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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2006-01-11 23:55:44 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2006-01-11 23:55:44 +0000
commite1aa624528087008a5320818584225655344ad29 (patch)
treedd84bc6a5489165100f521e513fe019951f14fe2 /Master/texmf-dist
parent86a936a7e685ba9a7a275027910409748b3c2acc (diff)
trunk/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/octavo
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+%%
+%% \CharacterTable
+%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
+%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
+%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
+%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
+%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
+%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
+%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
+%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
+%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
+%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
+%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
+%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
+%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
+%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
+%%
+% \CheckSum{2046}
+% \iffalse
+%
+% \changes{1.0}{2003/07/02}{First release}
+% \changes{1.1}{2003/10/10}{Equations numbered continuously throughout
+% the text, in line with the numbering used for tables
+% and figures}
+%
+% \section{Identification}
+% This is document class Octavo, which can be used with \LaTeX\ only,
+% so prepare to display a message if another \TeX\ format is used.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<octavo>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% Announce the Class name and its version:
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<octavo>\ProvidesClass{octavo}
+%<10pt>\ProvidesFile{oct10.clo}
+%<11pt>\ProvidesFile{oct11.clo}
+%<12pt>\ProvidesFile{oct12.clo}
+%<*driver>
+\ProvidesFile{octavo.drv}
+%</driver>
+ [2003/09/06 v1.1
+%<octavo> a LaTeX document class]
+%<10pt|11pt|12pt> a LaTeX file (size option)]
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \section{The driver for this document}
+% Now comes the code for the document driver, that is to say, the file
+% which produces the documentation upon extraction from this .dtx file
+% by the docstrip program.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*driver>
+]
+\documentclass{ltxdoc}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% Not everything has to appear in the index
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DoNotIndex{\',\.,\@M,\@@input,\@Alph,\@alph,\@addtoreset,\@arabic}
+\DoNotIndex{\@badmath,\@centercr,\@cite}
+\DoNotIndex{\@dotsep,\@empty,\@float,\@gobble,\@gobbletwo,\@ignoretrue}
+\DoNotIndex{\@input,\@ixpt,\@m,\@minus,\@mkboth}
+\DoNotIndex{\@ne,\@nil,\@nomath,\@plus,\roman,\@set@topoint}
+\DoNotIndex{\@tempboxa,\@tempcnta,\@tempdima,\@tempdimb}
+\DoNotIndex{\@tempswafalse,\@tempswatrue,\@viipt,\@viiipt,\@vipt}
+\DoNotIndex{\@vpt,\@warning,\@xiipt,\@xipt,\@xivpt,\@xpt,\@xviipt}
+\DoNotIndex{\@xxpt,\@xxvpt,\\,\ ,\addpenalty,\addtolength,\addvspace}
+\DoNotIndex{\advance,\ast,\begin,\begingroup,\bfseries,\bgroup,\box}
+\DoNotIndex{\bullet}
+\DoNotIndex{\cdot,\cite,\CodelineIndex,\cr,\day,\DeclareOption}
+\DoNotIndex{\def,\DisableCrossrefs,\divide,\DocInput,\documentclass}
+\DoNotIndex{\DoNotIndex,\egroup,\ifdim,\else,\fi,\em,\endtrivlist}
+\DoNotIndex{\EnableCrossrefs,\end,\end@dblfloat,\end@float,\endgroup}
+\DoNotIndex{\endlist,\everycr,\everypar,\ExecuteOptions,\expandafter}
+\DoNotIndex{\fbox}
+\DoNotIndex{\filedate,\filename,\fileversion,\fontsize,\framebox,\gdef}
+\DoNotIndex{\global,\halign,\hangindent,\hbox,\hfil,\hfill,\hrule}
+\DoNotIndex{\hsize,\hskip,\hspace,\hss,\if@tempswa,\ifcase,\or,\fi,\fi}
+\DoNotIndex{\ifhmode,\ifvmode,\ifnum,\iftrue,\ifx,\fi,\fi,\fi,\fi,\fi}
+\DoNotIndex{\input}
+\DoNotIndex{\jobname,\kern,\leavevmode,\let,\leftmark}
+\DoNotIndex{\list,\llap,\long,\m@ne,\m@th,\mark,\markboth,\markright}
+\DoNotIndex{\month,\newcommand,\newcounter,\newenvironment}
+\DoNotIndex{\NeedsTeXFormat,\newdimen}
+\DoNotIndex{\newlength,\newpage,\nobreak,\noindent,\null,\number}
+\DoNotIndex{\numberline,\OldMakeindex,\OnlyDescription,\p@}
+\DoNotIndex{\pagestyle,\par,\paragraph,\paragraphmark,\parfillskip}
+\DoNotIndex{\penalty,\PrintChanges,\PrintIndex,\ProcessOptions}
+\DoNotIndex{\protect,\ProvidesClass,\raggedbottom,\raggedright}
+\DoNotIndex{\refstepcounter,\relax,\renewcommand}
+\DoNotIndex{\rightmargin,\rightmark,\rightskip,\rlap,\rmfamily}
+\DoNotIndex{\secdef,\selectfont,\setbox,\setcounter,\setlength}
+\DoNotIndex{\settowidth,\sfcode,\skip,\sloppy,\slshape,\space}
+\DoNotIndex{\symbol,\the,\trivlist,\typeout,\tw@,\undefined,\uppercase}
+\DoNotIndex{\usecounter,\usefont,\usepackage,\vfil,\vfill,\viiipt}
+\DoNotIndex{\viipt,\vipt,\vskip,\vspace}
+\DoNotIndex{\wd,\xiipt,\year,\z@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Generate an index using linenumbers
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\EnableCrossrefs
+\CodelineIndex
+\RecordChanges
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Retrieve date and version information from the file
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\GetFileInfo{octavo.drv}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\begin{document}
+\DocInput{octavo.dtx}
+\PrintIndex
+\end{document}
+%</driver>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \fi
+%
+% \title{The Octavo Package}
+% \author{Stefan A. Revets}
+% \date{Version \fileversion, \filedate}
+% \maketitle
+% \tableofcontents
+%
+% \section{Introduction}
+%
+% Donald Knuth developed \TeX\ because of the dissatisfaction he felt
+% with the commercial typesetting of his books `The Art of Computer
+% programming'~\cite{knuth98}. The program grew into a typesetting system, with
+% a great deal of attention and ingenuity devoted to the calculations of the
+% placement of letters, words and paragraphs on a page. More people began
+% to use \TeX, and, with the advent of \LaTeX, ready-made class files
+% became part of the system. These style files tend to show off the
+% capabilities of the system, rather than conform to good design, or, as
+% Philip Taylor~\cite{taylor98,taylor99} put it `\ldots all of which shriek
+% ``\TeX'' from every page'.
+%
+% Class files have been proposed and are available from CTAN which give the more
+% fastidious user the means with which to moderate at least some of the excesses
+% of the standard \LaTeX\ styles. The KOMA package is a good example, and so
+% is the excellent Memoir class of Peter Wilson~\cite{wilson01}. The manual
+% of this package is a worthwhile read, especially since works on design and
+% style in book making are not all that easy to obtain.
+%
+% \subsection{Background}
+%
+% To \emph{make} a book is an interesting and somewhat involved
+% process~\cite{town}. The text is set in type and printed on paper, the pages
+% are gathered and folded into signatures, and these are then bound and covered.
+%
+% The printing is done on large sheets of paper, which may have to be cut before
+% hey are folded into signatures. These are passed on to the the bookbinder who
+% sews the signatures into the book proper. As is so often the case with
+% venerable crafts, a florid terminology developed which facilitated contacts
+% between the guilds of printers and binders, while at the same time inspiring
+% some sort of grudging respect in the uninitiated, keeping them at bay.
+%
+% The sheets of paper, the broadsides, came in a limited number of more or less
+% standard sizes. These sheets are known under the names Foolscap, Crown,
+% Post, Demy, Medium, Royal, Super Royal and Imperial. Folding the sheets
+% adds another set of terms: a single fold yields a Folio, a double fold a
+% Quarto, a triple fold an Octavo and so on. Hence, the combination of a
+% sheetname and the number of folds denotes a particular and precise size of
+% the book~\cite{town,williamson66}, for example, a crown octavo measures
+% 191x127~mm.
+%
+% Jan Tschichold devoted a lifetime to the design and production of books.
+% Fortunately, he wrote many of his views down. Later in life, he assembled
+% his findings in an overview~\cite{tschichold87}, discussing in a more
+% coherent, concentrated fashion the questions which face anyone wishing to
+% make a book. Of particular interest is his analysis of size and proportions of
+% page, text and margins. Through his own historical investigations, he made,
+% and continues to make, a very strong and convincing case against the more
+% `modern' tendency of making squarish books. His elegant, eloquent and well
+% illustrated discourse guides us away from the ugliness of the convenient but
+% rather square A format (proportion 1:1.414) back to the more rectangular
+% formats with proportions tending towards the Golden Ratio (from 1:1.5 to
+% 1:1.618). It is certainly no accident that the classical sheets of paper
+% traditionally used in the printing of books show proportions which fall very
+% nicely within this range.
+%
+% Tschichold analysed the size and disposition of the text block relative
+% to the page as well. By 1953, he published his discovery of the late gothic
+% workshop secrets of determining the margins on a page.
