le cercle inscrit
+vardef cercle_inscrit(expr A,B,C) =
+ save M, h; pair M, h;
+ bissectrice(M,A,B,C);
+ bissectrice(M,B,C,A);
+ M-h = whatever * (B-C) rotated 90;
+ h = whatever[B,C];
+ fullcircle scaled 2 length(M-h) shifted M
+enddef;
+
+ pair A,B,C,M;
+ u:=2cm;
+ A=(0,0); B=(2u,-.5u); C=(u,u);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ bissectrice(M, A,B,C);
+ bissectrice(M, B,C,A);
+ draw M--A; draw M--B; draw M--C;
+ draw cercle_inscrit(A,B,C);
+endfig;
+beginfig(179)
+vardef premiere_trisectrice (expr M, A,B,C) =
+ (M-A) = whatever * ( (A-B) rotated 1/3 (angle(C-A) - angle(B-A)) )
+enddef;
+
+vardef deuxieme_trisectrice (expr M, A,B,C) =
+ (M-A) = whatever * ( (A-B) rotated 2/3 (angle(C-A) - angle(B-A)) )
+enddef;
+
+ pair A,B,C,M[];
+ u:=2cm;
+ A=(0,0); B=(2u,-.5u); C=(u,u);
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+
+ premiere_trisectrice(M1,A,B,C);
+ deuxieme_trisectrice(M1,B,C,A);
+ premiere_trisectrice(M2,B,C,A);
+ deuxieme_trisectrice(M2,C,A,B);
+ premiere_trisectrice(M3,C,A,B);
+ deuxieme_trisectrice(M3,A,B,C);
+
+ draw M1--A; draw M1--B;
+ draw M2--B; draw M2--C;
+ draw M3--C; draw M3--A;
+
+ draw M1--M2--M3--cycle;
+endfig;
+beginfig(180)
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,u; pair A,u;
+ A := point length(p) of p;
+ u := unitvector(direction length(p) of p);
+ A -- (A - ahlength*u rotated 15) --
+ (A - ahlength*u rotated -15) -- cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(181)
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,B,u; pair A,B,u;
+ A := point length(p) of p;
+ B := p intersectionpoint
+ (fullcircle scaled ahlength shifted A);
+ u := unitvector(direction length(p) of p);
+ A -- (A - ahlength*u rotated 30) -- B --
+ (A - ahlength*u rotated -30) -- cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(182)
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,u; pair A,u;
+ A := point length(p) of p;
+ u := unitvector(direction length(p) of p);
+ A -- (A - ahlength*u rotated 30) -- A --
+ (A - ahlength*u rotated -30) -- cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(183)
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,u,a,b; pair A,u; path a,b;
+ A := point length(p) of p;
+ u := unitvector(direction length(p) of p);
+ a := A{-u} .. (A - ahlength*u rotated 30);
+ b := A{-u} .. (A - ahlength*u rotated -30);
+ ( a & reverse(a) & b & reverse(b) ) --cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(184)
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,u; pair A,u;
+ A := point 1/2length(p) of p;
+ u := unitvector(direction 1/2length(p) of p);
+ A -- (A - ahlength*u rotated 15) --
+ (A - ahlength*u rotated -15) -- cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(185)
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,B,u; pair A,B,u;
+ A := point 1/2length(p) of p;
+ B := p intersectionpoint
+ (fullcircle scaled ahlength shifted A);
+ u := unitvector(direction 1/2length(p) of p);
+ A -- (A - ahlength*u rotated 30) -- B --
+ (A - ahlength*u rotated -30) -- cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(186)
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,u; pair A,u;
+ A := point 1/2length(p) of p;
+ u := unitvector(direction 1/2length(p) of p);
+ A -- (A - ahlength*u rotated 30) -- A --
+ (A - ahlength*u rotated -30) -- cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(187)
+ save arrowhead;
+ vardef arrowhead expr p =
+ save A,u,a,b; pair A,u; path a,b;
+ A := point 1/2length(p) of p;
+ u := unitvector(direction 1/2length(p) of p);
+ a := A{-u} .. (A - ahlength*u rotated 30);
+ b := A{-u} .. (A - ahlength*u rotated -30);
+ ( a & reverse(a) & b & reverse(b) ) --cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawarrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(188)
+ def drawwhitearrow expr p = _apth:=p; _finwhitearr enddef;
+
+ def _finwhitearr text t =
+ draw _apth t;
+ fill arrowhead _apth t withcolor white;
+ draw arrowhead _apth t
+ enddef;
+
+ u:=1cm;
+ drawwhitearrow (0,0) .. (-u,u) .. (u,u);
+endfig;
+beginfig(189)
+ def draw_white_arrow expr p = _apth:=p; _fin_white_arr enddef;
+ def _fin_white_arr text t =
+ draw _apth t;
+ fill arrowhead _apth withcolor white;
+ draw arrowhead _apth t
+ enddef;
+
+ def draw_middle_arrow expr p = _apth:=p; _fin_middle_arr enddef;
+ def _fin_middle_arr text t =
+ draw _apth t;
+ filldraw arrowhead_middle _apth t
+ enddef;
+ vardef arrowhead_middle expr p =
+ save A,u; pair A,u;
+ A := point (arctime (.5arclength p) of p) of p;
+ u := unitvector(direction (arctime (.5arclength p) of p) of p);
+ A -- (A - ahlength*u rotated (.5ahangle) ) --
+ (A - ahlength*u rotated (-.5ahangle) ) -- cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ def draw_middle_white_arrow expr p = _apth:=p; _fin_middle_white_arr enddef;
+ let draw_white_middle_arrow = draw_middle_white_arrow;
+ def _fin_middle_white_arr text t =
+ draw _apth t;
+ fill arrowhead_middle _apth t withcolor white;
+ draw arrowhead_middle _apth t
+ enddef;
+
+ def draw_other_arrow expr p = _apth:=p; _fin_other_arr enddef;
+ def _fin_other_arr text t =
+ draw _apth t;
+ draw arrowhead_other _apth t
+ enddef;
+ vardef arrowhead_other expr p =
+ save A,u,a,b; pair A,u; path a,b;
+ A := point (length p) of p;
+ u := unitvector(direction (length p) of p);
+ a := A{-u} .. (A - ahlength*u rotated 30);
+ b := A{-u} .. (A - ahlength*u rotated -30);
+ ( a & reverse(a) & b & reverse(b) ) --cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ def draw_other_middle_arrow expr p = _apth:=p; _fin_other_middle_arr enddef;
+ let draw_middle_other_arrow = draw_other_middle_arrow;
+ def _fin_other_middle_arr text t =
+ draw _apth t;
+ draw arrowhead_other_middle _apth t
+ enddef;
+ vardef arrowhead_other_middle expr p =
+ save A,u,a,b; pair A,u; path a,b;
+ A := point (arctime (.5arclength p) of p) of p;
+ u := unitvector(direction (arctime (.5arclength p) of p) of p);
+ a := A{-u} .. (A - ahlength*u rotated 30);
+ b := A{-u} .. (A - ahlength*u rotated -30);
+ ( a & reverse(a) & b & reverse(b) ) --cycle
+ enddef;
+
+ path p;
+ p := halfcircle scaled 2cm;
+ p := (0,0) .. (3cm,1cm) .. (-1cm,3cm);
+ p := p scaled .3;
+ draw_middle_arrow p;
+ draw_white_arrow p scaled 1.3 withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw_white_middle_arrow p scaled 1.6;
+ draw_other_middle_arrow p scaled 1.8 withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw_other_arrow p scaled 2 withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(190)
+ vardef mylabel(expr pic, p, t) =
+ save A; pair A;
+ A = point t of p +
+ 8bp * unitvector(direction t of p) rotated 90;
+ label(pic, A);
+ enddef;
+ path p; u:=1cm;
+ p = (0,0)..(-u,u)..(u,u);
+ draw p;
+ for i=0 step .2 until length(p):
+ draw point i of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ mylabel(btex $A$ etex,p,i);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(191)
+ vardef mylabel(expr pic, p, t) =
+ save A; pair A;
+ A = point t of p +
+ 8bp * unitvector(direction t of p) rotated 90;
+ label(pic, A);
+ enddef;
+ path p; u:=1cm;
+ p = (0,0)..(-u,u)..(u,u);
+ draw p;
+ for i=0 step .2 until length(p):
+ draw point i of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ mylabel(TEX decimal(i),p,i);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(192)
+ vardef mylabel(expr pic, p, t) =
+ save A,a; pair A; numeric a;
+ a := angle(direction t of p rotated 90);
+ show(a);
+ a := a + 45/2;
+ if a>180: a := a - 360 fi;
+ save ll, lr, ul, ur;
+ pair ul,ur,ll,lr;
+ ll := llcorner pic;
+ lr := lrcorner pic;
+ ul := ulcorner pic;
+ ur := urcorner pic;
+ A = point t of p +
+ 8bp * unitvector(direction t of p) rotated 90;
+ label(pic shifted ll, A +
+ if (a >= 0) and (a <= 45): 1/2(ur-ul)
+ elseif (a >= 45) and (a <= 90): 1/2(ur-ul) + 1/2(ur-lr)
+ elseif (a >= 90) and (a <= 135): 1/2(ur-lr)
+ elseif (a >= 135) and (a <= 180): 1/2(ll-lr) + 1/2(ur-lr)
+ elseif (a >= -180) and (a <= -135): 1/2(ll-lr)
+ elseif (a >= -135) and (a <= -90): 1/2(ll-ul) + 1/2(ll-lr)
+ elseif (a >= -90) and (a <= -45): 1/2(ll-ul)
+ elseif (a >= -45) and (a <= 0): 1/2(ll-ul) - 1/2(ll-lr)
+ else: hide(show "BUG") (0,0)
+ fi);
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 2bp withcolor red;
+ enddef;
+ path p; u:=1cm;
+ p = (0,0)..(-u,u)..(u,u);
+ p := reverse fullcircle scaled 2u;
+ draw p;
+ for i=0 step length(p)/10 until length(p):
+ draw point i of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ mylabel(TEX decimal(i),p,i);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(193)
+ n:=8;
+ u:=5mm;
+ for i=0 upto n-1:
+ for j=0 upto n-1:
+ if odd(i+j):
+ fill (0,0)--(u,0)--(u,u)--(0,u)--cycle
+ shifted (i*u,j*u) withcolor .8white;
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto n:
+ draw (0,i*u)--(n*u,i*u);
+ draw (i*u,0)--(i*u,n*u);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(194)
+ n:=8;
+ u:=5mm;
+ for i=0 upto n-1:
+ for j=0 upto n-1:
+ if odd(i+j):
+ for k=0 step u/5 until u:
+ draw ( (k,0)--(u,u-k) )
+ shifted (i*u,j*u);
+ draw ( (0,k)--(u-k,u) )
+ shifted (i*u,j*u);
+ endfor;
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto n:
+ draw (0,i*u)--(n*u,i*u);
+ draw (i*u,0)--(i*u,n*u);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(195)
+ n:=8;
+ u:=5mm;
+ for i=0 upto n-1:
+ for j=0 upto n-1:
+ if odd(i+j):
+ for k=0 step u/5 until 4/5 u:
+ if odd(k*5/u):
+ fill ( (k,0)--(u,u-k)--(u,u-k-u/5)--
+ (k+u/5,0)--cycle )
+ shifted (i*u,j*u) withcolor .8white;
+ else:
+ fill ( (0,k)--(u-k,u)--(u-k-u/5,u)--
+ (0,k+u/5)--cycle )
+ shifted (i*u,j*u) withcolor .8white;
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto n:
+ draw (0,i*u)--(n*u,i*u);
+ draw (i*u,0)--(i*u,n*u);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(196)
+ vardef trace (suffix f)(expr a,b,inc) =
+ save i; numeric i;
+ for i=a step inc until b:
+ (i*1cm, f(i)*1cm) ..
