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| author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2015-05-12 22:34:18 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2015-05-12 22:34:18 +0000 |
| commit | 03c75c44272fafbdc68ad57c2895873f73a46a27 (patch) | |
| tree | 3c6f5da3d39808a8a00258242b0c7d01825efa98 /Master/texmf-dist | |
| parent | 728988c17d5e8201bbfd874e54dc9a95f1985145 (diff) | |
latex2e-help-texinfo (12may15)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@37355 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist')
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| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog | 481 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile | 100 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS | 20 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README | 7 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws | 61 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk | 1321 | ||||
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| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf | bin | 677196 -> 696267 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi | 953 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt | 4268 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml | 3572 |
12 files changed, 8621 insertions, 6511 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info index 47ff7721832..d8ed8d416c7 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -This is latex2e.info, produced by texi2any version 5.2dev+dev from +This is latex2e.info, produced by texi2any version 5.9.91+dev from latex2e.texi. This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document -preparation system, version of May 2014. +preparation system, version of May 2015. This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D. @@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ Sheldon Green, and 'LaTeX Command Summary' (for LaTeX 2.09) by L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as 'TeXniques' number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied). - Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Karl Berry. + Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Karl +Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. @@ -38,18 +39,16 @@ END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY File: latex2e.info, Node: Top, Next: About this document, Up: (dir) -LaTeX2e -******* +LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual +*************************************** -This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document -preparation system, version as of May 2014. It is intended to cover -LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years. +This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of May 2015) +for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. * Menu: * About this document:: Bug reporting, etc. * Overview:: What is LaTeX? -* Starting & ending:: The standard beginning and end of a document. * Document classes:: Some of the various classes available. * Fonts:: Italic, bold, typewriter, etc. * Layout:: Controlling the page layout. @@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years. * Line breaking:: Influencing line breaks. * Page breaking:: Influencing page breaks. * Footnotes:: How to produce footnotes. -* Definitions:: Define your own commands etc. +* Definitions:: Define your own commands, etc. * Counters:: Internal counters used by LaTeX. * Lengths:: The length commands. * Making paragraphs:: Paragraph commands. @@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years. * Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters. * Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting. * Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. -* Letters:: The letter class. +* Letters:: The 'letter' class. * Terminal input/output:: User interaction. * Command line:: System-independent command-line behavior. * Document templates:: Starter templates for various document classes. @@ -84,135 +83,268 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: About this document, Next: Overview, Prev: Top, Up 1 About this document ********************* -The LaTeX document preparation system is implemented as a macro package -for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program. LaTeX was originally -created by Leslie Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers -(<http://latex-project.org>). The official documentation written by the -LaTeX project is available from their web site. +This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document +preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX typesetting +program (*note Overview::). This document's home page is +<http://home.gna.org/latexrefman>. That page has links to the current +output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and +subscriptions, and other infrastructure. - The present document is completely unofficial and has not been -reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything -else about this document to them. Instead, please send all comments to -<latexrefman-discuss@gna.org>. + In this document, we will mostly just use 'LaTeX' rather than +'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was retired many +years ago. - The home page for this document is <http://home.gna.org/latexrefman>. -That page has links to the current output in various formats, sources, -mailing lists, and other infrastructure. + LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers +(<http://latex-project.org>). The official documentation written by the +LaTeX project is available from their web site. This document is +completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX +maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this +document to them. Instead, please send all comments to +<latexrefman-discuss@gna.org>. - Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about -LaTeX. Here are a few: + This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources +of information about LaTeX, at all levels. Here are a few +introductions. -<http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr> +<http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr> Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation. -<http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc> +<http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc> Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. -<http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide> - The guide for document authors maintained as part of LaTeX; there - are several others. +<http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide> + The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX; + there are plenty of others available elsewhere. + +<http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort> + A short introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages. <http://tug.org/begin.html> - Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX. + Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further + references. -File: latex2e.info, Node: Overview, Next: Starting & ending, Prev: About this document, Up: Top +File: latex2e.info, Node: Overview, Next: Document classes, Prev: About this document, Up: Top 2 Overview of LaTeX ******************* -What is LaTeX? +LaTeX is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally created +by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers +(<http://latex-project.org>). It is widely used, particularly for +complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics. - LaTeX typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX -"macro package" for TeX. That is, it processes an input file containing -the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the -text should be formatted. LaTeX files are plain text that can be -written in any reasonable editor. It produces at least three files as -output: + A LaTeX user writes an input file containing text along with +interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text +should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands +that interface with Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program (the +technical term is that LaTeX is a "macro package" for the TeX engine). +The user produces the output document by giving that file to the TeX +engine. - 1. The main output file, which is one of: + The term LaTeX is also sometimes used to mean the language in which +the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands +available to a LaTeX user. - '.dvi' - If invoked as 'latex', a "Device Independent" ('.dvi') file is - produced. This contains commands that can be translated into - commands for virtually any output device. You can view such - '.dvi' output of LaTeX by using a program such as 'xdvi' - (display directly), 'dvips' (convert to PostScript), or - 'dvipdfmx' (convert to PDF). + The name LaTeX is short for "Lamport TeX". It is pronounced LAH-teck +or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, produce the +logo with '\LaTeX'. Where use of the logo is not sensible, such as in +plain text, write it as 'LaTeX'. + +* Menu: - '.pdf' - If invoked as 'pdflatex', a "Portable Document Format" - ('.pdf') file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with - all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but - it does make the output much larger than the '.dvi' produced - from the same document. +* Starting and ending:: The standard beginning and end of a document. +* Output files:: Files produced. +* TeX engines:: Programs that implementation LaTeX. +* LaTeX command syntax:: General syntax of LaTeX commands. - If invoked as 'lualatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the - LuaTeX engine (<http://luatex.org>). + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Starting and ending, Next: Output files, Up: Overview - If invoked as 'xelatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the - XeTeX engine (<http://tug.org/xetex>). +2.1 Starting and ending +======================= - Many other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) exist, which can - produce HTML, XML, and other things. +LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard starting and +ending. Here is a "hello, world" example: - 2. The "transcript" or '.log' file that contains summary information - and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input - file. + \documentclass{article} + \begin{document} + Hello, \LaTeX\ world. + \end{document} - 3. An "auxiliary" or '.aux' file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for - things such as cross-references. +Here, the 'article' is the so-called "document class", implemented in a +file 'article.cls'. Any document class can be used. A few document +classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast array of others are widely +available. *Note Document classes::. - An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won't try to -list them all. Xxx components? + You can include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and +the '\begin{document}' commands. This area is called the "preamble". - In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a '\', followed -by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments -contained in square brackets, '[]', are optional while arguments -contained in braces, '{}', are required. + The '\begin{document} ... \end{document}' is a so-called +"environment"; the 'document' environment (and no others) is required in +all LaTeX documents. LaTeX provides many environments itself, and many +more are defined separately. *Note Environments::. - LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless -explicitly directed to do otherwise. + The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output +from a LaTeX input file. -File: latex2e.info, Node: Starting & ending, Next: Document classes, Prev: Overview, Up: Top +File: latex2e.info, Node: Output files, Next: TeX engines, Prev: Starting and ending, Up: Overview -3 Starting & ending -******************* +2.2 Output files +================ -A minimal input file looks like the following: +LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two accessory files. The +main output file's name ends in either '.dvi' or '.pdf'. + +'.dvi' + If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'latex' then it + produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension '.dvi'. You can + view this file with a command such as 'xdvi', or convert it to a + PostScript '.ps' file with 'dvips' or to a Portable Document Format + '.pdf' file with 'dvipdfmx'. The contents of the file can be + dumped in human-readable form with 'dvitype'. A vast array of + other DVI utility programs are available + (<http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware>). + +'.pdf' + If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'pdflatex', among other + commands (*note TeX engines::), then the main output is a Portable + Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a self-contained + file, with all fonts and images included. + + LaTeX also produces at least two additional files. + +'.log' + This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of + loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps + additional information for any errors. + +'.aux' + Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as cross + references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a forward + reference--a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared + in the source--it will appear in the output as a doubled question + mark '??'. When the referred-to spot does eventually appear in the + source then LaTeX writes its location information to this '.aux' + file. On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the location information + from this file and uses it to resolve the reference, replacing the + double question mark with the remembered location. + + LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename +ending. These include a '.lof' file that is used to make a list of +figures, a '.lot' file used to make a list of tables, and a '.toc' file +used to make a table of contents. A particular class may create others; +the list is open-ended. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: TeX engines, Next: LaTeX command syntax, Prev: Output files, Up: Overview + +2.3 TeX engines +=============== - \documentclass{CLASS} - \begin{document} - YOUR TEXT - \end{document} +LaTeX is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a TeX +implementation (*note Overview::). This section gives a terse overview +of the main programs. + +'latex' +'pdflatex' + In TeX Live (<http://tug.org/texlive>, if LaTeX is invoked via + either the system command 'latex' or 'pdflatex', then the pdfTeX + engine is run (<http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex>). When invoked as + 'latex', the main output is a '.dvi' file; as 'pdflatex', the main + output is a '.pdf' file. + + pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth's original + program (<http://ctan.org/pkg/etex>), including additional + programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty + of extensions of its own. e-TeX is available on its own as the + command 'etex', but this is plain TeX (and produces '.dvi'). + + In other TeX distributions, 'latex' may invoke e-TeX rather than + pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be assumed to be + available in LaTeX. + +'lualatex' + If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'lualatex', the LuaTeX + engine is run (<http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex>). This program allows + code written in the scripting language Lua (<http://luatex.org>) to + interact with TeX's typesetting. LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode + input natively, can handle OpenType and TrueType fonts, and + produces a '.pdf' file by default. There is also 'dvilualatex' to + produce a '.dvi' file, but this is rarely used. + +'xelatex' + If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'xelatex', the XeTeX + engine is run (<http://tug.org/xetex>). Like LuaTeX, XeTeX also + natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType fonts, + though the implementation is completely different, mainly using + external libraries instead of internal code. XeTeX produces a + '.pdf' file as output; it does not support DVI output. + + Other variants of LaTeX and TeX exist, e.g., to provide additional +support for Japanese and other languages ([u]pTeX, +<http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex>, <http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex>). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: LaTeX command syntax, Prev: TeX engines, Up: Overview + +2.4 LaTeX command syntax +======================== + +In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a '\'; the name +itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single +non-letter. + + A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either +required or optional. Required arguments are contained in curly braces, +'{...}'. Optional arguments are contained in square brackets, '[...]'. +Generally, but not universally, if the command accepts an optional +argument, it comes first, before any required arguments. -where the CLASS is a valid document class for LaTeX. *Note Document -classes::, for details of the various document classes available -locally. + Some commands have a '*' form that is related to the form without a +'*', such as '\chapter' and '\chapter*'. - You may include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and -the '\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the "preamble"). + LaTeX commands are case sensitive; neither '\Begin{document}' nor +'\begin{Document}' will work. Most commands are lowercase, but in any +event you must enter all commands in the same case as they are defined. + + This manual describes all accepted options and '*'-forms for the +commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs). -File: latex2e.info, Node: Document classes, Next: Fonts, Prev: Starting & ending, Up: Top +File: latex2e.info, Node: Document classes, Next: Fonts, Prev: Overview, Up: Top -4 Document classes +3 Document classes ****************** -The class of a given document is defined with the command: +The document's overall class is defined with this command, which is +normally the first command in a LaTeX source file. \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS} -The '\documentclass' command must be the first command in a LaTeX source -file. + The following document CLASS names are built into LaTeX. (Many other +document classes are available as separate packages; *note Overview::.) + +'article' + For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general + use. - Built-in LaTeX document CLASS names are (many other document classes -are available as add-ons; *note Overview::): +'book' + Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front + matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix + (*note Front/back matter::). - article report book letter slides +'report' + For documents of length between an 'article' and a 'book', such as + technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters. - Standard OPTIONS are described below. +'slides' + For slide presentations--rarely used today. In its place the + 'beamer' package is perhaps the most prevalent (*note beamer + template::). + + Standard OPTIONS are described in the next section. * Menu: @@ -221,12 +353,12 @@ are available as add-ons; *note Overview::): File: latex2e.info, Node: Document class options, Up: Document classes -4.1 Document class options +3.1 Document class options ========================== You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the -'\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual. -To specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma: +'\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets. To +specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma, as in: \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS} @@ -244,23 +376,30 @@ paper size (default is 'letterpaper'): Miscellaneous other options: -'draft, final' - mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is - 'final'. +'draft' +'final' + Mark ('draft') or do not mark ('final') overfull boxes with a black + box in the margin; default is 'final'. + 'fleqn' Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. + 'landscape' Selects landscape format; default is portrait. + 'leqno' Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. + 'openbib' Use "open" bibliography format. -'titlepage, notitlepage' + +'titlepage' +'notitlepage' Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. - These options are not available with the slides class: + The following options are not available with the 'slides' class. 'onecolumn' 'twocolumn' @@ -268,21 +407,20 @@ paper size (default is 'letterpaper'): 'oneside' 'twoside' - Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is 'oneside', except for - the 'book' class. + Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is 'oneside', except that + in the 'book' class the default is 'twoside'. - The '\evensidemargin' ('\oddsidemargin' parameter determines the - distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the - page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper - size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For - one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, - '\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between '\paperwidth' and - '\textwidth', with '\evensidemargin' the remainder. + For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For + two-sided printing, the '\evensidemargin' ('\oddsidemargin') + parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages + between the left side of the page and the text's left margin, with + '\oddsidemargin' being 40% of the difference between '\paperwidth' + and '\textwidth', and '\evensidemargin' is the remainder. 'openright' 'openany' Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default - is 'openright' for book. + is 'openright' for 'book', and 'openany' for 'report'. The 'slides' class offers the option 'clock' for printing the time at the bottom of each note. @@ -291,8 +429,9 @@ the bottom of each note. \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG} - To specify more than one PKG, you can separate them with a comma, or -use multiple '\usepackage' commands. + To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma, +as in '\usepackage{PKG1,PKG2,...}', or use multiple '\usepackage' +commands. Any options given in the '\documentclass' command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with @@ -301,7 +440,7 @@ the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with File: latex2e.info, Node: Fonts, Next: Layout, Prev: Document classes, Up: Top -5 Fonts +4 Fonts ******* Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a @@ -309,14 +448,14 @@ style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here. * Menu: -* Font styles:: Select roman, italics etc. +* Font styles:: Select roman, italics, etc. * Font sizes:: Select point size. * Low-level font commands:: Select encoding, family, series, shape. File: latex2e.info, Node: Font styles, Next: Font sizes, Up: Fonts -5.1 Font styles +4.1 Font styles =============== The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. @@ -328,13 +467,19 @@ arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, -are cumulative; e.g.,, you can say either '\sffamily\bfseries' or +are cumulative; e.g., you can say either '\sffamily\bfseries' or '\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif. You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for instance, '\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'. - These commands automatically supply an italic correction if needed. + These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections +if needed. (*Note \/::, for the details of italic corrections.) +Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following +character is in the list '\nocorrlist', which by default consists of a +period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of italic +correction, use '\nocorr' at the start or end of the command argument, +such as '\textit{\nocorr text}' or '\textsc{text \nocorr}'. '\textrm (\rmfamily)' Roman. @@ -408,7 +553,7 @@ the default. FAQ entry: LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. Also, they are used differently than the above commands: '{\CMD ...}' instead of -'\CMD{...}'. These are two very different things. +'\CMD{...}'. These are two unrelated constructs. '\bf' Switch to bold face. @@ -447,7 +592,7 @@ description. Both sets of commands have their place. File: latex2e.info, Node: Font sizes, Next: Low-level font commands, Prev: Font styles, Up: Fonts -5.2 Font sizes +4.2 Font sizes ============== The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The @@ -476,7 +621,7 @@ commands; for instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. File: latex2e.info, Node: Low-level font commands, Prev: Font sizes, Up: Fonts -5.3 Low-level font commands +4.3 Low-level font commands =========================== These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and @@ -549,7 +694,7 @@ ones. File: latex2e.info, Node: Layout, Next: Sectioning, Prev: Fonts, Up: Top -6 Layout +5 Layout ******** Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. @@ -560,12 +705,12 @@ Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. * \twocolumn:: Use two-column layout. * \flushbottom:: Make all text pages the same height. * \raggedbottom:: Allow text pages of differing height. -* Page layout parameters:: \headheight \footskip. +* Page layout parameters:: '\headheight' '\footskip'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \onecolumn, Next: \twocolumn, Up: Layout -6.1 '\onecolumn' +5.1 '\onecolumn' ================ The '\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces @@ -574,7 +719,7 @@ single-column output. This is the default. File: latex2e.info, Node: \twocolumn, Next: \flushbottom, Prev: \onecolumn, Up: Layout -6.2 '\twocolumn' +5.2 '\twocolumn' ================ Synopsis: @@ -621,7 +766,7 @@ typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. File: latex2e.info, Node: \flushbottom, Next: \raggedbottom, Prev: \twocolumn, Up: Layout -6.3 '\flushbottom' +5.3 '\flushbottom' ================== The '\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height, @@ -633,7 +778,7 @@ class options::). File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedbottom, Next: Page layout parameters, Prev: \flushbottom, Up: Layout -6.4 '\raggedbottom' +5.4 '\raggedbottom' =================== The '\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of @@ -642,7 +787,7 @@ the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. File: latex2e.info, Node: Page layout parameters, Prev: \raggedbottom, Up: Layout -6.5 Page layout parameters +5.5 Page layout parameters ========================== '\headheight' @@ -708,20 +853,20 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Page layout parameters, Prev: \raggedbottom, Up: La '\topskip' Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline - of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is - the same as the font size, e.g., '10pt' at '10pt'. + of the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default + is the same as the font size, e.g., '10pt' at '10pt'. File: latex2e.info, Node: Sectioning, Next: Cross references, Prev: Layout, Up: Top -7 Sectioning +6 Sectioning ************ Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: '\part' '\chapter' - (report and book class only) + ('report' and 'book' class only) '\section' '\subsection' '\subsubsection' @@ -769,7 +914,7 @@ level zero. (*Note \setcounter::.) File: latex2e.info, Node: Cross references, Next: Environments, Prev: Sectioning, Up: Top -8 Cross references +7 Cross references ****************** One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer @@ -784,7 +929,7 @@ the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." File: latex2e.info, Node: \label, Next: \pageref, Up: Cross references -8.1 '\label' +7.1 '\label' ============ Synopsis: @@ -796,7 +941,8 @@ number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered environment assigns that number to KEY. A KEY name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or -punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished, +as usual. To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a @@ -819,7 +965,7 @@ colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: File: latex2e.info, Node: \pageref, Next: \ref, Prev: \label, Up: Cross references -8.2 '\pageref{KEY}' +7.2 '\pageref{KEY}' =================== Synopsis: @@ -832,7 +978,7 @@ the text where the corresponding '\label'{KEY} command appears. File: latex2e.info, Node: \ref, Prev: \pageref, Up: Cross references -8.3 '\ref{KEY}' +7.3 '\ref{KEY}' =============== Synopsis: @@ -847,7 +993,7 @@ equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding '\label' command File: latex2e.info, Node: Environments, Next: Line breaking, Prev: Cross references, Up: Top -9 Environments +8 Environments ************** LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each @@ -892,7 +1038,7 @@ environment begins and ends in the same manner: File: latex2e.info, Node: abstract, Next: array, Up: Environments -9.1 'abstract' +8.1 'abstract' ============== Synopsis: @@ -906,7 +1052,7 @@ paragraphs. File: latex2e.info, Node: array, Next: center, Prev: abstract, Up: Environments -9.2 'array' +8.2 'array' =========== Synopsis: @@ -920,7 +1066,8 @@ Synopsis: within an 'equation' environment (*note equation::). It has a single mandatory TEMPLATE argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column COL is specified by a single letter -that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows: +that tells how items in each row of that column should be formatted, as +follows: 'c' centered @@ -954,7 +1101,7 @@ parameters which affect formatting in 'array' environments, namely File: latex2e.info, Node: center, Next: description, Prev: array, Up: Environments -9.3 'center' +8.3 'center' ============ Synopsis: @@ -975,7 +1122,7 @@ current page. Each line is terminated with the string '\\'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \centering, Up: center -9.3.1 '\centering' +8.3.1 '\centering' ------------------ The '\centering' declaration corresponds to the 'center' environment. @@ -1001,7 +1148,7 @@ environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. File: latex2e.info, Node: description, Next: displaymath, Prev: center, Up: Environments -9.4 'description' +8.4 'description' ================= Synopsis: @@ -1027,7 +1174,7 @@ resets all other style variations: '\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'. File: latex2e.info, Node: displaymath, Next: document, Prev: description, Up: Environments -9.5 'displaymath' +8.5 'displaymath' ================= Synopsis: @@ -1050,16 +1197,16 @@ number, use the 'equation' environment (*note equation::). File: latex2e.info, Node: document, Next: enumerate, Prev: displaymath, Up: Environments -9.6 'document' +8.6 'document' ============== The 'document' environment encloses the body of a document. It is -required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting & ending::. +required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting and ending::. File: latex2e.info, Node: enumerate, Next: eqnarray, Prev: document, Up: Environments -9.7 'enumerate' +8.7 'enumerate' =============== Synopsis: @@ -1100,7 +1247,7 @@ letters: File: latex2e.info, Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Environments -9.8 'eqnarray' +8.8 'eqnarray' ============== First, a caveat: the 'eqnarray' environment has some infelicities which @@ -1119,9 +1266,9 @@ that it is better to use the 'align' environment (and others) from the \end{eqnarray} The 'eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of equations -or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column 'array' -environment, with consecutive rows separated by '\\' and consecutive -items within a row separated by an '&'. +or inequalities. It is similar to a three-column 'array' environment, +with consecutive rows separated by '\\' and consecutive items within a +row separated by an '&'. '\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. @@ -1138,7 +1285,7 @@ zero width. File: latex2e.info, Node: equation, Next: figure, Prev: eqnarray, Up: Environments -9.9 'equation' +8.9 'equation' ============== Synopsis: @@ -1154,7 +1301,7 @@ places an equation number in the right margin. File: latex2e.info, Node: figure, Next: filecontents, Prev: equation, Up: Environments -9.10 'figure' +8.10 'figure' ============= \begin{figure[*]}[PLACEMENT] @@ -1185,8 +1332,8 @@ put a float: <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat>. 'h' - (Here)--at the position in the text where the figure environment - appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; 't' is + (Here)--at the position in the text where the 'figure' environment + appears. However, 't' is not allowed by itself; 't' is automatically added. To absolutely force a figure to appear "here", you can @@ -1205,7 +1352,7 @@ put a float: page. The '!' specifier does _not_ mean "put the float here"; see above. - The standard report and article classes use the default placement + The standard 'report' and 'article' classes use the default placement 'tbp'. The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, @@ -1218,8 +1365,8 @@ the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::). Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and non-float text: - The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at - the bottom; default '.3'. + The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats + at the bottom; default '.3'. '\floatpagefraction' The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by @@ -1249,17 +1396,21 @@ non-float text: Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. - Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page: + Counters relating to the number of floats on a page: -'\bottomnumber' +'bottomnumber' Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. -'\topnumber' +'dbltopnumber' + Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a + two-column page; default 2. + +'topnumber' Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. -'\totalnumber' +'totalnumber' Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats: @@ -1268,7 +1419,7 @@ non-float text: File: latex2e.info, Node: filecontents, Next: flushleft, Prev: figure, Up: Environments -9.11 'filecontents': Create external files +8.11 'filecontents': Create external files ========================================== Synopsis: @@ -1307,14 +1458,14 @@ unrelated to using the created file. So you need to use, for instance, '\input' or '\usepackage' or '\bibliography' or whatever is applicable, to use the created file. - This environment is also useful to make a self-contained document, -for example, for a bug report, or to keep a '.bib' file with the main -document. + This environment is also useful to make a document in a +self-contained file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the +content of a '.bib' file in the same file as the main document. File: latex2e.info, Node: flushleft, Next: flushright, Prev: filecontents, Up: Environments -9.12 'flushleft' +8.12 'flushleft' ================ \begin{flushleft} @@ -1334,7 +1485,7 @@ right Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedright, Up: flushleft -9.12.1 '\raggedright' +8.12.1 '\raggedright' --------------------- The '\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the 'flushleft' @@ -1350,7 +1501,7 @@ paragraph unit. File: latex2e.info, Node: flushright, Next: itemize, Prev: flushleft, Up: Environments -9.13 'flushright' +8.13 'flushright' ================= \begin{flushright} @@ -1370,7 +1521,7 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedleft, Up: flushright -9.13.1 '\raggedleft' +8.13.1 '\raggedleft' -------------------- The '\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the 'flushright' @@ -1386,7 +1537,7 @@ paragraph unit. File: latex2e.info, Node: itemize, Next: letter, Prev: flushright, Up: Environments -9.14 'itemize' +8.14 'itemize' ============== Synopsis: @@ -1491,7 +1642,7 @@ within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note File: latex2e.info, Node: letter, Next: list, Prev: itemize, Up: Environments -9.15 'letter' environment: writing letters +8.15 'letter' environment: writing letters ========================================== This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::. @@ -1499,7 +1650,7 @@ This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::. File: latex2e.info, Node: list, Next: math, Prev: letter, Up: Environments -9.16 'list' +8.16 'list' =========== The 'list' environment is a generic environment which is used for @@ -1527,7 +1678,7 @@ empty, i.e., '{}', which leaves the default spacing. File: latex2e.info, Node: math, Next: minipage, Prev: list, Up: Environments -9.17 'math' +8.17 'math' =========== Synopsis: @@ -1542,7 +1693,7 @@ text. '\(...\))' and '$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. File: latex2e.info, Node: minipage, Next: picture, Prev: math, Up: Environments -9.18 'minipage' +8.18 'minipage' =============== \begin{minipage}[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH} @@ -1573,7 +1724,7 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. File: latex2e.info, Node: picture, Next: quotation, Prev: minipage, Up: Environments -9.19 'picture' +8.19 'picture' ============== \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) @@ -1663,31 +1814,33 @@ corner of the box. File: latex2e.info, Node: \circle, Next: \makebox (picture), Up: picture -9.19.1 '\circle' +8.19.1 '\circle' ---------------- +Synopsis: \circle[*]{DIAMETER} The '\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible. The '*'-form of the command draws a solid circle. - Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. + Circles up to 40pt can be drawn. File: latex2e.info, Node: \makebox (picture), Next: \framebox (picture), Prev: \circle, Up: picture -9.19.2 '\makebox' +8.19.2 '\makebox' ----------------- -'\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}' +Synopsis: + \makebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POSITION]{TEXT} The '\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the -normal '\makebox' command except that you must specify a 'width' and -'height' in multiples of '\unitlength'. +normal '\makebox' command except that you must specify a WIDTH and +HEIGHT in multiples of '\unitlength'. - The optional argument, '[position]', specifies the quadrant that your -text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: + The optional argument, '[POSITION]', specifies the quadrant that your +TEXT appears in. You may select up to two of the following: 't' Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. @@ -1706,7 +1859,7 @@ text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: File: latex2e.info, Node: \framebox (picture), Next: \dashbox, Prev: \makebox (picture), Up: picture -9.19.3 '\framebox' +8.19.3 '\framebox' ------------------ Synopsis: @@ -1723,7 +1876,7 @@ leaves a space '\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box. File: latex2e.info, Node: \dashbox, Next: \frame, Prev: \framebox (picture), Up: picture -9.19.4 '\dashbox' +8.19.4 '\dashbox' ----------------- Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: @@ -1735,13 +1888,13 @@ environment. Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT. The TEXT is positioned at optional POS. - A dashed box looks best when the 'rwidth' and 'rheight' are multiples -of the 'dlen'. + A dashed box looks best when the RWIDTH and RHEIGHT are multiples of +the DLEN. File: latex2e.info, Node: \frame, Next: \line, Prev: \dashbox, Up: picture -9.19.5 '\frame' +8.19.5 '\frame' --------------- Synopsis: @@ -1755,7 +1908,7 @@ is put between the frame and the object. File: latex2e.info, Node: \line, Next: \linethickness, Prev: \frame, Up: picture -9.19.6 '\line' +8.19.6 '\line' -------------- Synopsis: @@ -1766,14 +1919,13 @@ Synopsis: XSLOPE/YSLOPE. Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with SLOPE = x/y, where x and y -have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to -mention other shapes, see the 'curve2e' and many many other packages on -CTAN. +have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, and +plenty of other shapes, see 'pict2e' and many other packages on CTAN. File: latex2e.info, Node: \linethickness, Next: \thicklines, Prev: \line, Up: picture -9.19.7 '\linethickness' +8.19.7 '\linethickness' ----------------------- The '\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal @@ -1786,7 +1938,7 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by '\oval'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \thicklines, Next: \thinlines, Prev: \linethickness, Up: picture -9.19.8 '\thicklines' +8.19.8 '\thicklines' -------------------- The '\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal @@ -1796,7 +1948,7 @@ and *note \thinlines::. File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinlines, Next: \multiput, Prev: \thicklines, Up: picture -9.19.9 '\thinlines' +8.19.9 '\thinlines' ------------------- The '\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal @@ -1806,7 +1958,7 @@ and *note \thicklines::. File: latex2e.info, Node: \multiput, Next: \oval, Prev: \thinlines, Up: picture -9.19.10 '\multiput' +8.19.10 '\multiput' ------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1819,7 +1971,7 @@ across a picture. OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at File: latex2e.info, Node: \oval, Next: \put, Prev: \multiput, Up: picture -9.19.11 '\oval' +8.19.11 '\oval' --------------- Synopsis: @@ -1846,18 +1998,20 @@ rounded corners. File: latex2e.info, Node: \put, Next: \shortstack, Prev: \oval, Up: picture -9.19.12 '\put' +8.19.12 '\put' -------------- -'\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }' +Synopsis: + + \put(XCOORD,YCOORD){ ... } - The '\put' command places the item specified by the mandatory -argument at the given coordinates. + The '\put' command places the material specified by the (mandatory) +argument in braces at the given coordinate, (XCOORD,YCOORD). File: latex2e.info, Node: \shortstack, Next: \vector, Prev: \put, Up: picture -9.19.13 '\shortstack' +8.19.13 '\shortstack' --------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1879,21 +2033,21 @@ positions are: File: latex2e.info, Node: \vector, Prev: \shortstack, Up: picture -9.19.14 '\vector' +8.19.14 '\vector' ----------------- Synopsis: - \vector(X-SLOPE,Y-SLOPE){LENGTH} + \vector(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH} The '\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified -length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, -inclusive. +length and slope. The XSLOPE and YSLOPE values must lie between -4 and ++4, inclusive. File: latex2e.info, Node: quotation, Next: quote, Prev: picture, Up: Environments -9.20 'quotation' +8.20 'quotation' ================ Synopsis: @@ -1911,10 +2065,10 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph. File: latex2e.info, Node: quote, Next: tabbing, Prev: quotation, Up: Environments -9.21 'quote' +8.21 'quote' ============ -Snyopsis: +Synopsis: \begin{quote} TEXT @@ -1929,7 +2083,7 @@ line between text produces a new paragraph. File: latex2e.info, Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quote, Up: Environments -9.22 'tabbing' +8.22 'tabbing' ============== Synopsis: @@ -1948,7 +2102,7 @@ each column is constant and known in advance. This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 'tabular' environment. - The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' enviroment: + The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment: '\\ (tabbing)' End a line. @@ -2023,7 +2177,7 @@ environment. File: latex2e.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments -9.23 'table' +8.23 'table' ============ Synopsis: @@ -2053,7 +2207,7 @@ etc., you wish. The '\caption' command allows you to title your table. File: latex2e.info, Node: tabular, Next: thebibliography, Prev: table, Up: Environments -9.24 'tabular' +8.24 'tabular' ============== Synopsis: @@ -2177,7 +2331,7 @@ rule below the table) follows. File: latex2e.info, Node: \multicolumn, Next: \cline, Up: tabular -9.24.1 '\multicolumn' +8.24.1 '\multicolumn' --------------------- Synopsis: @@ -2202,7 +2356,7 @@ third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to put in the entry. File: latex2e.info, Node: \cline, Next: \hline, Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabular -9.24.2 '\cline' +8.24.2 '\cline' --------------- Synopsis: @@ -2216,7 +2370,7 @@ specified in the mandatory argument. File: latex2e.info, Node: \hline, Next: \vline, Prev: \cline, Up: tabular -9.24.3 '\hline' +8.24.3 '\hline' --------------- The '\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing @@ -2226,7 +2380,7 @@ line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. File: latex2e.info, Node: \vline, Prev: \hline, Up: tabular -9.24.4 '\vline' +8.24.4 '\vline' --------------- The '\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full height @@ -2236,7 +2390,7 @@ to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression. File: latex2e.info, Node: thebibliography, Next: theorem, Prev: tabular, Up: Environments -9.25 'thebibliography' +8.25 'thebibliography' ====================== Synopsis: @@ -2271,7 +2425,7 @@ references, '99' for ones with less than 100, etc. File: latex2e.info, Node: \bibitem, Next: \cite, Up: thebibliography -9.25.1 '\bibitem' +8.25.1 '\bibitem' ----------------- Synopsis: @@ -2291,7 +2445,7 @@ next section) to produce the associated label. File: latex2e.info, Node: \cite, Next: \nocite, Prev: \bibitem, Up: thebibliography -9.25.2 '\cite' +8.25.2 '\cite' -------------- Synopsis: @@ -2308,7 +2462,7 @@ For example, '\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce '[Knuth, p. 314]'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \nocite, Next: Using BibTeX, Prev: \cite, Up: thebibliography -9.25.3 '\nocite' +8.25.3 '\nocite' ---------------- '\nocite{key_list}' @@ -2319,7 +2473,7 @@ is a list of one or more citation keys, on the '.aux' file. File: latex2e.info, Node: Using BibTeX, Prev: \nocite, Up: thebibliography -9.25.4 Using BibTeX +8.25.4 Using BibTeX ------------------- If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if @@ -2348,7 +2502,7 @@ BibTeX are: In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See -<http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib>. +<http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib>. The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to '\bibliography' refers to files named @@ -2359,7 +2513,7 @@ the bibliography. File: latex2e.info, Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments -9.26 'theorem' +8.26 'theorem' ============== Synopsis: @@ -2375,7 +2529,7 @@ under '\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::). File: latex2e.info, Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Environments -9.27 'titlepage' +8.27 'titlepage' ================ Synopsis: @@ -2395,7 +2549,7 @@ a standard title page without a 'titlepage' environment. File: latex2e.info, Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments -9.28 'verbatim' +8.28 'verbatim' =============== Synopsis: @@ -2419,7 +2573,7 @@ typewriter. File: latex2e.info, Node: \verb, Up: verbatim -9.28.1 '\verb' +8.28.1 '\verb' -------------- Synopsis: @@ -2439,7 +2593,7 @@ space" character. File: latex2e.info, Node: verse, Prev: verbatim, Up: Environments -9.29 'verse' +8.29 'verse' ============ Synopsis: @@ -2461,8 +2615,8 @@ stanzas. File: latex2e.info, Node: Line breaking, Next: Page breaking, Prev: Environments, Up: Top -10 Line breaking -**************** +9 Line breaking +*************** The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a @@ -2487,8 +2641,8 @@ and you can always manually force breaks. File: latex2e.info, Node: \\, Next: \obeycr & \restorecr, Up: Line breaking -10.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE] -======================= +9.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE] +====================== The '\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to @@ -2500,8 +2654,8 @@ that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. File: latex2e.info, Node: \obeycr & \restorecr, Next: \newline, Prev: \\, Up: Line breaking -10.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr' -============================= +9.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr' +============================ The '\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file ('^^M', internally) the same as '\\' (followed by '\relax'). So each new line @@ -2512,8 +2666,8 @@ in the input will also be a new line in the output. File: latex2e.info, Node: \newline, Next: \- (hyphenation), Prev: \obeycr & \restorecr, Up: Line breaking -10.3 '\newline' -=============== +9.3 '\newline' +============== The '\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph @@ -2522,12 +2676,12 @@ mode. File: latex2e.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \fussy, Prev: \newline, Up: Line breaking -10.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen) -================================ +9.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen) +=============================== The '\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that -point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most -of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an incorrect +point. LaTeX is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds most of +the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The '\-' command is used for the exceptional cases. When you insert '\-' commands in a word, the word will only be @@ -2537,8 +2691,8 @@ LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. File: latex2e.info, Node: \fussy, Next: \sloppy, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line breaking -10.5 '\fussy' -============= +9.5 '\fussy' +============ The declaration '\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at the @@ -2550,8 +2704,8 @@ cost of an occasional overfull box. File: latex2e.info, Node: \sloppy, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \fussy, Up: Line breaking -10.6 '\sloppy' -============== +9.6 '\sloppy' +============= The declaration '\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. @@ -2561,8 +2715,8 @@ This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. File: latex2e.info, Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \sloppy, Up: Line breaking -10.7 '\hyphenation' -=================== +9.7 '\hyphenation' +================== Synopsis: @@ -2580,8 +2734,8 @@ words): File: latex2e.info, Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line breaking -10.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak' -================================== +9.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak' +================================= Synopses: @@ -2600,7 +2754,7 @@ higher the number, the more insistent the request. File: latex2e.info, Node: Page breaking, Next: Footnotes, Prev: Line breaking, Up: Top -11 Page breaking +10 Page breaking **************** LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has @@ -2618,7 +2772,7 @@ sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. File: latex2e.info, Node: \cleardoublepage, Next: \clearpage, Up: Page breaking -11.1 '\cleardoublepage' +10.1 '\cleardoublepage' ======================= The '\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all @@ -2629,7 +2783,7 @@ In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand File: latex2e.info, Node: \clearpage, Next: \newpage, Prev: \cleardoublepage, Up: Page breaking -11.2 '\clearpage' +10.2 '\clearpage' ================= The '\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures @@ -2638,7 +2792,7 @@ and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. File: latex2e.info, Node: \newpage, Next: \enlargethispage, Prev: \clearpage, Up: Page breaking -11.3 '\newpage' +10.3 '\newpage' =============== The '\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats @@ -2647,7 +2801,7 @@ The '\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats File: latex2e.info, Node: \enlargethispage, Next: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak, Prev: \newpage, Up: Page breaking -11.4 '\enlargethispage' +10.4 '\enlargethispage' ======================= '\enlargethispage{size}' @@ -2665,7 +2819,7 @@ as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak, Prev: \enlargethispage, Up: Page breaking -11.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak' +10.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak' ================================== Synopses: @@ -2685,7 +2839,7 @@ to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnotes, Next: Definitions, Prev: Page breaking, Up: Top -12 Footnotes +11 Footnotes ************ Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with @@ -2703,7 +2857,7 @@ two commands, the '\footnotemark' and the '\footnotetext' commands. File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnote, Next: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes -12.1 '\footnote' +11.1 '\footnote' ================ Synopsis: @@ -2721,7 +2875,7 @@ or in a 'tabular' environment. (See following sections.) File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnotemark, Next: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnote, Up: Footnotes -12.2 '\footnotemark' +11.2 '\footnotemark' ==================== With no optional argument, the '\footnotemark' command puts the current @@ -2739,7 +2893,7 @@ after the first '\footnote' command. File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnotetext, Next: Symbolic footnotes, Prev: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes -12.3 '\footnotetext' +11.3 '\footnotetext' ==================== Synopsis: @@ -2756,7 +2910,7 @@ mode. File: latex2e.info, Node: Symbolic footnotes, Next: Footnote parameters, Prev: \footnotetext, Up: Footnotes -12.4 Symbolic footnotes +11.4 Symbolic footnotes ======================= If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing @@ -2772,14 +2926,14 @@ redefine '\@fnsymbol'. File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnote parameters, Prev: Symbolic footnotes, Up: Footnotes -12.5 Footnote parameters +11.5 Footnote parameters ======================== '\footnoterule' Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's footnotes. Default dimensions: '0.4pt' thick (or wide), and '0.4\columnwidth' long in the standard document classes (except - slides, where it does not appear). + 'slides', where it does not appear). '\footnotesep' The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. @@ -2791,7 +2945,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnote parameters, Prev: Symbolic footnotes, Up: File: latex2e.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Counters, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Top -13 Definitions +12 Definitions ************** LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. @@ -2803,21 +2957,21 @@ LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. * \newlength:: Define a new length. * \newsavebox:: Define a new box. * \newenvironment & \renewenvironment:: Define a new environment. -* \newtheorem:: Define a new theorem-like environment. +* \newtheorem:: Define a new 'theorem'-like environment. * \newfont:: Define a new font name. * \protect:: Using tricky commands. File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Next: \newcounter, Up: Definitions -13.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand' +12.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand' ==================================== '\newcommand' and '\renewcommand' define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: - \newcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARG]{DEFN} - \renewcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARG]{DEFN} + \newcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGVAL]{DEFN} + \renewcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGVAL]{DEFN} '*' The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not @@ -2825,7 +2979,7 @@ respectively. Synopses: terms). CMD - The command name beginning with '\'. For '\newcommand', it must + The command name, beginning with '\'. For '\newcommand', it must not be already defined and must not begin with '\end'; for '\renewcommand', it must already be defined. @@ -2834,12 +2988,14 @@ NARGS that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. -OPTARG - If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's - first argument is optional. The default value of the optional - argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is OPTARG, or, - if that argument is present in the '\newcommand' but has an empty - value, the string 'def'. +OPTARGVAL + If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first + argument of command CMD is optional and its default value (i.e., if + it is not specified in the call) is OPTARG. In otherwise, when + calling the macro, if no '[VALUE]' is given after 'CMD'--which is + different from having '[]' for an empty VALUE--then string + 'OPTARGVAL' becomes the value of '#1' within DEFN when the macro is + expanded. DEFN The text to be substituted for every occurrence of 'cmd'; a @@ -2849,33 +3005,33 @@ DEFN File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcounter, Next: \newlength, Prev: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Up: Definitions -13.2 '\newcounter' +12.2 '\newcounter' ================== Synopsis: - \newcounter{CNT}[COUNTERNAME] + \newcounter{COUNTERNAME}[SUPERCOUNTER] - The '\newcounter' command defines a new counter named CNT. The new -counter is initialized to zero. + The '\newcounter' command defines a new counter named COUNTERNAME. +The new counter is initialized to zero. - Given the optional argument '[COUNTERNAME]', CNT will be reset -whenever COUNTERNAME is incremented. + Given the optional argument '[SUPER]', COUNTERNAME will be reset +whenever the counter named SUPERCOUNTER is incremented. *Note Counters::, for more information about counters. File: latex2e.info, Node: \newlength, Next: \newsavebox, Prev: \newcounter, Up: Definitions -13.3 '\newlength' +12.3 '\newlength' ================= Synopsis: \newlength{\ARG} - The '\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a 'length' -command with a value of '0in'. The argument must be a control sequence, + The '\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a "length" +command with a value of zero. The argument must be a control sequence, as in '\newlength{\foo}'. An error occurs if '\foo' is already defined. *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, @@ -2884,7 +3040,7 @@ and for more information about lengths in general. File: latex2e.info, Node: \newsavebox, Next: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Prev: \newlength, Up: Definitions -13.4 '\newsavebox' +12.4 '\newsavebox' ================== Synopsis: @@ -2897,7 +3053,7 @@ refer to a new bin for storing boxes. File: latex2e.info, Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Next: \newtheorem, Prev: \newsavebox, Up: Definitions -13.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment' +12.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment' ============================================ Synopses: @@ -2939,7 +3095,7 @@ ENDDEF File: latex2e.info, Node: \newtheorem, Next: \newfont, Prev: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Up: Definitions -13.6 '\newtheorem' +12.6 '\newtheorem' ================== \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN] @@ -2970,7 +3126,7 @@ WITHIN File: latex2e.info, Node: \newfont, Next: \protect, Prev: \newtheorem, Up: Definitions -13.7 '\newfont' +12.7 '\newfont' =============== Synopsis: @@ -2987,7 +3143,7 @@ More commonly, fonts are defined in families through '.fd' files. File: latex2e.info, Node: \protect, Prev: \newfont, Up: Definitions -13.8 '\protect' +12.8 '\protect' =============== Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and @@ -3011,7 +3167,7 @@ preceded by '\protect'. File: latex2e.info, Node: Counters, Next: Lengths, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top -14 Counters +13 Counters *********** Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The @@ -3040,7 +3196,7 @@ counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering. File: latex2e.info, Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Next: \usecounter, Up: Counters -14.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters +13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters ===================================================================== All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for @@ -3058,7 +3214,7 @@ instance, '\alph{enumi}'. '\roman' uses lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ... -'\roman' +'\Roman' uses uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ... '\fnsymbol' @@ -3066,15 +3222,16 @@ instance, '\alph{enumi}'. (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of COUNTER must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. - The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the - names: - asterisk(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel - double-asterisk(**) double-dagger double-ddagger + Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output): + + asterisk(*) dagger(U+2021) ddagger(U+2021) + section-sign(U+00A7) paragraph-sign(U+00B6) parallel(U+2225) + double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(U+2021U+2021) double-ddagger(U+2021U+2021) File: latex2e.info, Node: \usecounter, Next: \value, Prev: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Up: Counters -14.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}' +13.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}' =========================== Synopsis: @@ -3088,7 +3245,7 @@ items. File: latex2e.info, Node: \value, Next: \setcounter, Prev: \usecounter, Up: Counters -14.3 '\value{COUNTER}' +13.3 '\value{COUNTER}' ====================== Synopsis: @@ -3105,20 +3262,20 @@ anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example: File: latex2e.info, Node: \setcounter, Next: \addtocounter, Prev: \value, Up: Counters -14.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' +13.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' ================================== Synopsis: - \setcounter{\COUNTER}{VALUE} + \setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE} - The '\setcounter' command sets the value of \COUNTER to the VALUE + The '\setcounter' command sets the value of COUNTER to the VALUE argument. File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocounter, Next: \refstepcounter, Prev: \setcounter, Up: Counters -14.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' +13.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' ==================================== The '\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified @@ -3127,7 +3284,7 @@ by the VALUE argument, which may be negative. File: latex2e.info, Node: \refstepcounter, Next: \stepcounter, Prev: \addtocounter, Up: Counters -14.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' +13.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' =============================== The '\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as '\stepcounter' @@ -3137,7 +3294,7 @@ be the result of '\thecounter'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \stepcounter, Next: \day \month \year, Prev: \refstepcounter, Up: Counters -14.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}' +13.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}' ============================ The '\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all subsidiary @@ -3146,7 +3303,7 @@ counters. File: latex2e.info, Node: \day \month \year, Prev: \stepcounter, Up: Counters -14.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters +13.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters ============================================= LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month ('\day', 1-31), month of @@ -3160,7 +3317,7 @@ current day (*note \today::). File: latex2e.info, Node: Lengths, Next: Making paragraphs, Prev: Counters, Up: Top -15 Lengths +14 Lengths ********** A 'length' is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length @@ -3178,7 +3335,7 @@ as an argument. File: latex2e.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Up: Lengths -15.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' +14.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' ============================== The '\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which can @@ -3188,7 +3345,7 @@ millimeters ('mm'), points ('pt'), big points ('bp', etc. File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settodepth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths -15.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} +14.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} =============================== The '\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the @@ -3197,7 +3354,7 @@ amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative. File: latex2e.info, Node: \settodepth, Next: \settoheight, Prev: \addtolength, Up: Lengths -15.3 '\settodepth' +14.3 '\settodepth' ================== '\settodepth{\gnat}{text}' @@ -3208,7 +3365,7 @@ to the depth of the 'text' argument. File: latex2e.info, Node: \settoheight, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \settodepth, Up: Lengths -15.4 '\settoheight' +14.4 '\settoheight' =================== '\settoheight{\gnat}{text}' @@ -3219,7 +3376,7 @@ to the height of the 'text' argument. File: latex2e.info, Node: \settowidth, Next: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settoheight, Up: Lengths -15.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' +14.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' ============================== The '\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the @@ -3228,7 +3385,7 @@ width of the TEXT argument. File: latex2e.info, Node: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settowidth, Up: Lengths -15.6 Predefined lengths +14.6 Predefined lengths ======================= '\width' @@ -3250,7 +3407,7 @@ size, e.g., say File: latex2e.info, Node: Making paragraphs, Next: Math formulas, Prev: Lengths, Up: Top -16 Making paragraphs +15 Making paragraphs ******************** A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not @@ -3268,7 +3425,7 @@ a sectioning command. File: latex2e.info, Node: \indent, Next: \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs -16.1 '\indent' +15.1 '\indent' ============== '\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of @@ -3282,7 +3439,7 @@ for '12pt'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \noindent, Next: \parskip, Prev: \indent, Up: Making paragraphs -16.2 '\noindent' +15.2 '\noindent' ================ When used at the beginning of the paragraph, '\noindent' suppresses any @@ -3292,7 +3449,7 @@ paragraph. File: latex2e.info, Node: \parskip, Next: Marginal notes, Prev: \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs -16.3 '\parskip' +15.3 '\parskip' =============== '\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before @@ -3301,7 +3458,7 @@ each paragraph. The default is '0pt plus1pt'. File: latex2e.info, Node: Marginal notes, Prev: \parskip, Up: Making paragraphs -16.4 Marginal notes +15.4 Marginal notes =================== Synopsis: @@ -3351,7 +3508,7 @@ from falling off the bottom of the page. File: latex2e.info, Node: Math formulas, Next: Modes, Prev: Making paragraphs, Up: Top -17 Math formulas +16 Math formulas **************** There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: @@ -3399,7 +3556,7 @@ summations. For example File: latex2e.info, Node: Subscripts & superscripts, Next: Math symbols, Up: Math formulas -17.1 Subscripts & superscripts +16.1 Subscripts & superscripts ============================== To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type @@ -3411,7 +3568,7 @@ subscript and a superscript. File: latex2e.info, Node: Math symbols, Next: Math functions, Prev: Subscripts & superscripts, Up: Math formulas -17.2 Math symbols +16.2 Math symbols ================= LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. @@ -4050,7 +4207,7 @@ symbol (\pi) in your output. File: latex2e.info, Node: Math functions, Next: Math accents, Prev: Math symbols, Up: Math formulas -17.3 Math functions +16.3 Math functions =================== These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper @@ -4150,7 +4307,7 @@ spacing. \sinh '\sup' - \sup + sup '\tan' \tan @@ -4161,7 +4318,7 @@ spacing. File: latex2e.info, Node: Math accents, Next: Spacing in math mode, Prev: Math functions, Up: Math formulas -17.4 Math accents +16.4 Math accents ================= LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in @@ -4216,7 +4373,7 @@ Accents::). File: latex2e.info, Node: Spacing in math mode, Next: Math miscellany, Prev: Math accents, Up: Math formulas -17.5 Spacing in math mode +16.5 Spacing in math mode ========================= In a 'math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in @@ -4237,7 +4394,7 @@ math mode: File: latex2e.info, Node: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Math formulas -17.6 Math miscellany +16.6 Math miscellany ==================== '\*' @@ -4264,7 +4421,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Ma \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}. '\overline{TEXT}' - Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For exampe, \overline{x+y}. + Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For example, \overline{x+y}. '\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}' Produces the representation of the square root of ARG. The @@ -4290,7 +4447,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Ma File: latex2e.info, Node: Modes, Next: Page styles, Prev: Math formulas, Up: Top -18 Modes +17 Modes ******** When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three @@ -4300,36 +4457,39 @@ modes: * Math mode * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short - LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a -different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. -Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when -LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. + Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or +when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing +commands. "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when -processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into -lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" when -it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in paragraph -mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of -words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX -keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. -Even if you put a hundred words into an '\mbox', LaTeX would keep -typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then -complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. - - LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an '\mbox' -command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for -example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. -There are also several text-producing commands and environments for -making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of +processing ordinary text. In this mode, LaTeX breaks the input text +into lines and breaks the lines into pages. + + LaTeX is in "math mode" when it's generating a mathematical formula, +either displayed math or within a line. + + In "LR mode", as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that +it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, +unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never +starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an +'\mbox', LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a +single box (and then most likely complain because the resulting box was +too wide to fit on the line). LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making +a box with an '\mbox' command. You can get it to enter a different mode +inside the box--for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a +formula in the box. + + There are also several text-producing commands and environments for +making a box that put LaTeX into paragraph mode. The box made by one of these commands or environments will be called a 'parbox'. When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner -paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is -called "outer paragraph mode". +paragraph mode" (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph mode, which it +starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode". File: latex2e.info, Node: Page styles, Next: Spaces, Prev: Modes, Up: Top -19 Page styles +18 Page styles ************** The '\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the @@ -4345,7 +4505,7 @@ page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. File: latex2e.info, Node: \maketitle, Next: \pagenumbering, Up: Page styles -19.1 '\maketitle' +18.1 '\maketitle' ================= The '\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title @@ -4374,14 +4534,15 @@ obtained from the following declarations: File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page styles -19.2 '\pagenumbering' +18.2 '\pagenumbering' ===================== Synopsis: \pagenumbering{STYLE} - Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE: + Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE; also resets +the page number to 1. The STYLE argument is one of the following: 'arabic' arabic numerals @@ -4401,7 +4562,7 @@ Synopsis: File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page styles -19.3 '\pagestyle' +18.3 '\pagestyle' ================= Synopsis: @@ -4440,7 +4601,7 @@ typeset from the current page onwards. Values for STYLE: File: latex2e.info, Node: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page styles -19.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}' +18.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}' ============================ The '\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the @@ -4450,7 +4611,7 @@ STYLE for the current page only. File: latex2e.info, Node: Spaces, Next: Boxes, Prev: Page styles, Up: Top -20 Spaces +19 Spaces ********* LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. @@ -4465,9 +4626,9 @@ Horizontal space * \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space. * \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space. * \SPACE:: Normal interword space. -* \AT:: Ending a sentence. +* \@:: Ending a sentence. * \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em. -* \/:: Per-character italic correction. +* \/:: Insert italic correction. * \hrulefill:: Stretchable horizontal rule. * \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal dots. @@ -4480,7 +4641,7 @@ Vertical space File: latex2e.info, Node: \hspace, Next: \hfill, Up: Spaces -20.1 '\hspace' +19.1 '\hspace' ============== Synopsis: @@ -4498,7 +4659,7 @@ or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional '*' form. File: latex2e.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \SPACE, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces -20.2 '\hfill' +19.2 '\hfill' ============= The '\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no @@ -4509,13 +4670,13 @@ glue value '0pt plus1fill'); thus, '\hspace\fill' is equivalent to '\hfill'. -File: latex2e.info, Node: \SPACE, Next: \AT, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces +File: latex2e.info, Node: \SPACE, Next: \@, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces -20.3 '\SPACE' -============= +19.3 '\SPACE': Normal interword space +===================================== The '\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's useful -after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example 'Knuth's +after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example, 'the article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'. It is also often used after control sequences, as in '\TeX\ is a nice system.' @@ -4523,10 +4684,10 @@ used after control sequences, as in '\TeX\ is a nice system.' '\ '. -File: latex2e.info, Node: \AT, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \SPACE, Up: Spaces +File: latex2e.info, Node: \@, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \SPACE, Up: Spaces -20.4 '\@' -========= +19.4 '\@': Force sentence-ending punctuation +============================================ The '\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a @@ -4541,19 +4702,20 @@ produces ... in C. Pascal, though ... -File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace, Next: \/, Prev: \AT, Up: Spaces +File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace, Next: \/, Prev: \@, Up: Spaces -20.5 '\thinspace' -================= +19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em +=============================== '\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 -of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in '". +of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in +'". File: latex2e.info, Node: \/, Next: \hrulefill, Prev: \thinspace, Up: Spaces -20.6 '\/' -========= +19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction +=================================== The '\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the @@ -4566,14 +4728,21 @@ very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as normal letters, it can help. Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the 'f's are nicely separated) with f: f;. + When changing fonts with commands such as '\textit{italic text}' or +'{\itshape italic text}', LaTeX will automatically insert an italic +correction if appropriate (*note Font styles::). + Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the 'f') with pdfTeX. + There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is +done in a different way. + File: latex2e.info, Node: \hrulefill, Next: \dotfill, Prev: \/, Up: Spaces -20.7 '\hrulefill' +19.7 '\hrulefill' ================= The '\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can @@ -4583,7 +4752,7 @@ rule. File: latex2e.info, Node: \dotfill, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \hrulefill, Up: Spaces -20.8 '\dotfill' +19.8 '\dotfill' =============== The '\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots @@ -4592,7 +4761,7 @@ instead of just white space. File: latex2e.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Prev: \dotfill, Up: Spaces -20.9 '\addvspace' +19.9 '\addvspace' ================= '\addvspace{length}' @@ -4600,35 +4769,37 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Pre The '\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous '\addvspace' command, then this -command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length -of the total vertical space equal to 'length'. +command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural +length of the total vertical space equal to 'length'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Next: \vfill, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces -20.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' +19.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' ==================================== -These commands produce a given amount of space. +These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the +document class. '\bigskip' - The same as '\vspace{bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line - space (with stretch and shrink). + The same as '\vspace{\bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line + space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the 'book' and + 'article' classes is '12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt'). '\medskip' - The same as '\vspace{medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a - line space (with stretch and shrink). + The same as '\vspace{\medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a + line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the 'book' and + 'article' classes is '6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt'). '\smallskip' - The same as '\vspace{smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter - of a line space (with stretch and shrink). - - The '\...amount' parameters are determined by the document class. + The same as '\vspace{\smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter + of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the + 'book' and 'article' classes is '3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt'). File: latex2e.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Up: Spaces -20.11 '\vfill' +19.11 '\vfill' ============== The '\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can @@ -4638,7 +4809,7 @@ stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to File: latex2e.info, Node: \vspace, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces -20.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' +19.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' ========================== Synopsis: @@ -4655,7 +4826,7 @@ not removed. File: latex2e.info, Node: Boxes, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Spaces, Up: Top -21 Boxes +20 Boxes ******** All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be @@ -4665,18 +4836,18 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands. * \mbox:: Horizontal boxes. * \fbox and \framebox:: Put a frame around a box. -* lrbox:: An environment like \sbox. +* lrbox:: An environment like '\sbox'. * \makebox:: Box, adjustable position. * \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode. * \raisebox:: Raise or lower text. -* \savebox:: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. -* \sbox:: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. +* \savebox:: Like '\makebox', but save the text for later use. +* \sbox:: Like '\mbox', but save the text for later use. * \usebox:: Print saved text. File: latex2e.info, Node: \mbox, Next: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes -21.1 '\mbox{TEXT}' +20.1 '\mbox{TEXT}' ================== The '\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text @@ -4686,7 +4857,7 @@ be used to prevent hyphenation. File: latex2e.info, Node: \fbox and \framebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \mbox, Up: Boxes -21.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox' +20.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox' ============================ Synopses: @@ -4711,7 +4882,7 @@ rule and the contents of the box. File: latex2e.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \makebox, Prev: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes -21.3 'lrbox' +20.3 'lrbox' ============ '\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}' @@ -4724,7 +4895,7 @@ have been declared with '\newsavebox'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \makebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: lrbox, Up: Boxes -21.4 '\makebox' +20.4 '\makebox' =============== Synopsis: @@ -4752,7 +4923,7 @@ optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values: File: latex2e.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \makebox, Up: Boxes -21.5 '\parbox' +20.5 '\parbox' ============== Synopsis: @@ -4795,7 +4966,7 @@ box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used. File: latex2e.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \savebox, Prev: \parbox, Up: Boxes -21.6 '\raisebox' +20.6 '\raisebox' ================ Synopsis: @@ -4814,7 +4985,7 @@ depth. File: latex2e.info, Node: \savebox, Next: \sbox, Prev: \raisebox, Up: Boxes -21.7 '\savebox' +20.7 '\savebox' =============== Synopsis: @@ -4829,7 +5000,7 @@ it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with File: latex2e.info, Node: \sbox, Next: \usebox, Prev: \savebox, Up: Boxes -21.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' +20.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' =========================== Synopsis: @@ -4844,8 +5015,8 @@ previously declared with '\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). File: latex2e.info, Node: \usebox, Prev: \sbox, Up: Boxes -21.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD' -====================== +20.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD}' +======================= Synopsis: @@ -4857,7 +5028,7 @@ a '\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top -22 Special insertions +21 Special insertions ********************* LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special @@ -4865,7 +5036,7 @@ meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. * Menu: -* Reserved characters:: Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +* Reserved characters:: Inserting '# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }' * Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. * Accents:: Inserting accents. * Non-English characters:: Inserting other non-English characters. @@ -4875,7 +5046,7 @@ meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions -22.1 Reserved characters +21.1 Reserved characters ======================== The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called @@ -4909,7 +5080,7 @@ with '"', so the previous example could also be written as File: latex2e.info, Node: Text symbols, Next: Accents, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions -22.2 Text symbols +21.2 Text symbols ================= LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in @@ -4929,6 +5100,9 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package. '\LaTeX' The LaTeX logo. +'\LaTeXe' + The LaTeX2e logo. + '\guillemotleft (<<)' '\guillemotright (>>)' '\guilsinglleft (<)' @@ -5044,7 +5218,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package. Centered period: \cdot. '\textquestiondown (or '?`')' - Upside down questionation point: ?. + Upside down question mark: ?. '\textquotedblleft (or '``')' Double left quote: ". @@ -5086,7 +5260,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package. File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Non-English characters, Prev: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions -22.3 Accents +21.3 Accents ============ LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, @@ -5183,7 +5357,7 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1. File: latex2e.info, Node: Non-English characters, Next: \rule, Prev: Accents, Up: Special insertions -22.4 Non-English characters +21.4 Non-English characters =========================== Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used @@ -5203,7 +5377,7 @@ in languages other than English. '\dj' '\DJ' - xxxx + Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. '\ij' '\IJ' @@ -5215,7 +5389,7 @@ in languages other than English. '\ng' '\NG' - xxxx + Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics. '\o' '\O' @@ -5236,7 +5410,7 @@ in languages other than English. File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: Non-English characters, Up: Special insertions -22.5 '\rule' +21.5 '\rule' ============ Synopsis: @@ -5258,7 +5432,7 @@ THICKNESS File: latex2e.info, Node: \today, Prev: \rule, Up: Special insertions -22.6 '\today' +21.6 '\today' ============= The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD, @@ -5272,7 +5446,7 @@ other date formats. File: latex2e.info, Node: Splitting the input, Next: Front/back matter, Prev: Special insertions, Up: Top -23 Splitting the input +22 Splitting the input ********************** A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole @@ -5293,7 +5467,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document. File: latex2e.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input -23.1 '\include' +22.1 '\include' =============== Synopsis: @@ -5314,7 +5488,7 @@ read by another '\include' command. File: latex2e.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the input -23.2 \'includeonly' +22.2 \'includeonly' =================== Synopsis: @@ -5331,7 +5505,7 @@ comma-separated. Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a File: latex2e.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input -23.3 \input +22.3 \input =========== Synopsis: @@ -5349,7 +5523,7 @@ is not found, the original FILE is tried ('foo' or 'foo.bar'). File: latex2e.info, Node: Front/back matter, Next: Letters, Prev: Splitting the input, Up: Top -24 Front/back matter +23 Front/back matter ******************** * Menu: @@ -5361,7 +5535,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Front/back matter, Next: Letters, Prev: Splitting t File: latex2e.info, Node: Tables of contents, Next: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter -24.1 Tables of contents +23.1 Tables of contents ======================= A table of contents is produced with the '\tableofcontents' command. @@ -5375,21 +5549,22 @@ of contents, write a '\newpage' command after the '\tableofcontents' command. The analogous commands '\listoffigures' and '\listoftables' produce a -list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works -exactly the same as for the table of contents. +list of figures and a list of tables (from '.lof' and '.lot' files), +respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of +contents. The command '\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any of these lists from being generated. * Menu: -* \addcontentsline:: Add an entry to table of contents etc. -* \addtocontents:: Add text directly to table of contents file etc. +* \addcontentsline:: Add an entry to table of contents, etc. +* \addtocontents:: Add text directly to table of contents file, etc. File: latex2e.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Up: Tables of contents -24.1.1 \addcontentsline +23.1.1 \addcontentsline ----------------------- The '\addcontentsline'{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT} command adds an entry to the @@ -5413,7 +5588,7 @@ UNIT For the list of tables. ENTRY - The actual text of the entry. + The text of the entry. What is written to the '.EXT' file is the command '\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'. @@ -5421,7 +5596,7 @@ ENTRY File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Tables of contents -24.1.2 \addtocontents +23.1.2 \addtocontents --------------------- The '\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting @@ -5429,9 +5604,9 @@ commands) directly to the '.EXT' file that generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. EXT - The extension of the file on which information is to be written: - 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of figures), or 'lot' (list - of tables). + The extension of the file on which information is to be written, + typically one of: 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of + figures), or 'lot' (list of tables). TEXT The text to be written. @@ -5439,7 +5614,7 @@ TEXT File: latex2e.info, Node: Glossaries, Next: Indexes, Prev: Tables of contents, Up: Front/back matter -24.2 Glossaries +23.2 Glossaries =============== The command '\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries. @@ -5457,7 +5632,7 @@ glossaries. File: latex2e.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter -24.3 Indexes +23.3 Indexes ============ The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes. Put this in the @@ -5500,7 +5675,7 @@ FAQ entry on this topic, File: latex2e.info, Node: Letters, Next: Terminal input/output, Prev: Front/back matter, Up: Top -25 Letters +24 Letters ********** You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The @@ -5542,7 +5717,7 @@ separate the items. * \cc:: Cc list. * \closing:: Saying goodbye. * \encl:: List of enclosed material. -* \location:: Your organisation's address. +* \location:: Your organization's address. * \makelabels:: Making address labels. * \name:: Your name, for the return address. * \opening:: Saying hello. @@ -5555,7 +5730,7 @@ separate the items. File: latex2e.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Up: Letters -25.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} +24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} ============================= The '\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should @@ -5563,7 +5738,7 @@ appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by '\\' commands. If you do not make an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be -formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. +formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead. (*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation). If you give an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. @@ -5571,7 +5746,7 @@ personal letter. File: latex2e.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters -25.2 '\cc' +24.2 '\cc' ========== Synopsis: @@ -5584,7 +5759,7 @@ printed on a separate line. File: latex2e.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters -25.3 '\closing' +24.3 '\closing' =============== Synopsis: @@ -5597,7 +5772,7 @@ Synopsis: File: latex2e.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters -25.4 '\encl' +24.4 '\encl' ============ Synopsis: @@ -5609,18 +5784,18 @@ Synopsis: File: latex2e.info, Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters -25.5 '\location' +24.5 '\location' ================ '\location{address}' - This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only + This modifies your organization's standard address. This only appears if the 'firstpage' pagestyle is selected. File: latex2e.info, Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters -25.6 '\makelabels' +24.6 '\makelabels' ================== '\makelabels{number}' @@ -5631,7 +5806,7 @@ of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. File: latex2e.info, Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters -25.7 '\name' +24.7 '\name' ============ '\name{June Davenport}' @@ -5642,7 +5817,7 @@ address. File: latex2e.info, Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters -25.8 '\opening{TEXT}' +24.8 '\opening{TEXT}' ===================== Synopsis: @@ -5657,7 +5832,7 @@ TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For instance: File: latex2e.info, Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters -25.9 '\ps' +24.9 '\ps' ========== Use the '\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after @@ -5666,7 +5841,7 @@ Use the '\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after File: latex2e.info, Node: \signature, Next: \startbreaks, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters -25.10 '\signature{TEXT}' +24.10 '\signature{TEXT}' ======================== Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the @@ -5675,7 +5850,7 @@ space for your signature. '\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual. File: latex2e.info, Node: \startbreaks, Next: \stopbreaks, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters -25.11 '\startbreaks' +24.11 '\startbreaks' ==================== '\startbreaks' @@ -5685,7 +5860,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \startbreaks, Next: \stopbreaks, Prev: \signature, File: latex2e.info, Node: \stopbreaks, Next: \telephone, Prev: \startbreaks, Up: Letters -25.12 '\stopbreaks' +24.12 '\stopbreaks' =================== '\stopbreaks' @@ -5695,7 +5870,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \stopbreaks, Next: \telephone, Prev: \startbreaks, File: latex2e.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \stopbreaks, Up: Letters -25.13 '\telephone' +24.13 '\telephone' ================== '\telephone{number}' @@ -5706,7 +5881,7 @@ pagestyle is selected. File: latex2e.info, Node: Terminal input/output, Next: Command line, Prev: Letters, Up: Top -26 Terminal input/output +25 Terminal input/output ************************ * Menu: @@ -5717,7 +5892,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Terminal input/output, Next: Command line, Prev: Le File: latex2e.info, Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Up: Terminal input/output -26.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' +25.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' ======================== Synopsis: @@ -5734,7 +5909,7 @@ command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. File: latex2e.info, Node: \typeout, Prev: \typein, Up: Terminal input/output -26.2 '\typeout{MSG}' +25.2 '\typeout{MSG}' ==================== Synopsis: @@ -5753,22 +5928,27 @@ surrounding spaces. A '^^J' in 'msg' prints a newline. File: latex2e.info, Node: Command line, Next: Document templates, Prev: Terminal input/output, Up: Top -27 Command line +26 Command line *************** The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX uses '.tex' as a default file extension. If you omit the input file -entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command -options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g. +entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You can also specify +arbitrary LaTeX input by starting with a backslash. For example, this +processes 'foo.tex' without pausing after every error: latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' -will process 'foo.tex' without pausing after every error. + With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can +also be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with '-' or '--'. For +a list of those options, try 'latex --help'. If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a '*' prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type '\stop' (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. + *Note TeX engines::, for other system commands invoking LaTeX. + File: latex2e.info, Node: Document templates, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Command line, Up: Top @@ -5776,45 +5956,23 @@ Appendix A Document templates ***************************** Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will -be useful. Additional template resources are listed +be useful. Additional template resources are listed at <http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates>. * Menu: -* book template:: * beamer template:: +* book template:: * tugboat template:: -File: latex2e.info, Node: book template, Next: beamer template, Up: Document templates +File: latex2e.info, Node: beamer template, Next: book template, Up: Document templates -A.1 'book' template -=================== - -\documentclass{book} -\title{Book Class Template} -\author{Alex Author} - -\begin{document} -\maketitle - -\chapter{First} -Some text. - -\chapter{Second} -Some other text. - -\section{A subtopic} -The end. -\end{document} - - -File: latex2e.info, Node: beamer template, Next: tugboat template, Prev: book template, Up: Document templates - -A.2 'beamer' template +A.1 'beamer' template ===================== -The 'beamer' class creates slides presentations. +The 'beamer' class creates presentation slides. It has a vast array of +features, but here is a basic template: \documentclass{beamer} @@ -5842,7 +6000,30 @@ The 'beamer' class creates slides presentations. <http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/>. -File: latex2e.info, Node: tugboat template, Prev: beamer template, Up: Document templates +File: latex2e.info, Node: book template, Next: tugboat template, Prev: beamer template, Up: Document templates + +A.2 'book' template +=================== + +\documentclass{book} +\title{Book Class Template} +\author{Alex Author} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\chapter{First} +Some text. + +\chapter{Second} +Some other text. + +\section{A subtopic} +The end. +\end{document} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: tugboat template, Prev: book template, Up: Document templates A.3 'tugboat' template ====================== @@ -5880,8 +6061,8 @@ This is an example article for \TUB{}. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the -hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the +\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output. Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more: @@ -5931,7 +6112,7 @@ Concept Index * Menu: -* '*' prompt: Command line. (line 15) +* '*' prompt: Command line. (line 18) * *-form of defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand. (line 13) * *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. @@ -5947,6 +6128,8 @@ Concept Index * accessing any character of a font: Reserved characters. (line 25) * acute accent: Accents. (line 20) * acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 11) +* additional packages, loading: Document class options. + (line 75) * ae ligature: Non-English characters. (line 15) * align environment, from 'amsmath': eqnarray. (line 6) @@ -5957,49 +6140,54 @@ Concept Index * aring: Non-English characters. (line 11) * arrays, math: array. (line 6) -* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 128) -* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 160) -* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 96) -* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 61) -* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 64) -* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 67) +* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 131) +* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 163) +* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 99) +* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 64) +* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 67) +* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 70) * author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 12) -* auxiliary file: Overview. (line 45) -* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 70) -* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 76) -* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 73) +* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 33) +* 'babel' package: Accents. (line 6) +* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 73) +* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) +* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 76) * bar-over accent: Accents. (line 29) * bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 14) * bar-under accent: Accents. (line 46) -* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 8) +* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6) +* 'beamer' template and class: beamer template. (line 6) +* bibliography format, open: Document class options. + (line 42) * bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6) * bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6) * bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6) -* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) +* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 82) * black boxes, omitting: Document class options. - (line 27) -* bold font: Font styles. (line 98) -* bold math: Font styles. (line 78) + (line 28) +* bold font: Font styles. (line 104) +* bold math: Font styles. (line 84) * bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 18) * boxes: Boxes. (line 6) -* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 82) -* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 85) +* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 85) +* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 88) * breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 6) * breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 6) * breve accent: Accents. (line 85) * breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 17) -* bug reporting: About this document. (line 13) +* bug reporting: About this document. (line 6) * bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 87) -* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 88) +* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 91) * bulleted lists: itemize. (line 6) -* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 101) -* cap height: Text symbols. (line 96) +* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 107) +* cap height: Text symbols. (line 99) * caron accent: Accents. (line 95) -* case sensitivity of LaTeX: Overview. (line 57) * cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 6) * cedilla accent: Accents. (line 50) -* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 67) -* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 135) +* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 70) +* centered equations: Document class options. + (line 32) +* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 138) * centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 6) * centering text, environment for: center. (line 6) * characters, accented: Accents. (line 6) @@ -6008,22 +6196,25 @@ Concept Index * characters, reserved: Reserved characters. (line 6) * check accent: Accents. (line 95) * check accent, math: Math accents. (line 20) -* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) -* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 91) +* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 82) +* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 94) * circumflex accent: Accents. (line 33) * circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 32) -* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 61) +* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 64) * class options: Document class options. (line 6) * classes of documents: Document classes. (line 6) * closing letters: \closing. (line 6) -* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 52) +* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 55) * code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6) * command line: Command line. (line 6) +* command syntax: LaTeX command syntax. + (line 6) * commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand. (line 6) -* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 96) +* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 99) * computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6) +* contents file: Output files. (line 43) * copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 12) * counters, a list of: Counters. (line 6) * counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 6) @@ -6034,13 +6225,14 @@ Concept Index * creating tables: table. (line 6) * credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 22) * cross references: Cross references. (line 6) +* cross references, resolving: Output files. (line 33) * cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 6) * cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 6) -* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 107) -* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 116) -* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 104) +* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 110) +* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 119) +* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 107) * dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 15) -* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 101) +* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 104) * date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 18) * 'datetime' package: \today. (line 11) * defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand. @@ -6059,9 +6251,10 @@ Concept Index (line 6) * document class options: Document class options. (line 6) +* document class, defined: Starting and ending. (line 14) * document classes: Document classes. (line 6) * document templates: Document templates. (line 6) -* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 107) +* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 110) * dot accent: Accents. (line 25) * dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 26) * dot-over accent: Accents. (line 25) @@ -6070,51 +6263,58 @@ Concept Index * dotless i, math: Math accents. (line 35) * dotless j: Accents. (line 65) * dotless j, math: Math accents. (line 38) -* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27) +* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30) * double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 18) -* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 104) +* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 107) * double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 23) -* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 27) -* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 141) -* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 49) -* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 154) -* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 144) +* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 30) +* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 144) +* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 52) +* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 157) +* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 147) * double spacing: Low-level font commands. (line 52) -* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 76) -* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 113) -* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 33) -* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 110) -* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 163) -* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 169) -* emphasis: Font styles. (line 30) -* emphasis <1>: Font styles. (line 104) +* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) +* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 116) +* e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 12) +* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 36) +* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 113) +* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 166) +* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 172) +* emphasis: Font styles. (line 36) +* emphasis <1>: Font styles. (line 110) * enclosure list: \encl. (line 6) -* ending & starting: Starting & ending. (line 6) +* ending & starting: Starting and ending. (line 6) +* engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 6) * enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6) * environments: Environments. (line 6) * environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. (line 6) * equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) +* equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options. + (line 38) * equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 29) * equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 6) * equations, environment for: equation. (line 6) +* equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options. + (line 32) * es-zet German letter: Non-English characters. (line 47) * eth, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters. (line 19) -* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 116) -* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 119) +* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 119) +* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 122) * exponent: Subscripts & superscripts. (line 6) * external files, creating: filecontents. (line 6) -* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 132) +* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 135) * figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 21) * figures, inserting: figure. (line 6) -* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 122) -* 'float' package: figure. (line 34) -* 'float' package <1>: figure. (line 38) +* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 128) +* 'float' package: figure. (line 38) +* flush left equations: Document class options. + (line 32) * flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 6) * font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands. (line 6) @@ -6133,17 +6333,20 @@ Concept Index (line 6) * formulas, environment for: equation. (line 6) * formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 6) +* forward references, resolving: Output files. (line 33) * fragile commands: \protect. (line 6) -* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27) +* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30) * functions, math: Math functions. (line 6) * global options: Document class options. (line 6) * global options <1>: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 83) * glossaries: Glossaries. (line 6) +* glossary package: Glossaries. (line 15) +* graphics packages: \line. (line 13) * grave accent: Accents. (line 37) * grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 29) -* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 122) +* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 125) * greek letters: Math symbols. (line 6) * ha'c<ek accent, math: Math accents. (line 20) * hacek accent: Accents. (line 95) @@ -6152,6 +6355,7 @@ Concept Index * header style: \pagestyle. (line 6) * header, parameters for: Page layout parameters. (line 6) +* hello, world: Starting and ending. (line 6) * here, putting floats: figure. (line 38) * hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 58) * hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6) @@ -6163,34 +6367,46 @@ Concept Index (line 51) * ij letter, Dutch: Non-English characters. (line 27) +* implementations of TeX: TeX engines. (line 6) * in-line formulas: math. (line 6) * indent, forcing: \indent. (line 6) * indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 6) * indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 17) +* index entries, 'see' and 'see also': Indexes. (line 16) * indexes: Indexes. (line 6) +* infinite horizontal stretch: \hfill. (line 6) +* infinite vertical stretch: \vfill. (line 6) * initial command: filecontents. (line 14) * input file: Splitting the input. (line 6) * input/output: Terminal input/output. (line 6) * inserting figures: figure. (line 6) -* italic font: Font styles. (line 107) +* italic correction: \/. (line 6) +* italic font: Font styles. (line 113) * justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 6) * justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 6) -* Knuth, Donald E.: About this document. (line 6) +* Knuth, Donald E.: Overview. (line 6) * labelled lists, creating: description. (line 6) -* Lamport, Leslie: About this document. (line 6) +* Lamport TeX: Overview. (line 24) +* Lamport, Leslie: Overview. (line 6) +* landscape orientation: Document class options. + (line 35) * LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 21) -* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 8) -* LaTeX Project team: About this document. (line 6) +* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 6) +* LaTeX Project team: About this document. (line 17) +* LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e: About this document. (line 13) +* LaTeX2e logo: Text symbols. (line 24) * layout commands: Layout. (line 6) * layout, page parameters for: Page layout parameters. (line 6) -* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27) -* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 128) -* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 82) -* left quote: Text symbols. (line 37) -* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 141) -* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 147) +* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30) +* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 131) +* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 85) +* left quote: Text symbols. (line 40) +* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 144) +* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 150) +* left-hand equation numbers: Document class options. + (line 38) * left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6) * left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6) * left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 6) @@ -6199,7 +6415,7 @@ Concept Index * lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6) * lengths, predefined: Predefined lengths. (line 6) * lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 6) -* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 125) +* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 128) * letters: Letters. (line 6) * letters, accented: Accents. (line 6) * letters, ending: \closing. (line 6) @@ -6213,23 +6429,28 @@ Concept Index * line breaks, preventing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. (line 6) * lines in tables: tabular. (line 6) -* lining numerals: Font styles. (line 82) +* lining numerals: Font styles. (line 88) * lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 6) * lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 6) * list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6) +* list of figures file: Output files. (line 43) +* list of tables file: Output files. (line 43) * lists of items: itemize. (line 6) * lists of items, generic: list. (line 6) * lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6) * loading additional packages: Document class options. - (line 69) -* log file: Overview. (line 41) + (line 75) +* log file: Output files. (line 28) * logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 21) -* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 58) -* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 49) +* logo, LaTeX2e: Text symbols. (line 24) +* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 61) +* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 52) * low-level font commands: Low-level font commands. (line 6) -* lR mode: Modes. (line 6) -* LuaTeX: Overview. (line 32) +* LR mode: Modes. (line 6) +* 'ltugboat' class: tugboat template. (line 6) +* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 29) +* macro package, LaTeX as: Overview. (line 11) * macron accent: Accents. (line 29) * macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 14) * Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 6) @@ -6238,7 +6459,7 @@ Concept Index * making a title page: titlepage. (line 6) * making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6) * marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 6) -* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 132) +* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 135) * math accents: Math accents. (line 6) * math formulas: Math formulas. (line 6) * math functions: Math functions. (line 6) @@ -6248,12 +6469,13 @@ Concept Index * math mode, spacing: Spacing in math mode. (line 6) * math symbols: Math symbols. (line 6) -* math, bold: Font styles. (line 78) +* math, bold: Font styles. (line 84) * minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6) * modes: Modes. (line 6) -* monospace font: Font styles. (line 122) +* monospace font: Font styles. (line 128) * moving arguments: \protect. (line 6) * multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 6) +* multilingual support: Accents. (line 6) * 'multind' package: Indexes. (line 39) * multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math miscellany. (line 7) @@ -6270,26 +6492,27 @@ Concept Index * notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6) * null delimiter: Math miscellany. (line 21) * numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6) -* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 82) -* oblique font: Font styles. (line 119) +* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 88) +* oblique font: Font styles. (line 125) * oe ligature: Non-English characters. (line 43) * ogonek: Accents. (line 69) -* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 82) +* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 88) * one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 6) -* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 37) +* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 40) +* OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6) * options, document class: Document class options. (line 6) * options, global: Document class options. - (line 76) -* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 132) + (line 83) +* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 135) * oslash: Non-English characters. (line 39) * overbar accent: Accents. (line 29) * overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 26) -* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 8) -* packages, loading: Document class options. - (line 69) +* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6) +* packages, loading additional: Document class options. + (line 75) * page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. (line 6) * page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. @@ -6304,27 +6527,32 @@ Concept Index * paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation. (line 6) * paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quote. (line 6) * paragraph mode: Modes. (line 6) -* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 41) +* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 44) * paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6) * parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters. (line 6) * parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters. (line 6) -* pdfTeX: Overview. (line 26) -* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 135) +* pdfTeX: Output files. (line 20) +* pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 12) +* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 138) +* 'pict2e' package: \line. (line 13) * pictures, creating: picture. (line 6) -* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 41) +* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 44) * placement of floats: figure. (line 19) * poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6) * polish l: Non-English characters. (line 31) +* portrait orientation: Document class options. + (line 35) * postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 6) -* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 45) -* preamble, defined: Starting & ending. (line 17) +* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 48) +* preamble, defined: Starting and ending. (line 19) * predefined lengths: Predefined lengths. (line 6) -* prompt, '*': Command line. (line 15) -* questionation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 138) -* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 27) -* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 154) +* prompt, '*': Command line. (line 18) +* pronunciation: Overview. (line 24) +* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 141) +* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 30) +* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 157) * quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation. (line 6) * quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quote. @@ -6335,30 +6563,33 @@ Concept Index * ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6) * redefining environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. (line 6) -* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 157) +* references, resolving forward: Output files. (line 33) +* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 160) * remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6) -* reporting bugs: About this document. (line 13) +* reporting bugs: About this document. (line 6) * reserved characters: Reserved characters. (line 6) -* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27) -* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 160) -* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 85) -* right quote: Text symbols. (line 52) -* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 144) -* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 150) +* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30) +* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 163) +* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 88) +* right quote: Text symbols. (line 55) +* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 147) +* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 153) +* right-hand equation numbers: Document class options. + (line 38) * right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 6) * right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 6) * ring accent: Accents. (line 74) * ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 41) * robust commands: \protect. (line 16) -* roman font: Font styles. (line 110) +* roman font: Font styles. (line 116) * running header and footer: Page layout parameters. (line 6) * running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6) -* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 116) -* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 101) +* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 122) +* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 107) * section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 47) -* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 55) +* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 58) * sectioning: Sectioning. (line 6) * 'setspace' package: Low-level font commands. (line 52) @@ -6367,30 +6598,32 @@ Concept Index (line 47) * 'showidx' package: Indexes. (line 35) * simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6) -* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 27) -* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 27) -* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 147) -* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 49) -* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 150) +* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30) +* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 30) +* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 150) +* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 52) +* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 153) * sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 6) -* slanted font: Font styles. (line 119) -* small caps font: Font styles. (line 113) +* slanted font: Font styles. (line 125) +* small caps font: Font styles. (line 119) * space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 6) * spaces: Spaces. (line 6) * spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode. (line 6) -* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 132) +* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 135) * special characters: Non-English characters. (line 6) * specifier, float placement: figure. (line 19) * splitting the input file: Splitting the input. (line 6) -* starting & ending: Starting & ending. (line 6) +* starting & ending: Starting and ending. (line 6) * starting a new page: \newpage. (line 6) * starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage. (line 6) * starting on a right-hand page: \cleardoublepage. (line 6) -* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 45) -* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 154) -* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 154) +* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 48) +* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 157) +* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 157) +* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 6) +* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 6) * stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 6) * styles of text: Font styles. (line 6) * styles, page: Page styles. (line 6) @@ -6401,55 +6634,63 @@ Concept Index * symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 6) * tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 6) * table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline. (line 6) +* table of contents file: Output files. (line 43) * table of contents, creating: Tables of contents. (line 6) * tables, creating: table. (line 6) * terminal input/output: Terminal input/output. (line 6) -* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 58) +* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 61) * text symbols: Text symbols. (line 6) -* 'textcomp' package: Font styles. (line 82) +* 'textcomp' package: Font styles. (line 88) * thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 22) * theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 6) * theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6) * thorn, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters. (line 51) -* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 163) +* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 166) * tie-after accent: Accents. (line 80) * tilde accent: Accents. (line 43) * tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 44) -* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 64) +* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 67) +* title page, separate or run-in: Document class options. + (line 46) * title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6) * title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 26) * titles, making: \maketitle. (line 6) -* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 166) -* transcript file: Overview. (line 41) +* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 169) +* transcript file: Output files. (line 28) +* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6) +* TUGboat template: tugboat template. (line 6) * two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 6) -* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 169) +* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 172) * typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 6) * typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 6) * typeface styles: Font styles. (line 6) * typefaces: Fonts. (line 6) -* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 122) +* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 128) * typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 18) * umlaut accent: Accents. (line 16) * underbar: Accents. (line 88) -* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 172) +* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 175) +* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 6) +* unofficial nature of this manual: About this document. (line 17) * unordered lists: itemize. (line 6) * using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* UTF-8: TeX engines. (line 6) * variables, a list of: Counters. (line 6) * vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 47) * verbatim text: verbatim. (line 6) * verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 6) -* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 76) -* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 73) +* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) +* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 76) * vertical space: \addvspace. (line 6) * vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip. (line 6) * visible space: \verb. (line 17) -* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 175) +* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 178) * wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 50) * wide tile accent, math: Math accents. (line 53) * writing external files: filecontents. (line 6) -* XeTeX: Overview. (line 35) +* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 38) * 'xindy' program: Indexes. (line 23) @@ -6462,20 +6703,29 @@ Command Index * Menu: * $: Math formulas. (line 24) -* .aux file: Overview. (line 45) -* .dvi file: Overview. (line 18) -* .log file: Overview. (line 41) -* .pdf file: Overview. (line 26) -* .toc file: Tables of contents. (line 6) +* --help command-line option: Command line. (line 14) +* .aux file: Output files. (line 33) +* .dvi file: Output files. (line 10) +* .lof file: Output files. (line 43) +* .lof file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 16) +* .log file: Output files. (line 28) +* .lot file: Output files. (line 43) +* .lot file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 16) +* .pdf file: Output files. (line 20) +* .tex, default extension: Command line. (line 6) +* .toc file: Output files. (line 43) +* .toc file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 6) * 10pt option: Document class options. (line 14) * 11pt option: Document class options. (line 14) * 12pt option: Document class options. (line 14) -* @{...}: array. (line 29) -* [...] for optional arguments: Overview. (line 51) -* \ character starting commands: Overview. (line 51) +* @{...}: array. (line 30) +* [...] for optional arguments: LaTeX command syntax. + (line 6) +* \ character starting commands: LaTeX command syntax. + (line 6) * \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 16) * \#: Reserved characters. (line 11) * \$: Reserved characters. (line 11) @@ -6504,7 +6754,7 @@ Command Index * \> <1>: Spacing in math mode. (line 15) * \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 30) -* \@: \AT. (line 6) +* \@: \@. (line 6) * \@fnsymbol: Symbolic footnotes. (line 11) * \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 60) * \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) @@ -6543,7 +6793,7 @@ Command Index * \arcsin: Math functions. (line 12) * \arctan: Math functions. (line 15) * \arg: Math functions. (line 18) -* \arraycolsep: array. (line 41) +* \arraycolsep: array. (line 42) * \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 100) * \arraystretch: tabular. (line 104) * \ast: Math symbols. (line 29) @@ -6560,8 +6810,8 @@ Command Index (line 52) * \begin: Environments. (line 6) * \beta: Math symbols. (line 38) -* \bf: Font styles. (line 97) -* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 36) +* \bf: Font styles. (line 103) +* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 42) * \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6) * \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6) * \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6) @@ -6573,9 +6823,9 @@ Command Index * \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 53) * \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 56) * \bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 9) + (line 10) * \bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 9) + (line 10) * \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 65) * \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 59) * \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 62) @@ -6585,13 +6835,12 @@ Command Index * \boldmath: Math formulas. (line 29) * \bot: Math symbols. (line 77) * \bottomfraction: figure. (line 67) -* \bottomnumber: figure. (line 100) * \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 80) * \Box: Math symbols. (line 83) * \breve: Math accents. (line 16) * \bullet: Math symbols. (line 86) * \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 50) -* \cal: Font styles. (line 100) +* \cal: Font styles. (line 106) * \cap: Math symbols. (line 89) * \capitalacute: Accents. (line 20) * \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 85) @@ -6657,9 +6906,9 @@ Command Index * \delta: Math symbols. (line 125) * \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 10) * \det: Math functions. (line 42) -* \dh (ae): Non-English characters. +* \dh (d): Non-English characters. (line 19) -* \DH (AE): Non-English characters. +* \DH (D): Non-English characters. (line 19) * \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 128) * \diamond: Math symbols. (line 131) @@ -6676,13 +6925,13 @@ Command Index * \dot: Math accents. (line 25) * \doteq: Math symbols. (line 140) * \dotfill: \dotfill. (line 6) -* \dots: Text symbols. (line 31) +* \dots: Text symbols. (line 34) * \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 108) * \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 143) * \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 146) * \ell: Math symbols. (line 149) -* \em: Font styles. (line 103) -* \emph: Font styles. (line 30) +* \em: Font styles. (line 109) +* \emph: Font styles. (line 36) * \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 152) * \encl: \encl. (line 6) * \end: Environments. (line 6) @@ -6695,7 +6944,7 @@ Command Index * \equiv: Math symbols. (line 158) * \eta: Math symbols. (line 161) * \evensidemargin: Document class options. - (line 50) + (line 57) * \exists: Math symbols. (line 164) * \exp: Math functions. (line 48) * \extracolsep: tabular. (line 71) @@ -6748,10 +6997,10 @@ Command Index * \glossary: Glossaries. (line 8) * \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 11) * \grave: Math accents. (line 28) -* \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 23) -* \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 24) -* \guilsinglleft (<): Text symbols. (line 25) -* \guilsinglright (>): Text symbols. (line 26) +* \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 26) +* \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 27) +* \guilsinglleft (<): Text symbols. (line 28) +* \guilsinglright (>): Text symbols. (line 29) * \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 58) * \hat: Math accents. (line 31) * \hbar: Math symbols. (line 194) @@ -6793,13 +7042,13 @@ Command Index * \int: Math symbols. (line 218) * \intextsep: figure. (line 89) * \iota: Math symbols. (line 221) -* \it: Font styles. (line 106) +* \it: Font styles. (line 112) * \item: description. (line 14) * \item <1>: enumerate. (line 19) * \item <2>: itemize. (line 6) * \itemindent: itemize. (line 49) * \itemsep: itemize. (line 71) -* \itshape: Font styles. (line 27) +* \itshape: Font styles. (line 33) * \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 65) * \jmath: Math accents. (line 37) * \Join: Math symbols. (line 224) @@ -6830,10 +7079,11 @@ Command Index * \Large: Font sizes. (line 11) * \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 11) * \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 20) +* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 23) * \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 242) * \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 245) * \lceil: Math symbols. (line 248) -* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 30) +* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 33) * \le: Math symbols. (line 251) * \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 254) * \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math miscellany. (line 20) @@ -6879,9 +7129,9 @@ Command Index * \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 295) * \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 298) * \lor: Math symbols. (line 301) -* \lq: Text symbols. (line 36) +* \lq: Text symbols. (line 39) * \makebox: \makebox. (line 6) -* \makebox (picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6) +* \makebox (for 'picture'): \makebox (picture). (line 6) * \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 6) * \makeindex: Indexes. (line 6) * \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6) @@ -6893,21 +7143,22 @@ Command Index * \marginparwidth: Marginal notes. (line 41) * \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 29) * \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 36) -* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 60) -* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 76) -* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 73) +* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 66) +* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 82) +* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 79) * \mathring: Math accents. (line 40) -* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 57) -* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 63) -* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 66) -* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 78) +* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 63) +* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 69) +* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 72) +* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 84) * \max: Math functions. (line 81) * \mbox: \mbox. (line 6) -* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 33) +* \mbox, and LR mode: Modes. (line 24) +* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 39) * \medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 13) + (line 15) * \medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 13) + (line 15) * \mho: Math symbols. (line 307) * \mid: Math symbols. (line 309) * \min: Math functions. (line 84) @@ -6943,14 +7194,16 @@ Command Index (line 35) * \ni: Math symbols. (line 339) * \nocite: \nocite. (line 6) -* \nofiles: Tables of contents. (line 20) +* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 21) +* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 21) +* \nofiles: Tables of contents. (line 21) * \noindent: \noindent. (line 6) * \nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. (line 6) * \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 29) * \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. (line 6) -* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 54) +* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 60) * \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 21) * \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11) * \not: Math symbols. (line 342) @@ -6964,14 +7217,14 @@ Command Index * \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr. (line 6) * \oddsidemargin: Document class options. - (line 50) + (line 57) * \odot: Math symbols. (line 354) * \oe (oe): Non-English characters. (line 43) * \OE (OE): Non-English characters. (line 43) * \oint: Math symbols. (line 357) -* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 82) +* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 88) * \Omega: Math symbols. (line 360) * \omega: Math symbols. (line 363) * \ominus: Math symbols. (line 366) @@ -6984,7 +7237,7 @@ Command Index * \overbrace{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 25) * \overline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 29) * \owns: Math symbols. (line 378) -* \P: Text symbols. (line 39) +* \P: Text symbols. (line 42) * \pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. (line 6) * \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 6) @@ -7009,7 +7262,7 @@ Command Index * \pmod: Math functions. (line 87) * \poptabs: tabbing. (line 71) * \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 72) -* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 43) +* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 46) * \Pr: Math functions. (line 90) * \prec: Math symbols. (line 402) * \preceq: Math symbols. (line 405) @@ -7022,8 +7275,8 @@ Command Index * \psi: Math symbols. (line 420) * \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 74) * \put: \put. (line 6) -* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 47) -* \quotesinglbase (,): Text symbols. (line 48) +* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 50) +* \quotesinglbase (,): Text symbols. (line 51) * \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 74) * \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 6) * \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 6) @@ -7051,20 +7304,20 @@ Command Index * \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 456) * \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 459) * \rightmargin: itemize. (line 62) -* \rm: Font styles. (line 109) -* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 24) +* \rm: Font styles. (line 115) +* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 30) * \roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. (line 18) -* \roman <1>: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. +* \Roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. (line 21) -* \rq: Text symbols. (line 51) +* \rq: Text symbols. (line 54) * \rule: \rule. (line 6) -* \S: Text symbols. (line 54) +* \S: Text symbols. (line 57) * \savebox: \savebox. (line 6) * \sbox: \sbox. (line 6) -* \sc: Font styles. (line 112) +* \sc: Font styles. (line 118) * \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11) -* \scshape: Font styles. (line 48) +* \scshape: Font styles. (line 54) * \searrow: Math symbols. (line 462) * \sec: Math functions. (line 93) * \section: Sectioning. (line 11) @@ -7077,8 +7330,8 @@ Command Index * \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 6) * \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 6) * \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 6) -* \sf: Font styles. (line 115) -* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 45) +* \sf: Font styles. (line 121) +* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 51) * \sharp: Math symbols. (line 468) * \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 6) * \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 471) @@ -7088,14 +7341,14 @@ Command Index * \simeq: Math symbols. (line 480) * \sin: Math functions. (line 96) * \sinh: Math functions. (line 99) -* \sl: Font styles. (line 118) -* \slshape: Font styles. (line 42) +* \sl: Font styles. (line 124) +* \slshape: Font styles. (line 48) * \small: Font sizes. (line 11) * \smallint: Math symbols. (line 483) * \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 17) + (line 20) * \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 17) + (line 20) * \smile: Math symbols. (line 486) * \SPACE: \SPACE. (line 6) * \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 489) @@ -7114,7 +7367,7 @@ Command Index * \star: Math symbols. (line 510) * \startbreaks: \startbreaks. (line 6) * \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 6) -* \stop: Command line. (line 15) +* \stop: Command line. (line 18) * \stopbreaks: \stopbreaks. (line 6) * \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 15) * \subsection: Sectioning. (line 12) @@ -7139,66 +7392,66 @@ Command Index * \tanh: Math functions. (line 108) * \tau: Math symbols. (line 540) * \telephone: \telephone. (line 6) -* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 57) -* \textascenderwordmark: Text symbols. (line 95) -* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 60) -* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 63) -* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 66) -* \textbackslash: Text symbols. (line 69) -* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 72) -* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 75) -* \textbf: Font styles. (line 36) -* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 78) -* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 81) -* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 84) -* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 87) -* \textcapitalwordmark: Text symbols. (line 94) -* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 90) -* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 93) +* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 60) +* \textascenderwordmark: Text symbols. (line 98) +* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 63) +* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 66) +* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 69) +* \textbackslash: Text symbols. (line 72) +* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 75) +* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 78) +* \textbf: Font styles. (line 42) +* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 81) +* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 84) +* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 87) +* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 90) +* \textcapitalwordmark: Text symbols. (line 97) +* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 93) +* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 96) * \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 11) -* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 100) -* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 103) -* \textdollar (or '$'): Text symbols. (line 106) -* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 32) -* \textemdash (or '---'): Text symbols. (line 109) -* \textendash (or '--'): Text symbols. (line 112) -* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 115) -* \textexclamdown (or '!