+% Rosarivo~\cite{rosarivo61}confirmed this determination through his own,
+% independent discovery of a different method which happily yielded the same
+% results. Rosarivo's method is very easy to use and implement automatically:
+% divide the height and width of the page into an equal number, assign one part
+% to make up inner and upper margin, and two parts to make up outer and lower
+% margin, with the remainder defining the area available for printing the body
+% text.
+%
+% The amount of leading between lines of print depends on the nature of the
+% fount, its size, and the length of the line. Also, it should remain fixed for
+% the entire text, yielding a constant, regular grid of lines. Tschichold
+% discussed the leading of lines of text in some detail, and similar views can
+% be found in Williamson's book~\cite{williamson66}.
+%
+% It should be clear by now that the standard book class included in \LaTeX\
+% requires a fair amount of adjustment to reflect more closely the design
+% principles just highlighted. The Octavo class is an attempt to provide
+% such a class file.
+%
+% \subsection{Rationale}
+%
+% The Octavo class is in essence a modification of the standard \LaTeX\ book
+% class, with a similar, limited amount of options and choices. These
+% limitations are there because a number of inbuilt choices have been made on
+% the basis of design principles and guidelines garnered from a variety of
+% authors and books. The class is christened Octavo because its express
+% aim is to implement many of these classical design elements.
+%
+% First of all, the option of page sizes are the classical octavo sizes. The
+% four smallest ones, i.e., foolscap, crown, post and largepost can be made
+% to fit two by two on A4 paper, allowing one to produce books in these formats
+% on printers routinely available.
+%
+% The size of the margins follows the analysis by Tschichold, but instead of
+% adopting the 6:9 ratio of division of the page (which yields only a 44\%
+% covering of a page by text), a 7:10 ratio is here implemented (yielding
+% a 49\% cover of a page by text).
+%
+% Including a title page is very necessary when making a book, but the way in
+% which to do this is not as straightforward a matter as that may seem at first.
+% Title pages (plural) are much better when they are treated, and made, as
+% an integral part of the endpapers. When binding (good) books, endpapers
+% fulfill a functional and aesthetical role, and a separate folio bearing the
+% titling, adds to the strength, and beauty, of the endpapers~\cite{town}.
+%
+% Ideally, a separate folio should be made, bearing on the first recto page the
+% bastard title, on the verso possibly a frontispiece, or failing something
+% suitable, left blank. The next recto bears title, author, publisher and
+% the like, and the final verso provides space for the biblio or imprint.
+% From a design perspective, it is not really feasible, nor desirable, to
+% lay down hard and fast rules for the organisation or the placement of the
+% various elements needed on a titlepage. In practice, it is much easier
+% to do this as a separate document, especially when the text is to be
+% organised into signatures.
+%
+% An attempt is made here to try and maintain a uniform printing grid across
+% the text. Amongst the \TeX\ algorithms, Knuth developed a set with the aim of
+% keeping the overall text block on each page the same size. If necessary, this
+% means allowing the change of spacing between paragraphs, around floating
+% objects, or indeed the leading within a paragraph. To counteract this
+% behaviour completely would require a rewriting of part of the \TeX\ code,
+% which really is too daunting a task. However, it seems possible, through a
+% judicious setting of parameters, lengths and sizes, almost to achieve the
+% same result. In principle, the octavo class will maintain the regularity
+% of the grid within the text body, i.e., the leading should remain constant,
+% and successive paragraphs should not become separated by extra space.
+% Adjustments, if and when they become necessary, will be made to the spacing
+% around headings, lists and floats. Nevertheless, there will be times when
+% the actual text, the parameters defined by the octavo class, and the \TeX\
+% kernel will conspire to produce truly horrible results. Such misfortunes call
+% for direct intervention, or, the user willing, suggestions of improving the
+% definitions of the parameters proposed here for the octavo class.
+%
+% \subsection{Some notes on making books with octavo}
+%
+% Thanks to excellent works on bookbinding such as the book by Lawrence
+% Town~\cite{town}, the physical making of books lies well within reach of
+% anyone caring to make the effort. Thanks to a number of additional programs,
+% also available from CTAN, it is a straightforward matter to organise and print
+% out a text in signatures. Here are some of the means which have proved to be
+% both useful and effective.
+%
+% As already mentioned, the formats foolscap, crown, post and largepost can be
+% made to sit on an A5 page. This means that four pages can be put on a single
+% A4 sheet, a set of which can be made to form a signature. To do so requires
+% a few careful but simple adjustments.
+%
+% A problem comes up with the imposition of the textpages on an A4 sheet. The
+% four formats mentioned are all narrower than an A5 sheet, and hence extra
+% space is left protruding at the outer margins. This is not a problem with the
+% odd-numbered pages, as it is their inner margin which is made to coincide with
+% the inner margin of the A5 sheet. However, the even-numbered pages have their
+% outer margin made to coincide with the outer margin of the A5 sheet, the
+% latter of course being too wide. What should happen is to have the inner
+% margin of the even-numbered sheet coincide with the inner margins of the A5
+% sheet. The simplest solution is to add a single line to the preamble of the
+% document: |\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{148.5mm-\textwidth}|, rather than
+% try and reposition only the even-numbered pages with dvidvi, dvips, and the
+% like.
+%
+% Organising the pages into signatures can be done quite easily. With dvips:
+% \begin{enumerate}
+% \item dvips -ta5 \meta{file}
+% \item psbook -s16 \meta{file}.ps \meta{file}.tmp
+% \item psnup -pa4 -Pa5 -l -2 -s1.0 \meta{file}.tmp \meta{file}.ps
+% \end{enumerate}
+% or with dvihplj or similar, using the switches:\\
+% |prthpljh| \meta{file} |+columns:2 +rows:1 +section-size:4|\\
+% |+full-last-section +page-width:148.5mm +page-height:210mm|\\
+% |+landscape-mode +double-sided:odd[even]|
+%
+% These sets of commands and switches yield signatures made up of 16 pages on 4
+% sheets. Such an arrangement is very effective and handy when binding the
+% book. It may be necessary to instruct the printer to shift each page a little
+% on the sheet to ensure perfect register, and a little experimenting may be
+% called for.
+%
+% \subsection{Acknowledgements}
+% Octavo is a modification of |classes.dtx| written by Leslie Lamport (1992),
+% Frank Mittelbach (1994-97) and Johannes Braams (1994-97). As can be seen
+% from the code, my own input is restricted to a tweaking of some parameters
+% and true credit is due to Lamport, Mittelbach and Braams for their
+% monumental efforts.
+%
+% \begin{thebibliography}{16}
+%
+% \bibitem{knuth98} Knuth,~D. 1998. \emph{Digital Typography}. CSLI
+% Publications, Stanford.
+%
+% \bibitem{rosarivo61} Rosarivo,~R. 1961. \emph{Divina proportio typographica}.
+% Scherpe, Krefeld.
+%
+% \bibitem{taylor98} Taylor,~P. 1998. \emph{Book design for \TeX\ users, Part 1:
+% Theory.} TUGBoat, 19:65--74.
+%
+% \bibitem{taylor99} Taylor,~P. 1999. \emph{Book design for \TeX\ users, Part 2:
+% Practice.} TUGBoat, 20:378--389.
+%
+% \bibitem{town} Town,~L. \emph{Bookbinding by hand.} Faber \& Faber, London.
+%
+% \bibitem{tschichold87} Tschichold,~ J. 1987. \emph{Ausgew\"{a}hlte Aufs\"{a}tze
+% \"{u}ber Fragen der Gestalt des Buches und der Typographie}. Birkh\"{a}user
+% Verlag, Basel.
+%
+% \bibitem{williamson66} Williamson,~H. 1966. \emph{Methods of book design.} Oxford
+% University Press, Oxford.
+%
+% \bibitem{wilson01} Wilson,~P. 2001. \emph{The Memoir class for configurable
+% typesetting.} CTAN. |macros\latex\contrib\memoir|
+%
+% \end{thebibliography}
+% \StopEventually{}
+%
+%
+% \section{Preliminaries}
+% We begin by declaring a number of commands, parameters and control
+% sequences which will be used later on.