+ endfor (b*1cm, f(b)*1cm)
+ enddef;
+
+ vardef axes =
+ save p; picture p;
+ p:=nullpicture;
+ addto p doublepath (-infinity,0)--(infinity,0) withpen currentpen;
+ addto p doublepath (0,-infinity)--(0,infinity) withpen currentpen;
+ clip p to bbox currentpicture;
+ draw p;
+ enddef;
+
+ vardef trace_rectangles_left (suffix f)(expr a,b,inc) =
+ save i; numeric i;
+ for i=a step inc until b-inc:
+ path p;
+ p = (i,0)--(i+inc,0)--(i+inc,f(i))--(i,f(i))--cycle;
+ p := p scaled 1cm;
+ fill p withcolor .8*white;
+ draw p;
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+
+ vardef f(expr x) = 2 ** x enddef;
+
+ trace_rectangles_left(f,-2,2,.5);
+ draw trace(f, -2,2,.1);
+ axes;
+endfig;
+beginfig(197)
+ vardef trace_trapezes (suffix f)(expr a,b,inc) =
+ save i; numeric i;
+ for i=a step inc until b-inc:
+ path p;
+ p = (i,0)--(i+inc,0)--(i+inc,f(i+inc))--(i,f(i))--cycle;
+ p := p scaled 1cm;
+ fill p withcolor .8*white;
+ draw p;
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+
+ vardef f(expr x) = 4 - x**2 enddef;
+
+ trace_trapezes(f,-2,2,.5);
+ draw trace(f, -2,2,.1);
+ axes;
+endfig;
+beginfig(198)
+ vardef trace_rectangles_right (suffix f)(expr a,b,inc) =
+ save i; numeric i;
+ for i=a step inc until b-inc:
+ path p;
+ p = (i,0)--(i+inc,0)--(i+inc,f(i+inc))--(i,f(i+inc))--cycle;
+ p := p scaled 1cm;
+ fill p withcolor .8*white;
+ draw p;
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+
+ trace_rectangles_right(f,-2,2,.5);
+ draw trace(f, -2,2,.1);
+ axes;
+endfig;
+beginfig(199)
+ vardef maxf(suffix f)(expr a,b) =
+ save m,i; numeric m,i;
+ m:=f(a);
+ for i=a step (b-a)/100 until b:
+ if m<f(i): m:=f(i); fi;
+ endfor;
+ m
+ enddef;
+
+ vardef trace_rectangles_max (suffix f)(expr a,b,inc) =
+ save i; numeric i;
+ for i=a step inc until b-inc:
+ path p; numeric m;
+ m:=maxf(f,i,i+inc);
+ p = (i,0)--(i+inc,0)--(i+inc,m)--(i,m)--cycle;
+ p := p scaled 1cm;
+ fill p withcolor .8*white;
+ draw p;
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+
+ vardef f(expr x) = 4 - x**2 enddef;
+
+ trace_rectangles_max(f,-2,2,.5);
+ draw trace(f, -2,2,.1);
+ axes;
+endfig;
+beginfig(200)
+ vardef minf(suffix f)(expr a,b) =
+ save m,i; numeric m,i;
+ m:=f(a);
+ for i=a step (b-a)/100 until b:
+ if m>f(i): m:=f(i); fi;
+ endfor;
+ m
+ enddef;
+
+ vardef trace_rectangles_min (suffix f)(expr a,b,inc) =
+ save i; numeric i;
+ for i=a step inc until b-inc:
+ path p; numeric m;
+ m:=minf(f,i,i+inc);
+ p = (i,0)--(i+inc,0)--(i+inc,m)--(i,m)--cycle;
+ p := p scaled 1cm;
+ fill p withcolor .8*white;
+ draw p;
+ endfor;
+ enddef;
+
+ vardef f(expr x) = 4 - x**2 enddef;
+
+ trace_rectangles_min(f,-2,2,.5);
+ draw trace(f, -2,2,.1);
+ axes;
+endfig;
+beginfig(201)
+ u:=2cm;
+ vardef koch(expr A,B,n) =
+ save C; pair C;
+ C = A rotatedaround(1/3[A,B], 120);
+ if n>0:
+ koch( A, 1/3[A,B], n-1);
+ koch( 1/3[A,B], C, n-1);
+ koch( C, 2/3[A,B], n-1);
+ koch( 2/3[A,B], B, n-1);
+ else:
+ draw A--1/3[A,B]--C--2/3[A,B]--B;
+ fi;
+ enddef;
+ z0=(u,0);
+ z1=z0 rotated 120;
+ z2=z1 rotated 120;
+ koch( z0, z1, 4 );
+ koch( z1, z2, 4 );
+ koch( z2, z0, 4 );
+endfig;
+beginfig(202)
+ u:=2cm;
+ vardef koch(expr A,B,n) =
+ save C; pair C;
+ C = A rotatedaround(1/3[A,B], -120);
+ if n>0:
+ koch( A, 1/3[A,B], n-1);
+ koch( 1/3[A,B], C, n-1);
+ koch( C, 2/3[A,B], n-1);
+ koch( 2/3[A,B], B, n-1);
+ else:
+ draw A--1/3[A,B]--C--2/3[A,B]--B;
+ fi;
+ enddef;
+ z0=(u,0);
+ z1=z0 rotated 120;
+ z2=z1 rotated 120;
+ koch( z0, z1, 4 );
+ koch( z1, z2, 4 );
+ koch( z2, z0, 4 );
+endfig;
+beginfig(203)
+ pair A,B,C,D;
+ u := 3cm;
+ A := (0,0);
+ B := (u,0);
+ D := B rotated 72;
+ C := (u,0) + D;
+ draw A--B--C--D--cycle;
+ draw A--C;
+ draw btex $B'$ etex shifted 1/3 (A+B+C);
+ draw btex $B$ etex shifted 1/3 (A+D+C);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(204)
+ pair A,B,C,D,E,F;
+ numeric d[];
+ u := 3cm;
+ A := (0,0);
+ B := (u,0);
+ D := B rotated 72;
+ C := (u,0) + D;
+ d[0] := 1;
+ d[1] := sqrt( 2*(1+cosd(72)) );
+ d[2] := sqrt( 2*(1-cosd(36)) );
+ A := A;
+ B := C;
+ C := D;
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ E := (d1/(d0+d1)) [A,C];
+ F := (d0/(d0+d2)) [A,B];
+ draw E--C--F--cycle;
+ draw btex $A$ etex shifted 1/3(E+C+F);
+ draw B--C--F--cycle;
+ draw btex $B$ etex shifted 1/3(B+C+E);
+ draw E--F--A--cycle;
+ draw btex $B'$ etex shifted 1/3(E+F+A);
+endfig;
+beginfig(205)
+ pair A,B,C,D,E,F;
+ numeric d[];
+ u := 3cm;
+ A := (0,0);
+ B := (u,0);
+ D := B rotated 72;
+ C := (u,0) + D;
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ d[0] := 1;
+ d[1] := sqrt( 2*(1+cosd(72)) );
+ d[2] := sqrt( 2*(1-cosd(36)) );
+ E := (d1/(d0+d1)) [A,C];
+ F := (d0/(d0+d2)) [A,B];
+ draw E--F--B--cycle;
+ draw btex $A'$ etex shifted 1/3(E+F+B);
+ draw E--A--F--cycle;
+ draw btex $B$ etex shifted 1/3(E+A+F);
+ draw C--E--B--cycle;
+ draw btex $B'$ etex shifted 1/3(C+E+B);
+endfig;
+beginfig(206)
+ pair A,B,C,D,E,F;
+ numeric d[];
+ u := 3cm;
+ A := (0,0);
+ B := (u,0);
+ D := B rotated 72;
+ C := (u,0) + D;
+ d[0] := 1;
+ d[1] := sqrt( 2*(1+cosd(72)) );
+ d[2] := sqrt( 2*(1-cosd(36)) );
+ A := A;
+ B := C;
+ C := D;
+ E := (d1/(d0+d1)) [A,C];
+ F := (d0/(d0+d2)) [A,B];
+ B := 3*(C-E);
+ C := 3*(F-E);
+
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+
+ D := (d0/(d0+d2)) [C,A];
+ draw B--C--D--cycle;
+ draw btex $A$ etex shifted 1/3(B+C+D);
+ draw B--D--A--cycle;
+ draw btex $B'$ etex shifted 1/3(B+D+A);
+endfig;
+beginfig(207)
+ pair A,B,C,D,E,F;
+ numeric d[];
+ u := 3cm;
+ A := (0,0);
+ B := (u,0);
+ D := B rotated 72;
+ C := (u,0) + D;
+ d[0] := 1;
+ d[1] := sqrt( 2*(1+cosd(72)) );
+ d[2] := sqrt( 2*(1-cosd(36)) );
+
+ % B'
+ E := (d1/(d0+d1)) [A,C];
+ F := (d0/(d0+d2)) [A,B];
+
+ % A'
+ A := 2*(E-E);
+ C := 2*(B-E);
+ B := 2*(F-E);
+
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ D := (d0/(d0+d2)) [A,B];
+ draw C--D--B--cycle;
+ draw btex $A'$ etex shifted 1/3(C+D+B);
+ draw C--A--D--cycle;
+ draw btex $B$ etex shifted 1/3(C+A+D);
+endfig;
+beginfig(208)
+ vardef pave(expr t, A, B, C, n) =
+ save D, E, d;
+ pair D,E;
+ numeric d[];
+ d[0] := 1;
+ d[1] := sqrt( 2*(1+cosd(72)) );
+ d[2] := sqrt( 2*(1-cosd(36)) );
+ if n>0:
+ if t=1:
+ D := (d0/(d0+d2)) [A,C];
+ pave(1,B,C,D,n-1);
+ pave(4,B,D,A,n-1);
+ elseif t=2:
+ D := (d0/(d0+d2)) [A,B];
+ pave(2,C,D,B,n-1);
+ pave(3,C,A,D,n-1);
+ elseif t=3:
+ D := (d1/(d0+d1)) [A,B];
+ E := (d0/(d0+d2)) [A,C];
+ pave(1,D,C,E,n-1);
+ pave(3,B,C,D,n-1);
+ pave(4,D,E,A,n-1);
+ elseif t=4:
+ D := (d1/(d0+d1)) [A,C];
+ E := (d0/(d0+d2)) [A,B];
+ pave(2,D,E,B,n-1);
+ pave(3,D,A,E,n-1);
+ pave(4,C,D,B,n-1);
+ fi;
+ else:
+ draw A--B--C--cycle;
+ if t=1:
+ fill A--B--C--cycle withcolor green + blue;
+ draw A--C withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw A--B withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ elseif t=2:
+ fill A--B--C--cycle withcolor green + blue;
+ draw A--B withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw A--B withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ elseif t=3:
+ fill A--B--C--cycle withcolor green + red;
+ draw A--C withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw C--B withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ elseif t=4:
+ fill A--B--C--cycle withcolor green + red;
+ draw B--C withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw A--B withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ fi;
+ fi;
+ enddef;
+ numeric M;
+ M := 6;
+ pair A,B,C,D;
+ u := 3cm;
+ A := (0,0);
+ B := (u,0);
+ D := B rotated 72;
+ C := (u,0) + D;
+ pave(3,A,C,D,M);
+ pave(4,A,B,C,M);
+endfig;
+beginfig(209)
+u:=1cm;
+
+def milieu (expr s, ss, n) =
+ if n<>0:
+ for i="A","BA","BBA":
+ milieu(s&i, ss, n-1);
+ endfor;
+ else:
+ dessine(s&ss);
+ fi;
+enddef;
+
+def doit(expr N) =
+ for n=1 upto N:
+ for i="A","BA","BBA":
+ for j="","B","BB":
+ milieu(i,j,n-1);
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ milieu("","",0);
+enddef;
+
+vardef A(expr a) =
+ save x,y,n;
+ numeric x,y,n;
+ x := xpart a;
+ y := ypart a;
+ n:=x*x+y*y;
+ (-x/n, y/n)
+enddef;
+
+vardef B(expr a) =
+ save x,y,n;
+ numeric x,y,n;
+ x := 1 + xpart a;
+ y := ypart a;
+ n := x*x+y*y;
+ (-x/n, y/n)
+enddef;
+
+def dessine(expr s) =
+ _dessine(s, dir(60), up, dir(120));
+ _dessine(s, dir(60), dir(31), dir(2));
+ _dessine(s, dir(120), dir(149), dir(178));
+enddef;
+
+def _dessine(expr s, a,b,c) =
+ pair p[];
+ p[0] := a;
+ p[1] := b;
+ p[2] := c;
+
+ for i=0 upto length(s)-1:
+ if (substring(i,i+1) of s) = "A":
+ for j=0 upto 2: p[j] := A( p[j] ); endfor;
+ elseif (substring(i,i+1) of s) = "B":
+ for j=0 upto 2: p[j] := B( p[j] ); endfor;
+ else: show("Ceci n'est pas un générateur : "&substring(i,i+1) of s)
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ if (xpart p[0] < 2) and (xpart p[0] > -2) and
+ (xpart p[2] > -2) and (xpart p[2] < 2) and
+ (ypart p[0] < 2) and (ypart p[2] < 2):
+ draw ( p[0] .. p[1] .. p[2] ) scaled u;
+ fi;
+
+enddef;
+
+ fill (dir(60) .. up .. dir(120) --
+ (dir120+up) -- (dir60+up) -- cycle) scaled u
+ withcolor red+green;
+ doit(7);
+ draw (u*dir(60)) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw (0,u) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw (u*dir(60) -- u*dir(60)+u*up) shifted (0u,0);
+ draw (u*dir(60) -- u*dir(60)+u*up) shifted (1u,0);
+ draw (u*dir(60) -- u*dir(60)+u*up) shifted (-u,0);
+ draw (u*dir(60) -- u*dir(60)+u*up) shifted (-2u,0);
+endfig;
+beginfig(210)
+ u:=5mm;
+ pickup pencircle scaled 1pt;
+ for i=0 upto 500:
+ draw (u*normaldeviate, u*normaldeviate);
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(211)
+ u:=2cm;
+ pickup pencircle scaled 1pt;
+ for i=0 upto 500:
+ draw (u*uniformdeviate(1), u*uniformdeviate(1));
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(212)
+ numeric n;
+ n:=10;
+ path p;
+ p := for i=0 upto n-1:
+ ((1cm + 3mm*normaldeviate,0) rotated (i*360/n)) ..
+ endfor cycle;
+ fill p withcolor .8white;
+ draw p;
+endfig;
+beginfig(213)
+ m:=500;
+ u:=1cm;
+ pair A,B;
+ A:=(0,0);
+ for i=0 upto m:
+ B:=(i/m*3u, (ypart A)+normaldeviate/m*30u);
+ draw A--B;
+ A:=B;
+ endfor;
+ draw (0,0)--(3u,0);
+endfig;
+beginfig(214)
+ m:=50;
+ pair A[], B[];
+ A[0]=(0,0);
+ for i=0 upto m:
+ A[i+1]=(i/m*3u, (ypart A[i])+(uniformdeviate(2)-1)/m*30u);
+ endfor;
+ B[0]=A[0];
+ B[1]=A[1];
+ B[2]=A[2];
+ B[3]=A[3];
+ for i=4 upto m+1:
+ B[i] = ( A[i-4] + A[i-3] + A[i-2] + A[i-1] + A[i])/5;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto m:
+ draw B[i]--B[i+1] withpen pencircle scaled 2pt
+ withcolor .5*white;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto m:
+ draw A[i]--A[i+1];
+ endfor;
+ draw (0,0)--(3u,0);
+endfig;
+def rescale_currentpic :=
+ if xpart (lrcorner currentpicture - llcorner currentpicture) > 4cm:
+ currentpicture := currentpicture scaled ( 4cm /
+ xpart (lrcorner currentpicture - llcorner currentpicture) );
+ fi;
+enddef;
+beginfig(215)
+vardef check_pascal =
+ save again;
+ boolean again;
+ again := false;
+ % Distance entre deux points sur le cercle : au moins 1mm
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ for j=i+1 upto 5:
+ show( decimal(i) &" "& decimal(j) &" "& decimal(abs(A[i]-A[j])/2mm) );
+ if abs(A[i]-A[j]) < 2mm:
+ again := true;
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ % Distance entre deux des M[i] : au moins 2mm, au plus 10cm
+ for i=0 upto 2:
+ for j=i+1 upto 2:
+ if (abs(M[i]-M[j]) > 10cm) or (abs(M[i]-M[j]) < 2mm):
+ again := true;
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ % Distance entre un A[i] et un M[i] : au moins 2mm
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ for j=0 upto 2:
+ if abs(A[i]-M[j]) < 2mm:
+ again := true;
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ % Distance entre le cercle et l'un des M[i] : au plus 10cm
+ if abs(M[0])>10cm:
+ again:=true;
+ fi;
+ show again;
+ not again
+enddef;
+
+ forever:
+ path C;
+ C := fullcircle scaled 6cm;
+ pair A[], M[];
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ A[i] := point uniformdeviate(length(C)) of C;
+ endfor;
+ M[0] = whatever[ A[0], A[1] ];
+ M[0] = whatever[ A[3], A[4] ];
+ M[1] = whatever[ A[1], A[2] ];
+ M[1] = whatever[ A[4], A[5] ];
+ M[2] = whatever[ A[2], A[3] ];
+ M[2] = whatever[ A[5], A[0] ];
+ exitif check_pascal;
+ endfor;
+
+ draw C;
+ draw A[0]--A[1] withcolor red;
+ draw A[3]--A[4] withcolor red;
+ draw A[0]--M[0] withcolor red dashed evenly;
+ draw A[3]--M[0] withcolor red dashed evenly;
+
+ draw A[1]--A[2] withcolor green;
+ draw A[4]--A[5] withcolor green;
+ draw A[1]--M[1] withcolor green dashed evenly;
+ draw A[4]--M[1] withcolor green dashed evenly;
+
+ draw A[2]--A[3] withcolor blue;
+ draw A[5]--A[0] withcolor blue;
+ draw A[2]--M[2] withcolor blue dashed evenly;
+ draw A[5]--M[2] withcolor blue dashed evenly;
+
+ draw M[0]--M[1]--M[2]--cycle withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ for i=0 upto 2:
+ draw M[i] withpen pencircle scaled 6bp;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ draw A[i] withpen pencircle scaled 6bp;
+ endfor;
+ rescale_currentpic;
+endfig;
+beginfig(216)
+vardef pascal(expr C) =
+ forever:
+ pair A[], M[];
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ A[i] := point uniformdeviate(length(C)) of C;
+ endfor;
+ M[0] = whatever[ A[0], A[1] ];
+ M[0] = whatever[ A[3], A[4] ];
+ M[1] = whatever[ A[1], A[2] ];
+ M[1] = whatever[ A[4], A[5] ];
+ M[2] = whatever[ A[2], A[3] ];
+ M[2] = whatever[ A[5], A[0] ];
+ exitif check_pascal;
+ endfor;
+
+ draw C;
+ draw A[0]--A[1] withcolor red;
+ draw A[3]--A[4] withcolor red;
+ draw A[0]--M[0] withcolor red dashed evenly;
+ draw A[3]--M[0] withcolor red dashed evenly;
+
+ draw A[1]--A[2] withcolor green;
+ draw A[4]--A[5] withcolor green;
+ draw A[1]--M[1] withcolor green dashed evenly;
+ draw A[4]--M[1] withcolor green dashed evenly;
+
+ draw A[2]--A[3] withcolor blue;
+ draw A[5]--A[0] withcolor blue;
+ draw A[2]--M[2] withcolor blue dashed evenly;
+ draw A[5]--M[2] withcolor blue dashed evenly;
+
+ draw M[0]--M[1]--M[2]--cycle withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ for i=0 upto 2:
+ draw M[i] withpen pencircle scaled 6bp;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ draw A[i] withpen pencircle scaled 6bp;
+ endfor;
+enddef;
+
+ pascal(fullcircle xscaled 6cm yscaled 3cm);
+ rescale_currentpic;
+endfig;
+beginfig(217)
+ pascal((for i=-2cm step .1cm until 2cm:
+ (i, (i/1cm)**2 *1cm) ..