`'): Text symbols. (line 118) +* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 103) +* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 106) +* \textdollar (or '$'): Text symbols. (line 109) +* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 35) +* \textemdash (or '---'): Text symbols. (line 112) +* \textendash (or '--'): Text symbols. (line 115) +* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 118) +* \textexclamdown (or '!`'): Text symbols. (line 121) * \textfloatsep: figure. (line 94) * \textfraction: figure. (line 74) -* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 121) +* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 124) * \textheight: Page layout parameters. (line 29) -* \textit: Font styles. (line 27) -* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 127) -* \textless: Text symbols. (line 124) -* \textmd: Font styles. (line 33) -* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 54) -* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 130) -* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 131) -* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 40) -* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 134) -* \textquestiondown (or '?`'): Text symbols. (line 137) -* \textquotedblleft (or '``'): Text symbols. (line 140) -* \textquotedblright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 143) -* \textquoteleft (or '`'): Text symbols. (line 146) -* \textquoteright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 149) -* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 152) -* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 153) -* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 156) -* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 159) -* \textrm: Font styles. (line 24) -* \textsc: Font styles. (line 48) -* \textsf: Font styles. (line 45) -* \textsl: Font styles. (line 42) -* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 44) -* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 162) -* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 165) -* \texttt: Font styles. (line 51) -* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 168) -* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 171) -* \textup: Font styles. (line 39) -* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 174) +* \textit: Font styles. (line 33) +* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 130) +* \textless: Text symbols. (line 127) +* \textmd: Font styles. (line 39) +* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 60) +* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 133) +* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 134) +* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 43) +* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 137) +* \textquestiondown (or '?`'): Text symbols. (line 140) +* \textquotedblleft (or '``'): Text symbols. (line 143) +* \textquotedblright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 146) +* \textquoteleft (or '`'): Text symbols. (line 149) +* \textquoteright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 152) +* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 155) +* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 156) +* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 159) +* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 162) +* \textrm: Font styles. (line 30) +* \textsc: Font styles. (line 54) +* \textsf: Font styles. (line 51) +* \textsl: Font styles. (line 48) +* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 47) +* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 165) +* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 168) +* \texttt: Font styles. (line 57) +* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 171) +* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 174) +* \textup: Font styles. (line 45) +* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 177) * \textwidth: Page layout parameters. (line 36) * \th (th): Non-English characters. @@ -7221,17 +7474,15 @@ Command Index * \topfraction: figure. (line 79) * \topmargin: Page layout parameters. (line 60) -* \topnumber: figure. (line 104) * \topsep: itemize. (line 80) * \topskip: Page layout parameters. (line 67) * \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 12) -* \totalnumber: figure. (line 108) * \triangle: Math symbols. (line 555) * \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 558) * \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 561) -* \tt: Font styles. (line 121) -* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 51) +* \tt: Font styles. (line 127) +* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 57) * \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 6) * \typein: \typein. (line 6) * \typeout: \typeout. (line 6) @@ -7248,7 +7499,7 @@ Command Index * \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 576) * \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 579) * \uplus: Math symbols. (line 582) -* \upshape: Font styles. (line 39) +* \upshape: Font styles. (line 45) * \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 585) * \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 588) * \usebox: \usebox. (line 6) @@ -7256,7 +7507,7 @@ Command Index * \usefont: Low-level font commands. (line 69) * \usepackage: Document class options. - (line 69) + (line 75) * \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 95) * \value: \value. (line 6) * \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 591) @@ -7288,7 +7539,7 @@ Command Index * \year: \day \month \year. (line 6) * \zeta: Math symbols. (line 636) * \[: Math formulas. (line 16) -* \\ (for 'array'): array. (line 26) +* \\ (for 'array'): array. (line 27) * \\ (for 'center'): center. (line 13) * \\ (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 21) * \\ (for 'flushright'): flushright. (line 12) @@ -7317,80 +7568,94 @@ Command Index (line 6) * _: Subscripts & superscripts. (line 6) -* {...} for required arguments: Overview. (line 51) +* {...} for required arguments: LaTeX command syntax. + (line 6) * a4paper option: Document class options. (line 19) * a5paper option: Document class options. (line 19) * abstract environment: abstract. (line 6) * array environment: array. (line 6) -* article class: Document classes. (line 13) +* article class: Document classes. (line 11) * b5paper option: Document class options. (line 19) -* book class: Document classes. (line 13) +* book class: Document classes. (line 11) +* bottomnumber: figure. (line 100) * center environment: center. (line 6) +* clock option to 'slides' class: Document class options. + (line 72) +* dbltopnumber: figure. (line 104) * description environment: description. (line 6) * displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 6) * displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) * document environment: document. (line 6) * draft option: Document class options. (line 24) +* dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 10) +* dvips command: Output files. (line 10) +* dvitype command: Output files. (line 10) * enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 6) * eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 6) * equation environment: equation. (line 6) * equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) +* etex command: TeX engines. (line 12) * executivepaper option: Document class options. (line 19) * figure: figure. (line 6) * filecontents: filecontents. (line 6) * final option: Document class options. (line 24) +* first-latex-doc document: About this document. (line 33) * fleqn option: Document class options. (line 24) * flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 6) * flushright environment: flushright. (line 6) +* <http://home.gna.org/latexrefman> home page: About this document. + (line 6) * indexspace: Indexes. (line 32) * itemize environment: itemize. (line 6) * landscape option: Document class options. (line 24) -* latex command: Overview. (line 18) +* latex command: Output files. (line 10) +* latex-doc-ptr document: About this document. (line 30) * <latexrefman-discuss@gna.org> email address: About this document. - (line 13) + (line 17) * legalpaper option: Document class options. (line 19) * leqno option: Document class options. (line 24) * letter: letter. (line 6) -* letter class: Document classes. (line 13) +* letter class: Document classes. (line 11) * letterpaper option: Document class options. (line 19) * list: list. (line 6) * lR box: picture. (line 66) * lrbox: lrbox. (line 6) -* lualatex command: Overview. (line 32) +* lshort document: About this document. (line 40) +* lualatex command: TeX engines. (line 29) * math environment: math. (line 6) * math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) * minipage environment: minipage. (line 6) * notitlepage option: Document class options. (line 24) * onecolumn option: Document class options. - (line 44) + (line 51) * oneside option: Document class options. - (line 44) + (line 51) * openany option: Document class options. - (line 44) + (line 51) * openbib option: Document class options. (line 24) * openright option: Document class options. - (line 44) -* pdflatex command: Overview. (line 26) + (line 51) +* pdflatex command: Output files. (line 20) * picture: picture. (line 6) * printindex: Indexes. (line 28) * quotation: quotation. (line 6) * quote: quote. (line 6) -* report class: Document classes. (line 13) +* report class: Document classes. (line 11) * secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 47) -* slides class: Document classes. (line 13) +* slides class: Document classes. (line 11) * tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 6) * table: table. (line 6) * tabular environment: tabular. (line 6) @@ -7400,222 +7665,231 @@ Command Index * titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6) * titlepage option: Document class options. (line 24) +* topnumber: figure. (line 108) +* totalnumber: figure. (line 112) * twocolumn option: Document class options. - (line 44) + (line 51) * twoside option: Document class options. - (line 44) + (line 51) +* usrguide official documentation: About this document. (line 36) * verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6) * verse environment: verse. (line 6) -* xelatex command: Overview. (line 35) +* xdvi command: Output files. (line 10) +* xelatex command: TeX engines. (line 38) Tag Table: -Node: Top1683 -Node: About this document3526 -Node: Overview4951 -Node: Starting & ending7323 -Node: Document classes7885 -Node: Document class options8457 -Node: Fonts11045 -Ref: Typefaces11148 -Node: Font styles11475 -Node: Font sizes14970 -Node: Low-level font commands16201 -Node: Layout18651 -Node: \onecolumn19116 -Node: \twocolumn19329 -Node: \flushbottom20833 -Node: \raggedbottom21195 -Node: Page layout parameters21481 -Node: Sectioning24512 -Node: Cross references26053 -Node: \label26484 -Node: \pageref27346 -Node: \ref27645 -Node: Environments28035 -Node: abstract29548 -Node: array29789 -Node: center31118 -Node: \centering31595 -Node: description32435 -Node: displaymath33249 -Node: document33817 -Node: enumerate34074 -Node: eqnarray35363 -Node: equation36753 -Node: figure37126 -Node: filecontents40950 -Node: flushleft42603 -Node: \raggedright43094 -Node: flushright43653 -Node: \raggedleft44141 -Node: itemize44698 -Node: letter48329 -Node: list48567 -Node: 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+Node: Command line169093 +Node: Document templates170045 +Node: beamer template170452 +Node: book template171103 +Node: tugboat template171471 +Node: Concept Index173573 +Node: Command Index215567 End Tag Table diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog index c373fc57bfe..8631bf40d6f 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog @@ -1,14 +1,309 @@ -2014-05-19 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2015-05-12 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (@settitle): unofficial. + (About this document): reword a bit. + (UPDATED): now it's May. + More indexing. + + * Makefile (check-dw): new target. + * latex2e.texi: remove doubled words. + + * Makefile (txt_files): add aspell.en.pws. + (check-en): try spell-en first. + +2015-05-08 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (Non-English characters): tersely define \dj \DJ + and \ng \NG (without typesetting). + * Makefile (spell): exclude \command names. + * aspell.en.pws: new file. + +2015-05-08 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon@smcvt.edu> + and Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (LaTeX command syntax): (Re-)include description of + command syntax, inspired by alt-latex-info. + +2015-05-08 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * Makefile (en, es, fr, spell, svr, svd): new targets. + (all): rework target. + (all_suffixes, txt_files): new vars. + +2015-05-07 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi: some typos. + * latex2e-es.texi: can't use \sup with current texinfo.tex. + * Makefile: simplify to be maintainable at the cost of some + redundancy (sorry, Vincent). + +2015-05-06 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol): + use @U to show the footnote symbols. + +2015-05-05 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi: More indexing. Always ", etc.". Use of @dmn. + (Modes): re-paragraph the descriptions. + (\@@): Rename from \AT, now that Texinfo can handle @ in node names. + +2015-04-26 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (Starting and ending): rename from + Starting & ending. Leave anchor behind. + + * latex2e.texi (Starting & ending): make a section. + Notes for a new syntax section. + More on the example document. + From Jim, 22 Apr 2015 15:06:24 +0000. + (beamer template, book template): transpose to make alphabetical. + (Command line): xref TeX engines, --help, etc. + +2015-04-23 Jim Hefferon <jhefferon@smcvt.edu> + and Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (Output files, TeX engines): new nodes. + Jim's original msg, 20 Apr 2015 12:42:23. + (Independently, eliminate some "very"s throughout.) + +2015-04-20 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (About this document, Overview): more clearly + separate these nodes. From Jim, 14 Apr 2015 19:57:21. + + * latex2e.texi (Document classes): Add descriptions of built-in + LaTeX classes. From Jim, 12 Apr 2015 22:10:47. + +2015-04-10 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (Font styles): mention \nocorr and \nocorrlist. + (\/): mention automatic insertion from \textit and \itshape, etc. + From Jim, 10 Apr 2015 00:13:39. + +2015-04-08 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (\bigskip \medskip \smallskip): add defaults, + other tweaks. From Jim Hefferson, 7 Apr 2015 23:45:50. + +2015-04-07 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi: start update for 2015. + Index pict2e (was curve2e) and other packages. + (\put): format synopsis like others, etc. + (\newcounter): metavar name supercounter. + +2015-02-22 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * Makefile (texi2html): use -c TOP_NODE_UP_URL + (to be in next Texinfo release). + + * latex2e.texi (Math functions): avoid \sup, since @sup + is now a Texinfo command (for the next release). + + * latex2e.texi (\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol): + \Roman for second @item. Typo reported by Jose Atria. + +2014-11-19 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi: Progress translation to French + + * Makefile: add targets check-fr, check-en & check-es. + + * latex2e.texi (node figure): typo occuped->occupied. + (node filecontents): Make it clear that it is about + files not documents. + +2014-10-20 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * Makefile: Add target `check' to compile each manual once with tex + and once with makeinfo. This is faster than using target `all'. + +2014-10-19 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e.texi (\setcounter): replace @var{\counter} by @var{counter} + + * latex2e-es.texi (\setcounter): Same change as latex2e.texi + + * latex2e-fr.texi (\setcounter): Same change as latex2e.texi. + Progress Translation to French. + +2014-10-17 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-es.texi (\pagenumbering): use @backslashchar{} within + @vincentb in order to compile with tex. + +2014-10-17 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> + + * latex2e.texi (\newcommand & \renewcommand): fix explanation of + optarg; its default value is never "def", that was a misreading + of latex209.dtx. Rename to optargval. From Vincent. + + * latex2e.texi (\alph): avoid UTF-8 or @document*, sorry. + (\thinspace): this is not the place to use @dmn. + (figure) <bottomnumber, etc.>: these are counters not control + sequences, so no \. + + * latex2e-es.texi (\put): @vincentb, not @vincenb. + +2014-09-25 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e.texi (\put): Make coordinates within @var{...} and add + explicit reference to them in the text. + (\usebox): typo add missing closing curly bracket + + * latex2e-es.texi (\put): Same as latex2e.texi (except that + \usebox node was ok). + + * latex2e-fr.texi (nodes \put, \usebox): Same as + latex2e.texi. Progress translation to French. + +2014-09-19 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e.texi (document header): Set @documentencoding and + @documentlanguage. + (document footer): Add Emacs file local variable to specify + ispell dictionary. + + * latex2e.texi (\pagenumbering): Clarify that \pagenumber + also resets page number to 1. + (\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol): + add UTF-8 symbols next to symbol names for \fnsymbol. + (\newcounter): rename @var{cnt} -> + @var{countername}, and @var{countername} -> @var{super}, and make + it explicit in the text that @var{super} is the name of a counter. + (\newlength): @code{length} command -> @dfn{length} command. + (document footer): Add Emacs file local variable to specify + encoding. + + * latex2e-es.texi: Similar changes as latex2e.texi. + (\newlength): Also translate length to longitud, as this is + not a reserved word, we just mean an instruction to manage one + length. + + * latex2e-fr.texi: Similar changes as latex2e.texi. Progress + translation to French. + +2014-09-10 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e.texi (\thinspace): em -> @dmn{em}. + + * latex2e-es.texi (\thinspace): same as latex2e.texi. + + * latex2e-fr.texi: Progress translation to French. + +2014-09-08 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-fr.texi: Progress translation to French. + + * latex2e.texi (node Modes): replace `-' by `---', and `The box + make by' by `The box made by'. + (node Math miscellany): correct typo `for examp*l*e'. + +2014-08-30 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e-es.texi (\vector): correct bug involved by renaming + y-slop/x-slop to declivex/declivey --- as I used @vincentb macro + encapsulation to mark my change, it made \ of \vector no longer a + "other" character. + +2014-08-29 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * Makefile: add definition of variable all, for clean to work. Add + squeaky as a synonym of realclean. Add in comment generic line for + other language being zipped to to dist. + + * latex2e-fr.texi: Progression traduction + + * latex2e.texi (node Page layout parameters): correct typo clase -> classes + (node array): `in that row' -> `in each row of that column + + * latex2e-es.texi (node array): `el número de elementos y deben + tener el formato' -> `cual formato debe tener cada linea en esta + columna' + + +2014-08-24 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> + + * latex2e.texi (node Boxes): add @code{...} encapsulation. + (\dashbox): replace @code{...} by @var{...} for \dashbox + parameters in last sentence. (nodes \line & Glossaries) add + @acronym{...} around CTAN. + (\makebox of picture): use @example environment for the + synopsis, and @var{...} for the parameters. + (\vector): rename x-slope, and x both to xslope, respectively + for y-slope and y, and use consistently @var{...} encapsulation. + + * latex2e-es.texi (node Cajas): same as latex2e.texi. + (\dashbox): same as latex2e.texi. Rename parameter + @var{dlargo} to @var{glargo}, with 'g' for guión (aka + dash). + (nodes \line & Glossarios): same as latex2e.texi. + (\makebox of picture): same as latex2e.texi. + (\vector): same as latex2e.texi. + + * latex2e-fr.texi (node Boxes): same as latex2e.texi. + (\dashbox): same as latex2e.texi. + (nodes \line & Glossaries): same as latex2e.texi. + (\makebox of picture): same as latex2e.texi. + (\vector): same as latex2e.texi. + Progress further translation to French. + +2014-08-17 Vincent Belaïche <vincent.b.1@hotmail.fr> + + * latex2e.texi: (node Layout) Add @code{...} around \headheight + and \footskip in `Page layout parameters' menu entry + + * latex2e-es.texi: Same change as in latex2e.texi + + * latex2e-fr.texi: Same change as in latex2e.texi. Continue + progressing translation to French. + +2014-08-11 Vincent Belaïche <vincent.b.1@hotmail.fr> + + * latex2e.texi: Add @code{...} encapsulation in some places to + class names letter, slides, book, report, article, and to + environement theorem. + (Document class options) Add missing closing bracket. + + * latex2e-es.texi: Same changes as for latex2e.texi. + + * latex2e-fr.texi: Same changes as for latex2e.texi. Progress + translation to French. + + +2014-08-10 Vincent Belaïche <vincent.b.1@hotmail.fr> + + * latex2e.texi: (Overview) change wording about case sensitivity. + + * latex2e-es.texi: (Descripción) same change change as for latex2e.texi about case sensitivity. + + * latex2e-fr.texi: (Overview) same change change as for + latex2e.texi about case sensitivity. (Whole document) Put in place + same structure as for original and progress translation. + +2014-08-01 Vincent Belaïche <vincent.b.1@hotmail.fr> + + * latex2e-fr.texi: Creation --- still very approximate & preliminary... + + * Makefile: Make it generic + +2014-07-20 Vincent Belaïche <vincent.b.1@hotmail.fr> + + * latex2e.texi (\LaTeXe), + * latex2e-es.texi (\LaTeXe): document LaTeX2e log. + +2014-05-19 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * May 2014 release for TeX Live 2014. -2014-02-28 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2014-02-28 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (filecontents): tweak language. (Font styles): mention my disagreement with the oft-stated notion that \tt, et al., are "obsolete". -2014-02-27 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> +2014-02-27 Vincent Belaïche <vincent.b.1@hotmail.fr> * latex2e.texi (filecontents): Clarify that LaTeX2e default filecontents environment DOES NOT overwrite existing files, you @@ -16,16 +311,16 @@ * latex2e-es.texi (filecontents): Align on the English version. -2014-02-26 Vincent Belaïche <vincentb1@users.sourceforge.net> +2014-02-26 Vincent Belaïche <vincent.b.1@hotmail.fr> * latex2e-es.texi: Align Spanish translation with changes made by Karl on 2014-02-23, and also some changes done before that. -2014-02-25 Vincent Belaïche <vincent.belaiche@gmail.com> +2014-02-25 Vincent Belaïche <vincent.b.1@hotmail.fr> * latex2e.texi: Correct typo, rm duplicate 2014 in copyright notice. -2014-02-23 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2014-02-23 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (@title): put the "unofficial" label here, not just the subtitle. @@ -33,24 +328,24 @@ and the latter is far more commonly used. Also fix truncated sentence about italic correction. -2014-02-02 Vincent Belaiche <vincent.belaiche@gmail.com> +2014-02-02 Vincent Belaiche <vincent.b.1@hotmail.fr> * latex2e-es.texi (\includeonly, \input): correct @code for @section titles, plus \@fnsymbol not \fnsymbol. http://gna.org/bugs/?21582 -2014-01-31 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2014-01-31 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e-es.texi (filecontents): new node from Vincent Belaiche. http://gna.org/bugs/?21569 * latex2e.texi: likewise, plus edits. -2013-05-13 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2013-05-13 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Font styles): mention \oldstylenums. (picture): \unitlength default is 1pt. -2013-04-25 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2013-04-25 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (\newcommand & \renewcommand): mention * form; try to clarify optional arg defaults. @@ -61,27 +356,27 @@ * ltx-help.el (latex-help): handle try-completion returning a string for a partial match, vs. t for exact match. - -2013-04-25 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> + +2013-04-25 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * ltx-help.el: untabify, doc fixes. -2012-05-10 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2012-05-10 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * May 2012 release for TeX Live 2012. - + * latex2e.texi (About this document): mention a few other docs. (eqnarray): don't use it; reference Madsen article (figure): ! float specifier, \*number parameters. (Math accents): mention \mathring. -2012-04-25 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2012-04-25 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: Index \extracolsep, template list at http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates, other template updates, etc. -2011-05-12 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2011-05-12 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * May 2011 release for TeX Live 2011. @@ -89,324 +384,324 @@ and remove spurious duplicate \textordfeminine entry. Report from Eric Jablow, 12 Apr 2011 05:17:47. -2011-05-05 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2011-05-05 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Document templates): Add link to http://www.howtotex.com/templates. -2011-05-03 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2011-05-03 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Overview): mention other engines, etc. (About this document): new node, for bug address, home page, etc. - + * latex2e.texi (Page layout parameters): discuss \linewidth vs. \columnwidth vs. \textwidth vs. \hsize in more detail. -2010-09-03 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2010-09-03 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e-es.texi: translation to Spanish, from Nacho Pacheco, 27 Aug 2010 19:15:47. * Makefile: also build the Spanish. -2010-09-03 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2010-09-03 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: update TUGboat sample. - + * Makefile (%.html): use new perl makeinfo (texi2html), so no need for g_t kludge. -2010-07-12 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2010-07-12 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * July 2010 release for TL 2010. * latex2e.texi (Text symbols): add many from ltoutenc. -2009-12-25 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2009-12-25 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Symbolic footnotes): new section. -2009-11-01 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2009-11-01 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Accents): add \underbar, although it isn't an accent. (Math miscellany): better distinguish \underline and \underbar. -2009-10-27 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2009-10-27 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Line breaking, Page breaking): move to earlier, matching top-level @menu. -2009-09-07 Karl Berry <karl@tug.org> +2009-09-07 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * September 2009 release for TL 2009. -2009-04-23 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2009-04-23 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Indexes): add considerably more info. -2008-06-12 Karl Berry <karl@tug.org> +2008-06-12 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * 2.0 release for ctan.org/get/doc/latex-info, and TeX Live 2008. -2007-11-05 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-11-05 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \put \raggedbottom -2007-11-04 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-11-04 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \ps \psi \Psi \pushtabs -2007-11-03 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-11-03 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \protect -2007-10-29 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-29 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (math): \Pr \prec \preceq \prime \prod \propto. -2007-10-28 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-28 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Text symbols): \poptabs \pounds. -2007-10-25 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-25 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \perp \phi \pi \Pi \pm \pmod -2007-10-24 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-24 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \part \partial -2007-10-23 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-23 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \parskip -2007-10-22 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-22 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \parsep -2007-10-21 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-21 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \parindent -2007-10-20 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-20 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \parbox -2007-10-17 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-17 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \paragraph \parallel -2007-10-16 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-16 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \pagestyle -2007-10-15 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-15 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \pagenumberingstyle \pageref -2007-10-11 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-11 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \oplus \oslash \otimes -2007-10-10 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-10 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \onecolumn \opening -2007-10-08 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-08 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \dot \oe \OE \oint \omega \Omega \ominus -2007-10-07 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-07 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (\oddsidemargin) -2007-10-06 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-06 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \obeycr, \restorecr; split page/line breaking into separate chapters. -2007-10-05 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-05 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \not \notin \nu \nwarrow \o \O -2007-10-04 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-04 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (\normalmarginpar \normalsize) -2007-10-03 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-10-03 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \nopagebreak -2007-06-27 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-27 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \flat \flushbottom -2007-06-26 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-26 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \evensidemargin \exists \exp \fbox \fboxrule \fboxsep -2007-06-25 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-25 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \epsilon \equiv \eta -2007-06-24 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-24 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \em \emptyset \encl -2007-06-23 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-23 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \doublerulesep \downarrow \Downarrow \ell -2007-06-22 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-22 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \dot \doteq \dotfill -2007-06-21 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-21 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \displaystyle -2007-06-20 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-20 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \deg \delta \Delta \det \diamond \Diamong \diamondsuit \dim \div -2007-06-19 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-19 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \ddag \ddagger \ddot -2007-06-18 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-18 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \dblfloatpagefraction \dblfloatsep \dbltextfloatsep \dbltopfraction -2007-06-17 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-17 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \day \month \year; put xref chapter earlier. -2007-06-16 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-16 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \dashbox \dashv \date -2007-06-15 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-15 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \d \dag \dagger -2007-06-14 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-14 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \cos \cosh \cot \coth \cup -2007-06-13 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-13 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \cong \coprod \copyright -2007-06-12 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-12 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \columnsep \columnseprule \columnwidth -2007-06-11 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-11 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \cline \closing \clubsuit -2007-06-03 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-03 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \chi \circ \circle[*] -2007-06-01 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-06-01 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \centering \chapter \check -2007-05-31 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-31 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \caption \cc \cdot \cdots -2007-05-30 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-30 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \cal \cap -2007-05-24 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-24 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \bottomfraction, \bowtie, \Box, \breve, \bullet, \c. -2007-05-23 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-23 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \boldmath, \bot. -2007-05-22 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-22 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (\bigskip, \bmod) -2007-05-21 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-21 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Math Symbols): \big operators -2007-05-19 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-19 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Using BibTeX): \bibliography, \bibliographystyle -2007-05-18 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-18 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (\bf, \bibitem) -2007-05-17 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-17 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (verse environment, \beta) -2007-05-15 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-15 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (titlepage, verbatim): environments. (\verb). -2007-05-14 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-14 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (theorem): environment. -2007-05-12 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-05-12 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (tabbing): environment. -2007-04-12 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-04-12 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (\AT): new node for \@. -2007-04-11 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-04-11 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (tabbing): \a' \a` \a= for accents. -2007-04-10 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-04-10 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (Accents): \~ for tilde accent. -2007-04-09 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-04-09 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \| -2007-04-06 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-04-06 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \\ in its various contexts -2007-04-02 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-04-02 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: macron accent * latex2e.texi (Accents): \= for macron. -2007-04-01 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-04-01 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: \: \; \< -2007-03-30 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-03-30 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: through \. -2007-03-28 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-03-28 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: remove unneeded @page, fix over/underfull boxes, etc. -2007-03-27 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-03-27 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi: remove node pointers * latex2e.texi: \*: discretionary multiplication. -2007-03-21 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> +2007-03-21 Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> * latex2e.texi (\SPACE): new node. diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile index 8e9050be5ad..8ccecf34c77 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile @@ -1,6 +1,21 @@ +# $Id: Makefile 333 2015-05-12 17:12:37Z karl $ # Public domain. Originally written 2006, Karl Berry. # Makefile for latexrefman. +en_tex_output = latex2e.dvi latex2e.pdf +es_tex_output = latex2e-es.dvi latex2e-es.pdf +fr_tex_output = latex2e-fr.dvi latex2e-fr.pdf +# +mi_suffixes = dbk html info txt xml +en_mi_output = $(addprefix latex2e., $(mi_suffixes)) +es_mi_output = $(addprefix latex2e-es., $(mi_suffixes)) +fr_mi_output = $(addprefix latex2e-fr., $(mi_suffixes)) +# +all_suffixes = dvi pdf $(mi_suffixes) + + +# how to build. +# texi2dvi = texi2dvi --batch --tidy --build-dir=$*.t2dvi texi2pdf = texi2pdf --batch --tidy --build-dir=$*.t2pdf # @@ -8,13 +23,14 @@ makeinfo = makeinfo texi2docbook = $(makeinfo) --docbook texi2html = $(makeinfo) --html --no-split texi2info = $(makeinfo) --no-split -texi2txt = $(makeinfo) --plaintext --no-split -o $@ +texi2txt = $(makeinfo) --plaintext --no-split texi2xml = $(makeinfo) --xml %.pdf: %.texi $(texi2pdf) $< %.dvi: %.texi $(texi2dvi) $< +# %.dbk: %.texi $(texi2docbook) -o $@ $< %.html: %.texi @@ -22,38 +38,76 @@ texi2xml = $(makeinfo) --xml %.info: %.texi $(texi2info) $< %.txt: %.texi - $(texi2txt) $< + $(texi2txt) -o $@ $< %.xml: %.texi $(texi2xml) $< -en_tex_output = latex2e.dvi latex2e.pdf -es_tex_output = latex2e-es.dvi latex2e-es.pdf -tex_output = $(en_tex_output) $(es_tex_output) + +# targets follow. +# +default: check-en + +# to test changes, build a subset: html and info (since these formats +# exercise significantly different code paths), and pdf for tex. +check_suffixes = html info pdf # -en_makeinfo_output = latex2e.info latex2e.html latex2e.txt \ - latex2e.xml latex2e.dbk -es_makeinfo_output = latex2e-es.info latex2e-es.html latex2e-es.txt \ - latex2e-es.xml latex2e-es.dbk -makeinfo_output = $(en_makeinfo_output) $(es_makeinfo_output) +check-en: spell-en $(addprefix latex2e., $(check_suffixes)) +check-es: $(addprefix latex2e-es., $(check_suffixes)) +check-fr: $(addprefix latex2e-fr., $(check_suffixes)) +check: check-en check-es check-fr + +# Build per language. +en: $(en_mi_output) $(en_tex_output) +es: $(es_mi_output) $(es_tex_output) +fr: $(fr_mi_output) $(fr_tex_output) + +# To build everything in all languages. +all: en es fr -all: makeinfo_output tex_output -makeinfo_output: $(makeinfo_output) -tex_output: $(tex_output) +# following the GNU sequence of clean targets. +distclean clean mostlyclean: + rm -rf latex2e*.t2* -mostlyclean clean: - rm -rf latex2e.t2* +realclean maintainer-clean: distclean + rm -f $(addprefix latex2e*., pdf dvi $(mi_suffixes)) -realclean distclean: clean - rm -f $(all) +# dist. +# +# We combine languages into one zip for upload. Will change if the +# translations ever become separately uploaded. +# Don't bother including .dvi files. +# +txt_files = ChangeLog Makefile NEWS README aspell.en.pws ltx-help.el dist = latex2e-help-texinfo.zip +# dist: all - @rm -f spanish; ln -s . spanish - @mkdir latex2e-help-texinfo; cd latex2e-help-texinfo; ln -s ../* . + rm -f spanish; ln -s . spanish + mkdir latex2e-help-texinfo && cd latex2e-help-texinfo && ln -s ../* . zip -q $(dist) \ -$(addprefix latex2e-help-texinfo/, ChangeLog Makefile NEWS README ltx-help.el \ - latex2e.texi $(en_makeinfo_output) latex2e.pdf) \ +$(addprefix latex2e-help-texinfo/, $(txt_files) \ + latex2e.texi $(en_mi_output) latex2e.pdf) \ $(addprefix latex2e-help-texinfo/spanish/, \ - latex2e-es.texi $(es_makeinfo_output) latex2e-es.pdf) - @rm -rf latex2e-help-texinfo + latex2e-es.texi $(es_mi_output) latex2e-es.pdf) + rm -rf latex2e-help-texinfo spanish @ls -l $(dist); unzip -t $(dist) + +# A hacky spell check target. +# Remove \commandnames to reduce exception list, but not {args} or +# [args], since they are often words. +spell spell-en: + sed -e 's/\\[a-zA-z]*//g' latex2e.texi \ + | aspell list --mode=texinfo --add-extra-dicts=`pwd`/aspell.en.pws \ + | sort -f -u + +# Check for doubled words. +# http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/software/file-tools.html#dw +check-dw: + grep -v '^@item' latex2e.texi | dw + +# Convenience targets to svn revert the generated files, +# and svn diff the source files. +svr: + svn revert $(addprefix latex2e*., $(all_suffixes)) +svd: + svn diff $(txt_files) *.texi diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS index d2dc89fc459..894c9334f10 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS @@ -1,14 +1,30 @@ +$Id: NEWS 333 2015-05-12 17:12:37Z karl $ NEWS for latex2e.texi, aka the latex2e-help-texinfo package. Public domain. Originally written 1995, Torsten Martinsen. - Spanish translation originally from Nacho Pacheco. +French translation originally from Vincent Belaiche. + +---------------------------------------------------------------- +Changes in May 2015 release: + +Usual bug fixes, more indexing, template updates. +Improve document and LaTeX overview, including general syntax. +Mention common engines, core classes, output files, italic corrections, pict2e. +Clarify optional arguments. +Avoid using plain's \sup, since @sup will be a Texinfo command. +For HTML, make the Up from Top be http://tug.org/texinfohtml. +Exception word list for spell checking, and make target for spell + checking and doubled words. +- +French translation begun (only in sources); Spanish translation updated. +Thanks to Vincent Belaiche and Jim Hefferon for their many contributions. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in May 2014 release: Usual bug fixes, template updates. Add filecontents description, fnsymbol info, non-obsolescence of \tt et al., -mostly due to Vincent Belaiche. + mostly due to Vincent Belaiche. Updates to Spanish translation, also from Vincent. ---------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README index c459799ad4a..45d1a5d5abf 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +$Id: README 328 2015-05-07 18:33:27Z karl $ README for latex2e.texi, aka the latex2e-help-texinfo package. Public domain. This file originally written 2008, Karl Berry. @@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ http://home.gna.org/latexrefman (the project home page) has more information, including links to the current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other infrastructure. -Help is most definitely wanted. (Search for "xx" in the source for only +Help is most definitely wanted. (Search for "xx" in the source for just a few of the known deficiencies.) Please email any bug reports, new -material, general discussion, whatever, to latexrefman-discuss@gna.org. +material, general discussion, whatever, to latexrefman-discuss@gna.org, +also at https://mail.gna.org/listinfo/latexrefman-discuss. + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d7b7e81f524 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/aspell.en.pws @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +personal_ws-1.1 en 0 +ae +arabic +aring +Biemesderfer +Botway +bowtie +cmd +cp +dvi +dvitype +eg +ek +eng +eth +executivepaper +f's +fleqn +fn +fnsymbol +greek +hacek +hungarian +indexspace +intercolumn +Itemizations +LAH +legalpaper +letterpaper +lR +lrbox +Martinsen +niques +notitlepage +oe +onecolumn +oo +openany +openbib +openright +oslash +overbar +overdot +Overstrike +pagestyle +printindex +secnumdepth +superscripted +teck +tecks +texinfo +th +titlepage +twocolumn +twoside +underbar +xelatex +xyz +zet +ptr +usrguide diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk index 10eb5b9ea47..960c331c619 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk @@ -4,28 +4,29 @@ <!ENTITY latex "LaTeX"> ]> <book id="latex2e.dbk" lang="en"> -<title>&latex;2e reference manual (May 2014)</title> +<title>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (May 2015)</title> <!-- %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> <!-- latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, --> <!-- xx but latex2e stuff is missing. --> +<!-- xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file --> <!-- --> -<!-- xx mention \nocorr, \textit and ic --> -<!-- xx give actual smallskip/etc. defaults --> +<!-- xx ending a run with errors --> +<!-- xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX --> +<!-- xx classes and packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts --> <!-- --> -<!-- xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) --> +<!-- xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) --> +<!-- xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/latex2e-reference.tar.gz --> <!-- xx merge permuted-index --> <!-- xx merge latex-manual from savannah --> <!-- --> <!-- xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel --> <!-- xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. --> <!-- xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands. --> -<!-- xx See also http://www.ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. --> -<!-- --> -<!-- xx packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts --> +<!-- xx See also http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. --> <bookinfo><legalnotice><para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of May 2014. +document preparation system, version of May 2015. </para> <para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -34,13 +35,13 @@ George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The &latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and -<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway -and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as -<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no text was -directly copied). +<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by +L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users +Group as <citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no +text was directly copied). </para> <para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014 Karl Berry. +2014, 2015 Karl Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. @@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of May 2014. +document preparation system, version of May 2015. </para> <para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -71,13 +72,13 @@ George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The &latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and -<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway -and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as -<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no text was -directly copied). +<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by +L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users +Group as <citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no +text was directly copied). </para> <para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014 Karl Berry. +2014, 2015 Karl Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. @@ -99,12 +100,10 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <chapter label="" id="Top"> -<title>&latex;2e</title> +<title>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title> -<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version as of May 2014. It is -intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of -&latex; for many years. +<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of +May 2015) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. </para> @@ -112,183 +111,350 @@ intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of <chapter label="1" id="About-this-document"> <title>About this document</title> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm> -<para>The &latex; document preparation system is implemented as a macro -package for Donald E. Knuth’s &tex; typesetting program. -&latex; was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now -maintained by a group of volunteers (<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). -The official documentation written by the &latex; project is -available from their web site. -</para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>bug reporting</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>reporting bugs</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary><email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email> email address</primary></indexterm> -<para>The present document is completely unofficial and has not been -reviewed by the &latex; maintainers. Do not send bug reports or -anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all -comments to <email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email>. -</para> -<para>The home page for this document is +<indexterm role="fn"><primary><ulink url="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</ulink> home page</primary></indexterm> +<para>This is an unofficial reference manual for the &latex;2e document +preparation system, which is a macro package for the &tex; +typesetting program (see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>). This document’s home page is <ulink url="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</ulink>. That page has links to the -current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other -infrastructure. -</para> -<para>Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about -&latex;. Here are a few: +current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and +subscriptions, and other infrastructure. </para> -<variablelist><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</ulink> -</term><listitem><para>Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation. +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; vs. &latex;2e</primary></indexterm> +<para>In this document, we will mostly just use ‘&latex;’ rather than +‘&latex;2e’, since the previous version of &latex; (2.09) was +retired many years ago. </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</ulink> -</term><listitem><para>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. -</para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</ulink> -</term><listitem><para>The guide for document authors maintained as part of &latex;; there -are several others. +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>unofficial nature of this manual</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary><email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email> email address</primary></indexterm> +<para>&latex; is currently maintained by a group of volunteers +(<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). The official documentation written by +the &latex; project is available from their web site. This document is +completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex; +maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this +document to them. Instead, please send all comments to +<email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email>. +</para> +<para>This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources +of information about &latex;, at all levels. Here are a few +introductions. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</ulink> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>latex-doc-ptr document</primary></indexterm> +<para>Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</ulink> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>first-latex-doc document</primary></indexterm> +<para>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</ulink> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>usrguide official documentation</primary></indexterm> +<para>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of &latex;; +there are plenty of others available elsewhere. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</ulink> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lshort document</primary></indexterm> +<para>A short introduction to &latex;, translated to many languages. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://tug.org/begin.html">http://tug.org/begin.html</ulink> -</term><listitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;. -</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +</term><listitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;, with further +references. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </chapter> <chapter label="2" id="Overview"> <title>Overview of &latex;</title> -<para>What is &latex;? -</para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>basics of &latex;</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm> -<para>&latex; typesets a file of text using the &tex; program and the -&latex; “macro package” for &tex;. That is, it processes an input -file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that -describe how the text should be formatted. &latex; files are plain -text that can be written in any reasonable editor. It produces at -least three files as output: + +<para>&latex; is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally +created by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers +(<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). It is widely used, particularly for +complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>macro package, &latex; as</primary></indexterm> +<para>A &latex; user writes an input file containing text along with +interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text +should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands +that interface with Donald E. Knuth’s &tex; typesetting program +(the technical term is that &latex; is a <firstterm>macro package</firstterm> for the +&tex; engine). The user produces the output document by giving that +file to the &tex; engine. +</para> +<para>The term &latex; is also sometimes used to mean the language in which +the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands +available to a &latex; user. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport &tex;</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>pronunciation</primary></indexterm> +<para>The name &latex; is short for “Lamport &tex;”. It is pronounced +LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, +produce the logo with <literal>\LaTeX</literal>. Where use of the logo is not +sensible, such as in plain text, write it as ‘<literal>LaTeX</literal>’. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="2.1" id="Starting-and-ending"> +<title>Starting and ending</title> + +<anchor id="Starting-_0026-ending"/><!-- old name --> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting & ending</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending & starting</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hello, world</primary></indexterm> + +<para>&latex; files have a simple global structure, with a standard +starting and ending. Here is a “hello, world” example: +</para> +<screen>\documentclass{article} +\begin{document} +Hello, \LaTeX\ world. +\end{document} +</screen> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class, defined</primary></indexterm> +<para>Here, the ‘<literal>article</literal>’ is the so-called <firstterm>document class</firstterm>, +implemented in a file <filename>article.cls</filename>. Any document class can be +used. A few document classes are defined by &latex; itself, and vast +array of others are widely available. See <link linkend="Document-classes">Document classes</link>. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm> +<para>You can include other &latex; commands between the +<literal>\documentclass</literal> and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands. +This area is called the <firstterm>preamble</firstterm>. +</para> +<para>The <literal>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</literal> is a so-called +<firstterm>environment</firstterm>; the ‘<literal>document</literal>’ environment (and no others) is +required in all &latex; documents. &latex; provides many +environments itself, and many more are defined separately. +See <link linkend="Environments">Environments</link>. </para> -<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>The main output file, which is one of: +<para>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from +a &latex; input file. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="2.2" id="Output-files"> +<title>Output files</title> + +<para>&latex; produces a main output file and at least two accessory files. +The main output file’s name ends in either <filename>.dvi</filename> or <filename>.pdf</filename>. </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>.dvi</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.dvi file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>latex command</primary></indexterm> -<para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a “Device Independent” (<filename>.dvi</filename>) -file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into -commands for virtually any output device. You can view such -<filename>.dvi</filename> output of &latex; by using a program such as -<command>xdvi</command> (display directly), <command>dvips</command> (convert to -PostScript), or <command>dvipdfmx</command> (convert to PDF). +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>xdvi command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>dvips command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>dvipdfmx command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>dvitype command</primary></indexterm> +<para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>latex</command> then it +produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <filename>.dvi</filename>. You +can view this file with a command such as <command>xdvi</command>, or convert +it to a PostScript <literal>.ps</literal> file with <command>dvips</command> or to a +Portable Document Format <literal>.pdf</literal> file with <command>dvipdfmx</command>. +The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with +<command>dvitype</command>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are +available (<ulink url="http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware">http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware</ulink>). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>.pdf</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.pdf file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>pdf&tex;</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>pdflatex command</primary></indexterm> -<para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a “Portable Document Format” -(<filename>.pdf</filename>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with -all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does -make the output much larger than the <filename>.dvi</filename> produced from the -same document. -</para> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lualatex command</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lua&tex;</primary></indexterm> -<para>If invoked as <command>lualatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using -the Lua&tex; engine (<ulink url="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</ulink>). -</para> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>xelatex command</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Xe&tex;</primary></indexterm> -<para>If invoked as <command>xelatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using -the Xe&tex; engine (<ulink url="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</ulink>). +<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>pdflatex</command>, +among other commands (see <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>), then the main output is +a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a +self-contained file, with all fonts and images included. </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> -<para>Many other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) exist, which -can produce HTML, XML, and other things. +<para>&latex; also produces at least two additional files. </para> -</listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>transcript file</primary></indexterm> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>.log</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>transcript file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>log file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>.log file</primary></indexterm> -<para>The “transcript” or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary -information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the -input file. +<para>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of +loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps +additional information for any errors. </para> -</listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>auxiliary file</primary></indexterm> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>.aux</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>auxiliary file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>.aux file</primary></indexterm> -<para>An “auxiliary” or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself, -for things such as cross-references. -</para></listitem></orderedlist> -<para>An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won’t try to -list them all. Xxx components? +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references, resolving</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>forward references, resolving</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>references, resolving forward</primary></indexterm> +<para>Auxiliary information is used by &latex; for things such as +cross references. For example, the first time that &latex; finds a +forward reference—a cross reference to something that has not yet +appeared in the source—it will appear in the output as a doubled +question mark <literal>??</literal>. When the referred-to spot does eventually +appear in the source then &latex; writes its location information to +this <literal>.aux</literal> file. On the next invocation, &latex; reads the +location information from this file and uses it to resolve the +reference, replacing the double question mark with the remembered +location. </para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lof file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>list of figures file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lot file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>list of tables file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.toc file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>contents file</primary></indexterm> +<para>&latex; may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename +ending. These include a <literal>.lof</literal> file that is used to make a list +of figures, a <literal>.lot</literal> file used to make a list of tables, and a +<literal>.toc</literal> file used to make a table of contents. A particular class +may create others; the list is open-ended. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="2.3" id="TeX-engines"> +<title>&tex; engines</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>engines, &tex;</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>implementations of &tex;</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>UTF-8</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Unicode input, native</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>TrueType fonts</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>OpenType fonts</primary></indexterm> + +<para>&latex; is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a &tex; +implementation (see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>). This section gives a terse +overview of the main programs. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>latex</literal> +</term><term><literal>pdflatex</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pdf&tex; engine</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>etex command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>e-&tex;</primary></indexterm> +<para>In &tex; Live (<ulink url="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</ulink>, if &latex; is invoked +via either the system command <command>latex</command> or <command>pdflatex</command>, +then the pdf&tex; engine is run (<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</ulink>). +When invoked as <command>latex</command>, the main output is a <filename>.dvi</filename> +file; as <command>pdflatex</command>, the main output is a <filename>.pdf</filename> file. +</para> +<para>pdf&tex; incorporates the e-&tex; extensions to Knuth’s original +program (<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/etex">http://ctan.org/pkg/etex</ulink>), including additional +programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of +extensions of its own. e-&tex; is available on its own as the +command <command>etex</command>, but this is plain &tex; (and produces +<filename>.dvi</filename>). +</para> +<para>In other &tex; distributions, <command>latex</command> may invoke e-&tex; +rather than pdf&tex;. In any case, the e-&tex; extensions can be +assumed to be available in &latex;. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>lualatex</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lualatex command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lua&tex;</primary></indexterm> +<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>lualatex</command>, the +Lua&tex; engine is run (<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</ulink>). This +program allows code written in the scripting language Lua +(<ulink url="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</ulink>) to interact with &tex;’s typesetting. +Lua&tex; handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType +and TrueType fonts, and produces a <filename>.pdf</filename> file by default. +There is also <command>dvilualatex</command> to produce a <filename>.dvi</filename> file, +but this is rarely used. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>xelatex</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>xelatex command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Xe&tex;</primary></indexterm> +<para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>xelatex</command>, the +Xe&tex; engine is run (<ulink url="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</ulink>). Like Lua&tex;, +Xe&tex; also natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and +OpenType fonts, though the implementation is completely different, +mainly using external libraries instead of internal code. Xe&tex; +produces a <filename>.pdf</filename> file as output; it does not support DVI output. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +<para>Other variants of &latex; and &tex; exist, e.g., to provide +additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]p&tex;, +<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</ulink>, <ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</ulink>). +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="2.4" id="LaTeX-command-syntax"> +<title>&latex; command syntax</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>command syntax</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ character starting commands</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>[...] for optional arguments</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>{...} for required arguments</primary></indexterm> -<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <literal>\</literal>, -followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single -non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <literal>[]</literal>, are -optional while arguments contained in braces, <literal>{}</literal>, are -required. +<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <literal>\</literal>; the +name itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or +(b) a single non-letter. </para> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>case sensitivity of &latex;</primary></indexterm> -<para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless -explicitly directed to do otherwise. +<para>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either +required or optional. Required arguments are contained in curly +braces, <literal>{...}</literal>. Optional arguments are contained in square +brackets, <literal>[...]</literal>. Generally, but not universally, if the +command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any +required arguments. </para> - -</chapter> -<chapter label="3" id="Starting-_0026-ending"> -<title>Starting & ending</title> - -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting & ending</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending & starting</primary></indexterm> - -<para>A minimal input file looks like the following: +<para>Some commands have a <literal>*</literal> form that is related to the form without +a <literal>*</literal>, such as <literal>\chapter</literal> and <literal>\chapter*</literal>. </para> -<screen>\documentclass{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} -\begin{document} -<replaceable>your text</replaceable> -\end{document} -</screen> -<para>where the <replaceable>class</replaceable> is a valid document class for &latex;. -See <link linkend="Document-classes">Document classes</link>, for details of the various document classes -available locally. +<para>&latex; commands are case sensitive; neither <literal>\Begin{document}</literal> +nor <literal>\begin{Document}</literal> will work. Most commands are lowercase, +but in any event you must enter all commands in the same case as they +are defined. </para> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm> -<para>You may include other &latex; commands between the <literal>\documentclass</literal> -and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands (this area is called the -<firstterm>preamble</firstterm>). +<para>This manual describes all accepted options and <literal>*</literal>-forms for the +commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs). </para> +</sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="4" id="Document-classes"> +<chapter label="3" id="Document-classes"> <title>Document classes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm> -<para>The class of a given document is defined with the command: +<para>The document’s overall class is defined with this command, which is +normally the first command in a &latex; source file. </para> <screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} </screen> -<para>The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command must be the first command in a -&latex; source file. -</para> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>article class</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>report class</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>book class</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter class</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>slides class</primary></indexterm> -<para>Built-in &latex; document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are (many other document -classes are available as add-ons; see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>): +<para>The following document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are built into &latex;. +(Many other document classes are available as separate packages; +see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>.) </para> -<screen>article report book letter slides -</screen> -<!-- xx briefly describe each one --> - -<para>Standard <replaceable>options</replaceable> are described below. +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>article</literal> +</term><listitem><para>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>book</literal> +</term><listitem><para>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front +matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix +(see <link linkend="Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</link>). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>report</literal> +</term><listitem><para>For documents of length between an <literal>article</literal> and a <literal>book</literal>, +such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>slides</literal> +</term><listitem><para>For slide presentations—rarely used today. In its place the +<literal>beamer</literal> package is perhaps the most prevalent (see <link linkend="beamer-template">beamer +template</link>). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +<para>Standard <replaceable>options</replaceable> are described in the next section. </para> -<sect1 label="4.1" id="Document-class-options"> +<sect1 label="3.1" id="Document-class-options"> <title>Document class options</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class options</primary></indexterm> @@ -296,10 +462,9 @@ classes are available as add-ons; see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>): <indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm> -<para>You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm> -to the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command by enclosing them in square -brackets as usual. To specify more than one <replaceable>option</replaceable>, separate -them with a comma: +<para>You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm> to +the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command by enclosing them in square brackets. +To specify more than one <replaceable>option</replaceable>, separate them with a comma, as in: </para> <screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>option1</replaceable>,<replaceable>option2</replaceable>,...]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} </screen> @@ -334,21 +499,39 @@ size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>): <indexterm role="fn"><primary>notitlepage option</primary></indexterm> <para>Miscellaneous other options: </para> -<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>draft, final</literal> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>draft</literal> +</term><term><literal>final</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>black boxes, omitting</primary></indexterm> -<para>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <literal>final</literal>. -</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fleqn</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. -</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>landscape</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. -</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>leqno</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. -</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openbib</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Use “open” bibliography format. -</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>titlepage, notitlepage</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. +<para>Mark (<literal>draft</literal>) or do not mark (<literal>final</literal>) overfull boxes with a +black box in the margin; default is <literal>final</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fleqn</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>flush left equations</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered equations</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, flush left vs. centered</primary></indexterm> +<para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>landscape</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>landscape orientation</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>portrait orientation</primary></indexterm> +<para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>leqno</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-hand equation numbers</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-hand equation numbers</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation numbers, left vs. right</primary></indexterm> +<para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openbib</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography format, open</primary></indexterm> +<para>Use “open” bibliography format. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>titlepage</literal> +</term><term><literal>notitlepage</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title page, separate or run-in</primary></indexterm> +<para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> -<para>These options are not available with the slides class: +<para>The following options are not available with the <literal>slides</literal> class. </para> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>onecolumn option</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>twocolumn option</primary></indexterm> @@ -365,34 +548,35 @@ size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>): </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\evensidemargin</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oddsidemargin</primary></indexterm> <para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <literal>oneside</literal>, except -for the <literal>book</literal> class. +that in the <literal>book</literal> class the default is <literal>twoside</literal>. </para> -<para>The <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> parameter determines -the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the -page and the text’s left margin. The defaults vary with the paper -size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided -printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> is -40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and <literal>\textwidth</literal>, -with <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> the remainder. +<para>For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For two-sided +printing, the <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal>) parameter +determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left +side of the page and the text’s left margin, with <literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> +being 40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and +<literal>\textwidth</literal>, and <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> is the remainder. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openright</literal> </term><term><literal>openany</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a -right-hand page; default is <literal>openright</literal> for book. +</term><listitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is +<literal>openright</literal> for <literal>book</literal>, and <literal>openany</literal> for <literal>report</literal>. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>clock option to <literal>slides</literal> class</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>slides</literal> class offers the option <literal>clock</literal> for printing the time at the bottom of each note. </para> - -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>loading additional packages</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading additional</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>additional packages, loading</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usepackage</primary></indexterm> <para>Additional packages are loaded like this: </para> <screen>\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkg</replaceable>} </screen> -<para>To specify more than one <replaceable>pkg</replaceable>, you can separate them with a -comma, or use multiple <literal>\usepackage</literal> commands. +<para>To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma, +as in <literal>\usepackage{<replaceable>pkg1</replaceable>,<replaceable>pkg2</replaceable>,...}</literal>, or use multiple +<literal>\usepackage</literal> commands. </para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global</primary></indexterm> @@ -403,7 +587,7 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="5" id="Fonts"> +<chapter label="4" id="Fonts"> <title>Fonts</title> <anchor id="Typefaces"/><!-- old name --> @@ -415,7 +599,7 @@ and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. </para> -<sect1 label="5.1" id="Font-styles"> +<sect1 label="4.1" id="Font-styles"> <title>Font styles</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>font styles</primary></indexterm> @@ -431,13 +615,22 @@ arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. </para> <para>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, -are cumulative; e.g.,, you can say either <literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or +are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or <literal>\bfseries\sffamily</literal> to get bold sans serif. </para> <para>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for instance, <literal>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</literal>. </para> -<para>These commands automatically supply an italic correction if needed. +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorrlist</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorr</primary></indexterm> +<para>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections +if needed. (See <link linkend="_005c_002f">\/</link>, for the details of italic corrections.) +Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following +character is in the list <literal>\nocorrlist</literal>, which by default consists +of a period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of +italic correction, use <literal>\nocorr</literal> at the start or end of the +command argument, such as <literal>\textit{\nocorr text}</literal> or +<literal>\textsc{text \nocorr}</literal>. </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\textrm (\rmfamily)</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textrm</primary></indexterm> @@ -548,8 +741,8 @@ FAQ entry: <ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf">http: <para>&latex; also provides the following commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are <emphasis>not</emphasis> cumulative. Also, they are used differently than the above commands: <literal>{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> -...}</literal> instead of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>{...}</literal>. These are two very -different things. +...}</literal> instead of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>{...}</literal>. These are two unrelated +constructs. </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bf</primary></indexterm><literal>\bf</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold font</primary></indexterm> @@ -602,7 +795,7 @@ their place. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="5.2" id="Font-sizes"> +<sect1 label="4.2" id="Font-sizes"> <title>Font sizes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>font sizes</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface sizes</primary></indexterm> @@ -654,7 +847,7 @@ these commands; for instance, <literal>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="5.3" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"> +<sect1 label="4.3" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"> <title>Low-level font commands</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-level font commands</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>font commands, low-level</primary></indexterm> @@ -743,7 +936,7 @@ followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="6" id="Layout"> +<chapter label="5" id="Layout"> <title>Layout</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout commands</primary></indexterm> @@ -751,7 +944,7 @@ followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>. </para> -<sect1 label="6.1" id="_005conecolumn"> +<sect1 label="5.1" id="_005conecolumn"> <title><literal>\onecolumn</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\onecolumn</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>one-column output</primary></indexterm> @@ -761,7 +954,7 @@ single-column output. This is the default. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="6.2" id="_005ctwocolumn"> +<sect1 label="5.2" id="_005ctwocolumn"> <title><literal>\twocolumn</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\twocolumn</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>multicolumn text</primary></indexterm> @@ -812,7 +1005,7 @@ and the main text. Default ‘<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>̵ </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="6.3" id="_005cflushbottom"> +<sect1 label="5.3" id="_005cflushbottom"> <title><literal>\flushbottom</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm> @@ -826,7 +1019,7 @@ page. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="6.4" id="_005craggedbottom"> +<sect1 label="5.4" id="_005craggedbottom"> <title><literal>\raggedbottom</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedbottom</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, omitting vertical</primary></indexterm> @@ -837,7 +1030,7 @@ stretched. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="6.5" id="Page-layout-parameters"> +<sect1 label="5.5" id="Page-layout-parameters"> <title>Page layout parameters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page layout parameters</primary></indexterm> @@ -914,14 +1107,14 @@ then divided by two. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\topskip</primary></indexterm><literal>\topskip</literal> </term><listitem><para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of -the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the +the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ at ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’. </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="7" id="Sectioning"> +<chapter label="6" id="Sectioning"> <title>Sectioning</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>sectioning</primary></indexterm> @@ -929,7 +1122,7 @@ same as the font size, e.g., ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ at ‘<li </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\part</primary></indexterm><literal>\part</literal> </term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\chapter</primary></indexterm><literal>\chapter</literal> -</term><listitem><para>(report and book class only) +</term><listitem><para>(<literal>report</literal> and <literal>book</literal> class only) </para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\section</primary></indexterm><literal>\section</literal> </term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsection</primary></indexterm><literal>\subsection</literal> </term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsubsection</primary></indexterm><literal>\subsubsection</literal> @@ -982,7 +1175,7 @@ The setting </para> </chapter> -<chapter label="8" id="Cross-references"> +<chapter label="7" id="Cross-references"> <title>Cross references</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references</primary></indexterm> @@ -991,7 +1184,7 @@ the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.” </para> -<sect1 label="8.1" id="_005clabel"> +<sect1 label="7.1" id="_005clabel"> <title><literal>\label</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\label</primary></indexterm> @@ -1004,7 +1197,8 @@ the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.” inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <replaceable>key</replaceable>. </para> <para>A <replaceable>key</replaceable> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or -punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are +distinguished, as usual. </para> <para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by @@ -1026,7 +1220,7 @@ a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.2" id="_005cpageref"> +<sect1 label="7.2" id="_005cpageref"> <title><literal>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pageref</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing with page number</primary></indexterm> @@ -1042,7 +1236,7 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.3" id="_005cref"> +<sect1 label="7.3" id="_005cref"> <title><literal>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ref</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing, symbolic</primary></indexterm> @@ -1063,7 +1257,7 @@ such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just the bare nu </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="9" id="Environments"> +<chapter label="8" id="Environments"> <title>Environments</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments</primary></indexterm> @@ -1079,7 +1273,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: </screen> -<sect1 label="9.1" id="abstract"> +<sect1 label="8.1" id="abstract"> <title><literal>abstract</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>abstract environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1094,7 +1288,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.2" id="array"> +<sect1 label="8.2" id="array"> <title><literal>array</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>array environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrays, math</primary></indexterm> @@ -1110,8 +1304,8 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: within an <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <link linkend="equation">equation</link>). It has a single mandatory <replaceable>template</replaceable> argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column <replaceable>col</replaceable> is -specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should -be formatted, as follows: +specified by a single letter that tells how items in each row of that +column should be formatted, as follows: </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal> </term><listitem><para>centered @@ -1148,7 +1342,7 @@ namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.3" id="center"> +<sect1 label="8.3" id="center"> <title><literal>center</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>center environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1169,7 +1363,7 @@ string <literal>\\</literal>. </para> -<sect2 label="9.3.1" id="_005ccentering"> +<sect2 label="8.3.1" id="_005ccentering"> <title><literal>\centering</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\centering</primary></indexterm> @@ -1198,7 +1392,7 @@ second line \\ </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.4" id="description"> +<sect1 label="8.4" id="description"> <title><literal>description</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>description environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1231,7 +1425,7 @@ plain typewriter}]</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.5" id="displaymath"> +<sect1 label="8.5" id="displaymath"> <title><literal>displaymath</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1256,17 +1450,17 @@ equation number, use the <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <link link </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.6" id="document"> +<sect1 label="8.6" id="document"> <title><literal>document</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>document environment</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>document</literal> environment encloses the body of a document. -It is required in every &latex; document. See <link linkend="Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</link>. +It is required in every &latex; document. See <link linkend="Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</link>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.7" id="enumerate"> +<sect1 label="8.7" id="enumerate"> <title><literal>enumerate</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>enumerate environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1322,7 +1516,7 @@ letters: </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.8" id="eqnarray"> +<sect1 label="8.8" id="eqnarray"> <title><literal>eqnarray</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>eqnarray environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1349,7 +1543,7 @@ others) from the <literal>amsmath</literal> package. </screen> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment is used to display a sequence of -equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column +equations or inequalities. It is similar to a three-column <literal>array</literal> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <literal>\\</literal> and consecutive items within a row separated by an <literal>&</literal>. </para> @@ -1372,7 +1566,7 @@ zero width. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.9" id="equation"> +<sect1 label="8.9" id="equation"> <title><literal>equation</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1391,7 +1585,7 @@ on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.10" id="figure"> +<sect1 label="8.10" id="figure"> <title><literal>figure</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>figure</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>inserting figures</primary></indexterm> @@ -1427,9 +1621,8 @@ output. To ameliorate this, use the <literal>stfloats</literal> or FAQ: <ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</ulink>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>h</literal> -</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>float</literal> package</primary></indexterm> -<para>(Here)—at the position in the text where the figure environment -appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; <literal>t</literal> is +</term><listitem><para>(Here)—at the position in the text where the <literal>figure</literal> environment +appears. However, <literal>t</literal> is not allowed by itself; <literal>t</literal> is automatically added. </para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>here, putting floats</primary></indexterm> @@ -1451,7 +1644,7 @@ The <literal>!</literal> specifier does <emphasis>not</emphasis> mean “put see above. </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> -<para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement +<para>The standard <literal>report</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes use the default placement <literal>tbp</literal>. </para> <para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, @@ -1467,7 +1660,7 @@ present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <replaceable>text</replace non-float text: </para> <variablelist><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomfraction</primary></indexterm> -<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at +<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at the bottom; default ‘<literal>.3</literal>’. </para> <varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\floatpagefraction</primary></indexterm><literal>\floatpagefraction</literal> @@ -1498,17 +1691,21 @@ floats; default ‘<literal>.7</literal>’. </term><listitem><para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default ‘<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>’. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> -<para>Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page: +<para>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page: </para> -<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\bottomnumber</literal> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>bottomnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>bottomnumber</literal> </term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\topnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\topnumber</literal> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>dbltopnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>dbltopnumber</literal> +</term><listitem><para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a +two-column page; default 2. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>topnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>topnumber</literal> </term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\totalnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\totalnumber</literal> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>totalnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>totalnumber</literal> </term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> <para>The principal &tex; FAQ entry relating to floats: @@ -1516,7 +1713,7 @@ default 2. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.11" id="filecontents"> +<sect1 label="8.11" id="filecontents"> <title><literal>filecontents</literal>: Create external files</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>filecontents</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>external files, creating</primary></indexterm> @@ -1561,13 +1758,13 @@ unrelated to using the created file. So you need to use, for instance, <literal>\input</literal> or <literal>\usepackage</literal> or <literal>\bibliography</literal> or whatever is applicable, to use the created file. </para> -<para>This environment is also useful to make a self-contained document, for -example, for a bug report, or to keep a <filename>.bib</filename> file with the main -document. +<para>This environment is also useful to make a document in a self-contained +file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the content of a +<filename>.bib</filename> file in the same file as the main document. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.12" id="flushleft"> +<sect1 label="8.12" id="flushleft"> <title><literal>flushleft</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushleft environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm> @@ -1586,7 +1783,7 @@ right Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>. </para> -<sect2 label="9.12.1" id="_005craggedright"> +<sect2 label="8.12.1" id="_005craggedright"> <title><literal>\raggedright</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedright</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text</primary></indexterm> @@ -1606,7 +1803,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.13" id="flushright"> +<sect1 label="8.13" id="flushright"> <title><literal>flushright</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushright environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text, environment for</primary></indexterm> @@ -1625,7 +1822,7 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>. </para> -<sect2 label="9.13.1" id="_005craggedleft"> +<sect2 label="8.13.1" id="_005craggedleft"> <title><literal>\raggedleft</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedleft</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text</primary></indexterm> @@ -1645,7 +1842,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.14" id="itemize"> +<sect1 label="8.14" id="itemize"> <title><literal>itemize</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>itemize environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm> @@ -1771,7 +1968,7 @@ see <link linkend="_005cparskip">\parskip</link>): </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.15" id="letter"> +<sect1 label="8.15" id="letter"> <title><literal>letter</literal> environment: writing letters</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter</primary></indexterm> @@ -1779,7 +1976,7 @@ see <link linkend="_005cparskip">\parskip</link>): </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.16" id="list"> +<sect1 label="8.16" id="list"> <title><literal>list</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>list</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, generic</primary></indexterm> @@ -1808,7 +2005,7 @@ empty, i.e., <literal>{}</literal>, which leaves the default spacing. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.17" id="math"> +<sect1 label="8.17" id="math"> <title><literal>math</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1826,7 +2023,7 @@ See <link linkend="Math-formulas">Math formulas</link>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.18" id="minipage"> +<sect1 label="8.18" id="minipage"> <title><literal>minipage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>minipage environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1865,7 +2062,7 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.19" id="picture"> +<sect1 label="8.19" id="picture"> <title><literal>picture</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>picture</primary></indexterm> @@ -1946,32 +2143,34 @@ be the lower left corner of the box. </para> -<sect2 label="9.19.1" id="_005ccircle"> +<sect2 label="8.19.1" id="_005ccircle"> <title><literal>\circle</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\circle</primary></indexterm> -<screen>\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>} +<para>Synopsis: +</para><screen>\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>} </screen> <para>The <literal>\circle</literal> command produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible. The <literal>*</literal>-form of the command draws a solid circle. </para> -<para>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. +<para>Circles up to 40pt can be drawn. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.2" id="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"> +<sect2 label="8.19.2" id="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"> <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (picture)</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (for <literal>picture</literal>)</primary></indexterm> -<para><literal>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</literal> -</para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para><screen>\makebox(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +</screen> <para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command for the picture environment is similar to the normal <literal>\makebox</literal> command except that you must specify a -<literal>width</literal> and <literal>height</literal> in multiples of <literal>\unitlength</literal>. +<replaceable>width</replaceable> and <replaceable>height</replaceable> in multiples of <literal>\unitlength</literal>. </para> -<para>The optional argument, <literal>[position]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that -your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: +<para>The optional argument, <literal>[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that +your <replaceable>text</replaceable> appears in. You may select up to two of the following: </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal> </term><listitem><para>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. @@ -1990,7 +2189,7 @@ your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.3" id="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"> +<sect2 label="8.19.3" id="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"> <title><literal>\framebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm> @@ -2010,7 +2209,7 @@ and the contents of the box. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.4" id="_005cdashbox"> +<sect2 label="8.19.4" id="_005cdashbox"> <title><literal>\dashbox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dashbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -2024,12 +2223,12 @@ and the contents of the box. rectangle has overall width <replaceable>rwidth</replaceable> and height <replaceable>rheight</replaceable>. The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is positioned at optional <replaceable>pos</replaceable>. <!-- xxref positions. --> </para> -<para>A dashed box looks best when the <literal>rwidth</literal> and <literal>rheight</literal> are -multiples of the <literal>dlen</literal>. +<para>A dashed box looks best when the <replaceable>rwidth</replaceable> and <replaceable>rheight</replaceable> are +multiples of the <replaceable>dlen</replaceable>. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.5" id="_005cframe"> +<sect2 label="8.19.5" id="_005cframe"> <title><literal>\frame</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frame</primary></indexterm> @@ -2043,7 +2242,7 @@ space is put between the frame and the object. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.6" id="_005cline"> +<sect2 label="8.19.6" id="_005cline"> <title><literal>\line</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\line</primary></indexterm> @@ -2054,14 +2253,16 @@ space is put between the frame and the object. <para>The <literal>\line</literal> command draws a line with the given <replaceable>length</replaceable> and slope <replaceable>xslope</replaceable>/<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>. </para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>pict2e</literal> package</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>graphics packages</primary></indexterm> <para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>slope</replaceable> = x/y</mathphrase></inlineequation>, where <inlineequation><mathphrase>x</mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase>y</mathphrase></inlineequation> have integer values from −6 -through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, -see the <literal>curve2e</literal> and many many other packages on CTAN. +through 6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes, +see <literal>pict2e</literal> and many other packages on CTAN. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.7" id="_005clinethickness"> +<sect2 label="8.19.7" id="_005clinethickness"> <title><literal>\linethickness</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linethickness</primary></indexterm> @@ -2074,7 +2275,7 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <literal>\oval</literal>. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.8" id="_005cthicklines"> +<sect2 label="8.19.8" id="_005cthicklines"> <title><literal>\thicklines</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thicklines</primary></indexterm> @@ -2084,7 +2285,7 @@ cf. <link linkend="_005clinethickness">\linethickness</link> and <link link </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.9" id="_005cthinlines"> +<sect2 label="8.19.9" id="_005cthinlines"> <title><literal>\thinlines</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinlines</primary></indexterm> @@ -2094,7 +2295,7 @@ cf. <link linkend="_005clinethickness">\linethickness</link> and <link link </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.10" id="_005cmultiput"> +<sect2 label="8.19.10" id="_005cmultiput"> <title><literal>\multiput</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multiput</primary></indexterm> @@ -2108,7 +2309,7 @@ pattern across a picture. <replaceable>obj</replaceable> is first placed at pos </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.11" id="_005coval"> +<sect2 label="8.19.11" id="_005coval"> <title><literal>\oval</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oval</primary></indexterm> @@ -2135,19 +2336,21 @@ boxes with rounded corners. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.12" id="_005cput"> +<sect2 label="8.19.12" id="_005cput"> <title><literal>\put</literal></title> - <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\put</primary></indexterm> -<para><literal>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</literal> +<para>Synopsis: </para> -<para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the item specified by the mandatory -argument at the given coordinates. +<screen>\put(<replaceable>xcoord</replaceable>,<replaceable>ycoord</replaceable>){ ... } +</screen> +<para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the material specified by the +(mandatory) argument in braces at the given coordinate, +(<replaceable>xcoord</replaceable>,<replaceable>ycoord</replaceable>). </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.13" id="_005cshortstack"> +<sect2 label="8.19.13" id="_005cshortstack"> <title><literal>\shortstack</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\shortstack</primary></indexterm> @@ -2170,22 +2373,22 @@ positions are: </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.14" id="_005cvector"> +<sect2 label="8.19.14" id="_005cvector"> <title><literal>\vector</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vector</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: </para> -<screen>\vector(<replaceable>x-slope</replaceable>,<replaceable>y-slope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>} +<screen>\vector(<replaceable>xslope</replaceable>,<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>} </screen> <para>The <literal>\vector</literal> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified -length and slope. The <inlineequation><mathphrase>x</mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase>y</mathphrase></inlineequation> values must lie between -−4 and +4, inclusive. +length and slope. The <inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>xslope</replaceable></mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>yslope</replaceable></mathphrase></inlineequation> +values must lie between −4 and +4, inclusive. </para> </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.20" id="quotation"> +<sect1 label="8.20" id="quotation"> <title><literal>quotation</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>quotation</primary></indexterm> @@ -2208,7 +2411,7 @@ normally. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.21" id="quote"> +<sect1 label="8.21" id="quote"> <title><literal>quote</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>quote</primary></indexterm> @@ -2216,7 +2419,7 @@ normally. <indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</primary></indexterm> -<para>Snyopsis: +<para>Synopsis: </para> <screen>\begin{quote} <replaceable>text</replaceable> @@ -2230,7 +2433,7 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.22" id="tabbing"> +<sect1 label="8.22" id="tabbing"> <title><literal>tabbing</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabbing environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -2254,7 +2457,7 @@ the width of each column is constant and known in advance. <para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <literal>tabular</literal> environment. </para> -<para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> enviroment: +<para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment: </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (tabbing)</primary></indexterm><literal>\\ (tabbing)</literal> </term><listitem><para>End a line. @@ -2335,7 +2538,7 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.23" id="table"> +<sect1 label="8.23" id="table"> <title><literal>table</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>table</primary></indexterm> @@ -2368,7 +2571,7 @@ you wish. The <literal>\caption</literal> command allows you to title your tabl </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.24" id="tabular"> +<sect1 label="8.24" id="tabular"> <title><literal>tabular</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabular environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lines in tables</primary></indexterm> @@ -2491,7 +2694,7 @@ environment: </para> -<sect2 label="9.24.1" id="_005cmulticolumn"> +<sect2 label="8.24.1" id="_005cmulticolumn"> <title><literal>\multicolumn</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multicolumn</primary></indexterm> @@ -2517,7 +2720,7 @@ for flushleft, <literal>r</literal> for flushright. The third mandatory argumen </screen> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.24.2" id="_005ccline"> +<sect2 label="8.24.2" id="_005ccline"> <title><literal>\cline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cline</primary></indexterm> @@ -2531,7 +2734,7 @@ which are specified in the mandatory argument. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.24.3" id="_005chline"> +<sect2 label="8.24.3" id="_005chline"> <title><literal>\hline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hline</primary></indexterm> @@ -2542,7 +2745,7 @@ of a table. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.24.4" id="_005cvline"> +<sect2 label="8.24.4" id="_005cvline"> <title><literal>\vline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vline</primary></indexterm> @@ -2554,7 +2757,7 @@ move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.25" id="thebibliography"> +<sect1 label="8.25" id="thebibliography"> <title><literal>thebibliography</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>thebibliography</primary></indexterm> @@ -2585,7 +2788,7 @@ less than 10 references, <literal>99</literal> for ones with less than 100, etc. </para> -<sect2 label="9.25.1" id="_005cbibitem"> +<sect2 label="8.25.1" id="_005cbibitem"> <title><literal>\bibitem</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibitem</primary></indexterm> @@ -2608,7 +2811,7 @@ associated label. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.25.2" id="_005ccite"> +<sect2 label="8.25.2" id="_005ccite"> <title><literal>\cite</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cite</primary></indexterm> @@ -2628,7 +2831,7 @@ citation. For example, <literal>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</literal> might produce </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.25.3" id="_005cnocite"> +<sect2 label="8.25.3" id="_005cnocite"> <title><literal>\nocite</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocite</primary></indexterm> @@ -2639,7 +2842,7 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <filename>.aux</filename> f </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.25.4" id="Using-BibTeX"> +<sect2 label="8.25.4" id="Using-BibTeX"> <title>Using Bib&tex;</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>using Bib&tex;</primary></indexterm> @@ -2675,7 +2878,7 @@ publication. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> <para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See -<ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>. +<ulink url="http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>. </para> <para>The <literal>\bibliography</literal> command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to <literal>\bibliography</literal> refers to files @@ -2686,7 +2889,7 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <literal>\cite</literal> and </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.26" id="theorem"> +<sect1 label="8.26" id="theorem"> <title><literal>theorem</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>theorem environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -2705,7 +2908,7 @@ possibilities for <replaceable>n</replaceable> are described under <literal>\new </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.27" id="titlepage"> +<sect1 label="8.27" id="titlepage"> <title><literal>titlepage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -2729,7 +2932,7 @@ produce a standard title page without a <literal>titlepage</literal> environment </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.28" id="verbatim"> +<sect1 label="8.28" id="verbatim"> <title><literal>verbatim</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>verbatim environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -2754,7 +2957,7 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter. <para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<literal>\tt</literal>). </para> -<sect2 label="9.28.1" id="_005cverb"> +<sect2 label="8.28.1" id="_005cverb"> <title><literal>\verb</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb</primary></indexterm> @@ -2778,7 +2981,7 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <replaceable>literal-text</repl </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.29" id="verse"> +<sect1 label="8.29" id="verse"> <title><literal>verse</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>verse environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -2804,7 +3007,7 @@ stanzas. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="10" id="Line-breaking"> +<chapter label="9" id="Line-breaking"> <title>Line breaking</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaking</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking lines</primary></indexterm> @@ -2820,7 +3023,7 @@ some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the </para> -<sect1 label="10.1" id="_005c_005c"> +<sect1 label="9.1" id="_005c_005c"> <title><literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>]</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm> @@ -2836,7 +3039,7 @@ except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.2" id="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"> +<sect1 label="9.2" id="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"> <title><literal>\obeycr</literal> & <literal>\restorecr</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm> @@ -2851,7 +3054,7 @@ in the output. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.3" id="_005cnewline"> +<sect1 label="9.3" id="_005cnewline"> <title><literal>\newline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newline</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting (paragraph mode)</primary></indexterm> @@ -2862,14 +3065,14 @@ mode. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.4" id="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"> +<sect1 label="9.4" id="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"> <title><literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen)</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\- (hyphenation)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, forcing</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\-</literal> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at -that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually -find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an +that point. &latex; is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds +most of the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The <literal>\-</literal> command is used for the exceptional cases. </para> @@ -2880,7 +3083,7 @@ that &latex; might otherwise have chosen. </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.5" id="_005cfussy"> +<sect1 label="9.5" id="_005cfussy"> <title><literal>\fussy</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm> @@ -2893,7 +3096,7 @@ words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.6" id="_005csloppy"> +<sect1 label="9.6" id="_005csloppy"> <title><literal>\sloppy</literal></title> <para>The declaration <literal>\sloppy</literal> makes &tex; less fussy about line @@ -2904,7 +3107,7 @@ interword spacing. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.7" id="_005chyphenation"> +<sect1 label="9.7" id="_005chyphenation"> <title><literal>\hyphenation</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, defining</primary></indexterm> @@ -2924,7 +3127,7 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words): </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.8" id="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"> +<sect1 label="9.8" id="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"> <title><literal>\linebreak</literal> & <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm> @@ -2948,7 +3151,7 @@ from a demand to a request. The <replaceable>priority</replaceable> must be a n </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="11" id="Page-breaking"> +<chapter label="10" id="Page-breaking"> <title>Page breaking</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page breaking</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking pages</primary></indexterm> @@ -2959,7 +3162,7 @@ but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. </para> -<sect1 label="11.1" id="_005ccleardoublepage"> +<sect1 label="10.1" id="_005ccleardoublepage"> <title><literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm> @@ -2972,7 +3175,7 @@ In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.2" id="_005cclearpage"> +<sect1 label="10.2" id="_005cclearpage"> <title><literal>\clearpage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm> @@ -2983,7 +3186,7 @@ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.3" id="_005cnewpage"> +<sect1 label="10.3" id="_005cnewpage"> <title><literal>\newpage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newpage</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>new page, starting</primary></indexterm> @@ -2994,7 +3197,7 @@ floats (see <literal>\clearpage</literal> above). </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.4" id="_005cenlargethispage"> +<sect1 label="10.4" id="_005cenlargethispage"> <title><literal>\enlargethispage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enlargethispage</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>enlarge current page</primary></indexterm> @@ -3013,7 +3216,7 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.5" id="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"> +<sect1 label="10.5" id="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"> <title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> & <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm> @@ -3038,7 +3241,7 @@ insistent the request is. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="12" id="Footnotes"> +<chapter label="11" id="Footnotes"> <title>Footnotes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, creating</primary></indexterm> @@ -3049,7 +3252,7 @@ produced with two commands, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> and the </para> -<sect1 label="12.1" id="_005cfootnote"> +<sect1 label="11.1" id="_005cfootnote"> <title><literal>\footnote</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnote</primary></indexterm> @@ -3068,7 +3271,7 @@ tables or in a <literal>tabular</literal> environment. (See following sections. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.2" id="_005cfootnotemark"> +<sect1 label="11.2" id="_005cfootnotemark"> <title><literal>\footnotemark</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotemark</primary></indexterm> @@ -3086,7 +3289,7 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.3" id="_005cfootnotetext"> +<sect1 label="11.3" id="_005cfootnotetext"> <title><literal>\footnotetext</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotetext</primary></indexterm> @@ -3103,7 +3306,7 @@ appear in outer paragraph mode. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes"> +<sect1 label="11.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes"> <title>Symbolic footnotes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</primary></indexterm> @@ -3121,7 +3324,7 @@ redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.5" id="Footnote-parameters"> +<sect1 label="11.5" id="Footnote-parameters"> <title>Footnote parameters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote parameters</primary></indexterm> @@ -3131,7 +3334,7 @@ redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>. </term><listitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s footnotes. Default dimensions: <literal>0.4pt</literal> thick (or wide), and <literal>0.4\columnwidth</literal> long in the standard document classes (except -slides, where it does not appear). +<literal>slides</literal>, where it does not appear). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotesep</primary></indexterm><literal>\footnotesep</literal> </term><listitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By @@ -3144,7 +3347,7 @@ footnotes. This is ‘<literal>6.65pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal> </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="13" id="Definitions"> +<chapter label="12" id="Definitions"> <title>Definitions</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>definitions</primary></indexterm> @@ -3154,7 +3357,7 @@ footnotes. This is ‘<literal>6.65pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal> -<sect1 label="13.1" id="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"> +<sect1 label="12.1" id="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"> <title><literal>\newcommand</literal> & <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm> @@ -3164,8 +3367,8 @@ footnotes. This is ‘<literal>6.65pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal> <para><literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\renewcommand</literal> define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: </para> -<screen> \newcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optarg</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} -\renewcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optarg</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} +<screen> \newcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargval</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} +\renewcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargval</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} </screen> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable><literal>*</literal></replaceable> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form of defining new commands</primary></indexterm> @@ -3173,7 +3376,7 @@ command, respectively. Synopses: multiple paragraphs of text (not <literal>\long</literal>, in plain &tex; terms). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable> -</term><listitem><para>The command name beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it +</term><listitem><para>The command name, beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it must not be already defined and must not begin with <literal>\end</literal>; for <literal>\renewcommand</literal>, it must already be defined. </para> @@ -3182,12 +3385,14 @@ must not be already defined and must not begin with <literal>\end</literal>; for that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>optarg</replaceable> -</term><listitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command’s -first argument is optional. The default value of the optional -argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is <replaceable>optarg</replaceable>, -or, if that argument is present in the <literal>\newcommand</literal> but has an -empty value, the string ‘<literal>def</literal>’. +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>optargval</replaceable> +</term><listitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first +argument of command <replaceable>cmd</replaceable> is optional and its default value (i.e., +if it is not specified in the call) is <replaceable>optarg</replaceable>. In otherwise, +when calling the macro, if no <literal>[<replaceable>value</replaceable>]</literal> is given after +<literal><replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>—which is different from having <literal>[]</literal> for an +empty <replaceable>value</replaceable>—then string ‘<literal><replaceable>optargval</replaceable></literal>’ becomes the +value of <literal>#1</literal> within <replaceable>defn</replaceable> when the macro is expanded. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>defn</replaceable> </term><listitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <literal>cmd</literal>; a @@ -3198,26 +3403,26 @@ text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument. <!-- xx \providecommand, * form (non-\long) --> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.2" id="_005cnewcounter"> +<sect1 label="12.2" id="_005cnewcounter"> <title><literal>\newcounter</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcounter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, defining new</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: </para> -<screen>\newcounter{<replaceable>cnt</replaceable>}[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>] +<screen>\newcounter{<replaceable>countername</replaceable>}[<replaceable>supercounter</replaceable>] </screen> -<para>The <literal>\newcounter</literal> command defines a new counter named <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>. +<para>The <literal>\newcounter</literal> command defines a new counter named <replaceable>countername</replaceable>. The new counter is initialized to zero. </para> -<para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>cnt</replaceable> -will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented. +<para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>super</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>countername</replaceable> +will be reset whenever the counter named <replaceable>supercounter</replaceable> is incremented. </para> <para>See <link linkend="Counters">Counters</link>, for more information about counters. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.3" id="_005cnewlength"> +<sect1 label="12.3" id="_005cnewlength"> <title><literal>\newlength</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newlength</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining new</primary></indexterm> @@ -3227,7 +3432,7 @@ will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented. <screen>\newlength{\<replaceable>arg</replaceable>} </screen> <para>The <literal>\newlength</literal> command defines the mandatory argument as a -<literal>length</literal> command with a value of <literal>0in</literal>. The argument must +<firstterm>length</firstterm> command with a value of zero. The argument must be a control sequence, as in <literal>\newlength{\foo}</literal>. An error occurs if <literal>\foo</literal> is already defined. </para> @@ -3236,7 +3441,7 @@ for more information about lengths in general. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.4" id="_005cnewsavebox"> +<sect1 label="12.4" id="_005cnewsavebox"> <title><literal>\newsavebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newsavebox</primary></indexterm> @@ -3249,7 +3454,7 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.5" id="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"> +<sect1 label="12.5" id="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"> <title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> & <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm> @@ -3296,7 +3501,7 @@ may not contain any argument parameters. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.6" id="_005cnewtheorem"> +<sect1 label="12.6" id="_005cnewtheorem"> <title><literal>\newtheorem</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtheorem</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, defining</primary></indexterm> @@ -3330,7 +3535,7 @@ not both. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.7" id="_005cnewfont"> +<sect1 label="12.7" id="_005cnewfont"> <title><literal>\newfont</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newfont</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts, new commands for</primary></indexterm> @@ -3349,7 +3554,7 @@ More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <filename>.fd</filename> fi </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.8" id="_005cprotect"> +<sect1 label="12.8" id="_005cprotect"> <title><literal>\protect</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\protect</primary></indexterm> @@ -3380,7 +3585,7 @@ be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="14" id="Counters"> +<chapter label="13" id="Counters"> <title>Counters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, a list of</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>variables, a list of</primary></indexterm> @@ -3400,7 +3605,7 @@ subsubsection </screen> -<sect1 label="14.1" id="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"> +<sect1 label="13.1" id="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"> <title><literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters</title> <para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for @@ -3418,7 +3623,7 @@ instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>. </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\roman</primary></indexterm><literal>\roman</literal> </term><listitem><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, ... </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\roman</primary></indexterm><literal>\roman</literal> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Roman</primary></indexterm><literal>\Roman</literal> </term><listitem><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, ... </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fnsymbol</primary></indexterm><literal>\fnsymbol</literal> @@ -3426,14 +3631,16 @@ instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>. symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. </para> -<para>The symbols mostly aren’t supported in Info, but here are the names: -</para><literallayout>asterisk(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel -double-asterisk(**) double-dagger double-ddagger +<para>Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output): +</para> +<literallayout>asterisk(*) dagger(‡) ddagger(‡) +section-sign(§) paragraph-sign(¶) parallel(∥) +double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(‡‡) double-ddagger(‡‡) </literallayout> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.2" id="_005cusecounter"> +<sect1 label="13.2" id="_005cusecounter"> <title><literal>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usecounter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>list items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm> @@ -3449,7 +3656,7 @@ the list items. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.3" id="_005cvalue"> +<sect1 label="13.3" id="_005cvalue"> <title><literal>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\value</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, getting value of</primary></indexterm> @@ -3467,7 +3674,7 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.4" id="_005csetcounter"> +<sect1 label="13.4" id="_005csetcounter"> <title><literal>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setcounter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, setting</primary></indexterm> @@ -3475,14 +3682,14 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: <para>Synopsis: </para> -<screen>\setcounter{<replaceable>\counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>} +<screen>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>} </screen> -<para>The <literal>\setcounter</literal> command sets the value of <replaceable>\counter</replaceable> to the +<para>The <literal>\setcounter</literal> command sets the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> to the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.5" id="_005caddtocounter"> +<sect1 label="13.5" id="_005caddtocounter"> <title><literal>\addtocounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocounter</primary></indexterm> @@ -3491,7 +3698,7 @@ amount specified by the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument, which may be </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.6" id="_005crefstepcounter"> +<sect1 label="13.6" id="_005crefstepcounter"> <title><literal>\refstepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\refstepcounter</primary></indexterm> @@ -3501,7 +3708,7 @@ current <literal>\ref</literal> value to be the result of <literal>\thecounter</ </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.7" id="_005cstepcounter"> +<sect1 label="13.7" id="_005cstepcounter"> <title><literal>\stepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stepcounter</primary></indexterm> @@ -3510,7 +3717,7 @@ resets all subsidiary counters. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.8" id="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"> +<sect1 label="13.8" id="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"> <title><literal>\day \month \year</literal>: Predefined counters</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm> @@ -3528,7 +3735,7 @@ current day (see <link linkend="_005ctoday">\today</link>). </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="15" id="Lengths"> +<chapter label="14" id="Lengths"> <title>Lengths</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining and using</primary></indexterm> @@ -3537,7 +3744,7 @@ length as an argument. </para> -<sect1 label="15.1" id="_005csetlength"> +<sect1 label="14.1" id="_005csetlength"> <title><literal>\setlength{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setlength</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, setting</primary></indexterm> @@ -3549,7 +3756,7 @@ understands, i.e., inches (<literal>in</literal>), millimeters (<literal>mm</lit </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.2" id="_005caddtolength"> +<sect1 label="14.2" id="_005caddtolength"> <title>\addtolength{<replaceable>\len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>amount</replaceable>}</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtolength</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, adding to</primary></indexterm> @@ -3560,7 +3767,7 @@ may be negative. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.3" id="_005csettodepth"> +<sect1 label="14.3" id="_005csettodepth"> <title><literal>\settodepth</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settodepth</primary></indexterm> @@ -3571,7 +3778,7 @@ equal to the depth of the <literal>text</literal> argument. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.4" id="_005csettoheight"> +<sect1 label="14.4" id="_005csettoheight"> <title><literal>\settoheight</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settoheight</primary></indexterm> @@ -3583,7 +3790,7 @@ equal to the height of the <literal>text</literal> argument. </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.5" id="_005csettowidth"> +<sect1 label="14.5" id="_005csettowidth"> <title><literal>\settowidth{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settowidth</primary></indexterm> @@ -3592,7 +3799,7 @@ to the width of the <replaceable>text</replaceable> argument. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.6" id="Predefined-lengths"> +<sect1 label="14.6" id="Predefined-lengths"> <title>Predefined lengths</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, predefined</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>predefined lengths</primary></indexterm> @@ -3620,7 +3827,7 @@ natural size, e.g., say </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="16" id="Making-paragraphs"> +<chapter label="15" id="Making-paragraphs"> <title>Making paragraphs</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>making paragraphs</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraphs</primary></indexterm> @@ -3632,7 +3839,7 @@ a sectioning command. </para> -<sect1 label="16.1" id="_005cindent"> +<sect1 label="15.1" id="_005cindent"> <title><literal>\indent</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm> @@ -3649,7 +3856,7 @@ mode, otherwise <literal>15pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, < </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="16.2" id="_005cnoindent"> +<sect1 label="15.2" id="_005cnoindent"> <title><literal>\noindent</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, suppressing</primary></indexterm> @@ -3660,7 +3867,7 @@ the middle of a paragraph. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="16.3" id="_005cparskip"> +<sect1 label="15.3" id="_005cparskip"> <title><literal>\parskip</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space before paragraphs</primary></indexterm> @@ -3670,7 +3877,7 @@ before each paragraph. The default is <literal>0pt plus1pt</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="16.4" id="Marginal-notes"> +<sect1 label="15.4" id="Marginal-notes"> <title>Marginal notes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>marginal notes</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>notes in the margin</primary></indexterm> @@ -3730,7 +3937,7 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="17" id="Math-formulas"> +<chapter label="16" id="Math-formulas"> <title>Math formulas</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math formulas</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, math</primary></indexterm> @@ -3785,7 +3992,7 @@ below summations. For example -<sect1 label="17.1" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"> +<sect1 label="16.1" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"> <title>Subscripts & superscripts</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm> @@ -3802,7 +4009,7 @@ superscript. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="17.2" id="Math-symbols"> +<sect1 label="16.2" id="Math-symbols"> <title>Math symbols</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math symbols</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, math</primary></indexterm> @@ -4447,7 +4654,7 @@ the pi symbol (<inlineequation><mathphrase>\pi</mathphrase></inlineequation>) in </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="17.3" id="Math-functions"> +<sect1 label="16.3" id="Math-functions"> <title>Math functions</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math functions</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>functions, math</primary></indexterm> @@ -4549,7 +4756,10 @@ spacing. </term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sinh</mathphrase></inlineequation> </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sup</primary></indexterm><literal>\sup</literal> -</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sup</mathphrase></inlineequation> +</term><listitem><para>sup +<!-- don't try to use \sup since that turned into a Texinfo command --> +<!-- and it's not worth hassling with different versions when it's --> +<!-- just three roman letters anyway. --> </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tan</primary></indexterm><literal>\tan</literal> </term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\tan</mathphrase></inlineequation> @@ -4560,7 +4770,7 @@ spacing. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="17.4" id="Math-accents"> +<sect1 label="16.4" id="Math-accents"> <title>Math accents</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math accents</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents, mathematical</primary></indexterm> @@ -4636,7 +4846,7 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="17.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode"> +<sect1 label="16.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode"> <title>Spacing in math mode</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing within math mode</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, spacing</primary></indexterm> @@ -4662,7 +4872,7 @@ commands for use in math mode: </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="17.6" id="Math-miscellany"> +<sect1 label="16.6" id="Math-miscellany"> <title>Math miscellany</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math miscellany</primary></indexterm> @@ -4697,7 +4907,7 @@ For example, <inlineequation><mathphrase>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</ </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <replaceable>tex</replaceable>. -For exampe, <inlineequation><mathphrase>\overline{x+y}</mathphrase></inlineequation>. +For example, <inlineequation><mathphrase>\overline{x+y}</mathphrase></inlineequation>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</primary></indexterm><literal>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</literal> </term><listitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The @@ -4725,14 +4935,13 @@ descenders. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="18" id="Modes"> +<chapter label="17" id="Modes"> <title>Modes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>modes</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph mode</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-to-right mode</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lR mode</primary></indexterm> - +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>LR mode</primary></indexterm> <para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: @@ -4741,36 +4950,39 @@ modes: </para></listitem><listitem><para>Math mode </para></listitem><listitem><para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short </para></listitem></itemizedlist> -<para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a -different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. -Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when +<para>Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when &latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. </para> -<para>“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it’s the one &latex; is in -when processing ordinary text. In that mode, &latex; breaks your -text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. &latex; is in -“math mode” when it’s generating a mathematical formula. In “LR -mode”, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output that it -produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, -unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to right; it -never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words -into an <literal>\mbox</literal>, &latex; would keep typesetting them from left -to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting -box was too wide to fit on the line. -</para> -<para>&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <literal>\mbox</literal> -command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for -example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. -There are also several text-producing commands and environments for -making a box that put &latex; in paragraph mode. The box make by one of -these commands or environments will be called a <literal>parbox</literal>. When -&latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in -“inner paragraph mode”. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out -in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. +<para><firstterm>Paragraph mode</firstterm> is the most common; it’s the one &latex; is in +when processing ordinary text. In this mode, &latex; breaks the +input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. +</para> +<para>&latex; is in <firstterm>math mode</firstterm> when it’s generating a mathematical +formula, either displayed math or within a line. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox, and LR mode</primary></indexterm> +<para>In <firstterm>LR mode</firstterm>, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output +that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. +However, unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to +right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a +hundred words into an <literal>\mbox</literal>, &latex; would keep typesetting +them from left to right inside a single box (and then most likely +complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line). +&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an +<literal>\mbox</literal> command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside +the box—for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a +formula in the box. +</para> +<para>There are also several text-producing commands and environments for +making a box that put &latex; into paragraph mode. The box made by +one of these commands or environments will be called a <literal>parbox</literal>. +When &latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to +be in “inner paragraph mode” (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph +mode, which it starts out in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. </para> </chapter> -<chapter label="19" id="Page-styles"> +<chapter label="18" id="Page-styles"> <title>Page styles</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles, page</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page styles</primary></indexterm> @@ -4780,7 +4992,7 @@ the page’s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. </para> -<sect1 label="19.1" id="_005cmaketitle"> +<sect1 label="18.1" id="_005cmaketitle"> <title><literal>\maketitle</literal></title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>titles, making</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\maketitle</primary></indexterm> @@ -4820,7 +5032,7 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.2" id="_005cpagenumbering"> +<sect1 label="18.2" id="_005cpagenumbering"> <title><literal>\pagenumbering</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagenumbering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page numbering style</primary></indexterm> @@ -4829,7 +5041,9 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual. </para> <screen>\pagenumbering{<replaceable>style</replaceable>} </screen> -<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>: +<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>; also +resets the page number to 1. The <replaceable>style</replaceable> argument is one of +the following: </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>arabic</literal> </term><listitem><para>arabic numerals @@ -4848,7 +5062,7 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.3" id="_005cpagestyle"> +<sect1 label="18.3" id="_005cpagestyle"> <title><literal>\pagestyle</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagestyle</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>header style</primary></indexterm> @@ -4893,7 +5107,7 @@ the page. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.4" id="_005cthispagestyle"> +<sect1 label="18.4" id="_005cthispagestyle"> <title><literal>\thispagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thispagestyle</primary></indexterm> @@ -4904,7 +5118,7 @@ changes to <replaceable>style</replaceable> for the current page only. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="20" id="Spaces"> +<chapter label="19" id="Spaces"> <title>Spaces</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces</primary></indexterm> @@ -4916,7 +5130,7 @@ more often useful in math mode (see <link linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacin </para> -<sect1 label="20.1" id="_005chspace"> +<sect1 label="19.1" id="_005chspace"> <title><literal>\hspace</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hspace</primary></indexterm> @@ -4936,10 +5150,12 @@ form. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.2" id="_005chfill"> +<sect1 label="19.2" id="_005chfill"> <title><literal>\hfill</literal></title> - <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hfill</primary></indexterm> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, infinite horizontal</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>infinite horizontal stretch</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\hfill</literal> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. @@ -4951,16 +5167,16 @@ equivalent to <literal>\hfill</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.3" id="_005cSPACE"> -<title><literal>\SPACE</literal></title> +<sect1 label="19.3" id="_005cSPACE"> +<title><literal>\SPACE</literal>: Normal interword space</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SPACE</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TAB</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NEWLINE</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\ </literal> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It’s -useful after punctuation which shouldn’t end a sentence. For example -<literal>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</literal>. -It is also often used after control sequences, as in <literal>\TeX\ is a +useful after punctuation which shouldn’t end a sentence. For example, +<literal>the article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</literal>. It +is also often used after control sequences, as in <literal>\TeX\ is a nice system.</literal> </para> <para>In normal circumstances, <literal>\</literal><keycap>tab</keycap> and <literal>\</literal><keycap>newline</keycap> @@ -4968,9 +5184,10 @@ are equivalent to <literal>\ </literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.4" id="_005cAT"> -<title><literal>\@</literal></title> +<sect1 label="19.4" id="_005c_0040"> +<title><literal>\@</literal>: Force sentence-ending punctuation</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cAT"/><!-- old name --> <para>The <literal>\@</literal> command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after @@ -4982,26 +5199,27 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without </screen> <para>produces </para> -<!-- Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. --> +<!-- Texinfo has different commands, but the result is the same. --> <blockquote><para>… in C. Pascal, though … … in C. Pascal, though … </para></blockquote> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.5" id="_005cthinspace"> -<title><literal>\thinspace</literal></title> +<sect1 label="19.5" id="_005cthinspace"> +<title><literal>\thinspace</literal>: Insert 1/6em</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\thinspace</literal> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that -is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as -in ’”. +is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested +quotes, as in ’”.<!-- Abuse @dmn, which is a thin space in Texinfo. --> </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.6" id="_005c_002f"> -<title><literal>\/</literal></title> +<sect1 label="19.6" id="_005c_002f"> +<title><literal>\/</literal>: Insert italic correction</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\/</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>italic correction</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\/</literal> command produces an <firstterm>italic correction</firstterm>. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, @@ -5015,14 +5233,22 @@ normal letters, it can help. Compare <emphasis>f: f;</emphasis> (in the &tex; output, the ‘f’s are nicely separated) with <emphasis>f: f;</emphasis>. </para> +<para>When changing fonts with commands such as <literal>\textit{italic +text}</literal> or <literal>{\itshape italic text}</literal>, &latex; will +automatically insert an italic correction if appropriate (see <link linkend="Font-styles">Font +styles</link>). +</para> <para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the ‘f’) with pdf&tex;. </para> +<para>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done +in a different way. +</para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.7" id="_005chrulefill"> +<sect1 label="19.7" id="_005chrulefill"> <title><literal>\hrulefill</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm> @@ -5032,7 +5258,7 @@ rule. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.8" id="_005cdotfill"> +<sect1 label="19.8" id="_005cdotfill"> <title><literal>\dotfill</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm> @@ -5043,7 +5269,7 @@ with dots instead of just white space. <!-- xx undone --> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.9" id="_005caddvspace"> +<sect1 label="19.9" id="_005caddvspace"> <title><literal>\addvspace</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addvspace</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space</primary></indexterm> @@ -5054,50 +5280,56 @@ with dots instead of just white space. <para>The <literal>\addvspace</literal> command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous <literal>\addvspace</literal> command, then this -command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length -of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>. +command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural +length of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.10" id="_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip"> +<sect1 label="19.10" id="_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip"> <title><literal>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</literal></title> -<para>These commands produce a given amount of space. +<para>These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the +document class. </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigskip</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskipamount</primary></indexterm> -<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line -space (with stretch and shrink). +<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line +space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <literal>book</literal> and +<literal>article</literal> classes is <literal>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</literal>). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\medskip</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskipamount</primary></indexterm> -<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily -about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{\medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about half of +a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <literal>book</literal> +and <literal>article</literal> classes is <literal>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</literal>). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smallskip</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskipamount</primary></indexterm> -<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a -quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a +quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the +<literal>book</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes is <literal>3pt plus 1pt minus +1pt</literal>). </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> -<para>The <literal>\...amount</literal> parameters are determined by the document class. -</para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.11" id="_005cvfill"> +<sect1 label="19.11" id="_005cvfill"> <title><literal>\vfill</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vfill</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, infinite vertical</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>infinite vertical stretch</primary></indexterm> + <para>The <literal>\vfill</literal> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It’s equivalent to <literal>\vspace{\fill}</literal> (see <link linkend="_005chfill">\hfill</link>). </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.12" id="_005cvspace"> +<sect1 label="19.12" id="_005cvspace"> <title><literal>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vspace</primary></indexterm> @@ -5115,7 +5347,7 @@ space is not removed. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="21" id="Boxes"> +<chapter label="20" id="Boxes"> <title>Boxes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>boxes</primary></indexterm> @@ -5125,7 +5357,7 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands. </para> -<sect1 label="21.1" id="_005cmbox"> +<sect1 label="20.1" id="_005cmbox"> <title><literal>\mbox{<replaceable>text}</replaceable></literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5136,7 +5368,7 @@ lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.2" id="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"> +<sect1 label="20.2" id="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"> <title><literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5166,7 +5398,7 @@ argument. <!-- xxref --> </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.3" id="lrbox"> +<sect1 label="20.3" id="lrbox"> <title><literal>lrbox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>lrbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5179,7 +5411,7 @@ must have been declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.4" id="_005cmakebox"> +<sect1 label="20.4" id="_005cmakebox"> <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5208,7 +5440,7 @@ see <link linkend="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</link>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.5" id="_005cparbox"> +<sect1 label="20.5" id="_005cparbox"> <title><literal>\parbox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5252,7 +5484,7 @@ for this to work. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.6" id="_005craisebox"> +<sect1 label="20.6" id="_005craisebox"> <title><literal>\raisebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raisebox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5272,7 +5504,7 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.7" id="_005csavebox"> +<sect1 label="20.7" id="_005csavebox"> <title><literal>\savebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5287,7 +5519,7 @@ declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewsavebox </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.8" id="_005csbox"> +<sect1 label="20.8" id="_005csbox"> <title><literal>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5303,8 +5535,8 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.9" id="_005cusebox"> -<title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable></literal></title> +<sect1 label="20.9" id="_005cusebox"> +<title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usebox</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5317,7 +5549,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="22" id="Special-insertions"> +<chapter label="21" id="Special-insertions"> <title>Special insertions</title> <para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a @@ -5325,7 +5557,7 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. </para> -<sect1 label="22.1" id="Reserved-characters"> +<sect1 label="21.1" id="Reserved-characters"> <title>Reserved characters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm> @@ -5374,7 +5606,7 @@ with <literal>"</literal>, so the previous example could also be written as </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.2" id="Text-symbols"> +<sect1 label="21.2" id="Text-symbols"> <title>Text symbols</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm> @@ -5402,6 +5634,11 @@ not available in OT1; you may need to load the <literal>textcomp</literal> packa <indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;</primary></indexterm> <para>The &latex; logo. </para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LaTeXe</primary></indexterm><literal>\LaTeXe</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex;2e logo</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;2e</primary></indexterm> +<para>The &latex;2e logo. +</para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemotleft («)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemotleft («)</literal> </term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemotright (»)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemotright (»)</literal> </term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guilsinglleft (‹)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guilsinglleft (‹)</literal> @@ -5446,7 +5683,7 @@ and <literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode. </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>single low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-9 quotation marks, single and double</primary></indexterm> -<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: +<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rq</primary></indexterm><literal>\rq</literal> @@ -5584,8 +5821,8 @@ has the ascender height. <para>Centered period: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\cdot</mathphrase></inlineequation>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquestiondown (or <literal>?`</literal>)</primary></indexterm><literal>\textquestiondown (or <literal>?`</literal>)</literal> -</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>questionation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm> -<para>Upside down questionation point: ¿. +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>question mark, upside-down</primary></indexterm> +<para>Upside down question mark: ¿. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquotedblleft (or <literal>``</literal>)</primary></indexterm><literal>\textquotedblleft (or <literal>``</literal>)</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, double</primary></indexterm> @@ -5649,13 +5886,15 @@ has the ascender height. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.3" id="Accents"> +<sect1 label="21.3" id="Accents"> <title>Accents</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, accented</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, accented</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>babel</literal> package</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>multilingual support</primary></indexterm> <para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages, through the <literal>babel</literal> package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists @@ -5810,7 +6049,7 @@ descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in <link linkend="Math-misce </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.4" id="Non_002dEnglish-characters"> +<sect1 label="21.4" id="Non_002dEnglish-characters"> <title>Non-English characters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm> @@ -5838,8 +6077,8 @@ used in languages other than English. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dh</literal> </term><term><literal>\DH</literal> -</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (æ)</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (Æ)</primary></indexterm> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (ð)</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (Ð)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic eth</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>eth, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm> <para>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. @@ -5848,7 +6087,7 @@ used in languages other than English. </term><term><literal>\DJ</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dj</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DJ</primary></indexterm> -<para>xxxx +<para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ij</literal> </term><term><literal>\IJ</literal> @@ -5868,7 +6107,7 @@ used in languages other than English. </term><term><literal>\NG</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ng</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NG</primary></indexterm> -<para>xxxx +<para>Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\o</literal> </term><term><literal>\O</literal> @@ -5903,7 +6142,7 @@ used in languages other than English. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.5" id="_005crule"> +<sect1 label="21.5" id="_005crule"> <title><literal>\rule</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rule</primary></indexterm> @@ -5925,7 +6164,7 @@ rectangles. The arguments are: </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.6" id="_005ctoday"> +<sect1 label="21.6" id="_005ctoday"> <title><literal>\today</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\today</primary></indexterm> @@ -5942,7 +6181,7 @@ of other date formats. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="23" id="Splitting-the-input"> +<chapter label="22" id="Splitting-the-input"> <title>Splitting the input</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>splitting the input file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>input file</primary></indexterm> @@ -5958,7 +6197,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document. </para> -<sect1 label="23.1" id="_005cinclude"> +<sect1 label="22.1" id="_005cinclude"> <title><literal>\include</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm> @@ -5981,7 +6220,7 @@ read by another <literal>\include</literal> command. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="23.2" id="_005cincludeonly"> +<sect1 label="22.2" id="_005cincludeonly"> <title>\<literal>includeonly</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm> @@ -5999,7 +6238,7 @@ effective. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="23.3" id="_005cinput"> +<sect1 label="22.3" id="_005cinput"> <title>\input</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\input</primary></indexterm> @@ -6018,12 +6257,12 @@ is tried (‘<literal>foo</literal>’ or ‘<literal>foo.bar</liter </para> </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="24" id="Front_002fback-matter"> +<chapter label="23" id="Front_002fback-matter"> <title>Front/back matter</title> -<sect1 label="24.1" id="Tables-of-contents"> +<sect1 label="23.1" id="Tables-of-contents"> <title>Tables of contents</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents, creating</primary></indexterm> @@ -6042,9 +6281,12 @@ table of contents, write a <literal>\newpage</literal> command after the </para> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoffigures</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoftables</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lof file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lot file</primary></indexterm> <para>The analogous commands <literal>\listoffigures</literal> and <literal>\listoftables</literal> -produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. -Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. +produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from <filename>.lof</filename> and +<filename>.lot</filename> files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same +as for the table of contents. </para> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nofiles</primary></indexterm> <para>The command <literal>\nofiles</literal> overrides these commands, and @@ -6052,7 +6294,7 @@ Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. </para> -<sect2 label="24.1.1" id="_005caddcontentsline"> +<sect2 label="23.1.1" id="_005caddcontentsline"> <title>\addcontentsline</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addcontentsline{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents entry, manually adding</primary></indexterm> @@ -6078,17 +6320,17 @@ following, matching the value of the <replaceable>ext</replaceable> argument: </term><listitem><para>For the list of tables. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>entry</replaceable> -</term><listitem><para>The actual text of the entry. +</term><listitem><para>The text of the entry. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\contentsline</primary></indexterm> <para>What is written to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file is the command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}</literal>. </para> -<!-- ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? --> +<!-- xx how hardwired are these values? other unit names? --> </sect2> -<sect2 label="24.1.2" id="_005caddtocontents"> +<sect2 label="23.1.2" id="_005caddtocontents"> <title>\addtocontents</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocontents{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm> @@ -6097,9 +6339,9 @@ command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>nam generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>ext</replaceable> -</term><listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written: -<filename>toc</filename> (table of contents), <filename>lof</filename> (list of figures), or -<filename>lot</filename> (list of tables). +</term><listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +typically one of: <filename>toc</filename> (table of contents), <filename>lof</filename> (list of +figures), or <filename>lot</filename> (list of tables). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>text</replaceable> </term><listitem><para>The text to be written. @@ -6107,7 +6349,7 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.2" id="Glossaries"> +<sect1 label="23.2" id="Glossaries"> <title>Glossaries</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossaries</primary></indexterm> @@ -6124,12 +6366,13 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. <literal>\glossaryentry{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pageno</replaceable>}</literal>, where <replaceable>pageno</replaceable> is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value. </para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossary package</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>glossary</literal> package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.3" id="Indexes"> +<sect1 label="23.3" id="Indexes"> <title>Indexes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>indexes</primary></indexterm> @@ -6148,6 +6391,7 @@ the preamble. is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value. </para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>‘see’ and ‘see also’ index entries</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’</primary></indexterm> <para>To generate a index entry for ‘bar’ that says ‘See foo’, use a vertical bar: <literal>\index{bar|see{foo}}</literal>. Use <literal>seealso</literal> instead of <literal>see</literal> to make a ‘See also’ entry. @@ -6192,7 +6436,7 @@ preparing the index. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="25" id="Letters"> +<chapter label="24" id="Letters"> <title>Letters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating letters</primary></indexterm> @@ -6233,7 +6477,7 @@ commands, use <literal>\\</literal> to separate the items. </para> -<sect1 label="25.1" id="_005caddress"> +<sect1 label="24.1" id="_005caddress"> <title>\address{<replaceable>return-address}</replaceable></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\address</primary></indexterm> @@ -6242,14 +6486,14 @@ should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by <literal>\\</literal> commands. </para> <para>If you do not make an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the letter -will be formatted for copying onto your organisation’s standard +will be formatted for copying onto your organization’s standard letterhead. (See <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>, for details on your local implementation). If you give an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.2" id="_005ccc"> +<sect1 label="24.2" id="_005ccc"> <title><literal>\cc</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cc</primary></indexterm> @@ -6264,7 +6508,7 @@ printed on a separate line. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.3" id="_005cclosing"> +<sect1 label="24.3" id="_005cclosing"> <title><literal>\closing</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closing</primary></indexterm> @@ -6280,7 +6524,7 @@ printed on a separate line. </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.4" id="_005cencl"> +<sect1 label="24.4" id="_005cencl"> <title><literal>\encl</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\encl</primary></indexterm> @@ -6294,18 +6538,18 @@ printed on a separate line. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.5" id="_005clocation"> +<sect1 label="24.5" id="_005clocation"> <title><literal>\location</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\location</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\location{address}</literal> </para> -<para>This modifies your organisation’s standard address. This only appears +<para>This modifies your organization’s standard address. This only appears if the <literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.6" id="_005cmakelabels"> +<sect1 label="24.6" id="_005cmakelabels"> <title><literal>\makelabels</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makelabels</primary></indexterm> @@ -6317,7 +6561,7 @@ address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.7" id="_005cname"> +<sect1 label="24.7" id="_005cname"> <title><literal>\name</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\name</primary></indexterm> @@ -6328,7 +6572,7 @@ address. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.8" id="_005copening"> +<sect1 label="24.8" id="_005copening"> <title><literal>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\opening</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, starting</primary></indexterm> @@ -6345,7 +6589,7 @@ For instance: </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.9" id="_005cps"> +<sect1 label="24.9" id="_005cps"> <title><literal>\ps</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ps</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>postscript, in letters</primary></indexterm> @@ -6355,7 +6599,7 @@ For instance: </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.10" id="_005csignature"> +<sect1 label="24.10" id="_005csignature"> <title><literal>\signature{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\signature</primary></indexterm> @@ -6365,7 +6609,7 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.11" id="_005cstartbreaks"> +<sect1 label="24.11" id="_005cstartbreaks"> <title><literal>\startbreaks</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\startbreaks</primary></indexterm> @@ -6374,9 +6618,8 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within <para>Used after a <literal>\stopbreaks</literal> command to allow page breaks again. </para> - </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.12" id="_005cstopbreaks"> +<sect1 label="24.12" id="_005cstopbreaks"> <title><literal>\stopbreaks</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stopbreaks</primary></indexterm> @@ -6385,9 +6628,8 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within <para>Inhibit page breaks until a <literal>\startbreaks</literal> command occurs. </para> - </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.13" id="_005ctelephone"> +<sect1 label="24.13" id="_005ctelephone"> <title><literal>\telephone</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\telephone</primary></indexterm> @@ -6399,14 +6641,14 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="26" id="Terminal-input_002foutput"> +<chapter label="25" id="Terminal-input_002foutput"> <title>Terminal input/output</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>input/output</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>terminal input/output</primary></indexterm> -<sect1 label="26.1" id="_005ctypein"> +<sect1 label="25.1" id="_005ctypein"> <title><literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typein</primary></indexterm> @@ -6424,7 +6666,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="26.2" id="_005ctypeout"> +<sect1 label="25.2" id="_005ctypeout"> <title><literal>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typeout</primary></indexterm> @@ -6446,19 +6688,24 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <literal>^^J</literal> in </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="27" id="Command-line"> +<chapter label="26" id="Command-line"> <title>Command line</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>command line</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.tex, default extension</primary></indexterm> <para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; &tex; uses <filename>.tex</filename> as a default file extension. If you omit the -input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You -specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the -command; e.g. +input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You can +also specify arbitrary &latex; input by starting with a backslash. +For example, this processes <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every +error: </para> <screen>latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' </screen> -<para>will process <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every error. +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>–help command-line option</primary></indexterm> +<para>With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also +be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with ‘<literal>-</literal>’ or +‘<literal>--</literal>’. For a list of those options, try ‘<literal>latex --help</literal>’. </para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>‘<literal>*</literal>’ prompt</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>prompt, ‘<literal>*</literal>’</primary></indexterm> @@ -6467,7 +6714,8 @@ command; e.g. ‘<literal>*</literal>’ prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <literal>\stop</literal> (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. </para> - +<para>See <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>, for other system commands invoking &latex;. +</para> </chapter> <appendix label="A" id="Document-templates"> @@ -6475,37 +6723,17 @@ command; e.g. <indexterm role="cp"><primary>document templates</primary></indexterm> <para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will -be useful. Additional template resources are listed +be useful. Additional template resources are listed at <ulink url="http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</ulink>. </para> -<sect1 label="A.1" id="book-template"> -<title><literal>book</literal> template</title> - -<screen>\documentclass{book} -\title{Book Class Template} -\author{Alex Author} - -\begin{document} -\maketitle - -\chapter{First} -Some text. - -\chapter{Second} -Some other text. - -\section{A subtopic} -The end. -\end{document} -</screen> - -</sect1> -<sect1 label="A.2" id="beamer-template"> +<sect1 label="A.1" id="beamer-template"> <title><literal>beamer</literal> template</title> -<para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates slides presentations. +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>beamer</literal> template and class</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast +array of features, but here is a basic template: </para> <screen>\documentclass{beamer} @@ -6534,9 +6762,34 @@ The end. </para> </sect1> +<sect1 label="A.2" id="book-template"> +<title><literal>book</literal> template</title> + +<screen>\documentclass{book} +\title{Book Class Template} +\author{Alex Author} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\chapter{First} +Some text. + +\chapter{Second} +Some other text. + +\section{A subtopic} +The end. +\end{document} +</screen> + +</sect1> <sect1 label="A.3" id="tugboat-template"> <title><literal>tugboat</literal> template</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>TUGboat template</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>ltugboat</literal> class</primary></indexterm> + <para><citetitle>TUGboat</citetitle> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group, <ulink url="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</ulink>. </para> @@ -6570,8 +6823,8 @@ This is an example article for \TUB{}. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the -hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the +\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output. Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more: diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html index 60b77bf9423..6d6fb8eed5f 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a -document preparation system, version of May 2014. +document preparation system, version of May 2015. This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges using Hypertext Help with LaTeX, by Sheldon Green, and -LaTeX Command Summary (for LaTeX 2.09) by L. Botway -and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as -TeXniques number 10), as reference material (no text was -directly copied). +LaTeX Command Summary (for LaTeX 2.09) by +L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users +Group as TeXniques number 10), as reference material (no +text was directly copied). Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014 Karl Berry. +2014, 2015 Karl Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. @@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. --> -<!-- Created by Texinfo 5.2dev+dev, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> +<!-- Created by Texinfo 5.9.91+dev, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> <head> -<title>LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2014)</title> +<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (May 2015)</title> -<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2014)"> -<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2014)"> +<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (May 2015)"> +<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (May 2015)"> <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> <meta name="distribution" content="global"> <meta name="Generator" content="texi2any"> @@ -51,16 +51,16 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. --> <style type="text/css"> <!-- a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} +blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em} +blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller} blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} div.display {margin-left: 3.2em} div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} -div.indentedblock {margin-left: 3.2em} div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em} div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em} div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em} -div.smallindentedblock {margin-left: 3.2em; font-size: smaller} div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em} -kbd {font-style:oblique} +kbd {font-style: oblique} pre.display {font-family: inherit} pre.format {font-family: inherit} pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} @@ -69,10 +69,10 @@ pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} -span.nocodebreak {white-space:nowrap} -span.nolinebreak {white-space:nowrap} -span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal} -span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal} +span.nocodebreak {white-space: nowrap} +span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap} +span.roman {font-family: serif; font-weight: normal} +span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal} ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} --> </style> @@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} </head> -<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> -<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e reference manual (May 2014)</h1> +<body lang="en"> +<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (May 2015)</h1> @@ -95,31 +95,30 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a name="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li> <li><a name="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Starting-_0026-ending-1" href="#toc-Starting-_0026-ending-1">3 Starting & ending</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">4 Document classes</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Fonts-1" href="#toc-Fonts-1">5 Fonts</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">6 Layout</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">7 Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">8 Cross references</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">9 Environments</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">10 Line breaking</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">11 Page breaking</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">12 Footnotes</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">13 Definitions</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">14 Counters</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">15 Lengths</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">16 Making paragraphs</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">17 Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">18 Modes</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">19 Page styles</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">20 Spaces</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">21 Boxes</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">22 Special insertions</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">23 Splitting the input</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">24 Front/back matter</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">25 Letters</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">26 Terminal input/output</a></li> -<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">27 Command line</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Fonts-1" href="#toc-Fonts-1">4 Fonts</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">12 Definitions</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">13 Counters</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">14 Lengths</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">17 Modes</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">21 Special insertions</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">22 Splitting the input</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">23 Front/back matter</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">24 Letters</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">25 Terminal input/output</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">26 Command line</a></li> <li><a name="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li> <li><a name="stoc-Concept-Index-1" href="#toc-Concept-Index-1">Concept Index</a></li> <li><a name="stoc-Command-Index-1" href="#toc-Command-Index-1">Command Index</a></li> @@ -133,265 +132,270 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} <ul class="no-bullet"> <li><a name="toc-About-this-document-1" href="#About-this-document">1 About this document</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#Overview">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Starting-_0026-ending-1" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">3 Starting & ending</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">4 Document classes</a> + <li><a name="toc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#Overview">2 Overview of LaTeX</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">4.1 Document class options</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Starting-and-ending-1" href="#Starting-and-ending">2.1 Starting and ending</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Output-files-1" href="#Output-files">2.2 Output files</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Fonts-1" href="#Fonts">5 Fonts</a> + <li><a name="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-Font-styles-1" href="#Font-styles">5.1 Font styles</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Font-sizes-1" href="#Font-sizes">5.2 Font sizes</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">5.3 Low-level font commands</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Layout-1" href="#Layout">6 Layout</a> + <li><a name="toc-Fonts-1" href="#Fonts">4 Fonts</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">6.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">6.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">6.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">6.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">6.5 Page layout parameters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Font-styles-1" href="#Font-styles">4.1 Font styles</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Font-sizes-1" href="#Font-sizes">4.2 Font sizes</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.3 Low-level font commands</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">7 Sectioning</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">8 Cross references</a> + <li><a name="toc-Layout-1" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">8.1 <code>\label</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cpageref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cpageref">8.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cref">8.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">9 Environments</a> + <li><a name="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">9.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-array-1" href="#array">9.2 <code>array</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-center-1" href="#center">9.3 <code>center</code></a> + <li><a name="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cpageref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-center-1" href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">9.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-description-1" href="#description">9.4 <code>description</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">9.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-document-1" href="#document">9.6 <code>document</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">9.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">9.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">9.9 <code>equation</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">9.10 <code>figure</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-filecontents_003a-Create-external-files" href="#filecontents">9.11 <code>filecontents</code>: Create external files</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">9.12 <code>flushleft</code></a> + <li><a name="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-filecontents_003a-Create-external-files" href="#filecontents">8.11 <code>filecontents</code>: Create external files</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">9.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">9.13 <code>flushright</code></a> + <li><a name="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">8.13 <code>flushright</code></a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">9.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">9.14 <code>itemize</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">9.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-list-1" href="#list">9.16 <code>list</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-math-1" href="#math">9.17 <code>math</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">9.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">9.19 <code>picture</code></a> + <li><a name="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.14 <code>itemize</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code>math</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code>picture</code></a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">9.19.1 <code>\circle</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">9.19.2 <code>\makebox</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cframebox" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">9.19.3 <code>\framebox</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">9.19.4 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">9.19.5 <code>\frame</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">9.19.6 <code>\line</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">9.19.7 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">9.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">9.19.9 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">9.19.10 <code>\multiput</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">9.19.11 <code>\oval</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">9.19.12 <code>\put</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">9.19.13 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">9.19.14 <code>\vector</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.1 <code>\circle</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.2 <code>\makebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cframebox" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.3 <code>\framebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.4 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.5 <code>\frame</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.6 <code>\line</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.7 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.9 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.10 <code>\multiput</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.11 <code>\oval</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.12 <code>\put</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.13 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.14 <code>\vector</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-quotation-1" href="#quotation">9.20 <code>quotation</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-quote-1" href="#quote">9.21 <code>quote</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">9.22 <code>tabbing</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-table-1" href="#table">9.23 <code>table</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">9.24 <code>tabular</code></a> + <li><a name="toc-quotation-1" href="#quotation">8.20 <code>quotation</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-quote-1" href="#quote">8.21 <code>quote</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.22 <code>tabbing</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.23 <code>table</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.24 <code>tabular</code></a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">9.24.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">9.24.2 <code>\cline</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">9.24.3 <code>\hline</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">9.24.4 <code>\vline</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.24.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">8.24.2 <code>\cline</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">8.24.3 <code>\hline</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">8.24.4 <code>\vline</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">9.25 <code>thebibliography</code></a> + <li><a name="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">8.25 <code>thebibliography</code></a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">9.25.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">9.25.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">9.25.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">9.25.4 Using BibTeX</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.25.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.25.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.25.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">8.25.4 Using BibTeX</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">9.26 <code>theorem</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">9.27 <code>titlepage</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">9.28 <code>verbatim</code></a> + <li><a name="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.26 <code>theorem</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.27 <code>titlepage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">8.28 <code>verbatim</code></a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">9.28.1 <code>\verb</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">8.28.1 <code>\verb</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">9.29 <code>verse</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">8.29 <code>verse</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Line-breaking-1" href="#Line-breaking">10 Line breaking</a> + <li><a name="toc-Line-breaking-1" href="#Line-breaking">9 Line breaking</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005c_005c_005b_002a_005d_005bmorespace_005d" href="#g_t_005c_005c">10.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">10.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">10.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">10.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cfussy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy">10.5 <code>\fussy</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005csloppy">10.6 <code>\sloppy</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">10.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">10.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005c_005c_005b_002a_005d_005bmorespace_005d" href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cfussy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy">9.5 <code>\fussy</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005csloppy">9.6 <code>\sloppy</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">11 Page breaking</a> + <li><a name="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">11.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cclearpage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">11.2 <code>\clearpage</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">11.3 <code>\newpage</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">11.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">11.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cclearpage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">10.2 <code>\clearpage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.3 <code>\newpage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">12 Footnotes</a> + <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">12.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">12.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">12.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Symbolic-footnotes-1" href="#Symbolic-footnotes">12.4 Symbolic footnotes</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Footnote-parameters-1" href="#Footnote-parameters">12.5 Footnote parameters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Symbolic-footnotes-1" href="#Symbolic-footnotes">11.4 Symbolic footnotes</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Footnote-parameters-1" href="#Footnote-parameters">11.5 Footnote parameters</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">13 Definitions</a> + <li><a name="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">13.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">13.2 <code>\newcounter</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">13.3 <code>\newlength</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">13.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">13.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">13.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">13.7 <code>\newfont</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">13.8 <code>\protect</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.2 <code>\newcounter</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.3 <code>\newlength</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.7 <code>\newfont</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.8 <code>\protect</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">14 Counters</a> + <li><a name="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">14.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cusecounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">14.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cvalue_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cvalue">14.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005csetcounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">14.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">14.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005crefstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">14.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">14.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear_003a-Predefined-counters" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">14.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cusecounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvalue_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csetcounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005crefstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear_003a-Predefined-counters" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">15 Lengths</a> + <li><a name="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005csetlength_007b_005clen_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005csetlength">15.1 <code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005caddtolength_007b_005clen_007d_007bamount_007d" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">15.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">15.3 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">15.4 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">15.5 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Predefined-lengths-1" href="#Predefined-lengths">15.6 Predefined lengths</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csetlength_007b_005clen_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.1 <code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddtolength_007b_005clen_007d_007bamount_007d" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.3 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.4 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.5 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Predefined-lengths-1" href="#Predefined-lengths">14.6 Predefined lengths</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">16 Making paragraphs</a> + <li><a name="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005cindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent">16.1 <code>\indent</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">16.2 <code>\noindent</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparskip">16.3 <code>\parskip</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">16.4 Marginal notes</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent">15.1 <code>\indent</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">17 Math formulas</a> + <li><a name="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">17.1 Subscripts & superscripts</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">17.2 Math symbols</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">17.3 Math functions</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">17.4 Math accents</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">17.5 Spacing in math mode</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">17.6 Math miscellany</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.5 Spacing in math mode</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.6 Math miscellany</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">18 Modes</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">19 Page styles</a> + <li><a name="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">18 Page styles</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">19.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">19.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">19.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cthispagestyle_007bstyle_007d" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">19.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cthispagestyle_007bstyle_007d" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">20 Spaces</a> + <li><a name="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">20.1 <code>\hspace</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">20.2 <code>\hfill</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cSPACE-1" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">20.3 <code>\SPACE</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040" href="#g_t_005cAT">20.4 <code>\@</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">20.5 <code>\thinspace</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">20.6 <code>\/</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">20.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">20.8 <code>\dotfill</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">20.9 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">20.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">20.11 <code>\vfill</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace_005b_002a_005d_007blength_007d" href="#g_t_005cvspace">20.12 <code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cSPACE_003a-Normal-interword-space" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">19.3 <code>\SPACE</code>: Normal interword space</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040_003a-Force-sentence_002dending-punctuation" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.4 <code>\@</code>: Force sentence-ending punctuation</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.6 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">19.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">19.8 <code>\dotfill</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace_005b_002a_005d_007blength_007d" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.12 <code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">21 Boxes</a> + <li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005cmbox_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005cmbox">21.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">21.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">21.3 <code>lrbox</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-2" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">21.4 <code>\makebox</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">21.5 <code>\parbox</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">21.6 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csavebox">21.7 <code>\savebox</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csbox">21.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd" href="#g_t_005cusebox">21.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var></code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmbox_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005cmbox">20.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-2" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csavebox">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csbox">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">22 Special insertions</a> + <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">22.1 Reserved characters</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">22.2 Text symbols</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">22.3 Accents</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Non_002dEnglish-characters-1" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">22.4 Non-English characters</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">22.5 <code>\rule</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">22.6 <code>\today</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">21.1 Reserved characters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">21.2 Text symbols</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">21.3 Accents</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Non_002dEnglish-characters-1" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">21.4 Non-English characters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">21.5 <code>\rule</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">21.6 <code>\today</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">23 Splitting the input</a> + <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">23.1 <code>\include</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">23.2 \<code>includeonly</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">23.3 \input</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">22.1 <code>\include</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">22.3 \input</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">24 Front/back matter</a> + <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">24.1 Tables of contents</a> + <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">23.1 Tables of contents</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">24.1.1 \addcontentsline</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">24.1.2 \addtocontents</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">23.1.1 \addcontentsline</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">23.1.2 \addtocontents</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">24.2 Glossaries</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">24.3 Indexes</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">23.2 Glossaries</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">23.3 Indexes</a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">25 Letters</a> + <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">24 Letters</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005caddress_007breturn_002daddress_007d" href="#g_t_005caddress">25.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">25.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">25.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">25.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">25.5 <code>\location</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">25.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">25.7 <code>\name</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005copening_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005copening">25.8 <code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">25.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005csignature_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csignature">25.10 <code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cstartbreaks-1" href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">25.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005cstopbreaks-1" href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">25.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">25.13 <code>\telephone</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddress_007breturn_002daddress_007d" href="#g_t_005caddress">24.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">24.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">24.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">24.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">24.5 <code>\location</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">24.7 <code>\name</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005copening_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005copening">24.8 <code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">24.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csignature_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csignature">24.10 <code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cstartbreaks-1" href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">24.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cstopbreaks-1" href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">24.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">24.13 <code>\telephone</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">26 Terminal input/output</a> + <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">25 Terminal input/output</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">26.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li> - <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">26.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">25.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">25.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li> </ul></li> - <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">27 Command line</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">26 Command line</a></li> <li><a name="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a> <ul class="no-bullet"> - <li><a name="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.1 <code>book</code> template</a></li> - <li><a name="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.2 <code>book</code> template</a></li> <li><a name="toc-tugboat-template-1" href="#tugboat-template">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li> @@ -405,40 +409,36 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} <p> Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<a name="LaTeX2e"></a> -<h1 class="top">LaTeX2e</h1> +<a name="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></a> +<h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1> -<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a -document preparation system, version as of May 2014. It is -intended to cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of -LaTeX for many years. +<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of +May 2015) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Overview" accesskey="2">Overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What is LaTeX? </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending" accesskey="3">Starting & ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard beginning and end of a document. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="3">Document classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Some of the various classes available. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="4">Document classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Some of the various classes available. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="4">Fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic, bold, typewriter, etc. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="5">Fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic, bold, typewriter, etc. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Layout" accesskey="5">Layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling the page layout. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Layout" accesskey="6">Layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling the page layout. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="6">Sectioning</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to section properly. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="7">Sectioning</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to section properly. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="7">Cross references</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic referencing. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="8">Cross references</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic referencing. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environments" accesskey="8">Environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Such as enumerate & itemize. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environments" accesskey="9">Environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Such as enumerate & itemize. -</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing line breaks. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="9">Line breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing line breaks. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing page breaks. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to produce footnotes. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands etc. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands, etc. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Internal counters used by LaTeX. </td></tr> @@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ LaTeX for many years. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The letter class. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The <code>letter</code> class. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">User interaction. </td></tr> @@ -486,49 +486,63 @@ Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Previous: <a hr <a name="About-this-document-1"></a> <h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2> -<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a> -<a name="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></a> -<a name="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></a> -<p>The LaTeX document preparation system is implemented as a macro -package for Donald E. Knuth’s TeX typesetting program. -LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now -maintained by a group of volunteers (<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>). -The official documentation written by the LaTeX project is -available from their web site. -</p> <a name="index-bug-reporting"></a> <a name="index-reporting-bugs"></a> -<a name="index-latexrefman_002ddiscuss_0040gna_002eorg-email-address"></a> -<p>The present document is completely unofficial and has not been -reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. Do not send bug reports or -anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all -comments to <a href="mailto:latexrefman-discuss@gna.org">latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</a>. -</p> -<p>The home page for this document is +<a name="index-http_003a_002f_002fhome_002egna_002eorg_002flatexrefman-home-page"></a> +<p>This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document +preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX +typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>). This document’s home page is <a href="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</a>. That page has links to the -current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other -infrastructure. +current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and +subscriptions, and other infrastructure. +</p> +<a name="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></a> +<p>In this document, we will mostly just use ‘LaTeX’ rather than +‘LaTeX2e’, since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was +retired many years ago. </p> -<p>Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about -LaTeX. Here are a few: +<a name="index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual"></a> +<a name="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></a> +<a name="index-latexrefman_002ddiscuss_0040gna_002eorg-email-address"></a> +<p>LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers +(<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>). The official documentation written by +the LaTeX project is available from their web site. This document is +completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX +maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this +document to them. Instead, please send all comments to +<a href="mailto:latexrefman-discuss@gna.org">latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</a>. +</p> +<p>This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources +of information about LaTeX, at all levels. Here are a few +introductions. </p> <dl compact="compact"> -<dt><a href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a></dt> -<dd><p>Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation. +<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a></dt> +<dd><a name="index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"></a> +<p>Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation. </p> </dd> -<dt><a href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a></dt> -<dd><p>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. +<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a></dt> +<dd><a name="index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"></a> +<p>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. </p> </dd> -<dt><a href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</a></dt> -<dd><p>The guide for document authors maintained as part of LaTeX; there -are several others. +<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</a></dt> +<dd><a name="index-usrguide-official-documentation"></a> +<p>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX; +there are plenty of others available elsewhere. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a></dt> +<dd><a name="index-lshort-document"></a> +<p>A short introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages. </p> </dd> <dt><a href="http://tug.org/begin.html">http://tug.org/begin.html</a></dt> -<dd><p>Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX. -</p></dd> +<dd><p>Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further +references. +</p> +</dd> </dl> @@ -536,161 +550,350 @@ are several others. <a name="Overview"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending" accesskey="n" rel="next">Starting & ending</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Overview-of-LaTeX"></a> <h2 class="chapter">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2> -<p>What is LaTeX? -</p> <a name="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></a> <a name="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></a> +<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a> +<a name="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></a> <a name="index-LaTeX-overview"></a> -<p>LaTeX typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the -LaTeX “macro package” for TeX. That is, it processes an input -file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that -describe how the text should be formatted. LaTeX files are plain -text that can be written in any reasonable editor. It produces at -least three files as output: + +<p>LaTeX is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally +created by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers +(<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>). It is widely used, particularly for +complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics. +</p> +<a name="index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as"></a> +<p>A LaTeX user writes an input file containing text along with +interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text +should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands +that interface with Donald E. Knuth’s TeX typesetting program +(the technical term is that LaTeX is a <em>macro package</em> for the +TeX engine). The user produces the output document by giving that +file to the TeX engine. +</p> +<p>The term LaTeX is also sometimes used to mean the language in which +the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands +available to a LaTeX user. +</p> +<a name="index-Lamport-TeX"></a> +<a name="index-pronunciation"></a> +<p>The name LaTeX is short for “Lamport TeX”. It is pronounced +LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, +produce the logo with <code>\LaTeX</code>. Where use of the logo is not +sensible, such as in plain text, write it as ‘<samp>LaTeX</samp>’. </p> -<ol> -<li> The main output file, which is one of: +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="1">Starting and ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard beginning and end of a document. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="2">Output files</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Files produced. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="3">TeX engines</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Programs that implementation LaTeX. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General syntax of LaTeX commands. +</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr> +<a name="Starting-and-ending"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Starting-and-ending-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">2.1 Starting and ending</h3> + +<a name="Starting-_0026-ending"></a><a name="index-starting-_0026-ending"></a> +<a name="index-ending-_0026-starting"></a> +<a name="index-hello_002c-world"></a> + +<p>LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard +starting and ending. Here is a “hello, world” example: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\documentclass{article} +\begin{document} +Hello, \LaTeX\ world. +\end{document} +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-document-class_002c-defined"></a> +<p>Here, the ‘<samp>article</samp>’ is the so-called <em>document class</em>, +implemented in a file <samp>article.cls</samp>. Any document class can be +used. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast +array of others are widely available. See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>. +</p> +<a name="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a> +<p>You can include other LaTeX commands between the +<code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands. +This area is called the <em>preamble</em>. +</p> +<p>The <code>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> is a so-called +<em>environment</em>; the ‘<samp>document</samp>’ environment (and no others) is +required in all LaTeX documents. LaTeX provides many +environments itself, and many more are defined separately. +See <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>. +</p> +<p>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from +a LaTeX input file. +</p> + +<hr> +<a name="Output-files"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting and ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Output-files-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">2.2 Output files</h3> + +<p>LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two accessory files. +The main output file’s name ends in either <samp>.dvi</samp> or <samp>.pdf</samp>. +</p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>.dvi</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-_002edvi-file"></a> <a name="index-latex-command"></a> -<p>If invoked as <code>latex</code>, a “Device Independent” (<samp>.dvi</samp>) -file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into -commands for virtually any output device. You can view such -<samp>.dvi</samp> output of LaTeX by using a program such as -<code>xdvi</code> (display directly), <code>dvips</code> (convert to -PostScript), or <code>dvipdfmx</code> (convert to PDF). +<a name="index-xdvi-command"></a> +<a name="index-dvips-command"></a> +<a name="index-dvipdfmx-command"></a> +<a name="index-dvitype-command"></a> +<p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>latex</code> then it +produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <samp>.dvi</samp>. You +can view this file with a command such as <code>xdvi</code>, or convert +it to a PostScript <code>.ps</code> file with <code>dvips</code> or to a +Portable Document Format <code>.pdf</code> file with <code>dvipdfmx</code>. +The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with +<code>dvitype</code>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are +available (<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware">http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware</a>). </p> </dd> <dt><code>.pdf</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-_002epdf-file"></a> <a name="index-pdfTeX"></a> <a name="index-pdflatex-command"></a> -<p>If invoked as <code>pdflatex</code>, a “Portable Document Format” -(<samp>.pdf</samp>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with -all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does -make the output much larger than the <samp>.dvi</samp> produced from the -same document. -</p> -<a name="index-lualatex-command"></a> -<a name="index-LuaTeX"></a> -<p>If invoked as <code>lualatex</code>, a <samp>.pdf</samp> file is created using -the LuaTeX engine (<a href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>). -</p> -<a name="index-xelatex-command"></a> -<a name="index-XeTeX"></a> -<p>If invoked as <code>xelatex</code>, a <samp>.pdf</samp> file is created using -the XeTeX engine (<a href="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</a>). +<p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>pdflatex</code>, +among other commands (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), then the main output is +a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a +self-contained file, with all fonts and images included. </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>Many other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) exist, which -can produce HTML, XML, and other things. +<p>LaTeX also produces at least two additional files. </p> -</li><li> <a name="index-transcript-file"></a> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>.log</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-transcript-file"></a> <a name="index-log-file"></a> <a name="index-_002elog-file"></a> -The “transcript” or <samp>.log</samp> file that contains summary -information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the -input file. - -</li><li> <a name="index-auxiliary-file"></a> -<a name="index-_002eaux-file"></a> -An “auxiliary” or <samp>.aux</samp> file. This is used by LaTeX itself, -for things such as cross-references. -</li></ol> - -<p>An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won’t try to -list them all. Xxx components? +<p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of +loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps +additional information for any errors. </p> -<a name="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></a> -<a name="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"></a> -<a name="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"></a> -<p>In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a <code>\</code>, -followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single -non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <code>[]</code>, are -optional while arguments contained in braces, <code>{}</code>, are -required. +</dd> +<dt><code>.aux</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-auxiliary-file"></a> +<a name="index-_002eaux-file"></a> +<a name="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></a> +<a name="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></a> +<a name="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></a> +<p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as +cross references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a +forward reference—a cross reference to something that has not yet +appeared in the source—it will appear in the output as a doubled +question mark <code>??</code>. When the referred-to spot does eventually +appear in the source then LaTeX writes its location information to +this <code>.aux</code> file. On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the +location information from this file and uses it to resolve the +reference, replacing the double question mark with the remembered +location. </p> -<a name="index-case-sensitivity-of-LaTeX"></a> -<p>LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless -explicitly directed to do otherwise. +</dd> +</dl> + +<a name="index-_002elof-file"></a> +<a name="index-list-of-figures-file"></a> +<a name="index-_002elot-file"></a> +<a name="index-list-of-tables-file"></a> +<a name="index-_002etoc-file"></a> +<a name="index-table-of-contents-file"></a> +<a name="index-contents-file"></a> +<p>LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename +ending. These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list +of figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a +<code>.toc</code> file used to make a table of contents. A particular class +may create others; the list is open-ended. </p> <hr> -<a name="Starting-_0026-ending"></a> +<a name="TeX-engines"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<a name="Starting-_0026-ending-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">3 Starting & ending</h2> +<a name="TeX-engines-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">2.3 TeX engines</h3> -<a name="index-starting-_0026-ending"></a> -<a name="index-ending-_0026-starting"></a> +<a name="index-engines_002c-TeX"></a> +<a name="index-implementations-of-TeX"></a> +<a name="index-UTF_002d8"></a> +<a name="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></a> +<a name="index-TrueType-fonts"></a> +<a name="index-OpenType-fonts"></a> -<p>A minimal input file looks like the following: +<p>LaTeX is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a TeX +implementation (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>). This section gives a terse +overview of the main programs. </p> -<div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\documentclass{<var>class</var>} -\begin{document} -<var>your text</var> -\end{document} -</pre></div> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>latex</code></dt> +<dt><code>pdflatex</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-pdfTeX-engine"></a> +<a name="index-etex-command"></a> +<a name="index-e_002dTeX"></a> +<p>In TeX Live (<a href="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</a>, if LaTeX is invoked +via either the system command <code>latex</code> or <code>pdflatex</code>, +then the pdfTeX engine is run (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>). +When invoked as <code>latex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.dvi</samp> +file; as <code>pdflatex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.pdf</samp> file. +</p> +<p>pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth’s original +program (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/etex">http://ctan.org/pkg/etex</a>), including additional +programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of +extensions of its own. e-TeX is available on its own as the +command <code>etex</code>, but this is plain TeX (and produces +<samp>.dvi</samp>). +</p> +<p>In other TeX distributions, <code>latex</code> may invoke e-TeX +rather than pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be +assumed to be available in LaTeX. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>lualatex</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-lualatex-command"></a> +<a name="index-LuaTeX"></a> +<p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>lualatex</code>, the +LuaTeX engine is run (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>). This +program allows code written in the scripting language Lua +(<a href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>) to interact with TeX’s typesetting. +LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType +and TrueType fonts, and produces a <samp>.pdf</samp> file by default. +There is also <code>dvilualatex</code> to produce a <samp>.dvi</samp> file, +but this is rarely used. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>xelatex</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-xelatex-command"></a> +<a name="index-XeTeX"></a> +<p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>xelatex</code>, the +XeTeX engine is run (<a href="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</a>). Like LuaTeX, +XeTeX also natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and +OpenType fonts, though the implementation is completely different, +mainly using external libraries instead of internal code. XeTeX +produces a <samp>.pdf</samp> file as output; it does not support DVI output. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> -<p>where the <var>class</var> is a valid document class for LaTeX. -See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>, for details of the various document classes -available locally. +<p>Other variants of LaTeX and TeX exist, e.g., to provide +additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]pTeX, +<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a>, <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>). </p> -<a name="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a> -<p>You may include other LaTeX commands between the <code>\documentclass</code> -and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands (this area is called the -<em>preamble</em>). + +<hr> +<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3> + +<a name="index-command-syntax"></a> +<a name="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></a> +<a name="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"></a> +<a name="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"></a> +<p>In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a <code>\</code>; the +name itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or +(b) a single non-letter. +</p> +<p>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either +required or optional. Required arguments are contained in curly +braces, <code>{...}</code>. Optional arguments are contained in square +brackets, <code>[...]</code>. Generally, but not universally, if the +command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any +required arguments. +</p> +<p>Some commands have a <code>*</code> form that is related to the form without +a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and <code>\chapter*</code>. +</p> +<p>LaTeX commands are case sensitive; neither <code>\Begin{document}</code> +nor <code>\begin{Document}</code> will work. Most commands are lowercase, +but in any event you must enter all commands in the same case as they +are defined. +</p> +<p>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the +commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs). </p> <hr> <a name="Document-classes"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting & ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Document-classes-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">4 Document classes</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2> <a name="index-document-classes"></a> <a name="index-classes-of-documents"></a> <a name="index-_005cdocumentclass"></a> -<p>The class of a given document is defined with the command: +<p>The document’s overall class is defined with this command, which is +normally the first command in a LaTeX source file. </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\documentclass</code> command must be the first command in a -LaTeX source file. -</p> <a name="index-article-class"></a> <a name="index-report-class"></a> <a name="index-book-class"></a> <a name="index-letter-class"></a> <a name="index-slides-class"></a> -<p>Built-in LaTeX document <var>class</var> names are (many other document -classes are available as add-ons; see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>): +<p>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into LaTeX. +(Many other document classes are available as separate packages; +see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>.) </p> -<div class="example"> -<pre class="example">article report book letter slides -</pre></div> - +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>article</code></dt> +<dd><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>book</code></dt> +<dd><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front +matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix +(see <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>report</code></dt> +<dd><p>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>, +such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>slides</code></dt> +<dd><p>For slide presentations—rarely used today. In its place the +<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent (see <a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>). +</p> +</dd> +</dl> -<p>Standard <var>options</var> are described below. +<p>Standard <var>options</var> are described in the next section. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Global options. @@ -705,17 +908,16 @@ classes are available as add-ons; see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>): Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Document-class-options-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">4.1 Document class options</h3> +<h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3> <a name="index-document-class-options"></a> <a name="index-options_002c-document-class"></a> <a name="index-class-options"></a> <a name="index-global-options"></a> -<p>You can specify so-called <em>global options</em> or <em>class options</em> -to the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square -brackets as usual. To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate -them with a comma: +<p>You can specify so-called <em>global options</em> or <em>class options</em> to +the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. +To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma, as in: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>} @@ -757,28 +959,46 @@ size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>): <p>Miscellaneous other options: </p> <dl compact="compact"> -<dt><code>draft, final</code></dt> +<dt><code>draft</code></dt> +<dt><code>final</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting"></a> -<p>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <code>final</code>. -</p></dd> +<p>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a +black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>. +</p> +</dd> <dt><code>fleqn</code></dt> -<dd><p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. -</p></dd> +<dd><a name="index-flush-left-equations"></a> +<a name="index-centered-equations"></a> +<a name="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></a> +<p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. +</p> +</dd> <dt><code>landscape</code></dt> -<dd><p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. -</p></dd> +<dd><a name="index-landscape-orientation"></a> +<a name="index-portrait-orientation"></a> +<p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. +</p> +</dd> <dt><code>leqno</code></dt> -<dd><p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. -</p></dd> +<dd><a name="index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a> +<a name="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a> +<a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></a> +<p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. +</p> +</dd> <dt><code>openbib</code></dt> -<dd><p>Use “open” bibliography format. -</p></dd> -<dt><code>titlepage, notitlepage</code></dt> -<dd><p>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. +<dd><a name="index-bibliography-format_002c-open"></a> +<p>Use “open” bibliography format. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>titlepage</code></dt> +<dt><code>notitlepage</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din"></a> +<p>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. </p></dd> </dl> -<p>These options are not available with the slides class: +<p>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class. </p> <a name="index-onecolumn-option"></a> <a name="index-twocolumn-option"></a> @@ -797,30 +1017,30 @@ size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>): <dd><a name="index-_005cevensidemargin"></a> <a name="index-_005coddsidemargin"></a> <p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except -for the <code>book</code> class. +that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>. </p> -<p>The <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code> parameter determines -the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the -page and the text’s left margin. The defaults vary with the paper -size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided -printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is -40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, -with <code>\evensidemargin</code> the remainder. +<p>For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For two-sided +printing, the <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code>) parameter +determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left +side of the page and the text’s left margin, with <code>\oddsidemargin</code> +being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and +<code>\textwidth</code>, and <code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder. </p> </dd> <dt><code>openright</code></dt> <dt><code>openany</code></dt> -<dd><p>Determines if a chapter should start on a -right-hand page; default is <code>openright</code> for book. +<dd><p>Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is +<code>openright</code> for <code>book</code>, and <code>openany</code> for <code>report</code>. </p></dd> </dl> +<a name="index-clock-option-to-slides-class"></a> <p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing the time at the bottom of each note. </p> - -<a name="index-packages_002c-loading"></a> <a name="index-loading-additional-packages"></a> +<a name="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></a> +<a name="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></a> <a name="index-_005cusepackage"></a> <p>Additional packages are loaded like this: </p> @@ -828,8 +1048,9 @@ the time at the bottom of each note. <pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>} </pre></div> -<p>To specify more than one <var>pkg</var>, you can separate them with a -comma, or use multiple <code>\usepackage</code> commands. +<p>To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma, +as in <code>\usepackage{<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple +<code>\usepackage</code> commands. </p> <a name="index-global-options-1"></a> <a name="index-options_002c-global"></a> @@ -845,7 +1066,7 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Fonts-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">5 Fonts</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">4 Fonts</h2> <a name="Typefaces"></a> <a name="index-typefaces"></a> <a name="index-fonts"></a> @@ -854,7 +1075,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href=" and a style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="1">Font styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Select roman, italics etc. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="1">Font styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Select roman, italics, etc. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="2">Font sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Select point size. </td></tr> @@ -870,7 +1091,7 @@ and a style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here. Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Font-styles-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">5.1 Font styles</h3> +<h3 class="section">4.1 Font styles</h3> <a name="index-font-styles"></a> <a name="index-typeface-styles"></a> @@ -885,13 +1106,22 @@ arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. </p> <p>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, -are cumulative; e.g.,, you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or +are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code> to get bold sans serif. </p> <p>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for instance, <code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>. </p> -<p>These commands automatically supply an italic correction if needed. +<a name="index-_005cnocorrlist"></a> +<a name="index-_005cnocorr"></a> +<p>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections +if needed. (See <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>, for the details of italic corrections.) +Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following +character is in the list <code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists +of a period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of +italic correction, use <code>\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the +command argument, such as <code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or +<code>\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>. </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code></dt> @@ -1022,8 +1252,8 @@ FAQ entry: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf">http://w <p>LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative. Also, they are used differently than the above commands: <code>{\<var>cmd</var> -...}</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. These are two very -different things. +...}</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. These are two unrelated +constructs. </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>\bf</code> @@ -1111,7 +1341,7 @@ their place. Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Font-sizes-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">5.2 Font sizes</h3> +<h3 class="section">4.2 Font sizes</h3> <a name="index-font-sizes"></a> <a name="index-typeface-sizes"></a> <a name="index-sizes-of-text"></a> @@ -1159,7 +1389,7 @@ these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>. Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">5.3 Low-level font commands</h3> +<h3 class="section">4.3 Low-level font commands</h3> <a name="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a> <a name="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></a> @@ -1267,7 +1497,7 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Layout-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">6 Layout</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2> <a name="index-layout-commands"></a> <p>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. @@ -1281,7 +1511,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: < </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4">\raggedbottom</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Allow text pages of differing height. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">\headheight \footskip. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>. </td></tr> </table> @@ -1293,7 +1523,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: < Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3> <a name="index-_005conecolumn"></a> <a name="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></a> @@ -1308,7 +1538,7 @@ single-column output. This is the default. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\onecolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">6.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ctwocolumn"></a> <a name="index-multicolumn-text"></a> <a name="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></a> @@ -1391,7 +1621,7 @@ and the main text. Default ‘<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’. Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raggedbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">6.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cflushbottom"></a> @@ -1410,7 +1640,7 @@ page. Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\flushbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">6.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3> <a name="index-_005craggedbottom"></a> <a name="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></a> @@ -1426,7 +1656,7 @@ stretched. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raggedbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Page-layout-parameters-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">6.5 Page layout parameters</h3> +<h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3> <a name="index-page-layout-parameters"></a> <a name="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></a> @@ -1526,7 +1756,7 @@ then divided by two. <a name="index-_005ctopskip"></a> </dt> <dd><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of -the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the +the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ at ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’. </p> </dd> @@ -1540,7 +1770,7 @@ same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ at ‘<samp>10p Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Sectioning-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">7 Sectioning</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2> <a name="index-sectioning"></a> <p>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: @@ -1552,7 +1782,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, <dt><code>\chapter</code> <a name="index-_005cchapter"></a> </dt> -<dd><p>(report and book class only) +<dd><p>(<code>report</code> and <code>book</code> class only) </p></dd> <dt><code>\section</code> <a name="index-_005csection"></a> @@ -1633,7 +1863,7 @@ The setting Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Cross-references-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">8 Cross references</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2> <a name="index-cross-references"></a> <p>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer @@ -1656,7 +1886,7 @@ the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.” Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005clabel-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">8.1 <code>\label</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3> <a name="index-_005clabel"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -1670,7 +1900,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pageref</a>, Up: <a h inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>. </p> <p>A <var>key</var> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or -punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are +distinguished, as usual. </p> <p>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by @@ -1705,7 +1936,7 @@ a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ref</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\label</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cpageref_007bkey_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cpageref"></a> <a name="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></a> <a name="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> @@ -1728,7 +1959,7 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cref_007bkey_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">8.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cref"></a> <a name="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></a> <a name="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> @@ -1755,7 +1986,7 @@ such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just the bare nu Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Environments-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">9 Environments</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2> <a name="index-environments"></a> <a name="index-_005cbegin"></a> @@ -1839,7 +2070,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="abstract-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.1 <code>abstract</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3> <a name="index-abstract-environment"></a> <a name="index-abstracts"></a> @@ -1861,7 +2092,7 @@ Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev">abstract</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="array-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.2 <code>array</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3> <a name="index-array-environment"></a> <a name="index-arrays_002c-math"></a> @@ -1878,8 +2109,8 @@ Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href=" within an <code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>). It has a single mandatory <var>template</var> argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column <var>col</var> is -specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should -be formatted, as follows: +specified by a single letter that tells how items in each row of that +column should be formatted, as follows: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>c</code></dt> @@ -1929,7 +2160,7 @@ namely <code>\arrayrulewidth</code> and <code>\arraystretch</code>. Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="center-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.3 <code>center</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3> <a name="index-center-environment"></a> <a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></a> @@ -1962,7 +2193,7 @@ string <code>\\</code>. Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up">center</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ccentering-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4> <a name="index-_005ccentering"></a> <a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a> @@ -1997,7 +2228,7 @@ second line \\ Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev">center</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="description-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.4 <code>description</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3> <a name="index-description-environment"></a> <a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></a> @@ -2037,7 +2268,7 @@ plain typewriter}]</code>. Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev">description</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="displaymath-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3> <a name="index-displaymath-environment"></a> @@ -2071,12 +2302,12 @@ equation number, use the <code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equati Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">displaymath</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="document-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.6 <code>document</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3> <a name="index-document-environment"></a> <p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the body of a document. -It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a>. +It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a>. </p> <hr> @@ -2086,7 +2317,7 @@ It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">St Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">document</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="enumerate-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3> <a name="index-enumerate-environment"></a> <a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></a> @@ -2152,7 +2383,7 @@ letters: Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev">enumerate</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="eqnarray-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3> <a name="index-eqnarray-environment"></a> <a name="index-equations_002c-aligning"></a> @@ -2180,7 +2411,7 @@ others) from the <code>amsmath</code> package. <a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a> <p>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a sequence of -equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column +equations or inequalities. It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <code>\\</code> and consecutive items within a row separated by an <code>&</code>. </p> @@ -2209,7 +2440,7 @@ zero width. Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev">eqnarray</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="equation-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.9 <code>equation</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3> <a name="index-equation-environment"></a> <a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></a> @@ -2235,7 +2466,7 @@ on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">filecontents</a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">equation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="figure-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.10 <code>figure</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3> <a name="index-figure"></a> <a name="index-inserting-figures"></a> <a name="index-figures_002c-inserting"></a> @@ -2275,13 +2506,12 @@ FAQ: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://w </p> </dd> <dt><code>h</code></dt> -<dd><a name="index-float-package"></a> -<p>(Here)—at the position in the text where the figure environment -appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is +<dd><p>(Here)—at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment +appears. However, <code>t</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is automatically added. </p> <a name="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a> -<a name="index-float-package-1"></a> +<a name="index-float-package"></a> <p>To absolutely force a figure to appear “here”, you can <code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at @@ -2303,7 +2533,7 @@ see above. </dd> </dl> -<p>The standard report and article classes use the default placement +<p>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default placement <code>tbp</code>. </p> <p>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, @@ -2320,7 +2550,7 @@ non-float text: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dd><a name="index-_005cbottomfraction"></a> -<p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at +<p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at the bottom; default ‘<samp>.3</samp>’. </p> </dd> @@ -2373,25 +2603,32 @@ default ‘<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’. </p></dd> </dl> -<p>Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page: +<p>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page: </p> <dl compact="compact"> -<dt><code>\bottomnumber</code> -<a name="index-_005cbottomnumber"></a> +<dt><code>bottomnumber</code> +<a name="index-bottomnumber"></a> </dt> <dd><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. </p> </dd> -<dt><code>\topnumber</code> -<a name="index-_005ctopnumber"></a> +<dt><code>dbltopnumber</code> +<a name="index-dbltopnumber"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a +two-column page; default 2. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>topnumber</code> +<a name="index-topnumber"></a> </dt> <dd><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. </p> </dd> -<dt><code>\totalnumber</code> -<a name="index-_005ctotalnumber"></a> +<dt><code>totalnumber</code> +<a name="index-totalnumber"></a> </dt> <dd><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. </p></dd> @@ -2408,7 +2645,7 @@ default 2. Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">figure</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="filecontents_003a-Create-external-files"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.11 <code>filecontents</code>: Create external files</h3> +<h3 class="section">8.11 <code>filecontents</code>: Create external files</h3> <a name="index-filecontents"></a> <a name="index-external-files_002c-creating"></a> <a name="index-writing-external-files"></a> @@ -2456,9 +2693,9 @@ unrelated to using the created file. So you need to use, for instance, <code>\input</code> or <code>\usepackage</code> or <code>\bibliography</code> or whatever is applicable, to use the created file. </p> -<p>This environment is also useful to make a self-contained document, for -example, for a bug report, or to keep a <samp>.bib</samp> file with the main -document. +<p>This environment is also useful to make a document in a self-contained +file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the content of a +<samp>.bib</samp> file in the same file as the main document. </p> <hr> @@ -2468,7 +2705,7 @@ document. Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">filecontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="flushleft-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3> <a name="index-flushleft-environment"></a> <a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a> <a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a> @@ -2499,7 +2736,7 @@ right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005craggedright-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4> <a name="index-_005craggedright"></a> <a name="index-ragged-right-text"></a> <a name="index-left_002djustifying-text"></a> @@ -2523,7 +2760,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushleft</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="flushright-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.13 <code>flushright</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.13 <code>flushright</code></h3> <a name="index-flushright-environment"></a> <a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></a> <a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a> @@ -2554,7 +2791,7 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4> <a name="index-_005craggedleft"></a> <a name="index-ragged-left-text"></a> <a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></a> @@ -2578,7 +2815,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushright</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="itemize-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.14 <code>itemize</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.14 <code>itemize</code></h3> <a name="index-itemize-environment"></a> <a name="index-_005citem-2"></a> <a name="index-lists-of-items"></a> @@ -2749,7 +2986,7 @@ see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>): Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev">itemize</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3> +<h3 class="section">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3> <a name="index-letter"></a> <p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>. @@ -2762,7 +2999,7 @@ Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#ite Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">letter</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="list-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.16 <code>list</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.16 <code>list</code></h3> <a name="index-list"></a> <a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></a> @@ -2798,7 +3035,7 @@ empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing. Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev">list</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="math-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.17 <code>math</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.17 <code>math</code></h3> <a name="index-math-environment"></a> <a name="index-in_002dline-formulas"></a> @@ -2823,7 +3060,7 @@ See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>. Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev">math</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="minipage-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.18 <code>minipage</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.18 <code>minipage</code></h3> <a name="index-minipage-environment"></a> <a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a> @@ -2868,7 +3105,7 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. Next: <a href="#quotation" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation</a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">minipage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="picture-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.19 <code>picture</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3> <a name="index-picture"></a> <a name="index-creating-pictures"></a> @@ -2991,10 +3228,11 @@ be the lower left corner of the box. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ccircle-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.1 <code>\circle</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.1 <code>\circle</code></h4> <a name="index-_005ccircle"></a> -<div class="example"> +<p>Synopsis: +</p><div class="example"> <pre class="example">\circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>} </pre></div> @@ -3002,7 +3240,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\mak to the specified one as possible. The <code>*</code>-form of the command draws a solid circle. </p> -<p>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. +<p>Circles up to 40pt can be drawn. </p> <hr> @@ -3012,17 +3250,20 @@ draws a solid circle. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\framebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\circle</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cmakebox-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.2 <code>\makebox</code></h4> -<a name="index-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.2 <code>\makebox</code></h4> +<a name="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></a> + +<p>Synopsis: +</p><div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\makebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<p><code>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code> -</p> <p>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command except that you must specify a -<code>width</code> and <code>height</code> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>. +<var>width</var> and <var>height</var> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>. </p> -<p>The optional argument, <code>[position]</code>, specifies the quadrant that -your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: +<p>The optional argument, <code>[<var>position</var>]</code>, specifies the quadrant that +your <var>text</var> appears in. You may select up to two of the following: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>t</code></dt> @@ -3053,7 +3294,7 @@ your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dashbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cframebox"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.3 <code>\framebox</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.3 <code>\framebox</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cframebox"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -3080,7 +3321,7 @@ and the contents of the box. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frame</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\framebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.4 <code>\dashbox</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.4 <code>\dashbox</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cdashbox"></a> @@ -3094,8 +3335,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frame</a>, Previous: <a <code>picture</code> environment. Dashes are <var>dlen</var> units long, and the rectangle has overall width <var>rwidth</var> and height <var>rheight</var>. The <var>text</var> is positioned at optional <var>pos</var>. </p> -<p>A dashed box looks best when the <code>rwidth</code> and <code>rheight</code> are -multiples of the <code>dlen</code>. +<p>A dashed box looks best when the <var>rwidth</var> and <var>rheight</var> are +multiples of the <var>dlen</var>. </p> <hr> @@ -3105,7 +3346,7 @@ multiples of the <code>dlen</code>. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\line</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\dashbox</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cframe-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.5 <code>\frame</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.5 <code>\frame</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cframe"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -3126,7 +3367,7 @@ space is put between the frame and the object. Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frame</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cline-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.6 <code>\line</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.6 <code>\line</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cline"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -3138,10 +3379,12 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</ <p>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>. </p> +<a name="index-pict2e-package"></a> +<a name="index-graphics-packages"></a> <p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with <em><var>slope</var> = x/y</em>, where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> have integer values from -6 -through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, -see the <code>curve2e</code> and many many other packages on CTAN. +through 6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes, +see <code>pict2e</code> and many other packages on CTAN. </p> <hr> @@ -3151,7 +3394,7 @@ see the <code>curve2e</code> and many many other packages on CTAN. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thicklines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\line</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.7 <code>\linethickness</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.7 <code>\linethickness</code></h4> <a name="index-_005clinethickness"></a> <p>The <code>\linethickness{<var>dim</var>}</code> command declares the thickness @@ -3169,7 +3412,7 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinlines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\linethickness</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cthicklines"></a> <p>The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for @@ -3184,7 +3427,7 @@ cf. <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_0 Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\multiput</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thicklines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.9 <code>\thinlines</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.9 <code>\thinlines</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cthinlines"></a> <p>The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for @@ -3199,7 +3442,7 @@ cf. <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_0 Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next">\oval</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinlines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.10 <code>\multiput</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.10 <code>\multiput</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cmultiput"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -3220,7 +3463,7 @@ pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position Next: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\put</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005coval-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.11 <code>\oval</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.11 <code>\oval</code></h4> <a name="index-_005coval"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -3260,14 +3503,18 @@ boxes with rounded corners. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">\shortstack</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\oval</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cput-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.12 <code>\put</code></h4> - +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.12 <code>\put</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cput"></a> -<p><code>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</code> +<p>Synopsis: </p> -<p>The <code>\put</code> command places the item specified by the mandatory -argument at the given coordinates. +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\put(<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>){ ... } +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>\put</code> command places the material specified by the +(mandatory) argument in braces at the given coordinate, +(<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>). </p> <hr> @@ -3277,7 +3524,7 @@ argument at the given coordinates. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vector</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\put</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.13 <code>\shortstack</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.13 <code>\shortstack</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cshortstack"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -3312,18 +3559,18 @@ positions are: Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\shortstack</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cvector-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.19.14 <code>\vector</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.19.14 <code>\vector</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cvector"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\vector(<var>x-slope</var>,<var>y-slope</var>){<var>length</var>} +<pre class="example">\vector(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>} </pre></div> <p>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified -length and slope. The <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> values must lie between --4 and +4, inclusive. +length and slope. The <em><var>xslope</var></em> and <em><var>yslope</var></em> +values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. </p> <hr> @@ -3333,7 +3580,7 @@ length and slope. The <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> values must lie between Next: <a href="#quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quote</a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev">picture</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="quotation-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.20 <code>quotation</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code></h3> <a name="index-quotation"></a> <a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a> @@ -3363,14 +3610,14 @@ normally. Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">quotation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="quote-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.21 <code>quote</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.21 <code>quote</code></h3> <a name="index-quote"></a> <a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a> <a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></a> <a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></a> -<p>Snyopsis: +<p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">\begin{quote} @@ -3392,7 +3639,7 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph. Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">quote</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="tabbing-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.22 <code>tabbing</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.22 <code>tabbing</code></h3> <a name="index-tabbing-environment"></a> <a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></a> @@ -3417,7 +3664,7 @@ the width of each column is constant and known in advance. <p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code> environment. </p> -<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> enviroment: +<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> @@ -3547,7 +3794,7 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabbing</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="table-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.23 <code>table</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.23 <code>table</code></h3> <a name="index-table"></a> <a name="index-tables_002c-creating"></a> @@ -3587,7 +3834,7 @@ you wish. The <code>\caption</code> command allows you to title your table. Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">table</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="tabular-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.24 <code>tabular</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.24 <code>tabular</code></h3> <a name="index-tabular-environment"></a> <a name="index-lines-in-tables"></a> <a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></a> @@ -3762,7 +4009,7 @@ environment: Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.24.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cmulticolumn"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -3797,7 +4044,7 @@ for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright. The third mandatory argument, Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multicolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ccline-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.24.2 <code>\cline</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cline</code></h4> <a name="index-_005ccline"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -3818,7 +4065,7 @@ which are specified in the mandatory argument. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005chline-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.24.3 <code>\hline</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\hline</code></h4> <a name="index-_005chline"></a> <p>The <code>\hline</code> command draws a horizontal line the width of the @@ -3834,7 +4081,7 @@ of a table. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cvline-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.24.4 <code>\vline</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 <code>\vline</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cvline"></a> <p>The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line extending the full @@ -3850,7 +4097,7 @@ move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabular</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="thebibliography-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.25 <code>thebibliography</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.25 <code>thebibliography</code></h3> <a name="index-thebibliography"></a> <a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></a> @@ -3901,7 +4148,7 @@ less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc. Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.25.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.25.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cbibitem"></a> @@ -3931,7 +4178,7 @@ associated label. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bibitem</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ccite-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.25.2 <code>\cite</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.25.2 <code>\cite</code></h4> <a name="index-_005ccite"></a> @@ -3958,7 +4205,7 @@ citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might produce Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cnocite-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.25.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.25.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cnocite"></a> <p><code>\nocite{key_list}</code> @@ -3974,7 +4221,7 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <samp>.aux</samp> file. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nocite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Using-BibTeX-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.25.4 Using BibTeX</h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.25.4 Using BibTeX</h4> <a name="index-using-BibTeX"></a> <a name="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></a> @@ -4017,7 +4264,7 @@ publication. <p>In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See -<a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</a>. +<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</a>. </p> <p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files @@ -4033,7 +4280,7 @@ BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev">thebibliography</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="theorem-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.26 <code>theorem</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.26 <code>theorem</code></h3> <a name="index-theorem-environment"></a> <a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></a> @@ -4059,7 +4306,7 @@ possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code> Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">theorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="titlepage-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.27 <code>titlepage</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.27 <code>titlepage</code></h3> <a name="index-titlepage-environment"></a> <a name="index-making-a-title-page"></a> @@ -4090,7 +4337,7 @@ produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment. Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">titlepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="verbatim-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.28 <code>verbatim</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verbatim</code></h3> <a name="index-verbatim-environment"></a> <a name="index-verbatim-text"></a> @@ -4127,7 +4374,7 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter. Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up">verbatim</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cverb-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">9.28.1 <code>\verb</code></h4> +<h4 class="subsection">8.28.1 <code>\verb</code></h4> <a name="index-_005cverb"></a> <a name="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></a> @@ -4157,7 +4404,7 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="verse-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.29 <code>verse</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">8.29 <code>verse</code></h3> <a name="index-verse-environment"></a> <a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></a> @@ -4189,7 +4436,7 @@ stanzas. Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Line-breaking-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">10 Line breaking</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h2> <a name="index-line-breaking"></a> <a name="index-breaking-lines"></a> @@ -4229,7 +4476,7 @@ some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005c_005c_005b_002a_005d_005bmorespace_005d"></a> -<h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</h3> +<h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</h3> <a name="index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"></a> <a name="index-new-line_002c-starting"></a> <a name="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></a> @@ -4250,7 +4497,7 @@ except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\\</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cobeycr"></a> <a name="index-_005crestorecr"></a> <a name="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></a> @@ -4270,7 +4517,7 @@ in the output. Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cnewline-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\newline</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cnewline"></a> <a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></a> @@ -4286,13 +4533,13 @@ mode. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newline</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></a> -<h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3> +<h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3> <a name="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a> <a name="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></a> <p>The <code>\-</code> command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at -that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually -find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an +that point. LaTeX is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds +most of the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The <code>\-</code> command is used for the exceptional cases. </p> @@ -4309,7 +4556,7 @@ that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. Next: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sloppy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cfussy-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">10.5 <code>\fussy</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\fussy</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cfussy"></a> <p>The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes TeX @@ -4327,7 +4574,7 @@ words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fussy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005csloppy-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">10.6 <code>\sloppy</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\sloppy</code></h3> <p>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose @@ -4343,7 +4590,7 @@ interword spacing. Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sloppy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">10.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3> <a name="index-_005chyphenation"></a> <a name="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></a> @@ -4372,7 +4619,7 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words): Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">10.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3> <a name="index-_005clinebreak"></a> <a name="index-_005cnolinebreak"></a> <a name="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></a> @@ -4402,7 +4649,7 @@ from a demand to a request. The <var>priority</var> must be a number from Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Page-breaking-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">11 Page breaking</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h2> <a name="index-page-breaking"></a> <a name="index-breaking-pages"></a> @@ -4431,7 +4678,7 @@ but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\clearpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ccleardoublepage-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></a> <a name="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></a> @@ -4449,7 +4696,7 @@ In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newpage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cleardoublepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cclearpage-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\clearpage</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\clearpage</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cclearpage"></a> <a name="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></a> <a name="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></a> @@ -4465,7 +4712,7 @@ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\enlargethispage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\clearpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\newpage</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\newpage</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cnewpage"></a> <a name="index-new-page_002c-starting"></a> <a name="index-starting-a-new-page"></a> @@ -4481,7 +4728,7 @@ floats (see <code>\clearpage</code> above). Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">11.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cenlargethispage"></a> <a name="index-enlarge-current-page"></a> @@ -4505,7 +4752,7 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enlargethispage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">11.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">10.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cpagebreak"></a> <a name="index-_005cnopagebreak"></a> <a name="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></a> @@ -4536,7 +4783,7 @@ insistent the request is. Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Footnotes-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">12 Footnotes</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h2> <a name="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></a> <p>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced @@ -4565,7 +4812,7 @@ produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cfootnote"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -4590,7 +4837,7 @@ tables or in a <code>tabular</code> environment. (See following sections.) Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotetext</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnote</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cfootnotemark"></a> <p>With no optional argument, the <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the @@ -4615,7 +4862,7 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with Next: <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbolic footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cfootnotetext"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -4639,7 +4886,7 @@ appear in outer paragraph mode. Next: <a href="#Footnote-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnote parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotetext</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Symbolic-footnotes-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">12.4 Symbolic footnotes</h3> +<h3 class="section">11.4 Symbolic footnotes</h3> <a name="index-footnotes_002c-symbolic-instead-of-numbered"></a> <p>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing @@ -4664,7 +4911,7 @@ redefine <code>\@fnsymbol</code>. Previous: <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbolic footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Footnote-parameters-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">12.5 Footnote parameters</h3> +<h3 class="section">11.5 Footnote parameters</h3> <a name="index-footnote-parameters"></a> <a name="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></a> @@ -4676,7 +4923,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbolic footno <dd><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s footnotes. Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except -slides, where it does not appear). +<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear). </p> </dd> <dt><code>\footnotesep</code> @@ -4699,7 +4946,7 @@ footnotes. This is ‘<samp>6.65pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</sam Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Definitions-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">13 Definitions</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h2> <a name="index-definitions"></a> <p>LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. @@ -4716,7 +4963,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a hr </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="5">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new environment. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="6">\newtheorem</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new theorem-like environment. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="6">\newtheorem</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new <code>theorem</code>-like environment. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="7">\newfont</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new font name. </td></tr> @@ -4732,7 +4979,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a hr Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cnewcommand"></a> <a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></a> <a name="index-defining-a-new-command"></a> @@ -4742,8 +4989,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Up command, respectively. Synopses: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example"> \newcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optarg</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\renewcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optarg</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +<pre class="example"> \newcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargval</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +\renewcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargval</var>]{<var>defn</var>} </pre></div> <dl compact="compact"> @@ -4754,7 +5001,7 @@ multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain TeX terms). </p> </dd> <dt><var>cmd</var></dt> -<dd><p>The command name beginning with <code>\</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it +<dd><p>The command name, beginning with <code>\</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>; for <code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined. </p> @@ -4765,12 +5012,14 @@ that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. </p> </dd> -<dt><var>optarg</var></dt> -<dd><p>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command’s -first argument is optional. The default value of the optional -argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is <var>optarg</var>, -or, if that argument is present in the <code>\newcommand</code> but has an -empty value, the string ‘<samp>def</samp>’. +<dt><var>optargval</var></dt> +<dd><p>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first +argument of command <var>cmd</var> is optional and its default value (i.e., +if it is not specified in the call) is <var>optarg</var>. In otherwise, +when calling the macro, if no <code>[<var>value</var>]</code> is given after +<code><var>cmd</var></code>—which is different from having <code>[]</code> for an +empty <var>value</var>—then string ‘<samp><var>optargval</var></samp>’ becomes the +value of <code>#1</code> within <var>defn</var> when the macro is expanded. </p> </dd> <dt><var>defn</var></dt> @@ -4789,21 +5038,21 @@ text of the <var>n</var>th argument. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cnewcounter-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\newcounter</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\newcounter</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cnewcounter"></a> <a name="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\newcounter{<var>cnt</var>}[<var>countername</var>] +<pre class="example">\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}[<var>supercounter</var>] </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>cnt</var>. +<p>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>countername</var>. The new counter is initialized to zero. </p> -<p>Given the optional argument <code>[<var>countername</var>]</code>, <var>cnt</var> -will be reset whenever <var>countername</var> is incremented. +<p>Given the optional argument <code>[<var>super</var>]</code>, <var>countername</var> +will be reset whenever the counter named <var>supercounter</var> is incremented. </p> <p>See <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>, for more information about counters. </p> @@ -4815,7 +5064,7 @@ will be reset whenever <var>countername</var> is incremented. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\newlength</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\newlength</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cnewlength"></a> <a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-new"></a> @@ -4826,7 +5075,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Pr </pre></div> <p>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory argument as a -<code>length</code> command with a value of <code>0in</code>. The argument must +<em>length</em> command with a value of zero. The argument must be a control sequence, as in <code>\newlength{\foo}</code>. An error occurs if <code>\foo</code> is already defined. </p> @@ -4841,7 +5090,7 @@ for more information about lengths in general. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cnewsavebox"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -4861,7 +5110,7 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newsavebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cnewenvironment"></a> <a name="index-_005crenewenvironment"></a> <a name="index-environments_002c-defining"></a> @@ -4923,7 +5172,7 @@ may not contain any argument parameters. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cnewtheorem"></a> <a name="index-theorems_002c-defining"></a> <a name="index-defining-new-theorems"></a> @@ -4970,7 +5219,7 @@ not both. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next">\protect</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newtheorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\newfont</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newfont</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cnewfont"></a> <a name="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></a> <a name="index-defining-new-fonts"></a> @@ -4996,7 +5245,7 @@ More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <samp>.fd</samp> files. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cprotect-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\protect</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\protect</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cprotect"></a> <a name="index-fragile-commands"></a> @@ -5032,7 +5281,7 @@ be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Counters-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">14 Counters</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">13 Counters</h2> <a name="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></a> <a name="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></a> @@ -5078,7 +5327,7 @@ subsubsection Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3> +<h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3> <p>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. @@ -5108,8 +5357,8 @@ instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. <dd><p>uses lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, <small class="enddots">...</small> </p> </dd> -<dt><code>\roman</code> -<a name="index-_005croman-1"></a> +<dt><code>\Roman</code> +<a name="index-_005cRoman"></a> </dt> <dd><p>uses uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, <small class="enddots">...</small> </p> @@ -5121,10 +5370,12 @@ instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of <var>counter</var> must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. </p> -<p>The symbols mostly aren’t supported in Info, but here are the names: -</p><div class="display"> -<pre class="display">asterisk(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel -double-asterisk(**) double-dagger double-ddagger +<p>Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output): +</p> +<div class="display"> +<pre class="display">asterisk(*) dagger(‡) ddagger(‡) +section-sign(§) paragraph-sign(¶) parallel(∥) +double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(‡‡) double-ddagger(‡‡) </pre></div> </dd> @@ -5138,7 +5389,7 @@ double-asterisk(**) double-dagger double-ddagger Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next">\value</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cusecounter_007bcounter_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cusecounter"></a> <a name="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a> <a name="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a> @@ -5161,7 +5412,7 @@ the list items. Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cvalue_007bcounter_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cvalue"></a> <a name="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></a> @@ -5188,7 +5439,7 @@ be used anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example: Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\value</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005csetcounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005csetcounter"></a> <a name="index-counters_002c-setting"></a> <a name="index-setting-counters"></a> @@ -5196,10 +5447,10 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a> <p>Synopsis: </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">\setcounter{<var>\counter</var>}{<var>value</var>} +<pre class="example">\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>} </pre></div> -<p>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>\counter</var> to the +<p>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>counter</var> to the <var>value</var> argument. </p> @@ -5210,7 +5461,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a> Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\refstepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005caddtocounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005caddtocounter"></a> <p>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments <var>counter</var> by the @@ -5224,7 +5475,7 @@ amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter_007bcounter_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005crefstepcounter"></a> <p>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as @@ -5239,7 +5490,7 @@ current <code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next">\day \month \year</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\refstepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cstepcounter_007bcounter_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cstepcounter"></a> <p>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to <var>counter</var> and @@ -5253,7 +5504,7 @@ resets all subsidiary counters. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear_003a-Predefined-counters"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</h3> +<h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</h3> <a name="index-_005cday"></a> <a name="index-_005cmonth"></a> <a name="index-_005cyear"></a> @@ -5275,7 +5526,7 @@ current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>). Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Lengths-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">15 Lengths</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h2> <a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></a> <p>A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a @@ -5304,7 +5555,7 @@ length as an argument. Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005csetlength_007b_005clen_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">14.1 <code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005csetlength"></a> <a name="index-lengths_002c-setting"></a> @@ -5321,7 +5572,7 @@ understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), poin Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005caddtolength_007b_005clen_007d_007bamount_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">15.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</h3> +<h3 class="section">14.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</h3> <a name="index-_005caddtolength"></a> <a name="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></a> @@ -5337,7 +5588,7 @@ may be negative. Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\settodepth</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\settodepth</code></h3> <a name="index-_005csettodepth"></a> <p><code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code> @@ -5353,7 +5604,7 @@ equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument. Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settodepth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">15.4 <code>\settoheight</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\settoheight</code></h3> <a name="index-_005csettoheight"></a> <p><code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code> @@ -5370,7 +5621,7 @@ equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument. Next: <a href="#Predefined-lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Predefined lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settoheight</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">15.5 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005csettowidth"></a> <p>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var> @@ -5384,7 +5635,7 @@ to the width of the <var>text</var> argument. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settowidth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Predefined-lengths-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">15.6 Predefined lengths</h3> +<h3 class="section">14.6 Predefined lengths</h3> <a name="index-lengths_002c-predefined"></a> <a name="index-predefined-lengths"></a> @@ -5416,7 +5667,7 @@ natural size, e.g., say Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Making-paragraphs-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">16 Making paragraphs</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2> <a name="index-making-paragraphs"></a> <a name="index-paragraphs"></a> @@ -5444,7 +5695,7 @@ a sectioning command. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cindent-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">16.1 <code>\indent</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\indent</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cindent"></a> <a name="index-_005cparindent-1"></a> <a name="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a> @@ -5466,7 +5717,7 @@ mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</c Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\indent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cnoindent-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">16.2 <code>\noindent</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cnoindent"></a> <a name="index-indent_002c-suppressing"></a> @@ -5482,7 +5733,7 @@ the middle of a paragraph. Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cparskip-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">16.3 <code>\parskip</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cparskip"></a> <a name="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></a> @@ -5497,7 +5748,7 @@ before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Marginal-notes-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">16.4 Marginal notes</h3> +<h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3> <a name="index-marginal-notes"></a> <a name="index-notes-in-the-margin"></a> <a name="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></a> @@ -5573,7 +5824,7 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Math-formulas-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">17 Math formulas</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2> <a name="index-math-formulas"></a> <a name="index-formulas_002c-math"></a> <a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a> @@ -5657,7 +5908,7 @@ below summations. For example Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">17.1 Subscripts & superscripts</h3> +<h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</h3> <a name="index-superscript"></a> <a name="index-subscript"></a> <a name="index-exponent"></a> @@ -5679,7 +5930,7 @@ superscript. Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Subscripts & superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Math-symbols-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">17.2 Math symbols</h3> +<h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3> <a name="index-math-symbols"></a> <a name="index-symbols_002c-math"></a> <a name="index-greek-letters"></a> @@ -6946,7 +7197,7 @@ the pi symbol (<em>\pi</em>) in your output. Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Math-functions-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">17.3 Math functions</h3> +<h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3> <a name="index-math-functions"></a> <a name="index-functions_002c-math"></a> @@ -7143,7 +7394,7 @@ spacing. <dt><code>\sup</code> <a name="index-_005csup"></a> </dt> -<dd><p><em>\sup</em> +<dd><p>sup </p> </dd> <dt><code>\tan</code> @@ -7168,7 +7419,7 @@ spacing. Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Math-accents-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">17.4 Math accents</h3> +<h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3> <a name="index-math-accents"></a> <a name="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></a> @@ -7295,7 +7546,7 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">17.5 Spacing in math mode</h3> +<h3 class="section">16.5 Spacing in math mode</h3> <a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a> <a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a> @@ -7332,7 +7583,7 @@ commands for use in math mode: Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Math-miscellany-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">17.6 Math miscellany</h3> +<h3 class="section">16.6 Math miscellany</h3> <a name="index-math-miscellany"></a> <dl compact="compact"> @@ -7386,7 +7637,7 @@ For example, <em>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</em>. <a name="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></a> </dt> <dd><p>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>. -For exampe, <em>\overline{x+y}</em>. +For example, <em>\overline{x+y}</em>. </p> </dd> <dt><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</code> @@ -7436,13 +7687,12 @@ descenders. Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Modes-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">18 Modes</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2> <a name="index-modes"></a> <a name="index-paragraph-mode"></a> <a name="index-math-mode"></a> <a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a> -<a name="index-lR-mode"></a> - +<a name="index-LR-mode"></a> <p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: @@ -7453,32 +7703,35 @@ modes: </li><li> Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short </li></ul> -<p>LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a -different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. -Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when +<p>Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. </p> -<p>“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it’s the one LaTeX is in -when processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your -text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in -“math mode” when it’s generating a mathematical formula. In “LR -mode”, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it -produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, -unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it -never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words -into an <code>\mbox</code>, LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left -to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting -box was too wide to fit on the line. -</p> -<p>LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> -command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for -example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. -There are also several text-producing commands and environments for -making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of -these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>. When -LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in -“inner paragraph mode”. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out -in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. +<p><em>Paragraph mode</em> is the most common; it’s the one LaTeX is in +when processing ordinary text. In this mode, LaTeX breaks the +input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. +</p> +<p>LaTeX is in <em>math mode</em> when it’s generating a mathematical +formula, either displayed math or within a line. +</p> +<a name="index-_005cmbox_002c-and-LR-mode"></a> +<p>In <em>LR mode</em>, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output +that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. +However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to +right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a +hundred words into an <code>\mbox</code>, LaTeX would keep typesetting +them from left to right inside a single box (and then most likely +complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line). +LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an +<code>\mbox</code> command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside +the box—for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a +formula in the box. +</p> +<p>There are also several text-producing commands and environments for +making a box that put LaTeX into paragraph mode. The box made by +one of these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>. +When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to +be in “inner paragraph mode” (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph +mode, which it starts out in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. </p> <hr> @@ -7488,7 +7741,7 @@ in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Page-styles-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">19 Page styles</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h2> <a name="index-styles_002c-page"></a> <a name="index-page-styles"></a> @@ -7514,7 +7767,7 @@ the page’s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3> <a name="index-titles_002c-making"></a> <a name="index-_005cmaketitle"></a> @@ -7573,7 +7826,7 @@ document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\maketitle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cpagenumbering"></a> <a name="index-page-numbering-style"></a> @@ -7583,7 +7836,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Prev <pre class="example">\pagenumbering{<var>style</var>} </pre></div> -<p>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>: +<p>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>; also +resets the page number to 1. The <var>style</var> argument is one of +the following: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>arabic</code></dt> @@ -7615,7 +7870,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Prev Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thispagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cpagestyle"></a> <a name="index-header-style"></a> <a name="index-footer-style"></a> @@ -7681,7 +7936,7 @@ the page. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagestyle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle_007bstyle_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cthispagestyle"></a> <p>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the @@ -7696,7 +7951,7 @@ changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only. Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Spaces-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">20 Spaces</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2> <a name="index-spaces"></a> <p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. @@ -7713,11 +7968,11 @@ more often useful in math mode (see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE" accesskey="3">\SPACE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Normal interword space. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cAT" accesskey="4">\AT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ending a sentence. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="4">\@</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Ending a sentence. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="5">\thinspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="6">\/</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Per-character italic correction. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="6">\/</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert italic correction. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill" accesskey="7">\hrulefill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule. </td></tr> @@ -7743,7 +7998,7 @@ Vertical space Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005chspace-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\hspace</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></h3> <a name="index-_005chspace"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -7770,9 +8025,11 @@ form. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE" accesskey="n" rel="next">\SPACE</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005chfill-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\hfill</code></h3> - +<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></h3> <a name="index-_005chfill"></a> + +<a name="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></a> +<a name="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></a> <p>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. @@ -7787,18 +8044,18 @@ equivalent to <code>\hfill</code>. <a name="g_t_005cSPACE"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAT" accesskey="n" rel="next">\AT</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="n" rel="next">\@</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<a name="g_t_005cSPACE-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>\SPACE</code></h3> +<a name="g_t_005cSPACE_003a-Normal-interword-space"></a> +<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\SPACE</code>: Normal interword space</h3> <a name="index-_005cSPACE"></a> <a name="index-_005cTAB"></a> <a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a> <p>The <code>\ </code> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It’s -useful after punctuation which shouldn’t end a sentence. For example -<code>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. -It is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a +useful after punctuation which shouldn’t end a sentence. For example, +<code>the article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. It +is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a nice system.</code> </p> <p>In normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt> @@ -7806,15 +8063,15 @@ are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. </p> <hr> -<a name="g_t_005cAT"></a> +<a name="g_t_005c_0040"></a> <div class="header"> <p> Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\SPACE</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<a name="g_t_005c_0040"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\@</code></h3> +<a name="g_t_005c_0040_003a-Force-sentence_002dending-punctuation"></a> +<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\@</code>: Force sentence-ending punctuation</h3> <a name="index-_005c_0040"></a> - +<a name="g_t_005cAT"></a> <p>The <code>\@</code> command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without @@ -7837,16 +8094,15 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without <a name="g_t_005cthinspace"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAT" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\AT</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<a name="g_t_005cthinspace-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\thinspace</code></h3> +<a name="g_t_005cthinspace_003a-Insert-1_002f6em"></a> +<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6em</h3> <a name="index-_005cthinspace"></a> <p><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that -is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as -in ’”. -</p> +is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested +quotes, as in ’”.</p> <hr> <a name="g_t_005c_002f"></a> @@ -7854,9 +8110,10 @@ in ’”. <p> Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<a name="g_t_005c_002f-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>\/</code></h3> +<a name="g_t_005c_002f_003a-Insert-italic-correction"></a> +<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</h3> <a name="index-_005c_002f"></a> +<a name="index-italic-correction"></a> <p>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <em>italic correction</em>. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, @@ -7870,11 +8127,18 @@ normal letters, it can help. Compare <i>f: f;</i> (in the TeX output, the ‘f’s are nicely separated) with <i>f: f;</i>. </p> +<p>When changing fonts with commands such as <code>\textit{italic +text}</code> or <code>{\itshape italic text}</code>, LaTeX will +automatically insert an italic correction if appropriate (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>). +</p> <p>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the ‘f’) with pdfTeX. </p> +<p>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done +in a different way. +</p> <hr> <a name="g_t_005chrulefill"></a> @@ -7883,7 +8147,7 @@ with pdfTeX. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005chrulefill-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></h3> <a name="index-_005chrulefill"></a> <p>The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which can @@ -7898,7 +8162,7 @@ rule. Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hrulefill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cdotfill-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.8 <code>\dotfill</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\dotfill</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cdotfill"></a> @@ -7913,7 +8177,7 @@ with dots instead of just white space. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.9 <code>\addvspace</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></h3> <a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a> <a name="index-vertical-space"></a> <a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></a> @@ -7923,8 +8187,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel=" <p>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command, then this -command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length -of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>. +command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural +length of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>. </p> <hr> @@ -7934,36 +8198,39 @@ of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addvspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3> -<p>These commands produce a given amount of space. +<p>These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the +document class. </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>\bigskip</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-_005cbigskip"></a> <a name="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a> -<p>The same as <code>\vspace{bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line -space (with stretch and shrink). +<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line +space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and +<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>). </p> </dd> <dt><code>\medskip</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-_005cmedskip"></a> <a name="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a> -<p>The same as <code>\vspace{medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily -about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of +a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> +and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>). </p> </dd> <dt><code>\smallskip</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-_005csmallskip"></a> <a name="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a> -<p>The same as <code>\vspace{smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a -quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a +quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the +<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus +1pt</code>). </p> </dd> </dl> -<p>The <code>\...amount</code> parameters are determined by the document class. -</p> <hr> <a name="g_t_005cvfill"></a> @@ -7972,9 +8239,12 @@ quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cvfill-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.11 <code>\vfill</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cvfill"></a> +<a name="index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical"></a> +<a name="index-infinite-vertical-stretch"></a> + <p>The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It’s equivalent to <code>\vspace{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>). @@ -7987,7 +8257,7 @@ can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It’s equivalent to Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cvspace_005b_002a_005d_007blength_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.12 <code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cvspace"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -8011,7 +8281,7 @@ space is not removed. Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Boxes-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">21 Boxes</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2> <a name="index-boxes"></a> @@ -8023,7 +8293,7 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox and \framebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="3">lrbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An environment like \sbox. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="3">lrbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">An environment like <code>\sbox</code>. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="4">\makebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Box, adjustable position. </td></tr> @@ -8031,9 +8301,9 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="6">\raisebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="7">\savebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="7">\savebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\makebox</code>, but save the text for later use. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="8">\sbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="8">\sbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\mbox</code>, but save the text for later use. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="9">\usebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text. </td></tr> @@ -8047,7 +8317,7 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cmbox_007btext_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></h3> +<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></h3> <a name="index-_005cmbox"></a> <a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></a> @@ -8063,7 +8333,7 @@ lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\mbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cfbox"></a> <a name="index-_005cframebox-1"></a> @@ -8099,7 +8369,7 @@ argument. </p> Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="lrbox-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.3 <code>lrbox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></h3> <a name="index-lrbox"></a> <p><code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code> @@ -8117,7 +8387,7 @@ must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cmakebox-2"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.4 <code>\makebox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cmakebox"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -8159,7 +8429,7 @@ see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>. Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cparbox-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.5 <code>\parbox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cparbox"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -8220,7 +8490,7 @@ for this to work. Next: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\savebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005craisebox-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.6 <code>\raisebox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></h3> <a name="index-_005craisebox"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -8247,7 +8517,7 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth. Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raisebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005csavebox-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.7 <code>\savebox</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></h3> <a name="index-_005csavebox"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -8269,7 +8539,7 @@ declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsa Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\savebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005csbox"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -8291,8 +8561,8 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled <p> Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> -<a name="g_t_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var></code></h3> +<a name="g_t_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d"></a> +<h3 class="section">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cusebox"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -8312,13 +8582,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sbox</a>, Up: <a hre Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Special-insertions-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">22 Special insertions</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">21 Special insertions</h2> <p>LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting ‘<samp># $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }</samp>’ </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="2">Text symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. </td></tr> @@ -8340,7 +8610,7 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Reserved-characters-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.1 Reserved characters</h3> +<h3 class="section">21.1 Reserved characters</h3> <a name="index-reserved-characters"></a> <a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a> @@ -8396,7 +8666,7 @@ with <code>"</code>, so the previous example could also be written as Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Text-symbols-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.2 Text symbols</h3> +<h3 class="section">21.2 Text symbols</h3> <a name="index-text-symbols"></a> <a name="index-textcomp-package-1"></a> @@ -8437,6 +8707,14 @@ not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package. <p>The LaTeX logo. </p> </dd> +<dt><code>\LaTeXe</code> +<a name="index-_005cLaTeXe"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></a> +<a name="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></a> +<p>The LaTeX2e logo. +</p> +</dd> <dt><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code> <a name="index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"></a> </dt> @@ -8514,7 +8792,7 @@ and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode. <dd><a name="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a> <a name="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a> <a name="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></a> -<p>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: +<p>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚. </p> </dd> @@ -8742,8 +9020,8 @@ has the ascender height. <dt><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code> <a name="index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"></a> </dt> -<dd><a name="index-questionation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a> -<p>Upside down questionation point: ¿. +<dd><a name="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></a> +<p>Upside down question mark: ¿. </p> </dd> <dt><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code> @@ -8853,12 +9131,14 @@ has the ascender height. Next: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Non-English characters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Accents-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.3 Accents</h3> +<h3 class="section">21.3 Accents</h3> <a name="index-accents"></a> <a name="index-characters_002c-accented"></a> <a name="index-letters_002c-accented"></a> +<a name="index-babel-package"></a> +<a name="index-multilingual-support"></a> <p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists @@ -9040,7 +9320,7 @@ descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.4 Non-English characters</h3> +<h3 class="section">21.4 Non-English characters</h3> <a name="index-special-characters"></a> <a name="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></a> @@ -9069,8 +9349,8 @@ used in languages other than English. </dd> <dt><code>\dh</code></dt> <dt><code>\DH</code></dt> -<dd><a name="index-_005cdh-_0028ae_0029"></a> -<a name="index-_005cDH-_0028AE_0029"></a> +<dd><a name="index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></a> <a name="index-Icelandic-eth"></a> <a name="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a> <p>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. @@ -9080,7 +9360,7 @@ used in languages other than English. <dt><code>\DJ</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-_005cdj"></a> <a name="index-_005cDJ"></a> -<p>xxxx +<p>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. </p> </dd> <dt><code>\ij</code></dt> @@ -9103,7 +9383,7 @@ used in languages other than English. <dt><code>\NG</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-_005cng"></a> <a name="index-_005cNG"></a> -<p>xxxx +<p>Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics. </p> </dd> <dt><code>\o</code></dt> @@ -9150,7 +9430,7 @@ used in languages other than English. Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Non-English characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005crule-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.5 <code>\rule</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">21.5 <code>\rule</code></h3> <a name="index-_005crule"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -9184,7 +9464,7 @@ rectangles. The arguments are: Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ctoday-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.6 <code>\today</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">21.6 <code>\today</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ctoday"></a> <p>The <code>\today</code> command produces today’s date, in the format @@ -9205,7 +9485,7 @@ of other date formats. Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Splitting-the-input-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">23 Splitting the input</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">22 Splitting the input</h2> <a name="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a> <a name="index-input-file"></a> @@ -9235,7 +9515,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cinclude-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">23.1 <code>\include</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">22.1 <code>\include</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cinclude"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -9265,7 +9545,7 @@ read by another <code>\include</code> command. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\include</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cincludeonly-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">23.2 \<code>includeonly</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cincludeonly"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -9290,7 +9570,7 @@ effective. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cinput-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">23.3 \input</h3> +<h3 class="section">22.3 \input</h3> <a name="index-_005cinput"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -9315,7 +9595,7 @@ is tried (‘<samp>foo</samp>’ or ‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’). Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Front_002fback-matter-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">24 Front/back matter</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">23 Front/back matter</h2> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="1">Tables of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> @@ -9334,12 +9614,12 @@ Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Tables-of-contents-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.1 Tables of contents</h3> +<h3 class="section">23.1 Tables of contents</h3> <a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a> <a name="index-_005ctableofcontents"></a> -<a name="index-_002etoc-file"></a> +<a name="index-_002etoc-file-1"></a> <p>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run must @@ -9352,18 +9632,21 @@ table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the </p> <a name="index-_005clistoffigures"></a> <a name="index-_005clistoftables"></a> +<a name="index-_002elof-file-1"></a> +<a name="index-_002elot-file-1"></a> <p>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> -produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. -Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. +produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from <samp>.lof</samp> and +<samp>.lot</samp> files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same +as for the table of contents. </p> <a name="index-_005cnofiles"></a> <p>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and <em>prevents</em> any of these lists from being generated. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="1">\addcontentsline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add an entry to table of contents etc. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="1">\addcontentsline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add an entry to table of contents, etc. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="2">\addtocontents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add text directly to table of contents file etc. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="2">\addtocontents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc. </td></tr> </table> @@ -9375,7 +9658,7 @@ Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">24.1.1 \addcontentsline</h4> +<h4 class="subsection">23.1.1 \addcontentsline</h4> <a name="index-_005caddcontentsline_007bext_007d_007bunit_007d_007btext_007d"></a> <a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a> @@ -9408,7 +9691,7 @@ following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument: </dd> <dt><var>entry</var></dt> -<dd><p>The actual text of the entry. +<dd><p>The text of the entry. </p></dd> </dl> @@ -9425,7 +9708,7 @@ command <code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>name</var>}</code>. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">24.1.2 \addtocontents</h4> +<h4 class="subsection">23.1.2 \addtocontents</h4> <a name="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a> <p>The <code>\addtocontents</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds text @@ -9434,9 +9717,9 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><var>ext</var></dt> -<dd><p>The extension of the file on which information is to be written: -<samp>toc</samp> (table of contents), <samp>lof</samp> (list of figures), or -<samp>lot</samp> (list of tables). +<dd><p>The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +typically one of: <samp>toc</samp> (table of contents), <samp>lof</samp> (list of +figures), or <samp>lot</samp> (list of tables). </p> </dd> <dt><var>text</var></dt> @@ -9452,7 +9735,7 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tables of contents</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Glossaries-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.2 Glossaries</h3> +<h3 class="section">23.2 Glossaries</h3> <a name="index-glossaries"></a> <a name="index-_005cmakeglossary"></a> @@ -9468,6 +9751,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href <code>\glossaryentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. </p> +<a name="index-glossary-package"></a> <p>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries. </p> @@ -9479,7 +9763,7 @@ glossaries. Previous: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Indexes-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.3 Indexes</h3> +<h3 class="section">23.3 Indexes</h3> <a name="index-indexes"></a> <a name="index-_005cmakeindex"></a> @@ -9497,6 +9781,7 @@ the preamble. is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. </p> <a name="index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries"></a> +<a name="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></a> <p>To generate a index entry for ‘bar’ that says ‘See foo’, use a vertical bar: <code>\index{bar|see{foo}}</code>. Use <code>seealso</code> instead of <code>see</code> to make a ‘See also’ entry. @@ -9546,7 +9831,7 @@ TeX FAQ entry on this topic, Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Letters-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">25 Letters</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">24 Letters</h2> <a name="index-letters"></a> <a name="index-creating-letters"></a> @@ -9597,7 +9882,7 @@ commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4">\encl</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">List of enclosed material. </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5">\location</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Your organisation’s address. +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5">\location</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Your organization’s address. </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6">\makelabels</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Making address labels. </td></tr> @@ -9625,7 +9910,7 @@ commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items. Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005caddress_007breturn_002daddress_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></h3> <a name="index-_005caddress"></a> <p>The <code>\address</code> specifies the return address of a letter, as it @@ -9633,7 +9918,7 @@ should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by <code>\\</code> commands. </p> <p>If you do not make an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter -will be formatted for copying onto your organisation’s standard +will be formatted for copying onto your organization’s standard letterhead. (See <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>, for details on your local implementation). If you give an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. @@ -9646,7 +9931,7 @@ letter will be formatted as a personal letter. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ccc-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.2 <code>\cc</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\cc</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ccc"></a> <a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a> @@ -9668,7 +9953,7 @@ printed on a separate line. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cclosing-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.3 <code>\closing</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\closing</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cclosing"></a> <a name="index-letters_002c-ending"></a> @@ -9693,7 +9978,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a h Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cencl-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.4 <code>\encl</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.4 <code>\encl</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cencl"></a> <a name="index-enclosure-list"></a> @@ -9714,12 +9999,12 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previo Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005clocation-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.5 <code>\location</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.5 <code>\location</code></h3> <a name="index-_005clocation"></a> <p><code>\location{address}</code> </p> -<p>This modifies your organisation’s standard address. This only appears +<p>This modifies your organization’s standard address. This only appears if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. </p> @@ -9730,7 +10015,7 @@ if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cmakelabels"></a> <p><code>\makelabels{number}</code> @@ -9747,7 +10032,7 @@ address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cname-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.7 <code>\name</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.7 <code>\name</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cname"></a> <p><code>\name{June Davenport}</code> @@ -9763,7 +10048,7 @@ address. Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005copening_007btext_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.8 <code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.8 <code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005copening"></a> <a name="index-letters_002c-starting"></a> @@ -9789,7 +10074,7 @@ For instance: Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cps-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.9 <code>\ps</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.9 <code>\ps</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cps"></a> <a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a> @@ -9804,7 +10089,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Prev Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks" accesskey="n" rel="next">\startbreaks</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005csignature_007btext_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.10 <code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.10 <code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005csignature"></a> <p>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the @@ -9819,7 +10104,7 @@ space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stopbreaks</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cstartbreaks-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cstartbreaks"></a> <p><code>\startbreaks</code> @@ -9827,7 +10112,6 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stopbreaks</a>, Pr <p>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page breaks again. </p> - <hr> <a name="g_t_005cstopbreaks"></a> <div class="header"> @@ -9835,7 +10119,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stopbreaks</a>, Pr Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\startbreaks</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005cstopbreaks-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></h3> <a name="index-_005cstopbreaks"></a> <p><code>\stopbreaks</code> @@ -9843,7 +10127,6 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Prev <p>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command occurs. </p> - <hr> <a name="g_t_005ctelephone"></a> <div class="header"> @@ -9851,7 +10134,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Prev Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stopbreaks</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.13 <code>\telephone</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">24.13 <code>\telephone</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ctelephone"></a> <p><code>\telephone{number}</code> @@ -9867,7 +10150,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stopbreaks</a> Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Terminal-input_002foutput-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">26 Terminal input/output</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">25 Terminal input/output</h2> <a name="index-input_002foutput"></a> <a name="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a> @@ -9886,7 +10169,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previou Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">25.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ctypein"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -9911,7 +10194,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input. Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="g_t_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d"></a> -<h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3> +<h3 class="section">25.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h3> <a name="index-_005ctypeout"></a> <p>Synopsis: @@ -9939,20 +10222,25 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Terminal input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="Command-line-1"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">27 Command line</h2> +<h2 class="chapter">26 Command line</h2> <a name="index-command-line"></a> +<a name="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></a> <p>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX uses <samp>.tex</samp> as a default file extension. If you omit the -input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You -specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the -command; e.g. +input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You can +also specify arbitrary LaTeX input by starting with a backslash. +For example, this processes <samp>foo.tex</samp> without pausing after every +error: </p> <div class="example"> <pre class="example">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' </pre></div> -<p>will process <samp>foo.tex</samp> without pausing after every error. +<a name="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></a> +<p>With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also +be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with ‘<samp>-</samp>’ or +‘<samp>--</samp>’. For a list of those options, try ‘<samp>latex --help</samp>’. </p> <a name="index-_002a-prompt"></a> <a name="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></a> @@ -9961,7 +10249,8 @@ command; e.g. ‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code> (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. </p> - +<p>See <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>, for other system commands invoking LaTeX. +</p> <hr> <a name="Document-templates"></a> @@ -9974,13 +10263,13 @@ Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previ <a name="index-document-templates"></a> <p>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will -be useful. Additional template resources are listed +be useful. Additional template resources are listed at <a href="http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>. </p> <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#book-template" accesskey="1">book template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1">beamer template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="2">beamer template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#book-template" accesskey="2">book template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="3">tugboat template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> </td></tr> @@ -9988,42 +10277,17 @@ be useful. Additional template resources are listed <hr> -<a name="book-template"></a> -<div class="header"> -<p> -Next: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> -</div> -<a name="book-template-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">A.1 <code>book</code> template</h3> - -<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book} -\title{Book Class Template} -\author{Alex Author} - -\begin{document} -\maketitle - -\chapter{First} -Some text. - -\chapter{Second} -Some other text. - -\section{A subtopic} -The end. -\end{document} -</pre> - -<hr> <a name="beamer-template"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Next: <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">tugboat template</a>, Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="beamer-template-1"></a> -<h3 class="section">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</h3> +<h3 class="section">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</h3> -<p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates slides presentations. +<a name="index-beamer-template-and-class"></a> +<p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast +array of features, but here is a basic template: </p> <pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{beamer} @@ -10052,14 +10316,44 @@ Next: <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">tugboat template</a>, </p> <hr> +<a name="book-template"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">tugboat template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="book-template-1"></a> +<h3 class="section">A.2 <code>book</code> template</h3> + +<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book} +\title{Book Class Template} +\author{Alex Author} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\chapter{First} +Some text. + +\chapter{Second} +Some other text. + +\section{A subtopic} +The end. +\end{document} +</pre> + +<hr> <a name="tugboat-template"></a> <div class="header"> <p> -Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> <a name="tugboat-template-1"></a> <h3 class="section">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3> +<a name="index-TUGboat-template"></a> +<a name="index-ltugboat-class"></a> + <p><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the TeX Users Group, <a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</a>. </p> @@ -10093,8 +10387,8 @@ This is an example article for \TUB{}. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the -hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the +\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output. Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more: @@ -10225,6 +10519,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> @@ -10240,9 +10535,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -10250,6 +10546,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code>beamer</code> template and class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> @@ -10274,10 +10572,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-case-sensitivity-of-LaTeX">case sensitivity of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-equations">centered equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> @@ -10297,9 +10595,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line">command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr> @@ -10310,6 +10610,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -10332,6 +10633,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation">quotation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quote">quote</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -10357,6 +10659,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -10364,14 +10667,17 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis-1">emphasis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-_0026-starting">ending & starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-_0026-starting">ending & starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right">equation numbers, left vs. right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -10386,7 +10692,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package"><code>float</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package-1"><code>float</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flush-left-equations">flush left equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> @@ -10402,6 +10708,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbolic-instead-of-numbered">footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-references_002c-resolving">forward references, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> @@ -10410,6 +10717,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary-package">glossary <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-packages">graphics packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -10422,6 +10731,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr> @@ -10432,15 +10742,20 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing">indent, suppressing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-initial-command">initial command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput">input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> @@ -10448,14 +10763,18 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-orientation">landscape orientation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -10464,6 +10783,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers">left-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> @@ -10487,19 +10807,24 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops">lining text up using tab stops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-figures-file">list of figures file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-of-tables-file">list of tables file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lR-mode">lR mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ltugboat-class"><code>ltugboat</code> class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as">macro package, LaTeX as</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> @@ -10523,6 +10848,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> @@ -10546,6 +10872,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-old_002dstyle-numerals">old-style numerals</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -10555,7 +10882,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading">packages, loading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr> @@ -10571,21 +10898,25 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pict2e-package"><code>pict2e</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-portrait-orientation">portrait orientation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-predefined-lengths">predefined lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, ‘<samp>*</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pronunciation">pronunciation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-questionation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">questionation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation">quotation</a></td></tr> @@ -10597,6 +10928,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> @@ -10607,6 +10939,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> @@ -10643,13 +10976,15 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-specifier_002c-float-placement">specifier, float placement</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-_0026-ending">starting & ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-_0026-ending">starting & ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal">stretch, infinite horizontal</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical">stretch, infinite vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> @@ -10660,6 +10995,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr> @@ -10675,11 +11011,14 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din">title page, separate or run-in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TUGboat-template">TUGboat template</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> @@ -10693,8 +11032,11 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8">UTF-8</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> @@ -10714,7 +11056,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy</code> program</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> </table> @@ -10786,21 +11128,23 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>-</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>.</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>1</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>1</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>@</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>@</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>[</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>[</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>\</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>\</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>^</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>^</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>_</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>{</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-10"><b>{</b></a> <br> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> @@ -10815,6 +11159,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a> + <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> @@ -10835,6 +11181,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a> + <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a> @@ -10846,26 +11194,35 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-1">$</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024"><code>$</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-2">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-2">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"><code>--help <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-3">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-1"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-1"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"><code>.tex, <span class="roman">default extension</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-3">1</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-4">1</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-4">@</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-5">@</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d"><code>@{...}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-5">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-6">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-6">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-7">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\" <span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0023"><code>\#</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0024"><code>\$</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> @@ -10890,7 +11247,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\> <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> @@ -10960,7 +11317,6 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomnumber"><code>\bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbowtie"><code>\bowtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cBox"><code>\Box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbreve"><code>\breve</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> @@ -11032,8 +11388,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdepth"><code>\depth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028ae_0029"><code>\dh (æ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028AE_0029"><code>\DH (Æ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"><code>\dh (ð)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"><code>\DH (Ð)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -11186,6 +11542,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLarge"><code>\Large</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLARGE"><code>\LARGE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeX"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeXe"><code>\LaTeXe</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrack"><code>\lbrack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clceil"><code>\lceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -11234,7 +11591,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox (picture)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"><code>\makebox <span class="roman">(for <code>picture</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr> @@ -11256,6 +11613,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox_002c-and-LR-mode"><code>\mbox<span class="roman">, and LR mode</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr> @@ -11290,6 +11648,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorr"><code>\nocorr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocorrlist"><code>\nocorrlist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> @@ -11390,7 +11750,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman"><code>\roman</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman-1"><code>\roman</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRoman"><code>\Roman</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -11545,11 +11905,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctop"><code>\top</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopnumber"><code>\topnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctotalheight"><code>\totalheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctotalnumber"><code>\totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangle"><code>\triangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleright"><code>\triangleright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> @@ -11609,9 +11967,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005b"><code>\[</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-array_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>array</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>center</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-array_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>array</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> @@ -11622,7 +11980,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\title</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"><code>\\ <span class="roman">force line break</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005d"><code>\]</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="roman">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> @@ -11635,14 +11993,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-7">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-8">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e"><code>^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-8">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-9">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> -<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-9">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"><code>{...} <span class="roman">for required arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-10">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"><code>{...} <span class="roman">for required arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> @@ -11654,39 +12012,51 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book-class"><code>book <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code>center <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-clock-option-to-slides-class"><code>clock <span class="roman">option to <code>slides</code> class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code>description <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code>displaymath <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code>displaymath <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code>document <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx-command"><code>dvipdfmx <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvitype-command"><code>dvitype <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code>enumerate <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code>eqnarray <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code>equation <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code>equation <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure"><code>figure</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents"><code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code>flushleft <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code>flushright <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-http_003a_002f_002fhome_002egna_002eorg_002flatexrefman-home-page"><code><a href="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</a> <span class="roman">home page</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexspace"><code>indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code>itemize <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"><code>latex-doc-ptr <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexrefman_002ddiscuss_0040gna_002eorg-email-address"><code><a href="mailto:latexrefman-discuss@gna.org">latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</a> <span class="roman">email address</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> @@ -11696,7 +12066,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list"><code>list</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lR-box"><code>lR box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex-command"><code>lualatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex-command"><code>lualatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code>math <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> @@ -11714,7 +12085,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture"><code>picture</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printindex"><code>printindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> @@ -11738,34 +12109,42 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code>theorem <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-topnumber"><code>topnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-totalnumber"><code>totalnumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-usrguide-official-documentation"><code>usrguide <span class="roman">official documentation</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code>verbatim <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code>verse <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex-command"><code>xelatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex-command"><code>xelatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> </table> <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>-</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>1</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>.</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>@</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>1</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>[</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>@</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>\</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>[</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>^</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-7"><b>\</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>_</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-8"><b>^</b></a> -<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>{</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-9"><b>_</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-10"><b>{</b></a> <br> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> @@ -11780,6 +12159,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-H"><b>H</b></a> + <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> @@ -11800,6 +12181,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Concept Index</a>, U <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-U"><b>U</b></a> + <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> <a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-X"><b>X</b></a> diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf Binary files differindex f4049cca11c..c197c59c6ee 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi index bac9e0992a2..7ce2d93da39 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi @@ -1,27 +1,28 @@ \input texinfo -@c $Id: latex2e.texi 282 2014-05-19 16:31:57Z karl $ +@c $Id: latex2e.texi 333 2015-05-12 17:12:37Z karl $ @comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @setfilename latex2e.info -@set UPDATED May 2014 -@settitle @LaTeX{}2e reference manual (@value{UPDATED}) +@set UPDATED May 2015 +@settitle @LaTeX{}2e unofficial reference manual (@value{UPDATED}) @comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, @c xx but latex2e stuff is missing. +@c xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file @c -@c xx mention \nocorr, \textit and ic -@c xx give actual smallskip/etc. defaults +@c xx ending a run with errors +@c xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX +@c xx classes and packages -- required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts @c -@c xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) +@c xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) +@c xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/latex2e-reference.tar.gz @c xx merge permuted-index @c xx merge latex-manual from savannah @c @c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel @c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. @c xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands. -@c xx See also http://www.ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. -@c -@c xx packages -- required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts +@c xx See also http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. @copying This document is an unofficial reference manual for @LaTeX{}, a @@ -34,13 +35,13 @@ George@tie{}D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The @LaTeX{}2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges using @cite{Hypertext Help with @LaTeX{}}, by Sheldon Green, and -@cite{@LaTeX{} Command Summary} (for @LaTeX{} 2.09) by L.@tie{}Botway -and C.@tie{}Biemesderfer (published by the @TeX{} Users Group as -@cite{@TeX{}niques} number 10), as reference material (no text was -directly copied). +@cite{@LaTeX{} Command Summary} (for @LaTeX{}@tie{}2.09) by +L.@tie{}Botway and C.@tie{}Biemesderfer (published by the @TeX{} Users +Group as @cite{@TeX{}niques} number 10), as reference material (no +text was directly copied). Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014 Karl Berry.@* +2014, 2015 Karl Berry.@* Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.@* Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. @@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. @end tex @titlepage -@title @LaTeX{}: An unofficial reference manual +@title @LaTeX{}2e: An unofficial reference manual @subtitle @value{UPDATED} @author @url{http://home.gna.org/latexrefman} @page @@ -86,17 +87,14 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. @contents @node Top -@top @LaTeX{}2e +@top @LaTeX{}2e: An unofficial reference manual -This document is an unofficial reference manual for @LaTeX{}, a -document preparation system, version as of @value{UPDATED}. It is -intended to cover @LaTeX{}2e, which has been the standard version of -@LaTeX{} for many years. +This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of +@value{UPDATED}) for @LaTeX{}2e, a document preparation system. @menu * About this document:: Bug reporting, etc. * Overview:: What is @LaTeX{}? -* Starting & ending:: The standard beginning and end of a document. * Document classes:: Some of the various classes available. * Fonts:: Italic, bold, typewriter, etc. * Layout:: Controlling the page layout. @@ -106,7 +104,7 @@ intended to cover @LaTeX{}2e, which has been the standard version of * Line breaking:: Influencing line breaks. * Page breaking:: Influencing page breaks. * Footnotes:: How to produce footnotes. -* Definitions:: Define your own commands etc. +* Definitions:: Define your own commands, etc. * Counters:: Internal counters used by @LaTeX{}. * Lengths:: The length commands. * Making paragraphs:: Paragraph commands. @@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ intended to cover @LaTeX{}2e, which has been the standard version of * Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters. * Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting. * Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. -* Letters:: The letter class. +* Letters:: The @code{letter} class. * Terminal input/output:: User interaction. * Command line:: System-independent command-line behavior. * Document templates:: Starter templates for various document classes. @@ -130,159 +128,315 @@ intended to cover @LaTeX{}2e, which has been the standard version of @node About this document @chapter About this document -@cindex Knuth, Donald E. -@cindex Lamport, Leslie -@cindex @LaTeX{} Project team -The @LaTeX{} document preparation system is implemented as a macro -package for Donald@tie{}E. Knuth's @TeX{} typesetting program. -@LaTeX{} was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now -maintained by a group of volunteers (@url{http://latex-project.org}). -The official documentation written by the @LaTeX{} project is -available from their web site. - @cindex bug reporting @cindex reporting bugs -@findex @email{latexrefman-discuss@@gna.org} @r{email address} -The present document is completely unofficial and has not been -reviewed by the @LaTeX{} maintainers. Do not send bug reports or -anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all -comments to @email{latexrefman-discuss@@gna.org}. - -The home page for this document is +@findex @url{http://home.gna.org/latexrefman} @r{home page} +This is an unofficial reference manual for the @LaTeX{}2e document +preparation system, which is a macro package for the @TeX{} +typesetting program (@pxref{Overview}). This document's home page is @url{http://home.gna.org/latexrefman}. That page has links to the -current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other -infrastructure. +current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and +subscriptions, and other infrastructure. + +@cindex @LaTeX{} vs.@: @LaTeX{}2e +In this document, we will mostly just use `@LaTeX{}' rather than +`@LaTeX{}2e', since the previous version of @LaTeX{}@tie{}(2.09) was +retired many years ago. -Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about -@LaTeX{}. Here are a few: +@cindex unofficial nature of this manual +@cindex @LaTeX{} Project team +@findex @email{latexrefman-discuss@@gna.org} @r{email address} +@LaTeX{} is currently maintained by a group of volunteers +(@url{http://latex-project.org}). The official documentation written by +the @LaTeX{} project is available from their web site. This document is +completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the @LaTeX{} +maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this +document to them. Instead, please send all comments to +@email{latexrefman-discuss@@gna.org}. + +This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources +of information about @LaTeX{}, at all levels. Here are a few +introductions. @table @url -@item http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr +@item http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr +@findex latex-doc-ptr @r{document} Two pages of recommended references to @LaTeX{} documentation. -@item http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc +@item http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc +@findex first-latex-doc @r{document} Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. -@item http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide -The guide for document authors maintained as part of @LaTeX{}; there -are several others. +@item http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide +@findex usrguide @r{official documentation} +The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of @LaTeX{}; +there are plenty of others available elsewhere. + +@item http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort +@findex lshort @r{document} +A short introduction to @LaTeX{}, translated to many languages. @item http://tug.org/begin.html -Introduction to the @TeX{} system, including @LaTeX{}. +Introduction to the @TeX{} system, including @LaTeX{}, with further +references. + @end table @node Overview @chapter Overview of @LaTeX{} -What is @LaTeX{}? - @cindex overview of @LaTeX{} @cindex basics of @LaTeX{} +@cindex Knuth, Donald E. +@cindex Lamport, Leslie @cindex @LaTeX{} overview -@LaTeX{} typesets a file of text using the @TeX{} program and the -@LaTeX{} ``macro package'' for @TeX{}. That is, it processes an input -file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that -describe how the text should be formatted. @LaTeX{} files are plain -text that can be written in any reasonable editor. It produces at -least three files as output: -@enumerate -@item -The main output file, which is one of: +@LaTeX{} is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally +created by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers +(@url{http://latex-project.org}). It is widely used, particularly for +complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics. + +@cindex macro package, @LaTeX{} as +A @LaTeX{} user writes an input file containing text along with +interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text +should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands +that interface with Donald@tie{}E. Knuth's @TeX{} typesetting program +(the technical term is that @LaTeX{} is a @dfn{macro package} for the +@TeX{} engine). The user produces the output document by giving that +file to the @TeX{} engine. + +The term @LaTeX{} is also sometimes used to mean the language in which +the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands +available to a @LaTeX{} user. + +@cindex Lamport @TeX{} +@cindex pronunciation +The name @LaTeX{} is short for ``Lamport @TeX{}''. It is pronounced +LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, +produce the logo with @code{\LaTeX}. Where use of the logo is not +sensible, such as in plain text, write it as @samp{LaTeX}. + +@menu +* Starting and ending:: The standard beginning and end of a document. +* Output files:: Files produced. +* @TeX{} engines:: Programs that implementation @LaTeX{}. +* @LaTeX{} command syntax:: General syntax of @LaTeX{} commands. +@end menu + + +@node Starting and ending +@section Starting and ending + +@anchor{Starting & ending}@c old name +@cindex starting & ending +@cindex ending & starting +@cindex hello, world + +@LaTeX{} files have a simple global structure, with a standard +starting and ending. Here is a ``hello, world'' example: + +@example +\documentclass@{article@} +\begin@{document@} +Hello, \LaTeX\ world. +\end@{document@} +@end example + +@cindex document class, defined +@noindent +Here, the @samp{article} is the so-called @dfn{document class}, +implemented in a file @file{article.cls}. Any document class can be +used. A few document classes are defined by @LaTeX{} itself, and vast +array of others are widely available. @xref{Document classes}. + +@cindex preamble, defined +You can include other @LaTeX{} commands between the +@code{\documentclass} and the @code{\begin@{document@}} commands. +This area is called the @dfn{preamble}. + +The @code{\begin@{document@} ... \end@{document@}} is a so-called +@dfn{environment}; the @samp{document} environment (and no others) is +required in all @LaTeX{} documents. @LaTeX{} provides many +environments itself, and many more are defined separately. +@xref{Environments}. + +The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from +a @LaTeX{} input file. + + +@node Output files +@section Output files + +@LaTeX{} produces a main output file and at least two accessory files. +The main output file's name ends in either @file{.dvi} or @file{.pdf}. @table @code @item .dvi @findex .dvi @r{file} @findex latex @r{command} -If invoked as @command{latex}, a ``Device Independent'' (@file{.dvi}) -file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into -commands for virtually any output device. You can view such -@file{.dvi} output of @LaTeX{} by using a program such as -@command{xdvi} (display directly), @command{dvips} (convert to -PostScript), or @command{dvipdfmx} (convert to PDF). +@findex xdvi @r{command} +@findex dvips @r{command} +@findex dvipdfmx @r{command} +@findex dvitype @r{command} +If @LaTeX{} is invoked with the system command @command{latex} then it +produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension @file{.dvi}. You +can view this file with a command such as @command{xdvi}, or convert +it to a PostScript @code{.ps} file with @command{dvips} or to a +Portable Document Format @code{.pdf} file with @command{dvipdfmx}. +The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with +@command{dvitype}. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are +available (@url{http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware}). @item .pdf @findex .pdf @r{file} @cindex pdf@TeX{} @findex pdflatex @r{command} -If invoked as @command{pdflatex}, a ``Portable Document Format'' -(@file{.pdf}) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with -all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does -make the output much larger than the @file{.dvi} produced from the -same document. - -@findex lualatex @r{command} -@cindex Lua@TeX{} -If invoked as @command{lualatex}, a @file{.pdf} file is created using -the Lua@TeX{} engine (@url{http://luatex.org}). - -@findex xelatex @r{command} -@cindex Xe@TeX{} -If invoked as @command{xelatex}, a @file{.pdf} file is created using -the Xe@TeX{} engine (@url{http://tug.org/xetex}). +If @LaTeX{} is invoked via the system command @command{pdflatex}, +among other commands (@pxref{@TeX{} engines}), then the main output is +a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a +self-contained file, with all fonts and images included. @end table -Many other less-common variants of @LaTeX{} (and @TeX{}) exist, which -can produce HTML, XML, and other things. +@LaTeX{} also produces at least two additional files. -@item +@table @code +@item .log @cindex transcript file @cindex log file @findex .log @r{file} -The ``transcript'' or @file{.log} file that contains summary -information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the -input file. +This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of +loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps +additional information for any errors. -@item +@item .aux @cindex auxiliary file @findex .aux @r{file} -An ``auxiliary'' or @file{.aux} file. This is used by @LaTeX{} itself, -for things such as cross-references. -@end enumerate +@cindex cross references, resolving +@cindex forward references, resolving +@cindex references, resolving forward +Auxiliary information is used by @LaTeX{} for things such as +cross references. For example, the first time that @LaTeX{} finds a +forward reference---a cross reference to something that has not yet +appeared in the source---it will appear in the output as a doubled +question mark @code{??}. When the referred-to spot does eventually +appear in the source then @LaTeX{} writes its location information to +this @code{.aux} file. On the next invocation, @LaTeX{} reads the +location information from this file and uses it to resolve the +reference, replacing the double question mark with the remembered +location. -An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won't try to -list them all. Xxx components? +@end table -@findex \ @r{character starting commands} -@findex [...] @r{for optional arguments} -@findex @{...@} @r{for required arguments} -In the @LaTeX{} input file, a command name starts with a @code{\}, -followed by either (a)@tie{}a string of letters or (b)@tie{}a single -non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, @code{[]}, are -optional while arguments contained in braces, @code{@{@}}, are -required. +@findex .lof @r{file} +@cindex list of figures file +@findex .lot @r{file} +@cindex list of tables file +@findex .toc @r{file} +@cindex table of contents file +@cindex contents file +@LaTeX{} may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename +ending. These include a @code{.lof} file that is used to make a list +of figures, a @code{.lot} file used to make a list of tables, and a +@code{.toc} file used to make a table of contents. A particular class +may create others; the list is open-ended. -@cindex case sensitivity of @LaTeX{} -@LaTeX{} is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless -explicitly directed to do otherwise. +@node @TeX{} engines +@section @TeX{} engines -@node Starting & ending -@chapter Starting & ending +@cindex engines, @TeX{} +@cindex implementations of @TeX{} +@cindex UTF-8 +@cindex Unicode input, native +@cindex TrueType fonts +@cindex OpenType fonts -@cindex starting & ending -@cindex ending & starting +@LaTeX{} is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a @TeX{} +implementation (@pxref{Overview}). This section gives a terse +overview of the main programs. -A minimal input file looks like the following: +@table @code +@item latex +@itemx pdflatex +@cindex pdf@TeX{} engine +@findex etex @r{command} +@cindex e-@TeX{} +In @TeX{} Live (@url{http://tug.org/texlive}, if @LaTeX{} is invoked +via either the system command @command{latex} or @command{pdflatex}, +then the pdf@TeX{} engine is run (@url{http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex}). +When invoked as @command{latex}, the main output is a @file{.dvi} +file; as @command{pdflatex}, the main output is a @file{.pdf} file. + +pdf@TeX{} incorporates the e-@TeX{} extensions to Knuth's original +program (@url{http://ctan.org/pkg/etex}), including additional +programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of +extensions of its own. e-@TeX{} is available on its own as the +command @command{etex}, but this is plain @TeX{} (and produces +@file{.dvi}). + +In other @TeX{} distributions, @command{latex} may invoke e-@TeX{} +rather than pdf@TeX{}. In any case, the e-@TeX{} extensions can be +assumed to be available in @LaTeX{}. + +@item lualatex +@findex lualatex @r{command} +@cindex Lua@TeX{} +If @LaTeX{} is invoked via the system command @command{lualatex}, the +Lua@TeX{} engine is run (@url{http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex}). This +program allows code written in the scripting language Lua +(@url{http://luatex.org}) to interact with @TeX{}'s typesetting. +Lua@TeX{} handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType +and TrueType fonts, and produces a @file{.pdf} file by default. +There is also @command{dvilualatex} to produce a @file{.dvi} file, +but this is rarely used. + +@item xelatex +@findex xelatex @r{command} +@cindex Xe@TeX{} +If @LaTeX{} is invoked with the system command @command{xelatex}, the +Xe@TeX{} engine is run (@url{http://tug.org/xetex}). Like Lua@TeX{}, +Xe@TeX{} also natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and +OpenType fonts, though the implementation is completely different, +mainly using external libraries instead of internal code. Xe@TeX{} +produces a @file{.pdf} file as output; it does not support DVI output. -@example -\documentclass@{@var{class}@} -\begin@{document@} -@var{your text} -\end@{document@} -@end example +@end table -@noindent -where the @var{class} is a valid document class for @LaTeX{}. -@xref{Document classes}, for details of the various document classes -available locally. +Other variants of @LaTeX{} and @TeX{} exist, e.g., to provide +additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]p@TeX{}, +@url{http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex}, @url{http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex}). -@cindex preamble, defined -You may include other @LaTeX{} commands between the @code{\documentclass} -and the @code{\begin@{document@}} commands (this area is called the -@dfn{preamble}). + +@node @LaTeX{} command syntax +@section @LaTeX{} command syntax + +@cindex command syntax +@findex \ @r{character starting commands} +@findex [...] @r{for optional arguments} +@findex @{...@} @r{for required arguments} +In the @LaTeX{} input file, a command name starts with a @code{\}; the +name itself then consists of either (a)@tie{}a string of letters or +(b)@tie{}a single non-letter. + +A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either +required or optional. Required arguments are contained in curly +braces, @code{@{...@}}. Optional arguments are contained in square +brackets, @code{[...]}. Generally, but not universally, if the +command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any +required arguments. + +Some commands have a @code{*} form that is related to the form without +a @code{*}, such as @code{\chapter} and @code{\chapter*}. + +@LaTeX{} commands are case sensitive; neither @code{\Begin@{document@}} +nor @code{\begin@{Document@}} will work. Most commands are lowercase, +but in any event you must enter all commands in the same case as they +are defined. + +This manual describes all accepted options and @code{*}-forms for the +commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.@: bugs). @node Document classes @@ -292,31 +446,43 @@ and the @code{\begin@{document@}} commands (this area is called the @cindex classes of documents @findex \documentclass -The class of a given document is defined with the command: +The document's overall class is defined with this command, which is +normally the first command in a @LaTeX{} source file. @example \documentclass[@var{options}]@{@var{class}@} @end example -@noindent -The @code{\documentclass} command must be the first command in a -@LaTeX{} source file. - @findex article @r{class} @findex report @r{class} @findex book @r{class} @findex letter @r{class} @findex slides @r{class} -Built-in @LaTeX{} document @var{class} names are (many other document -classes are available as add-ons; @pxref{Overview}): +The following document @var{class} names are built into @LaTeX{}. +(Many other document classes are available as separate packages; +@pxref{Overview}.) -@example -article report book letter slides -@end example +@table @code +@item article +For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use. + +@item book +Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front +matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix +(@pxref{Front/back matter}). + +@item report +For documents of length between an @code{article} and a @code{book}, +such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters. -@c xx briefly describe each one +@item slides +For slide presentations---rarely used today. In its place the +@code{beamer} package is perhaps the most prevalent (@pxref{beamer +template}). + +@end table -Standard @var{options} are described below. +Standard @var{options} are described in the next section. @menu * Document class options:: Global options. @@ -331,10 +497,9 @@ Standard @var{options} are described below. @cindex class options @cindex global options -You can specify so-called @dfn{global options} or @dfn{class options} -to the @code{\documentclass} command by enclosing them in square -brackets as usual. To specify more than one @var{option}, separate -them with a comma: +You can specify so-called @dfn{global options} or @dfn{class options} to +the @code{\documentclass} command by enclosing them in square brackets. +To specify more than one @var{option}, separate them with a comma, as in: @example \documentclass[@var{option1},@var{option2},...]@{@var{class}@} @@ -376,22 +541,40 @@ a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper Miscellaneous other options: @table @code -@item draft, final +@item draft +@itemx final @cindex black boxes, omitting -mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is @code{final}. +Mark (@code{draft}) or do not mark (@code{final}) overfull boxes with a +black box in the margin; default is @code{final}. + @item fleqn +@cindex flush left equations +@cindex centered equations +@cindex equations, flush left vs.@: centered Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. + @item landscape +@cindex landscape orientation +@cindex portrait orientation Selects landscape format; default is portrait. + @item leqno +@cindex left-hand equation numbers +@cindex right-hand equation numbers +@cindex equation numbers, left vs.@: right Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. + @item openbib +@cindex bibliography format, open Use ``open'' bibliography format. -@item titlepage, notitlepage + +@item titlepage +@itemx notitlepage +@cindex title page, separate or run-in Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. @end table -These options are not available with the slides class: +The following options are not available with the @code{slides} class. @findex onecolumn @r{option} @findex twocolumn @r{option} @@ -409,28 +592,28 @@ Typeset in one or two columns; default is @code{onecolumn}. @findex \evensidemargin @findex \oddsidemargin Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is @code{oneside}, except -for the @code{book} class. +that in the @code{book} class the default is @code{twoside}. -The @code{\evensidemargin} (@code{\oddsidemargin} parameter determines -the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the -page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper -size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided -printing the text is centered, for two-sided, @code{\oddsidemargin} is -40% of the difference between @code{\paperwidth} and @code{\textwidth}, -with @code{\evensidemargin} the remainder. +For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For two-sided +printing, the @code{\evensidemargin} (@code{\oddsidemargin}) parameter +determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left +side of the page and the text's left margin, with @code{\oddsidemargin} +being 40% of the difference between @code{\paperwidth} and +@code{\textwidth}, and @code{\evensidemargin} is the remainder. @item openright @itemx openany -Determines if a chapter should start on a -right-hand page; default is @code{openright} for book. +Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is +@code{openright} for @code{book}, and @code{openany} for @code{report}. @end table +@findex clock @r{option to @code{slides} class} The @code{slides} class offers the option @code{clock} for printing the time at the bottom of each note. - -@cindex packages, loading @cindex loading additional packages +@cindex packages, loading additional +@cindex additional packages, loading @findex \usepackage Additional packages are loaded like this: @@ -438,8 +621,9 @@ Additional packages are loaded like this: \usepackage[@var{options}]@{@var{pkg}@} @end example -To specify more than one @var{pkg}, you can separate them with a -comma, or use multiple @code{\usepackage} commands. +To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma, +as in @code{\usepackage@{@var{pkg1},@var{pkg2},...@}}, or use multiple +@code{\usepackage} commands. @cindex global options @cindex options, global @@ -459,7 +643,7 @@ Two important aspects of selecting a @dfn{font} are specifying a size and a style. The @LaTeX{} commands for doing this are described here. @menu -* Font styles:: Select roman, italics etc. +* Font styles:: Select roman, italics, etc. * Font sizes:: Select point size. * Low-level font commands:: Select encoding, family, series, shape. @end menu @@ -481,13 +665,22 @@ arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, -are cumulative; e.g.,, you can say either @code{\sffamily\bfseries} or +are cumulative; e.g., you can say either @code{\sffamily\bfseries} or @code{\bfseries\sffamily} to get bold sans serif. You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for instance, @code{\begin@{ttfamily@}...\end@{ttfamily@}}. -These commands automatically supply an italic correction if needed. +@findex \nocorrlist +@findex \nocorr +These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections +if needed. (@xref{\/}, for the details of italic corrections.) +Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following +character is in the list @code{\nocorrlist}, which by default consists +of a period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of +italic correction, use @code{\nocorr} at the start or end of the +command argument, such as @code{\textit@{\nocorr text@}} or +@code{\textsc@{text \nocorr@}}. @table @code @item \textrm (\rmfamily) @@ -600,8 +793,8 @@ FAQ entry: @url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf}. @LaTeX{} also provides the following commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are @emph{not} cumulative. Also, they are used differently than the above commands: @code{@{\@var{cmd} -...@}} instead of @code{\@var{cmd}@{...@}}. These are two very -different things. +...@}} instead of @code{\@var{cmd}@{...@}}. These are two unrelated +constructs. @ftable @code @item \bf @@ -814,7 +1007,7 @@ Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. * \twocolumn:: Use two-column layout. * \flushbottom:: Make all text pages the same height. * \raggedbottom:: Allow text pages of differing height. -* Page layout parameters:: \headheight \footskip. +* Page layout parameters:: @code{\headheight} @code{\footskip}. @end menu @@ -984,7 +1177,7 @@ then divided by two. @item \topskip Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of -the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the +the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., @samp{10pt} at @samp{10pt}. @end ftable @@ -999,7 +1192,7 @@ Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: @ftable @code @item \part @item \chapter -(report and book class only) +(@code{report} and @code{book} class only) @item \section @item \subsection @item \subsubsection @@ -1094,7 +1287,8 @@ A @code{\label} command appearing in ordinary text assigns to inside a numbered environment assigns that number to @var{key}. A @var{key} name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or -punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are +distinguished, as usual. To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by @@ -1238,8 +1432,8 @@ Math arrays are produced with the @code{array} environment, normally within an @code{equation} environment (@pxref{equation}). It has a single mandatory @var{template} argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column @var{col} is -specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should -be formatted, as follows: +specified by a single letter that tells how items in each row of that +column should be formatted, as follows: @table @code @item c @@ -1250,7 +1444,7 @@ flush left flush right @end table -@findex \\ (for @code{array}) +@findex \\ @r{(for @code{array})} Column entries are separated by @code{&}. Column entries may include other @LaTeX{} commands. Each row of the array is terminated with @code{\\}. @@ -1294,7 +1488,7 @@ Synopsis: \end@{center@} @end example -@findex \\ (for @code{center}) +@findex \\ @r{(for @code{center})} The @code{center} environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the @@ -1402,7 +1596,7 @@ equation number, use the @code{equation} environment (@pxref{equation}). @findex document @r{environment} The @code{document} environment encloses the body of a document. -It is required in every @LaTeX{} document. @xref{Starting & ending}. +It is required in every @LaTeX{} document. @xref{Starting and ending}. @node enumerate @@ -1493,13 +1687,13 @@ Nevertheless, here is a description of @code{eqnarray}: \end@{eqnarray@} @end example -@findex \\ (for @code{eqnarray}) +@findex \\ @r{(for @code{eqnarray})} The @code{eqnarray} environment is used to display a sequence of -equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column +equations or inequalities. It is similar to a three-column @code{array} environment, with consecutive rows separated by @code{\\} and consecutive items within a row separated by an @code{&}. -@findex \\* (for @code{eqnarray}) +@findex \\* @r{(for @code{eqnarray})} @code{\\*} can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. @@ -1576,9 +1770,8 @@ output. To ameliorate this, use the @code{stfloats} or FAQ: @url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat}. @item h -@cindex @code{float} package -(Here)---at the position in the text where the figure environment -appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; @code{t} is +(Here)---at the position in the text where the @code{figure} environment +appears. However, @code{t} is not allowed by itself; @code{t} is automatically added. @cindex here, putting floats @@ -1601,7 +1794,7 @@ see above. @end table -The standard report and article classes use the default placement +The standard @code{report} and @code{article} classes use the default placement @code{tbp}. The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, @LaTeX{} commands, @@ -1618,7 +1811,7 @@ non-float text: @ftable @code @findex \bottomfraction -The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at +The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at the bottom; default @samp{.3}. @item \floatpagefraction @@ -1652,18 +1845,22 @@ Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default @samp{20pt plus2pt minus4pt}. @end ftable -Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page: +Counters relating to the number of floats on a page: @ftable @code -@item \bottomnumber +@item bottomnumber Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. -@item \topnumber +@item dbltopnumber +Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a +two-column page; default 2. + +@item topnumber Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. -@item \totalnumber +@item totalnumber Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. @end ftable @@ -1710,7 +1907,7 @@ You can use the @code{filecontents} environment at any point after the declaration @code{\usepackage@{filecontents@}}, not just before @code{\documentclass}. -@item +@item The @code{filecontents} package also provides a @code{filecontents*} environment which is used in the same way as the @code{filecontents} environment except that it won't insert any leading comment, so it is @@ -1723,9 +1920,9 @@ unrelated to using the created file. So you need to use, for instance, @code{\input} or @code{\usepackage} or @code{\bibliography} or whatever is applicable, to use the created file. -This environment is also useful to make a self-contained document, for -example, for a bug report, or to keep a @file{.bib} file with the main -document. +This environment is also useful to make a document in a self-contained +file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the content of a +@file{.bib} file in the same file as the main document. @node flushleft @@ -2159,6 +2356,7 @@ The @code{picture} commands are described in the following sections. @subsection @code{\circle} @findex \circle +Synopsis: @example \circle[*]@{@var{diameter}@} @end example @@ -2167,21 +2365,24 @@ The @code{\circle} command produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible. The @code{*}-form of the command draws a solid circle. -Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. +Circles up to 40@dmn{pt} can be drawn. @node \makebox (picture) @subsection @code{\makebox} -@findex \makebox (picture) +@findex \makebox @r{(for @code{picture})} -@code{\makebox(width,height)[position]@{...