+% \begin{macro}{\@ptsize}
+% The controlsequence stores the second digit of the pointsize in which
+% the body of the text will be typeset.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*octavo>
+\newcommand\@ptsize{}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\if@restonecol}
+% In texts printed in two columns, this switch is used to remember to
+% switch back to two column if there has been a temporary change to single
+% column mode.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newif\if@restonecol
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\if@titlepage}
+% Usually, a titlepage is produced with a book. However, if a set of
+% endpapers is made, titlepages can be made separately from the body
+% of the book, and it is useful to omit the production of a titlepage.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newif\if@titlepage
+\@titlepagetrue
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\if@openright}
+% \begin{macro}{\if@openbib}
+% Another set of switches, to indicate if new chapters must start on a
+% right-hand page. Normally they do, but novels and the like may well
+% benefit from having new chapters start on either side.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newif\if@openright
+\newif\if@openbib
+\@openbibfalse
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\if@mainmatter}
+% A switch to indicate when we are processing the main material of the book.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newif\if@mainmatter
+\@mainmattertrue
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \section{Class options}
+% \subsection{Declaring options}
+% The options available to the octavo class are essentially the same as those
+% defined for the standard book class. What is different and new is a set of
+% papersize options.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\paperheight}
+% \begin{macro}{\paperwidth}
+% We begin with the papersizes. These are largely the traditional octavo
+% sizes. The option |largepost| is slightly different: it is an example
+% of Tschichold's pentagon-based proportion (1:1.538) applied to a page
+% height of an a5 page.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOption{foolscap}
+ {\setlength\paperheight{171mm}%
+ \setlength\paperwidth{108mm}}
+\DeclareOption{crown}
+ {\setlength\paperheight{191mm}%
+ \setlength\paperwidth{127mm}}
+\DeclareOption{post}
+ {\setlength\paperheight{194mm}%
+ \setlength\paperwidth{122mm}}
+\DeclareOption{largepost}
+ {\setlength\paperheight{210mm}%
+ \setlength\paperwidth{137mm}}
+\DeclareOption{demy}
+ {\setlength\paperheight{222mm}%
+ \setlength\paperwidth{143mm}}
+\DeclareOption{medium}
+ {\setlength\paperheight{229mm}%
+ \setlength\paperwidth{146mm}}
+\DeclareOption{royal}
+ {\setlength\paperheight{254mm}%
+ \setlength\paperwidth{159mm}}
+\DeclareOption{superroyal}
+ {\setlength\paperheight{267mm}%
+ \setlength\paperwidth{171mm}}
+\DeclareOption{imperial}
+ {\setlength\paperheight{279mm}%
+ \setlength\paperwidth{191mm}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@ptsize}
+% The choice of type size is kept through the last digit of the size
+% in |\@ptsize|. There are apparently good, or at least, historical
+% reasons for doing so. Since this may well ensure compatibility with
+% other packages, the method is maintained here.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOption{10pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{0}}
+\DeclareOption{11pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{1}}
+\DeclareOption{12pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{2}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{twoside}
+% When printing books, two-sided printing is the norm. This
+% means that we have to set the |if@mparswitch| to get any margin
+% paragraphs into the outside margin.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOption{twoside}{\@twosidetrue \@mparswitchtrue}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{draft}
+% When preparing a text for final tweaking, the |draft| mode may come in
+% handy, as it will show on the page where overfull boxes appear.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOption{draft}{\setlength\overfullrule{5pt}}
+\DeclareOption{final}{\setlength\overfullrule{0pt}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{titlepage}
+% Having argued that it is much better to deal with the titlepage separately
+% from the book itself, we do leave the choice of a titlepage as integral
+% part of the book as an option. However, the default will be to have no
+% titlepage.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@titlepagetrue}
+\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@titlepagefalse}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{openright}
+% New chapters normally start on a right-hand page in books, but novels, or
+% poetry books may well be better off by allowing chapters to begin on either
+% side.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOption{openright}{\@openrighttrue}
+\DeclareOption{openany}{\@openrightfalse}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{twocolumn}
+% Single or double column arrangement of the body text is chosen with this
+% option. The choice does require some care, as the width of a line of text
+% that can be read comfortably depends on the total number of ens, and this
+% is a function of the fount, the fount size and the text width. The larger
+% formats almost always benefit from being typeset in two columns.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\@twocolumnfalse}
+\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@twocolumntrue}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{leqno}
+% \begin{macro}{fleqn}
+% When including mathematical formul\ae , equation numbers are usually
+% placed to the right, but the |leqno| option places them on the left of the
+% the equation. The |fleqn| option redefines the math display environment so
+% that equations are typeset flush with the left margin and indented by
+% |\mathindent| from the prevailing left margin.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOption{leqno}{\input{leqno.clo}}
+\DeclareOption{fleqn}{\input{fleqn.clo}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{openbib}
+% The format of the bibliography is set to an `open' one, that is, each block
+% starts on a new line, with successive lines in a block indented by the
+% amount defined by |\bibindent|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOption{openbib}{\@openbibtrue}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{Executing options}
+% Here, default options are executed in order to initialise a number of
+% variables. The |\ProcessOptions| command then ensures the execution of the
+% code for every option declared and for which the user included an option
+% in the |\documentclass| command.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\ExecuteOptions{crown,10pt,twoside,final,notitlepage,openright,onecolumn}
+\ProcessOptions
+% \end{macrocode}
+% After the execution of all the options, we can now load the class option
+% file which contains all the size dependent code.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\input{oct1\@ptsize.clo}
+%</octavo>
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \section{Document layout}
+% \subsection{Fount sizes}
+% The user has access to a number of commands which change the size of
+% the fount, relative to the `main' size used for the bulk of the text.
+% These |\size| commands issue a
+% |\@setfontsize||\size|\meta{font-size}\meta{baselineskip} where:
+% \begin{description}
+% \item{\meta{font-size}} The absolute size of the fount to use from
+% now on.
+% \item{\meta{baselineskip}} The normal value of |\baselineskip|
+% for the size of the fount selected. (The actual value will be
+% |\baselinestretch| * \meta{baselineskip}.)
+% \end{description}
+%
+% A number of commands, defined in the \LaTeX\ kernel, shorten the
+% following definitions and are used throughout. These are:
+% \begin{center}
+% \begin{tabular}{ll@{\qquad}ll@{\qquad}ll}
+% \verb=\@vpt= & 5 & \verb=\@vipt= & 6 & \verb=\@viipt= & 7 \\
+% \verb=\@viiipt= & 8 & \verb=\@ixpt= & 9 & \verb=\@xpt= & 10 \\
+% \verb=\@xipt= & 10.95 & \verb=\@xiipt= & 12 & \verb=\@xivpt= & 14.4\\
+% \ldots
+% \end{tabular}
+% \end{center}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\normalsize}
+% \begin{macro}{\@normalsize}
+% The user command to obtain the `main' size is |\normalsize|. \LaTeX\
+% uses |\@normalsize| when referring to the main size and maintains this
+% value even if |\normalsize| is redefined. The |\normalsize| macro also
+% sets values for |\abovedisplayskip|, |\abovedisplayshortskip| and
+% |\belowdisplayshortskip|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*10pt|11pt|12pt>
+\renewcommand\normalsize{%
+%<*10pt>
+ \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xpt\@xiipt
+ \abovedisplayskip 12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+%</10pt>
+%<*11pt>
+ \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xipt{13.2}%
+ \abovedisplayskip 13.2\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 6.6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+%</11pt>
+%<*12pt>
+ \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xiipt\@xivpt
+ \abovedisplayskip 14.4\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 7.2\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+%</12pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% The |\belowdisplayskip| equals |\abovedisplayskip|. The parameters of
+% the first-level list are always given by |\@listI|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
+ \let\@listi\@listI}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Initially, the |normalsize| fount is put into use for the document
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\normalsize
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\small}
+% Similar to |\normalsize|
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\small{%
+%<*10pt>
+ \@setfontsize\small\@ixpt\@xipt%
+ \abovedisplayskip 11\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus2\p@
+ \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 5.5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \topsep 5.5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \parsep \z@
+ \itemsep \z@}%
+%</10pt>
+%<*11pt>
+ \@setfontsize\small\@xpt\@xiipt
+ \abovedisplayskip 12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \topsep 6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \parsep \z@
+ \itemsep \z@}%
+%</11pt>
+%<*12pt>
+ \@setfontsize\small\@xipt{13.2}%
+ \abovedisplayskip 13.2\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 6.6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \topsep 6.6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \parsep \z@
+ \itemsep \z@}%
+%</12pt>
+ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\footnotesize}
+% Again, very similar to |\normalsize|
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\footnotesize{%
+%<*10pt>
+ \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@viiipt{9.5}%
+ \abovedisplayskip 9.5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 2\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \topsep 5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \parsep \z@
+ \itemsep \z@}%
+%</10pt>
+%<*11pt>
+ \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@ixpt\@xipt%
+ \abovedisplayskip 11\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 2\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 5.5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \topsep 5.5\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \parsep \z@
+ \itemsep \z@}%
+%</11pt>
+%<*12pt>
+ \@setfontsize\footnotesize\@xpt\@xiipt
+ \abovedisplayskip 12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus 3\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \topsep 6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \parsep \z@
+ \itemsep \z@}%
+%</12pt>
+ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\scriptsize}
+% \begin{macro}{\tiny}
+% \begin{macro}{\large}
+% \begin{macro}{\Large}
+% \begin{macro}{\LARGE}
+% \begin{macro}{\huge}
+% \begin{macro}{\Huge}
+% These macros select new fountsizes, but leave display and lists alone.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*10pt>
+\newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viipt\@viiipt}
+\newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vpt\@vipt}
+\newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{14}}
+\newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{18}}
+\newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{22}}
+\newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25}}
+\newcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30}}
+%</10pt>
+%<*11pt>
+\newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viiipt{9.5}}
+\newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vipt\@viipt}
+\newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{14}}
+\newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{18}}
+\newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{22}}
+\newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25}}
+\newcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30}}
+%</11pt>
+%<*12pt>
+\newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viiipt{9.5}}
+\newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vipt\@viipt}
+\newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xivpt{18}}
+\newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xviipt{22}}
+\newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xxpt{25}}
+\newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxvpt{30}}
+\let\Huge=\huge
+%</12pt>
+%</10pt|11pt|12pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Fount changes}
+% Fount changes should really be done with the \LaTeXe\ commands, but quite
+% a few packages rely on the older versions of these commands. Therefore, for
+% the sake of compatibility, the old commands are retained.