+ endfor (2.1cm,4.41cm)) rotated 30);
+ rescale_currentpic;
+endfig;
+beginfig(218)
+vardef pascal(expr C) =
+ forever:
+ pair A[], M[];
+
+ numeric t[];
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ t[i] = uniformdeviate(length(C));
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ for j=0 upto 4:
+ if t[j]>t[j+1]:
+ tt:=t[j]; t[j]:=t[j+1]; t[j+1]:=tt;
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ A[i] = point t[i] of C;
+ endfor;
+
+ M[0] = whatever[ A[0], A[1] ];
+ M[0] = whatever[ A[3], A[4] ];
+ M[1] = whatever[ A[1], A[2] ];
+ M[1] = whatever[ A[4], A[5] ];
+ M[2] = whatever[ A[2], A[3] ];
+ M[2] = whatever[ A[5], A[0] ];
+ exitif check_pascal;
+ endfor;
+
+ draw C;
+ draw A[0]--A[1] withcolor red;
+ draw A[3]--A[4] withcolor red;
+ draw A[0]--M[0] withcolor red dashed evenly;
+ draw A[3]--M[0] withcolor red dashed evenly;
+
+ draw A[1]--A[2] withcolor green;
+ draw A[4]--A[5] withcolor green;
+ draw A[1]--M[1] withcolor green dashed evenly;
+ draw A[4]--M[1] withcolor green dashed evenly;
+
+ draw A[2]--A[3] withcolor blue;
+ draw A[5]--A[0] withcolor blue;
+ draw A[2]--M[2] withcolor blue dashed evenly;
+ draw A[5]--M[2] withcolor blue dashed evenly;
+
+ draw M[0]--M[1]--M[2]--cycle withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ for i=0 upto 2:
+ draw M[i] withpen pencircle scaled 6bp;
+ endfor;
+ for i=0 upto 5:
+ draw A[i] withpen pencircle scaled 6bp;
+ endfor;
+enddef;
+
+ pascal(fullcircle scaled 6cm);
+ rescale_currentpic;
+endfig;
+beginfig(219)
+ pascal(fullcircle xscaled 6cm yscaled 3cm);
+ rescale_currentpic;
+endfig;
+beginfig(220)
+ pascal(fullcircle xscaled 6cm yscaled 3cm);
+ rescale_currentpic;
+endfig;
+beginfig(221)
+ vardef barycentre(text t) =
+ save n, G;
+ pair G; numeric n;
+ G := origin; n:=0;
+ for a=t:
+ G:=G+a;
+ n:=n+1;
+ endfor;
+ G/n
+ enddef;
+
+ pair A[];
+ n:=10;
+ for i=0 upto n:
+ A[i] = 1cm*(normaldeviate, normaldeviate);
+ draw A[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+ draw barycentre(A[0] for i=1 upto 10: ,A[i] endfor)
+ withpen pencircle scaled 4bp withcolor red;
+endfig;
+beginfig(222)
+ vardef barycentre(text t) =
+ save a, i, n, G, X;
+ pair G,X; numeric n,i;
+ G := origin; n:=0; i:=0;
+ for a=t:
+ show("i = "& decimal(i));
+ show a;
+ if odd(i):
+ show("odd");
+ n:=n+a;
+ G:= G + a*X;
+ else:
+ show("even");
+ X:=a;
+ fi;
+ i:=i+1;
+ endfor;
+ G/n
+ enddef;
+
+ pair A[];
+ n:=10;
+ for i=0 upto n:
+ A[i] = 1cm*(normaldeviate, normaldeviate);
+ draw A[i] withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ endfor;
+ draw barycentre(A[0],0 for i=1 upto 10: ,A[i],i endfor)
+ withpen pencircle scaled 4bp withcolor red;
+endfig;
+beginfig(223)
+ numeric n;
+ n:=10;
+ path p;
+ p := for i=0 upto n-1:
+ ((1cm + 3mm*normaldeviate,0) rotated (i*360/n)) ..
+ endfor cycle;
+ for i=0 step 2mm until 3cm:
+ draw fullcircle scaled i;
+ endfor;
+ clip currentpicture to p;
+ draw p;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(224)
+ u := 5mm;
+ draw (-2u,0) -- (2u,0);
+ draw (0,-u) -- (0,4u);
+ draw (-2u,4u) for i=-1.9 step .1 until 2.01: .. (i*u, i*i*u) endfor
+ withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ draw bbox currentpicture withpen pensquare scaled 2bp withcolor .8white;
+ draw bbox currentpicture withpen pensquare scaled 2bp withcolor .8white;
+endfig;
+beginfig(225)
+ path p;
+ p := (0,0) -- (2cm,0);
+ def doit (suffix p)(expr t) =
+ begingroup
+ interim linecap := t;
+ draw p withpen pencircle scaled 5mm withcolor .8white;
+ endgroup;
+ draw point 0 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw point 1 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ p := p shifted (0,-7mm)
+ enddef;
+ doit(p,rounded);
+ doit(p,butt);
+ doit(p,squared);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(226)
+ path p;
+ p := (0,0) -- (1cm,5mm) -- (2cm,0);
+ def doit (suffix p)(expr t) =
+ begingroup
+ interim linejoin := t;
+ draw p withpen pencircle scaled 5mm withcolor .8white;
+ endgroup;
+ draw point 0 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw point 1 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw point 2 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ p := p shifted (0,-7mm)
+ enddef;
+ doit(p,rounded);
+ doit(p,mitered);
+ doit(p,beveled);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(227)
+ path p;
+ p := (0,0) -- (2cm,0);
+ vardef doit (suffix p)(expr t) =
+ interim linecap := t;
+ draw p withpen pencircle scaled 5mm withcolor .8white;
+ draw point 0 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw point 1 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw point 2 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ p := p shifted (0,-7mm)
+ enddef;
+ doit(p,rounded);
+ doit(p,butt);
+ doit(p,squared);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(228)
+ draw fullcircle scaled 2cm;
+ special("0 0 moveto 10 10 rlineto -10 10 rlineto stroke");
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(229)
+ draw fullcircle shifted (.5,.5) xscaled 18.2cm yscaled 4cm;
+ special(
+ "/Times-Roman findfont 150 scalefont setfont " &
+ "0 0 moveto (ABCabc) false charpath clip stroke " &
+ "gsave 300 0 translate " &
+ " 2 4 600 {dup 0 moveto 0 exch 0 exch 0 360 arc stroke} for " &
+ "grestore "
+ );
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(230)
+ draw fullcircle shifted (.5,.5) xscaled 18.2cm yscaled 4cm;
+ special(
+ "gsave " &
+ "/Times-Roman findfont 150 scalefont setfont " &
+ "0 0 moveto (ABCabc) false charpath clip stroke " &
+ "gsave 300 0 translate " &
+ " 2 4 600 {dup 0 moveto 0 exch 0 exch 0 360 arc stroke} for " &
+ "grestore " &
+ "grestore "
+ );
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(231)
+ path p;
+ p =
+ (0,u)
+ for i=.1 step .1 until 10:
+ hide( pair A; A = (i*u, (sind (i*180/3.14))/i *u);
+ draw A withpen pencircle scaled 2pt )
+ .. A
+ endfor;
+ draw p;
+endfig;
+beginfig(232)
+vardef inversion (expr O,k,M) =
+ if pair M:
+ (O + k*unitvector(M-O)/abs(M-O))
+ elseif path M:
+ for i=0 step length(M)/10 until length(M):
+ hide(
+ draw O--inversion(O,k,point i of M)--(point i of M);
+ draw inversion(O,k,point i of M) withpen pencircle scaled 2pt;
+ draw point i of M withpen pencircle scaled 2pt withcolor red;
+ draw O withpen pencircle scaled 2pt;
+ )
+ inversion(O,k,point i of M) ..
+ endfor
+ cycle
+ fi
+enddef;
+
+ path p[];
+ p1=fullcircle scaled 2u shifted (u,0);
+ p2=fullcircle scaled 2u shifted (-u,0);
+ draw p1 dashed withdots scaled .25;
+ draw p2 dashed withdots scaled .25;
+ z0 = (.5u,2u);
+ draw inversion( z0, 2 (u**2), p1 );
+ draw inversion( z0, 2 (u**2), p2 );
+endfig;
+beginfig(233)
+ path p;
+ p := (0,0) -- (1cm,0);
+ show ahangle;
+ begingroup
+ interim ahangle := 30;
+ interim linejoin := mitered;
+ interim linecap := butt;
+ drawarrow p withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ endgroup;
+ begingroup
+ interim ahangle := 60;
+ drawarrow p shifted (0,-5mm) withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ endgroup;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(234)
+ numeric x;
+ x = sind(60);
+ draw TEX("$\sin 60 = " & decimal(x) & "$");
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(235)
+picture _TEX_pic;
+
+def largeur(expr p) =
+ if picture p:
+ xpart( lrcorner(p) - llcorner(p) )
+ elseif string p:
+ hide(_TEX_pic := TEX(p);)
+ xpart( lrcorner(_TEX_pic) - llcorner(_TEX_pic) )
+ else:
+ hide( errmessage("largeur: wrong type"); 0)
+ fi
+enddef;
+
+def hauteur(expr p) =
+ if picture p:
+ ypart(ulcorner(p))
+ elseif string p:
+ hide(_TEX_pic := TEX(p);)
+ ypart(ulcorner(_TEX_pic))
+ else:
+ hide( errmessage("hauteur: wrong type"); 0)
+ fi
+enddef;
+
+def profondeur (expr p) =
+ if picture p:
+ -ypart(llcorner(p))
+ elseif string p:
+ hide(_TEX_pic := TEX(p);)
+ -ypart(llcorner(_TEX_pic))
+ else:
+ hide( errmessage("profondeur: wrong type"); 0)
+ fi
+enddef;
+
+ picture p;
+ string s;
+ s := "\huge\LaTeX";
+ p := TEX(s);
+ drawarrow (0,0) -- (largeur(s),0) withcolor red;
+ drawarrow (0,0) -- (0,hauteur(s)) withcolor green;
+ drawarrow (0,0) -- (0,-profondeur(s)) withcolor blue;
+ draw p;
+ draw bbox p;
+endfig;
+beginfig(236)
+ def reddraw text t = draw t withcolor red enddef;
+ draw (0,0) -- (2cm,0);
+ reddraw (0,0) -- (2cm,5mm) withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(237)
+path _myfill_p;
+
+def myfill expr p =
+ _myfill_p := p;
+ _myfill
+enddef;
+
+def _myfill text t =
+ fill _myfill_p t;
+ draw _myfill_p t withcolor red;
+enddef;
+
+ myfill fullcircle scaled 1cm withcolor .8white withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+endfig;
+beginfig(238)
+ boxit.a(btex Essai etex);
+ a.c = (0,0);
+ drawboxed(a);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(239)
+ circleit.a(btex Essai etex);
+ a.c = (0,0);
+ drawboxed(a);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(240)
+ rboxit.a(btex Essai etex);
+ a.c = (0,0);
+ drawboxed(a);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(241)
+ boxit.a(btex Essai etex);
+ a.c = (0,0);
+ drawunboxed(a);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(242)
+ circleit.a(btex Essai etex);
+ a.c = (0,0);
+ a.dx = a.dy;
+ drawboxed(a);
+endfig;
+beginfig(243)
+ circleit.a(btex Essai etex);
+ a.c = (0,0);
+ a.dx = a.dy;
+ drawunboxed(a);
+ for i=0 step 10 until 360:
+ draw (0,0) -- 1cm*right rotated i cutbefore bpath.a;
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(244)
+ circleit.a(btex Début etex);
+ a.c = (0,0);
+ a.dx = a.dy;
+ circleit.b(btex Fin etex);
+ b.c = (2cm,0);
+ b.dx = b.dy;
+ drawboxed(a,b);
+ drawarrow a.c {dir 45} .. b.c {dir -45}
+ cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ drawarrow b.c {dir -135} .. a.c {dir 135}
+ cutbefore bpath.b cutafter bpath.a;
+endfig;
+beginfig(245)
+ circleit.a(btex Début etex);
+ a.c = (0,0);
+ a.dx = a.dy;
+ circleit.b(btex Fin etex);
+ b.c = (2cm,0);
+ b.dx = b.dy;
+ drawunboxed(a,b);
+ drawarrow a.c {dir 45} .. b.c {dir -45}
+ cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ drawarrow b.c {dir -135} .. a.c {dir 135}
+ cutbefore bpath.b cutafter bpath.a;
+endfig;
+beginfig(246)
+ boxjoin(
+ a.dx = a.dy;
+ b.dx = b.dy;
+ a.e + (5mm,0) = b.w;
+ );
+ circleit.a(btex Début etex);
+ a.c = (0,0);
+ circleit.b(btex Fin etex);
+ drawboxed(a,b);
+ drawarrow a.c {dir 45} .. b.c {dir -45}
+ cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ drawarrow b.c {dir -135} .. a.c {dir 135}
+ cutbefore bpath.b cutafter bpath.a;
+endfig;
+beginfig(247)
+ % Toujours mettre la commande boxjoin au début.