@}} +Synopsis: +@example +\makebox(@var{width},@var{height})[@var{position}]@{@var{text}@} +@end example The @code{\makebox} command for the picture environment is similar to the normal @code{\makebox} command except that you must specify a -@code{width} and @code{height} in multiples of @code{\unitlength}. +@var{width} and @var{height} in multiples of @code{\unitlength}. -The optional argument, @code{[position]}, specifies the quadrant that -your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: +The optional argument, @code{[@var{position}]}, specifies the quadrant that +your @var{text} appears in. You may select up to two of the following: @table @code @item t @@ -2238,8 +2439,8 @@ Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: rectangle has overall width @var{rwidth} and height @var{rheight}. The @var{text} is positioned at optional @var{pos}. @c xxref positions. -A dashed box looks best when the @code{rwidth} and @code{rheight} are -multiples of the @code{dlen}. +A dashed box looks best when the @var{rwidth} and @var{rheight} are +multiples of the @var{dlen}. @node \frame @@ -2270,10 +2471,12 @@ Synopsis: The @code{\line} command draws a line with the given @var{length} and slope @var{xslope}/@var{yslope}. +@cindex @code{pict2e} package +@cindex graphics packages Standard @LaTeX{} can only draw lines with @math{@var{slope} = x/y}, where @math{x} and @math{y} have integer values from @minus{}6 -through@tie{}6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, -see the @code{curve2e} and many many other packages on CTAN. +through@tie{}6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes, +see @code{pict2e} and many other packages on CTAN. @node \linethickness @@ -2353,13 +2556,17 @@ boxes with rounded corners. @node \put @subsection @code{\put} - @findex \put -@code{\put(x coord,y coord)@{ ... @}} +Synopsis: -The @code{\put} command places the item specified by the mandatory -argument at the given coordinates. +@example +\put(@var{xcoord},@var{ycoord})@{ ... @} +@end example + +The @code{\put} command places the material specified by the +(mandatory) argument in braces at the given coordinate, +(@var{xcoord},@var{ycoord}). @node \shortstack @@ -2395,12 +2602,12 @@ Objects are separated with @code{\\}. Synopsis: @example -\vector(@var{x-slope},@var{y-slope})@{@var{length}@} +\vector(@var{xslope},@var{yslope})@{@var{length}@} @end example The @code{\vector} command draws a line with an arrow of the specified -length and slope. The @math{x} and @math{y} values must lie between -@minus{}4 and +4, inclusive. +length and slope. The @math{@var{xslope}} and @math{@var{yslope}} +values must lie between @minus{}4 and +4, inclusive. @node quotation @@ -2435,7 +2642,7 @@ normally. @cindex displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation @cindex paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting -Snyopsis: +Synopsis: @example \begin@{quote@} @@ -2476,7 +2683,7 @@ the width of each column is constant and known in advance. This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the @code{tabular} environment. -The following commands can be used inside a @code{tabbing} enviroment: +The following commands can be used inside a @code{tabbing} environment: @ftable @code @item \\ @r{(tabbing)} @@ -2941,7 +3148,7 @@ Like @code{plain}, but more compact labels. In addition, numerous other Bib@TeX{} style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See -@url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib}. +@url{http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib}. The @code{\bibliography} command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to @code{\bibliography} refers to files @@ -3149,8 +3356,8 @@ mode. @cindex hyphenation, forcing The @code{\-} command tells @LaTeX{} that it may hyphenate the word at -that point. @LaTeX{} is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually -find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an +that point. @LaTeX{} is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds +most of the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The @code{\-} command is used for the exceptional cases. @@ -3428,7 +3635,7 @@ redefine @code{\@@fnsymbol}. Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's footnotes. Default dimensions: @code{0.4pt} thick (or wide), and @code{0.4\columnwidth} long in the standard document classes (except -slides, where it does not appear). +@code{slides}, where it does not appear). @item \footnotesep The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By @@ -3454,7 +3661,7 @@ footnotes. This is @samp{6.65pt} for @samp{10pt}, @samp{7.7pt} for * \newlength:: Define a new length. * \newsavebox:: Define a new box. * \newenvironment & \renewenvironment:: Define a new environment. -* \newtheorem:: Define a new theorem-like environment. +* \newtheorem:: Define a new @code{theorem}-like environment. * \newfont:: Define a new font name. * \protect:: Using tricky commands. @end menu @@ -3471,8 +3678,8 @@ footnotes. This is @samp{6.65pt} for @samp{10pt}, @samp{7.7pt} for command, respectively. Synopses: @example - \newcommand[*]@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{optarg}]@{@var{defn}@} -\renewcommand[*]@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{optarg}]@{@var{defn}@} + \newcommand[*]@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{optargval}]@{@var{defn}@} +\renewcommand[*]@{@var{cmd}@}[@var{nargs}][@var{optargval}]@{@var{defn}@} @end example @table @var @@ -3482,7 +3689,7 @@ The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain multiple paragraphs of text (not @code{\long}, in plain @TeX{} terms). @item cmd -The command name beginning with @code{\}. For @code{\newcommand}, it +The command name, beginning with @code{\}. For @code{\newcommand}, it must not be already defined and must not begin with @code{\end}; for @code{\renewcommand}, it must already be defined. @@ -3491,12 +3698,14 @@ An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. -@item optarg -If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's -first argument is optional. The default value of the optional -argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is @var{optarg}, -or, if that argument is present in the @code{\newcommand} but has an -empty value, the string @samp{def}. +@item optargval +If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first +argument of command @var{cmd} is optional and its default value (i.e., +if it is not specified in the call) is @var{optarg}. In otherwise, +when calling the macro, if no @code{[@var{value}]} is given after +@code{@var{cmd}}---which is different from having @code{[]} for an +empty @var{value}---then string @samp{@var{optargval}} becomes the +value of @code{#1} within @var{defn} when the macro is expanded. @item defn The text to be substituted for every occurrence of @code{cmd}; a @@ -3515,14 +3724,14 @@ text of the @var{n}th argument. Synopsis: @example -\newcounter@{@var{cnt}@}[@var{countername}] +\newcounter@{@var{countername}@}[@var{supercounter}] @end example -The @code{\newcounter} command defines a new counter named @var{cnt}. +The @code{\newcounter} command defines a new counter named @var{countername}. The new counter is initialized to zero. -Given the optional argument @code{[@var{countername}]}, @var{cnt} -will be reset whenever @var{countername} is incremented. +Given the optional argument @code{[@var{super}]}, @var{countername} +will be reset whenever the counter named @var{supercounter} is incremented. @xref{Counters}, for more information about counters. @@ -3539,7 +3748,7 @@ Synopsis: @end example The @code{\newlength} command defines the mandatory argument as a -@code{length} command with a value of @code{0in}. The argument must +@dfn{length} command with a value of zero. The argument must be a control sequence, as in @code{\newlength@{\foo@}}. An error occurs if @code{\foo} is already defined. @@ -3750,7 +3959,7 @@ uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', @enddots{} @item \roman uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', @enddots{} -@item \roman +@item \Roman uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', @enddots{} @item \fnsymbol @@ -3758,18 +3967,13 @@ prints the value of @var{counter} in a specific sequence of nine symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of @var{counter} must be between@tie{}1 and@tie{}9, inclusive. -@tex -Here are the symbols: -$\ast$ $\dagger$ $\ddagger$ $\S$ $\P$ $\parallel$ -$\ast\ast$ $\dagger\dagger$ $\ddagger\ddagger$ -@end tex -@ifnottex -The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names: +Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output): + @display -asterisk(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel -double-asterisk(**) double-dagger double-ddagger +asterisk(*) dagger(@U{2021}) ddagger(@U{2021}) +section-sign(@U{00A7}) paragraph-sign(@U{00B6}) parallel(@U{2225}) +double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(@U{2021}@U{2021}) double-ddagger(@U{2021}@U{2021}) @end display -@end ifnottex @end ftable @@ -3821,10 +4025,10 @@ be used anywhere @LaTeX{} expects a number, for example: Synopsis: @example -\setcounter@{@var{\counter}@}@{@var{value}@} +\setcounter@{@var{counter}@}@{@var{value}@} @end example -The @code{\setcounter} command sets the value of @var{\counter} to the +The @code{\setcounter} command sets the value of @var{counter} to the @var{value} argument. @@ -4918,7 +5122,10 @@ parenthesized modulus, as in (@math{\pmod 2^n - 1}) @math{\sinh} @item \sup -@math{\sup} +sup +@c don't try to use \sup since that turned into a Texinfo command +@c and it's not worth hassling with different versions when it's +@c just three roman letters anyway. @item \tan @math{\tan} @@ -5078,7 +5285,7 @@ For example, @math{\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}}. @item \overline@{@var{text}@} Generates a horizontal line over @var{tex}. -For exampe, @math{\overline{x+y}}. +For example, @math{\overline{x+y}}. @item \sqrt[@var{root}]@{arg@} Produces the representation of the square root of @var{arg}. The @@ -5131,8 +5338,7 @@ $\vdots$. @cindex paragraph mode @cindex math mode @cindex left-to-right mode -@cindex lR mode - +@cindex LR mode When @LaTeX{} is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: @@ -5146,32 +5352,35 @@ Math mode Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short @end itemize -@LaTeX{} changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a -different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when @LaTeX{} is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. -``Paragraph mode'' is the most common; it's the one @LaTeX{} is in -when processing ordinary text. In that mode, @LaTeX{} breaks your -text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. @LaTeX{} is in -``math mode'' when it's generating a mathematical formula. In ``LR -mode'', as in paragraph mode, @LaTeX{} considers the output that it -produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, -unlike paragraph mode, @LaTeX{} keeps going from left to right; it -never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words -into an @code{\mbox}, @LaTeX{} would keep typesetting them from left -to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting -box was too wide to fit on the line. - -@LaTeX{} is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an @code{\mbox} -command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for -example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. +@dfn{Paragraph mode} is the most common; it's the one @LaTeX{} is in +when processing ordinary text. In this mode, @LaTeX{} breaks the +input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. + +@LaTeX{} is in @dfn{math mode} when it's generating a mathematical +formula, either displayed math or within a line. + +@findex \mbox@r{, and LR mode} +In @dfn{LR mode}, as in paragraph mode, @LaTeX{} considers the output +that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. +However, unlike paragraph mode, @LaTeX{} keeps going from left to +right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a +hundred words into an @code{\mbox}, @LaTeX{} would keep typesetting +them from left to right inside a single box (and then most likely +complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line). +@LaTeX{} is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an +@code{\mbox} command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside +the box---for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a +formula in the box. + There are also several text-producing commands and environments for -making a box that put @LaTeX{} in paragraph mode. The box make by one of -these commands or environments will be called a @code{parbox}. When -@LaTeX{} is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in -``inner paragraph mode''. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out -in, is called ``outer paragraph mode''. +making a box that put @LaTeX{} into paragraph mode. The box made by +one of these commands or environments will be called a @code{parbox}. +When @LaTeX{} is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to +be in ``inner paragraph mode'' (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph +mode, which it starts out in, is called ``outer paragraph mode''. @node Page styles @@ -5242,7 +5451,9 @@ Synopsis: \pagenumbering@{@var{style}@} @end example -Specifies the style of page numbers, according to @var{style}: +Specifies the style of page numbers, according to @var{style}; also +resets the page number to 1. The @var{style} argument is one of +the following: @table @code @item arabic @@ -5336,9 +5547,9 @@ Horizontal space * \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space. * \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space. * \SPACE:: Normal interword space. -* \AT:: Ending a sentence. +* \@@:: Ending a sentence. * \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em. -* \/:: Per-character italic correction. +* \/:: Insert italic correction. * \hrulefill:: Stretchable horizontal rule. * \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal dots. @@ -5373,8 +5584,10 @@ form. @node \hfill @section @code{\hfill} - @findex \hfill + +@cindex stretch, infinite horizontal +@cindex infinite horizontal stretch The @code{\hfill} fill command produces a ``rubber length'' which has no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. @@ -5386,24 +5599,25 @@ equivalent to @code{\hfill}. @node \SPACE -@section @code{\SPACE} +@section @code{\SPACE}: Normal interword space @findex \SPACE @findex \TAB @findex \NEWLINE The @code{\ } (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's -useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example -@code{Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental}. -It is also often used after control sequences, as in @code{\TeX\ is a +useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example, +@code{the article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental}. It +is also often used after control sequences, as in @code{\TeX\ is a nice system.} In normal circumstances, @code{\}@key{tab} and @code{\}@key{newline} are equivalent to @code{\ }. -@node \AT -@section @code{\@@} +@node \@@ +@section @code{\@@}: Force sentence-ending punctuation @findex \@@ +@anchor{\AT}@c old name The @code{\@@} command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after @@ -5417,7 +5631,7 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without @noindent produces -@c Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. +@c Texinfo has different commands, but the result is the same. @quotation @dots{} in C@. Pascal, though @dots{}@* @dots{} in C. Pascal, though @dots{} @@ -5425,17 +5639,18 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without @node \thinspace -@section @code{\thinspace} +@section @code{\thinspace}: Insert 1/6@dmn{em} @findex \thinspace @code{\thinspace} produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that -is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as -in '@dmn{''}. +is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested +quotes, as in '@dmn{}''.@c Abuse @dmn, which is a thin space in Texinfo. @node \/ -@section @code{\/} +@section @code{\/}: Insert italic correction @findex \/ +@cindex italic correction The @code{\/} command produces an @dfn{italic correction}. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, @@ -5454,6 +5669,11 @@ normal letters, it can help. Compare @end ifnottex with @i{f: f;}. +When changing fonts with commands such as @code{\textit@{italic +text@}} or @code{@{\itshape italic text@}}, @LaTeX{} will +automatically insert an italic correction if appropriate (@pxref{Font +styles}). + Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare @tex @@ -5464,6 +5684,9 @@ pdf@TeX{} (in the @TeX{} output, there is a small space after the `f') @end ifnottex with pdf@TeX{}. +There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done +in a different way. + @node \hrulefill @section @code{\hrulefill} @@ -5495,43 +5718,49 @@ with dots instead of just white space. The @code{\addvspace} command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous @code{\addvspace} command, then this -command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length -of the total vertical space equal to @code{length}. +command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural +length of the total vertical space equal to @code{length}. @node \bigskip \medskip \smallskip @section @code{\bigskip \medskip \smallskip} -These commands produce a given amount of space. +These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the +document class. @table @code @item \bigskip @findex \bigskip @findex \bigskipamount -The same as @code{\vspace@{bigskipamount@}}, ordinarily about one line -space (with stretch and shrink). +The same as @code{\vspace@{\bigskipamount@}}, ordinarily about one line +space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the @code{book} and +@code{article} classes is @code{12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt}). @item \medskip @findex \medskip @findex \medskipamount -The same as @code{\vspace@{medskipamount@}}, ordinarily -about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +The same as @code{\vspace@{\medskipamount@}}, ordinarily about half of +a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the @code{book} +and @code{article} classes is @code{6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt}). @item \smallskip @findex \smallskip @findex \smallskipamount -The same as @code{\vspace@{smallskipamount@}}, ordinarily about a -quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +The same as @code{\vspace@{\smallskipamount@}}, ordinarily about a +quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the +@code{book} and @code{article} classes is @code{3pt plus 1pt minus +1pt}). @end table -The @code{\...amount} parameters are determined by the document class. - @node \vfill @section @code{\vfill} @findex \vfill +@cindex stretch, infinite vertical +@cindex infinite vertical stretch + The @code{\vfill} fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to @code{\vspace@{\fill@}} (@pxref{\hfill}). @@ -5566,12 +5795,12 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands. @menu * \mbox:: Horizontal boxes. * \fbox and \framebox:: Put a frame around a box. -* lrbox:: An environment like \sbox. +* lrbox:: An environment like @code{\sbox}. * \makebox:: Box, adjustable position. * \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode. * \raisebox:: Raise or lower text. -* \savebox:: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. -* \sbox:: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. +* \savebox:: Like @code{\makebox}, but save the text for later use. +* \sbox:: Like @code{\mbox}, but save the text for later use. * \usebox:: Print saved text. @end menu @@ -5765,7 +5994,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled @node \usebox -@section @code{\usebox@{@var{\boxcmd}} +@section @code{\usebox@{@var{\boxcmd}@}} @findex \usebox Synopsis: @@ -5785,7 +6014,7 @@ Synopsis: special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. @menu -* Reserved characters:: Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ @{ @} +* Reserved characters:: Inserting @samp{# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ @{ @}} * Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. * Accents:: Inserting accents. * Non-English characters:: Inserting other non-English characters. @@ -5873,6 +6102,11 @@ The double dagger symbol (in text). @cindex logo, @LaTeX{} The @LaTeX{} logo. +@item \LaTeXe +@cindex @LaTeX{}2e logo +@cindex logo, @LaTeX{}2e +The @LaTeX{}2e logo. + @item \guillemotleft @r{(@guillemotleft{})} @itemx \guillemotright @r{(@guillemotright{})} @itemx \guilsinglleft @r{(@guilsinglleft{})} @@ -5917,7 +6151,7 @@ English pounds sterling: @pounds{}. @cindex double low-9 quotation mark @cindex single low-9 quotation mark @cindex low-9 quotation marks, single and double -Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: +Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: @quotedblbase{} and @quotesinglbase{}. @item \rq @@ -6055,8 +6289,8 @@ Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: @ordf{}, @ordm{}. Centered period: @math{\cdot}. @item \textquestiondown @r{(or @code{?`})} -@cindex questionation point, upside-down -Upside down questionation point: @questiondown{}. +@cindex question mark, upside-down +Upside down question mark: @questiondown{}. @item \textquotedblleft @r{(or @code{``})} @cindex left quote, double @@ -6127,6 +6361,8 @@ Visible space symbol. @cindex characters, accented @cindex letters, accented +@cindex @code{babel} package +@cindex multilingual support @LaTeX{} has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, through the @code{babel} package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists @@ -6311,8 +6547,8 @@ used in languages other than English. @item \dh @itemx \DH -@findex \dh (@ae{}) -@findex \DH (@AE{}) +@findex \dh (@dh{}) +@findex \DH (@DH{}) @cindex Icelandic eth @cindex eth, Icelandic letter Icelandic letter eth: @dh{} and @DH{}. @@ -6321,7 +6557,7 @@ Icelandic letter eth: @dh{} and @DH{}. @itemx \DJ @findex \dj @findex \DJ -xxxx +Crossed d and D, a.k.a.@: capital and small letter d with stroke. @item \ij @itemx \IJ @@ -6341,7 +6577,7 @@ ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). @itemx \NG @findex \ng @findex \NG -xxxx +Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics. @item \o @itemx \O @@ -6528,17 +6764,20 @@ table of contents, write a @code{\newpage} command after the @findex \listoffigures @findex \listoftables +@findex .lof @r{file} +@findex .lot @r{file} The analogous commands @code{\listoffigures} and @code{\listoftables} -produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. -Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. +produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from @file{.lof} and +@file{.lot} files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same +as for the table of contents. @findex \nofiles The command @code{\nofiles} overrides these commands, and @emph{prevents} any of these lists from being generated. @menu -* \addcontentsline:: Add an entry to table of contents etc. -* \addtocontents:: Add text directly to table of contents file etc. +* \addcontentsline:: Add an entry to table of contents, etc. +* \addtocontents:: Add text directly to table of contents file, etc. @end menu @@ -6571,14 +6810,14 @@ For the list of tables. @end table @item entry -The actual text of the entry. +The text of the entry. @end table @findex \contentsline What is written to the @file{.@var{ext}} file is the command @code{\contentsline@{@var{unit}@}@{@var{name}@}}. -@c ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? +@c xx how hardwired are these values? other unit names? @node \addtocontents @@ -6591,9 +6830,9 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. @table @var @item ext -The extension of the file on which information is to be written: -@file{toc} (table of contents), @file{lof} (list of figures), or -@file{lot} (list of tables). +The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +typically one of: @file{toc} (table of contents), @file{lof} (list of +figures), or @file{lot} (list of tables). @item text The text to be written. @@ -6617,6 +6856,7 @@ Specifically, what gets written is the command @code{\glossaryentry@{@var{text}@}@{@var{pageno}@}}, where @var{pageno} is the current @code{\thepage} value. +@cindex glossary @r{package} The @code{glossary} package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries. @@ -6640,6 +6880,7 @@ Specifically, what gets written is the command is the current @code{\thepage} value. @cindex `see' and `see also' index entries +@cindex index entries, `see' and `see also' To generate a index entry for `bar' that says `See foo', use a vertical bar: @code{\index@{bar|see@{foo@}@}}. Use @code{seealso} instead of @code{see} to make a `See also' entry. @@ -6730,7 +6971,7 @@ These commands are used with the @code{letter} class. * \cc:: Cc list. * \closing:: Saying goodbye. * \encl:: List of enclosed material. -* \location:: Your organisation's address. +* \location:: Your organization's address. * \makelabels:: Making address labels. * \name:: Your name, for the return address. * \opening:: Saying hello. @@ -6751,7 +6992,7 @@ should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by @code{\\} commands. If you do not make an @code{\address} declaration, then the letter -will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard +will be formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead. (@xref{Overview}, for details on your local implementation). If you give an @code{\address} declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. @@ -6813,7 +7054,7 @@ Declare a list of one more enclosures. @code{\location@{address@}} -This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears +This modifies your organization's standard address. This only appears if the @code{firstpage} pagestyle is selected. @@ -6885,7 +7126,6 @@ space for your signature. @code{\\} starts a new line within Used after a @code{\stopbreaks} command to allow page breaks again. - @node \stopbreaks @section @code{\stopbreaks} @findex \stopbreaks @@ -6895,7 +7135,6 @@ Used after a @code{\stopbreaks} command to allow page breaks again. Inhibit page breaks until a @code{\startbreaks} command occurs. - @node \telephone @section @code{\telephone} @findex \telephone @@ -6962,18 +7201,22 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A @code{^^J} in @chapter Command line @cindex command line +@findex .tex, @r{default extension} The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; @TeX{} uses @file{.tex} as a default file extension. If you omit the -input file entirely, @TeX{} accepts input from the terminal. You -specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the -command; e.g. +input file entirely, @TeX{} accepts input from the terminal. You can +also specify arbitrary @LaTeX{} input by starting with a backslash. +For example, this processes @file{foo.tex} without pausing after every +error: @example latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' @end example -@noindent -will process @file{foo.tex} without pausing after every error. +@findex --help @r{command-line option} +With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also +be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with @samp{-} or +@samp{--}. For a list of those options, try @samp{latex --help}. @cindex @samp{*} prompt @cindex prompt, @samp{*} @@ -6982,6 +7225,7 @@ If @LaTeX{} stops in the middle of the document and gives you a @samp{*} prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type @code{\stop} (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. +@xref{@TeX{} engines}, for other system commands invoking @LaTeX{}. @node Document templates @@ -6989,43 +7233,22 @@ If @LaTeX{} stops in the middle of the document and gives you a @cindex document templates Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will -be useful. Additional template resources are listed +be useful. Additional template resources are listed at @url{http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates}. @menu -* book template:: * beamer template:: +* book template:: * tugboat template:: @end menu -@node book template -@section @code{book} template - -@verbatim -\documentclass{book} -\title{Book Class Template} -\author{Alex Author} - -\begin{document} -\maketitle - -\chapter{First} -Some text. - -\chapter{Second} -Some other text. - -\section{A subtopic} -The end. -\end{document} -@end verbatim - - @node beamer template @section @code{beamer} template -The @code{beamer} class creates slides presentations. +@cindex @code{beamer} template and class +The @code{beamer} class creates presentation slides. It has a vast +array of features, but here is a basic template: @verbatim \documentclass{beamer} @@ -7055,9 +7278,35 @@ One web resource for this: @url{http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/}. +@node book template +@section @code{book} template + +@verbatim +\documentclass{book} +\title{Book Class Template} +\author{Alex Author} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\chapter{First} +Some text. + +\chapter{Second} +Some other text. + +\section{A subtopic} +The end. +\end{document} +@end verbatim + + @node tugboat template @section @code{tugboat} template +@cindex TUGboat template +@cindex @code{ltugboat} class + @cite{TUGboat} is the journal of the @TeX{} Users Group, @url{http://tug.org/TUGboat}. @@ -7092,8 +7341,8 @@ This is an example article for \TUB{}. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the -hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the +\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output. Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more: @@ -7168,3 +7417,7 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. \@onlypreamble\DeclareTextSymbolDefault@item \@onlypreamble\DeclareTextAccentDefault@item \def\UndeclareTextCommand#1#2{% + +@c Local Variables: +@c ispell-dictionary: "english" +@c End: diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt index 2e686220565..e502e516666 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt @@ -1,376 +1,494 @@ -LaTeX2e +LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual 1 About this document 2 Overview of LaTeX -3 Starting & ending -4 Document classes -5 Fonts -6 Layout -7 Sectioning -8 Cross references -9 Environments -10 Line breaking -11 Page breaking -12 Footnotes -13 Definitions -14 Counters -15 Lengths -16 Making paragraphs -17 Math formulas -18 Modes -19 Page styles -20 Spaces -21 Boxes -22 Special insertions -23 Splitting the input -24 Front/back matter -25 Letters -26 Terminal input/output -27 Command line +3 Document classes +4 Fonts +5 Layout +6 Sectioning +7 Cross references +8 Environments +9 Line breaking +10 Page breaking +11 Footnotes +12 Definitions +13 Counters +14 Lengths +15 Making paragraphs +16 Math formulas +17 Modes +18 Page styles +19 Spaces +20 Boxes +21 Special insertions +22 Splitting the input +23 Front/back matter +24 Letters +25 Terminal input/output +26 Command line Appendix A Document templates Concept Index Command Index -LaTeX2e +LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual 1 About this document 2 Overview of LaTeX -3 Starting & ending -4 Document classes - 4.1 Document class options -5 Fonts - 5.1 Font styles - 5.2 Font sizes - 5.3 Low-level font commands -6 Layout - 6.1 '\onecolumn' - 6.2 '\twocolumn' - 6.3 '\flushbottom' - 6.4 '\raggedbottom' - 6.5 Page layout parameters -7 Sectioning -8 Cross references - 8.1 '\label' - 8.2 '\pageref{KEY}' - 8.3 '\ref{KEY}' -9 Environments - 9.1 'abstract' - 9.2 'array' - 9.3 'center' - 9.3.1 '\centering' - 9.4 'description' - 9.5 'displaymath' - 9.6 'document' - 9.7 'enumerate' - 9.8 'eqnarray' - 9.9 'equation' - 9.10 'figure' - 9.11 'filecontents': Create external files - 9.12 'flushleft' - 9.12.1 '\raggedright' - 9.13 'flushright' - 9.13.1 '\raggedleft' - 9.14 'itemize' - 9.15 'letter' environment: writing letters - 9.16 'list' - 9.17 'math' - 9.18 'minipage' - 9.19 'picture' - 9.19.1 '\circle' - 9.19.2 '\makebox' - 9.19.3 '\framebox' - 9.19.4 '\dashbox' - 9.19.5 '\frame' - 9.19.6 '\line' - 9.19.7 '\linethickness' - 9.19.8 '\thicklines' - 9.19.9 '\thinlines' - 9.19.10 '\multiput' - 9.19.11 '\oval' - 9.19.12 '\put' - 9.19.13 '\shortstack' - 9.19.14 '\vector' - 9.20 'quotation' - 9.21 'quote' - 9.22 'tabbing' - 9.23 'table' - 9.24 'tabular' - 9.24.1 '\multicolumn' - 9.24.2 '\cline' - 9.24.3 '\hline' - 9.24.4 '\vline' - 9.25 'thebibliography' - 9.25.1 '\bibitem' - 9.25.2 '\cite' - 9.25.3 '\nocite' - 9.25.4 Using BibTeX - 9.26 'theorem' - 9.27 'titlepage' - 9.28 'verbatim' - 9.28.1 '\verb' - 9.29 'verse' -10 Line breaking - 10.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE] - 10.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr' - 10.3 '\newline' - 10.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen) - 10.5 '\fussy' - 10.6 '\sloppy' - 10.7 '\hyphenation' - 10.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak' -11 Page breaking - 11.1 '\cleardoublepage' - 11.2 '\clearpage' - 11.3 '\newpage' - 11.4 '\enlargethispage' - 11.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak' -12 Footnotes - 12.1 '\footnote' - 12.2 '\footnotemark' - 12.3 '\footnotetext' - 12.4 Symbolic footnotes - 12.5 Footnote parameters -13 Definitions - 13.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand' - 13.2 '\newcounter' - 13.3 '\newlength' - 13.4 '\newsavebox' - 13.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment' - 13.6 '\newtheorem' - 13.7 '\newfont' - 13.8 '\protect' -14 Counters - 14.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters - 14.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}' - 14.3 '\value{COUNTER}' - 14.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' - 14.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' - 14.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' - 14.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}' - 14.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters -15 Lengths - 15.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' - 15.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} - 15.3 '\settodepth' - 15.4 '\settoheight' - 15.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' - 15.6 Predefined lengths -16 Making paragraphs - 16.1 '\indent' - 16.2 '\noindent' - 16.3 '\parskip' - 16.4 Marginal notes -17 Math formulas - 17.1 Subscripts & superscripts - 17.2 Math symbols - 17.3 Math functions - 17.4 Math accents - 17.5 Spacing in math mode - 17.6 Math miscellany -18 Modes -19 Page styles - 19.1 '\maketitle' - 19.2 '\pagenumbering' - 19.3 '\pagestyle' - 19.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}' -20 Spaces - 20.1 '\hspace' - 20.2 '\hfill' - 20.3 '\SPACE' - 20.4 '\@' - 20.5 '\thinspace' - 20.6 '\/' - 20.7 '\hrulefill' - 20.8 '\dotfill' - 20.9 '\addvspace' - 20.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' - 20.11 '\vfill' - 20.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' -21 Boxes - 21.1 '\mbox{TEXT}' - 21.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox' - 21.3 'lrbox' - 21.4 '\makebox' - 21.5 '\parbox' - 21.6 '\raisebox' - 21.7 '\savebox' - 21.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' - 21.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD' -22 Special insertions - 22.1 Reserved characters - 22.2 Text symbols - 22.3 Accents - 22.4 Non-English characters - 22.5 '\rule' - 22.6 '\today' -23 Splitting the input - 23.1 '\include' - 23.2 \'includeonly' - 23.3 \input -24 Front/back matter - 24.1 Tables of contents - 24.1.1 \addcontentsline - 24.1.2 \addtocontents - 24.2 Glossaries - 24.3 Indexes -25 Letters - 25.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} - 25.2 '\cc' - 25.3 '\closing' - 25.4 '\encl' - 25.5 '\location' - 25.6 '\makelabels' - 25.7 '\name' - 25.8 '\opening{TEXT}' - 25.9 '\ps' - 25.10 '\signature{TEXT}' - 25.11 '\startbreaks' - 25.12 '\stopbreaks' - 25.13 '\telephone' -26 Terminal input/output - 26.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' - 26.2 '\typeout{MSG}' -27 Command line + 2.1 Starting and ending + 2.2 Output files + 2.3 TeX engines + 2.4 LaTeX command syntax +3 Document classes + 3.1 Document class options +4 Fonts + 4.1 Font styles + 4.2 Font sizes + 4.3 Low-level font commands +5 Layout + 5.1 '\onecolumn' + 5.2 '\twocolumn' + 5.3 '\flushbottom' + 5.4 '\raggedbottom' + 5.5 Page layout parameters +6 Sectioning +7 Cross references + 7.1 '\label' + 7.2 '\pageref{KEY}' + 7.3 '\ref{KEY}' +8 Environments + 8.1 'abstract' + 8.2 'array' + 8.3 'center' + 8.3.1 '\centering' + 8.4 'description' + 8.5 'displaymath' + 8.6 'document' + 8.7 'enumerate' + 8.8 'eqnarray' + 8.9 'equation' + 8.10 'figure' + 8.11 'filecontents': Create external files + 8.12 'flushleft' + 8.12.1 '\raggedright' + 8.13 'flushright' + 8.13.1 '\raggedleft' + 8.14 'itemize' + 8.15 'letter' environment: writing letters + 8.16 'list' + 8.17 'math' + 8.18 'minipage' + 8.19 'picture' + 8.19.1 '\circle' + 8.19.2 '\makebox' + 8.19.3 '\framebox' + 8.19.4 '\dashbox' + 8.19.5 '\frame' + 8.19.6 '\line' + 8.19.7 '\linethickness' + 8.19.8 '\thicklines' + 8.19.9 '\thinlines' + 8.19.10 '\multiput' + 8.19.11 '\oval' + 8.19.12 '\put' + 8.19.13 '\shortstack' + 8.19.14 '\vector' + 8.20 'quotation' + 8.21 'quote' + 8.22 'tabbing' + 8.23 'table' + 8.24 'tabular' + 8.24.1 '\multicolumn' + 8.24.2 '\cline' + 8.24.3 '\hline' + 8.24.4 '\vline' + 8.25 'thebibliography' + 8.25.1 '\bibitem' + 8.25.2 '\cite' + 8.25.3 '\nocite' + 8.25.4 Using BibTeX + 8.26 'theorem' + 8.27 'titlepage' + 8.28 'verbatim' + 8.28.1 '\verb' + 8.29 'verse' +9 Line breaking + 9.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE] + 9.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr' + 9.3 '\newline' + 9.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen) + 9.5 '\fussy' + 9.6 '\sloppy' + 9.7 '\hyphenation' + 9.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak' +10 Page breaking + 10.1 '\cleardoublepage' + 10.2 '\clearpage' + 10.3 '\newpage' + 10.4 '\enlargethispage' + 10.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak' +11 Footnotes + 11.1 '\footnote' + 11.2 '\footnotemark' + 11.3 '\footnotetext' + 11.4 Symbolic footnotes + 11.5 Footnote parameters +12 Definitions + 12.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand' + 12.2 '\newcounter' + 12.3 '\newlength' + 12.4 '\newsavebox' + 12.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment' + 12.6 '\newtheorem' + 12.7 '\newfont' + 12.8 '\protect' +13 Counters + 13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters + 13.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}' + 13.3 '\value{COUNTER}' + 13.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' + 13.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' + 13.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' + 13.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}' + 13.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters +14 Lengths + 14.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' + 14.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} + 14.3 '\settodepth' + 14.4 '\settoheight' + 14.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' + 14.6 Predefined lengths +15 Making paragraphs + 15.1 '\indent' + 15.2 '\noindent' + 15.3 '\parskip' + 15.4 Marginal notes +16 Math formulas + 16.1 Subscripts & superscripts + 16.2 Math symbols + 16.3 Math functions + 16.4 Math accents + 16.5 Spacing in math mode + 16.6 Math miscellany +17 Modes +18 Page styles + 18.1 '\maketitle' + 18.2 '\pagenumbering' + 18.3 '\pagestyle' + 18.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}' +19 Spaces + 19.1 '\hspace' + 19.2 '\hfill' + 19.3 '\SPACE': Normal interword space + 19.4 '\@': Force sentence-ending punctuation + 19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em + 19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction + 19.7 '\hrulefill' + 19.8 '\dotfill' + 19.9 '\addvspace' + 19.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' + 19.11 '\vfill' + 19.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' +20 Boxes + 20.1 '\mbox{TEXT}' + 20.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox' + 20.3 'lrbox' + 20.4 '\makebox' + 20.5 '\parbox' + 20.6 '\raisebox' + 20.7 '\savebox' + 20.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' + 20.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD}' +21 Special insertions + 21.1 Reserved characters + 21.2 Text symbols + 21.3 Accents + 21.4 Non-English characters + 21.5 '\rule' + 21.6 '\today' +22 Splitting the input + 22.1 '\include' + 22.2 \'includeonly' + 22.3 \input +23 Front/back matter + 23.1 Tables of contents + 23.1.1 \addcontentsline + 23.1.2 \addtocontents + 23.2 Glossaries + 23.3 Indexes +24 Letters + 24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} + 24.2 '\cc' + 24.3 '\closing' + 24.4 '\encl' + 24.5 '\location' + 24.6 '\makelabels' + 24.7 '\name' + 24.8 '\opening{TEXT}' + 24.9 '\ps' + 24.10 '\signature{TEXT}' + 24.11 '\startbreaks' + 24.12 '\stopbreaks' + 24.13 '\telephone' +25 Terminal input/output + 25.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' + 25.2 '\typeout{MSG}' +26 Command line Appendix A Document templates - A.1 'book' template - A.2 'beamer' template + A.1 'beamer' template + A.2 'book' template A.3 'tugboat' template Concept Index Command Index -LaTeX2e -******* +LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual +*************************************** -This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document -preparation system, version as of May 2014. It is intended to cover -LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years. +This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of May 2015) +for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. 1 About this document ********************* -The LaTeX document preparation system is implemented as a macro package -for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program. LaTeX was originally -created by Leslie Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers -(<http://latex-project.org>). The official documentation written by the -LaTeX project is available from their web site. +This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document +preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX typesetting +program (*note Overview::). This document's home page is +<http://home.gna.org/latexrefman>. That page has links to the current +output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and +subscriptions, and other infrastructure. - The present document is completely unofficial and has not been -reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything -else about this document to them. Instead, please send all comments to -<latexrefman-discuss@gna.org>. + In this document, we will mostly just use 'LaTeX' rather than +'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was retired many +years ago. - The home page for this document is <http://home.gna.org/latexrefman>. -That page has links to the current output in various formats, sources, -mailing lists, and other infrastructure. + LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers +(<http://latex-project.org>). The official documentation written by the +LaTeX project is available from their web site. This document is +completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX +maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this +document to them. Instead, please send all comments to +<latexrefman-discuss@gna.org>. - Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about -LaTeX. Here are a few: + This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources +of information about LaTeX, at all levels. Here are a few +introductions. -<http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr> +<http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr> Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation. -<http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc> +<http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc> Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. -<http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide> - The guide for document authors maintained as part of LaTeX; there - are several others. +<http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide> + The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX; + there are plenty of others available elsewhere. + +<http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort> + A short introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages. <http://tug.org/begin.html> - Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX. + Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further + references. 2 Overview of LaTeX ******************* -What is LaTeX? +LaTeX is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally created +by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers +(<http://latex-project.org>). It is widely used, particularly for +complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics. + + A LaTeX user writes an input file containing text along with +interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text +should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands +that interface with Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program (the +technical term is that LaTeX is a "macro package" for the TeX engine). +The user produces the output document by giving that file to the TeX +engine. + + The term LaTeX is also sometimes used to mean the language in which +the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands +available to a LaTeX user. + + The name LaTeX is short for "Lamport TeX". It is pronounced LAH-teck +or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, produce the +logo with '\LaTeX'. Where use of the logo is not sensible, such as in +plain text, write it as 'LaTeX'. + +2.1 Starting and ending +======================= - LaTeX typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX -"macro package" for TeX. That is, it processes an input file containing -the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the -text should be formatted. LaTeX files are plain text that can be -written in any reasonable editor. It produces at least three files as -output: +LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard starting and +ending. Here is a "hello, world" example: - 1. The main output file, which is one of: + \documentclass{article} + \begin{document} + Hello, \LaTeX\ world. + \end{document} - '.dvi' - If invoked as 'latex', a "Device Independent" ('.dvi') file is - produced. This contains commands that can be translated into - commands for virtually any output device. You can view such - '.dvi' output of LaTeX by using a program such as 'xdvi' - (display directly), 'dvips' (convert to PostScript), or - 'dvipdfmx' (convert to PDF). +Here, the 'article' is the so-called "document class", implemented in a +file 'article.cls'. Any document class can be used. A few document +classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast array of others are widely +available. *Note Document classes::. - '.pdf' - If invoked as 'pdflatex', a "Portable Document Format" - ('.pdf') file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with - all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but - it does make the output much larger than the '.dvi' produced - from the same document. + You can include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and +the '\begin{document}' commands. This area is called the "preamble". - If invoked as 'lualatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the - LuaTeX engine (<http://luatex.org>). + The '\begin{document} ... \end{document}' is a so-called +"environment"; the 'document' environment (and no others) is required in +all LaTeX documents. LaTeX provides many environments itself, and many +more are defined separately. *Note Environments::. - If invoked as 'xelatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the - XeTeX engine (<http://tug.org/xetex>). + The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output +from a LaTeX input file. - Many other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) exist, which can - produce HTML, XML, and other things. +2.2 Output files +================ - 2. The "transcript" or '.log' file that contains summary information - and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input - file. +LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two accessory files. The +main output file's name ends in either '.dvi' or '.pdf'. + +'.dvi' + If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'latex' then it + produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension '.dvi'. You can + view this file with a command such as 'xdvi', or convert it to a + PostScript '.ps' file with 'dvips' or to a Portable Document Format + '.pdf' file with 'dvipdfmx'. The contents of the file can be + dumped in human-readable form with 'dvitype'. A vast array of + other DVI utility programs are available + (<http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware>). + +'.pdf' + If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'pdflatex', among other + commands (*note TeX engines::), then the main output is a Portable + Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a self-contained + file, with all fonts and images included. + + LaTeX also produces at least two additional files. + +'.log' + This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of + loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps + additional information for any errors. + +'.aux' + Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as cross + references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a forward + reference--a cross reference to something that has not yet appeared + in the source--it will appear in the output as a doubled question + mark '??'. When the referred-to spot does eventually appear in the + source then LaTeX writes its location information to this '.aux' + file. On the next invocation, LaTeX reads the location information + from this file and uses it to resolve the reference, replacing the + double question mark with the remembered location. + + LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename +ending. These include a '.lof' file that is used to make a list of +figures, a '.lot' file used to make a list of tables, and a '.toc' file +used to make a table of contents. A particular class may create others; +the list is open-ended. + +2.3 TeX engines +=============== - 3. An "auxiliary" or '.aux' file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for - things such as cross-references. +LaTeX is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a TeX +implementation (*note Overview::). This section gives a terse overview +of the main programs. + +'latex' +'pdflatex' + In TeX Live (<http://tug.org/texlive>, if LaTeX is invoked via + either the system command 'latex' or 'pdflatex', then the pdfTeX + engine is run (<http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex>). When invoked as + 'latex', the main output is a '.dvi' file; as 'pdflatex', the main + output is a '.pdf' file. + + pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth's original + program (<http://ctan.org/pkg/etex>), including additional + programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty + of extensions of its own. e-TeX is available on its own as the + command 'etex', but this is plain TeX (and produces '.dvi'). + + In other TeX distributions, 'latex' may invoke e-TeX rather than + pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be assumed to be + available in LaTeX. + +'lualatex' + If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'lualatex', the LuaTeX + engine is run (<http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex>). This program allows + code written in the scripting language Lua (<http://luatex.org>) to + interact with TeX's typesetting. LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode + input natively, can handle OpenType and TrueType fonts, and + produces a '.pdf' file by default. There is also 'dvilualatex' to + produce a '.dvi' file, but this is rarely used. + +'xelatex' + If LaTeX is invoked with the system command 'xelatex', the XeTeX + engine is run (<http://tug.org/xetex>). Like LuaTeX, XeTeX also + natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType fonts, + though the implementation is completely different, mainly using + external libraries instead of internal code. XeTeX produces a + '.pdf' file as output; it does not support DVI output. + + Other variants of LaTeX and TeX exist, e.g., to provide additional +support for Japanese and other languages ([u]pTeX, +<http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex>, <http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex>). + +2.4 LaTeX command syntax +======================== - An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won't try to -list them all. Xxx components? +In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a '\'; the name +itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single +non-letter. - In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a '\', followed -by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments -contained in square brackets, '[]', are optional while arguments -contained in braces, '{}', are required. + A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either +required or optional. Required arguments are contained in curly braces, +'{...}'. Optional arguments are contained in square brackets, '[...]'. +Generally, but not universally, if the command accepts an optional +argument, it comes first, before any required arguments. - LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless -explicitly directed to do otherwise. + Some commands have a '*' form that is related to the form without a +'*', such as '\chapter' and '\chapter*'. -3 Starting & ending -******************* + LaTeX commands are case sensitive; neither '\Begin{document}' nor +'\begin{Document}' will work. Most commands are lowercase, but in any +event you must enter all commands in the same case as they are defined. -A minimal input file looks like the following: + This manual describes all accepted options and '*'-forms for the +commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs). - \documentclass{CLASS} - \begin{document} - YOUR TEXT - \end{document} - -where the CLASS is a valid document class for LaTeX. *Note Document -classes::, for details of the various document classes available -locally. - - You may include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and -the '\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the "preamble"). - -4 Document classes +3 Document classes ****************** -The class of a given document is defined with the command: +The document's overall class is defined with this command, which is +normally the first command in a LaTeX source file. \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS} -The '\documentclass' command must be the first command in a LaTeX source -file. + The following document CLASS names are built into LaTeX. (Many other +document classes are available as separate packages; *note Overview::.) + +'article' + For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general + use. - Built-in LaTeX document CLASS names are (many other document classes -are available as add-ons; *note Overview::): +'book' + Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front + matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix + (*note Front/back matter::). - article report book letter slides +'report' + For documents of length between an 'article' and a 'book', such as + technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters. - Standard OPTIONS are described below. +'slides' + For slide presentations--rarely used today. In its place the + 'beamer' package is perhaps the most prevalent (*note beamer + template::). -4.1 Document class options + Standard OPTIONS are described in the next section. + +3.1 Document class options ========================== You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the -'\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual. -To specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma: +'\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets. To +specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma, as in: \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS} @@ -388,23 +506,30 @@ paper size (default is 'letterpaper'): Miscellaneous other options: -'draft, final' - mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is - 'final'. +'draft' +'final' + Mark ('draft') or do not mark ('final') overfull boxes with a black + box in the margin; default is 'final'. + 'fleqn' Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. + 'landscape' Selects landscape format; default is portrait. + 'leqno' Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. + 'openbib' Use "open" bibliography format. -'titlepage, notitlepage' + +'titlepage' +'notitlepage' Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. - These options are not available with the slides class: + The following options are not available with the 'slides' class. 'onecolumn' 'twocolumn' @@ -412,21 +537,20 @@ paper size (default is 'letterpaper'): 'oneside' 'twoside' - Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is 'oneside', except for - the 'book' class. + Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is 'oneside', except that + in the 'book' class the default is 'twoside'. - The '\evensidemargin' ('\oddsidemargin' parameter determines the - distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the - page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper - size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For - one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, - '\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between '\paperwidth' and - '\textwidth', with '\evensidemargin' the remainder. + For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For + two-sided printing, the '\evensidemargin' ('\oddsidemargin') + parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages + between the left side of the page and the text's left margin, with + '\oddsidemargin' being 40% of the difference between '\paperwidth' + and '\textwidth', and '\evensidemargin' is the remainder. 'openright' 'openany' Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default - is 'openright' for book. + is 'openright' for 'book', and 'openany' for 'report'. The 'slides' class offers the option 'clock' for printing the time at the bottom of each note. @@ -435,20 +559,21 @@ the bottom of each note. \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG} - To specify more than one PKG, you can separate them with a comma, or -use multiple '\usepackage' commands. + To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma, +as in '\usepackage{PKG1,PKG2,...}', or use multiple '\usepackage' +commands. Any options given in the '\documentclass' command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with '\usepackage'. -5 Fonts +4 Fonts ******* Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here. -5.1 Font styles +4.1 Font styles =============== The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. @@ -460,13 +585,19 @@ arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, -are cumulative; e.g.,, you can say either '\sffamily\bfseries' or +are cumulative; e.g., you can say either '\sffamily\bfseries' or '\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif. You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for instance, '\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'. - These commands automatically supply an italic correction if needed. + These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections +if needed. (*Note \/::, for the details of italic corrections.) +Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following +character is in the list '\nocorrlist', which by default consists of a +period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of italic +correction, use '\nocorr' at the start or end of the command argument, +such as '\textit{\nocorr text}' or '\textsc{text \nocorr}'. '\textrm (\rmfamily)' Roman. @@ -540,7 +671,7 @@ the default. FAQ entry: LaTeX also provides the following commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. Also, they are used differently than the above commands: '{\CMD ...}' instead of -'\CMD{...}'. These are two very different things. +'\CMD{...}'. These are two unrelated constructs. '\bf' Switch to bold face. @@ -576,7 +707,7 @@ situations when an unconditional font switch is precisely what you need to get the desired output; for one example, *note 'description': description. Both sets of commands have their place. -5.2 Font sizes +4.2 Font sizes ============== The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The @@ -602,7 +733,7 @@ the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these commands; for instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. -5.3 Low-level font commands +4.3 Low-level font commands =========================== These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and @@ -672,18 +803,18 @@ ones. and '\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by '\selectfont'. -6 Layout +5 Layout ******** Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. -6.1 '\onecolumn' +5.1 '\onecolumn' ================ The '\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. This is the default. -6.2 '\twocolumn' +5.2 '\twocolumn' ================ Synopsis: @@ -727,7 +858,7 @@ typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page and the main text. Default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. -6.3 '\flushbottom' +5.3 '\flushbottom' ================== The '\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height, @@ -736,13 +867,13 @@ adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. This is the default if 'twocolumn' mode is selected (*note Document class options::). -6.4 '\raggedbottom' +5.4 '\raggedbottom' =================== The '\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. -6.5 Page layout parameters +5.5 Page layout parameters ========================== '\headheight' @@ -808,17 +939,17 @@ the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. '\topskip' Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline - of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is - the same as the font size, e.g., '10pt' at '10pt'. + of the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default + is the same as the font size, e.g., '10pt' at '10pt'. -7 Sectioning +6 Sectioning ************ Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: '\part' '\chapter' - (report and book class only) + ('report' and 'book' class only) '\section' '\subsection' '\subsubsection' @@ -863,13 +994,13 @@ setting suppresses heading numbers at any depth > LEVEL, where 'chapter' is level zero. (*Note \setcounter::.) -8 Cross references +7 Cross references ****************** One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." -8.1 '\label' +7.1 '\label' ============ Synopsis: @@ -881,7 +1012,8 @@ number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered environment assigns that number to KEY. A KEY name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or -punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished, +as usual. To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a @@ -901,7 +1033,7 @@ colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: Thus, a label for a figure would look like 'fig:snark' or 'fig.snark'. -8.2 '\pageref{KEY}' +7.2 '\pageref{KEY}' =================== Synopsis: @@ -911,7 +1043,7 @@ Synopsis: The '\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding '\label'{KEY} command appears. -8.3 '\ref{KEY}' +7.3 '\ref{KEY}' =============== Synopsis: @@ -923,7 +1055,7 @@ equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding '\label' command (*note \label::). It does not produce any text, such as the word 'Section' or 'Figure', just the bare number itself. -9 Environments +8 Environments ************** LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each @@ -933,7 +1065,7 @@ environment begins and ends in the same manner: ... \end{ENVNAME} -9.1 'abstract' +8.1 'abstract' ============== Synopsis: @@ -944,7 +1076,7 @@ Synopsis: Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. -9.2 'array' +8.2 'array' =========== Synopsis: @@ -958,7 +1090,8 @@ Synopsis: within an 'equation' environment (*note equation::). It has a single mandatory TEMPLATE argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column COL is specified by a single letter -that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows: +that tells how items in each row of that column should be formatted, as +follows: 'c' centered @@ -989,7 +1122,7 @@ parameters which affect formatting in 'array' environments, namely The 'array' environment can only be used in math mode. -9.3 'center' +8.3 'center' ============ Synopsis: @@ -1003,7 +1136,7 @@ Synopsis: of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the string '\\'. -9.3.1 '\centering' +8.3.1 '\centering' ------------------ The '\centering' declaration corresponds to the 'center' environment. @@ -1026,7 +1159,7 @@ environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. second line \\ \end{quote} -9.4 'description' +8.4 'description' ================= Synopsis: @@ -1049,7 +1182,7 @@ resets all other style variations: '\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'. For details about list spacing, see *note itemize::. -9.5 'displaymath' +8.5 'displaymath' ================= Synopsis: @@ -1069,13 +1202,13 @@ option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::. No equation number is added to 'displaymath' text; to get an equation number, use the 'equation' environment (*note equation::). -9.6 'document' +8.6 'document' ============== The 'document' environment encloses the body of a document. It is -required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting & ending::. +required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting and ending::. -9.7 'enumerate' +8.7 'enumerate' =============== Synopsis: @@ -1113,7 +1246,7 @@ letters: \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} -9.8 'eqnarray' +8.8 'eqnarray' ============== First, a caveat: the 'eqnarray' environment has some infelicities which @@ -1132,9 +1265,9 @@ that it is better to use the 'align' environment (and others) from the \end{eqnarray} The 'eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of equations -or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column 'array' -environment, with consecutive rows separated by '\\' and consecutive -items within a row separated by an '&'. +or inequalities. It is similar to a three-column 'array' environment, +with consecutive rows separated by '\\' and consecutive items within a +row separated by an '&'. '\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. @@ -1148,7 +1281,7 @@ entirely, while otherwise being the same as 'eqnarray'. lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width. -9.9 'equation' +8.9 'equation' ============== Synopsis: @@ -1161,7 +1294,7 @@ Synopsis: displaymath::), e.g., centering the MATH text on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. -9.10 'figure' +8.10 'figure' ============= \begin{figure[*]}[PLACEMENT] @@ -1192,8 +1325,8 @@ put a float: <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat>. 'h' - (Here)--at the position in the text where the figure environment - appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; 't' is + (Here)--at the position in the text where the 'figure' environment + appears. However, 't' is not allowed by itself; 't' is automatically added. To absolutely force a figure to appear "here", you can @@ -1212,7 +1345,7 @@ put a float: page. The '!' specifier does _not_ mean "put the float here"; see above. - The standard report and article classes use the default placement + The standard 'report' and 'article' classes use the default placement 'tbp'. The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, @@ -1225,8 +1358,8 @@ the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::). Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and non-float text: - The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at - the bottom; default '.3'. + The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats + at the bottom; default '.3'. '\floatpagefraction' The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by @@ -1256,23 +1389,27 @@ non-float text: Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. - Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page: + Counters relating to the number of floats on a page: -'\bottomnumber' +'bottomnumber' Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. -'\topnumber' +'dbltopnumber' + Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a + two-column page; default 2. + +'topnumber' Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. -'\totalnumber' +'totalnumber' Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats: <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats>. -9.11 'filecontents': Create external files +8.11 'filecontents': Create external files ========================================== Synopsis: @@ -1311,11 +1448,11 @@ unrelated to using the created file. So you need to use, for instance, '\input' or '\usepackage' or '\bibliography' or whatever is applicable, to use the created file. - This environment is also useful to make a self-contained document, -for example, for a bug report, or to keep a '.bib' file with the main -document. + This environment is also useful to make a document in a +self-contained file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the +content of a '.bib' file in the same file as the main document. -9.12 'flushleft' +8.12 'flushleft' ================ \begin{flushleft} @@ -1328,7 +1465,7 @@ document. consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged right Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'. -9.12.1 '\raggedright' +8.12.1 '\raggedright' --------------------- The '\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the 'flushleft' @@ -1341,7 +1478,7 @@ units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the paragraph unit. -9.13 'flushright' +8.13 'flushright' ================= \begin{flushright} @@ -1354,7 +1491,7 @@ paragraph unit. consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'. -9.13.1 '\raggedleft' +8.13.1 '\raggedleft' -------------------- The '\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the 'flushright' @@ -1367,7 +1504,7 @@ units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the paragraph unit. -9.14 'itemize' +8.14 'itemize' ============== Synopsis: @@ -1469,12 +1606,12 @@ within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% {\end{itemize}} -9.15 'letter' environment: writing letters +8.15 'letter' environment: writing letters ========================================== This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::. -9.16 'list' +8.16 'list' =========== The 'list' environment is a generic environment which is used for @@ -1499,7 +1636,7 @@ empty, i.e., '{}', which leaves the default spacing. The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by '\linewidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). -9.17 'math' +8.17 'math' =========== Synopsis: @@ -1511,7 +1648,7 @@ Synopsis: The 'math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running text. '\(...\))' and '$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. -9.18 'minipage' +8.18 'minipage' =============== \begin{minipage}[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH} @@ -1539,7 +1676,7 @@ Counters::). However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. -9.19 'picture' +8.19 'picture' ============== \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) @@ -1609,28 +1746,30 @@ corner of the box. The 'picture' commands are described in the following sections. -9.19.1 '\circle' +8.19.1 '\circle' ---------------- +Synopsis: \circle[*]{DIAMETER} The '\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible. The '*'-form of the command draws a solid circle. - Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. + Circles up to 40pt can be drawn. -9.19.2 '\makebox' +8.19.2 '\makebox' ----------------- -'\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}' +Synopsis: + \makebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POSITION]{TEXT} The '\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the -normal '\makebox' command except that you must specify a 'width' and -'height' in multiples of '\unitlength'. +normal '\makebox' command except that you must specify a WIDTH and +HEIGHT in multiples of '\unitlength'. - The optional argument, '[position]', specifies the quadrant that your -text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: + The optional argument, '[POSITION]', specifies the quadrant that your +TEXT appears in. You may select up to two of the following: 't' Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. @@ -1646,7 +1785,7 @@ text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: *Note \makebox::. -9.19.3 '\framebox' +8.19.3 '\framebox' ------------------ Synopsis: @@ -1660,7 +1799,7 @@ creates. The '\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness '\fboxrule', and leaves a space '\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box. -9.19.4 '\dashbox' +8.19.4 '\dashbox' ----------------- Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: @@ -1672,10 +1811,10 @@ environment. Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT. The TEXT is positioned at optional POS. - A dashed box looks best when the 'rwidth' and 'rheight' are multiples -of the 'dlen'. + A dashed box looks best when the RWIDTH and RHEIGHT are multiples of +the DLEN. -9.19.5 '\frame' +8.19.5 '\frame' --------------- Synopsis: @@ -1686,7 +1825,7 @@ Synopsis: reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. -9.19.6 '\line' +8.19.6 '\line' -------------- Synopsis: @@ -1697,11 +1836,10 @@ Synopsis: XSLOPE/YSLOPE. Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with SLOPE = x/y, where x and y -have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to -mention other shapes, see the 'curve2e' and many many other packages on -CTAN. +have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, and +plenty of other shapes, see 'pict2e' and many other packages on CTAN. -9.19.7 '\linethickness' +8.19.7 '\linethickness' ----------------------- The '\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal @@ -1711,21 +1849,21 @@ positive length. '\linethickness' does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, circles, or the quarter circles drawn by '\oval'. -9.19.8 '\thicklines' +8.19.8 '\thicklines' -------------------- The '\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: and *note \thinlines::. -9.19.9 '\thinlines' +8.19.9 '\thinlines' ------------------- The '\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: and *note \thicklines::. -9.19.10 '\multiput' +8.19.10 '\multiput' ------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1735,7 +1873,7 @@ Synopsis: across a picture. OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at (x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, N times. -9.19.11 '\oval' +8.19.11 '\oval' --------------- Synopsis: @@ -1759,15 +1897,17 @@ following: maximum radius of 20pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with rounded corners. -9.19.12 '\put' +8.19.12 '\put' -------------- -'\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }' +Synopsis: + + \put(XCOORD,YCOORD){ ... } - The '\put' command places the item specified by the mandatory -argument at the given coordinates. + The '\put' command places the material specified by the (mandatory) +argument in braces at the given coordinate, (XCOORD,YCOORD). -9.19.13 '\shortstack' +8.19.13 '\shortstack' --------------------- Synopsis: @@ -1786,18 +1926,18 @@ positions are: Objects are separated with '\\'. -9.19.14 '\vector' +8.19.14 '\vector' ----------------- Synopsis: - \vector(X-SLOPE,Y-SLOPE){LENGTH} + \vector(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH} The '\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified -length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, -inclusive. +length and slope. The XSLOPE and YSLOPE values must lie between -4 and ++4, inclusive. -9.20 'quotation' +8.20 'quotation' ================ Synopsis: @@ -1812,10 +1952,10 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph. Unlike the 'quote' environment, each paragraph is indented normally. -9.21 'quote' +8.21 'quote' ============ -Snyopsis: +Synopsis: \begin{quote} TEXT @@ -1827,7 +1967,7 @@ line between text produces a new paragraph. Unlike the 'quotation' environment, paragraphs are not indented. -9.22 'tabbing' +8.22 'tabbing' ============== Synopsis: @@ -1846,7 +1986,7 @@ each column is constant and known in advance. This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 'tabular' environment. - The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' enviroment: + The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment: '\\ (tabbing)' End a line. @@ -1918,7 +2058,7 @@ environment. end;\\ \end{tabbing} -9.23 'table' +8.23 'table' ============ Synopsis: @@ -1945,7 +2085,7 @@ and described there (*note figure::). The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you wish. The '\caption' command allows you to title your table. -9.24 'tabular' +8.24 'tabular' ============== Synopsis: @@ -2059,7 +2199,7 @@ rule below the table) follows. The following commands can be used inside a 'tabular' environment: -9.24.1 '\multicolumn' +8.24.1 '\multicolumn' --------------------- Synopsis: @@ -2081,7 +2221,7 @@ third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to put in the entry. 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr \end{tabular} -9.24.2 '\cline' +8.24.2 '\cline' --------------- Synopsis: @@ -2092,21 +2232,21 @@ Synopsis: specified, beginning in column I and ending in column J, which are specified in the mandatory argument. -9.24.3 '\hline' +8.24.3 '\hline' --------------- The '\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing 'tabular' or 'array' environment. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. -9.24.4 '\vline' +8.24.4 '\vline' --------------- The '\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An '\hfill' command can be used to move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression. -9.25 'thebibliography' +8.25 'thebibliography' ====================== Synopsis: @@ -2131,7 +2271,7 @@ wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands. It is typically given as '9' for bibliographies with less than 10 references, '99' for ones with less than 100, etc. -9.25.1 '\bibitem' +8.25.1 '\bibitem' ----------------- Synopsis: @@ -2148,7 +2288,7 @@ CITE_KEY and label. When the '.aux' file is read by the 'cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a '\cite' command (see next section) to produce the associated label. -9.25.2 '\cite' +8.25.2 '\cite' -------------- Synopsis: @@ -2162,7 +2302,7 @@ associated with KEYS by entries in the '.aux' file. The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the citation. For example, '\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce '[Knuth, p. 314]'. -9.25.3 '\nocite' +8.25.3 '\nocite' ---------------- '\nocite{key_list}' @@ -2170,7 +2310,7 @@ For example, '\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce '[Knuth, p. 314]'. The '\nocite' command produces no text, but writes 'key_list', which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the '.aux' file. -9.25.4 Using BibTeX +8.25.4 Using BibTeX ------------------- If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if @@ -2199,7 +2339,7 @@ BibTeX are: In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See -<http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib>. +<http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib>. The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to '\bibliography' refers to files named @@ -2207,7 +2347,7 @@ bibliography. The argument to '\bibliography' refers to files named Only the entries referred to via '\cite' and '\nocite' will be listed in the bibliography. -9.26 'theorem' +8.26 'theorem' ============== Synopsis: @@ -2220,7 +2360,7 @@ Synopsis: by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described under '\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::). -9.27 'titlepage' +8.27 'titlepage' ================ Synopsis: @@ -2237,7 +2377,7 @@ be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The You can use the '\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce a standard title page without a 'titlepage' environment. -9.28 'verbatim' +8.28 'verbatim' =============== Synopsis: @@ -2254,7 +2394,7 @@ typewriter. The 'verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt'). -9.28.1 '\verb' +8.28.1 '\verb' -------------- Synopsis: @@ -2271,7 +2411,7 @@ in LITERAL-TEXT. The '*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible space" character. -9.29 'verse' +8.29 'verse' ============ Synopsis: @@ -2290,8 +2430,8 @@ not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each stanza with '\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas. -10 Line breaking -**************** +9 Line breaking +*************** The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a @@ -2302,8 +2442,8 @@ lines must be broken into pages). environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the '\\' command, and you can always manually force breaks. -10.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE] -======================= +9.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE] +====================== The '\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to @@ -2312,8 +2452,8 @@ be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. The '\\*' command is the same as the ordinary '\\' command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. -10.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr' -============================= +9.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr' +============================ The '\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file ('^^M', internally) the same as '\\' (followed by '\relax'). So each new line @@ -2321,27 +2461,27 @@ in the input will also be a new line in the output. '\restorecr' restores normal line-breaking behavior. -10.3 '\newline' -=============== +9.3 '\newline' +============== The '\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph mode. -10.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen) -================================ +9.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen) +=============================== The '\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that -point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most -of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an incorrect +point. LaTeX is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds most of +the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The '\-' command is used for the exceptional cases. When you insert '\-' commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. -10.5 '\fussy' -============= +9.5 '\fussy' +============ The declaration '\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at the @@ -2350,16 +2490,16 @@ cost of an occasional overfull box. This command cancels the effect of a previous '\sloppy' command (*note \sloppy::. -10.6 '\sloppy' -============== +9.6 '\sloppy' +============= The declaration '\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. Lasts until a '\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::). -10.7 '\hyphenation' -=================== +9.7 '\hyphenation' +================== Synopsis: @@ -2374,8 +2514,8 @@ words): \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} -10.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak' -================================== +9.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak' +================================= Synopses: @@ -2391,14 +2531,14 @@ margin as usual. a demand to a request. The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. -11 Page breaking +10 Page breaking **************** LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. -11.1 '\cleardoublepage' +10.1 '\cleardoublepage' ======================= The '\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all @@ -2406,19 +2546,19 @@ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. -11.2 '\clearpage' +10.2 '\clearpage' ================= The '\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. -11.3 '\newpage' +10.3 '\newpage' =============== The '\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats (see '\clearpage' above). -11.4 '\enlargethispage' +10.4 '\enlargethispage' ======================= '\enlargethispage{size}' @@ -2433,7 +2573,7 @@ additional line. as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit '\pagebreak'. -11.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak' +10.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak' ================================== Synopses: @@ -2450,14 +2590,14 @@ extends to the normal bottom margin. command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. -12 Footnotes +11 Footnotes ************ Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command, the '\footnote' command. They can also be produced with two commands, the '\footnotemark' and the '\footnotetext' commands. -12.1 '\footnote' +11.1 '\footnote' ================ Synopsis: @@ -2472,7 +2612,7 @@ default footnote number. cannot use it in sectioning commands like '\chapter', in figures, tables or in a 'tabular' environment. (See following sections.) -12.2 '\footnotemark' +11.2 '\footnotemark' ==================== With no optional argument, the '\footnotemark' command puts the current @@ -2487,7 +2627,7 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with after the first '\footnote' command. -12.3 '\footnotetext' +11.3 '\footnotetext' ==================== Synopsis: @@ -2501,7 +2641,7 @@ mode. The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number. -12.4 Symbolic footnotes +11.4 Symbolic footnotes ======================= If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing @@ -2514,14 +2654,14 @@ numbers, redefine '\thefootnote' like this: use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also redefine '\@fnsymbol'. -12.5 Footnote parameters +11.5 Footnote parameters ======================== '\footnoterule' Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's footnotes. Default dimensions: '0.4pt' thick (or wide), and '0.4\columnwidth' long in the standard document classes (except - slides, where it does not appear). + 'slides', where it does not appear). '\footnotesep' The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. @@ -2530,19 +2670,19 @@ redefine '\@fnsymbol'. between footnotes. This is '6.65pt' for '10pt', '7.7pt' for '11pt', and '8.4pt' for '12pt'. -13 Definitions +12 Definitions ************** LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. -13.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand' +12.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand' ==================================== '\newcommand' and '\renewcommand' define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: - \newcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARG]{DEFN} - \renewcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARG]{DEFN} + \newcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGVAL]{DEFN} + \renewcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGVAL]{DEFN} '*' The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not @@ -2550,7 +2690,7 @@ respectively. Synopses: terms). CMD - The command name beginning with '\'. For '\newcommand', it must + The command name, beginning with '\'. For '\newcommand', it must not be already defined and must not begin with '\end'; for '\renewcommand', it must already be defined. @@ -2559,48 +2699,50 @@ NARGS that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. -OPTARG - If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's - first argument is optional. The default value of the optional - argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is OPTARG, or, - if that argument is present in the '\newcommand' but has an empty - value, the string 'def'. +OPTARGVAL + If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first + argument of command CMD is optional and its default value (i.e., if + it is not specified in the call) is OPTARG. In otherwise, when + calling the macro, if no '[VALUE]' is given after 'CMD'--which is + different from having '[]' for an empty VALUE--then string + 'OPTARGVAL' becomes the value of '#1' within DEFN when the macro is + expanded. DEFN The text to be substituted for every occurrence of 'cmd'; a construct of the form '#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the Nth argument. -13.2 '\newcounter' +12.2 '\newcounter' ================== Synopsis: - \newcounter{CNT}[COUNTERNAME] + \newcounter{COUNTERNAME}[SUPERCOUNTER] - The '\newcounter' command defines a new counter named CNT. The new -counter is initialized to zero. + The '\newcounter' command defines a new counter named COUNTERNAME. +The new counter is initialized to zero. - Given the optional argument '[COUNTERNAME]', CNT will be reset -whenever COUNTERNAME is incremented. + Given the optional argument '[SUPER]', COUNTERNAME will be reset +whenever the counter named SUPERCOUNTER is incremented. *Note Counters::, for more information about counters. -13.3 '\newlength' +12.3 '\newlength' ================= Synopsis: \newlength{\ARG} - The '\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a 'length' -command with a value of '0in'. The argument must be a control sequence, + The '\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a "length" +command with a value of zero. The argument must be a control sequence, as in '\newlength{\foo}'. An error occurs if '\foo' is already defined. *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and for more information about lengths in general. -13.4 '\newsavebox' +12.4 '\newsavebox' ================== Synopsis: @@ -2610,7 +2752,7 @@ Synopsis: Defines '\CMD', which must be a command name not already defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. -13.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment' +12.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment' ============================================ Synopses: @@ -2649,7 +2791,7 @@ ENDDEF The text expanded at every occurrence of '\end{ENV}'. It may not contain any argument parameters. -13.6 '\newtheorem' +12.6 '\newtheorem' ================== \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN] @@ -2677,7 +2819,7 @@ WITHIN At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both. -13.7 '\newfont' +12.7 '\newfont' =============== Synopsis: @@ -2691,7 +2833,7 @@ is named 'FONTNAME.tfm'. This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. More commonly, fonts are defined in families through '.fd' files. -13.8 '\protect' +12.8 '\protect' =============== Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and @@ -2712,7 +2854,7 @@ preceded by '\protect'. <http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html> <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect> -14 Counters +13 Counters *********** Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The @@ -2727,7 +2869,7 @@ counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering. subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection -14.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters +13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters ===================================================================== All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for @@ -2745,7 +2887,7 @@ instance, '\alph{enumi}'. '\roman' uses lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ... -'\roman' +'\Roman' uses uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ... '\fnsymbol' @@ -2753,12 +2895,13 @@ instance, '\alph{enumi}'. (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of COUNTER must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. - The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the - names: - asterisk(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel - double-asterisk(**) double-dagger double-ddagger + Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output): + + asterisk(*) dagger(U+2021) ddagger(U+2021) + section-sign(U+00A7) paragraph-sign(U+00B6) parallel(U+2225) + double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(U+2021U+2021) double-ddagger(U+2021U+2021) -14.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}' +13.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}' =========================== Synopsis: @@ -2769,7 +2912,7 @@ Synopsis: 'list' environment to specify COUNTER to be used to number the list items. -14.3 '\value{COUNTER}' +13.3 '\value{COUNTER}' ====================== Synopsis: @@ -2783,36 +2926,36 @@ anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example: \addtocounter{myctr}{1} \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} -14.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' +13.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' ================================== Synopsis: - \setcounter{\COUNTER}{VALUE} + \setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE} - The '\setcounter' command sets the value of \COUNTER to the VALUE + The '\setcounter' command sets the value of COUNTER to the VALUE argument. -14.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' +13.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' ==================================== The '\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified by the VALUE argument, which may be negative. -14.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' +13.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' =============================== The '\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as '\stepcounter' *Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current '\ref' value to be the result of '\thecounter'. -14.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}' +13.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}' ============================ The '\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all subsidiary counters. -14.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters +13.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters ============================================= LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month ('\day', 1-31), month of @@ -2823,26 +2966,26 @@ running. They are not updated as the job progresses. The related command '\today' produces a string representing the current day (*note \today::). -15 Lengths +14 Lengths ********** A 'length' is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument. -15.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' +14.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' ============================== The '\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which can be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches ('in'), millimeters ('mm'), points ('pt'), big points ('bp', etc. -15.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} +14.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} =============================== The '\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative. -15.3 '\settodepth' +14.3 '\settodepth' ================== '\settodepth{\gnat}{text}' @@ -2850,7 +2993,7 @@ amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative. The '\settodepth' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal to the depth of the 'text' argument. -15.4 '\settoheight' +14.4 '\settoheight' =================== '\settoheight{\gnat}{text}' @@ -2858,13 +3001,13 @@ to the depth of the 'text' argument. The '\settoheight' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal to the height of the 'text' argument. -15.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' +14.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' ============================== The '\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the width of the TEXT argument. -15.6 Predefined lengths +14.6 Predefined lengths ======================= '\width' @@ -2883,7 +3026,7 @@ size, e.g., say '\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}' -16 Making paragraphs +15 Making paragraphs ******************** A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not @@ -2891,7 +3034,7 @@ containing even a '%'. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command. -16.1 '\indent' +15.1 '\indent' ============== '\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of @@ -2902,20 +3045,20 @@ to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed. otherwise '15pt' for '10pt' documents, '17pt' for '11pt', and '1.5em' for '12pt'. -16.2 '\noindent' +15.2 '\noindent' ================ When used at the beginning of the paragraph, '\noindent' suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph. -16.3 '\parskip' +15.3 '\parskip' =============== '\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before each paragraph. The default is '0pt plus1pt'. -16.4 Marginal notes +15.4 Marginal notes =================== Synopsis: @@ -2962,7 +3105,7 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with '\hspace{0pt}'. The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes from falling off the bottom of the page. -17 Math formulas +16 Math formulas **************** There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: @@ -2998,7 +3141,7 @@ formula to be that of 'displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below summations. For example $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ -17.1 Subscripts & superscripts +16.1 Subscripts & superscripts ============================== To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type @@ -3007,7 +3150,7 @@ LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. -17.2 Math symbols +16.2 Math symbols ================= LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. @@ -3643,7 +3786,7 @@ symbol (\pi) in your output. '\zeta' \zeta -17.3 Math functions +16.3 Math functions =================== These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper @@ -3743,7 +3886,7 @@ spacing. \sinh '\sup' - \sup + sup '\tan' \tan @@ -3751,7 +3894,7 @@ spacing. '\tanh' \tanh -17.4 Math accents +16.4 Math accents ================= LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in @@ -3803,7 +3946,7 @@ Accents::). '\widehat' Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}. -17.5 Spacing in math mode +16.5 Spacing in math mode ========================= In a 'math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in @@ -3821,7 +3964,7 @@ math mode: '\!' A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad). -17.6 Math miscellany +16.6 Math miscellany ==================== '\*' @@ -3848,7 +3991,7 @@ math mode: \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}. '\overline{TEXT}' - Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For exampe, \overline{x+y}. + Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For example, \overline{x+y}. '\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}' Produces the representation of the square root of ARG. The @@ -3871,7 +4014,7 @@ math mode: '\vdots' Produces a vertical ellipsis. -18 Modes +17 Modes ******** When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three @@ -3881,39 +4024,42 @@ modes: * Math mode * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short - LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a -different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. -Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when -LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. + Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or +when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing +commands. "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when -processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into -lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" when -it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in paragraph -mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of -words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX -keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. -Even if you put a hundred words into an '\mbox', LaTeX would keep -typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then -complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. - - LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an '\mbox' -command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for -example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. -There are also several text-producing commands and environments for -making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of +processing ordinary text. In this mode, LaTeX breaks the input text +into lines and breaks the lines into pages. + + LaTeX is in "math mode" when it's generating a mathematical formula, +either displayed math or within a line. + + In "LR mode", as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that +it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, +unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never +starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an +'\mbox', LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a +single box (and then most likely complain because the resulting box was +too wide to fit on the line). LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making +a box with an '\mbox' command. You can get it to enter a different mode +inside the box--for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a +formula in the box. + + There are also several text-producing commands and environments for +making a box that put LaTeX into paragraph mode. The box made by one of these commands or environments will be called a 'parbox'. When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner -paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is -called "outer paragraph mode". +paragraph mode" (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph mode, which it +starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode". -19 Page styles +18 Page styles ************** The '\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. -19.1 '\maketitle' +18.1 '\maketitle' ================= The '\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title @@ -3939,14 +4085,15 @@ obtained from the following declarations: The '\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the document. Use '\\' to force a line break, as usual. -19.2 '\pagenumbering' +18.2 '\pagenumbering' ===================== Synopsis: \pagenumbering{STYLE} - Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE: + Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE; also resets +the page number to 1. The STYLE argument is one of the following: 'arabic' arabic numerals @@ -3963,7 +4110,7 @@ Synopsis: 'Alph' uppercase letters -19.3 '\pagestyle' +18.3 '\pagestyle' ================= Synopsis: @@ -3999,14 +4146,14 @@ typeset from the current page onwards. Values for STYLE: '\markright{RIGHT}' Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. -19.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}' +18.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}' ============================ The '\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the '\pagestyle' command (see previous section) except that it changes to STYLE for the current page only. -20 Spaces +19 Spaces ********* LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. @@ -4015,7 +4162,7 @@ LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. (usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is more often useful in math mode (*note Spacing in math mode::). -20.1 '\hspace' +19.1 '\hspace' ============== Synopsis: @@ -4030,7 +4177,7 @@ with an '\hspace' command; adding negative space is like backspacing. LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional '*' form. -20.2 '\hfill' +19.2 '\hfill' ============= The '\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no @@ -4040,19 +4187,19 @@ natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. glue value '0pt plus1fill'); thus, '\hspace\fill' is equivalent to '\hfill'. -20.3 '\SPACE' -============= +19.3 '\SPACE': Normal interword space +===================================== The '\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's useful -after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example 'Knuth's +after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example, 'the article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'. It is also often used after control sequences, as in '\TeX\ is a nice system.' In normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent to '\ '. -20.4 '\@' -========= +19.4 '\@': Force sentence-ending punctuation +============================================ The '\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a @@ -4066,14 +4213,15 @@ produces ... in C. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ... -20.5 '\thinspace' -================= +19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em +=============================== '\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 -of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in '". +of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in +'". -20.6 '\/' -========= +19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction +=================================== The '\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the @@ -4086,24 +4234,31 @@ very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as normal letters, it can help. Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the 'f's are nicely separated) with f: f;. + When changing fonts with commands such as '\textit{italic text}' or +'{\itshape italic text}', LaTeX will automatically insert an italic +correction if appropriate (*note Font styles::). + Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the 'f') with pdfTeX. -20.7 '\hrulefill' + There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is +done in a different way. + +19.7 '\hrulefill' ================= The '\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. -20.8 '\dotfill' +19.8 '\dotfill' =============== The '\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots instead of just white space. -20.9 '\addvspace' +19.9 '\addvspace' ================= '\addvspace{length}' @@ -4111,36 +4266,38 @@ instead of just white space. The '\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous '\addvspace' command, then this -command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length -of the total vertical space equal to 'length'. +command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural +length of the total vertical space equal to 'length'. -20.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' +19.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' ==================================== -These commands produce a given amount of space. +These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the +document class. '\bigskip' - The same as '\vspace{bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line - space (with stretch and shrink). + The same as '\vspace{\bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line + space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the 'book' and + 'article' classes is '12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt'). '\medskip' - The same as '\vspace{medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a - line space (with stretch and shrink). + The same as '\vspace{\medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a + line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the 'book' and + 'article' classes is '6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt'). '\smallskip' - The same as '\vspace{smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter - of a line space (with stretch and shrink). - - The '\...amount' parameters are determined by the document class. + The same as '\vspace{\smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter + of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the + 'book' and 'article' classes is '3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt'). -20.11 '\vfill' +19.11 '\vfill' ============== The '\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to '\vspace{\fill}' (*note \hfill::). -20.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' +19.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' ========================== Synopsis: @@ -4154,20 +4311,20 @@ length. LENGTH can be negative or positive. top or bottom of a page. With the optional '*' argument, the space is not removed. -21 Boxes +20 Boxes ******** All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands. -21.1 '\mbox{TEXT}' +20.1 '\mbox{TEXT}' ================== The '\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. -21.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox' +20.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox' ============================ Synopses: @@ -4189,7 +4346,7 @@ rule and the contents of the box. *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the '\framebox' command in the 'picture' environment. -21.3 'lrbox' +20.3 'lrbox' ============ '\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}' @@ -4199,7 +4356,7 @@ rule and the contents of the box. The text inside the environment is saved in the box 'cmd', which must have been declared with '\newsavebox'. -21.4 '\makebox' +20.4 '\makebox' =============== Synopsis: @@ -4224,7 +4381,7 @@ optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values: '\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note \makebox (picture)::. -21.5 '\parbox' +20.5 '\parbox' ============== Synopsis: @@ -4264,7 +4421,7 @@ box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used. stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space for this to work. -21.6 '\raisebox' +20.6 '\raisebox' ================ Synopsis: @@ -4280,7 +4437,7 @@ specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and depth. -21.7 '\savebox' +20.7 '\savebox' =============== Synopsis: @@ -4292,7 +4449,7 @@ Synopsis: it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with '\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). -21.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' +20.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' =========================== Synopsis: @@ -4304,8 +4461,8 @@ except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD. \BOXCMD must have been previously declared with '\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). -21.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD' -====================== +20.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD}' +======================= Synopsis: @@ -4314,13 +4471,13 @@ Synopsis: '\usebox' produces the box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by a '\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). -22 Special insertions +21 Special insertions ********************* LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. -22.1 Reserved characters +21.1 Reserved characters ======================== The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called @@ -4351,7 +4508,7 @@ decimal 32, so it can be typed as '\symbol{32}'. with '"', so the previous example could also be written as '\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'. -22.2 Text symbols +21.2 Text symbols ================= LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in @@ -4371,6 +4528,9 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package. '\LaTeX' The LaTeX logo. +'\LaTeXe' + The LaTeX2e logo. + '\guillemotleft (<<)' '\guillemotright (>>)' '\guilsinglleft (<)' @@ -4486,7 +4646,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package. Centered period: \cdot. '\textquestiondown (or '?`')' - Upside down questionation point: ?. + Upside down question mark: ?. '\textquotedblleft (or '``')' Double left quote: ". @@ -4525,7 +4685,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package. '\textvisiblespace' Visible space symbol. -22.3 Accents +21.3 Accents ============ LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, @@ -4619,7 +4779,7 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1. '\capitalcaron' Produces a ha'c<ek (check, caron) accent, as in 'o<'. -22.4 Non-English characters +21.4 Non-English characters =========================== Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used @@ -4639,7 +4799,7 @@ in languages other than English. '\dj' '\DJ' - xxxx + Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. '\ij' '\IJ' @@ -4651,7 +4811,7 @@ in languages other than English. '\ng' '\NG' - xxxx + Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics. '\o' '\O' @@ -4669,7 +4829,7 @@ in languages other than English. '\TH' Icelandic letter thorn: th and TH. -22.5 '\rule' +21.5 '\rule' ============ Synopsis: @@ -4688,7 +4848,7 @@ WIDTH THICKNESS The thickness of the rule (mandatory). -22.6 '\today' +21.6 '\today' ============= The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD, @@ -4699,7 +4859,7 @@ It is not updated as the program runs. The 'datetime' package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats. -23 Splitting the input +22 Splitting the input ********************** A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole @@ -4711,7 +4871,7 @@ when you run LaTeX. *Note filecontents::, for an environment that allows bundling an external file to be created with the main document. -23.1 '\include' +22.1 '\include' =============== Synopsis: @@ -4729,7 +4889,7 @@ section. The '\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another '\include' command. -23.2 \'includeonly' +22.2 \'includeonly' =================== Synopsis: @@ -4743,7 +4903,7 @@ comma-separated. Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a This command can only appear in the preamble. -23.3 \input +22.3 \input =========== Synopsis: @@ -4758,10 +4918,10 @@ that point. first tried with that extension ('foo.tex' or 'foo.bar.tex'). If that is not found, the original FILE is tried ('foo' or 'foo.bar'). -24 Front/back matter +23 Front/back matter ******************** -24.1 Tables of contents +23.1 Tables of contents ======================= A table of contents is produced with the '\tableofcontents' command. @@ -4775,13 +4935,14 @@ of contents, write a '\newpage' command after the '\tableofcontents' command. The analogous commands '\listoffigures' and '\listoftables' produce a -list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works -exactly the same as for the table of contents. +list of figures and a list of tables (from '.lof' and '.lot' files), +respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of +contents. The command '\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any of these lists from being generated. -24.1.1 \addcontentsline +23.1.1 \addcontentsline ----------------------- The '\addcontentsline'{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT} command adds an entry to the @@ -4805,12 +4966,12 @@ UNIT For the list of tables. ENTRY - The actual text of the entry. + The text of the entry. What is written to the '.EXT' file is the command '\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'. -24.1.2 \addtocontents +23.1.2 \addtocontents --------------------- The '\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting @@ -4818,14 +4979,14 @@ commands) directly to the '.EXT' file that generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. EXT - The extension of the file on which information is to be written: - 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of figures), or 'lot' (list - of tables). + The extension of the file on which information is to be written, + typically one of: 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of + figures), or 'lot' (list of tables). TEXT The text to be written. -24.2 Glossaries +23.2 Glossaries =============== The command '\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries. @@ -4840,7 +5001,7 @@ value. The 'glossary' package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries. -24.3 Indexes +23.3 Indexes ============ The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes. Put this in the @@ -4880,7 +5041,7 @@ the index. FAQ entry on this topic, <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind>. -25 Letters +24 Letters ********** You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The @@ -4916,7 +5077,7 @@ separate the items. These commands are used with the 'letter' class. -25.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} +24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} ============================= The '\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should @@ -4924,12 +5085,12 @@ appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by '\\' commands. If you do not make an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be -formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. +formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead. (*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation). If you give an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. -25.2 '\cc' +24.2 '\cc' ========== Synopsis: @@ -4939,7 +5100,7 @@ Synopsis: Produce a list of NAMEs the letter was copied to. Each name is printed on a separate line. -25.3 '\closing' +24.3 '\closing' =============== Synopsis: @@ -4949,7 +5110,7 @@ Synopsis: A letter closes with a '\closing' command, for example, \closing{Best Regards,} -25.4 '\encl' +24.4 '\encl' ============ Synopsis: @@ -4958,15 +5119,15 @@ Synopsis: Declare a list of one more enclosures. -25.5 '\location' +24.5 '\location' ================ '\location{address}' - This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only + This modifies your organization's standard address. This only appears if the 'firstpage' pagestyle is selected. -25.6 '\makelabels' +24.6 '\makelabels' ================== '\makelabels{number}' @@ -4974,7 +5135,7 @@ appears if the 'firstpage' pagestyle is selected. If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. -25.7 '\name' +24.7 '\name' ============ '\name{June Davenport}' @@ -4982,7 +5143,7 @@ of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return address. -25.8 '\opening{TEXT}' +24.8 '\opening{TEXT}' ===================== Synopsis: @@ -4994,33 +5155,33 @@ TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For instance: \opening{Dear Joe,} -25.9 '\ps' +24.9 '\ps' ========== Use the '\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after '\closing'. -25.10 '\signature{TEXT}' +24.10 '\signature{TEXT}' ======================== Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature. '\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual. -25.11 '\startbreaks' +24.11 '\startbreaks' ==================== '\startbreaks' Used after a '\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again. -25.12 '\stopbreaks' +24.12 '\stopbreaks' =================== '\stopbreaks' Inhibit page breaks until a '\startbreaks' command occurs. -25.13 '\telephone' +24.13 '\telephone' ================== '\telephone{number}' @@ -5028,10 +5189,10 @@ space for your signature. '\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual. This is your telephone number. This only appears if the 'firstpage' pagestyle is selected. -26 Terminal input/output +25 Terminal input/output ************************ -26.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' +25.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' ======================== Synopsis: @@ -5045,7 +5206,7 @@ had been included in the input file in place of the '\typein' command. If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. -26.2 '\typeout{MSG}' +25.2 '\typeout{MSG}' ==================== Synopsis: @@ -5061,53 +5222,39 @@ and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to 'msg'. A '\space' command in 'msg' causes a single space to be printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A '^^J' in 'msg' prints a newline. -27 Command line +26 Command line *************** The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX uses '.tex' as a default file extension. If you omit the input file -entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command -options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g. +entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You can also specify +arbitrary LaTeX input by starting with a backslash. For example, this +processes 'foo.tex' without pausing after every error: latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' -will process 'foo.tex' without pausing after every error. + With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can +also be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with '-' or '--'. For +a list of those options, try 'latex --help'. If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a '*' prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type '\stop' (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. + *Note TeX engines::, for other system commands invoking LaTeX. + Appendix A Document templates ***************************** Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will -be useful. Additional template resources are listed +be useful. Additional template resources are listed at <http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates>. -A.1 'book' template -=================== - -\documentclass{book} -\title{Book Class Template} -\author{Alex Author} - -\begin{document} -\maketitle - -\chapter{First} -Some text. - -\chapter{Second} -Some other text. - -\section{A subtopic} -The end. -\end{document} - -A.2 'beamer' template +A.1 'beamer' template ===================== -The 'beamer' class creates slides presentations. +The 'beamer' class creates presentation slides. It has a vast array of +features, but here is a basic template: \documentclass{beamer} @@ -5134,6 +5281,26 @@ The 'beamer' class creates slides presentations. One web resource for this: <http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/>. +A.2 'book' template +=================== + +\documentclass{book} +\title{Book Class Template} +\author{Alex Author} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\chapter{First} +Some text. + +\chapter{Second} +Some other text. + +\section{A subtopic} +The end. +\end{document} + A.3 'tugboat' template ====================== @@ -5170,8 +5337,8 @@ This is an example article for \TUB{}. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the -hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the +\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output. Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more: @@ -5217,1509 +5384,1606 @@ Concept Index * Menu: -* '*' prompt: Command line. (line 5079) +* '*' prompt: Command line. (line 5243) * *-form of defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 2550) + (line 2690) * *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 2627) -* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 843) -* '.glo' file: Glossaries. (line 4836) -* '.idx' file: Indexes. (line 4852) -* '.ind' file: Indexes. (line 4866) -* 'see' and 'see also' index entries: Indexes. (line 4859) -* abstracts: abstract. (line 940) -* accents: Accents. (line 4534) -* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 3760) + (line 2769) +* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 974) +* '.glo' file: Glossaries. (line 4997) +* '.idx' file: Indexes. (line 5013) +* '.ind' file: Indexes. (line 5027) +* 'see' and 'see also' index entries: Indexes. (line 5020) +* abstracts: abstract. (line 1072) +* accents: Accents. (line 4694) +* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 3903) * accessing any character of a font: Reserved characters. - (line 4348) -* acute accent: Accents. (line 4548) -* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 3765) + (line 4505) +* acute accent: Accents. (line 4708) +* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 3908) +* additional packages, loading: Document class options. + (line 559) * ae ligature: Non-English characters. - (line 4637) -* align environment, from 'amsmath': eqnarray. (line 1120) -* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 1120) -* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 1834) -* amsmath package, replacing 'eqnarray': eqnarray. (line 1120) -* appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 849) + (line 4797) +* align environment, from 'amsmath': eqnarray. (line 1253) +* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 1253) +* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 1974) +* amsmath package, replacing 'eqnarray': eqnarray. (line 1253) +* appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 980) * aring: Non-English characters. - (line 4633) -* arrays, math: array. (line 951) -* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 4482) -* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 4514) -* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 4450) -* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 4415) -* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 4418) -* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 4421) -* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 3928) -* auxiliary file: Overview. (line 320) -* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 4424) -* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 4430) -* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 4427) -* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 4557) -* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 3768) -* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 4574) -* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 283) -* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 2177) -* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 2113) -* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 2177) -* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 4433) + (line 4793) +* arrays, math: array. (line 1083) +* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 4642) +* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 4674) +* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 4610) +* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 4575) +* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 4578) +* asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 4581) +* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 4074) +* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 370) +* 'babel' package: Accents. (line 4694) +* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 4584) +* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 4590) +* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 4587) +* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 4717) +* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 3911) +* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 4734) +* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 290) +* 'beamer' template and class: beamer template. (line 5259) +* bibliography format, open: Document class options. + (line 526) +* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 2317) +* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 2253) +* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 2317) +* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 4593) * black boxes, omitting: Document class options. - (line 393) -* bold font: Font styles. (line 547) -* bold math: Font styles. (line 527) -* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 1045) -* boxes: Boxes. (line 4163) -* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 4436) -* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 4439) -* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 2297) -* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 2398) -* breve accent: Accents. (line 4613) -* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 3771) + (line 512) +* bold font: Font styles. (line 678) +* bold math: Font styles. (line 658) +* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 1178) +* boxes: Boxes. (line 4320) +* brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 4596) +* brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 4599) +* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 2437) +* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 2538) +* breve accent: Accents. (line 4773) +* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 3914) * bug reporting: About this document. - (line 253) -* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 3097) -* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 4442) -* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 1374) -* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 550) -* cap height: Text symbols. (line 4450) -* caron accent: Accents. (line 4623) -* case sensitivity of LaTeX: Overview. (line 332) -* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 4938) -* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 4578) -* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 4421) -* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 4489) -* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 1010) -* centering text, environment for: center. (line 996) -* characters, accented: Accents. (line 4534) + (line 247) +* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 3240) +* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 4602) +* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 1511) +* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 681) +* cap height: Text symbols. (line 4610) +* caron accent: Accents. (line 4783) +* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 5099) +* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 4738) +* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 4581) +* centered equations: Document class options. + (line 516) +* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 4649) +* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 1143) +* centering text, environment for: center. (line 1129) +* characters, accented: Accents. (line 4694) * characters, non-English: Non-English characters. - (line 4628) + (line 4788) * characters, reserved: Reserved characters. - (line 4329) -* check accent: Accents. (line 4623) -* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 3774) -* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 4433) -* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 4445) -* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 4561) -* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 3786) -* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 4415) + (line 4486) +* check accent: Accents. (line 4783) +* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 3917) +* circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 4593) +* circled letter, in text: Text symbols. (line 4605) +* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 4721) +* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 3929) +* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 4575) * class options: Document class options. - (line 372) -* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 355) -* closing letters: \closing. (line 4948) -* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 4406) -* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 2244) -* command line: Command line. (line 5070) + (line 490) +* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 459) +* closing letters: \closing. (line 5109) +* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 4566) +* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 2384) +* command line: Command line. (line 5231) +* command syntax: LaTeX command syntax. + (line 435) * commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 2543) -* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 4450) -* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 2244) -* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 4366) -* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 2720) -* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 2579) -* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 2778) -* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 2792) -* creating letters: Letters. (line 4889) -* creating pictures: picture. (line 1546) -* creating tables: table. (line 1925) -* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 3938) -* cross references: Cross references. (line 870) -* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 908) -* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 918) -* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 4461) -* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 4470) -* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 4458) -* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 4369) -* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 4455) -* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 3934) -* 'datetime' package: \today. (line 4702) + (line 2683) +* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 4610) +* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 2384) +* contents file: Output files. (line 380) +* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 4523) +* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 2862) +* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 2721) +* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 2921) +* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 2935) +* creating letters: Letters. (line 5050) +* creating pictures: picture. (line 1683) +* creating tables: table. (line 2065) +* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 4084) +* cross references: Cross references. (line 1001) +* cross references, resolving: Output files. (line 370) +* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 1040) +* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 1050) +* currency, dollar: Text symbols. (line 4621) +* currency, euro: Text symbols. (line 4630) +* dagger, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 4618) +* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 4526) +* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 4615) +* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 4080) +* 'datetime' package: \today. (line 4862) * defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 2543) + (line 2683) * defining new environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 2618) -* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 2685) -* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 2657) -* definitions: Definitions. (line 2538) -* description lists, creating: description. (line 1033) -* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 4544) -* discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany. (line 3831) + (line 2760) +* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 2827) +* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 2799) +* definitions: Definitions. (line 2678) +* description lists, creating: description. (line 1166) +* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 4704) +* discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany. (line 3974) * displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation. - (line 1804) + (line 1944) * displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quote. - (line 1819) + (line 1959) * document class options: Document class options. - (line 372) -* document classes: Document classes. (line 355) -* document templates: Document templates. (line 5086) -* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 4461) -* dot accent: Accents. (line 4553) -* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 3780) -* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 4553) -* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 4582) -* dotless i: Accents. (line 4590) -* dotless i, math: Math accents. (line 3789) -* dotless j: Accents. (line 4593) -* dotless j, math: Math accents. (line 3792) -* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4381) -* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 4372) -* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 4458) -* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 3777) -* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 4381) -* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 4495) -* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 4403) -* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 4508) -* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 4498) + (line 490) +* document class, defined: Starting and ending. + (line 324) +* document classes: Document classes. (line 459) +* document templates: Document templates. (line 5252) +* dollar sign: Text symbols. (line 4621) +* dot accent: Accents. (line 4713) +* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 3923) +* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 4713) +* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 4742) +* dotless i: Accents. (line 4750) +* dotless i, math: Math accents. (line 3932) +* dotless j: Accents. (line 4753) +* dotless j, math: Math accents. (line 3935) +* double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4541) +* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 4529) +* double dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 4618) +* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 3920) +* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 4541) +* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 4655) +* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 4563) +* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 4668) +* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 4658) * double spacing: Low-level font commands. - (line 655) -* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 4430) -* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 4467) -* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 4387) -* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 4464) -* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 4517) -* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 4523) -* emphasis: Font styles. (line 479) -* emphasis <1>: Font styles. (line 553) -* enclosure list: \encl. (line 4958) -* ending & starting: Starting & ending. (line 338) -* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 2425) -* environments: Environments. (line 930) + (line 786) +* double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 4590) +* e-dash: Text symbols. (line 4627) +* e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 395) +* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 4547) +* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 4624) +* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 4677) +* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 4683) +* emphasis: Font styles. (line 610) +* emphasis <1>: Font styles. (line 684) +* enclosure list: \encl. (line 5119) +* ending & starting: Starting and ending. + (line 316) +* engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 389) +* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 2565) +* environments: Environments. (line 1062) * environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 2618) -* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 918) -* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 1143) -* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 1120) -* equations, environment for: equation. (line 1155) + (line 2760) +* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 1050) +* equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options. + (line 522) +* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 1276) +* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 1253) +* equations, environment for: equation. (line 1288) +* equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options. + (line 516) * es-zet German letter: Non-English characters. - (line 4669) + (line 4829) * eth, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters. - (line 4641) -* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 4470) -* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 4473) + (line 4801) +* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 4630) +* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 4633) * exponent: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 3007) -* external files, creating: filecontents. (line 1279) -* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 4486) -* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 918) -* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 1533) -* figures, inserting: figure. (line 1168) -* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 571) -* 'float' package: figure. (line 1196) -* 'float' package <1>: figure. (line 1200) -* flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 2413) + (line 3150) +* external files, creating: filecontents. (line 1416) +* feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 4646) +* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 1050) +* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 1670) +* figures, inserting: figure. (line 1301) +* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 702) +* 'float' package: figure. (line 1333) +* flush left equations: Document class options. + (line 516) +* flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 2553) * font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands. - (line 609) -* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 583) -* font styles: Font styles. (line 455) -* fonts: Fonts. (line 449) -* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 2685) -* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 3972) + (line 740) +* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 714) +* font styles: Font styles. (line 580) +* fonts: Fonts. (line 574) +* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 2827) +* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 4119) * footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters. - (line 749) -* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 918) + (line 880) +* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 1050) * footnote parameters: Footnote parameters. - (line 2522) -* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 1533) -* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 2458) + (line 2662) +* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 1670) +* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 2598) * footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered: Symbolic footnotes. - (line 2509) -* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 1155) -* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 2971) -* fragile commands: \protect. (line 2699) -* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4381) -* functions, math: Math functions. (line 3652) + (line 2649) +* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 1288) +* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 3114) +* forward references, resolving: Output files. (line 370) +* fragile commands: \protect. (line 2841) +* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4541) +* functions, math: Math functions. (line 3795) * global options: Document class options. - (line 372) + (line 490) * global options <1>: Document class options. - (line 442) -* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 4834) -* grave accent: Accents. (line 4565) -* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 3783) -* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 4476) -* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 3016) -* ha'c<ek accent, math: Math accents. (line 3774) -* hacek accent: Accents. (line 4623) -* hat accent: Accents. (line 4561) -* hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 3786) -* header style: \pagestyle. (line 3972) + (line 567) +* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 4995) +* glossary package: Glossaries. (line 5004) +* graphics packages: \line. (line 1839) +* grave accent: Accents. (line 4725) +* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 3926) +* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 4636) +* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 3159) +* ha'c<ek accent, math: Math accents. (line 3917) +* hacek accent: Accents. (line 4783) +* hat accent: Accents. (line 4721) +* hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 3929) +* header style: \pagestyle. (line 4119) * header, parameters for: Page layout parameters. - (line 749) -* here, putting floats: figure. (line 1200) -* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 4586) -* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 2365) -* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 2335) -* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox. (line 4169) + (line 880) +* hello, world: Starting and ending. + (line 316) +* here, putting floats: figure. (line 1333) +* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 4746) +* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 2505) +* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 2475) +* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox. (line 4326) * Icelandic eth: Non-English characters. - (line 4641) + (line 4801) * Icelandic thorn: Non-English characters. - (line 4673) + (line 4833) * ij letter, Dutch: Non-English characters. - (line 4649) -* in-line formulas: math. (line 1506) -* indent, forcing: \indent. (line 2900) -* indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 2911) -* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 1529) -* indexes: Indexes. (line 4849) -* initial command: filecontents. (line 1287) + (line 4809) +* implementations of TeX: TeX engines. (line 389) +* in-line formulas: math. (line 1643) +* indent, forcing: \indent. (line 3043) +* indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 3054) +* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 1666) +* index entries, 'see' and 'see also': Indexes. (line 5020) +* indexes: Indexes. (line 5010) +* infinite horizontal stretch: \hfill. (line 4186) +* infinite vertical stretch: \vfill. (line 4299) +* initial command: filecontents. (line 1424) * input file: Splitting the input. - (line 4708) + (line 4868) * input/output: Terminal input/output. - (line 5037) -* inserting figures: figure. (line 1168) -* italic font: Font styles. (line 556) -* justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 1361) -* justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 1335) -* Knuth, Donald E.: About this document. - (line 246) -* labelled lists, creating: description. (line 1033) -* Lamport, Leslie: About this document. - (line 246) -* LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 4375) -* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 283) + (line 5198) +* inserting figures: figure. (line 1301) +* italic correction: \/. (line 4229) +* italic font: Font styles. (line 687) +* justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 1498) +* justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 1472) +* Knuth, Donald E.: Overview. (line 290) +* labelled lists, creating: description. (line 1166) +* Lamport TeX: Overview. (line 308) +* Lamport, Leslie: Overview. (line 290) +* landscape orientation: Document class options. + (line 519) +* LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 4532) +* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 290) * LaTeX Project team: About this document. - (line 246) -* layout commands: Layout. (line 679) + (line 258) +* LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e: About this document. + (line 254) +* LaTeX2e logo: Text symbols. (line 4535) +* layout commands: Layout. (line 810) * layout, page parameters for: Page layout parameters. - (line 749) -* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4381) -* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 4482) -* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 4436) -* left quote: Text symbols. (line 4391) -* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 4495) -* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 4501) -* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 1335) -* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 1322) -* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 3880) -* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 2845) -* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 2832) -* lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 2594) -* lengths, predefined: Predefined lengths. (line 2873) -* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 2838) -* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 4479) -* letters: Letters. (line 4889) -* letters, accented: Accents. (line 4534) -* letters, ending: \closing. (line 4948) + (line 880) +* left angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4541) +* left arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 4642) +* left brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 4596) +* left quote: Text symbols. (line 4551) +* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 4655) +* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 4661) +* left-hand equation numbers: Document class options. + (line 522) +* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 1472) +* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 1459) +* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 4023) +* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 2988) +* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 2975) +* lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 2736) +* lengths, predefined: Predefined lengths. (line 3016) +* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 2981) +* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 4639) +* letters: Letters. (line 5050) +* letters, accented: Accents. (line 4694) +* letters, ending: \closing. (line 5109) * letters, non-English: Non-English characters. - (line 4628) -* letters, starting: \opening. (line 4991) -* line break, forcing: \\. (line 2309) -* line breaking: Line breaking. (line 2297) + (line 4788) +* letters, starting: \opening. (line 5152) +* line break, forcing: \\. (line 2449) +* line breaking: Line breaking. (line 2437) * line breaks, forcing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. - (line 2381) + (line 2521) * line breaks, preventing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. - (line 2381) -* lines in tables: tabular. (line 1952) -* lining numerals: Font styles. (line 531) -* lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 1952) -* lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 1834) -* list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 2767) -* lists of items: itemize. (line 1374) -* lists of items, generic: list. (line 1481) -* lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 1082) + (line 2521) +* lines in tables: tabular. (line 2092) +* lining numerals: Font styles. (line 662) +* lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 2092) +* lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 1974) +* list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 2910) +* list of figures file: Output files. (line 380) +* list of tables file: Output files. (line 380) +* lists of items: itemize. (line 1511) +* lists of items, generic: list. (line 1618) +* lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 1215) * loading additional packages: Document class options. - (line 435) -* log file: Overview. (line 316) -* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 4375) -* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 4412) -* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 4403) + (line 559) +* log file: Output files. (line 365) +* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 4532) +* logo, LaTeX2e: Text symbols. (line 4535) +* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 4572) +* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 4563) * low-level font commands: Low-level font commands. - (line 609) -* lR mode: Modes. (line 3880) -* LuaTeX: Overview. (line 307) -* macron accent: Accents. (line 4557) -* macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 3768) -* Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 1120) -* 'makeidx' package: Indexes. (line 4871) -* 'makeindex' program: Indexes. (line 4866) -* making a title page: titlepage. (line 2227) -* making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 2892) -* marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 2924) -* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 4486) -* math accents: Math accents. (line 3760) -* math formulas: Math formulas. (line 2971) -* math functions: Math functions. (line 3652) -* math miscellany: Math miscellany. (line 3830) -* math mode: Modes. (line 3880) -* math mode, entering: Math formulas. (line 2971) + (line 740) +* LR mode: Modes. (line 4023) +* 'ltugboat' class: tugboat template. (line 5310) +* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 412) +* macro package, LaTeX as: Overview. (line 295) +* macron accent: Accents. (line 4717) +* macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 3911) +* Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 1253) +* 'makeidx' package: Indexes. (line 5032) +* 'makeindex' program: Indexes. (line 5027) +* making a title page: titlepage. (line 2367) +* making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 3035) +* marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 3067) +* masculine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 4646) +* math accents: Math accents. (line 3903) +* math formulas: Math formulas. (line 3114) +* math functions: Math functions. (line 3795) +* math miscellany: Math miscellany. (line 3973) +* math mode: Modes. (line 4023) +* math mode, entering: Math formulas. (line 3114) * math mode, spacing: Spacing in math mode. - (line 3812) -* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 3016) -* math, bold: Font styles. (line 527) -* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 1518) -* modes: Modes. (line 3880) -* monospace font: Font styles. (line 571) -* moving arguments: \protect. (line 2699) -* multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 690) -* 'multind' package: Indexes. (line 4882) + (line 3955) +* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 3159) +* math, bold: Font styles. (line 658) +* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 1655) +* modes: Modes. (line 4023) +* monospace font: Font styles. (line 702) +* moving arguments: \protect. (line 2841) +* multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 821) +* multilingual support: Accents. (line 4694) +* 'multind' package: Indexes. (line 5043) * multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math miscellany. - (line 3831) -* nested '\include', not allowed: \include. (line 4732) + (line 3974) +* nested '\include', not allowed: \include. (line 4892) * new commands, defining: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 2543) + (line 2683) * new line, output as input: \obeycr & \restorecr. - (line 2319) -* new line, starting: \\. (line 2309) -* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 2328) -* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 2419) + (line 2459) +* new line, starting: \\. (line 2449) +* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 2468) +* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 2559) * non-English characters: Non-English characters. - (line 4628) -* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 2924) -* null delimiter: Math miscellany. (line 3845) -* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 2767) -* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 531) -* oblique font: Font styles. (line 568) + (line 4788) +* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 3067) +* null delimiter: Math miscellany. (line 3988) +* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 2910) +* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 662) +* oblique font: Font styles. (line 699) * oe ligature: Non-English characters. - (line 4665) -* ogonek: Accents. (line 4597) -* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 531) -* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 684) -* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 4391) + (line 4825) +* ogonek: Accents. (line 4757) +* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 662) +* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 815) +* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 4551) +* OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 389) * options, document class: Document class options. - (line 372) + (line 490) * options, global: Document class options. - (line 442) -* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 4486) + (line 567) +* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 4646) * oslash: Non-English characters. - (line 4661) -* overbar accent: Accents. (line 4557) -* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 3780) -* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 283) -* packages, loading: Document class options. - (line 435) + (line 4821) +* overbar accent: Accents. (line 4717) +* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 3923) +* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 290) +* packages, loading additional: Document class options. + (line 559) * page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 2440) + (line 2580) * page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 2440) -* page breaking: Page breaking. (line 2398) + (line 2580) +* page breaking: Page breaking. (line 2538) * page layout parameters: Page layout parameters. - (line 749) -* page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 908) -* page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 3948) -* page styles: Page styles. (line 3916) -* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 1529) -* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation. (line 1804) -* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quote. (line 1819) -* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 3880) -* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 4395) -* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 2892) + (line 880) +* page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 1040) +* page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 4094) +* page styles: Page styles. (line 4062) +* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 1666) +* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation. (line 1944) +* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quote. (line 1959) +* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 4023) +* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 4555) +* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 3035) * parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters. - (line 2522) + (line 2662) * parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters. - (line 749) -* pdfTeX: Overview. (line 301) -* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 4489) -* pictures, creating: picture. (line 1546) -* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 4395) -* placement of floats: figure. (line 1181) -* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 2278) + (line 880) +* pdfTeX: Output files. (line 357) +* pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 395) +* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 4649) +* 'pict2e' package: \line. (line 1839) +* pictures, creating: picture. (line 1683) +* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 4555) +* placement of floats: figure. (line 1314) +* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 2418) * polish l: Non-English characters. - (line 4653) -* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 5003) -* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 4399) -* preamble, defined: Starting & ending. (line 349) -* predefined lengths: Predefined lengths. (line 2873) -* prompt, '*': Command line. (line 5079) -* questionation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 4492) -* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 4381) -* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 4508) + (line 4813) +* portrait orientation: Document class options. + (line 519) +* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 5164) +* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 4559) +* preamble, defined: Starting and ending. + (line 329) +* predefined lengths: Predefined lengths. (line 3016) +* prompt, '*': Command line. (line 5243) +* pronunciation: Overview. (line 308) +* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 4652) +* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 4541) +* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 4668) * quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation. - (line 1804) + (line 1944) * quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quote. - (line 1819) -* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 1361) -* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 1348) -* ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 1335) -* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 1322) + (line 1959) +* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 1498) +* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 1485) +* ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 1472) +* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 1459) * redefining environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 2618) -* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 4511) -* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 2924) + (line 2760) +* references, resolving forward: Output files. (line 370) +* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 4671) +* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 3067) * reporting bugs: About this document. - (line 253) + (line 247) * reserved characters: Reserved characters. - (line 4329) -* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4381) -* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 4514) -* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 4439) -* right quote: Text symbols. (line 4406) -* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 4498) -* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 4504) -* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 1361) -* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 1348) -* ring accent: Accents. (line 4602) -* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 3795) -* robust commands: \protect. (line 2709) -* roman font: Font styles. (line 559) + (line 4486) +* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4541) +* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 4674) +* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 4599) +* right quote: Text symbols. (line 4566) +* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 4658) +* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 4664) +* right-hand equation numbers: Document class options. + (line 522) +* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 1498) +* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 1485) +* ring accent: Accents. (line 4762) +* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 3938) +* robust commands: \protect. (line 2851) +* roman font: Font styles. (line 690) * running header and footer: Page layout parameters. - (line 749) -* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 3972) -* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 565) -* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 550) -* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 918) -* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 859) -* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 4409) -* sectioning: Sectioning. (line 818) + (line 880) +* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 4119) +* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 696) +* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 681) +* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 1050) +* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 990) +* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 4569) +* sectioning: Sectioning. (line 949) * 'setspace' package: Low-level font commands. - (line 655) -* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 2792) + (line 786) +* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 2935) * sharp S letters: Non-English characters. - (line 4669) -* 'showidx' package: Indexes. (line 4878) -* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 2244) -* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4381) -* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 4381) -* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 4501) -* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 4403) -* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 4504) -* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 583) -* slanted font: Font styles. (line 568) -* small caps font: Font styles. (line 562) -* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 4112) -* spaces: Spaces. (line 4015) + (line 4829) +* 'showidx' package: Indexes. (line 5039) +* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 2384) +* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 4541) +* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 4541) +* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 4661) +* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 4563) +* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 4664) +* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 714) +* slanted font: Font styles. (line 699) +* small caps font: Font styles. (line 693) +* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 4267) +* spaces: Spaces. (line 4162) * spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode. - (line 3812) -* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 4486) + (line 3955) +* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 4646) * special characters: Non-English characters. - (line 4628) -* specifier, float placement: figure. (line 1181) + (line 4788) +* specifier, float placement: figure. (line 1314) * splitting the input file: Splitting the input. - (line 4708) -* starting & ending: Starting & ending. (line 338) -* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 2419) -* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage. (line 2413) -* starting on a right-hand page: \cleardoublepage. (line 2405) -* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 4399) -* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 4508) -* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 4508) -* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 743) -* styles of text: Font styles. (line 455) -* styles, page: Page styles. (line 3916) + (line 4868) +* starting & ending: Starting and ending. + (line 316) +* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 2559) +* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage. (line 2553) +* starting on a right-hand page: \cleardoublepage. (line 2545) +* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 4559) +* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 4668) +* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 4668) +* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 4186) +* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 4299) +* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 874) +* styles of text: Font styles. (line 580) +* styles, page: Page styles. (line 4062) * subscript: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 3007) + (line 3150) * superscript: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 3007) -* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 3016) -* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 1834) + (line 3150) +* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 3159) +* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 1974) * table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline. - (line 4790) -* table of contents, creating: Tables of contents. (line 4770) -* tables, creating: table. (line 1925) + (line 4951) +* table of contents file: Output files. (line 380) +* table of contents, creating: Tables of contents. (line 4930) +* tables, creating: table. (line 2065) * terminal input/output: Terminal input/output. - (line 5037) -* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 4412) -* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 4360) -* 'textcomp' package: Font styles. (line 531) -* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 3938) -* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 2657) -* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 2214) + (line 5198) +* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 4572) +* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 4517) +* 'textcomp' package: Font styles. (line 662) +* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 4084) +* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 2799) +* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 2354) * thorn, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters. - (line 4673) -* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 4517) -* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 4608) -* tilde accent: Accents. (line 4571) -* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 3798) -* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 4418) -* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 2227) -* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 3942) -* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 3922) -* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 4520) -* transcript file: Overview. (line 316) -* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 690) -* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 4523) -* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 2244) -* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 583) -* typeface styles: Font styles. (line 455) -* typefaces: Fonts. (line 449) -* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 571) -* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 1045) -* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 4544) -* underbar: Accents. (line 4616) -* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 4526) -* unordered lists: itemize. (line 1374) -* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 2177) -* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 2720) -* vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 3801) -* verbatim text: verbatim. (line 2244) -* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 2261) -* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 4430) -* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 4427) -* vertical space: \addvspace. (line 4112) -* vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip. (line 2918) -* visible space: \verb. (line 2272) -* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 4529) -* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 3804) -* wide tile accent, math: Math accents. (line 3807) -* writing external files: filecontents. (line 1279) -* XeTeX: Overview. (line 310) -* 'xindy' program: Indexes. (line 4866) + (line 4833) +* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 4677) +* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 4768) +* tilde accent: Accents. (line 4731) +* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 3941) +* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 4578) +* title page, separate or run-in: Document class options. + (line 530) +* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 2367) +* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 4088) +* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 4068) +* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 4680) +* transcript file: Output files. (line 365) +* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 389) +* TUGboat template: tugboat template. (line 5310) +* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 821) +* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 4683) +* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 2384) +* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 714) +* typeface styles: Font styles. (line 580) +* typefaces: Fonts. (line 574) +* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 702) +* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 1178) +* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 4704) +* underbar: Accents. (line 4776) +* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 4686) +* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 389) +* unofficial nature of this manual: About this document. + (line 258) +* unordered lists: itemize. (line 1511) +* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 2317) +* UTF-8: TeX engines. (line 389) +* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 2862) +* vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 3944) +* verbatim text: verbatim. (line 2384) +* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 2401) +* vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 4590) +* vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 4587) +* vertical space: \addvspace. (line 4267) +* vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip. (line 3061) +* visible space: \verb. (line 2412) +* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 4689) +* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 3947) +* wide tile accent, math: Math accents. (line 3950) +* writing external files: filecontents. (line 1416) +* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 421) +* 'xindy' program: Indexes. (line 5027) Command Index ************* * Menu: -* $: Math formulas. (line 2989) -* .aux file: Overview. (line 320) -* .dvi file: Overview. (line 293) -* .log file: Overview. (line 316) -* .pdf file: Overview. (line 301) -* .toc file: Tables of contents. (line 4770) +* $: Math formulas. (line 3132) +* --help command-line option: Command line. (line 5239) +* .aux file: Output files. (line 370) +* .dvi file: Output files. (line 347) +* .lof file: Output files. (line 380) +* .lof file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 4940) +* .log file: Output files. (line 365) +* .lot file: Output files. (line 380) +* .lot file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 4940) +* .pdf file: Output files. (line 357) +* .tex, default extension: Command line. (line 5231) +* .toc file: Output files. (line 380) +* .toc file <1>: Tables of contents. (line 4930) * 10pt option: Document class options. - (line 380) + (line 498) * 11pt option: Document class options. - (line 380) + (line 498) * 12pt option: Document class options. - (line 380) -* @{...}: array. (line 974) -* [...] for optional arguments: Overview. (line 326) -* \ character starting commands: Overview. (line 326) -* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 4544) + (line 498) +* @{...}: array. (line 1107) +* [...] for optional arguments: LaTeX command syntax. + (line 435) +* \ character starting commands: LaTeX command syntax. + (line 435) +* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 4704) * \#: Reserved characters. - (line 4334) + (line 4491) * \$: Reserved characters. - (line 4334) + (line 4491) * \%: Reserved characters. - (line 4334) + (line 4491) * \&: Reserved characters. - (line 4334) -* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 4548) -* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1873) -* \(: Math formulas. (line 2981) -* \): Math formulas. (line 2981) -* \*: Math miscellany. (line 3830) -* \+: tabbing. (line 1865) + (line 4491) +* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 4708) +* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 2013) +* \(: Math formulas. (line 3124) +* \): Math formulas. (line 3124) +* \*: Math miscellany. (line 3973) +* \+: tabbing. (line 2005) * \,: Spacing in math mode. - (line 3823) -* \-: tabbing. (line 1869) -* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 2335) -* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 4553) -* \/: \/. (line 4081) + (line 3966) +* \-: tabbing. (line 2009) +* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 2475) +* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 4713) +* \/: \/. (line 4229) * \:: Spacing in math mode. - (line 3821) + (line 3964) * \;: Spacing in math mode. - (line 3818) -* \<: tabbing. (line 1861) -* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 4557) -* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1855) -* \>: tabbing. (line 1859) + (line 3961) +* \<: tabbing. (line 2001) +* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 4717) +* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1995) +* \>: tabbing. (line 1999) * \> <1>: Spacing in math mode. - (line 3821) -* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1858) -* \@: \AT. (line 4060) -* \@fnsymbol: Symbolic footnotes. (line 2514) -* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1888) -* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 1889) -* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 1889) + (line 3964) +* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1998) +* \@: \@. (line 4207) +* \@fnsymbol: Symbolic footnotes. (line 2654) +* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 2028) +* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 2029) +* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 2029) * \aa (aa): Non-English characters. - (line 4633) + (line 4793) * \AA (AA): Non-English characters. - (line 4633) -* \acute: Math accents. (line 3764) -* \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}: \addcontentsline. (line 4790) -* \address: \address. (line 4925) -* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 4819) -* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 2802) -* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 2845) -* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 4112) + (line 4793) +* \acute: Math accents. (line 3907) +* \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}: \addcontentsline. (line 4951) +* \address: \address. (line 5086) +* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 4980) +* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 2945) +* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 2988) +* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 4267) * \ae (ae): Non-English characters. - (line 4637) + (line 4797) * \AE (AE): Non-English characters. - (line 4637) -* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 3024) + (line 4797) +* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 3167) * \alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2738) + (line 2880) * \Alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2741) -* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 1115) -* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 3027) -* \alsoname: Indexes. (line 4863) -* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 3030) -* \and for '\author': \maketitle. (line 3928) -* \angle: Math symbols. (line 3033) -* \appendix: Sectioning. (line 849) -* \approx: Math symbols. (line 3036) + (line 2883) +* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 1248) +* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 3170) +* \alsoname: Indexes. (line 5024) +* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 3173) +* \and for '\author': \maketitle. (line 4074) +* \angle: Math symbols. (line 3176) +* \appendix: Sectioning. (line 980) +* \approx: Math symbols. (line 3179) * \arabic: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2744) -* \arccos: Math functions. (line 3655) -* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 3658) -* \arctan: Math functions. (line 3661) -* \arg: Math functions. (line 3664) -* \arraycolsep: array. (line 986) -* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 2046) -* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 2050) -* \ast: Math symbols. (line 3039) -* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 3042) -* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 3927) -* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 1889) -* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 4574) -* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 3045) + (line 2886) +* \arccos: Math functions. (line 3798) +* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 3801) +* \arctan: Math functions. (line 3804) +* \arg: Math functions. (line 3807) +* \arraycolsep: array. (line 1119) +* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 2186) +* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 2190) +* \ast: Math symbols. (line 3182) +* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 3185) +* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 4073) +* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 2029) +* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 4734) +* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 3188) * \backslash <1>: Reserved characters. - (line 4339) -* \bar: Math accents. (line 3767) + (line 4496) +* \bar: Math accents. (line 3910) * \baselineskip: Low-level font commands. - (line 649) + (line 780) * \baselinestretch: Low-level font commands. - (line 655) -* \begin: Environments. (line 930) -* \beta: Math symbols. (line 3048) -* \bf: Font styles. (line 546) -* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 485) -* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 2138) -* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 2177) -* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 2177) -* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 3051) -* \bigcap <1>: Math symbols. (line 3081) -* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 3054) -* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 3057) -* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 3060) -* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 3063) -* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 3066) + (line 786) +* \begin: Environments. (line 1062) +* \beta: Math symbols. (line 3191) +* \bf: Font styles. (line 677) +* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 616) +* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 2278) +* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 2317) +* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 2317) +* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 3194) +* \bigcap <1>: Math symbols. (line 3224) +* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 3197) +* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 3200) +* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 3203) +* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 3206) +* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 3209) * \bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4126) + (line 4282) * \bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4126) -* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 3075) -* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 3069) -* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 3072) -* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 3078) -* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 3084) -* \bmod: Math functions. (line 3667) -* \boldmath: Math formulas. (line 2994) -* \bot: Math symbols. (line 3087) -* \bottomfraction: figure. (line 1229) -* \bottomnumber: figure. (line 1262) -* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 3090) -* \Box: Math symbols. (line 3093) -* \breve: Math accents. (line 3770) -* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 3096) -* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 4578) -* \cal: Font styles. (line 549) -* \cap: Math symbols. (line 3099) -* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 4548) -* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 4613) -* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 4623) -* \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 4578) -* \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 4561) -* \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 4544) -* \capitaldotaccent: Accents. (line 4582) -* \capitalgrave: Accents. (line 4565) -* \capitalhungarumlaut: Accents. (line 4586) -* \capitalmacron: Accents. (line 4557) -* \capitalnewtie: Accents. (line 4608) -* \capitalogonek: Accents. (line 4597) -* \capitalring: Accents. (line 4602) -* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 4608) -* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 4571) -* \caption: figure. (line 1222) -* \cc: \cc. (line 4938) -* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 3102) -* \cdots: Math miscellany. (line 3834) -* \centering: \centering. (line 1010) -* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 821) -* \check: Math accents. (line 3773) -* \chi: Math symbols. (line 3105) -* \circ: Math symbols. (line 3108) -* \circle: \circle. (line 1616) -* \cite: \cite. (line 2155) -* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 2405) -* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 2413) -* \cline: \cline. (line 2088) -* \closing: \closing. (line 4948) -* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 3111) -* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 700) -* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 703) -* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 707) -* \cong: Math symbols. (line 3114) -* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 4813) -* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 3117) -* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 4364) -* \cos: Math functions. (line 3670) -* \cosh: Math functions. (line 3673) -* \cot: Math functions. (line 3676) -* \coth: Math functions. (line 3679) -* \csc: Math functions. (line 3682) -* \cup: Math symbols. (line 3120) -* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 4582) -* \dag: Text symbols. (line 4368) -* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 3123) -* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 1667) -* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 3126) -* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 3933) -* \day: \day \month \year. (line 2821) -* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 718) -* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 722) -* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 727) -* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 713) -* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 4371) -* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 3129) -* \ddot: Math accents. (line 3776) -* \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 3838) -* \deg: Math functions. (line 3685) -* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 3132) -* \delta: Math symbols. (line 3135) -* \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 2877) -* \det: Math functions. (line 3688) -* \dh (ae): Non-English characters. - (line 4641) -* \DH (AE): Non-English characters. - (line 4641) -* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 3138) -* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 3141) -* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 3144) -* \dim: Math functions. (line 3691) -* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 2999) -* \div: Math symbols. (line 3147) + (line 4282) +* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 3218) +* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 3212) +* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 3215) +* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 3221) +* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 3227) +* \bmod: Math functions. (line 3810) +* \boldmath: Math formulas. (line 3137) +* \bot: Math symbols. (line 3230) +* \bottomfraction: figure. (line 1362) +* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 3233) +* \Box: Math symbols. (line 3236) +* \breve: Math accents. (line 3913) +* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 3239) +* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 4738) +* \cal: Font styles. (line 680) +* \cap: Math symbols. (line 3242) +* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 4708) +* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 4773) +* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 4783) +* \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 4738) +* \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 4721) +* \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 4704) +* \capitaldotaccent: Accents. (line 4742) +* \capitalgrave: Accents. (line 4725) +* \capitalhungarumlaut: Accents. (line 4746) +* \capitalmacron: Accents. (line 4717) +* \capitalnewtie: Accents. (line 4768) +* \capitalogonek: Accents. (line 4757) +* \capitalring: Accents. (line 4762) +* \capitaltie: Accents. (line 4768) +* \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 4731) +* \caption: figure. (line 1355) +* \cc: \cc. (line 5099) +* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 3245) +* \cdots: Math miscellany. (line 3977) +* \centering: \centering. (line 1143) +* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 952) +* \check: Math accents. (line 3916) +* \chi: Math symbols. (line 3248) +* \circ: Math symbols. (line 3251) +* \circle: \circle. (line 1753) +* \cite: \cite. (line 2295) +* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 2545) +* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 2553) +* \cline: \cline. (line 2228) +* \closing: \closing. (line 5109) +* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 3254) +* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 831) +* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 834) +* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 838) +* \cong: Math symbols. (line 3257) +* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 4974) +* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 3260) +* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 4521) +* \cos: Math functions. (line 3813) +* \cosh: Math functions. (line 3816) +* \cot: Math functions. (line 3819) +* \coth: Math functions. (line 3822) +* \csc: Math functions. (line 3825) +* \cup: Math symbols. (line 3263) +* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 4742) +* \dag: Text symbols. (line 4525) +* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 3266) +* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 1806) +* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 3269) +* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 4079) +* \day: \day \month \year. (line 2964) +* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 849) +* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 853) +* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 858) +* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 844) +* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 4528) +* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 3272) +* \ddot: Math accents. (line 3919) +* \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 3981) +* \deg: Math functions. (line 3828) +* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 3275) +* \delta: Math symbols. (line 3278) +* \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 3020) +* \det: Math functions. (line 3831) +* \dh (d): Non-English characters. + (line 4801) +* \DH (D): Non-English characters. + (line 4801) +* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 3281) +* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 3284) +* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 3287) +* \dim: Math functions. (line 3834) +* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 3142) +* \div: Math symbols. (line 3290) * \dj: Non-English characters. - (line 4645) + (line 4805) * \DJ: Non-English characters. - (line 4645) -* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 355) -* \documentclass, commands before: filecontents. (line 1287) -* \dot: Math accents. (line 3779) -* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 3150) -* \dotfill: \dotfill. (line 4106) -* \dots: Text symbols. (line 4385) -* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 2054) -* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 3153) -* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 3156) -* \ell: Math symbols. (line 3159) -* \em: Font styles. (line 552) -* \emph: Font styles. (line 479) -* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 3162) -* \encl: \encl. (line 4958) -* \end: Environments. (line 930) -* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 2425) -* \enumi: enumerate. (line 1105) -* \enumii: enumerate. (line 1105) -* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 1105) -* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 1105) -* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 3165) -* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 3168) -* \eta: Math symbols. (line 3171) + (line 4805) +* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 459) +* \documentclass, commands before: filecontents. (line 1424) +* \dot: Math accents. (line 3922) +* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 3293) +* \dotfill: \dotfill. (line 4261) +* \dots: Text symbols. (line 4545) +* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 2194) +* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 3296) +* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 3299) +* \ell: Math symbols. (line 3302) +* \em: Font styles. (line 683) +* \emph: Font styles. (line 610) +* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 3305) +* \encl: \encl. (line 5119) +* \end: Environments. (line 1062) +* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 2565) +* \enumi: enumerate. (line 1238) +* \enumii: enumerate. (line 1238) +* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 1238) +* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 1238) +* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 3308) +* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 3311) +* \eta: Math symbols. (line 3314) * \evensidemargin: Document class options. - (line 416) -* \exists: Math symbols. (line 3174) -* \exp: Math functions. (line 3694) -* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 2017) + (line 541) +* \exists: Math symbols. (line 3317) +* \exp: Math functions. (line 3837) +* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 2157) * \fbox: \fbox and \framebox. - (line 4176) + (line 4333) * \fboxrule: \framebox (picture). - (line 1661) + (line 1800) * \fboxrule <1>: \fbox and \framebox. - (line 4188) + (line 4345) * \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). - (line 1661) + (line 1800) * \fboxsep <1>: \fbox and \framebox. - (line 4188) -* \fill: \hfill. (line 4042) -* \flat: Math symbols. (line 3177) -* \floatpagefraction: figure. (line 1232) -* \floatsep: figure. (line 1247) -* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 734) + (line 4345) +* \fill: \hfill. (line 4189) +* \flat: Math symbols. (line 3320) +* \floatpagefraction: figure. (line 1365) +* \floatsep: figure. (line 1380) +* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 865) * \fnsymbol: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2753) -* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: Symbolic footnotes. (line 2514) + (line 2895) +* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: Symbolic footnotes. (line 2654) * \fontencoding: Low-level font commands. - (line 614) + (line 745) * \fontfamily: Low-level font commands. - (line 617) + (line 748) * \fontseries: Low-level font commands. - (line 626) + (line 757) * \fontshape: Low-level font commands. - (line 637) + (line 768) * \fontsize: Low-level font commands. - (line 649) -* \footnote: \footnote. (line 2465) -* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 2480) + (line 780) +* \footnote: \footnote. (line 2605) +* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 2620) * \footnoterule: Footnote parameters. - (line 2522) + (line 2662) * \footnotesep: Footnote parameters. - (line 2528) -* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 588) -* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 2495) + (line 2668) +* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 719) +* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 2635) * \footskip: Page layout parameters. - (line 759) -* \forall: Math symbols. (line 3180) -* \frac: Math miscellany. (line 3842) -* \frac{num}{den}: Math miscellany. (line 3841) -* \frame: \frame. (line 1682) + (line 890) +* \forall: Math symbols. (line 3323) +* \frac: Math miscellany. (line 3985) +* \frac{num}{den}: Math miscellany. (line 3984) +* \frame: \frame. (line 1821) * \framebox: \framebox (picture). - (line 1653) + (line 1792) * \framebox <1>: \fbox and \framebox. - (line 4176) -* \frown: Math symbols. (line 3183) -* \fussy: \fussy. (line 2347) -* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 3186) -* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 3189) -* \gcd: Math functions. (line 3697) -* \ge: Math symbols. (line 3192) -* \geq: Math symbols. (line 3195) -* \gets: Math symbols. (line 3198) -* \gg: Math symbols. (line 3201) -* \glossary: Glossaries. (line 4836) -* \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 4839) -* \grave: Math accents. (line 3782) -* \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 4377) -* \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 4378) -* \guilsinglleft (<): Text symbols. (line 4379) -* \guilsinglright (>): Text symbols. (line 4380) -* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 4586) -* \hat: Math accents. (line 3785) -* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 3204) + (line 4333) +* \frown: Math symbols. (line 3326) +* \fussy: \fussy. (line 2487) +* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 3329) +* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 3332) +* \gcd: Math functions. (line 3840) +* \ge: Math symbols. (line 3335) +* \geq: Math symbols. (line 3338) +* \gets: Math symbols. (line 3341) +* \gg: Math symbols. (line 3344) +* \glossary: Glossaries. (line 4997) +* \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 5000) +* \grave: Math accents. (line 3925) +* \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 4537) +* \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 4538) +* \guilsinglleft (<): Text symbols. (line 4539) +* \guilsinglright (>): Text symbols. (line 4540) +* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 4746) +* \hat: Math accents. (line 3928) +* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 3347) * \headheight: Page layout parameters. - (line 749) + (line 880) * \headsep: Page layout parameters. - (line 754) -* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 3207) -* \height: Predefined lengths. (line 2875) -* \hfill: \hfill. (line 4039) -* \hline: \hline. (line 2099) -* \hom: Math functions. (line 3700) -* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3210) -* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3213) -* \hrulefill: \hrulefill. (line 4099) + (line 885) +* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 3350) +* \height: Predefined lengths. (line 3018) +* \hfill: \hfill. (line 4186) +* \hline: \hline. (line 2239) +* \hom: Math functions. (line 3843) +* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3353) +* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3356) +* \hrulefill: \hrulefill. (line 4254) * \hsize: Page layout parameters. - (line 799) -* \hspace: \hspace. (line 4024) -* \huge: Font sizes. (line 588) -* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 588) -* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 2365) -* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 4590) -* \iff: Math symbols. (line 3216) + (line 930) +* \hspace: \hspace. (line 4171) +* \huge: Font sizes. (line 719) +* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 719) +* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 2505) +* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 4750) +* \iff: Math symbols. (line 3359) * \ij (ij): Non-English characters. - (line 4649) + (line 4809) * \IJ (IJ): Non-English characters. - (line 4649) -* \Im: Math symbols. (line 3219) -* \imath: Math accents. (line 3788) -* \in: Math symbols. (line 3222) -* \include: \include. (line 4720) -* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 4738) -* \indent: \indent. (line 2900) -* \index: Indexes. (line 4852) -* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 4855) -* \inf: Math functions. (line 3703) -* \infty: Math symbols. (line 3225) -* \input: \input. (line 4752) -* \int: Math symbols. (line 3228) -* \intextsep: figure. (line 1251) -* \iota: Math symbols. (line 3231) -* \it: Font styles. (line 555) -* \item: description. (line 1041) -* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 1095) -* \item <2>: itemize. (line 1374) -* \itemindent: itemize. (line 1417) -* \itemsep: itemize. (line 1439) -* \itshape: Font styles. (line 476) -* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 4593) -* \jmath: Math accents. (line 3791) -* \Join: Math symbols. (line 3234) -* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 4597) -* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 3237) -* \ker: Math functions. (line 3706) -* \kill: tabbing. (line 1893) + (line 4809) +* \Im: Math symbols. (line 3362) +* \imath: Math accents. (line 3931) +* \in: Math symbols. (line 3365) +* \include: \include. (line 4880) +* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 4898) +* \indent: \indent. (line 3043) +* \index: Indexes. (line 5013) +* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 5016) +* \inf: Math functions. (line 3846) +* \infty: Math symbols. (line 3368) +* \input: \input. (line 4912) +* \int: Math symbols. (line 3371) +* \intextsep: figure. (line 1384) +* \iota: Math symbols. (line 3374) +* \it: Font styles. (line 686) +* \item: description. (line 1174) +* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 1228) +* \item <2>: itemize. (line 1511) +* \itemindent: itemize. (line 1554) +* \itemsep: itemize. (line 1576) +* \itshape: Font styles. (line 607) +* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 4753) +* \jmath: Math accents. (line 3934) +* \Join: Math symbols. (line 3377) +* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 4757) +* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 3380) +* \ker: Math functions. (line 3849) +* \kill: tabbing. (line 2033) * \l (/l): Non-English characters. - (line 4653) + (line 4813) * \L (/L): Non-English characters. - (line 4653) -* \label: \label. (line 876) -* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 1109) -* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 1109) -* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 1109) -* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 1109) -* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 1397) -* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 1397) -* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 1397) -* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 1397) -* \labelsep: itemize. (line 1420) -* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 1423) -* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 3240) -* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 3243) -* \land: Math symbols. (line 3246) -* \langle: Math symbols. (line 3249) -* \large: Font sizes. (line 588) -* \Large: Font sizes. (line 588) -* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 588) -* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 4374) -* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 3252) -* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 3255) -* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 3258) -* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 4384) -* \le: Math symbols. (line 3261) -* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 3264) -* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math miscellany. (line 3844) -* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3266) -* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3269) -* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 1148) -* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 3272) -* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 3275) -* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 1404) -* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 1404) -* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 1404) -* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 1404) -* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 1404) -* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 1404) -* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 1404) -* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3278) -* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3281) -* \leq: Math symbols. (line 3284) -* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 3287) -* \lg: Math functions. (line 3709) -* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 3290) -* \lim: Math functions. (line 3712) -* \liminf: Math functions. (line 3715) -* \limsup: Math functions. (line 3718) -* \line: \line. (line 1693) + (line 4813) +* \label: \label. (line 1007) +* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 1242) +* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 1242) +* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 1242) +* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 1242) +* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 1534) +* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 1534) +* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 1534) +* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 1534) +* \labelsep: itemize. (line 1557) +* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 1560) +* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 3383) +* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 3386) +* \land: Math symbols. (line 3389) +* \langle: Math symbols. (line 3392) +* \large: Font sizes. (line 719) +* \Large: Font sizes. (line 719) +* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 719) +* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 4531) +* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 4534) +* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 3395) +* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 3398) +* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 3401) +* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 4544) +* \le: Math symbols. (line 3404) +* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 3407) +* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math miscellany. (line 3987) +* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3409) +* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3412) +* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 1281) +* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 3415) +* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 3418) +* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 1541) +* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 1541) +* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 1541) +* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 1541) +* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 1541) +* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 1541) +* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 1541) +* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3421) +* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3424) +* \leq: Math symbols. (line 3427) +* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 3430) +* \lg: Math functions. (line 3852) +* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 3433) +* \lim: Math functions. (line 3855) +* \liminf: Math functions. (line 3858) +* \limsup: Math functions. (line 3861) +* \line: \line. (line 1832) * \linebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. - (line 2381) + (line 2521) * \linespread: Low-level font commands. - (line 662) -* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 1708) + (line 793) +* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 1846) * \linewidth: Page layout parameters. - (line 764) -* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 4780) -* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 4780) -* \listparindent: itemize. (line 1426) -* \ll: Math symbols. (line 3293) -* \ln: Math functions. (line 3721) -* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 3296) -* \location: \location. (line 4967) -* \log: Math functions. (line 3724) -* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3299) -* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3302) -* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 3305) -* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3308) -* \lor: Math symbols. (line 3311) -* \lq: Text symbols. (line 4390) -* \makebox: \makebox. (line 4208) -* \makebox (picture): \makebox (picture). (line 1627) -* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 4834) -* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 4849) -* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 4975) -* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 3922) -* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 3314) -* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 2924) -* \marginparpush: Marginal notes. (line 2951) -* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 2955) -* \marginparwidth: Marginal notes. (line 2959) -* \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 3995) -* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 4002) -* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 509) -* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 525) -* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 522) -* \mathring: Math accents. (line 3794) -* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 506) -* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 512) -* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 515) -* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 527) -* \max: Math functions. (line 3727) -* \mbox: \mbox. (line 4169) -* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 482) + (line 895) +* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 4940) +* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 4940) +* \listparindent: itemize. (line 1563) +* \ll: Math symbols. (line 3436) +* \ln: Math functions. (line 3864) +* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 3439) +* \location: \location. (line 5128) +* \log: Math functions. (line 3867) +* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 3442) +* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3445) +* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 3448) +* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3451) +* \lor: Math symbols. (line 3454) +* \lq: Text symbols. (line 4550) +* \makebox: \makebox. (line 4365) +* \makebox (for 'picture'): \makebox (picture). (line 1765) +* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 4995) +* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 5010) +* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 5136) +* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 4068) +* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 3457) +* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 3067) +* \marginparpush: Marginal notes. (line 3094) +* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 3098) +* \marginparwidth: Marginal notes. (line 3102) +* \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 4142) +* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 4149) +* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 640) +* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 656) +* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 653) +* \mathring: Math accents. (line 3937) +* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 637) +* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 643) +* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 646) +* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 658) +* \max: Math functions. (line 3870) +* \mbox: \mbox. (line 4326) +* \mbox, and LR mode: Modes. (line 4041) +* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 613) * \medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4130) + (line 4287) * \medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4130) -* \mho: Math symbols. (line 3317) -* \mid: Math symbols. (line 3319) -* \min: Math functions. (line 3730) -* \models: Math symbols. (line 3322) -* \month: \day \month \year. (line 2821) -* \mp: Math symbols. (line 3325) -* \mu: Math symbols. (line 3328) -* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 2066) -* \multiput: \multiput. (line 1732) -* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 3331) -* \name: \name. (line 4983) -* \natural: Math symbols. (line 3334) -* \ne: Math symbols. (line 3337) -* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 3340) -* \neg: Math symbols. (line 3343) -* \neq: Math symbols. (line 3346) + (line 4287) +* \mho: Math symbols. (line 3460) +* \mid: Math symbols. (line 3462) +* \min: Math functions. (line 3873) +* \models: Math symbols. (line 3465) +* \month: \day \month \year. (line 2964) +* \mp: Math symbols. (line 3468) +* \mu: Math symbols. (line 3471) +* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 2206) +* \multiput: \multiput. (line 1870) +* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 3474) +* \name: \name. (line 5144) +* \natural: Math symbols. (line 3477) +* \ne: Math symbols. (line 3480) +* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 3483) +* \neg: Math symbols. (line 3486) +* \neq: Math symbols. (line 3489) * \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand. - (line 2543) -* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 2579) + (line 2683) +* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 2721) * \newenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 2618) -* \newfont: \newfont. (line 2685) -* \newlength: \newlength. (line 2594) -* \newline: \newline. (line 2328) -* \NEWLINE: \SPACE. (line 4049) -* \newpage: \newpage. (line 2419) -* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 2608) -* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 2657) -* \newtie: Accents. (line 4608) + (line 2760) +* \newfont: \newfont. (line 2827) +* \newlength: \newlength. (line 2736) +* \newline: \newline. (line 2468) +* \NEWLINE: \SPACE. (line 4196) +* \newpage: \newpage. (line 2559) +* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 2750) +* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 2799) +* \newtie: Accents. (line 4768) * \ng: Non-English characters. - (line 4657) + (line 4817) * \NG: Non-English characters. - (line 4657) -* \ni: Math symbols. (line 3349) -* \nocite: \nocite. (line 2169) -* \nofiles: Tables of contents. (line 4784) -* \noindent: \noindent. (line 2911) + (line 4817) +* \ni: Math symbols. (line 3492) +* \nocite: \nocite. (line 2309) +* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 595) +* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 595) +* \nofiles: Tables of contents. (line 4945) +* \noindent: \noindent. (line 3054) * \nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. - (line 2381) -* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 1143) + (line 2521) +* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 1276) * \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 2440) -* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 503) -* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 2939) -* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 588) -* \not: Math symbols. (line 3352) -* \notin: Math symbols. (line 3355) -* \nu: Math symbols. (line 3358) -* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 3361) + (line 2580) +* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 634) +* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 3082) +* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 719) +* \not: Math symbols. (line 3495) +* \notin: Math symbols. (line 3498) +* \nu: Math symbols. (line 3501) +* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 3504) * \o (/o): Non-English characters. - (line 4661) + (line 4821) * \O (/O): Non-English characters. - (line 4661) + (line 4821) * \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr. - (line 2319) + (line 2459) * \oddsidemargin: Document class options. - (line 416) -* \odot: Math symbols. (line 3364) + (line 541) +* \odot: Math symbols. (line 3507) * \oe (oe): Non-English characters. - (line 4665) + (line 4825) * \OE (OE): Non-English characters. - (line 4665) -* \oint: Math symbols. (line 3367) -* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 531) -* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 3370) -* \omega: Math symbols. (line 3373) -* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 3376) -* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 684) -* \opening: \opening. (line 4991) -* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 3379) -* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 3382) -* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 3385) -* \oval: \oval. (line 1742) -* \overbrace{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 3849) -* \overline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 3853) -* \owns: Math symbols. (line 3388) -* \P: Text symbols. (line 4393) + (line 4825) +* \oint: Math symbols. (line 3510) +* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 662) +* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 3513) +* \omega: Math symbols. (line 3516) +* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 3519) +* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 815) +* \opening: \opening. (line 5152) +* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 3522) +* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 3525) +* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 3528) +* \oval: \oval. (line 1880) +* \overbrace{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 3992) +* \overline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 3996) +* \owns: Math symbols. (line 3531) +* \P: Text symbols. (line 4553) * \pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. - (line 2440) -* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 3948) -* \pageref: \pageref. (line 908) -* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 3972) -* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 826) -* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 3391) -* \parbox: \parbox. (line 4233) -* \parindent: minipage. (line 1529) -* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 2900) -* \parsep: itemize. (line 1444) -* \parskip: \parskip. (line 2918) -* \parskip example: itemize. (line 1460) -* \part: Sectioning. (line 820) -* \partial: Math symbols. (line 3394) -* \partopsep: itemize. (line 1454) -* \perp: Math symbols. (line 3397) -* \phi: Math symbols. (line 3400) -* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 3403) -* \pi: Math symbols. (line 3406) -* \pm: Math symbols. (line 3409) -* \pmod: Math functions. (line 3733) -* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 1899) -* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 1900) -* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 4397) -* \Pr: Math functions. (line 3736) -* \prec: Math symbols. (line 3412) -* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 3415) -* \prime: Math symbols. (line 3418) -* \prod: Math symbols. (line 3421) -* \propto: Math symbols. (line 3424) -* \protect: \protect. (line 2699) -* \ps: \ps. (line 5003) -* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 3427) -* \psi: Math symbols. (line 3430) -* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 1902) -* \put: \put. (line 1766) -* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 4401) -* \quotesinglbase (,): Text symbols. (line 4402) -* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 4602) -* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 743) -* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 1361) -* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 1335) -* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 4273) -* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 3433) -* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 3436) -* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 3439) -* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 3442) -* \Re: Math symbols. (line 3445) -* \ref: \ref. (line 918) -* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 2808) + (line 2580) +* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 4094) +* \pageref: \pageref. (line 1040) +* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 4119) +* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 957) +* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 3534) +* \parbox: \parbox. (line 4390) +* \parindent: minipage. (line 1666) +* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 3043) +* \parsep: itemize. (line 1581) +* \parskip: \parskip. (line 3061) +* \parskip example: itemize. (line 1597) +* \part: Sectioning. (line 951) +* \partial: Math symbols. (line 3537) +* \partopsep: itemize. (line 1591) +* \perp: Math symbols. (line 3540) +* \phi: Math symbols. (line 3543) +* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 3546) +* \pi: Math symbols. (line 3549) +* \pm: Math symbols. (line 3552) +* \pmod: Math functions. (line 3876) +* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 2039) +* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 2040) +* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 4557) +* \Pr: Math functions. (line 3879) +* \prec: Math symbols. (line 3555) +* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 3558) +* \prime: Math symbols. (line 3561) +* \prod: Math symbols. (line 3564) +* \propto: Math symbols. (line 3567) +* \protect: \protect. (line 2841) +* \ps: \ps. (line 5164) +* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 3570) +* \psi: Math symbols. (line 3573) +* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 2042) +* \put: \put. (line 1904) +* \quotedblbase (,,): Text symbols. (line 4561) +* \quotesinglbase (,): Text symbols. (line 4562) +* \r (ring accent): Accents. (line 4762) +* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 874) +* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 1498) +* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 1472) +* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 4430) +* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 3576) +* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 3579) +* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 3582) +* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 3585) +* \Re: Math symbols. (line 3588) +* \ref: \ref. (line 1050) +* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 2951) * \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. - (line 2618) + (line 2760) * \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr. - (line 2319) -* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 2939) -* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 3448) -* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 3451) -* \rho: Math symbols. (line 3454) -* \right: Math miscellany. (line 3845) -* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3457) -* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3460) -* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 3463) -* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 3466) -* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 3469) -* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 1430) -* \rm: Font styles. (line 558) -* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 473) + (line 2459) +* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 3082) +* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 3591) +* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 3594) +* \rho: Math symbols. (line 3597) +* \right: Math miscellany. (line 3988) +* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3600) +* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 3603) +* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 3606) +* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 3609) +* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 3612) +* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 1567) +* \rm: Font styles. (line 689) +* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 604) * \roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2747) -* \roman <1>: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. - (line 2750) -* \rq: Text symbols. (line 4405) -* \rule: \rule. (line 4678) -* \S: Text symbols. (line 4408) -* \savebox: \savebox. (line 4289) -* \sbox: \sbox. (line 4301) -* \sc: Font styles. (line 561) -* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 588) -* \scshape: Font styles. (line 497) -* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 3472) -* \sec: Math functions. (line 3739) -* \section: Sectioning. (line 823) -* \seename: Indexes. (line 4863) + (line 2889) +* \Roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 2892) +* \rq: Text symbols. (line 4565) +* \rule: \rule. (line 4838) +* \S: Text symbols. (line 4568) +* \savebox: \savebox. (line 4446) +* \sbox: \sbox. (line 4458) +* \sc: Font styles. (line 692) +* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 719) +* \scshape: Font styles. (line 628) +* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 3615) +* \sec: Math functions. (line 3882) +* \section: Sectioning. (line 954) +* \seename: Indexes. (line 5024) * \selectfont: Low-level font commands. - (line 668) -* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 2792) -* \setlength: \setlength. (line 2838) -* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 3475) -* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 2851) -* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 2859) -* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 2867) -* \sf: Font styles. (line 564) -* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 494) -* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 3478) -* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 1774) -* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 3481) -* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 3484) -* \signature: \signature. (line 5009) -* \sim: Math symbols. (line 3487) -* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 3490) -* \sin: Math functions. (line 3742) -* \sinh: Math functions. (line 3745) -* \sl: Font styles. (line 567) -* \slshape: Font styles. (line 491) -* \small: Font sizes. (line 588) -* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 3493) + (line 799) +* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 2935) +* \setlength: \setlength. (line 2981) +* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 3618) +* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 2994) +* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 3002) +* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 3010) +* \sf: Font styles. (line 695) +* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 625) +* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 3621) +* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 1914) +* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 3624) +* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 3627) +* \signature: \signature. (line 5170) +* \sim: Math symbols. (line 3630) +* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 3633) +* \sin: Math functions. (line 3885) +* \sinh: Math functions. (line 3888) +* \sl: Font styles. (line 698) +* \slshape: Font styles. (line 622) +* \small: Font sizes. (line 719) +* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 3636) * \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4134) + (line 4292) * \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. - (line 4134) -* \smile: Math symbols. (line 3496) -* \SPACE: \SPACE. (line 4049) -* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 3499) -* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 3502) -* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 3505) -* \sqrt[ROOT]{arg}: Math miscellany. (line 3856) -* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 3508) -* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 3511) -* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 3514) -* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 3517) + (line 4292) +* \smile: Math symbols. (line 3639) +* \SPACE: \SPACE. (line 4196) +* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 3642) +* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 3645) +* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 3648) +* \sqrt[ROOT]{arg}: Math miscellany. (line 3999) +* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 3651) +* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 3654) +* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 3657) +* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 3660) * \ss (ss): Non-English characters. - (line 4669) + (line 4829) * \SS (SS): Non-English characters. - (line 4669) -* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: Math miscellany. (line 3862) -* \star: Math symbols. (line 3520) -* \startbreaks: \startbreaks. (line 5015) -* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 2815) -* \stop: Command line. (line 5079) -* \stopbreaks: \stopbreaks. (line 5022) -* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 827) -* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 824) -* \subset: Math symbols. (line 3523) -* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 3526) -* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 825) -* \succ: Math symbols. (line 3529) -* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 3532) -* \sum: Math symbols. (line 3535) -* \sup: Math functions. (line 3748) -* \supset: Math symbols. (line 3538) -* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 3541) -* \surd: Math symbols. (line 3544) -* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 3547) + (line 4829) +* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: Math miscellany. (line 4005) +* \star: Math symbols. (line 3663) +* \startbreaks: \startbreaks. (line 5176) +* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 2958) +* \stop: Command line. (line 5243) +* \stopbreaks: \stopbreaks. (line 5183) +* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 958) +* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 955) +* \subset: Math symbols. (line 3666) +* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 3669) +* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 956) +* \succ: Math symbols. (line 3672) +* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 3675) +* \sum: Math symbols. (line 3678) +* \sup: Math functions. (line 3891) +* \supset: Math symbols. (line 3681) +* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 3684) +* \surd: Math symbols. (line 3687) +* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 3690) * \symbol: Reserved characters. - (line 4348) -* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 4608) -* \TAB: \SPACE. (line 4049) -* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 1907) -* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 2058) -* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 4770) -* \tan: Math functions. (line 3751) -* \tanh: Math functions. (line 3754) -* \tau: Math symbols. (line 3550) -* \telephone: \telephone. (line 5029) -* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 4411) -* \textascenderwordmark: Text symbols. (line 4449) -* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 4414) -* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 4417) -* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 4420) -* \textbackslash: Text symbols. (line 4423) -* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 4426) -* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 4429) -* \textbf: Font styles. (line 485) -* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 4432) -* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 4435) -* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 4438) -* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 4441) -* \textcapitalwordmark: Text symbols. (line 4448) -* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 4444) -* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 4447) -* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 4365) -* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 4454) -* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 4457) -* \textdollar (or '$'): Text symbols. (line 4460) -* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 4386) -* \textemdash (or '---'): Text symbols. (line 4463) -* \textendash (or '--'): Text symbols. (line 4466) -* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 4469) -* \textexclamdown (or '!`'): Text symbols. (line 4472) -* \textfloatsep: figure. (line 1256) -* \textfraction: figure. (line 1236) -* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 4475) + (line 4505) +* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 4768) +* \TAB: \SPACE. (line 4196) +* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 2047) +* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 2198) +* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 4930) +* \tan: Math functions. (line 3894) +* \tanh: Math functions. (line 3897) +* \tau: Math symbols. (line 3693) +* \telephone: \telephone. (line 5190) +* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 4571) +* \textascenderwordmark: Text symbols. (line 4609) +* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 4574) +* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 4577) +* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 4580) +* \textbackslash: Text symbols. (line 4583) +* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 4586) +* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 4589) +* \textbf: Font styles. (line 616) +* \textbigcircle: Text symbols. (line 4592) +* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 4595) +* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 4598) +* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 4601) +* \textcapitalwordmark: Text symbols. (line 4608) +* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 4604) +* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 4607) +* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 4522) +* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 4614) +* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 4617) +* \textdollar (or '$'): Text symbols. (line 4620) +* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 4546) +* \textemdash (or '---'): Text symbols. (line 4623) +* \textendash (or '--'): Text symbols. (line 4626) +* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 4629) +* \textexclamdown (or '!`'): Text symbols. (line 4632) +* \textfloatsep: figure. (line 1389) +* \textfraction: figure. (line 1369) +* \textgreater: Text symbols. (line 4635) * \textheight: Page layout parameters. - (line 772) -* \textit: Font styles. (line 476) -* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 4481) -* \textless: Text symbols. (line 4478) -* \textmd: Font styles. (line 482) -* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 503) -* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 4484) -* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 4485) -* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 4394) -* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 4488) -* \textquestiondown (or '?`'): Text symbols. (line 4491) -* \textquotedblleft (or '``'): Text symbols. (line 4494) -* \textquotedblright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 4497) -* \textquoteleft (or '`'): Text symbols. (line 4500) -* \textquoteright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 4503) -* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 4506) -* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 4507) -* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 4510) -* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 4513) -* \textrm: Font styles. (line 473) -* \textsc: Font styles. (line 497) -* \textsf: Font styles. (line 494) -* \textsl: Font styles. (line 491) -* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 4398) -* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 4516) -* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 4519) -* \texttt: Font styles. (line 500) -* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 4522) -* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 4525) -* \textup: Font styles. (line 488) -* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 4528) + (line 903) +* \textit: Font styles. (line 607) +* \textleftarrow: Text symbols. (line 4641) +* \textless: Text symbols. (line 4638) +* \textmd: Font styles. (line 613) +* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 634) +* \textordfeminine: Text symbols. (line 4644) +* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 4645) +* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 4554) +* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 4648) +* \textquestiondown (or '?`'): Text symbols. (line 4651) +* \textquotedblleft (or '``'): Text symbols. (line 4654) +* \textquotedblright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 4657) +* \textquoteleft (or '`'): Text symbols. (line 4660) +* \textquoteright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 4663) +* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 4666) +* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 4667) +* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 4670) +* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 4673) +* \textrm: Font styles. (line 604) +* \textsc: Font styles. (line 628) +* \textsf: Font styles. (line 625) +* \textsl: Font styles. (line 622) +* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 4558) +* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 4676) +* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 4679) +* \texttt: Font styles. (line 631) +* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 4682) +* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 4685) +* \textup: Font styles. (line 619) +* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 4688) * \textwidth: Page layout parameters. - (line 779) + (line 910) * \th (th): Non-English characters. - (line 4673) + (line 4833) * \TH (TH): Non-English characters. - (line 4673) -* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 3937) -* \theta: Math symbols. (line 3553) -* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 1718) -* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 1725) -* \thinspace: \thinspace. (line 4075) -* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 4008) -* \tilde: Math accents. (line 3797) -* \times: Math symbols. (line 3556) -* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 588) -* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 3941) -* \to: Math symbols. (line 3559) -* \today: \today. (line 4697) -* \top: Math symbols. (line 3562) -* \topfraction: figure. (line 1241) + (line 4833) +* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 4083) +* \theta: Math symbols. (line 3696) +* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 1856) +* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 1863) +* \thinspace: \thinspace. (line 4222) +* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 4155) +* \tilde: Math accents. (line 3940) +* \times: Math symbols. (line 3699) +* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 719) +* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 4087) +* \to: Math symbols. (line 3702) +* \today: \today. (line 4857) +* \top: Math symbols. (line 3705) +* \topfraction: figure. (line 1374) * \topmargin: Page layout parameters. - (line 803) -* \topnumber: figure. (line 1266) -* \topsep: itemize. (line 1448) + (line 934) +* \topsep: itemize. (line 1585) * \topskip: Page layout parameters. - (line 810) -* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 2879) -* \totalnumber: figure. (line 1270) -* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 3565) -* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 3568) -* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 3571) -* \tt: Font styles. (line 570) -* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 500) -* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 690) -* \typein: \typein. (line 5040) -* \typeout: \typeout. (line 5054) -* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 4613) -* \unboldmath: Math formulas. (line 2994) -* \underbar: Accents. (line 4616) -* \underbrace{math}: Math miscellany. (line 3866) -* \underline{text}: Math miscellany. (line 3869) -* \unitlength: picture. (line 1550) -* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 3574) -* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 3577) -* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 3580) -* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 3583) -* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 3586) -* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 3589) -* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 3592) -* \upshape: Font styles. (line 488) -* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 3595) -* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 3598) -* \usebox: \usebox. (line 4313) -* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 2767) + (line 941) +* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 3022) +* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 3708) +* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 3711) +* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 3714) +* \tt: Font styles. (line 701) +* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 631) +* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 821) +* \typein: \typein. (line 5201) +* \typeout: \typeout. (line 5215) +* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 4773) +* \unboldmath: Math formulas. (line 3137) +* \underbar: Accents. (line 4776) +* \underbrace{math}: Math miscellany. (line 4009) +* \underline{text}: Math miscellany. (line 4012) +* \unitlength: picture. (line 1687) +* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 3717) +* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 3720) +* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 3723) +* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 3726) +* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 3729) +* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 3732) +* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 3735) +* \upshape: Font styles. (line 619) +* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 3738) +* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 3741) +* \usebox: \usebox. (line 4470) +* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 2910) * \usefont: Low-level font commands. - (line 672) + (line 803) * \usepackage: Document class options. - (line 435) -* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 4623) -* \value: \value. (line 2778) -* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 3601) -* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 3604) -* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 3607) -* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 3610) -* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 3613) -* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 3616) -* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 3619) -* \vdots: Math miscellany. (line 3874) -* \vdots <1>: Math miscellany. (line 3875) -* \vec: Math accents. (line 3800) -* \vector: \vector. (line 1793) -* \vee: Math symbols. (line 3622) -* \verb: \verb. (line 2261) -* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 3625) -* \vert: Math symbols. (line 3628) -* \vfill: \vfill. (line 4142) -* \vline: \vline. (line 2106) -* \vspace: \vspace. (line 4149) -* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 3631) -* \widehat: Math accents. (line 3803) -* \widehat <1>: Math accents. (line 3806) -* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 2873) -* \wp: Math symbols. (line 3634) -* \wr: Math symbols. (line 3637) -* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 3640) -* \xi: Math symbols. (line 3643) -* \year: \day \month \year. (line 2821) -* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 3646) -* \[: Math formulas. (line 2981) -* \\ (for 'array'): array. (line 971) -* \\ (for 'center'): center. (line 1003) -* \\ (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 1135) -* \\ (for 'flushright'): flushright. (line 1354) -* \\ (for '\shortstack' objects): \shortstack. (line 1788) -* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1852) -* \\ for 'flushleft': flushleft. (line 1328) -* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 4915) -* \\ for 'tabular': tabular. (line 1969) -* \\ for 'verse': verse. (line 2289) -* \\ for '\author': \maketitle. (line 3928) -* \\ for '\title': \maketitle. (line 3942) -* \\ force line break: \\. (line 2309) -* \\* (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 1140) -* \]: Math formulas. (line 2981) + (line 559) +* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 4783) +* \value: \value. (line 2921) +* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 3744) +* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 3747) +* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 3750) +* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 3753) +* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 3756) +* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 3759) +* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 3762) +* \vdots: Math miscellany. (line 4017) +* \vdots <1>: Math miscellany. (line 4018) +* \vec: Math accents. (line 3943) +* \vector: \vector. (line 1933) +* \vee: Math symbols. (line 3765) +* \verb: \verb. (line 2401) +* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 3768) +* \vert: Math symbols. (line 3771) +* \vfill: \vfill. (line 4299) +* \vline: \vline. (line 2246) +* \vspace: \vspace. (line 4306) +* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 3774) +* \widehat: Math accents. (line 3946) +* \widehat <1>: Math accents. (line 3949) +* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 3016) +* \wp: Math symbols. (line 3777) +* \wr: Math symbols. (line 3780) +* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 3783) +* \xi: Math symbols. (line 3786) +* \year: \day \month \year. (line 2964) +* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 3789) +* \[: Math formulas. (line 3124) +* \\ (for 'array'): array. (line 1104) +* \\ (for 'center'): center. (line 1136) +* \\ (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 1268) +* \\ (for 'flushright'): flushright. (line 1491) +* \\ (for '\shortstack' objects): \shortstack. (line 1928) +* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1992) +* \\ for 'flushleft': flushleft. (line 1465) +* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 5076) +* \\ for 'tabular': tabular. (line 2109) +* \\ for 'verse': verse. (line 2429) +* \\ for '\author': \maketitle. (line 4074) +* \\ for '\title': \maketitle. (line 4088) +* \\ force line break: \\. (line 2449) +* \\* (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 1273) +* \]: Math formulas. (line 3124) * \^: Reserved characters. - (line 4344) -* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 4561) + (line 4501) +* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 4721) * \_: Reserved characters. - (line 4334) -* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 4565) -* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 1879) + (line 4491) +* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 4725) +* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 2019) * \{: Reserved characters. - (line 4334) -* \|: Math symbols. (line 3021) + (line 4491) +* \|: Math symbols. (line 3164) * \}: Reserved characters. - (line 4334) + (line 4491) * \~: Reserved characters. - (line 4344) -* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 4571) + (line 4501) +* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 4731) * ^: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 3007) + (line 3150) * _: Subscripts & superscripts. - (line 3007) -* {...} for required arguments: Overview. (line 326) + (line 3150) +* {...} for required arguments: LaTeX command syntax. + (line 435) * a4paper option: Document class options. - (line 385) + (line 503) * a5paper option: Document class options. - (line 385) -* abstract environment: abstract. (line 940) -* array environment: array. (line 951) -* article class: Document classes. (line 362) + (line 503) +* abstract environment: abstract. (line 1072) +* array environment: array. (line 1083) +* article class: Document classes. (line 464) * b5paper option: Document class options. - (line 385) -* book class: Document classes. (line 362) -* center environment: center. (line 996) -* description environment: description. (line 1033) -* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 1056) -* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 2971) -* document environment: document. (line 1076) + (line 503) +* book class: Document classes. (line 464) +* bottomnumber: figure. (line 1395) +* center environment: center. (line 1129) +* clock option to 'slides' class: Document class options. + (line 556) +* dbltopnumber: figure. (line 1399) +* description environment: description. (line 1166) +* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 1189) +* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 3114) +* document environment: document. (line 1209) * draft option: Document class options. - (line 390) -* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 1082) -* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 1120) -* equation environment: equation. (line 1155) -* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 2971) + (line 508) +* dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 347) +* dvips command: Output files. (line 347) +* dvitype command: Output files. (line 347) +* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 1215) +* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 1253) +* equation environment: equation. (line 1288) +* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 3114) +* etex command: TeX engines. (line 395) * executivepaper option: Document class options. - (line 385) -* figure: figure. (line 1168) -* filecontents: filecontents. (line 1279) + (line 503) +* figure: figure. (line 1301) +* filecontents: filecontents. (line 1416) * final option: Document class options. - (line 390) + (line 508) +* first-latex-doc document: About this document. + (line 274) * fleqn option: Document class options. - (line 390) -* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 1322) -* flushright environment: flushright. (line 1348) -* indexspace: Indexes. (line 4875) -* itemize environment: itemize. (line 1374) + (line 508) +* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 1459) +* flushright environment: flushright. (line 1485) +* <http://home.gna.org/latexrefman> home page: About this document. + (line 247) +* indexspace: Indexes. (line 5036) +* itemize environment: itemize. (line 1511) * landscape option: Document class options. - (line 390) -* latex command: Overview. (line 293) + (line 508) +* latex command: Output files. (line 347) +* latex-doc-ptr document: About this document. + (line 271) * <latexrefman-discuss@gna.org> email address: About this document. - (line 253) + (line 258) * legalpaper option: Document class options. - (line 385) + (line 503) * leqno option: Document class options. - (line 390) -* letter: letter. (line 1476) -* letter class: Document classes. (line 362) + (line 508) +* letter: letter. (line 1613) +* letter class: Document classes. (line 464) * letterpaper option: Document class options. - (line 385) -* list: list. (line 1481) -* lR box: picture. (line 1606) -* lrbox: lrbox. (line 4198) -* lualatex command: Overview. (line 307) -* math environment: math. (line 1506) -* math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 2971) -* minipage environment: minipage. (line 1518) + (line 503) +* list: list. (line 1618) +* lR box: picture. (line 1743) +* lrbox: lrbox. (line 4355) +* lshort document: About this document. + (line 281) +* lualatex command: TeX engines. (line 412) +* math environment: math. (line 1643) +* math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 3114) +* minipage environment: minipage. (line 1655) * notitlepage option: Document class options. - (line 390) + (line 508) * onecolumn option: Document class options. - (line 410) + (line 535) * oneside option: Document class options. - (line 410) + (line 535) * openany option: Document class options. - (line 410) + (line 535) * openbib option: Document class options. - (line 390) + (line 508) * openright option: Document class options. - (line 410) -* pdflatex command: Overview. (line 301) -* picture: picture. (line 1546) -* printindex: Indexes. (line 4871) -* quotation: quotation. (line 1804) -* quote: quote. (line 1819) -* report class: Document classes. (line 362) -* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 859) -* slides class: Document classes. (line 362) -* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 1834) -* table: table. (line 1925) -* tabular environment: tabular. (line 1952) -* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 4360) -* thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 2113) -* theorem environment: theorem. (line 2214) -* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 2227) + (line 535) +* pdflatex command: Output files. (line 357) +* picture: picture. (line 1683) +* printindex: Indexes. (line 5032) +* quotation: quotation. (line 1944) +* quote: quote. (line 1959) +* report class: Document classes. (line 464) +* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 990) +* slides class: Document classes. (line 464) +* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 1974) +* table: table. (line 2065) +* tabular environment: tabular. (line 2092) +* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 4517) +* thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 2253) +* theorem environment: theorem. (line 2354) +* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 2367) * titlepage option: Document class options. - (line 390) + (line 508) +* topnumber: figure. (line 1403) +* totalnumber: figure. (line 1407) * twocolumn option: Document class options. - (line 410) + (line 535) * twoside option: Document class options. - (line 410) -* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 2244) -* verse environment: verse. (line 2278) -* xelatex command: Overview. (line 310) + (line 535) +* usrguide official documentation: About this document. + (line 277) +* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 2384) +* verse environment: verse. (line 2418) +* xdvi command: Output files. (line 347) +* xelatex command: TeX engines. (line 421) diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml index b83ec51dae9..ed9dcb8d7ef 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml @@ -1,35 +1,36 @@ <?xml version="1.0"?> -<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V5.0//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/5.0/texinfo.dtd"> +<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V6.0//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/6.0/texinfo.dtd"> <texinfo xml:lang="en"> <filename file="latex2e.xml"></filename> <preamble>\input texinfo -</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 282 2014-05-19 16:31:57Z karl $ --> +</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 333 2015-05-12 17:12:37Z karl $ --> <!-- comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> <setfilename file="latex2e.info" spaces=" ">latex2e.info</setfilename> -<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED May 2014">May 2014</set> -<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e reference manual (May 2014)</settitle> +<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED May 2015">May 2015</set> +<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (May 2015)</settitle> <!-- comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> <!-- c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, --> <!-- c xx but latex2e stuff is missing. --> +<!-- c xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file --> <!-- c --> -<!-- c xx mention \nocorr, \textit and ic --> -<!-- c xx give actual smallskip/etc. defaults --> +<!-- c xx ending a run with errors --> +<!-- c xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX --> +<!-- c xx classes and packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts --> <!-- c --> -<!-- c xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) --> +<!-- c xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) --> +<!-- c xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/latex2e-reference.tar.gz --> <!-- c xx merge permuted-index --> <!-- c xx merge latex-manual from savannah --> <!-- c --> <!-- c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel --> <!-- c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. --> <!-- c xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands. --> -<!-- c xx See also http://www.ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. --> -<!-- c --> -<!-- c xx packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts --> +<!-- c xx See also http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. --> <copying endspaces=" "> <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of May 2014. +document preparation system, version of May 2015. </para> <para>This manual was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -38,13 +39,13 @@ George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The &latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges using <cite>Hypertext Help with &latex;</cite>, by Sheldon Green, and -<cite>&latex; Command Summary</cite> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway -and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as -<cite>&tex;niques</cite> number 10), as reference material (no text was -directly copied). +<cite>&latex; Command Summary</cite> (for &latex; 2.09) by +L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users +Group as <cite>&tex;niques</cite> number 10), as reference material (no +text was directly copied). </para> <para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014 Karl Berry.&linebreak; +2014, 2015 Karl Berry.&linebreak; Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak; Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. </para> @@ -78,8 +79,8 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. </tex> <titlepage endspaces=" "> -<title spaces=" ">&latex;: An unofficial reference manual</title> -<subtitle spaces=" ">May 2014</subtitle> +<title spaces=" ">&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title> +<subtitle spaces=" ">May 2015</subtitle> <author spaces=" "><url><urefurl>http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</urefurl></url></author> <page></page> <vskip> 0pt plus 1filll</vskip> @@ -90,17 +91,14 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <contents></contents> <node name="Top" spaces=" "><nodename>Top</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">About this document</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">(dir)</nodeup></node> -<top spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex;2e</sectiontitle> +<top spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</sectiontitle> -<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version as of May 2014. It is -intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of -&latex; for many years. +<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of +May 2015) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">About this document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bug reporting, etc. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Overview</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">What is &latex;? -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Starting & ending</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The standard beginning and end of a document. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Document classes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Some of the various classes available. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Fonts</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Italic, bold, typewriter, etc. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Layout</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Controlling the page layout. @@ -110,7 +108,7 @@ intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Line breaking</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Influencing line breaks. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Page breaking</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Influencing page breaks. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnotes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How to produce footnotes. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Definitions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define your own commands etc. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Definitions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define your own commands, etc. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Counters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Internal counters used by &latex;. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Lengths</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The length commands. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Making paragraphs</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Paragraph commands. @@ -122,7 +120,7 @@ intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Special insertions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting reserved and special characters. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Splitting the input</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Dealing with big files by splitting. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Front/back matter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Letters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The letter class. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Letters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The <code>letter</code> class. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Terminal input/output</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">User interaction. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Command line</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">System-independent command-line behavior. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Document templates</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Starter templates for various document classes. @@ -135,196 +133,367 @@ intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of <node name="About-this-document" spaces=" "><nodename>About this document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Overview</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Top</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>About this document</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1">Knuth, Donald E.</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="2">Lamport, Leslie</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="3">&latex; Project team</indexterm></cindex> -<para>The &latex; document preparation system is implemented as a macro -package for Donald E. Knuth&textrsquo;s &tex; typesetting program. -&latex; was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now -maintained by a group of volunteers (<url><urefurl>http://latex-project.org</urefurl></url>). -The official documentation written by the &latex; project is -available from their web site. -</para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="4">bug reporting</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="5">reporting bugs</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1"><email><emailaddress>latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org</emailaddress></email> <r>email address</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>The present document is completely unofficial and has not been -reviewed by the &latex; maintainers. Do not send bug reports or -anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all -comments to <email><emailaddress>latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org</emailaddress></email>. -</para> -<para>The home page for this document is +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1">bug reporting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="2">reporting bugs</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1"><url><urefurl>http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</urefurl></url> <r>home page</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>This is an unofficial reference manual for the &latex;2e document +preparation system, which is a macro package for the &tex; +typesetting program (<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>). This document&textrsquo;s home page is <url><urefurl>http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</urefurl></url>. That page has links to the -current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other -infrastructure. -</para> -<para>Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about -&latex;. Here are a few: +current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and +subscriptions, and other infrastructure. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="3">&latex; vs.&noeos; &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex> +<para>In this document, we will mostly just use &textlsquo;&latex;&textrsquo; rather than +&textlsquo;&latex;2e&textrsquo;, since the previous version of &latex; (2.09) was +retired many years ago. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="4">unofficial nature of this manual</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="5">&latex; Project team</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="2"><email><emailaddress>latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org</emailaddress></email> <r>email address</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>&latex; is currently maintained by a group of volunteers +(<url><urefurl>http://latex-project.org</urefurl></url>). The official documentation written by +the &latex; project is available from their web site. This document is +completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex; +maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this +document to them. Instead, please send all comments to +<email><emailaddress>latexrefman-discuss&arobase;gna.org</emailaddress></email>. +</para> +<para>This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources +of information about &latex;, at all levels. Here are a few +introductions. </para> <table commandarg="url" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation. +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="3">latex-doc-ptr <r>document</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="4">first-latex-doc <r>document</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The guide for document authors maintained as part of &latex;; there -are several others. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="5">usrguide <r>official documentation</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of &latex;; +there are plenty of others available elsewhere. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="6">lshort <r>document</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>A short introduction to &latex;, translated to many languages. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://tug.org/begin.html</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;. -</para></tableitem></tableentry></table> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;, with further +references. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry></table> </chapter> -<node name="Overview" spaces=" "><nodename>Overview</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Starting & ending</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">About this document</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> +<node name="Overview" spaces=" "><nodename>Overview</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Document classes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">About this document</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Overview of &latex;</sectiontitle> -<para>What is &latex;? -</para> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="6">overview of &latex;</indexterm></cindex> <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="7">basics of &latex;</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="8">&latex; overview</indexterm></cindex> -<para>&latex; typesets a file of text using the &tex; program and the -&latex; &textldquo;macro package&textrdquo; for &tex;. That is, it processes an input -file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that -describe how the text should be formatted. &latex; files are plain -text that can be written in any reasonable editor. It produces at -least three files as output: +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="8">Knuth, Donald E.</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="9">Lamport, Leslie</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="10">&latex; overview</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>&latex; is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally +created by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers +(<url><urefurl>http://latex-project.org</urefurl></url>). It is widely used, particularly for +complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="11">macro package, &latex; as</indexterm></cindex> +<para>A &latex; user writes an input file containing text along with +interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text +should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands +that interface with Donald E. Knuth&textrsquo;s &tex; typesetting program +(the technical term is that &latex; is a <dfn>macro package</dfn> for the +&tex; engine). The user produces the output document by giving that +file to the &tex; engine. +</para> +<para>The term &latex; is also sometimes used to mean the language in which +the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands +available to a &latex; user. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="12">Lamport &tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="13">pronunciation</indexterm></cindex> +<para>The name &latex; is short for &textldquo;Lamport &tex;&textrdquo;. It is pronounced +LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, +produce the logo with <code>\LaTeX</code>. Where use of the logo is not +sensible, such as in plain text, write it as <samp>LaTeX</samp>. </para> -<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" "> -<listitem> -<para>The main output file, which is one of: +<menu endspaces=" "> +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Starting and ending</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The standard beginning and end of a document. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Output files</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Files produced. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&tex; engines</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Programs that implementation &latex;. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&latex; command syntax</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">General syntax of &latex; commands. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> + + +<node name="Starting-and-ending" spaces=" "><nodename>Starting and ending</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Output files</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Starting and ending</sectiontitle> + +<anchor name="Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</anchor><!-- c old name --> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="14">starting & ending</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="15">ending & starting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="16">hello, world</indexterm></cindex> + +<para>&latex; files have a simple global structure, with a standard +starting and ending. Here is a &textldquo;hello, world&textrdquo; example: +</para> +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{article} +\begin{document} +Hello, \LaTeX\ world. +\end{document} +</pre></example> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="17">document class, defined</indexterm></cindex> +<noindent></noindent> +<para>Here, the <samp>article</samp> is the so-called <dfn>document class</dfn>, +implemented in a file <file>article.cls</file>. Any document class can be +used. A few document classes are defined by &latex; itself, and vast +array of others are widely available. <xref label="Document-classes"><xrefnodename>Document classes</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="18">preamble, defined</indexterm></cindex> +<para>You can include other &latex; commands between the +<code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands. +This area is called the <dfn>preamble</dfn>. +</para> +<para>The <code>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> is a so-called +<dfn>environment</dfn>; the <samp>document</samp> environment (and no others) is +required in all &latex; documents. &latex; provides many +environments itself, and many more are defined separately. +<xref label="Environments"><xrefnodename>Environments</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> +<para>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from +a &latex; input file. +</para> + +</section> +<node name="Output-files" spaces=" "><nodename>Output files</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">&tex; engines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Starting and ending</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Output files</sectiontitle> + +<para>&latex; produces a main output file and at least two accessory files. +The main output file&textrsquo;s name ends in either <file>.dvi</file> or <file>.pdf</file>. </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.dvi</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="2">.dvi <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="3">latex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a &textldquo;Device Independent&textrdquo; (<file>.dvi</file>) -file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into -commands for virtually any output device. You can view such -<file>.dvi</file> output of &latex; by using a program such as -<command>xdvi</command> (display directly), <command>dvips</command> (convert to -PostScript), or <command>dvipdfmx</command> (convert to PDF). +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="7">.dvi <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="8">latex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="9">xdvi <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="10">dvips <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="11">dvipdfmx <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="12">dvitype <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>latex</command> then it +produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <file>.dvi</file>. You +can view this file with a command such as <command>xdvi</command>, or convert +it to a PostScript <code>.ps</code> file with <command>dvips</command> or to a +Portable Document Format <code>.pdf</code> file with <command>dvipdfmx</command>. +The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with +<command>dvitype</command>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are +available (<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware</urefurl></url>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.pdf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="4">.pdf <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="9">pdf&tex;</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="5">pdflatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a &textldquo;Portable Document Format&textrdquo; -(<file>.pdf</file>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with -all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does -make the output much larger than the <file>.dvi</file> produced from the -same document. -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="6">lualatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="10">Lua&tex;</indexterm></cindex> -<para>If invoked as <command>lualatex</command>, a <file>.pdf</file> file is created using -the Lua&tex; engine (<url><urefurl>http://luatex.org</urefurl></url>). -</para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="7">xelatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="11">Xe&tex;</indexterm></cindex> -<para>If invoked as <command>xelatex</command>, a <file>.pdf</file> file is created using -the Xe&tex; engine (<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/xetex</urefurl></url>). +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="13">.pdf <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="19">pdf&tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="14">pdflatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>pdflatex</command>, +among other commands (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>), then the main output is +a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a +self-contained file, with all fonts and images included. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> -<para>Many other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) exist, which -can produce HTML, XML, and other things. -</para> -</listitem><listitem> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="12">transcript file</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="13">log file</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="8">.log <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>The &textldquo;transcript&textrdquo; or <file>.log</file> file that contains summary -information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the -input file. -</para> -</listitem><listitem> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="14">auxiliary file</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="9">.aux <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>An &textldquo;auxiliary&textrdquo; or <file>.aux</file> file. This is used by &latex; itself, -for things such as cross-references. -</para></listitem></enumerate> - -<para>An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won&textrsquo;t try to -list them all. Xxx components? +<para>&latex; also produces at least two additional files. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="10">\ <r>character starting commands</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="11">[...] <r>for optional arguments</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="12">{...} <r>for required arguments</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <code>\</code>, -followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single -non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <code>[]</code>, are -optional while arguments contained in braces, <code>{}</code>, are -required. +<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.log</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="20">transcript file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="21">log file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="15">.log <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of +loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps +additional information for any errors. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.aux</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="22">auxiliary file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="16">.aux <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="23">cross references, resolving</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="24">forward references, resolving</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="25">references, resolving forward</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Auxiliary information is used by &latex; for things such as +cross references. For example, the first time that &latex; finds a +forward reference&textmdash;a cross reference to something that has not yet +appeared in the source&textmdash;it will appear in the output as a doubled +question mark <code>??