+% \begin{macro}{\rm}
+% \begin{macro}{\tt}
+% \begin{macro}{\sf}
+% These are commands to change the fount family.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*octavo>
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\bf}
+% The command to change to the bold series
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\sl}
+% \begin{macro}{\it}
+% \begin{macro}{\sc}
+% And finally, the commands to change the shape of the founts.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{Paragraphs}
+% The parameters which control \TeX 's behaviour when typesetting
+% paragraphs receive a bit of a tweak here. Contrary to the usual
+% behaviour of modifying the grid with glue when difficulties are
+% encountered with vertical space, here we shall try to counteract
+% these tendencies and enforce as much as possible uniformity of the
+% grid of lines.
+% \begin{macro}{\lineskip}
+% \begin{macro}{\normallineskip}
+% These two parameters influence \TeX when two lines come too close.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\lineskip{1\p@}
+\setlength\normallineskip{1\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\baselinestretch}
+% Used by \TeX\ as a multiplier for |\baselineskip|. \emph{Default}
+% behaviour is not to stretch the baselines. If this command does not
+% resolve to `empty', any |plus| or |minus| part in the specification
+% of |\baselineskip| is ignored.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\baselinestretch{}
+%</octavo>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\parskip}
+% Extra vertical space can be put between successive paragraphs with
+% |\parskip| as it is usually defined as a zero rubber length. Here, it
+% is set to zero, without rubber extention, hopefully helping to maintain
+% the regular grid.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*10pt|11pt|12pt>
+\setlength\parskip{0\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\parindent}
+% The value of |\parindent| was set to a variety of sizes depending on the
+% fount size and whether single- or double-column is in use. Using the
+% |em| measure relates the indent to the fount in use, and there is little
+% merit in having a marginally wider indent when typesetting in a single
+% column.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\parindent{1em}
+%</10pt|11pt|12pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@lowpenalty}
+% \begin{macro}{\@medpenalty}
+% \begin{macro}{\@highpenalty}
+% Command such as |\nopagebreak| or |\nolinebreak| put in penalties to
+% discourage the placement of these breaks. Depending on the argument
+% with which they are put, a low, medium or high penalty is chosen.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*octavo>
+\@lowpenalty 51
+\@medpenalty 151
+\@highpenalty 301
+%</octavo>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \subsection{Page layout}
+% Here the class file deviates more noticably from the standard book class.
+% To begin with, all dimensions are measured from the true upper left corner
+% of the page. Dimensions and placement of the text area is directly related
+% to and determined as proportions of the dimensions of the page.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\hoffset}
+% \begin{macro}{\voffset}
+% First of all, the origin of the measurements is placed at the upper left
+% corner of the page, against the \TeX\ standard of having it 1 inch away.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*10pt|11pt|12pt>
+\setlength{\hoffset}{-1in}
+\setlength{\voffset}{-1in}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Vertical spacing}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\headheight}
+% \begin{macro}{\headsep}
+% \begin{macro}{\topskip}
+% The |\headheight| is the height of the box containing the running head.
+% The |\headsep| is the distance between the bottom of the box with the
+% running head and the top of the text. The |\topskip| is the
+% |\baselineskip| for the first line on the page.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\headheight{12\p@}
+%<10pt>\setlength\headsep{6\p@}
+%<11pt>\setlength\headsep{7\p@}
+%<12pt>\setlength\headsep{8\p@}
+%<10pt>\setlength\topskip{10\p@}
+%<11pt>\setlength\topskip{11\p@}
+%<12pt>\setlength\topskip{12\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\footskip}
+% This is the distance from the baseline of the box containing the running
+% foot to the bottom of the text.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<10pt>\setlength\footskip{25\p@}
+%<11pt>\setlength\footskip{27.5\p@}
+%<12pt>\setlength\footskip{30\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\maxdepth}
+% The |\maxdepth| register has a function similar to that of |\topskip|. The
+% register |\@maxdepth| should always contain a copy of |\maxdepth|, and this
+% is ensured by setting it when issuing the command |\begin{document}|. In
+% \TeX\ and \LaTeX2.09 it was fixed at |4pt|. Following \LaTeXe, it now
+% depends on the typesize, and calculation simplifies it to half the topskip.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\maxdepth{0.5\topskip}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Text dimensions}
+% Here we implement the proposals and calculations by Tschichold. In
+% particular, the proportions of text to page are set so that 49\% of
+% the page area is covered by the text block.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\topmargin}
+% The |\topmargin| is the distance between the top of the text block and
+% the top of the box containing the running head. The running head is not
+% part of the text block, and it goes into the top margin. As |\topmargin|
+% is measured from the top of the box, we have to correct for header height
+% and header separation.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength{\topmargin}{0.1\paperheight}
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headheight}
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headsep}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\textwidth}
+% Define the width of the text block to 0.7 of the page width, and make
+% calculations a little easier by adjusting the calculated width to a
+% whole number of points.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength{\textwidth}{0.7\paperwidth}
+ \@settopoint\textwidth
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\textheight}
+% The height of the text block itself is set to 0.7 times the page height.
+% This amount is then adjusted to ensure that a whole number of lines makes
+% up the text block, and does so exactly.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\@tempdima{0.7\paperheight}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% take away the first line, which is a bit shorter than the |\baselineskip|,
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \addtolength\@tempdima{-\topskip}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% this length may be very close, but just a little too small to accommodate
+% one more line, so we add a small amount,
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \addtolength\@tempdima{5\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% and calculate the number of lines in this length,
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \divide\@tempdima\baselineskip
+ \@tempcnta=\@tempdima
+% \end{macrocode}
+% The correct textheight comes to the number of lines just calculated,
+% multiplied by the height of text lines, |\baselineskip|, and with the
+% addition of the |\topskip| we took away initially.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \setlength\textheight{\@tempcnta\baselineskip}
+ \addtolength\textheight{\topskip}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Margin dimensions}
+% Now that we have set the size of the text block, the amount of space
+% available for margins is set as well. The remaining white space is divided
+% in a 1:2 ratio, hence the proportions between margins and text become 1:7:2.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\evensidemargin}
+% \begin{macro}{\oddsidemargin}
+% Since we are typesetting books, both even and odd side margins have to be
+% set.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.2\paperwidth}
+\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.1\paperwidth}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\marginparsep}
+% \begin{macro}{\marginparpush}
+% The horizontal space between the text block and marginal notes is set by
+% |\marginparsep|, while the minimal vertical separation between successive
+% marginal notes is controlled by |\marginparpush|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\if@twocolumn
+ \setlength\marginparsep{10\p@}
+\else
+%<10pt>\setlength\marginparsep{10\p@}
+%<11pt>\setlength\marginparsep{11\p@}
+%<12pt>\setlength\marginparsep{12\p@}
+\fi
+%<10pt|11pt>\setlength\marginparpush{5\p@}
+%<12pt>\setlength\marginparpush{7\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\marginparwidth}
+% The amount of space available for marginal notes is the outer margin.
+% From this we have to substract the separation between notes and the text
+% body, as well as another, marginal outer margin. In principle, marginal
+% text could run up all the way to the outer margin, but this is both ugly
+% and impractical for the book binder. Since the margins have to be cut, it
+% is very wise to leave sufficient space: |30pt| seems a good minimum.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\@tempdima{\paperwidth}
+ \addtolength\@tempdima{-\textwidth}
+ \addtolength\@tempdima{-\oddsidemargin}
+ \addtolength\@tempdima{-\marginparsep}
+ \addtolength\@tempdima{-30\p@}
+ \setlength\marginparwidth{\@tempdima}
+ \@settopoint\marginparwidth
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Footnotes}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\footnotesep}
+% The height of the strut placed at the beginning of every footnote. For
+% each size, |\footnotesep| is set to the height of the corresponding
+% |\footnotesize| strut, so there is no extra space between successive
+% footnotes.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<10pt>\setlength\footnotesep{6.65\p@}
+%<11pt>\setlength\footnotesep{7.7\p@}
+%<12pt>\setlength\footnotesep{8.4\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\footins}
+% The space between the last line of the main text and the top of the first
+% footnote.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<10pt>\setlength{\skip\footins}{9\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+%<11pt>\setlength{\skip\footins}{10\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+%<12pt>\setlength{\skip\footins}{11\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+%</10pt|11pt|12pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Float placement}
+% Float placement parameters are given values by \LaTeXe, therefore any
+% parameters which are not counters have to be (re)set with |\renewcommand|.
+% \begin{macro}{topnumber}
+% The maximum number of floats allowed at the top of a page.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*octavo>
+\setcounter{topnumber}{2}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\topfraction}
+% The maximum part of a text page that may be occupied by floats at the
+% top of a page.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\topfraction{.7}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{bottomnumber}
+% The equivalent of |topnumber|, but for the maximum number of floats
+% allowed at the bottom of a page.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\bottomfraction}
+% The maximum part of a text page that may be occupied by floats at the
+% bottom of a page.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\bottomfraction{.5}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{totalnumber}
+% The maximum number of floats in total which may appear on a page.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setcounter{totalnumber}{3}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\textfraction}
+% The minimum part of a text page which has to be occupied by text.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\textfraction{.2}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\floatpagefraction}
+% The minimum part of a page which has to be occupied by floating object
+% before a `float page' is produced.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\floatpagefraction{.5}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{dbltopnumber}
+% The maximum number of two-column floats which may appear at the top of
+% a two-column text page.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{2}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\dbltopfraction}
+% The maximum part of a two-column text page which may be occupied at the
+% top by two-column floats.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\dbltopfraction{.7}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\dblfloatpagefraction}
+% The minimum part of a page which has to be occupied by two-column floating
+% objects before a `float page' is produced.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\dblfloatpagefraction{.5}
+%</octavo>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\floatsep}
+% \begin{macro}{\textfloatsep}
+% \begin{macro}{\intextsep}
+% These parameters control the separation between a float object and the
+% other objects on the same page. They are used in both single-column and
+% double-column mode.