+ boxjoin(a.e = b.w);
+ boxit.a(btex A etex);
+ boxit.b(btex B etex);
+ boxit.c(btex C etex);
+ boxit.d(btex D etex);
+ drawboxed(a,b,c,d);
+endfig;
+beginfig(248)
+ boxjoin(a.e = b.w);
+ boxit.a(btex a etex);
+ boxit.b(btex b etex);
+ boxit.c(btex c etex);
+ boxit.d(btex d etex);
+ drawboxed(a,b,c,d);
+endfig;
+beginfig(249)
+ boxjoin(a.se = b.sw; a.ne = b.nw);
+ boxit.a(btex a etex);
+ boxit.b(btex b etex);
+ boxit.c(btex c etex);
+ boxit.d(btex d etex);
+ drawboxed(a,b,c,d);
+endfig;
+beginfig(250)
+ boxjoin(a.se = b.sw; a.ne = b.nw);
+ boxit.a1(btex a etex);
+ boxit.a2(btex b etex);
+ boxit.a3(btex c etex);
+ boxit.a4(btex d etex);
+ drawboxed(a1,a2,a3,a4);
+endfig;
+beginfig(251)
+ draw (0,0) -- (5cm,0) withcolor red;
+ draw btex a etex ;
+ draw btex b etex shifted (1cm,0);
+ draw btex c etex shifted (2cm,0);
+ draw btex d etex shifted (3cm,0);
+ draw btex e etex shifted (4cm,0);
+endfig;
+beginfig(252)
+ draw (0,0) -- (5cm,0) withcolor red;
+ boxjoin(b.c - a.c = (1cm,0));
+ boxit a (btex a etex);
+ boxit b (btex b etex);
+ boxit c (btex c etex);
+ boxit d (btex d etex);
+ boxit e (btex e etex);
+ drawunboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+endfig;
+beginfig(253)
+ vardef boxTEX expr s =
+ save p,h,l;
+ picture p;
+ numeric h,l;
+ p := TEX(s);
+ h := max(ypart ulcorner(p), abs(ypart llcorner(p)));
+ l := xpart lrcorner(p);
+ setbounds p to (0,-h)--(l,-h)--(l,h)--(0,h)--cycle;
+ p
+ enddef;
+
+ draw (0,0) -- (5cm,0) withcolor red;
+ boxjoin(b.c - a.c = (1cm,0));
+ boxit a (boxTEX "a");
+ boxit b (boxTEX "b");
+ boxit c (boxTEX "c");
+ boxit d (boxTEX "d");
+ boxit e (boxTEX "e");
+ drawunboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+endfig;
+beginfig(254)
+ draw (0,0) -- (5cm,0) withcolor red;
+ boxjoin(b.c - a.c = (1cm,0));
+ boxit a (boxTEX "a");
+ boxit b (boxTEX "b");
+ boxit c (boxTEX "c");
+ boxit d (boxTEX "d");
+ boxit e (boxTEX "e");
+ drawboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+endfig;
+beginfig(255)
+ let OLD_beginbox_ = beginbox_;
+ def beginbox_(expr pp,sp)(suffix $)(text t) =
+ _n_ := str $;
+ generic_declare(pair) _n.off, _n.c;
+ generic_declare(string) pproc_._n, sproc_._n;
+ generic_declare(picture) pic_._n;
+ pproc_$:=pp; sproc_$:=sp;
+ pic_$ = nullpicture;
+ for _p_=t:
+ pic_$:=
+ if picture _p_: _p_
+ else: _p_ infont defaultfont scaled defaultscale
+ fi;
+ endfor
+ $c = $off + (.5[xpart llcorner pic_$, xpart urcorner pic_$], 0)
+ enddef;
+
+ draw (0,0) -- (5cm,0) withcolor red;
+ boxjoin(b.c - a.c = (1cm,0));
+ boxit a (btex a etex);
+ boxit b (btex b etex);
+ boxit c (btex c etex);
+ boxit d (btex d etex);
+ boxit e (btex e etex);
+ drawunboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+endfig;
+beginfig(256)
+ draw (0,0) -- (5cm,0) withcolor red;
+ boxjoin(b.c - a.c = (1cm,0));
+ boxit a (btex a etex);
+ boxit b (btex b etex);
+ boxit c (btex c etex);
+ boxit d (btex d etex);
+ boxit e (btex e etex);
+ drawboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+endfig;
+beginfig(257)
+let OLD_boxit = boxit;
+let OLD_sizebox_ = sizebox_;
+let OLD_clearb_ = clearb_;
+
+vardef boxit@#(text tt) =
+ beginbox_("boxpath_","sizebox_",@#,tt);
+ generic_declare(pair) _n.sw, _n.s, _n.se, _n.e, _n.ne, _n.n, _n.nw, _n.w;
+ 0 = xpart (@#nw-@#sw) = ypart(@#se-@#sw);
+ 0 = xpart(@#ne-@#se) = ypart(@#ne-@#nw);
+ @#s = .5[@#sw,@#se];
+ @#n = .5[@#ne,@#nw];
+ xpart @#w = xpart @#nw;
+ xpart @#e = xpart @#ne;
+ ypart @#w = ypart @#c = ypart @#e;
+ @#ne-@#c = (@#dx,@#dy) +
+ (xpart(.5*(urcorner pic_@# - llcorner pic_@#)), ypart urcorner pic_@#);
+ @#c-@#sw = (@#dx,@#dy) +
+ (xpart(.5*(urcorner pic_@# - llcorner pic_@#)), -ypart lrcorner pic_@#);
+ endbox_(clearb_,@#);
+enddef;
+
+ draw (0,0) -- (5cm,0) withcolor red;
+ boxjoin(b.c - a.c = (1cm,0));
+ boxit a (btex a etex);
+ boxit b (btex b etex);
+ boxit c (btex c etex);
+ boxit d (btex d etex);
+ boxit e (btex e etex);
+ drawboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+endfig;
+beginfig(258)
+ draw (0,0) -- (5cm,0) withcolor red;
+ boxjoin(b.c - a.c = (1cm,0); b.ne - b.se = a.nw - a.sw);
+ boxit a (btex a etex);
+ boxit b (btex b etex);
+ boxit c (btex c etex);
+ boxit d (btex d etex);
+ boxit e (btex e etex);
+ drawboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+endfig;
+beginfig(259)
+vardef boxit@#(text tt) =
+ beginbox_("boxpath_","sizebox_",@#,tt);
+ generic_declare(pair) _n.sw, _n.s, _n.se, _n.e, _n.ne, _n.n, _n.nw, _n.w;
+ 0 = xpart (@#nw-@#sw) = ypart(@#se-@#sw);
+ 0 = xpart(@#ne-@#se) = ypart(@#ne-@#nw);
+ @#s = .5[@#sw,@#se];
+ @#n = .5[@#ne,@#nw];
+ xpart @#w = xpart @#nw;
+ xpart @#e = xpart @#ne;
+ ypart @#w = ypart @#c = ypart @#e;
+ @#ne-@#c = (@#dx,@#dyup) +
+ (xpart(.5*(urcorner pic_@# - llcorner pic_@#)), ypart urcorner pic_@#);
+ @#c-@#sw = (@#dx,@#dydown) +
+ (xpart(.5*(urcorner pic_@# - llcorner pic_@#)), -ypart lrcorner pic_@#);
+ endbox_(clearb_,@#);
+enddef;
+
+def sizebox_(suffix $) =
+ if unknown $.dx: $.dx=defaultdx; fi
+ if unknown $.dyup:
+ if unknown $.dy:
+ $.dyup=defaultdy
+ else:
+ $.dyup=$.dy
+ fi;
+ fi;
+ if unknown $.dydown:
+ if unknown $.dy:
+ $.dydown=defaultdy
+ else:
+ $.dydown=$.dy
+ fi;
+ fi;
+enddef;
+
+vardef clearb_(suffix $) =
+ _n_ := str $;
+ generic_redeclare(numeric) _n.sw, _n.s, _n.se, _n.e, _n.ne, _n.n, _n.nw, _n.w,
+ _n.c, _n.off, _n.dx, _n.dy, _n.dyup, _n.dy_down;
+enddef;
+
+ draw (0,0) -- (5cm,0) withcolor red;
+ boxjoin(b.c - a.c = (1cm,0); ypart( b.ne - a.ne ) = 0; ypart( b.se - a.se ) = 0;);
+ boxit a (btex a etex);
+ boxit b (btex b etex);
+ boxit c (btex c etex);
+ boxit d (btex d etex);
+ boxit e (btex e etex);
+ drawboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+endfig;
+beginfig(260)
+ draw (0,0) -- (5cm,0) withcolor red;
+ picture p;
+ numeric h;
+ p := btex b etex;
+ h = ypart ( ulcorner p - llcorner p );
+ boxjoin(
+ b.c - a.c = (1cm,0);
+ ypart( b.ne - a.ne ) = 0;
+ ypart( a.ne - a.se ) = h+2defaultdy;
+ );
+ boxit a (btex a etex);
+ boxit b (btex b etex);
+ boxit c (btex c etex);
+ boxit d (btex d etex);
+ boxit e (btex e etex);
+ drawboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+endfig;
+beginfig(261)
+ % Les lignes suivantes n'ont pas l'effet escompté...