</code>. When the referred-to spot does eventually +appear in the source then &latex; writes its location information to +this <code>.aux</code> file. On the next invocation, &latex; reads the +location information from this file and uses it to resolve the +reference, replacing the double question mark with the remembered +location. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="15">case sensitivity of &latex;</indexterm></cindex> -<para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless -explicitly directed to do otherwise. +</tableitem></tableentry></table> + +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="17">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="26">list of figures file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="18">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="27">list of tables file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="19">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="28">table of contents file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="29">contents file</indexterm></cindex> +<para>&latex; may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename +ending. These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list +of figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a +<code>.toc</code> file used to make a table of contents. A particular class +may create others; the list is open-ended. </para> -</chapter> -<node name="Starting-_0026-ending" spaces=" "><nodename>Starting & ending</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Document classes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Overview</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> -<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Starting & ending</sectiontitle> +</section> +<node name="TeX-engines" spaces=" "><nodename>&tex; engines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Output files</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&tex; engines</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="16">starting & ending</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="17">ending & starting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="30">engines, &tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="31">implementations of &tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="32">UTF-8</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="33">Unicode input, native</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="34">TrueType fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="35">OpenType fonts</indexterm></cindex> -<para>A minimal input file looks like the following: +<para>&latex; is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a &tex; +implementation (<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>). This section gives a terse +overview of the main programs. </para> -<example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{<var>class</var>} -\begin{document} -<var>your text</var> -\end{document} -</pre></example> +<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">latex</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pdflatex</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="36">pdf&tex; engine</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="20">etex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="37">e-&tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<para>In &tex; Live (<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/texlive</urefurl></url>, if &latex; is invoked +via either the system command <command>latex</command> or <command>pdflatex</command>, +then the pdf&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</urefurl></url>). +When invoked as <command>latex</command>, the main output is a <file>.dvi</file> +file; as <command>pdflatex</command>, the main output is a <file>.pdf</file> file. +</para> +<para>pdf&tex; incorporates the e-&tex; extensions to Knuth&textrsquo;s original +program (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/etex</urefurl></url>), including additional +programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of +extensions of its own. e-&tex; is available on its own as the +command <command>etex</command>, but this is plain &tex; (and produces +<file>.dvi</file>). +</para> +<para>In other &tex; distributions, <command>latex</command> may invoke e-&tex; +rather than pdf&tex;. In any case, the e-&tex; extensions can be +assumed to be available in &latex;. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">lualatex</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="21">lualatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="38">Lua&tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>lualatex</command>, the +Lua&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</urefurl></url>). This +program allows code written in the scripting language Lua +(<url><urefurl>http://luatex.org</urefurl></url>) to interact with &tex;&textrsquo;s typesetting. +Lua&tex; handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType +and TrueType fonts, and produces a <file>.pdf</file> file by default. +There is also <command>dvilualatex</command> to produce a <file>.dvi</file> file, +but this is rarely used. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">xelatex</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="22">xelatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="39">Xe&tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>xelatex</command>, the +Xe&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/xetex</urefurl></url>). Like Lua&tex;, +Xe&tex; also natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and +OpenType fonts, though the implementation is completely different, +mainly using external libraries instead of internal code. Xe&tex; +produces a <file>.pdf</file> file as output; it does not support DVI output. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry></table> -<noindent></noindent> -<para>where the <var>class</var> is a valid document class for &latex;. -<xref label="Document-classes"><xrefnodename>Document classes</xrefnodename></xref>, for details of the various document classes -available locally. +<para>Other variants of &latex; and &tex; exist, e.g., to provide +additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]p&tex;, +<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</urefurl></url>, <url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</urefurl></url>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="18">preamble, defined</indexterm></cindex> -<para>You may include other &latex; commands between the <code>\documentclass</code> -and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands (this area is called the -<dfn>preamble</dfn>). + +</section> +<node name="LaTeX-command-syntax" spaces=" "><nodename>&latex; command syntax</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">&tex; engines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex; command syntax</sectiontitle> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="40">command syntax</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="23">\ <r>character starting commands</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="24">[...] <r>for optional arguments</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="25">{...} <r>for required arguments</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <code>\</code>; the +name itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or +(b) a single non-letter. +</para> +<para>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either +required or optional. Required arguments are contained in curly +braces, <code>{...}</code>. Optional arguments are contained in square +brackets, <code>[...]</code>. Generally, but not universally, if the +command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any +required arguments. +</para> +<para>Some commands have a <code>*</code> form that is related to the form without +a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and <code>\chapter*</code>. +</para> +<para>&latex; commands are case sensitive; neither <code>\Begin{document}</code> +nor <code>\begin{Document}</code> will work. Most commands are lowercase, +but in any event you must enter all commands in the same case as they +are defined. +</para> +<para>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the +commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.&noeos; bugs). </para> +</section> </chapter> -<node name="Document-classes" spaces=" "><nodename>Document classes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Fonts</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Starting & ending</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> +<node name="Document-classes" spaces=" "><nodename>Document classes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Fonts</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Overview</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document classes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="19">document classes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="20">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="13">\documentclass</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="41">document classes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="42">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="26">\documentclass</indexterm></findex> -<para>The class of a given document is defined with the command: +<para>The document&textrsquo;s overall class is defined with this command, which is +normally the first command in a &latex; source file. </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>} </pre></example> -<noindent></noindent> -<para>The <code>\documentclass</code> command must be the first command in a -&latex; source file. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="27">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="28">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="29">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="30">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="31">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into &latex;. +(Many other document classes are available as separate packages; +<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>.) </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="14">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="15">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="16">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="17">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="18">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex> -<para>Built-in &latex; document <var>class</var> names are (many other document -classes are available as add-ons; <pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>): +<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">article</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use. </para> -<example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">article report book letter slides -</pre></example> - -<!-- c xx briefly describe each one --> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">book</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front +matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix +(<pxref label="Front_002fback-matter"><xrefnodename>Front/back matter</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">report</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>, +such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">slides</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>For slide presentations&textmdash;rarely used today. In its place the +<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent (<pxref label="beamer-template"><xrefnodename>beamer +template</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry></table> -<para>Standard <var>options</var> are described below. +<para>Standard <var>options</var> are described in the next section. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Document class options</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Global options. @@ -334,15 +503,14 @@ classes are available as add-ons; <pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview <node name="Document-class-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Document class options</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document class options</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="21">document class options</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="22">options, document class</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="23">class options</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="24">global options</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">document class options</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="44">options, document class</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45">class options</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46">global options</indexterm></cindex> -<para>You can specify so-called <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> -to the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square -brackets as usual. To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate -them with a comma: +<para>You can specify so-called <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> to +the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. +To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma, as in: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>} @@ -350,9 +518,9 @@ them with a comma: <para>Here is the list of the standard class options. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="19">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="20">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="21">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="32">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="33">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="34">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> <para>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>): </para> @@ -360,12 +528,12 @@ options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>): <pre xml:space="preserve">10pt 11pt 12pt </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="22">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="23">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="24">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="25">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="26">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="27">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> <para>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>): </para> @@ -373,40 +541,58 @@ size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>): <pre xml:space="preserve">a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="28">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="29">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="30">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="31">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="32">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="33">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="34">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Miscellaneous other options: </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft, final</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="25">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex> -<para>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <code>final</code>. -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">fleqn</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">landscape</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">leqno</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">openbib</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Use &textldquo;open&textrdquo; bibliography format. -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">titlepage, notitlepage</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">final</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a +black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">fleqn</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">centered equations</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">landscape</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">leqno</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">openbib</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Use &textldquo;open&textrdquo; bibliography format. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">titlepage</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">notitlepage</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<para>These options are not available with the slides class: +<para>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">onecolumn</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twocolumn</itemformat></itemx> @@ -414,43 +600,44 @@ size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>): </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">oneside</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twoside</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex> <para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except -for the <code>book</code> class. +that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>. </para> -<para>The <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code> parameter determines -the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the -page and the text&textrsquo;s left margin. The defaults vary with the paper -size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided -printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is -40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, -with <code>\evensidemargin</code> the remainder. +<para>For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For two-sided +printing, the <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code>) parameter +determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left +side of the page and the text&textrsquo;s left margin, with <code>\oddsidemargin</code> +being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and +<code>\textwidth</code>, and <code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">openright</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">openany</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a -right-hand page; default is <code>openright</code> for book. +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is +<code>openright</code> for <code>book</code>, and <code>openany</code> for <code>report</code>. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57">clock <r>option to <code>slides</code> class</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing the time at the bottom of each note. </para> - -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="26">packages, loading</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="27">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44">\usepackage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58">\usepackage</indexterm></findex> <para>Additional packages are loaded like this: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>} </pre></example> -<para>To specify more than one <var>pkg</var>, you can separate them with a -comma, or use multiple <code>\usepackage</code> commands. +<para>To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma, +as in <code>\usepackage{<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple +<code>\usepackage</code> commands. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="28">global options</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="29">options, global</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">global options</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">options, global</indexterm></cindex> <para>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with <code>\usepackage</code>. @@ -462,14 +649,14 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Fonts</sectiontitle> <anchor name="Typefaces">Typefaces</anchor><!-- c old name --> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="30">typefaces</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="31">fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">typefaces</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">fonts</indexterm></cindex> <para>Two important aspects of selecting a <dfn>font</dfn> are specifying a size and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> -<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Font styles</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select roman, italics etc. +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Font styles</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select roman, italics, etc. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Font sizes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select point size. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Low-level font commands</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select encoding, family, series, shape. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> @@ -478,9 +665,9 @@ and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. <node name="Font-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Font styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Font sizes</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font styles</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="32">font styles</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="33">typeface styles</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="34">styles of text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">font styles</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">typeface styles</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">styles of text</indexterm></cindex> <para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;. </para> @@ -491,84 +678,93 @@ arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. </para> <para>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, -are cumulative; e.g.,, you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or +are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code> to get bold sans serif. </para> <para>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for instance, <code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>. </para> -<para>These commands automatically supply an italic correction if needed. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60">\nocorr</indexterm></findex> +<para>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections +if needed. (<xref label="_005c_002f"><xrefnodename>\/</xrefnodename></xref>, for the details of italic corrections.) +Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following +character is in the list <code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists +of a period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of +italic correction, use <code>\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the +command argument, such as <code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or +<code>\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>. </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45">\textrm</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61">\textrm</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex> <para>Roman. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textit (\itshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47">\textit</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48">\itshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63">\textit</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64">\itshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Italics. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\emph</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49">\emph</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="35">emphasis</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65">\emph</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">emphasis</indexterm></cindex> <para>Emphasis (switches between <code>\textit</code> and <code>\textrm</code>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50">\textmd</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51">\mdseries</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66">\textmd</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67">\mdseries</indexterm></findex> <para>Medium weight (default). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52">\textbf</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53">\bfseries</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68">\textbf</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69">\bfseries</indexterm></findex> <para>Boldface. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textup (\upshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54">\textup</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55">\upshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70">\textup</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71">\upshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsl (\slshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56">\textsl</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57">\slshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72">\textsl</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73">\slshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Slanted. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58">\textsf</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59">\sffamily</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74">\textsf</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75">\sffamily</indexterm></findex> <para>Sans serif. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsc (\scshape)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60">\textsc</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61">\scshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76">\textsc</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77">\scshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Small caps. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62">\texttt</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78">\texttt</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex> <para>Typewriter. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64">\textnormal</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65">\normalfont</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80">\textnormal</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81">\normalfont</indexterm></findex> <para>Main document font. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathrm</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66">\mathrm</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82">\mathrm</indexterm></findex> <para>Roman, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathbf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67">\mathbf</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83">\mathbf</indexterm></findex> <para>Boldface, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathsf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68">\mathsf</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84">\mathsf</indexterm></findex> <para>Sans serif, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathtt</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69">\mathtt</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85">\mathtt</indexterm></findex> <para>Typewriter, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathit</itemformat></item> @@ -576,27 +772,27 @@ instance, <code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</c </tableterm><tableitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathnormal</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="86">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex> <para>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathcal</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71">\mathcal</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="87">\mathcal</indexterm></findex> <para>&textlsquo;Calligraphic&textrsquo; letters, for use in math mode. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72">\mathversion</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="36">math, bold</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="37">bold math</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="88">\mathversion</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">math, bold</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">bold math</indexterm></cindex> <para>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion{bold}</code> can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="38">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="39">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="40">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="41"><code>textcomp</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74"><code>textcomp</code> package</indexterm></cindex> <para>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will typeset so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo; @@ -610,48 +806,48 @@ FAQ entry: <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf</ure <para>&latex; also provides the following commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are <emph>not</emph> cumulative. Also, they are used differently than the above commands: <code>{\<var>cmd</var> -...}</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. These are two very -different things. +...}</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. These are two unrelated +constructs. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="74">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="42">bold font</indexterm></cindex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="90">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">bold font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Switch to <b>bold face</b>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="75">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="44">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="91">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="76">\em</indexterm>\em</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45">emphasis</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="92">\em</indexterm>\em</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">emphasis</indexterm></cindex> <para>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="77">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46">italic font</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="93">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">italic font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Italics. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="78">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">roman font</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="94">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">roman font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Roman. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="79">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48">small caps font</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="95">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">small caps font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Small caps. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="80">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="96">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Sans serif. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="81">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">slanted font</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">oblique font</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="97">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">slanted font</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">oblique font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Slanted (oblique). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="82">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53">monospace font</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="98">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">monospace font</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -668,9 +864,9 @@ their place. </section> <node name="Font-sizes" spaces=" "><nodename>Font sizes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Low-level font commands</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Font styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font sizes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">font sizes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">font sizes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex> <para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font @@ -678,16 +874,16 @@ size used (in points) with the <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>12pt</samp> document size options, respectively (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83">\tiny</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="86">\small</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="87">\normalsize</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="88">\large</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89">\Large</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="90">\LARGE</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="91">\huge</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="92">\Huge</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99">\tiny</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102">\small</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103">\normalsize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104">\large</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105">\Large</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106">\LARGE</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107">\huge</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108">\Huge</indexterm></findex> <multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on"><code>\normalsize</code> (default)</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype></columnprototypes> <thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>10pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>11pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>12pt</code> @@ -722,8 +918,8 @@ these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tin </section> <node name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Low-level font commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Font sizes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Low-level font commands</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex> <para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available @@ -731,11 +927,11 @@ ones. </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontencoding{enc}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="93">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex> <para>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <code>OT1</code> and <code>T1</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontfamily{family}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex> <para>Select font family. Valid families include: </para> <itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend> @@ -747,7 +943,7 @@ ones. <para>and numerous others. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontseries{series}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95">\fontseries</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111">\fontseries</indexterm></findex> <para>Select font series. Valid series include: </para> <itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend> @@ -761,7 +957,7 @@ ones. <para>and various other combinations. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontshape{shape}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96">\fontshape</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112">\fontshape</indexterm></findex> <para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are: </para> <itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend> @@ -776,17 +972,17 @@ ones. <para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontsize{size}{skip}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="97">\fontsize</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="98">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113">\fontsize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex> <para>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter named <code>\baselineskip</code>. The unit of both parameters defaults to pt. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60"><code>setspace</code> package</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">double spacing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93"><code>setspace</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">double spacing</indexterm></cindex> <para>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the <code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter when the type size changes; the default is 1. However, the best way to &textldquo;double space&textrdquo; a document, @@ -794,7 +990,7 @@ if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the <code>setspace</code> package; see <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</urefurl></url>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100">\linespread</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116">\linespread</indexterm></findex> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Equivalent to <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, and @@ -802,12 +998,12 @@ therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect. Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as described just above. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101">\selectfont</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117">\selectfont</indexterm></findex> <para>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do not come into effect until <code>\selectfont</code> is called. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102">\usefont</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118">\usefont</indexterm></findex> <para>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>, <code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters, followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. @@ -819,7 +1015,7 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. </chapter> <node name="Layout" spaces=" "><nodename>Layout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Sectioning</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Fonts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Layout</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">layout commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">layout commands</indexterm></cindex> <para>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. </para> @@ -828,14 +1024,14 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\twocolumn</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use two-column layout. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\flushbottom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make all text pages the same height. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedbottom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Allow text pages of differing height. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Page layout parameters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">\headheight \footskip. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Page layout parameters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> <node name="_005conecolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\onecolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\onecolumn</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">one-column output</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">one-column output</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. This is the default. @@ -844,9 +1040,9 @@ single-column output. This is the default. </section> <node name="_005ctwocolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\twocolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\onecolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\twocolumn</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">two-column output</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">two-column output</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -862,13 +1058,13 @@ starts. <para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="105">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="121">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The distance between columns (35pt by default). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="106">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="122">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="107">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="123">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <code>\textwidth</code> in single-column text. </para> @@ -877,21 +1073,21 @@ single-column text. <para>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="108">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="124">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied by floats. Default <samp>.7</samp>, can be usefully redefined to (say) <samp>.9</samp> to avoid going to float pages so soon. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="109">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="125">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, for a two-column float page. Default <samp>.5</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="110">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="126">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float page. Default <samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> and <samp>11pt</samp> documents, <samp>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="111">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="127">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page and the main text. Default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>. </para> @@ -902,7 +1098,7 @@ and the main text. Default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>. <node name="_005cflushbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\flushbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\flushbottom</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="128">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\flushbottom</code> declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the @@ -915,8 +1111,8 @@ page. </section> <node name="_005craggedbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedbottom</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="129">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes all pages the natural height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be @@ -927,30 +1123,30 @@ stretched. <node name="Page-layout-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page layout parameters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="114">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="130">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is <samp>30pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the type size. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="115">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="131">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of the main text. Default is <samp>25pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the type size. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="116">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="132">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of the page footer. Default is <samp>30pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the type size. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="117">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="133">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code> (<pxref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></pxref>). Specifically, it is smaller than <code>\textwidth</code> by the sum of <code>\leftmargin</code> and <code>\rightmargin</code> @@ -959,7 +1155,7 @@ width, two-column mode, etc. For an <code>article</code> document in <samp>10pt</samp>, it&textrsquo;s set to <samp>345pt</samp>; in two-column mode, that becomes <samp>229.5pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="118">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="134">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with the font size, document class, etc. For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document in <samp>10pt</samp>, it&textrsquo;s set to @@ -967,7 +1163,7 @@ the font size, document class, etc. For an <code>article</code> or For <samp>11pt</samp>, it&textrsquo;s <samp>38\baselineskip</samp> and for <samp>12pt</samp>, <samp>36\baselineskip</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="119">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="135">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default varies as usual. For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, it&textrsquo;s <samp>345pt</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>360pt</samp> at <samp>11pt</samp>, and @@ -988,21 +1184,21 @@ column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists. specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the <code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120">\hsize</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136">\hsize</indexterm></findex> <para>For completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the &tex; primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal &latex; documents. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="121">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="137">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight − 2in − \headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip</code>, and then divided by two. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="122">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="138">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of -the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the +the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -1012,19 +1208,19 @@ same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>. </chapter> <node name="Sectioning" spaces=" "><nodename>Sectioning</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Cross references</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Layout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Sectioning</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">sectioning</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">sectioning</indexterm></cindex> <para>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="123">\part</indexterm>\part</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="124">\chapter</indexterm>\chapter</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>(report and book class only) -</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="125">\section</indexterm>\section</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="126">\subsection</indexterm>\subsection</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="127">\subsubsection</indexterm>\subsubsection</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="128">\paragraph</indexterm>\paragraph</itemformat></item> -</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="129">\subparagraph</indexterm>\subparagraph</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="139">\part</indexterm>\part</itemformat></item> +</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="140">\chapter</indexterm>\chapter</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>(<code>report</code> and <code>book</code> class only) +</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="141">\section</indexterm>\section</itemformat></item> +</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="142">\subsection</indexterm>\subsection</itemformat></item> +</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="143">\subsubsection</indexterm>\subsubsection</itemformat></item> +</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="144">\paragraph</indexterm>\paragraph</itemformat></item> +</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="145">\subparagraph</indexterm>\subparagraph</itemformat></item> </tableterm></tableentry></ftable> <para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., @@ -1048,7 +1244,7 @@ To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument <var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74">*-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">*-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex> <para>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print <var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For instance: @@ -1057,8 +1253,8 @@ entry in the table of contents. For instance: <pre xml:space="preserve">\section*{Preamble} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="130">\appendix</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">appendix, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146">\appendix</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">appendix, creating</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units are numbered. The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this @@ -1071,8 +1267,8 @@ command is something like \chapter{The First Appendix} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="131">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers. The setting </para> @@ -1088,7 +1284,7 @@ The setting </chapter> <node name="Cross-references" spaces=" "><nodename>Cross references</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Environments</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Cross references</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">cross references</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">cross references</indexterm></cindex> <para>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo; @@ -1102,7 +1298,7 @@ the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo; <node name="_005clabel" spaces=" "><nodename>\label</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pageref</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\label</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132">\label</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148">\label</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1115,7 +1311,8 @@ the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo; inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>. </para> <para>A <var>key</var> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or -punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are +distinguished, as usual. </para> <para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by @@ -1141,9 +1338,9 @@ a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: </section> <node name="_005cpageref" spaces=" "><nodename>\pageref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ref</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\label</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133">\pageref</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149">\pageref</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1159,12 +1356,12 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding </section> <node name="_005cref" spaces=" "><nodename>\ref</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pageref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="134">\ref</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="150">\ref</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1182,10 +1379,10 @@ such as the word &textlsquo;Section&textrsquo; or &textlsquo;Figure&textrsquo;, </chapter> <node name="Environments" spaces=" "><nodename>Environments</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Line breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Cross references</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environments</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">environments</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">environments</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="135">\begin</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136">\end</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151">\begin</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152">\end</indexterm></findex> <para>&latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: @@ -1232,8 +1429,8 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: <node name="abstract" spaces=" "><nodename>abstract</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">array</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>abstract</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137">abstract <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">abstracts</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153">abstract <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">abstracts</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para><example endspaces=" "> @@ -1248,8 +1445,8 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: </section> <node name="array" spaces=" "><nodename>array</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">center</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">abstract</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>array</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138">array <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="154">array <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1264,8 +1461,8 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: within an <code>equation</code> environment (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>). It has a single mandatory <var>template</var> argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column <var>col</var> is -specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should -be formatted, as follows: +specified by a single letter that tells how items in each row of that +column should be formatted, as follows: </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">c</itemformat></item> @@ -1276,12 +1473,12 @@ be formatted, as follows: </tableterm><tableitem><para>flush right </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139">\\ (for <code>array</code>)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="155">\\ <r>(for <code>array</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Column entries are separated by <code>&</code>. Column entries may include other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with <code>\\</code>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="140">&arobase;{...}</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="156">&arobase;{...}</indexterm></findex> <para>In the template, the construct <code>&arobase;{<var>text</var>}</code> puts <var>text</var> between columns in each row. </para> @@ -1296,7 +1493,7 @@ between columns in each row. \end{equation} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="157">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\arraycolsep</code> parameter defines half the width of the space separating columns; the default is <samp>5pt</samp>. <xref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></xref>, for other parameters which affect formatting in <code>array</code> environments, @@ -1309,8 +1506,8 @@ namely <code>\arrayrulewidth</code> and <code>\arraystretch</code>. <node name="center" spaces=" "><nodename>center</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">description</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">array</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>center</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="142">center <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="158">center <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1321,7 +1518,7 @@ namely <code>\arrayrulewidth</code> and <code>\arraystretch</code>. \end{center} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143">\\ (for <code>center</code>)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="159">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>center</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the @@ -1335,8 +1532,8 @@ string <code>\\</code>. <node name="_005ccentering" spaces=" "><nodename>\centering</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">center</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\centering</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="144">\centering</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="160">\centering</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\centering</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>center</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such @@ -1366,9 +1563,9 @@ second line \\ <node name="description" spaces=" "><nodename>description</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">displaymath</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">center</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>description</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145">description <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161">description <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1380,13 +1577,13 @@ second line \\ \end{description} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146">\item</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="162">\item</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>description</code> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each <var>label</var> is typeset in bold, flush right. The <var>item</var> text may contain multiple paragraphs. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex> <para>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if you typeset a label in typewriter using <code>\texttt</code>, you&textrsquo;ll get bold typewriter: <code>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</code>. This @@ -1401,7 +1598,7 @@ plain typewriter}]</code>. <node name="displaymath" spaces=" "><nodename>displaymath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">document</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">description</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>displaymath</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1430,18 +1627,18 @@ equation number, use the <code>equation</code> environment (<pxref label="equati <node name="document" spaces=" "><nodename>document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">enumerate</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">displaymath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>document</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148">document <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="164">document <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the body of a document. -It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-_0026-ending"><xrefnodename>Starting & ending</xrefnodename></xref>. +It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-and-ending"><xrefnodename>Starting and ending</xrefnodename></xref>. </para> </section> <node name="enumerate" spaces=" "><nodename>enumerate</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">eqnarray</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">document</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>enumerate</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149">enumerate <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165">enumerate <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1459,7 +1656,7 @@ be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as <code>itemize</code> (<pxref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></pxref>) and <code>description</code> (<pxref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="150">\item</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166">\item</indexterm></findex> <para>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. </para> @@ -1472,26 +1669,26 @@ There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. </para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>A., B., &dots; </para></listitem></enumerate> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151">\enumi</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152">\enumii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153">\enumiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="154">\enumiv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167">\enumi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="168">\enumii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169">\enumiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="170">\enumiv</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through <code>\enumiv</code> counters (<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>). If the optional argument to <code>\item</code> is given, the counter is not incremented for that item. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="155">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="156">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="157">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="158">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="172">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="173">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelenumi</code> through <code>\labelenumiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase letters: </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="159">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="175">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} </pre></example> @@ -1502,13 +1699,13 @@ letters: <node name="eqnarray" spaces=" "><nodename>eqnarray</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">equation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">enumerate</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>eqnarray</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="160">eqnarray <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176">eqnarray <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex> <para>First, a caveat: the <code>eqnarray</code> environment has some infelicities which cannot be overcome; the article &textldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars Madsen describes them in detail @@ -1526,25 +1723,25 @@ others) from the <code>amsmath</code> package. \end{eqnarray} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161">\\ (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="177">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a sequence of -equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column +equations or inequalities. It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <code>\\</code> and consecutive items within a row separated by an <code>&</code>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="162">\\* (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> <para><code>\\*</code> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163">\nonumber</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179">\nonumber</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex> <para>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a <code>\nonumber</code> command. Alternatively, The <code>*</code>-form of the environment (<code>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</code>) will omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as <code>eqnarray</code>. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="164">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex> <para>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width. @@ -1554,9 +1751,9 @@ zero width. <node name="equation" spaces=" "><nodename>equation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">figure</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">eqnarray</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>equation</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="181">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1574,9 +1771,9 @@ on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. </section> <node name="figure" spaces=" "><nodename>figure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">filecontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">equation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>figure</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166">figure</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182">figure</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{figure[*]}[<var>placement</var>] @@ -1593,8 +1790,8 @@ Figures will not be split between two pages. <para>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a full-width figure (across both columns). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex> <para>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where &latex; will try to place your figure. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put a float: @@ -1611,13 +1808,12 @@ output. To ameliorate this, use the <code>stfloats</code> or FAQ: <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</urefurl></url>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">h</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107"><code>float</code> package</indexterm></cindex> -<para>(Here)&textmdash;at the position in the text where the figure environment -appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is +</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Here)&textmdash;at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment +appears. However, <code>t</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is automatically added. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109"><code>float</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141"><code>float</code> package</indexterm></cindex> <para>To absolutely force a figure to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can <code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at @@ -1636,13 +1832,13 @@ see above. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> -<para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement +<para>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default placement <code>tbp</code>. </para> <para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc.&noeos; you wish. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167">\caption</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="183">\caption</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption <var>text</var> for the figure. The caption is numbered by default. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <var>text</var> @@ -1652,20 +1848,20 @@ present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <var>text</var> non-float text: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<beforefirstitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="168">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex> -<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at +<beforefirstitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex> +<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at the bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>. </para> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="169">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item> +</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="185">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; default <samp>.5</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="170">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="186">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="171">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before floats; default <samp>.7</samp>. </para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -1673,32 +1869,36 @@ floats; default <samp>.7</samp>. <para>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="172">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="188">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default <samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="173">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default <samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> and <samp>11pt</samp> styles, <samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="174">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="190">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>. </para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable> -<para>Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page: +<para>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="175">\bottomnumber</indexterm>\bottomnumber</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="176">\topnumber</indexterm>\topnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="192">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a +two-column page; default 2. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="193">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="177">\totalnumber</indexterm>\totalnumber</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="194">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. </para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -1709,9 +1909,9 @@ default 2. </section> <node name="filecontents" spaces=" "><nodename>filecontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushleft</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">figure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code>: Create external files</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178">filecontents</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">external files, creating</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">writing external files</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="195">filecontents</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">external files, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">writing external files</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1723,8 +1923,8 @@ default 2. \documentclass{<var>my-document-class</var>} </pre></example> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">initial command</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179">\documentclass, commands before</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">initial command</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="196">\documentclass, commands before</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>filecontents</code> environment is an <dfn>initial command</dfn>, meaning that it can be used only before the <code>\documentclass</code> command, as in the synopsis above. @@ -1746,7 +1946,7 @@ following advantages: declaration <code>\usepackage{filecontents}</code>, not just before <code>\documentclass</code>. </para> -</listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> +</listitem><listitem><prepend>•</prepend> <para>The <code>filecontents</code> package also provides a <code>filecontents*</code> environment which is used in the same way as the <code>filecontents</code> environment except that it won&textrsquo;t insert any leading comment, so it is @@ -1759,17 +1959,17 @@ unrelated to using the created file. So you need to use, for instance, <code>\input</code> or <code>\usepackage</code> or <code>\bibliography</code> or whatever is applicable, to use the created file. </para> -<para>This environment is also useful to make a self-contained document, for -example, for a bug report, or to keep a <file>.bib</file> file with the main -document. +<para>This environment is also useful to make a document in a self-contained +file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the content of a +<file>.bib</file> file in the same file as the main document. </para> </section> <node name="flushleft" spaces=" "><nodename>flushleft</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushright</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">filecontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushleft</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180">flushleft <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="197">flushleft <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{flushleft} @@ -1779,7 +1979,7 @@ document. \end{flushleft} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="181">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. @@ -1791,10 +1991,10 @@ right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. <node name="_005craggedright" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedright</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushleft</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedright</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182">\raggedright</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="199">\raggedright</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -1811,9 +2011,9 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. </section> <node name="flushright" spaces=" "><nodename>flushright</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">itemize</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushleft</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushright</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="183">flushright <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="200">flushright <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{flushright} @@ -1823,7 +2023,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. \end{flushright} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="201">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. @@ -1835,10 +2035,10 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. <node name="_005craggedleft" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedleft</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushright</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedleft</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="185">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an @@ -1855,11 +2055,11 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. </section> <node name="itemize" spaces=" "><nodename>itemize</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">letter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushright</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>itemize</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="186">itemize <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="187">\item</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">lists of items</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="203">itemize <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204">\item</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">lists of items</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -1888,10 +2088,10 @@ There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. </para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period) </para></listitem></enumerate> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="189">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="190">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="191">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="205">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="207">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels. For instance, to have @@ -1901,13 +2101,13 @@ the first level use diamonds: <pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="192">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="193">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="194">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="195">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="196">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="197">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="209">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="211">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="213">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the left margin of the list. By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set @@ -1926,20 +2126,20 @@ This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: <para>Some parameters that affect list formatting: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="216">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="200">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="217">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between the label and text of an item; default <samp>.5em</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="201">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="218">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the label; default <samp>2em</samp>, or <samp>1.5em</samp> in two-column mode. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="202">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="219">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a list item; default <samp>0pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="203">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="220">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the enclosing environment; default <samp>0pt</samp>, except in the <code>quote</code>, <code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal @@ -1951,23 +2151,23 @@ to <code>\leftmargin</code>. loose, by default). </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="204">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="221">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="205">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="222">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="206">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="223">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. These are reduced for nested lists. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="207">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="224">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a paragraph. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt @@ -1975,7 +2175,7 @@ plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="225">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code> environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs @@ -1995,7 +2195,7 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific, </section> <node name="letter" spaces=" "><nodename>letter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">list</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">itemize</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="209">letter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226">letter</indexterm></findex> <para>This environment is used for creating letters. <xref label="Letters"><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></xref>. </para> @@ -2003,8 +2203,8 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific, </section> <node name="list" spaces=" "><nodename>list</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">math</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">letter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>list</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210">list</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="227">list</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in @@ -2035,8 +2235,8 @@ empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing. <node name="math" spaces=" "><nodename>math</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">minipage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">list</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>math</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="211">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">in-line formulas</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="228">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">in-line formulas</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2055,8 +2255,8 @@ running text. <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. <node name="minipage" spaces=" "><nodename>minipage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">picture</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">math</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>minipage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212">minipage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="229">minipage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>} @@ -2072,15 +2272,15 @@ other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage. <!-- c (xxref positions) --> <para>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cparbox"><xrefnodename>\parbox</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="213">\parindent</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230">\parindent</indexterm></findex> <para>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code> environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as <code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> command. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex> <para>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at @@ -2096,9 +2296,9 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. <node name="picture" spaces=" "><nodename>picture</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quotation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">minipage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>picture</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214">picture</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="231">picture</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) @@ -2106,7 +2306,7 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. \end{picture} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215">\unitlength</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232">\unitlength</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying @@ -2170,7 +2370,7 @@ command. The command picture, with its reference point at coordinates <math>(11.3,-.3)</math>. The reference points for various objects will be described below. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="216">lR box</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="233">lR box</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn>. You can put anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox"><xrefnodename>\mbox</xrefnodename></pxref>) in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. When you do this, the reference point will @@ -2198,9 +2398,10 @@ be the lower left corner of the box. <node name="_005ccircle" spaces=" "><nodename>\circle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\circle</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="217">\circle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234">\circle</indexterm></findex> -<example endspaces=" "> +<para>Synopsis: +</para><example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>} </pre></example> @@ -2208,22 +2409,25 @@ be the lower left corner of the box. to the specified one as possible. The <code>*</code>-form of the command draws a solid circle. </para> -<para>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. +<para>Circles up to 40<dmn>pt</dmn> can be drawn. </para> </subsection> <node name="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\circle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="218">\makebox (picture)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex> + +<para>Synopsis: +</para><example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\makebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre></example> -<para><code>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code> -</para> <para>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command except that you must specify a -<code>width</code> and <code>height</code> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>. +<var>width</var> and <var>height</var> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>. </para> -<para>The optional argument, <code>[position]</code>, specifies the quadrant that -your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: +<para>The optional argument, <code>[<var>position</var>]</code>, specifies the quadrant that +your <var>text</var> appears in. You may select up to two of the following: </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item> @@ -2246,7 +2450,7 @@ your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: </subsection> <node name="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\framebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dashbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="219">\framebox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236">\framebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2258,8 +2462,8 @@ your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="220">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="221">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule and the contents of the box. @@ -2269,7 +2473,7 @@ and the contents of the box. <node name="_005cdashbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\dashbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frame</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dashbox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="222">\dashbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239">\dashbox</indexterm></findex> <para>Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: </para> @@ -2282,14 +2486,14 @@ and the contents of the box. rectangle has overall width <var>rwidth</var> and height <var>rheight</var>. The <var>text</var> is positioned at optional <var>pos</var>. <!-- c xxref positions. --> </para> -<para>A dashed box looks best when the <code>rwidth</code> and <code>rheight</code> are -multiples of the <code>dlen</code>. +<para>A dashed box looks best when the <var>rwidth</var> and <var>rheight</var> are +multiples of the <var>dlen</var>. </para> </subsection> <node name="_005cframe" spaces=" "><nodename>\frame</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\dashbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frame</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="223">\frame</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240">\frame</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2305,7 +2509,7 @@ space is put between the frame and the object. </subsection> <node name="_005cline" spaces=" "><nodename>\line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linethickness</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frame</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\line</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="224">\line</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241">\line</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2316,16 +2520,18 @@ space is put between the frame and the object. <para>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>. </para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex> <para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <math><var>slope</var> = x/y</math>, where <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> have integer values from −6 -through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, -see the <code>curve2e</code> and many many other packages on CTAN. +through 6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes, +see <code>pict2e</code> and many other packages on CTAN. </para> </subsection> <node name="_005clinethickness" spaces=" "><nodename>\linethickness</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thicklines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linethickness</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="225">\linethickness</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242">\linethickness</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\linethickness{<var>dim</var>}</code> command declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be @@ -2338,7 +2544,7 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>. </subsection> <node name="_005cthicklines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thicklines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinlines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\linethickness</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thicklines</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226">\thicklines</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243">\thicklines</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; @@ -2348,7 +2554,7 @@ cf. <ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnoden </subsection> <node name="_005cthinlines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinlines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\multiput</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thicklines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinlines</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="227">\thinlines</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="244">\thinlines</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; @@ -2358,7 +2564,7 @@ cf. <ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnoden </subsection> <node name="_005cmultiput" spaces=" "><nodename>\multiput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\oval</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinlines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multiput</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="228">\multiput</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245">\multiput</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para><example endspaces=" "> @@ -2374,7 +2580,7 @@ pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position </subsection> <node name="_005coval" spaces=" "><nodename>\oval</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\put</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multiput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\oval</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="229">\oval</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="246">\oval</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2405,19 +2611,23 @@ boxes with rounded corners. </subsection> <node name="_005cput" spaces=" "><nodename>\put</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\shortstack</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\oval</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\put</code></sectiontitle> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247">\put</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230">\put</indexterm></findex> - -<para><code>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</code> +<para>Synopsis: </para> -<para>The <code>\put</code> command places the item specified by the mandatory -argument at the given coordinates. +<example endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">\put(<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>){ ... } +</pre></example> + +<para>The <code>\put</code> command places the material specified by the +(mandatory) argument in braces at the given coordinate, +(<var>xcoord</var>,<var>ycoord</var>). </para> </subsection> <node name="_005cshortstack" spaces=" "><nodename>\shortstack</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vector</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\put</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\shortstack</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="231">\shortstack</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248">\shortstack</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2437,24 +2647,24 @@ positions are: </tableterm><tableitem><para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>. </para> </subsection> <node name="_005cvector" spaces=" "><nodename>\vector</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\shortstack</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vector</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="233">\vector</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="250">\vector</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\vector(<var>x-slope</var>,<var>y-slope</var>){<var>length</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\vector(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>} </pre></example> <para>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified -length and slope. The <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> values must lie between -−4 and +4, inclusive. +length and slope. The <math><var>xslope</var></math> and <math><var>yslope</var></math> +values must lie between −4 and +4, inclusive. </para> </subsection> @@ -2462,10 +2672,10 @@ length and slope. The <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> values must lie between <node name="quotation" spaces=" "><nodename>quotation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quote</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">picture</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quotation</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234">quotation</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251">quotation</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2487,12 +2697,12 @@ normally. <node name="quote" spaces=" "><nodename>quote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabbing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">quotation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quote</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235">quote</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="252">quote</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Snyopsis: +<para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\begin{quote} @@ -2511,10 +2721,10 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph. <node name="tabbing" spaces=" "><nodename>tabbing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">quote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabbing</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236">tabbing <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253">tabbing <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2534,40 +2744,40 @@ the width of each column is constant and known in advance. <para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code> environment. </para> -<para>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> enviroment: +<para>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="237">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="254">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>End a line. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="238">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="255">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="239">\> <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\> <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240">\></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="256">\> <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\> <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257">\></indexterm></findex> <para>Advances to the next tab stop. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="241">\<</indexterm>\<</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="258">\<</indexterm>\<</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="242">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="259">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="243">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="260">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="244">\&textrsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="261">\&textrsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, <code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="245">\&textlsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="262">\&textlsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last column because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the @@ -2576,29 +2786,29 @@ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no <code>\></code> or <code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="246">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247">\a&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248">\a&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="263">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="264">\a&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265">\a&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex> <para>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and <code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead, the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="250">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="267">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in effect. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="251">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="252">\poptabs</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="268">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269">\poptabs</indexterm></findex> <para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="253">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="270">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="254">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="271">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -2622,9 +2832,9 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ <node name="table" spaces=" "><nodename>table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabular</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabbing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>table</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255">table</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">creating tables</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272">table</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">creating tables</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2656,9 +2866,9 @@ you wish. The <code>\caption</code> command allows you to title your table. </section> <node name="tabular" spaces=" "><nodename>tabular</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">thebibliography</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabular</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="256">tabular <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273">tabular <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2682,7 +2892,7 @@ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ <para>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para><code>\\</code> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except for the last, where it is optional&textmdash;unless an <code>\hline</code> command (to put a rule below the table) follows. @@ -2735,7 +2945,7 @@ column, you have to load the <code>array</code> package and use the <code>>{...}</code> specifier. <!-- c xx should fully explain array, tabularx, and all other base packages... --> </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="258">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex> <para>An <code>\extracolsep{wd}</code> command in an &arobase;-expression causes an extra space of width <code>wd</code> to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code> command. @@ -2772,20 +2982,20 @@ which may contain another <code>*-expression</code>. <!-- c xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? --> </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="259">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="276">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, <code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; the default is <samp>.4pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="260">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="277">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is <samp>1</samp>, for no scaling. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="261">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="278">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <code>||</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is <samp>2pt</samp>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="262">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="279">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is <samp>6pt</samp>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -2803,7 +3013,7 @@ environment: <node name="_005cmulticolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\multicolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multicolumn</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="263">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para><example endspaces=" "> @@ -2833,7 +3043,7 @@ for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright. The third mandatory argument, </subsection> <node name="_005ccline" spaces=" "><nodename>\cline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multicolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="264">\cline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281">\cline</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2849,7 +3059,7 @@ which are specified in the mandatory argument. </subsection> <node name="_005chline" spaces=" "><nodename>\hline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265">\hline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282">\hline</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\hline</code> command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment. It&textrsquo;s most @@ -2860,7 +3070,7 @@ of a table. </subsection> <node name="_005cvline" spaces=" "><nodename>\vline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\hline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266">\vline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283">\vline</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An <code>\hfill</code> command can be used to @@ -2873,8 +3083,8 @@ move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an <node name="thebibliography" spaces=" "><nodename>thebibliography</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">theorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabular</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>thebibliography</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267">thebibliography</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284">thebibliography</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2914,7 +3124,7 @@ less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc. <node name="_005cbibitem" spaces=" "><nodename>\bibitem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cite</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bibitem</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268">\bibitem</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285">\bibitem</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para><example endspaces=" "> @@ -2939,7 +3149,7 @@ associated label. <node name="_005ccite" spaces=" "><nodename>\cite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nocite</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bibitem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cite</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269">\cite</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286">\cite</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -2960,7 +3170,7 @@ citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might pr </subsection> <node name="_005cnocite" spaces=" "><nodename>\nocite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Using BibTeX</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nocite</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270">\nocite</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287">\nocite</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\nocite{key_list}</code> </para> @@ -2972,11 +3182,11 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <file>.aux</file> file. <node name="Using-BibTeX" spaces=" "><nodename>Using BibTeX</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nocite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Using Bib&tex;</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272">\bibliography</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289">\bibliography</indexterm></findex> <para>If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of @@ -3009,7 +3219,7 @@ publication. <para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See -<url><urefurl>http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</urefurl></url>. +<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</urefurl></url>. </para> <para>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files @@ -3023,8 +3233,8 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and <node name="theorem" spaces=" "><nodename>theorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">titlepage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>theorem</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273">theorem <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290">theorem <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3044,9 +3254,9 @@ possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code> <node name="titlepage" spaces=" "><nodename>titlepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verbatim</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">theorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>titlepage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274">titlepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">making a title page</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291">titlepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">making a title page</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3070,12 +3280,12 @@ produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment. <node name="verbatim" spaces=" "><nodename>verbatim</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verse</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">titlepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verbatim</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275">verbatim <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292">verbatim <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3100,8 +3310,8 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter. <node name="_005cverb" spaces=" "><nodename>\verb</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">verbatim</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\verb</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276">\verb</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293">\verb</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3116,7 +3326,7 @@ including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter <code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">visible space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">visible space</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a &textldquo;visible space&textrdquo; character. <tex endspaces=" "> @@ -3129,8 +3339,8 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. <node name="verse" spaces=" "><nodename>verse</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">verbatim</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verse</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277">verse <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294">verse <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3145,7 +3355,7 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. <para>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the @@ -3156,8 +3366,8 @@ stanzas. </chapter> <node name="Line-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Line breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Environments</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Line breaking</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">line breaking</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">line breaking</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex> <para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To @@ -3182,9 +3392,9 @@ some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the <node name="_005c_005c" spaces=" "><nodename>\\</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\obeycr & \restorecr</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\\</code> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an optional argument, <var>morespace</var>, that specifies how much extra @@ -3198,9 +3408,9 @@ except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line. </section> <node name="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" spaces=" "><nodename>\obeycr & \restorecr</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\\</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280">\obeycr</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281">\restorecr</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297">\obeycr</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298">\restorecr</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (<samp>^^M</samp>, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by @@ -3213,8 +3423,8 @@ in the output. </section> <node name="_005cnewline" spaces=" "><nodename>\newline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\obeycr & \restorecr</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newline</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282">\newline</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299">\newline</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\newline</code> command breaks the line at the present point, with no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph @@ -3224,12 +3434,12 @@ mode. </section> <node name="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fussy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\-</code> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at -that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually -find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an +that point. &latex; is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds +most of the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The <code>\-</code> command is used for the exceptional cases. </para> @@ -3242,7 +3452,7 @@ that &latex; might otherwise have chosen. </section> <node name="_005cfussy" spaces=" "><nodename>\fussy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sloppy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fussy</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284">\fussy</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301">\fussy</indexterm></findex> <para>The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes &tex; picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between @@ -3266,8 +3476,8 @@ interword spacing. </section> <node name="_005chyphenation" spaces=" "><nodename>\hyphenation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\sloppy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hyphenation</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3290,10 +3500,10 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words): </section> <node name="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\linebreak & \nolinebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286">\linebreak</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303">\linebreak</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -3316,8 +3526,8 @@ from a demand to a request. The <var>priority</var> must be a number from </chapter> <node name="Page-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Page breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page breaking</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">page breaking</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">page breaking</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, @@ -3335,8 +3545,8 @@ but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. <node name="_005ccleardoublepage" spaces=" "><nodename>\cleardoublepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\clearpage</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cleardoublepage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. @@ -3347,9 +3557,9 @@ In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand </section> <node name="_005cclearpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\clearpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newpage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cleardoublepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\clearpage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289">\clearpage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306">\clearpage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. @@ -3358,9 +3568,9 @@ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. </section> <node name="_005cnewpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\newpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\clearpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newpage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290">\newpage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307">\newpage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear floats (see <code>\clearpage</code> above). @@ -3369,8 +3579,8 @@ floats (see <code>\clearpage</code> above). </section> <node name="_005cenlargethispage" spaces=" "><nodename>\enlargethispage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enlargethispage</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex> <para><code>\enlargethispage{size}</code> </para> @@ -3388,10 +3598,10 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit </section> <node name="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -3415,7 +3625,7 @@ insistent the request is. </chapter> <node name="Footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Definitions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex> <para>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command, the <code>\footnote</code> command. They can also be @@ -3433,7 +3643,7 @@ produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the <node name="_005cfootnote" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnote</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294">\footnote</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311">\footnote</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3454,7 +3664,7 @@ tables or in a <code>tabular</code> environment. (See following sections.) </section> <node name="_005cfootnotemark" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotemark</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotemark</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex> <para>With no optional argument, the <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in @@ -3475,7 +3685,7 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with </section> <node name="_005cfootnotetext" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotetext</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Symbolic footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotetext</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3495,7 +3705,7 @@ appear in outer paragraph mode. <node name="Symbolic-footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Symbolic footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnote parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Symbolic footnotes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</indexterm></cindex> <para>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing numbers, redefine <code>\thefootnote</code> like this: </para> @@ -3503,8 +3713,8 @@ numbers, redefine <code>\thefootnote</code> like this: <pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\fnsymbol</code> command produces a predefined series of symbols (<pxref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you want to use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you&textrsquo;ll need to also @@ -3515,17 +3725,17 @@ redefine <code>\&arobase;fnsymbol</code>. <node name="Footnote-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnote parameters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Symbolic footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnote parameters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="299">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="316">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s footnotes. Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except -slides, where it does not appear). +<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="300">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="317">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (<pxref label="Font-sizes"><xrefnodename>Font sizes</xrefnodename></pxref>), therefore there is no extra space between @@ -3539,7 +3749,7 @@ footnotes. This is <samp>6.65pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>7.7pt</samp </chapter> <node name="Definitions" spaces=" "><nodename>Definitions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Counters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Definitions</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">definitions</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221">definitions</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds. </para> @@ -3551,7 +3761,7 @@ footnotes. This is <samp>6.65pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>7.7pt</samp </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newlength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new length. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newsavebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new box. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new environment. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newtheorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new theorem-like environment. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newtheorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new <code>theorem</code>-like environment. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newfont</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new font name. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\protect</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using tricky commands. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> @@ -3559,27 +3769,27 @@ footnotes. This is <samp>6.65pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>7.7pt</samp <node name="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newcounter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301">\newcommand</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318">\newcommand</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex> <para><code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optarg</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\renewcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optarg</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargval</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +\renewcommand[*]{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargval</var>]{<var>defn</var>} </pre></example> <table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var"><code>*</code></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">*-form of defining new commands</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">*-form of defining new commands</indexterm></cindex> <para>The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain &tex; terms). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">cmd</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The command name beginning with <code>\</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it +</tableterm><tableitem><para>The command name, beginning with <code>\</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>; for <code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined. </para> @@ -3588,12 +3798,14 @@ must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>; for that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optarg</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command&textrsquo;s -first argument is optional. The default value of the optional -argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is <var>optarg</var>, -or, if that argument is present in the <code>\newcommand</code> but has an -empty value, the string <samp>def</samp>. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optargval</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first +argument of command <var>cmd</var> is optional and its default value (i.e., +if it is not specified in the call) is <var>optarg</var>. In otherwise, +when calling the macro, if no <code>[<var>value</var>]</code> is given after +<code><var>cmd</var></code>&textmdash;which is different from having <code>[]</code> for an +empty <var>value</var>&textmdash;then string <samp><var>optargval</var></samp> becomes the +value of <code>#1</code> within <var>defn</var> when the macro is expanded. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">defn</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a @@ -3607,20 +3819,20 @@ text of the <var>n</var>th argument. </section> <node name="_005cnewcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newlength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcounter</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302">\newcounter</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319">\newcounter</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter{<var>cnt</var>}[<var>countername</var>] +<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter{<var>countername</var>}[<var>supercounter</var>] </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>cnt</var>. +<para>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>countername</var>. The new counter is initialized to zero. </para> -<para>Given the optional argument <code>[<var>countername</var>]</code>, <var>cnt</var> -will be reset whenever <var>countername</var> is incremented. +<para>Given the optional argument <code>[<var>super</var>]</code>, <var>countername</var> +will be reset whenever the counter named <var>supercounter</var> is incremented. </para> <para><xref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></xref>, for more information about counters. </para> @@ -3628,8 +3840,8 @@ will be reset whenever <var>countername</var> is incremented. </section> <node name="_005cnewlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\newlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newlength</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303">\newlength</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320">\newlength</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227">lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3638,7 +3850,7 @@ will be reset whenever <var>countername</var> is incremented. </pre></example> <para>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory argument as a -<code>length</code> command with a value of <code>0in</code>. The argument must +<dfn>length</dfn> command with a value of zero. The argument must be a control sequence, as in <code>\newlength{\foo}</code>. An error occurs if <code>\foo</code> is already defined. </para> @@ -3649,7 +3861,7 @@ for more information about lengths in general. </section> <node name="_005cnewsavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\newsavebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newsavebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3664,11 +3876,11 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. </section> <node name="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" spaces=" "><nodename>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -3682,7 +3894,7 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. </para> <table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var"><code>*</code></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">*-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">*-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex> <para>The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of text. </para> @@ -3715,9 +3927,9 @@ may not contain any argument parameters. </section> <node name="_005cnewtheorem" spaces=" "><nodename>\newtheorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newfont</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newtheorem</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}{<var>label</var>}[<var>within</var>] @@ -3753,9 +3965,9 @@ not both. </section> <node name="_005cnewfont" spaces=" "><nodename>\newfont</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\protect</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newfont</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308">\newfont</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325">\newfont</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3774,10 +3986,10 @@ More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <file>.fd</file> files. </section> <node name="_005cprotect" spaces=" "><nodename>\protect</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\newfont</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\protect</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309">\protect</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326">\protect</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex> <para>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more are so-called <dfn>fragile</dfn> commands. When a fragile command is used in certain contexts, called <dfn>moving arguments</dfn>, it @@ -3789,7 +4001,7 @@ commands within the arguments must have their own <code>\protect</code>. &hyphenbreak;expressions in <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments (<pxref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">robust commands</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">robust commands</indexterm></cindex> <para>Commands which are not fragile are called <dfn>robust</dfn>. They must not be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. </para> @@ -3807,8 +4019,8 @@ be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. </chapter> <node name="Counters" spaces=" "><nodename>Counters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Definitions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Counters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex> <para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment @@ -3844,35 +4056,32 @@ subsubsection instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="310">\alph</indexterm>\alph</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="327">\alph</indexterm>\alph</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;, &enddots; </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="311">\Alph</indexterm>\Alph</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="328">\Alph</indexterm>\Alph</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>uses uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots; </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="312">\arabic</indexterm>\arabic</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="329">\arabic</indexterm>\arabic</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>uses Arabic numbers: &textlsquo;1&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;2&textrsquo;, &enddots; </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="313">\roman</indexterm>\roman</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="330">\roman</indexterm>\roman</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots; </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="314">\roman</indexterm>\roman</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="331">\Roman</indexterm>\Roman</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots; </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="315">\fnsymbol</indexterm>\fnsymbol</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="332">\fnsymbol</indexterm>\fnsymbol</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of <var>counter</var> must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. </para> -<tex endspaces=" "> -Here are the symbols: -$\ast$ $\dagger$ $\ddagger$ $\S$ $\P$ $\parallel$ -$\ast\ast$ $\dagger\dagger$ $\ddagger\ddagger$ -</tex> -<para>The symbols mostly aren&textrsquo;t supported in Info, but here are the names: -</para><display endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">asterisk(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel -double-asterisk(**) double-dagger double-ddagger +<para>Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output): +</para> +<display endspaces=" "> +<pre xml:space="preserve">asterisk(*) dagger(<U>2021</U>) ddagger(<U>2021</U>) +section-sign(<U>00A7</U>) paragraph-sign(<U>00B6</U>) parallel(<U>2225</U>) +double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>) double-ddagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>) </pre></display> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -3881,9 +4090,9 @@ double-asterisk(**) double-dagger double-ddagger </section> <node name="_005cusecounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\usecounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\value</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="316">\usecounter</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333">\usecounter</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3899,8 +4108,8 @@ the list items. </section> <node name="_005cvalue" spaces=" "><nodename>\value</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\usecounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317">\value</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334">\value</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -3921,24 +4130,24 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: </section> <node name="_005csetcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\setcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\value</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318">\setcounter</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">setting counters</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335">\setcounter</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">setting counters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> <example endspaces=" "> -<pre xml:space="preserve">\setcounter{<var>\counter</var>}{<var>value</var>} +<pre xml:space="preserve">\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>} </pre></example> -<para>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>\counter</var> to the +<para>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>counter</var> to the <var>value</var> argument. </para> </section> <node name="_005caddtocounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments <var>counter</var> by the amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative. @@ -3947,7 +4156,7 @@ amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative. </section> <node name="_005crefstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\refstepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as <code>\stepcounter</code> <xref label="_005cstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></xref>, except it also defines the @@ -3957,7 +4166,7 @@ current <code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>. </section> <node name="_005cstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\stepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\day \month \year</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to <var>counter</var> and resets all subsidiary counters. @@ -3966,9 +4175,9 @@ resets all subsidiary counters. </section> <node name="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" spaces=" "><nodename>\day \month \year</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322">\day</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323">\month</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324">\year</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339">\day</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340">\month</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341">\year</indexterm></findex> <para>&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>, 1&textndash;31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1&textndash;12), and year @@ -3984,7 +4193,7 @@ current day (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxre </chapter> <node name="Lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Lengths</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Counters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Lengths</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex> <para>A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a length as an argument. @@ -4001,8 +4210,8 @@ length as an argument. <node name="_005csetlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\setlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtolength</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325">\setlength</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342">\setlength</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var> argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex; @@ -4013,8 +4222,8 @@ understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), poin </section> <node name="_005caddtolength" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtolength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settodepth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326">\addtolength</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343">\addtolength</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a &textldquo;length command&textrdquo; <var>\len</var> by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which @@ -4024,7 +4233,7 @@ may be negative. </section> <node name="_005csettodepth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settodepth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settoheight</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtolength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settodepth</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327">\settodepth</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344">\settodepth</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code> </para> @@ -4035,7 +4244,7 @@ equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument. </section> <node name="_005csettoheight" spaces=" "><nodename>\settoheight</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settowidth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settodepth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settoheight</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328">\settoheight</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345">\settoheight</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code> </para> @@ -4047,7 +4256,7 @@ equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument. </section> <node name="_005csettowidth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settowidth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Predefined lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settoheight</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329">\settowidth</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346">\settowidth</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var> to the width of the <var>text</var> argument. @@ -4056,20 +4265,20 @@ to the width of the <var>text</var> argument. </section> <node name="Predefined-lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Predefined lengths</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\settowidth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Predefined lengths</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215">lengths, predefined</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216">predefined lengths</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">lengths, predefined</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">predefined lengths</indexterm></cindex> <para><code>\width</code> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330">\width</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347">\width</indexterm></findex> </para> <para><code>\height</code> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331">\height</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348">\height</indexterm></findex> </para> <para><code>\depth</code> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332">\depth</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349">\depth</indexterm></findex> </para> <para><code>\totalheight</code> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333">\totalheight</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350">\totalheight</indexterm></findex> </para> <para>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands (<pxref label="Boxes"><xrefnodename>Boxes</xrefnodename></pxref>). They specify the natural width, etc., of @@ -4084,8 +4293,8 @@ natural size, e.g., say </chapter> <node name="Making-paragraphs" spaces=" "><nodename>Making paragraphs</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math formulas</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Lengths</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Making paragraphs</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> <para>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&textmdash;lines not containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not appear where a new @@ -4102,9 +4311,9 @@ a sectioning command. <node name="_005cindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\indent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\noindent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\indent</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334">\indent</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335">\parindent</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351">\indent</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352">\parindent</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex> <para><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the <code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph @@ -4119,8 +4328,8 @@ mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</c </section> <node name="_005cnoindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\noindent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\indent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\noindent</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336">\noindent</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220">indent, suppressing</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353">\noindent</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">indent, suppressing</indexterm></cindex> <para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <code>\noindent</code> suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in @@ -4130,8 +4339,8 @@ the middle of a paragraph. </section> <node name="_005cparskip" spaces=" "><nodename>\parskip</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Marginal notes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\noindent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parskip</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337">\parskip</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354">\parskip</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex> <para><code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>. @@ -4140,10 +4349,10 @@ before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>. </section> <node name="Marginal-notes" spaces=" "><nodename>Marginal notes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\parskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Marginal notes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338">\marginpar</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355">\marginpar</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -4167,8 +4376,8 @@ will be placed <para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout. </para></listitem></itemize> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex> <para>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes in the opposite (inside) margin. <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them in the default position. @@ -4182,15 +4391,15 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace{0pt}</c <para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="341">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="358">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp> documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="342">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="359">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default <samp>11pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> documents, <samp>10pt</samp> else. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="343">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="360">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided <samp>10pt</samp> document is <samp>90pt</samp>, <samp>83pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>68pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>; <samp>17pt</samp> more in each case for a two-sided document. @@ -4209,13 +4418,13 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. </chapter> <node name="Math-formulas" spaces=" "><nodename>Math formulas</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Modes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math formulas</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">math formulas</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">math formulas</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex> <para>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode: </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> @@ -4228,10 +4437,10 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. number in the right margin. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347">\(</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348">\)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349">\[</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350">\]</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364">\(</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365">\)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366">\[</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367">\]</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code> @@ -4242,7 +4451,7 @@ environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: \[...\] <r>instead of</r> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351">$</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368">$</indexterm></findex> <para>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: </para> @@ -4250,15 +4459,15 @@ shorter form: <pre xml:space="preserve">$ ... $ <r>instead of</r> \(...\) </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352">\boldmath</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369">\boldmath</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode. Conversely, the <code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode. </para> <!-- c xx own section? Math fonts? --> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and below summations. For example @@ -4280,11 +4489,11 @@ below summations. For example <node name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" spaces=" "><nodename>Subscripts & superscripts</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Subscripts & superscripts</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228">superscript</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">subscript</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">exponent</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355">_</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356">^</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262">superscript</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263">subscript</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">exponent</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372">_</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="373">^</indexterm></findex> <para>To get an expression <i>exp</i> to appear as a subscript, you just type <code>_{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. To get <i>exp</i> to appear as a @@ -4297,9 +4506,9 @@ superscript. </section> <node name="Math-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Math symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math functions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Subscripts & superscripts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math symbols</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">math symbols</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">greek letters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">math symbols</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267">greek letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you&textrsquo;re likely to need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. @@ -4307,635 +4516,635 @@ For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get the pi symbol (<math>\pi</math>) in your output. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="357">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="374">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\|</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="358">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="375">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\aleph</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="359">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="376">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\alpha</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="360">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\amalg</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="361">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\angle</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="362">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\approx</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="363">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ast</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="364">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\asymp</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="365">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>\ (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="366">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\beta</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="367">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="384">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigcap</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="368">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="385">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigcirc</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="369">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="386">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigcup</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="370">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="387">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigodot</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="371">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="388">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigoplus</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="372">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="389">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigotimes</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="373">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="390">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigtriangledown</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="374">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="391">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigtriangleup</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="375">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="392">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigsqcup</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="376">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="393">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\biguplus</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="394">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigvee</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="395">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigwedge</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="396">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bot</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="397">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bowtie</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="398">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>(square open box symbol) <!-- c xx not in plain --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="399">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para><math>\bullet</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="400">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cap</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="384">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="401">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cdot</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="385">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="402">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\chi</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="386">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="403">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\circ</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="387">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="404">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\clubsuit</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="388">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="405">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cong</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="389">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="406">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\coprod</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="390">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="407">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cup</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="391">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="408">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dagger</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="392">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="409">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dashv</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="393">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="410">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dagger</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="394">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="411">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Delta</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="395">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="412">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\delta</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="396">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="413">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>bigger <math>\diamond</math> <!-- c xx not in plain --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="397">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="414">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\diamond</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="398">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="415">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\diamondsuit</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="399">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="416">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\div</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="400">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="417">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\doteq</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="401">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="418">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\downarrow</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="402">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="419">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Downarrow</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="403">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="420">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ell</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="404">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="421">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\emptyset</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="405">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="422">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\epsilon</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="406">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="423">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\equiv</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="407">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="424">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\eta</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="408">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="425">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\exists</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="409">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="426">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\flat</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="410">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="427">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\forall</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="411">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="428">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\frown</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="412">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="429">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Gamma</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="413">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="430">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gamma</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="414">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="431">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ge</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="415">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="432">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\geq</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="416">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="433">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gets</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="417">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="434">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gg</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="418">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="435">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hbar</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="419">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="436">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\heartsuit</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="420">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hookleftarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="421">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="438">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hookrightarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="422">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="439">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\iff</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="423">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Im</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="424">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\in</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="425">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="442">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\infty</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="426">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="443">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\int</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="427">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="444">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\iota</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="428">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="445">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) <!-- c xx not in plain --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="429">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="446">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\kappa</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="430">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="447">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Lambda</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="431">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="448">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lambda</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="432">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\land</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="433">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\langle</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="434">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="451">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lbrace</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="435">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="452">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lbrack</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="436">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="453">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lceil</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="454">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\le</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="438">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="455">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><!-- c xx missing from plain --> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="439">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="456">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Leftarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="457">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="458">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftharpoondown</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="442">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="459">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftharpoonup</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="443">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="460">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Leftrightarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="444">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="461">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftrightarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="445">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="462">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leq</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="446">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="463">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lfloor</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="447">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="464">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>(left-pointing arrow head) <!-- c xx not in plain --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="448">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="465">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ll</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="466">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lnot</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="467">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longleftarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="451">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longleftrightarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="452">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="469">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longmapsto</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="453">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longrightarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="454">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="471">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lor</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="455">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="472">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mapsto</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="456">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="473">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><!-- c xx not in plain --> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="457">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="474">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mid</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="458">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="475">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\models</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="459">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="476">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mp</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="460">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="477">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mu</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="461">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="478">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nabla</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="462">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="479">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\natural</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="463">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="480">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ne</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="464">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="481">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nearrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="465">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="482">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\neg</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="466">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="483">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\neq</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="467">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="484">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ni</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="485">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in <math>\not=</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="469">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="486">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ni</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="487">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nu</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="471">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="488">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nwarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="472">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="489">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\odot</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="473">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="490">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\oint</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="474">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="491">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Omega</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="475">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="492">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\omega</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="476">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="493">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ominus</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="477">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="494">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\oplus</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="478">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="495">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\oslash</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="479">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="496">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\otimes</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="480">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="497">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\owns</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="481">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="498">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\parallel</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="482">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="499">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\partial</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="483">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="500">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\perp</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="484">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="501">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\phi</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="485">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="502">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Pi</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="486">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="503">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\pi</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="487">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="504">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\pm</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="488">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="505">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\prec</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="489">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="506">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\preceq</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="490">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="507">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\prime</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="491">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\prod</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="492">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\propto</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="493">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="510">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Psi</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="494">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="511">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\psi</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="495">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="512">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rangle</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="496">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="513">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rbrace</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="497">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="514">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rbrack</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="498">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="515">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rceil</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="499">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="516">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Re</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="500">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="517">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rfloor</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="501">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>(binary operation) <!-- c xx not in plain @math{\rhd} --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="502">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rho</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="503">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Rightarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="504">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="505">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="522">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightharpoondown</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="506">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="523">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightharpoonup</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="507">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="524">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightleftharpoons</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="525">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\searrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="526">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\setminus</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="510">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="527">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sharp</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="511">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="528">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Sigma</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="512">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="529">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sigma</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="513">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="530">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sim</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="514">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="531">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\simeq</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="515">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="532">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\smallint</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="516">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="533">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\smile</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="517">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="534">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\spadesuit</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="535">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqcap</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="536">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqcup</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="537">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>(relation) <!-- c not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="538">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqsubseteq</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="522">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="539">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>(relation) <!-- c not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="523">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="540">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqsupseteq</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="524">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="541">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\star</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="525">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="542">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\subset</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="526">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="543">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\subseteq</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="527">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\succ</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="528">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\succeq</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="529">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sum</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="530">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\supset</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="531">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\supseteq</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="532">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\surd</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="533">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\swarrow</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="534">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="551">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tau</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="535">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="552">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\theta</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="536">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="553">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\times</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="537">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="554">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\to</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="538">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="555">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\top</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="539">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="556">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\triangle</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="540">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="557">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\triangleleft</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="541">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="558">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\triangleright</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="542">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- c not in plain --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="543">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- c not in plain --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Uparrow</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\uparrow</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Updownarrow</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\updownarrow</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\uplus</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Upsilon</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\upsilon</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="551">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varepsilon</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="552">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varphi</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="553">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varpi</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="554">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varrho</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="555">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varsigma</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="556">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vartheta</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="557">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vdash</math> (relation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="558">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vee</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Vert</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vert</math> (delimiter) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\wedge</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\wp</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\wr</math> (binary operation) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Xi</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\xi</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\zeta</math> </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -4944,113 +5153,116 @@ the pi symbol (<math>\pi</math>) in your output. </section> <node name="Math-functions" spaces=" "><nodename>Math functions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math functions</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">math functions</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">functions, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">math functions</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">functions, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arccos</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arcsin</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arctan</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arg</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Binary modulo operator (<math>x \bmod y</math>) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cos</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cosh</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cos</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cosh</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\csc</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\deg</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\deg</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dim</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\exp</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gcd</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hom</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\inf</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ker</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lg</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lim</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\liminf</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\limsup</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ln</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\log</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\max</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\min</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>parenthesized modulus, as in (<math>\pmod 2^n - 1</math>) </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Pr</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sec</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sin</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sinh</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sup</math> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><para>sup +<!-- c don't try to use \sup since that turned into a Texinfo command --> +<!-- c and it's not worth hassling with different versions when it's --> +<!-- c just three roman letters anyway. --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tan</math> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tanh</math> </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -5059,76 +5271,76 @@ spacing. </section> <node name="Math-accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Math accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math functions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math accents</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">math accents</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">math accents</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math acute accent: <math>\acute{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math bar-over accent: <math>\bar{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math breve accent: <math>\breve{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check) accent: <math>\check{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math dieresis accent: <math>\ddot{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math dot accent: <math>\dot{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math grave accent: <math>\grave{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <math>\hat{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math dotless i. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math dotless j. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math ring accent: <accent type="ring">x</accent>. <!-- c don't bother implementing in texinfo --> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math tilde accent: <math>\tilde{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math vector symbol: <math>\vec{x}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math wide hat accent: <math>\widehat{x+y}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">wide tile accent, math</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">wide tile accent, math</indexterm></cindex> <para>Math wide tilde accent: <math>\widetilde{x+y}</math>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -5137,8 +5349,8 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text </section> <node name="Spacing-in-math-mode" spaces=" "><nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spacing in math mode</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex> <para>In a <code>math</code> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics @@ -5147,15 +5359,15 @@ commands for use in math mode: </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\;</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="616">\;</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="633">\;</indexterm></findex> <para>A thick space (<math>5\over18\,</math>quad). </para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\:</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\></itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="617">\:</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="618">\></indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="634">\:</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="635">\></indexterm></findex> <para>Both of these produce a medium space (<math>2\over9\,</math>quad). </para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\,</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="619">\,</indexterm></findex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="636">\,</indexterm></findex> <para>A thin space (<math>1\over6\,</math>quad); not restricted to math mode. </para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\!</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>A negative thin space (<math>-{1\over6}\,</math>quad). @@ -5165,46 +5377,46 @@ commands for use in math mode: </section> <node name="Math-miscellany" spaces=" "><nodename>Math miscellany</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math miscellany</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <beforefirstitem> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620">\*</indexterm>\*</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">discretionary multiplication</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm></cindex> +</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637">\*</indexterm>\*</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">discretionary multiplication</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm></cindex> <para>A &textldquo;discretionary&textrdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is allowed. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. <tex endspaces=" "> As in: &textlsquo;$\cdots$&textrsquo;. </tex> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>A diagonal ellipsis: <math>\ddots</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623">\frac{num}{den}</indexterm>\frac{num}{den}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="624">\frac</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640">\frac{num}{den}</indexterm>\frac{num}{den}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="641">\frac</indexterm></findex> <para>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="626">\right</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="643">\right</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex> <para>The two delimiters need not match; <samp>.</samp> acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</code>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627">\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644">\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>. For example, <math>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628">\overline{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\overline{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645">\overline{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\overline{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>. -For exampe, <math>\overline{x+y}</math>. +For example, <math>\overline{x+y}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</indexterm>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</indexterm>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce. For example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as @@ -5214,7 +5426,7 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\root 3 \of x+y$. </tex> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630">\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</indexterm>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647">\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</indexterm>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. For example, <code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>. <tex endspaces=" "> @@ -5222,14 +5434,14 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\buildrel f \over \longrightarrow$. </tex> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631">\underbrace{math}</indexterm>\underbrace{math}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648">\underbrace{math}</indexterm>\underbrace{math}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. <tex endspaces=" "> In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}$. </tex> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632">\underline{text}</indexterm>\underline{text}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649">\underline{text}</indexterm>\underline{text}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of descenders. @@ -5238,8 +5450,8 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this: $\underline{xyz}$ </tex> </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="634">\vdots</indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="651">\vdots</indexterm></findex> <para>Produces a vertical ellipsis. <tex endspaces=" "> In &tex;, the result looks like this: @@ -5253,12 +5465,11 @@ $\vdots$. </chapter> <node name="Modes" spaces=" "><nodename>Modes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Modes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">modes</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">math mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">lR mode</indexterm></cindex> - +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">modes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">math mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">LR mode</indexterm></cindex> <para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: @@ -5272,39 +5483,42 @@ modes: <para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short </para></listitem></itemize> -<para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a -different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. -Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when +<para>Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when &latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. </para> -<para>&textldquo;Paragraph mode&textrdquo; is the most common; it&textrsquo;s the one &latex; is in -when processing ordinary text. In that mode, &latex; breaks your -text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. &latex; is in -&textldquo;math mode&textrdquo; when it&textrsquo;s generating a mathematical formula. In &textldquo;LR -mode&textrdquo;, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output that it -produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, -unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to right; it -never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words -into an <code>\mbox</code>, &latex; would keep typesetting them from left -to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting -box was too wide to fit on the line. -</para> -<para>&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> -command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for -example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. -There are also several text-producing commands and environments for -making a box that put &latex; in paragraph mode. The box make by one of -these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>. When -&latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in -&textldquo;inner paragraph mode&textrdquo;. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out -in, is called &textldquo;outer paragraph mode&textrdquo;. +<para><dfn>Paragraph mode</dfn> is the most common; it&textrsquo;s the one &latex; is in +when processing ordinary text. In this mode, &latex; breaks the +input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. +</para> +<para>&latex; is in <dfn>math mode</dfn> when it&textrsquo;s generating a mathematical +formula, either displayed math or within a line. +</para> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="652">\mbox<r>, and LR mode</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>In <dfn>LR mode</dfn>, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output +that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. +However, unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to +right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a +hundred words into an <code>\mbox</code>, &latex; would keep typesetting +them from left to right inside a single box (and then most likely +complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line). +&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an +<code>\mbox</code> command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside +the box&textmdash;for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a +formula in the box. +</para> +<para>There are also several text-producing commands and environments for +making a box that put &latex; into paragraph mode. The box made by +one of these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>. +When &latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to +be in &textldquo;inner paragraph mode&textrdquo; (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph +mode, which it starts out in, is called &textldquo;outer paragraph mode&textrdquo;. </para> </chapter> <node name="Page-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Page styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spaces</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Modes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page styles</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">styles, page</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">page styles</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">styles, page</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">page styles</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. @@ -5319,8 +5533,8 @@ the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them <node name="_005cmaketitle" spaces=" "><nodename>\maketitle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\maketitle</code></sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">titles, making</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="635">\maketitle</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">titles, making</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="653">\maketitle</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title page&textmdash;except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed @@ -5328,30 +5542,30 @@ at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636">\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</indexterm>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="637">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="638">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654">\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</indexterm>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="655">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="656">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use <code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author&textrsquo;s entry&textmdash;for example, to give the author&textrsquo;s institution or address. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639">\date{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\date{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657">\date{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\date{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document&textrsquo;s date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxref>) is used. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640">\thanks{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658">\thanks{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title, usually used for credit acknowledgements. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641">\title{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\title{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="642">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659">\title{<var>text</var>}</indexterm>\title{<var>text</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="660">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual. </para> @@ -5361,8 +5575,8 @@ document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual. </section> <node name="_005cpagenumbering" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagenumbering</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\maketitle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagenumbering</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="643">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="661">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5370,7 +5584,9 @@ document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual. <pre xml:space="preserve">\pagenumbering{<var>style</var>} </pre></example> -<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>: +<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>; also +resets the page number to 1. The <var>style</var> argument is one of +the following: </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">arabic</itemformat></item> @@ -5393,10 +5609,10 @@ document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual. </section> <node name="_005cpagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagestyle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thispagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagestyle</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="644">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">header style</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">footer style</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="662">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">header style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">footer style</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5427,7 +5643,7 @@ goes in the headers. <para>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>: </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> -<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645">\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</indexterm>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</itemformat></item> +<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663">\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</indexterm>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A &textldquo;left-hand heading&textrdquo; (<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before the end of the page, while a &textldquo;right-hand heading&textrdquo; (<var>right</var>) is @@ -5435,7 +5651,7 @@ generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646">\markright{<var>right</var>}</indexterm>\markright{<var>right</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664">\markright{<var>right</var>}</indexterm>\markright{<var>right</var>}</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -5444,7 +5660,7 @@ the page. </section> <node name="_005cthispagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="647">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="665">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the <code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it @@ -5455,7 +5671,7 @@ changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only. </chapter> <node name="Spaces" spaces=" "><nodename>Spaces</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spaces</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">spaces</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">spaces</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. </para> @@ -5468,9 +5684,9 @@ more often useful in math mode (<pxref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodena </pre></menucomment><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fixed horizontal space. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal space. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\SPACE</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Normal interword space. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\AT</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ending a sentence. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ending a sentence. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thinspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">One-sixth of an em. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\/</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Per-character italic correction. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\/</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert italic correction. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hrulefill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal rule. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\dotfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal dots. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve"> @@ -5484,7 +5700,7 @@ Vertical space <node name="_005chspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\hspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hfill</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hspace</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="648">\hspace</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="666">\hspace</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5506,29 +5722,31 @@ form. </section> <node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\SPACE</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hfill</code></sectiontitle> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="667">\hfill</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="649">\hfill</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which has no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="650">\fill</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="668">\fill</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\fill</code> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the glue value <samp>0pt plus1fill</samp>); thus, <code>\hspace\fill</code> is equivalent to <code>\hfill</code>. </para> </section> -<node name="_005cSPACE" spaces=" "><nodename>\SPACE</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\AT</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\SPACE</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="651">\SPACE</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="652">\TAB</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="653">\NEWLINE</indexterm></findex> +<node name="_005cSPACE" spaces=" "><nodename>\SPACE</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\&arobase;</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\SPACE</code>: Normal interword space</sectiontitle> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="669">\SPACE</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="670">\TAB</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="671">\NEWLINE</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\ </code> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It&textrsquo;s -useful after punctuation which shouldn&textrsquo;t end a sentence. For example -<code>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. -It is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a +useful after punctuation which shouldn&textrsquo;t end a sentence. For example, +<code>the article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. It +is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a nice system.</code> </para> <para>In normal circumstances, <code>\</code><key>tab</key> and <code>\</code><key>newline</key> @@ -5536,9 +5754,10 @@ are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. </para> </section> -<node name="_005cAT" spaces=" "><nodename>\AT</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\SPACE</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="654">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex> +<node name="_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\SPACE</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;</code>: Force sentence-ending punctuation</sectiontitle> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="672">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex> +<anchor name="_005cAT">\AT</anchor><!-- c old name --> <para>The <code>\&arobase;</code> command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after @@ -5552,7 +5771,7 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without <noindent></noindent> <para>produces </para> -<!-- c Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. --> +<!-- c Texinfo has different commands, but the result is the same. --> <quotation endspaces=" "> <para>&dots; in C&eosperiod; Pascal, though &dots;&linebreak; &dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots; @@ -5560,19 +5779,20 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without </section> -<node name="_005cthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\AT</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinspace</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="655">\thinspace</indexterm></findex> +<node name="_005cthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6<dmn>em</dmn></sectiontitle> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="673">\thinspace</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that -is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as -in &textrsquo;<dmn>&textrdquo;</dmn>. +is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested +quotes, as in &textrsquo;<dmn></dmn>&textrdquo;.<!-- c Abuse @dmn, which is a thin space in Texinfo. --> </para> </section> <node name="_005c_002f" spaces=" "><nodename>\/</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hrulefill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\/</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="656">\/</indexterm></findex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</sectiontitle> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="674">\/</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">italic correction</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <dfn>italic correction</dfn>. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, @@ -5589,6 +5809,11 @@ normal letters, it can help. Compare <i>f: f;</i> (in the &tex; output, the &textlsquo;f&textrsquo;s are nicely separated) with <i>f: f;</i>. </para> +<para>When changing fonts with commands such as <code>\textit{italic +text}</code> or <code>{\itshape italic text}</code>, &latex; will +automatically insert an italic correction if appropriate (<pxref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font +styles</xrefnodename></pxref>). +</para> <para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare <tex endspaces=" "> @@ -5597,11 +5822,14 @@ pdf\/\TeX{} pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the &textlsquo;f&textrsquo;) with pdf&tex;. </para> +<para>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done +in a different way. +</para> </section> <node name="_005chrulefill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hrulefill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dotfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\/</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hrulefill</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="657">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="675">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal @@ -5612,7 +5840,7 @@ rule. <node name="_005cdotfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\dotfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addvspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hrulefill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dotfill</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="658">\dotfill</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="676">\dotfill</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\dotfill</code> command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; that fills with dots instead of just white space. @@ -5622,53 +5850,59 @@ with dots instead of just white space. </section> <node name="_005caddvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\addvspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\dotfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addvspace</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="659">\addvspace</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">vertical space</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="677">\addvspace</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">vertical space</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex> <para><code>\addvspace{length}</code> </para> <para>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command, then this -command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length -of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>. +command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural +length of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>. </para> </section> <node name="_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" spaces=" "><nodename>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addvspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></sectiontitle> -<para>These commands produce a given amount of space. +<para>These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the +document class. </para> <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\bigskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="660">\bigskip</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="661">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex> -<para>The same as <code>\vspace{bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line -space (with stretch and shrink). +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="678">\bigskip</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="679">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex> +<para>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line +space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and +<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\medskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="662">\medskip</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="663">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex> -<para>The same as <code>\vspace{medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily -about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="680">\medskip</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="681">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex> +<para>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of +a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> +and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\smallskip</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="664">\smallskip</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="665">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex> -<para>The same as <code>\vspace{smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a -quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="682">\smallskip</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="683">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex> +<para>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a +quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the +<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus +1pt</code>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> -<para>The <code>\...amount</code> parameters are determined by the document class. -</para> </section> <node name="_005cvfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\vfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vfill</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="666">\vfill</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="684">\vfill</indexterm></findex> + +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It&textrsquo;s equivalent to @@ -5678,7 +5912,7 @@ can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It&textrsquo;s equivalent to </section> <node name="_005cvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\vspace</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\vfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="667">\vspace</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="685">\vspace</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5699,7 +5933,7 @@ space is not removed. <node name="Boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special insertions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spaces</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Boxes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">boxes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">boxes</indexterm></cindex> <para>All the predefined length parameters (<pxref label="Predefined-lengths"><xrefnodename>Predefined lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands. @@ -5707,21 +5941,21 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands. <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\mbox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal boxes. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\fbox and \framebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Put a frame around a box. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">lrbox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">An environment like \sbox. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">lrbox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">An environment like <code>\sbox</code>. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\makebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Box, adjustable position. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\parbox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Box with text in paragraph mode. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raisebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Raise or lower text. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\savebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\sbox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\savebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Like <code>\makebox</code>, but save the text for later use. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\sbox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Like <code>\mbox</code>, but save the text for later use. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\usebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Print saved text. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> <node name="_005cmbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\mbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fbox and \framebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="668">\mbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="686">\mbox</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. The <var>text</var> is not broken into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. @@ -5731,8 +5965,8 @@ lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. <node name="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\fbox and \framebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">lrbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\mbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="669">\fbox</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="670">\framebox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="687">\fbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="688">\framebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopses: </para> @@ -5749,8 +5983,8 @@ specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument (a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var> argument. <!-- c xxref --> </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="671">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="672">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="689">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="690">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex> <para>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default <samp>.4pt</samp>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default <samp>3pt</samp>) between the rule and the contents of the box. @@ -5762,7 +5996,7 @@ argument. <!-- c xxref --> </section> <node name="lrbox" spaces=" "><nodename>lrbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fbox and \framebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>lrbox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="673">lrbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="691">lrbox</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code> </para> @@ -5775,7 +6009,7 @@ must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>. </section> <node name="_005cmakebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">lrbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="674">\makebox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="692">\makebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5808,7 +6042,7 @@ stretchable space for this to work. </section> <node name="_005cparbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\parbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raisebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parbox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="675">\parbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="693">\parbox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5858,7 +6092,7 @@ for this to work. </section> <node name="_005craisebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\raisebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\savebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\parbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raisebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="676">\raisebox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="694">\raisebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5880,7 +6114,7 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth. </section> <node name="_005csavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\savebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raisebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\savebox</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="677">\savebox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="695">\savebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5897,7 +6131,7 @@ declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewsavebox"><xrefnode </section> <node name="_005csbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\sbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\savebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="678">\sbox</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="696">\sbox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5914,8 +6148,8 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled </section> <node name="_005cusebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\usebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\sbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var></code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="679">\usebox</indexterm></findex> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</code></sectiontitle> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="697">\usebox</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -5936,7 +6170,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> -<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Reserved characters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Reserved characters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting <samp># $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }</samp> </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Text symbols</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Accents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting accents. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Non-English characters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-English characters. @@ -5947,8 +6181,8 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. <node name="Reserved-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Reserved characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Text symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Reserved characters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex> <para>The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called &textldquo;reserved characters&textrdquo; or &textldquo;special characters&textrdquo;. @@ -5957,33 +6191,33 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. <pre xml:space="preserve"># $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } </pre></example> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="680">\#</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="681">\$</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="682">\%</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="683">\&</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="684">\_</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="685">\{</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="686">\}</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="698">\#</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="699">\$</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="700">\%</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="701">\&</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="702">\_</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="703">\{</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="704">\}</indexterm></findex> <para>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex; will do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as itself, include a <code>\</code> in front of the character. For example, <code>\$</code> will produce <code>$</code> in your output. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="687">\backslash</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="705">\backslash</indexterm></findex> <para>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing <code>$\backslash$</code> in your file, and a typewriter <code>\</code> is produced by using <samp>\</samp> in a verbatim command (<pxref label="verbatim"><xrefnodename>verbatim</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="688">\~</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="689">\^</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="706">\~</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="707">\^</indexterm></findex> <para>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over the following letter, as in <accent type="tilde">o</accent> and <accent type="circ">o</accent> (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>); to get a standalone <code>~</code> or <code>^</code>, you can again use a verbatim command. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="690">\symbol</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="708">\symbol</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex> <para>Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you know its number by using the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the @@ -5999,274 +6233,279 @@ with <code>"</code>, so the previous example could also be written as <node name="Text-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Text symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Reserved characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Text symbols</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">text symbols</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="691">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">text symbols</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="709">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex> <para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package. </para> <ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <beforefirstitem> -</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>The copyright symbol, ©right;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>The dagger symbol (in text). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>The double dagger symbol (in text). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex> <para>The &latex; logo. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697">\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698">\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699">\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700">\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex> +<para>The &latex;2e logo. +</para> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716">\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717">\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718">\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719">\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex> <para>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: «, », ‹, ›. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex> <para>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &textlsquo;&dots;&textrsquo;. <code>\ldots</code> and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">left quote</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">opening quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345">left quote</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">opening quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Left (opening) quote: &textlsquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex> <para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>English pounds sterling: £. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709">\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710">\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728">\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729">\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">right quote</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">closing quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">right quote</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">closing quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Right (closing) quote: &textrsquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">section symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">section symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>Section symbol. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex> <para>The &tex; logo. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>ASCII circumflex: ^. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>ASCII tilde: ~. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Centered asterisk: *. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Backslash: \. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Vertical bar: |. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Double vertical bar. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Big circle symbol. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Left brace: {. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Right brace: }. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Bullet: •. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724">\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</indexterm>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743">\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</indexterm>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in ®istered;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726">\textcapitalwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalwordmark</itemformat></itemx> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727">\textascenderwordmark</indexterm>\textascenderwordmark</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339">cap height</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340">ascender height</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745">\textcapitalwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalwordmark</itemformat></itemx> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746">\textascenderwordmark</indexterm>\textascenderwordmark</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">cap height</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">ascender height</indexterm></cindex> <para>Composite word mark (invisible). The <code>\textcapital...</code> form has the cap height of the font, while the <code>\textascender...</code> form has the ascender height. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Dagger: <math>\dag</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Double dagger: <math>\ddag</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730">\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749">\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex> <para>Dollar sign: $. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">em-dash</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">em-dash</indexterm></cindex> <para>Em-dash: &textmdash; (for punctuation). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347">e-dash</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">e-dash</indexterm></cindex> <para>En-dash: &textmdash; (for ranges). </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex> <para>The Euro symbol: €. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> <para>Upside down exclamation point: ¡. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Greater than: >. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Less than: <. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Left arrow. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex> <para>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Centered period: <math>\cdot</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">questionation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> -<para>Upside down questionation point: ¿. +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex> +<para>Upside down question mark: ¿. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">double left quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404">double left quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Double left quote: &textldquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">double right quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406">double right quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Double right quote: &textrdquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">single left quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408">single left quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Single left quote: &textlsquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">single right quote</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">single right quote</indexterm></cindex> <para>Single right quote: &textrsquo;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item> -<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item> +<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex> <para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>Registered symbol: ®istered;. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Right arrow. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex> <para>&textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex> <para>Trademark symbol: <math>^{\hbox{TM}}</math>. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex> <para>&textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Underscore: _. </para> -</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> +</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item> +</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex> <para>Visible space symbol. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></ftable> @@ -6276,10 +6515,12 @@ has the ascender height. <node name="Accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Non-English characters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Text symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Accents</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">accents</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">accents</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428"><code>babel</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex> <para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists @@ -6291,133 +6532,133 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1. <table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\"</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldieresis</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="755">\" <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="756">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="774">\" <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="775">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in <accent type="uml">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\'</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalacute</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="757">\&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="758">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">acute accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="776">\&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="777">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">acute accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces an acute accent, as in <accent type="acute">o</accent>. In the <code>tabbing</code> environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column (<pxref label="tabbing"><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\.</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="759">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">dot accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="778">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">dot accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in <accent type="dotaccent">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\=</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalmacron</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="760">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="761">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">macron accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="779">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="780">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">macron accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in <accent type="macr">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\^</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcircumflex</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="762">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="763">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">hat accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="781">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="782">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">hat accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in <accent type="circ">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\`</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalgrave</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="764">\&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="765">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">grave accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="783">\&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="784">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">grave accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in <accent type="grave">o</accent>. In the <code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin (<pxref label="tabbing"><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></pxref>). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\~</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltilde</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="766">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="767">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="785">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="786">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in <accent type="tilde">n</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\b</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="768">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="787">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in <accent type="ubaraccent">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\c</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcedilla</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="769">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="770">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="788">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="789">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in <accent type="cedil">c</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\d</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldotaccent</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="771">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="772">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="790">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="791">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in <accent type="udotaccent">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\H</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="773">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="774">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="792">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="793">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in <accent type="doubleacute">o</accent>. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\i</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="775">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403">dotless i</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="794">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">dotless i</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a dotless i, as in &textlsquo;<dotless>i</dotless>&textrsquo;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\j</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="776">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404">dotless j</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="795">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">dotless j</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a dotless j, as in &textlsquo;<dotless>j</dotless>&textrsquo;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\k</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalogonek</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="777">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="778">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405">ogonek</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="796">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="797">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">ogonek</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="ogon">o</accent>&textrsquo;. Not available in the OT1 encoding. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\r</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalring</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="779">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="780">\capitalring</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406">ring accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="798">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="799">\capitalring</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">ring accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a ring accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="ring">o</accent>&textrsquo;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\t</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltie</itemformat></itemx> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\newtie</itemformat></itemx> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalnewtie</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="781">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="782">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="783">\newtie</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="784">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="800">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="801">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="802">\newtie</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="803">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a tie-after accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="tieaccent">oo</accent>&textrsquo;. The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\u</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalbreve</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="785">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="786">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408">breve accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="804">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="805">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">breve accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a breve accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="breve">o</accent>&textrsquo;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\underbar</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="787">\underbar</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409">underbar</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="806">\underbar</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">underbar</indexterm></cindex> <para>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through @@ -6425,11 +6666,11 @@ descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in <ref label="Math-miscellany"><x </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\v</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcaron</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="788">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="789">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">check accent</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">caron accent</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="807">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="808">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">check accent</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">caron accent</indexterm></cindex> <para>Produces a h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check, caron) accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="caron">o</accent>&textrsquo;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> @@ -6439,10 +6680,10 @@ descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in <ref label="Math-miscellany"><x <node name="Non_002dEnglish-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Non-English characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Non-English characters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">special characters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">letters, non-English</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">special characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">letters, non-English</indexterm></cindex> <para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly used in languages other than English. @@ -6451,80 +6692,80 @@ used in languages other than English. <beforefirstitem> </beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\aa</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AA</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="790">\aa (å)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="791">\AA (Å)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">aring</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="809">\aa (å)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="810">\AA (Å)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">aring</indexterm></cindex> <para>å and Å. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ae</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AE</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="792">\ae (æ)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="793">\AE (Æ)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="811">\ae (æ)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="812">\AE (Æ)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex> <para>æ and Æ. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dh</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DH</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="794">\dh (æ)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="795">\DH (Æ)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="813">\dh (ð)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="814">\DH (Ð)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> <para>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dj</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DJ</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="796">\dj</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="797">\DJ</indexterm></findex> -<para>xxxx +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="815">\dj</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="816">\DJ</indexterm></findex> +<para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ij</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IJ</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="798">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="799">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="817">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="818">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex> <para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\l</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\L</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="800">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="801">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">polish l</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="819">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="820">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">polish l</indexterm></cindex> <para>&lslash; and &Lslash;. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ng</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NG</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="802">\ng</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="803">\NG</indexterm></findex> -<para>xxxx +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="821">\ng</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822">\NG</indexterm></findex> +<para>Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\o</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\O</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="804">\o (ø)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="805">\O (Ø)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">oslash</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="823">\o (ø)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="824">\O (Ø)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">oslash</indexterm></cindex> <para>ø and Ø. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\oe</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OE</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="806">\oe (œ)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="807">\OE (Œ)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="825">\oe (œ)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="826">\OE (Œ)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex> <para>œ and Œ. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ss</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\SS</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="808">\ss (ß)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="809">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827">\ss (ß)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="828">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>ß and SS. </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\th</itemformat></item> <itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\TH</itemformat></itemx> -</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="810">\th (þ)</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="811">\TH (Þ)</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> +</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="829">\th (þ)</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="830">\TH (Þ)</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex> <para>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. </para> </tableitem></tableentry></table> @@ -6533,7 +6774,7 @@ used in languages other than English. </section> <node name="_005crule" spaces=" "><nodename>\rule</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\today</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Non-English characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rule</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="812">\rule</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="831">\rule</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6559,7 +6800,7 @@ rectangles. The arguments are: </section> <node name="_005ctoday" spaces=" "><nodename>\today</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\rule</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\today</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="813">\today</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="832">\today</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\today</code> command produces today&textrsquo;s date, in the format <samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>; for example, &textlsquo;July 4, 1976&textrsquo;. @@ -6567,7 +6808,7 @@ It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and <code>\year</code> (<pxref label="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"><xrefnodename>\day \month \year</xrefnodename></pxref>) to do this. It is not updated as the program runs. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429"><code>datetime</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472"><code>datetime</code> package</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats. </para> @@ -6576,8 +6817,8 @@ of other date formats. </chapter> <node name="Splitting-the-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Splitting the input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Splitting the input</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">input file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">input file</indexterm></cindex> <para>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it&textrsquo;s more efficient to split it into @@ -6597,7 +6838,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document. <node name="_005cinclude" spaces=" "><nodename>\include</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\includeonly</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\include</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="814">\include</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="833">\include</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6614,7 +6855,7 @@ command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to <code>\includeonly</code>. See the next section. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another <code>\include</code> command. </para> @@ -6622,7 +6863,7 @@ read by another <code>\include</code> command. </section> <node name="_005cincludeonly" spaces=" "><nodename>\includeonly</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\include</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\<code>includeonly</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="815">\includeonly</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="834">\includeonly</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6642,7 +6883,7 @@ effective. </section> <node name="_005cinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\input</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\includeonly</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\input</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="816">\input</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="835">\input</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6674,10 +6915,10 @@ is tried (<samp>foo</samp> or <samp>foo.bar</samp>). <node name="Tables-of-contents" spaces=" "><nodename>Tables of contents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Glossaries</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Tables of contents</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="817">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="818">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="836">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="837">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> <para>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must @@ -6688,26 +6929,29 @@ not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="819">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="820">\listoftables</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="838">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="839">\listoftables</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="840">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="841">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> -produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. -Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. +produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from <file>.lof</file> and +<file>.lot</file> files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same +as for the table of contents. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="821">\nofiles</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="842">\nofiles</indexterm></findex> <para>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and <emph>prevents</emph> any of these lists from being generated. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> -<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addcontentsline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add an entry to table of contents etc. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addtocontents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add text directly to table of contents file etc. +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addcontentsline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add an entry to table of contents, etc. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addtocontents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc. </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> <node name="_005caddcontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\addcontentsline</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="843">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>\addcontentsline</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds an entry to the specified list or table where: @@ -6733,20 +6977,20 @@ following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument: </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">entry</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The actual text of the entry. +</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text of the entry. </para></tableitem></tableentry></table> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="823">\contentsline</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="844">\contentsline</indexterm></findex> <para>What is written to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file is the command <code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>name</var>}</code>. </para> -<!-- c ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? --> +<!-- c xx how hardwired are these values? other unit names? --> </subsection> <node name="_005caddtocontents" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocontents</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeup></node> <subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\addtocontents</sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="824">\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="845">\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\addtocontents</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file that @@ -6754,9 +6998,9 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. </para> <table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" "> <tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">ext</itemformat></item> -</tableterm><tableitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written: -<file>toc</file> (table of contents), <file>lof</file> (list of figures), or -<file>lot</file> (list of tables). +</tableterm><tableitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +typically one of: <file>toc</file> (table of contents), <file>lof</file> (list of +figures), or <file>lot</file> (list of tables). </para> </tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">text</itemformat></item> </tableterm><tableitem><para>The text to be written. @@ -6767,21 +7011,22 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. </section> <node name="Glossaries" spaces=" "><nodename>Glossaries</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Indexes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Glossaries</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">glossaries</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">glossaries</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="825">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="846">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex> <para>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="826">\glossary</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="847">\glossary</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex> <para>The command <code>\glossary{<var>text</var>}</code> writes a glossary entry for <var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.glo</file> extension. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827">\glossaryentry</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848">\glossaryentry</indexterm></findex> <para>Specifically, what gets written is the command <code>\glossaryentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. </para> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">glossary <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries. </para> @@ -6789,36 +7034,37 @@ glossaries. </section> <node name="Indexes" spaces=" "><nodename>Indexes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Indexes</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">indexes</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">indexes</indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="828">\makeindex</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849">\makeindex</indexterm></findex> <para>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes. Put this in the preamble. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="829">\index</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850">\index</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex> <para>The command <code>\index{<var>text</var>}</code> writes an index entry for <var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.idx</file> extension. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="830">\indexentry</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851">\indexentry</indexterm></findex> <para>Specifically, what gets written is the command <code>\indexentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex> <para>To generate a index entry for &textlsquo;bar&textrsquo; that says &textlsquo;See foo&textrsquo;, use a vertical bar: <code>\index{bar|see{foo}}</code>. Use <code>seealso</code> instead of <code>see</code> to make a &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; entry. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="831">\seename</indexterm></findex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="832">\alsoname</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="852">\seename</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="853">\alsoname</indexterm></findex> <para>The text &textlsquo;See&textrsquo; is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; by the macro <code>\alsoname</code>. These can be redefined for other languages. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex> <para>The generated <file>.idx</file> file is then sorted with an external command, usually either <command>makeindex</command> (<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</urefurl></url>) or (the @@ -6826,23 +7072,23 @@ multi-lingual) <command>xindy</command> (<url><urefurl>http://xindy.sourceforge. This results in a <file>.ind</file> file, which can then be read to typeset the index. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="833">printindex</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443"><code>makeidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="854">printindex</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488"><code>makeidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex> <para>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command. This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so <code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> needs to be in the preamble. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="834">indexspace</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="855">indexspace</indexterm></findex> <para>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new letter in the printed index; its default value is <samp>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</samp>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444"><code>showidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489"><code>showidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445"><code>multind</code> package</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490"><code>multind</code> package</indexterm></cindex> <para>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic, <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</urefurl></url>. @@ -6852,8 +7098,8 @@ preparing the index. </chapter> <node name="Letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Letters</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">letters</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">creating letters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">letters</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">creating letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The <code>letter</code> document class is designed to make a number of letters at @@ -6885,7 +7131,7 @@ the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary &latex; input. Commands that make no sense in a letter, like <code>\chapter</code>, do not work. The letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command. </para> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="835">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="856">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex> <para>After the <code>closing</code>, you can have additional material. The <code>\cc</code> command produces the usual &textldquo;cc: &dots;&textrdquo;. There&textrsquo;s also a similar <code>\encl</code> command for a list of enclosures. With both these @@ -6898,7 +7144,7 @@ commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\cc</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Cc list. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\closing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying goodbye. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\encl</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of enclosed material. -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\location</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your organisation&textrsquo;s address. +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\location</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your organization&textrsquo;s address. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\makelabels</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Making address labels. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\name</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your name, for the return address. </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\opening</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying hello. @@ -6912,14 +7158,14 @@ commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items. <node name="_005caddress" spaces=" "><nodename>\address</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cc</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\address{<var>return-address}</var></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="836">\address</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="857">\address</indexterm></findex> <para>The <code>\address</code> specifies the return address of a letter, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by <code>\\</code> commands. </para> <para>If you do not make an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter -will be formatted for copying onto your organisation&textrsquo;s standard +will be formatted for copying onto your organization&textrsquo;s standard letterhead. (<xref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></xref>, for details on your local implementation). If you give an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. @@ -6929,8 +7175,8 @@ letter will be formatted as a personal letter. <node name="_005ccc" spaces=" "><nodename>\cc</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\closing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\address</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cc</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="837">\cc</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="858">\cc</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6946,9 +7192,9 @@ printed on a separate line. <node name="_005cclosing" spaces=" "><nodename>\closing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\encl</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cc</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\closing</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="838">\closing</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">closing letters</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="859">\closing</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">closing letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6966,8 +7212,8 @@ printed on a separate line. <node name="_005cencl" spaces=" "><nodename>\encl</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\location</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\closing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\encl</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="839">\encl</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="860">\encl</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -6981,18 +7227,18 @@ printed on a separate line. </section> <node name="_005clocation" spaces=" "><nodename>\location</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makelabels</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\encl</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\location</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="840">\location</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="861">\location</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\location{address}</code> </para> -<para>This modifies your organisation&textrsquo;s standard address. This only appears +<para>This modifies your organization&textrsquo;s standard address. This only appears if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. </para> </section> <node name="_005cmakelabels" spaces=" "><nodename>\makelabels</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\name</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\location</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makelabels</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="841">\makelabels</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="862">\makelabels</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\makelabels{number}</code> </para> @@ -7004,7 +7250,7 @@ address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. </section> <node name="_005cname" spaces=" "><nodename>\name</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\opening</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makelabels</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\name</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="842">\name</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="863">\name</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\name{June Davenport}</code> </para> @@ -7015,8 +7261,8 @@ address. </section> <node name="_005copening" spaces=" "><nodename>\opening</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ps</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\name</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="843">\opening</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="864">\opening</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7036,8 +7282,8 @@ For instance: </section> <node name="_005cps" spaces=" "><nodename>\ps</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\signature</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\opening</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ps</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="844">\ps</indexterm></findex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="865">\ps</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex> <para>Use the <code>\ps</code> command to start a postscript in a letter, after <code>\closing</code>. @@ -7046,7 +7292,7 @@ For instance: </section> <node name="_005csignature" spaces=" "><nodename>\signature</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\startbreaks</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\ps</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="845">\signature</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="866">\signature</indexterm></findex> <para>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within @@ -7056,29 +7302,27 @@ space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within </section> <node name="_005cstartbreaks" spaces=" "><nodename>\startbreaks</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stopbreaks</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\signature</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\startbreaks</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="846">\startbreaks</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="867">\startbreaks</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\startbreaks</code> </para> <para>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page breaks again. </para> - </section> <node name="_005cstopbreaks" spaces=" "><nodename>\stopbreaks</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\telephone</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\startbreaks</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stopbreaks</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="847">\stopbreaks</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="868">\stopbreaks</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\stopbreaks</code> </para> <para>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command occurs. </para> - </section> <node name="_005ctelephone" spaces=" "><nodename>\telephone</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stopbreaks</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\telephone</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848">\telephone</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="869">\telephone</indexterm></findex> <para><code>\telephone{number}</code> </para> @@ -7090,8 +7334,8 @@ space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within </chapter> <node name="Terminal-input_002foutput" spaces=" "><nodename>Terminal input/output</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Terminal input/output</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">input/output</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">input/output</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex> <menu endspaces=" "> <menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\typein</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from the terminal. @@ -7101,7 +7345,7 @@ space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within <node name="_005ctypein" spaces=" "><nodename>\typein</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typeout</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849">\typein</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="870">\typein</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7121,7 +7365,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input. </section> <node name="_005ctypeout" spaces=" "><nodename>\typeout</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\typein</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></sectiontitle> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850">\typeout</indexterm></findex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="871">\typeout</indexterm></findex> <para>Synopsis: </para> @@ -7145,74 +7389,57 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in </chapter> <node name="Command-line" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Document templates</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">command line</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">command line</indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="872">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex> <para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; &tex; uses <file>.tex</file> as a default file extension. If you omit the -input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You -specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the -command; e.g. +input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You can +also specify arbitrary &latex; input by starting with a backslash. +For example, this processes <file>foo.tex</file> without pausing after every +error: </para> <example endspaces=" "> <pre xml:space="preserve">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' </pre></example> -<noindent></noindent> -<para>will process <file>foo.tex</file> without pausing after every error. +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="873">&textndash;help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex> +<para>With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also +be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with <samp>-</samp> or +<samp>--</samp>. For a list of those options, try <samp>latex --help</samp>. </para> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex> -<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851">\stop</indexterm></findex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex> +<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="874">\stop</indexterm></findex> <para>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a <samp>*</samp> prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code> (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. </para> - +<para><xref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></xref>, for other system commands invoking &latex;. +</para> </chapter> <node name="Document-templates" spaces=" "><nodename>Document templates</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Concept Index</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node> <appendix spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document templates</sectiontitle> -<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">document templates</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">document templates</indexterm></cindex> <para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will -be useful. Additional template resources are listed +be useful. Additional template resources are listed at <url><urefurl>http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</urefurl></url>. </para> <menu endspaces=" "> -<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">book template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"> -</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">beamer template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"> +<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">beamer template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"> +</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">book template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"> </pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">tugboat template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"> </pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu> -<node name="book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>book template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">beamer template</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> -<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>book</code> template</sectiontitle> - -<verbatim xml:space="preserve"> -\documentclass{book} -\title{Book Class Template} -\author{Alex Author} - -\begin{document} -\maketitle - -\chapter{First} -Some text. - -\chapter{Second} -Some other text. - -\section{A subtopic} -The end. -\end{document} -</verbatim> - - -</section> -<node name="beamer-template" spaces=" "><nodename>beamer template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tugboat template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> +<node name="beamer-template" spaces=" "><nodename>beamer template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">book template</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>beamer</code> template</sectiontitle> -<para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates slides presentations. +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex> +<para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast +array of features, but here is a basic template: </para> <verbatim xml:space="preserve"> \documentclass{beamer} @@ -7243,9 +7470,36 @@ The end. </para> </section> -<node name="tugboat-template" spaces=" "><nodename>tugboat template</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">beamer template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> +<node name="book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>book template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tugboat template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">beamer template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> +<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>book</code> template</sectiontitle> + +<verbatim xml:space="preserve"> +\documentclass{book} +\title{Book Class Template} +\author{Alex Author} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\chapter{First} +Some text. + +\chapter{Second} +Some other text. + +\section{A subtopic} +The end. +\end{document} +</verbatim> + + +</section> +<node name="tugboat-template" spaces=" "><nodename>tugboat template</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node> <section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tugboat</code> template</sectiontitle> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">TUGboat template</indexterm></cindex> +<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507"><code>ltugboat</code> class</indexterm></cindex> + <para><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group, <url><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat</urefurl></url>. </para> @@ -7280,8 +7534,8 @@ This is an example article for \TUB{}. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the -hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the +\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output. Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more: |