+% \begin{description}
+% \item{|\floatsep|} is the amount of space between adjacent floats moved to
+% the top or to the bottom of the text page.
+% \item{|\textfloatsep|} is the amount of space between the main text and the
+% floats at the top or at the bottom of the text page.
+% \item{|\intextsep|} is the amount of space between in-text floats and the
+% text
+% \end{description}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*10pt>
+\setlength\floatsep{12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\textfloatsep{24\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
+\setlength\intextsep{12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+%</10pt>
+%<*11pt>
+\setlength\floatsep{13.2\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\textfloatsep{26\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
+\setlength\intextsep{13.2\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+%</11pt>
+%<*12pt>
+\setlength\floatsep{14.4\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\textfloatsep{28\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
+\setlength\intextsep{14.4\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+%</12pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\dblfloatsep}
+% \begin{macro}{\dbltextfloatsep}
+% In two-column mode, floats spanning the entire |\textwidth| are placed
+% with the parameters |\dblfloatsep| and |\dbltextfloatsep| in control.
+% \begin{description}
+% \item{|\dblfloatsep|} is the amount of space between adjacent floats at the
+% top or at the bottom of the text page
+% \item{|\dbltextfloatsep|} is the amount of space between the main text and
+% floats at the top or at the bottom of the text page.
+% \end{description}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*10pt>
+\setlength\dblfloatsep{12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{24\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
+%</10pt>
+%<*11pt>
+\setlength\dblfloatsep{12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{26\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
+%</11pt>
+%<*12pt>
+\setlength\dblfloatsep{14\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{28\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
+%</12pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@fptop}
+% \begin{macro}{\@fpsep}
+% \begin{macro}{\@fpbot}
+% The layout of floating objects on separate, `float' pages is controlled by
+% the parameters |\@fptop|, |\@fpsep| and |\@fpbot|. These parameters insert
+% stretchable amounts of white space between the top and the bottom of the
+% page and the floats, while |\@fpsep| inserts white space between adjacent
+% floats. In order to ensure that any remaining space is filled, at least one
+% of |\@fptop| or |\@fpbot| has to contain stretchable space.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*10pt>
+\setlength\@fptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+\setlength\@fpsep{10\p@ \@plus 2fil}
+\setlength\@fpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+%</10pt>
+%<*11pt>
+\setlength\@fptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+\setlength\@fpsep{11\p@ \@plus 2fil}
+\setlength\@fpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+%</11pt>
+%<*12pt>
+\setlength\@fptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+\setlength\@fpsep{12\p@ \@plus 2fil}
+\setlength\@fpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+%</12pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@dblfptop}
+% \begin{macro}{\@dblfpsep}
+% \begin{macro}{\@dblfpbot}
+% The layout of floating objects in double-column mode on separate `float'
+% pages is handled in a similar way to that used for single-column mode
+% pages just described.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*10pt>
+\setlength\@dblfptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+\setlength\@dblfpsep{10\p@ \@plus 2fil}
+\setlength\@dblfpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+%</10pt>
+%<*11pt>
+\setlength\@dblfptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+\setlength\@dblfpsep{11\p@ \@plus 2fil}
+\setlength\@dblfpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+%</11pt>
+%<*12pt>
+\setlength\@dblfptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+\setlength\@dblfpsep{12\p@ \@plus 2fil}
+\setlength\@dblfpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+%</12pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \subsection{Page styles}
+% A number of page styles are defined by the class file. Of course, more
+% elaborate styles can be designed using the |fancyheadings| package, but
+% once again, here we opt for the more restrained and discrete means of
+% guiding the reader. The page styles included in the standard \LaTeX\ book
+% class are either |headings|, |plain|, |empty| or |myheadings|. The standard
+% |headings| is here modified a little, so that the folios now appear
+% centered at the foot of the page.
+%
+% The page style \emph{style} is defined by defining the command |\ps@style|.
+% Definitions should be local only, and any stray spaces in definitions had
+% better be avoided as they may turn up unexpectedly in the output.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@evenhead}
+% \begin{macro}{\@oddhead}
+% \begin{macro}{\@evenfoot}
+% \begin{macro}{\@oddfoot}
+% The |\ps@style| commands define the macros |\@evenhead|, |\@evenfoot| and
+% their odd-page equivalents to define the running head and foot. The
+% contents are produced inside a |\hbox| of width |\textwidth|.
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Marking conventions}
+% The making of headings reflecting the sectioning commands, a page style
+% has to define commands such as |\chaptermark|, |\sectionmark| and so on
+% so that e.g., |\chapter| calls |\chaptermark{TEXT}|. These commands are
+% all defined with the help of the following macros, which have extended
+% in \LaTeX\ a bit as compared to the original \TeX\ |\mark| facility.
+% So we now have at our disposal:
+% \begin{description}
+% \item{|\markboth{Left}{Right}|} Adds both marks
+% \item{|\markright{Right}|} Adds a righthand-side mark
+% \item{|\leftmark|} used in the |\SIDEhead| and |\SIDEfoot| macros,
+% getting the current lefthand-side mark
+% \item{|\rightmark|} also used in the |\SIDEhead| and |\SIDEfoot|
+% macros, but getting the current righthand-side mark.
+% \end{description}
+%
+% \subsubsection{The headings and myheadings styles}
+% The two other styles, |plain| and |empty| are defined by \LaTeX.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\ps@headings}
+% To begin with, the folios are centered at the foot of the pages, while
+% the running heads contain one of the marks. The contents of the running
+% head is determined both by the chapter and the section titles, hence we
+% let |\@mkboth| be |\markboth|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*octavo>
+\def\ps@headings{%
+ \def\@oddfoot{\hfil\thepage\hfil}%
+ \def\@evenfoot{\hfil\thepage\hfil}%
+ \def\@evenhead{\hfil{\scshape\leftmark}\hfil}%
+ \def\@oddhead{\hfil{\scshape\rightmark}\hfil}%
+ \let\@mkboth\markboth
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\chaptermark}
+% \begin{macro}{\sectionmark}
+% As we use |\chaptermark| and |\sectionmark| to fill the running heads
+% we define these here. The use of |##1| as parameter of the commands, and
+% these will be defined when |\ps@headings| is executed.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\chaptermark##1{%
+ \markboth {%
+ \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
+ \if@mainmatter
+ \@chapapp\ \thechapter. \ %
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ ##1}{}}%
+\def\sectionmark##1{%
+ \markright {%
+ \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\z@
+ \thesection. \ %
+ \fi
+ ##1}}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\ps@myheadings}
+% The definition of this page style is straightforward, as it is up to the
+% user to determine what goes into the running heads by setting the
+% |\markboth| and |\markright| commands in the text. We do, however, maintain
+% the presence of the centered folios at the foot of the pages. To ensure
+% that the marking commands used by chapter and section commands are not
+% used, we set them to a macro gobbling up the arguments.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\ps@myheadings{%
+ \def\@oddfoot{\hfil\thepage\hfil}%
+ \def\@evenfoot{\hfil\thepage\hfil}%
+ \def\@evenhead{\hfil{\scshape\leftmark}\hfil}%
+ \def\@oddhead{\hfil{\scshape\rightmark}\hfil}%
+ \let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo
+ \let\chaptermark\@gobble
+ \let\sectionmark\@gobble}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \section{Document markup}
+%
+% \subsection{The title}
+% \begin{macro}{\maketitle}
+% The three macros |\title|, |\author| and |\date| are part of \LaTeX,
+% and that info is therefore stored away in internal control sequences.
+% The |\date| macro gets today's date by default, so it may have to be
+% set explicitly to a particular date by the user.
+%
+% If there is a request for a title, we will generate a simple, separate
+% titlepage. First, a local redefinition of |\footnotesize| and
+% |footnoterule|, so that we get a different appearance of the |\thanks|
+% command. These changes affect all footnotes, but since there really is
+% no need for true footnotes on a title page, this is hardly a problem.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\if@titlepage
+ \newcommand\maketitle{\begin{titlepage}%
+ \let\footnotesize\small
+ \let\footnoterule\relax
+ \let\footnote\thanks
+% \end{macrocode}
+% The title itself is centered vertically, with a little offset brought by
+% a |\vskip|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \null\vfil
+ \vskip 60\p@
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Now we can set the title, using the |\LARGE| fount, followed by a little
+% bit of vertical space, and then the authors, set in |\large| fount. To
+% ensure everything lines up nicely in a single column, we resort to the
+% tabular environment. A little vertical space is then followed by the date.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \begin{center}%
+ {\LARGE \@title \par}%
+ \vskip 3em%
+ {\large
+ \lineskip .75em%
+ \begin{tabular}[t]{c}%
+ \@author
+ \end{tabular}\par}%
+ \vskip 1.5em%
+ {\large \@date \par}%
+ \end{center}\par
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Calling |\@thanks| prints the information to go into the footnote, and
+% completes the printing on the page.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \@thanks
+ \vfil\null
+ \end{titlepage}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Having finished the printing of the title page, we now clean up.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \setcounter{footnote}{0}%
+ \let\thanks\relax
+ \let\maketitle\relax
+ \gdef\@thanks{}
+ \gdef\@author{}
+ \gdef\@title{}}
+\fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \subsection{Chapters and section}
+% The coming definitions rely on two internal macros, |\@startsection| and
+% |\secdef|. Their syntax is simpe but a bit involved. The |\@startsection|
+% macro has 7 required arguments and 2 optional ones. The full set looks like
+% this:
+%
+% |\@startsection|\meta{name}\meta{level}\meta{indent}\meta{beforeskip}
+% \meta{afterskip}\meta{style} \\
+% |[|*|] ||[|\meta{altheading}|]| \meta{heading}
+%
+% \begin{description}
+% \item{\meta{name}} The name of the level command, e.g., `section'.