+ let beginbox_ = OLD_beginbox_;
+ let boxit = OLD_boxit;
+ let sizebox_ = OLD_sizebox_;
+ let clearb_ = OLD_clearb_;
+
+ % On recopie donc les définitions initiales des macros que l'on a modifiées...
+ extra_beginfig := "";
+ extra_endfig := "";
+ input boxes;
+
+ % Et on regarde sur un exemple si ça marche...
+ draw (0,0) -- (5cm,0) withcolor red;
+ boxjoin(b.c - a.c = (1cm,0));
+ boxit a (btex a etex);
+ boxit b (btex b etex);
+ boxit c (btex c etex);
+ boxit d (btex d etex);
+ boxit e (btex e etex);
+ drawboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+endfig;
+beginfig(262)
+ boxit.a1(btex $a$ etex);
+ boxit.b1(btex etex);
+ boxit.a2(btex $b$ etex);
+ boxit.b2(btex etex);
+ boxit.a3(btex $c$ etex);
+ boxit.b3(btex etex);
+ boxit.a4(btex $d$ etex);
+ boxit.b4(btex etex);
+ for i=1 upto 4:
+ % Les boites a[i] et b[i] sont collées
+ a[i].e = b[i].w;
+ % Il y a un peu d'espace entre b[i] et a[i+1]
+ b[i].e + (5mm,0) = a[i+1].w;
+ % La hauteur des boites est la même
+ a[i].n - a[i].s = a[i+1].n - a[i+1].s = b[i].n - b[i].s ;
+ % Les b[i] ne sont pas très larges
+ b[i].e - b[i].w = (2mm,0);
+ endfor;
+ drawboxed(a1,b1,a2,b2,a3,b3,a4,b4);
+ for i=1 upto 3:
+ drawarrow b[i].c {up} .. a[i+1].c {down}
+ cutafter bpath.a[i+1];
+ endfor;
+endfig;
+beginfig(263)
+ boxit.a(btex A etex);
+ boxit.b(btex B etex);
+ boxit.c(btex C etex);
+ boxit.d(btex D etex);
+ boxit.e(btex E etex);
+
+ b.c-a.c = (1cm,0);
+ c.c-b.c = (b.c-a.c) rotated 72;
+ d.c-c.c = (c.c-b.c) rotated 72;
+ e.c-d.c = (d.c-c.c) rotated 72;
+ a.c-e.c = (e.c-d.c) rotated 72;
+ b.c-a.c = (a.c-e.c) rotated 72;
+
+ drawboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+
+ drawarrow a.c -- b.c cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ drawarrow b.c -- c.c cutbefore bpath.b cutafter bpath.c;
+ drawarrow c.c -- d.c cutbefore bpath.c cutafter bpath.d;
+ drawarrow d.c -- e.c cutbefore bpath.d cutafter bpath.e;
+ drawarrow e.c -- a.c cutbefore bpath.e cutafter bpath.a;
+endfig;
+beginfig(264)
+ boxit.a(btex A etex);
+ boxit.b(btex B etex);
+ boxit.c(btex C etex);
+ boxit.d(btex D etex);
+ boxit.e(btex E etex);
+
+ d.c = 1cm*up;
+ e.c = 1cm*up rotated (1*72);
+ a.c = 1cm*up rotated (2*72);
+ b.c = 1cm*up rotated (3*72);
+ c.c = 1cm*up rotated (4*72);
+
+ drawunboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+
+ drawarrow a.c -- b.c cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ drawarrow b.c -- c.c cutbefore bpath.b cutafter bpath.c;
+ drawarrow c.c -- d.c cutbefore bpath.c cutafter bpath.d;
+ drawarrow d.c -- e.c cutbefore bpath.d cutafter bpath.e;
+ drawarrow e.c -- a.c cutbefore bpath.e cutafter bpath.a;
+endfig;
+beginfig(265)
+ def linkboxes(suffix a,b) =
+ drawarrow a.c -- b.c cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ enddef;
+
+ boxit.a(btex A etex);
+ boxit.b(btex B etex);
+ boxit.c(btex C etex);
+ boxit.d(btex D etex);
+ boxit.e(btex E etex);
+
+ d.c = 1cm*up;
+ e.c = 1cm*up rotated (1*72);
+ a.c = 1cm*up rotated (2*72);
+ b.c = 1cm*up rotated (3*72);
+ c.c = 1cm*up rotated (4*72);
+
+ drawunboxed(a,b,c,d,e);
+
+ linkboxes(a,b);
+ linkboxes(b,c);
+ linkboxes(c,d);
+ linkboxes(d,e);
+ linkboxes(e,a);
+endfig;
+beginfig(266)
+ boxit a(btex Essai etex);
+ fill bpath a withcolor .5[red,white];
+ drawboxed(a);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(267)
+ def drawredboxed(text t) =
+ forsuffixes a=t:
+ fill bpath a withcolor .5[red,white];
+ endfor;
+ drawboxed(t);
+ enddef;
+
+ circleit.a(btex Début etex);
+ a.c = (0,0);
+ a.dx = a.dy;
+ circleit.b(btex Fin etex);
+ b.c = (2cm,0);
+ b.dx = b.dy;
+ drawredboxed(a,b);
+ drawarrow a.c {dir 45} .. b.c {dir -45}
+ cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ drawarrow b.c {dir -135} .. a.c {dir 135}
+ cutbefore bpath.b cutafter bpath.a;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(268)
+ def drawcoloredboxed(expr c)(text t) =
+ forsuffixes a=t:
+ fill bpath a withcolor c;
+ endfor;
+ drawboxed(t);
+ enddef;
+
+ circleit.a(btex Début etex);
+ a.c = (0,0);
+ a.dx = a.dy;
+ circleit.b(btex Fin etex);
+ b.c = (2cm,0);
+ b.dx = b.dy;
+ drawcoloredboxed(.5[red,white], a);
+ drawcoloredboxed(.5[blue,white], b);
+ drawarrow a.c {dir 45} .. b.c {dir -45}
+ cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ drawarrow b.c {dir -135} .. a.c {dir 135}
+ cutbefore bpath.b cutafter bpath.a;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(269)
+def begindiag =
+ begingroup;
+ save _diag_x, _diag_x_max, _diag_y, _diag_y_max, _diag;
+ numeric _diag_x, _diag_x_max, _diag_y, _diag_y_max;
+ string _diag[][];
+ % Numéro de ligne et de colonne courrants
+ _diag_x = -1; _diag_y = 0;
+ % Numéro de ligne et de colonne maximaux
+ _diag_x_max = _diag_y_max = 0;
+ save _diag_ar_n, _diag_ar_source, _diag_ar_but, _diag_ar_up, _diag_ar_down;
+ % Nombre de flèches
+ numeric _diag_ar_n; _diag_ar_n=-1;
+ % Source et but de la flèche
+ pair _diag_ar_source[], _diag_ar_but[];
+ % Ce qu'il faut écrire au dessus ou au dessous
+ string _diag_ar_up[], _diag_ar_down[];
+ save _diag_ar_curved, _diag_ar_shape, _diag_ar_color, _diag_ar_width;
+ % « courbure » (c'est une distance)
+ numeric _diag_ar_curved[];
+ % Forme de la flèche
+ string _diag_ar_shape[];
+ % Couleur, épaisseur, pointillés
+ color _diag_ar_color[];
+ numeric _diag_ar_width[];
+ picture _diag_ar_dashed[];
+enddef;
+
+def node expr A =
+ _diag_x := _diag_x + 1;
+ _diag_x_max := max(_diag_x,_diag_x_max);
+ _diag[_diag_x][_diag_y] := A;
+enddef;
+
+def nextline =
+ _diag_x := -1;
+ _diag_y := _diag_y + 1;
+ _diag_y_max := max(_diag_y, _diag_y_max);
+enddef;
+
+tertiarydef a => b = a, b enddef;
+def even (expr a) = not odd(a) enddef;
+
+vardef rarrowto(expr a,b)(text t) =
+ save i,p;
+ _diag_ar_n := _diag_ar_n + 1;
+ _diag_ar_source[_diag_ar_n] = (_diag_x, _diag_y);
+ _diag_ar_but[_diag_ar_n] = (_diag_x + a, _diag_y + b);
+
+ numeric i; i:=0;
+ string current;
+ for p=t:
+ if even(i):
+ current := p;
+ else:
+ if current = "above":
+ _diag_ar_up[_diag_ar_n] = p;
+ elseif current = "below":
+ _diag_ar_down[_diag_ar_n] = p;
+ elseif current = "shape":
+ _diag_ar_shape[_diag_ar_n] = p;
+ elseif current = "curved":
+ _diag_ar_curved[_diag_ar_n] = p;
+ elseif current = "color":
+ _diag_ar_color[_diag_ar_n] = p;
+ elseif current = "width":
+ _diag_ar_width[_diag_ar_n] = p;
+ elseif current = "dashed":
+ _diag_ar_dashed[_diag_ar_n] = p;
+ else:
+ errmessage("rarrowto: Wrong argument "&ditto&current&ditto);
+ fi;
+ fi;
+ i := i + 1;
+ endfor;
+ if odd i:
+ errmessage("rarrowto: Odd number of arguments "&decimal(i));
+ fi;
+enddef;
+
+%% Les têtes de flèches
+
+picture withsmalldots, notdashed;
+withsmalldots := withdots scaled .3;
+notdashed := dashpattern(on 50cm);
+
+vardef diag_arrow_head (expr p, t) =
+ save A,B,C,u; pair A,B,C,u;
+ B := point t of p;
+ u := -unitvector(direction t of p);
+ A := B + ahlength*u rotated(-ahangle);
+ C := B + ahlength*u rotated(+ahangle);
+ A .. {-u} B {u} .. C
+enddef;
+
+vardef diag_arrow_bar (expr p, t) =
+ save A,B,C,u; pair A,B,C,u;
+ B := point t of p;
+ u := unitvector(direction t of p);
+ A := B + ahlength*sind(ahangle)*u rotated(90);
+ C := B + ahlength*sind(ahangle)*u rotated(-90);
+ A .. B .. C
+enddef;
+
+%% Les flèches
+
+def diag_draw_arrow_default(suffix a,b)(expr curved, w, col, dash) =
+ p = a.c ..
+ (1/2 [a.c,b.c] + curved*unitvector(b.c-a.c) rotated 90)
+ .. b.c;
+ pp := p cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ draw pp
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w dashed dash;
+ draw diag_arrow_head (pp, length(pp))
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w;
+enddef;
+
+def diag_draw_arrow_middle(suffix a,b)(expr curved, w, col, dash) =
+ p = a.c ..
+ (1/2 [a.c,b.c] + curved*unitvector(b.c-a.c) rotated 90)
+ .. b.c;
+ pp := p cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ draw pp
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w dashed dash;
+ draw diag_arrow_head(p,1)
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w;
+enddef;
+
+def diag_draw_arrow_epi(suffix a,b)(expr curved, w, col, dash) =
+ p = a.c ..