+% \item{\meta{level}} A number denoting the depth of the section,
+% chapter=1, section=2, etc. A section number will be printed only
+% if \meta{level} is equal or smaller than the value of
+% \emph{secnumdepth}.
+% \item{\meta{indent}} The indentation of the heading from the left margin
+% \item{\meta{beforeskip}} The absolute value of this argument is the skip
+% to leave above the heading. If it is negative, then the paragraph
+% indent of the text following the heading is suppressed.
+% \item{\meta{afterskip}} If positive, it is the skip to leave below the
+% heading, else it is the skip to the right of a run-in heading.
+% \item{\meta{style}} Sets the style of the heading.
+% \item{$*$} When this is missing the heading is numbered and the
+% corresponding counter is incremented.
+% \item{\meta{altheading}} Gives an alternative heading to use in
+% the table of contents and in the running heads. This should
+% be present when the $*$ form is used.
+% \item{\meta{heading}} The heading of the new section.
+% \end{description}
+%
+% The macro |\secdef| can be used when a sectioning command is
+% defined without using |\@startsection|. It has two arguments:
+%
+% |\secdef|\meta{unstarcmds}\meta{starcmds}
+%
+% \begin{description}
+% \item{\meta{unstarcmds}} Used for the normal form of the
+% sectioning command.
+% \item{\meta{starcmds}} Used for the $*$-form of the
+% sectioning command.
+% \end{description}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Definition of counters}
+% \begin{macro}{\c@secnumdepth}
+% The \emph{secnumdepth} counter indicates to what level sectioning commands
+% have to make and include section numbers. More often than not, such numbers
+% are of little real value to the reader of a book: therefore, it is herein
+% set to a value that eliminates such number. The user can always bring them
+% back in by resetting \emph{secnumdepth} in the preamble of the document.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{-2}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\c@part}
+% \begin{macro}{\c@chapter}
+% \begin{macro}{\c@section}
+% \begin{macro}{\c@subsection}
+% \begin{macro}{\c@subsubsection}
+% \begin{macro}{\c@paragraph}
+% \begin{macro}{\c@subparagraph}
+% Nevertheless, all counters will be defined in case they are wanted.
+% The particular construction |\newcounter{\meta{newcount}}[\meta{oldcount}]|
+% defined \meta{newcount} as a counter which is reset every time
+% \meta{oldcount} is stepped. Of course, the counter \meta{oldcount} must
+% have been defined.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcounter{part}
+\newcounter{chapter}
+\newcounter{section}[chapter]
+\newcounter{subsection}[section]
+\newcounter{subsubsection}[subsection]
+\newcounter{paragraph}[subsubsection]
+\newcounter{subparagraph}[paragraph]
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\thepart}
+% \begin{macro}{\thechapter}
+% \begin{macro}{\thesection}
+% \begin{macro}{\thesubsection}
+% \begin{macro}{\thesubsubsection}
+% \begin{macro}{\theparagraph}
+% \begin{macro}{\thesubparagraph}
+% For each counter, the |\theCTR| macro defines how the counter CTR is
+% printed.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\thepart{\@Roman\c@part}
+\renewcommand\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
+\renewcommand\thesection{\thechapter.\@arabic\c@section}
+\renewcommand\thesubsection{\thesection.\@arabic\c@subsection}
+\renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection .\@arabic\c@subsubsection}
+\renewcommand\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection.\@arabic\c@paragraph}
+\renewcommand\thesubparagraph{\theparagraph.\@arabic\c@subparagraph}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@chapapp}
+% The macro |\@chapapp| is defined to be |\chaptername|. But when the
+% |\appendix| command is issued, it is changed to |\appendixname|
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\@chapapp{\chaptername}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Front, main and back matter}
+% Books are traditionally made up from three logical sections, known as
+% front matter, main matter and back matter. The actual \emph{text} of
+% a book is the main matter. The separation into different `matters' allows
+% slightly different ways of typesetting these sections.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\frontmatter}
+% Front matter is typeset with roman page numbering and without numbers given
+% to any of its chapters.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\frontmatter{\cleardoublepage
+ \@mainmatterfalse\pagenumbering{roman}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\mainmatter}
+% In main matter, we first clear the page, start page numbering with arabic
+% numerals and switch on chapter numbering (which will be visible only if
+% \emph{secnumdepth} has been set to a sufficiently high value, of course.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\mainmatter{\cleardoublepage
+ \@mainmattertrue\pagenumbering{arabic}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\backmatter}
+% Back matter clears the page, turns off any chapter numbering, but leaves
+% the page numbering unchanged.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\backmatter{\cleardoublepage
+ \@mainmatterfalse}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Parts}
+% The text of books may well be divided into a number of parts by the
+% writer(s). Here are the macros to deal with these major divisions of
+% a text, should they be required.
+% \begin{macro}{\part}
+% A part is shown in the book by beginning on a new right-hand page and
+% we use a \emph{plain} pagestyle.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\part{\cleardoublepage
+ \thispagestyle{plain}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% In case we are dealing with a double-column text, the page will be in a
+% single column but we have to remember we switch back to double-column mode.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \onecolumn
+ \@tempswatrue
+ \else
+ \@tempswafalse
+ \fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+% To ensure that the fill glue does not disappear, we need an empty box.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \hbox{}\vfil
+% \end{macrocode}
+% To make the actual heading, we issue a |\secdef| here.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \secdef\@part\@spart}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@part}
+% This is the macro which carries out the actual formatting of the title of
+% the part. If \emph{secnumdepth} equals -2 or larger, a number is given to
+% the part.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@part[#1]#2{%
+ \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >-2\relax
+ \refstepcounter{part}%
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\thepart\hspace{1em}#1}%
+ \else
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{#1}%
+ \fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Empty the mark registers, center the title on the page, and prevent any
+% breaking between lines, and finally reset the fount.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \markboth{}{}%
+ {\centering
+ \interlinepenalty \@M
+ \normalfont
+% \end{macrocode}
+% If we are dealing with a numbered part, print the number.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >-2\relax
+ \huge \partname~\thepart
+ \par
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Leave some space before printing the title, and clear up with |\@endpart|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \vskip 20\p@
+ \fi
+ \Huge #2\par}%
+ \@endpart}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@spart}
+% A macro to deal with a part*. If this sectioning command was used, we do
+% not print a number, but otherwise the format is the same as for the
+% unstarred part.
+%
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@spart#1{%
+ {\centering
+ \interlinepenalty \@M
+ \normalfont
+ \Huge #1\par}%
+ \@endpart}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@endpart}
+% A macro to finishes the part page. First, fill the current page,
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@endpart{%
+ \vfil\newpage
+% \end{macrocode}
+% and, as we are dealing with a two-sided document, insert a blank page.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \hbox{}%
+ \thispagestyle{empty}%
+ \newpage
+% \end{macrocode}
+% If we are dealing with a two-column document, switch back to double
+% column mode.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \if@tempswa
+ \twocolumn
+ \fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Chapters}
+% \begin{macro}{\chapter}
+% Chapters start on a new page, and the page style is set to \emph{plain}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\chapter{%
+ \if@openright\cleardoublepage
+ \else\clearpage
+ \fi
+ \thispagestyle{plain}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Ensure that no float appears on the top of this page: it really would not
+% do to have something like a float appearing above a chapter title.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \global\@topnum\z@
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Also, suppress any indentation of the first paragraph and issue the
+% |\secdef| which will take care of making the chapter title.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \@afterindentfalse
+ \secdef\@chapter\@schapter}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@chapter}
+% The macro for numbered chapters. If \emph{secnumdepth} is larger than -1,
+% and |\@mainmatter| is true, display the chapter number. Write a message to
+% the terminal to let the user know that a new chapter is about to be
+% typeset.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@chapter[#1]#2{%
+ \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
+ \if@mainmatter
+ \refstepcounter{chapter}%
+ \typeout{\@chapapp\space\thechapter.}%
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}%
+ {\protect\numberline{\thechapter}#1}%
+ \else
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}%
+ \fi
+ \else
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{#1}%
+ \fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Having written the entry to the table of contents, store the (alternative)
+% title of the chapter with |\chaptermark|, add some white space to the lists
+% of figures and tables
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \chaptermark{#1}%
+ \addtocontents{lof}{\protect\addvspace{10\p@}}%
+ \addtocontents{lot}{\protect\addvspace{10\p@}}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Now call |\@makechapterhead| to typeset the actual chapter title. When
+% dealing with text in double columns, this require a bit of attention as
+% we want the title to use the whole of the width of the text.
+% The |\@afterheading| macro suppresses the indentation.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \@topnewpage[\@makechapterhead{#2}]%
+ \else
+ \@makechapterhead{#2}%
+ \@afterheading
+ \fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@makechapterhead}
+% The macro to typeset the actual chapter heading. Before we begin, bear in
+% mind that we have to retain the grid, so the total amount of space occupied
+% by the heading should be a whole number of lines. So, first some white
+% space. Then open a group with no indenting, with ragged right text, and
+% reset the fount.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@makechapterhead#1{%
+ \vspace*{4\baselineskip}%
+ {\parindent \z@ \raggedright \normalfont
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Find out if the chapter number has to be printed, and, if that is the case,
+% leave some white space between number and title.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
+ \if@mainmatter
+ \Large \@chapapp{} \thechapter
+ \par\nobreak
+ \ifnum \@ptsize < 1
+ \vskip 26\p@
+ \else
+ \vskip 22\p@
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Set the title in Large fount, prevent a pagebreak from happening in the
+% middle or after the title, and leave a bit of white space before the text.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \interlinepenalty\@M
+ \Large #1\par\nobreak
+ \vskip 34\p@ \@minus 4\p@
+ }}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@schapter}
+% The macro which takes care of unnumbered chapters, which is much more
+% straightforward, as it only has to typeset the chapter title.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@schapter#1{%
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \@topnewpage[\@makeschapterhead{#1}]%
+ \else
+ \@makeschapterhead{#1}%
+ \@afterheading
+ \fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@makeschapterhead}
+% The equivalent macro of |\@makechapterhead| but for typesetting the
+% heading of an unnumbered chapter.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@makeschapterhead#1{%
+ \vspace*{4\baselineskip}%
+ {\parindent \z@ \raggedright
+ \normalfont
+ \interlinepenalty\@M
+ \Large #1\par\nobreak
+ \ifnum \@ptsize < 1
+ \vskip 30\p@
+ \else
+ \vskip 34.8\p@
+ \fi
+ }}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Lower-level headings}
+% \begin{macro}{\section}
+% \begin{macro}{\subsection}
+% \begin{macro}{\subsubsection}
+% \begin{macro}{\paragraph}
+% \begin{macro}{\subparagraph}
+% All the lower-level headings are generated by using the |\@startsection|.
+% Because these various headings can occur anywhere on a page, some care
+% has gone into defining the vertical spacing surrounding the headings. The
+% reason for the different approach, compared to the standard book class, is
+% that we are trying our utmost to maintain the regularity of the printing
+% grid of text lines. Through the use of |\baselineskip| multiples and
+% fractions, the space given to headings and surrounding white space will
+% always be a multiple of print lines.
+% We take the opportunity here of toning down the `loudness' of some of the
+% headings compared to the standard book class.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\section{%
+ \@startsection{section}%
+ {1}%
+ {0em}%
+ {-1.166\baselineskip \@minus -2\p@}%
+ {0.835\baselineskip \@minus 2\p@}%
+ {\centering\large\normalfont\scshape}}
+\newcommand\subsection{%
+ \@startsection{subsection}%
+ {2}%
+ {1em}%
+ {-0.666\baselineskip \@minus -2\p@}%
+ {0.333\baselineskip \@minus 2\p@}%
+ {\normalfont\normalsize\scshape}}
+\newcommand\subsubsection{%
+ \@startsection{subsubsection}%
+ {3}%
+ {1em}%
+ {-0.666\baselineskip \@minus -2\p@}%
+ {0.333\baselineskip \@minus 2\p@}%
+ {\normalfont\normalsize\itshape}}
+\newcommand\paragraph{%
+ \@startsection{paragraph}%
+ {4}%
+ {\z@}%
+ {0\p@}%
+ {-1em}%
+ {\normalfont\normalsize}}
+\newcommand\subparagraph{%
+ \@startsection{subparagraph}%
+ {5}%
+ {\parindent}%
+ {0\p@}%
+ {-1em}%
+ {\normalfont\normalsize}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{Lists}
+% \subsubsection{List parameters}
+% The type setting of the list environment is governed by a considerable
+% number of parameters, including |\leftmargin|, |\rightmargin|,
+% |\listparindent|, |\itemindent|, |\labelwidth|, |\labelsep| and
+% |\partopsep|. By default, |\rightmargin|, |\listparindent| and
+% |itemindent| are set to |0pt|. For a list at level L, the command
+% |\@listL| is called, with L denoting `i', `ii', \ldots `vi'. By convention,
+% |@listL| should set |\leftmargin| to |\leftmarginL|.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\listmargin}
+% \begin{macro}{\listmargini}
+% \begin{macro}{\listmarginii}
+% \begin{macro}{\listmarginiii}
+% \begin{macro}{\listmarginiv}
+% \begin{macro}{\listmarginv}
+% \begin{macro}{\listmarginvi}
+% In double-column mode, margins are set somewhat smaller.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\if@twocolumn
+ \setlength\leftmargini{2em}
+\else
+ \setlength\leftmargini{2.5em}
+\fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\leftmargin{\leftmargini}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% The next three levels are set so that they are larger than the sum of
+% |\labelsep| and the width of the default labels, being `(m)', `vii.' and
+% `M.'
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\leftmarginii{2.2em}
+\setlength\leftmarginiii{1.87em}
+\setlength\leftmarginiv{1.7em}
+\if@twocolumn
+ \setlength\leftmarginv{.5em}
+ \setlength\leftmarginvi{.5em}
+\else
+ \setlength\leftmarginv{1em}
+ \setlength\leftmarginvi{1em}
+\fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\labelsep}
+% \begin{macro}{\labelwidth}
+% The distance between label and text of an item is set by |\labelsep|, while
+% the width of the label is set by |\labelwidth|
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\labelsep{.5em}
+\setlength\labelwidth{\leftmargini}
+\addtolength\labelwidth{-\labelsep}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\partopsep}
+% When a blank line is left before the list environment, we add an extra
+% vertical space of |\partopsep|, in addition to |\parskip| and |\topsep|.
+% Bearing in mind our attempts to maintain the regularity of the line grid,
+% the exact value of this space has to be set with some care.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%</octavo>
+%<*10pt|11pt|12pt>
+\setlength\partopsep{0.5\baselineskip \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+%</10pt|11pt|12pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@beginparpenalty}
+% \begin{macro}{\@endparpenalty}
+% \begin{macro}{\@itempenalty}
+% These are the penalties incurred before and after a list or paragraph
+% environment, and set to a bonus value to encourage a page break at these
+% points.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*octavo>
+\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
+\@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
+\@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty
+%</octavo>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@listi}
+% \begin{macro}{\@listI}
+% The macro |\@listi| sets the values of |\leftmargin|, |\parsep|, |\topsep|,
+% |\itemsep|, and so forth, for the lists that appear at top level. These
+% definitions are usually modified in function of the fount-size in use.
+% As we wish to maintain the printing grid, these adjustments are not used
+% here. Just to be on the safe side though, we define listI to hold a copy of
+% listi so that |\normalsize| can switch all parameters back.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*10pt|11pt|12pt>
+\def\@listi{%
+ \leftmargin\leftmargini
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*10pt>
+ \parsep \z@
+ \topsep 6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \itemsep \z@}
+%</10pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*11pt>
+ \parsep \z@
+ \topsep 6.6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@
+ \itemsep \z@}
+%</11pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*12pt>
+ \parsep \z@
+ \topsep 7.2\p@ \@plus 3\p@ \@minus 3\p@
+ \itemsep \z@}
+%</12pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\let\@listI\@listi
+\@listi
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@listii}
+% \begin{macro}{\@listiii}
+% \begin{macro}{\@listiv}
+% \begin{macro}{\@listv}
+% \begin{macro}{\@listvi}
+% Lists at higher levels need their own macros, and here they are. These do
+% not have a saved version, and are not modified by fount size commands.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\@listii{%
+ \leftmargin\leftmarginii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginii
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \itemsep \parsep}
+\def\@listiii{%
+ \leftmargin\leftmarginiii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginiii
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \itemsep \parsep}
+\def\@listiv{%
+ \leftmargin\leftmarginiv
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginiv
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \itemsep \parsep}
+\def\@listv{%
+ \leftmargin\leftmarginv
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginv
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \itemsep \parsep}
+\def\@listvi{%
+ \leftmargin\leftmarginvi
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginvi
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \itemsep \parsep}
+%</10pt|11pt|12pt>
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Enumerate}
+% \begin{macro}{\theenumi}
+% \begin{macro}{\theenumii}
+% \begin{macro}{\theenumiii}
+% \begin{macro}{\theenumiv}
+% The \emph{enumerate} environment uses four counters, where \emph{enumN}
+% controls the numbering at level N of the enumeration. These counters have
+% been defined by \LaTeX, but we use a different representation here.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+%<*octavo>
+\renewcommand\theenumi{\@arabic\c@enumi}
+\renewcommand\theenumii{\@alph\c@enumii}
+\renewcommand\theenumiii{\@roman\c@enumiii}
+\renewcommand\theenumiv{\@Alph\c@enumiv}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\labelenumi}
+% \begin{macro}{\labelenumii}
+% \begin{macro}{\labelenumiii}
+% \begin{macro}{\labelenumiv}
+% The label for each item in generated by these commands
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\labelenumi{\theenumi.}
+\newcommand\labelenumii{(\theenumii)}
+\newcommand\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.}
+\newcommand\labelenumiv{\theenumiv.}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\p@enumii}
+% \begin{macro}{\p@enumiii}
+% \begin{macro}{\p@enumiv}
+% The expanding of |\p@enumN\theenumN| defines the output of a |\ref|
+% command when referencing an item at the Nth level in an enumerated list.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\p@enumii{\theenumi}
+\renewcommand\p@enumiii{\theenumi(\theenumii)}
+\renewcommand\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii\theenumiii}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Itemise}
+% \begin{macro}{\labelitemi}
+% \begin{macro}{\labelitemii}
+% \begin{macro}{\labelitemiii}
+% \begin{macro}{\labelitemiv}
+% Itemising is governed by four commands, |\labelitemN|, defining the labels
+% at the various levels.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\labelitemi{\normalfont\bfseries --}
+\newcommand\labelitemii{$\m@th\cdot$}
+\newcommand\labelitemiii{$\m@th\bullet$}
+\newcommand\labelitemiv{$\m@th\ast$}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Description}
+% \begin{macro}{description}
+% The \emph{itemize} and \emph{enumerate} environments are defined by
+% \LaTeX, but we have to define the description environment here.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newenvironment{description}
+ {\list{}%
+ {\labelwidth\z@%
+ \itemindent-\leftmargin%
+ \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}%
+ {\endlist}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\descriptionlabel}
+% To change the format of the label, redefine |\descriptionlabel|
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand*\descriptionlabel[1]{%
+ \hspace\labelsep%
+ \normalfont\bfseries #1}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{Defining new environments}
+% A number of separate environments for specific bodies of text can be
+% specified at class level. In the context of writing and making books,
+% here are a number of such environments.