+ (1/2 [a.c,b.c] + curved*unitvector(b.c-a.c) rotated 90)
+ .. b.c;
+ pp := p cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ draw pp
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w dashed dash;
+ draw diag_arrow_head (pp, length(pp))
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w;
+ path ppp;
+ ppp := pp cutafter (fullcircle scaled 1mm shifted point length(pp) of pp);
+ draw diag_arrow_head(ppp, length(ppp))
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w;
+enddef;
+
+def diag_draw_arrow_mono(suffix a,b)(expr curved, w, col, dash) =
+ p = a.c ..
+ (1/2 [a.c,b.c] + curved*unitvector(b.c-a.c) rotated 90)
+ .. b.c;
+ pp := p cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ path ppp;
+ ppp := pp cutbefore (fullcircle scaled 1mm shifted point 0 of pp);
+ draw ppp
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w dashed dash;
+ draw diag_arrow_head (pp, length(pp))
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w;
+ draw diag_arrow_head(ppp, 0)
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w;
+enddef;
+
+vardef diag_draw_arrow_inj(suffix a,b)(expr curved, w, col, dash) =
+ p = a.c ..
+ (1/2 [a.c,b.c] + curved*unitvector(b.c-a.c) rotated 90)
+ .. b.c;
+ pp := p cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ path ppp;
+ ppp := pp cutbefore (fullcircle scaled 1mm shifted point 0 of pp);
+ draw ppp
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w dashed dash;
+ draw diag_arrow_head (pp, length(pp))
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w;
+ save u,A,B,C;
+ pair u,A,B,C;
+ A := point 0 of ppp;
+ u := unitvector(direction 0 of ppp);
+ B := A + ahlength*(-u) rotated (-ahangle);
+ C := A + 2 ahlength*sind(ahangle)*u rotated 90;
+ draw C {-u} .. B .. A {u}
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w dashed dash;
+enddef;
+
+def diag_draw_arrow_mapsto(suffix a,b)(expr curved, w, col, dash) =
+ p = a.c ..
+ (1/2 [a.c,b.c] + curved*unitvector(b.c-a.c) rotated 90)
+ .. b.c;
+ pp := p cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ draw pp
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w dashed dash;
+ draw diag_arrow_head (pp, length(pp))
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w;
+ draw diag_arrow_bar (pp, 0)
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w;
+enddef;
+
+def diag_draw_arrow_half_dotted(suffix a,b)(expr curved, w, col, dash) =
+ p = a.c ..
+ (1/2 [a.c,b.c] + curved*unitvector(b.c-a.c) rotated 90)
+ .. b.c;
+ pp := p cutbefore bpath.a cutafter bpath.b;
+ draw subpath(0,1) of pp
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w dashed withsmalldots;
+ draw subpath(1,2) of pp
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w;
+ draw diag_arrow_head (pp, length(pp))
+ withcolor col withpen pencircle scaled w;
+enddef;
+
+%% Fin des flèches
+
+def color_to_string (expr a) =
+ "("&
+ decimal(redpart a)
+ &","&
+ decimal(greenpart a)
+ &","&
+ decimal(bluepart a)
+ &")"
+enddef;
+
+def enddiag =
+ save i,j,k,l,mm,a,A,p,b;
+ for i=0 upto _diag_x_max:
+ for j=0 upto _diag_y_max:
+ if known _diag[i][j]:
+ circleit.a[i][j]( _diag[i][j] );
+ a[i][j].dx = a[i][j].dy;
+ a[i][j].c = 1cm * (i,-j);
+ drawunboxed( a[i][j] );
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ endfor;
+ for m=0 upto _diag_ar_n:
+ % Vérifier que le but existe
+ i := xpart _diag_ar_source[m];
+ j := ypart _diag_ar_source[m];
+ k := xpart _diag_ar_but[m];
+ l := ypart _diag_ar_but[m];
+
+ % On trace la flèche. Le chemin est mis dans la variable p.
+ path p,pp;
+ if unknown _diag_ar_shape[m]: _diag_ar_shape[m] := "default" fi;
+ if unknown _diag_ar_color[m]: _diag_ar_color[m] := black fi;
+ if unknown _diag_ar_width[m]: _diag_ar_width[m] := .5bp fi;
+ if unknown _diag_ar_curved[m]: _diag_ar_curved[m] := 0 fi;
+ if unknown _diag_ar_dashed[m]: _diag_ar_dashed[m] := notdashed fi;
+ % On ne peut PAS utiliser m dans une chaîne ce caractères que l'on donne
+ % à scantokens, car m est une variable de boucle. C'est vraiment spécial,
+ % une variable de boucle.
+ mm := m;
+ scantokens(
+ "diag_draw_arrow_"& _diag_ar_shape[m]
+ &"("
+ &"a[i][j], a[k][l],_diag_ar_curved[mm],_diag_ar_width[mm],"
+ &"_diag_ar_color[mm],_diag_ar_dashed[mm]"
+ &");"
+ );
+
+ % On écrit des choses au dessus ou au dessous des flèches
+ pair A;
+ A = point 1/2 length(p) of p;
+ if known _diag_ar_up[m]:
+ boxit.b[m](_diag_ar_up[m]);
+ b[m].c = A + 4bp*unitvector(direction 1/2 length(p) of p rotated 90);
+ drawunboxed(b[m]);
+ fi;
+ if known _diag_ar_down[m]:
+ boxit.c[m](_diag_ar_down[m]);
+ c[m].c = A + 4bp*unitvector(direction 1/2 length(p) of p rotated -90);
+ drawunboxed(c[m]);
+ fi;
+ endfor;
+ endgroup;
+enddef;
+
+ begindiag;
+ node "A";
+ rarrowto(1,0, "above" => "a",
+ "shape" => "middle",
+ "curved" => 3mm,
+ "dashed" => withsmalldots);
+ rarrowto(0,1, "below" => "b",
+ "color" => blue,
+ "shape" => "mapsto",
+ "dashed" => evenly);
+ node "A";
+ rarrowto(1,0, "above" => "c", "width" => 1bp, "shape" => "inj");
+ rarrowto(0,1, "below" => "d", "shape" => "mono");
+ node "A";
+ nextline;
+ node "A";
+ rarrowto(1,0, "below" => "e", "shape" => "epi");
+ node "A";
+ rarrowto(1,-1, "below" => "f", "curved" => -3mm, "shape" => "half_dotted");
+ enddiag;
+endfig;
+beginfig(270)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1";
+ endgraph;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(271)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1" withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(272)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1" dashed evenly;
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(273)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1" withcolor red;
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(274)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1" withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ gdraw "data2" ;
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(275)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1" ;
+ gdraw "data2" dashed evenly;
+ gdraw "data3" dashed withdots;
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(276)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1" withcolor red;
+ gdraw "data2" withcolor blue;
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(277)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1" plot btex $\bullet$ etex;
+ endgraph;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(278)
+ picture gros_point;
+ draw (0,0) withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ gros_point := currentpicture;
+ currentpicture := nullpicture;
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1" plot gros_point;
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(279)
+ picture gros_point;
+ gros_point := nullpicture;
+ addto gros_point doublepath (0,0)
+ withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1" plot gros_point;
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(280)
+ picture croix;
+ croix := nullpicture;
+ addto croix doublepath (-2bp,2bp)--(2bp,-2bp)
+ withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ addto croix doublepath (-2bp,-2bp)--(2bp,2bp)
+ withpen pencircle scaled 1bp;
+ picture gros_carre;
+ gros_carre := nullpicture;
+ addto gros_carre contour unitsquare shifted (-.5,-.5) scaled 2bp;
+
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1";
+ gdraw "data1" plot croix;
+ gdraw "data2";
+ gdraw "data2" plot gros_carre;
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(281)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdata("data1",
+ v,
+ glabel(gros_point, v1, v2);
+ );
+ endgraph;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(282)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ path p;
+ gdata("data1",
+ v,
+ augment.p(v1,v2);
+ );
+ gdraw p;
+ endgraph;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(283)
+ interim linecap := squared;
+ interim linejoin := mitered;
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ path p;
+ gdata("data1",
+ v,
+ augment.p(v1,v2);
+ );
+ gdraw p withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ gdraw p withpen pencircle scaled 1bp withcolor .8white;
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(284)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdata("data1",
+ v,
+ path p;
+ augment p (v1,0);
+ augment p (v1,v2);
+ gdraw p;
+ );
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(285)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdata("data1",
+ v,
+ path p;
+ augment p (v1,0);
+ augment p (v1,v2);
+ gdraw p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ );
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(286)
+ interim linecap:=2;
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdata("data1",
+ v,
+ path p;
+ augment p (v1,0);
+ augment p (v1,v2);
+ gdraw p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ );
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(287)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdata("data1", v,
+ path p;
+ augment p (v1,0);
+ augment p (v1,v2);
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1",v2);
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1",0);
+ gdraw p--cycle;
+ );
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(288)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdata("data1", v,
+ path p;
+ augment p (v1,0);
+ augment p (v1,v2);
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1",v2);
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1",0);
+ gfill p--cycle withcolor .8white;
+ gdraw p--cycle;
+ );
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(289)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdata("data1", v,
+
+ % Le dessus
+ path p;
+ augment p (v1,v2);
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1",v2);
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1.5", v2 Sadd "10");
+ augment p (v1 Sadd ".5", v2 Sadd "10");
+ gfill p--cycle withcolor white;
+ gdraw p--cycle;
+
+ % Le côté
+ path p;
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1",0);
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1",v2);
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1.5", v2 Sadd "10");
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1.5", "10");
+ gfill p--cycle withcolor .5white;
+ gdraw p--cycle;
+
+ % Le devant
+ path p;
+ augment p (v1,0);
+ augment p (v1,v2);
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1",v2);
+ augment p (v1 Sadd "1",0);
+ gfill p--cycle withcolor .8white;
+ gdraw p--cycle;
+
+ );
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(290)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ path p,q;
+ gdata("data1", v,
+ augment.p(v1,v2);
+ );
+ q:= (xpart point 0 of p, 0) -- p --
+ (xpart point length(p) of p, 0) -- cycle;
+ gfill q withcolor .8white;
+ gdraw p withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(291)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdata("data1",
+ v,
+ path p;
+ augment p ("0", i);
+ augment p (v2, i);
+ augment p (v2, i Sadd ".5");
+ augment p (0, i Sadd ".5");
+ gfill p--cycle withcolor .8white;
+ gdraw p--cycle;
+ );
+ autogrid(otick.bot,);
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(292)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1";
+ glabel.bot(btex Abscisse etex, OUT);
+ glabel.lft(btex Ordonnée etex, OUT);
+ endgraph;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(293)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1" withcolor red;
+ glabel.lft(btex 1 etex, 8);
+ gdraw "data2" withcolor blue;
+ glabel.bot(btex 2 etex, 9);
+ endgraph;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(294)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1";
+ glabel.bot(btex Abscisse etex, OUT);
+ glabel.lft(btex Ordonnée etex rotated 90, OUT);
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(295)
+ % La légende
+ color couleur[];
+ couleur[0] := red;
+ couleur[1] := green;
+ couleur[2] := blue;
+ picture p[], legende;
+ legende := nullpicture;
+ for i=0 upto 2:
+ p[i] := nullpicture;
+ addto p[i] also TEX("Courbe " & decimal(i+1))
+ withcolor couleur[i];
+ addto legende doublepath ( (0,0)--(5mm,0) )
+ shifted (0, -5mm*i)
+ withpen currentpen withcolor couleur[i];
+ addto legende also p[i]
+ shifted 1/2(lrcorner p[i] - ulcorner p[i])
+ shifted (0, -5mm*i);
+ endfor;
+ % Les courbes
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ for i=1 upto 3:
+ gdraw "data" & decimal(i) withcolor couleur[i-1];
+ endfor;
+ glabel.top(legende,OUT);
+ endgraph;
+endfig;
+beginfig(296)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ setcoords(-linear,log);
+ gdraw "data1";
+ endgraph;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(297)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ gdraw "data1";
+ endgraph;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(298)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ setrange( (whatever,0), (whatever,whatever) );
+ gdraw "data1";
+ endgraph;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(299)
+ draw begingraph(3cm,2cm)
+ setrange(whatever, 0, whatever, whatever);
+ gdraw "data1";
+ endgraph;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(300)
+ vardef TEX primary s =
+ write "verbatimtex" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "\documentclass[12pt]{article}" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "\begin{document}" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "etex" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write "btex "&s&" etex" to "mptextmp.mp";
+ write EOF to "mptextmp.mp";
+ scantokens "input mptextmp"
+ enddef;
+ vardef mylabel(expr pic, p, t) =
+ save A; pair A;
+ A = point t of p +
+ 8bp * unitvector(direction t of p) rotated 90;
+ label(pic, A);
+ enddef;
+ path p; u:=1cm;
+ p = (0,0)..(-u,u)..(u,u);
+ draw p;
+ for i=0 step .2 until length(p):
+ draw point i of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ mylabel(TEX("$"&decimal(round(5*i))&"$"),p,i);
+ endfor;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(301)
+ path p;
+ p := subpath(1,3) of fullcircle scaled 2cm;
+ interim linejoin := mitered;
+ interim linecap := butt;
+
+ interim ahangle := 30;
+ drawarrow p withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+
+ interim ahangle := 45;
+ drawarrow p shifted (0,-5mm) withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+
+ interim ahangle := 60;
+ drawarrow p shifted (0,-10mm) withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(302)
+ path p;
+ p := subpath(1,3) of fullcircle scaled 2cm;
+ interim linejoin := mitered;
+ interim linecap := butt;
+ interim ahangle := 30;
+
+ interim ahlength := 2bp;
+ drawarrow p withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+
+ interim ahlength := 4bp;
+ drawarrow p shifted (0,-5mm) withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+
+ interim ahlength := 6bp;
+ drawarrow p shifted (0,-10mm) withpen pencircle scaled 2bp;
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(303)
+ draw TEX( "Nous sommes le "&
+ decimal(day) &"/"&
+ decimal(month) &"/"&
+ decimal(year) &"." );
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(304)
+ path p;
+ p := (0,0) -- (2cm,0);
+ def doit (suffix p)(expr t) =
+ begingroup
+ interim linecap := t;
+ draw p withpen pencircle scaled 5mm withcolor .8white;
+ endgroup;
+ draw point 0 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw point 1 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ p := p shifted (0,-7mm)
+ enddef;
+ doit(p,rounded);
+ doit(p,butt);
+ doit(p,squared);
+
+endfig;
+beginfig(305)
+ path p;
+ p := (0,0) -- (1cm,5mm) -- (2cm,0);
+ def doit (suffix p)(expr t) =
+ begingroup
+ interim linejoin := t;
+ draw p withpen pencircle scaled 5mm withcolor .8white;
+ endgroup;
+ draw point 0 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw point 1 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ draw point 2 of p withpen pencircle scaled 4bp;
+ p := p shifted (0,-7mm)
+ enddef;
+ doit(p,rounded);
+ doit(p,mitered);
+ doit(p,beveled);
+
+endfig;
+bye;
diff --git a/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/mp2html.pl b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/mp2html.pl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..143e2314e0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-doc/doc/english/metapost-examples/mp2html.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+#! perl -w
+
+#
+# Builds an HTML file and a bunch of GIF files from a Metapost file
+# Also creates a PS file
+#
+# (c) Vincent Zoonekynd <zoonek@math.jussieu.fr>
+# August 1999
+# modified in august 2001
+# distributed under the GPL
+#
+
+$main = $ARGV[0] || "examples";
+$main =~ s/\.mp$//i;
+
+# On crée les images GIF
+# BUG : à chaque fois qu'il y a des fontes, ça plante.
+# C'est normal pour deux raisons :
+# - si j'utilisais prologuse:=2, il ne trouverait pas les fontes.
+# - Comme j'utilise prologues:=0, c'est encore pire...
+# L'idéal serait de créer un fichier LaTeX pour chaque fichier postscript,
+# de lancer later puis dvips dessus et de récupérer le fichier postscript.
+
+# 1. Compile the examples
+
+system "TEX=latex mpost --interaction=nonstopmode $main";
+
+# 2. Create a LaTeX file encompassing the examples and compile it
+
+open(LATEX,'>', "$main.tex") || die "Cannot open examples.tex for writing: $!";
+print LATEX '\documentclass[a4paper]{article}' ."\n";
+print LATEX '\usepackage{graphicx}' ."\n";
+print LATEX '\begin{document}' ."\n";
+print LATEX '\begin{verbatim}' ."\n";
+open(MP, "<", "$main.mp") || die "cannot open $main.mp for reading: $!";
+while(<MP>){
+ if (m/^\s*beginfig\s*\((.*)\)/) {
+ print LATEX '\end{verbatim}' . "\n";
+ print LATEX "\\includegraphics{${main}_$1.mps}\n";
+ print LATEX '\begin{verbatim}' . "\n";
+ print LATEX $_;
+ } elsif (m/^\s*endfig/) {
+ print LATEX $_;
+ print LATEX '\end{verbatim}' ."\n";
+ print LATEX '\hrulefill' . "\n";
+ print LATEX '\begin{verbatim}' . "\n";
+ } else {
+ print LATEX $_;
+ }
+}
+print LATEX '\end{verbatim}' . "\n";
+print LATEX '\end{document}' ."\n";
+close MP;
+close LATEX;
+
+opendir(DIR,"./") || die "Cannot open ./ directory for reading : $!";
+foreach $file (readdir DIR) {
+ if ($file =~ m/^$main.[0-9]+$/) {
+ my $new = $file;
+ $new =~ s/\./_/g;
+ $new .= ".mps";
+ symlink $file, $new;
+ }
+}
+closedir(DIR);
+
+system "latex --interaction=nonstopmode $main.tex";
+system "dvips -o $main.ps $main.dvi";
+#system "pdflatex --interaction=nonstopmode $main.tex";
+
+# 3. Create the GIF pictures
+
+opendir(DIR,"./") || die "Cannot open ./ directory for reading : $!";
+foreach $file (readdir DIR) {
+ if ($file =~ m/^$main.[0-9]+$/) {
+
+ ## Création du fichier PS
+ symlink "$file", "$file.eps";
+ open(TEX,">$file.tex") || die "cannot open $file.tex for writing : $!";
+ print TEX '\nonstopmode' ."\n" ;
+ print TEX '\documentclass[a4paper,10pt]{article}' ."\n" ;
+ print TEX '\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}' ."\n" ;
+ print TEX '\usepackage{graphicx,amsmath,amssymb}' ."\n" ;
+ print TEX '\pagestyle{empty}' ."\n" ;
+ print TEX '\begin{document}' ."\n" ;
+ print TEX '\includegraphics{'. "$file.eps" .'}' ."\n" ;
+ print TEX '\end{document}' ."\n" ;
+ close TEX;
+ system "latex $file.tex";
+ system "dvips -E -f $file.dvi -o $file.ps";
+
+ ## Transformation en GIF
+ my ($bbx,$bby,$bbw,$bbh);
+ open(PS,"$file.ps");
+ while (<PS>) {
+ if (/^%%BoundingBox:\s+(-?\d+)\s+(-?\d+)\s+(-?\d+)\s+(-?\d+)/) {
+ $bbx = 0-$1; $bby = 0-$2;
+ $bbw = $3+$bbx; $bbh = $4+$bby;
+# print "*** Seen BBOX\n";
+ }
+ last if /^%%EndComments/;
+ }
+ close(PS);
+
+ my $scale = 3;
+ my $density = 72*$scale;
+ $bbw = $scale * $bbw;
+ $bbh = $scale * $bbh;
+# print "*** gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dNO_PAUSE -sDEVICE=ppmraw -g${bbw}x${bbh} -r$density -sOutputFile=$file.ppm\n";
+ open(GS, "|gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dNO_PAUSE -sDEVICE=ppmraw -g${bbw}x${bbh} -r$density -sOutputFile=$file.ppm");
+ print GS "$bbx $bby translate\n";
+ print GS "($file.ps) run\n";
+ print GS "showpage\n";
+ print GS "quit\n";
+ close(GS);
+
+ system("pnmcrop $file.ppm | ppmquant 256 | ppmtogif > $file.gif");
+
+ unlink "$file.ppm";
+ }
+}
+
+
+# 4. Create the HTML file
+open(MP,"$main.mp") || die "cannot open $main.mp for reading: $!";
+open(HTML,">$main.html") || die "cannot open $main.html for writing: $!";
+select HTML;
+print "<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Metapost : exemples</TITLE></HEAD><BODY>\n";
+print "<H1> Métapost : exemples </H1>\n";
+print "<HR><PRE>\n";
+while(<MP>){
+ if (m/^\s*beginfig\s*\((.*)\)/) {
+ print "</PRE><IMG SRC=\"$main.$1.gif\"><PRE>\n";
+ print ;
+ } elsif (m/^\s*endfig/) {
+ print;
+ print "</PRE><HR><PRE>\n";
+ } else {
+ print;
+ }
+}
+print "</PRE>\n";
+print "</BODY></HTML>\n";
+close HTML;
+close MP;
+
+# 5. Remove unnecessary files
+
+opendir(DIR,"./") || die "Cannot open ./ directory for reading : $!";
+foreach $file (readdir DIR) {
+ if ($file =~ m/^$main.[0-9]+$/) {
+ unlink $file;
+ unlink "$file.tex";
+ unlink "$file.dvi";
+ unlink "$file.aux";
+ unlink "$file.log";
+ unlink "$file.eps";
+ unlink "$file.ps";
+ my $new = $file;
+ $new =~ s/\./_/g;
+ $new .= ".mps";
+ unlink $new;
+ } elsif( $file =~ m/\.mpx$/ ) {
+ unlink $file;
+ }
+}
+closedir DIR;
+unlink "$main.aux";
+unlink "$main.log";
+