+%
+% \subsubsection{Verse}
+% \begin{macro}{verse}
+% A simple way of implementing the requirements of typesetting verse.
+% The environment is defined by tweaking some parameters of the list
+% environment. Each line of verse ends with a |\\|, and the macro takes
+% this to be |\@centercr|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newenvironment{verse}
+ {\let\\=\@centercr
+ \list{}{\itemsep \z@
+ \itemindent -1.5em%
+ \listparindent\itemindent
+ \rightmargin \leftmargin
+ \advance\leftmargin 1.5em}%
+ \item[]}
+ {\endlist}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Quotation}
+% \begin{macro}{quotation}
+% Also an implementation based on the list environment. Lines of the
+% quotation are set more narrowly.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newenvironment{quotation}
+ {\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em%
+ \itemindent \listparindent
+ \rightmargin \leftmargin
+ \parsep \z@}%
+ \item[]}
+ {\endlist}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Quote}
+% \begin{macro}{quote}
+% For short quotations, the text is set as a quotation but without the
+% narrowing of the line length.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newenvironment{quote}
+ {\list{}%
+ {\rightmargin\leftmargin}%
+ \item[]}
+ {\endlist}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Titlepage}
+% \begin{macro}{titlepage}
+% A titlepage starts and ends a page, and omits the folio. If the text is
+% typeset in double columns, this page alone reverts to single column mode.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newenvironment{titlepage}{%
+ \cleardoublepage
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
+ \else
+ \@restonecolfalse\newpage
+ \fi
+ \thispagestyle{empty}}%
+ {\if@restonecol
+ \twocolumn
+ \else
+ \newpage
+ \fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsubsection{Appendix}
+% \begin{macro}{\appendix}
+% Typesetting appendices is somewhat different from the other chapters. We
+% have to reset section and subsection counters and redefine the macro
+% |\thesection| so that it produces an alphabetic enumeration of the
+% appendices. We also set |\@chapapp| to |\appendixname|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\appendix{\par
+ \setcounter{chapter}{0}%
+ \setcounter{section}{0}%
+ \renewcommand\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
+ \renewcommand\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{Setting environment parameters}
+% \begin{macro}{\arraycolsep}
+% Columns in an |array| environment are separated by 2 |\arraycolsep|
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\arraycolsep{5\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\tabcolsep}
+% Columns in a |tabular| environment are separated by 2 |\tabcolsep|
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\tabcolsep{6\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\arrayrulewidth}
+% The width of the lines in |array| and |tabular| environments
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\arrayrulewidth{.4\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\doublerulesep}
+% When rules are adjacent in |array| and |tabular| environments, this is
+% how far apart they are drawn
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\doublerulesep{2\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\tabbingsep}
+% Defines the space requested by the |\'| command in the text
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\tabbingsep{\labelsep}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@mpfootins}
+% The equivalent of |\skip\footins| for footnotes appearing in minipages.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\fboxsep}
+% \begin{macro}{\fboxrule}
+% When using |\fbox| or |\framebox|, these macros define the amount of space
+% left between box and text, and the width of the rules in the box.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\fboxsep{3\p@}
+\setlength\fboxrule{.4\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\theequation}
+% Contrary to what is often seen in mathematical texts, here we number
+% equations continuously throughout the text. Cross-referencing is just so
+% easy in TeX that there is not really any need for a different numbering
+% system.
+% \changes{1.1}{2003/10/10}{Equations numbered continuously}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\theequation{\@arabic\c@equation}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \subsection{Floating objects}
+% Floats cover a variety of object types. Here, we deal with two different
+% types: figure, and table. The typesetting of floats is of course governed
+% by a number of specific macros.
+% \begin{description}
+% \item{|\fps@TYPE|} The default placement of TYPE floats
+% \item{|\ftype@TYPE|} The type number of floats or type TYPE. These are
+% unique, powers of 2. For example, the type number of figures might be
+% 1, tables 2, programs 4.
+% \item{|\ext@TYPE|} File extension of the file in which the contents list
+% of the TYPE floats is stored (example: |\ext@figure|=`lof'
+% \item{|fnum@TYPE|} The macro which generates the number for the caption of
+% the TYPE float.
+% \item{|\@makecaption|\meta{num}\meta{text}} The macro to make a caption
+% with \meta{num} the value produced by |\fnum@TYPE| and \meta{text} the
+% text of the caption (in a |\parbox| of appropriate width). It is used
+% for all floating objects.
+% \end{description}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\c@figure}
+% The format of the counter of figures. Often, the chapter number is part
+% of the number, as this supposedly makes it easier to find the figure again,
+% but that seems rather a poor justification, especially in the light of the
+% excellent capabilities of \TeX\ of making cross references.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcounter{figure}
+\renewcommand\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\fps@figure}
+% \begin{macro}{\ftype@figure}
+% \begin{macro}{\ext@figure}
+% \begin{macro}{\num@figure}
+% These are the parameters dealing with the `figure' floats.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\fps@figure{tbp}
+\def\ftype@figure{1}
+\def\ext@figure{lof}
+\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{figure}
+% \begin{macro}{figure*}
+% Here we define the actual floating figure environments. The starred version
+% is used for double-column figures.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newenvironment{figure}
+ {\@float{figure}}
+ {\end@float}
+\newenvironment{figure*}
+ {\@dblfloat{figure}}
+ {\end@dblfloat}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\c@table}
+% And now for tables as floats. The numbering of tables follows the same
+% ideas as that of figures.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcounter{table}
+\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\fps@table}
+% \begin{macro}{\ftype@table}
+% \begin{macro}{\ext@table}
+% \begin{macro}{\num@table}
+% Define the parameters for table floats.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\def\fps@table{tbp}
+\def\ftype@table{2}
+\def\ext@table{lot}
+\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{table}
+% \begin{macro}{table*}
+% Here we define the actual floating table environments. The starred version
+% is used for double-column tables.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newenvironment{table}
+ {\@float{table}}
+ {\end@float}
+\newenvironment{table*}
+ {\@dblfloat{table}}
+ {\end@dblfloat}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@makecaption}
+% The |\caption| macro calls |\@makecaption| to typeset the caption of the
+% floating object. It uses the arguments \meta{number} and \meta{text}, so
+% that number and captiontext can be typeset. The macro assumes, rightly,
+% that it is called inside a |\parbox| of appropriate width.
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\abovecaptionskip}
+% \begin{macro}{\belowcaptionskip}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newlength\abovecaptionskip
+\newlength\belowcaptionskip
+\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
+\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% The definition of the macro is |\long|, allowing more than a single
+% paragraph to be put into the caption.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
+ \vskip\abovecaptionskip
+% \end{macrocode}
+% In order to see if the caption text fits on a single line, we typeset it
+% temporarily into a box.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \sbox\@tempboxa{#1: #2}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Now measure the width of the box. If it exceeds the current |\hsize| then
+% the caption text has to be set as an ordinary paragraph.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize
+ #1: #2\par
+% \end{macrocode}
+% If the text fits, center it on the line. This means using a |\hbox| in
+% vertical mode, hence the |\everypar| tokens are not executed. What could
+% be needed, if at all, is a resetting of the `minipage' flag, so we do that
+% here explicitly.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \else
+ \global \@minipagefalse
+ \hb@xt@\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
+ \fi
+ \vskip\belowcaptionskip}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \section{Cross referencing}
+% Commands like |\section| or |\caption| write a contentsline to an
+% appropriate file.
+% The line |\contentsline{section}{|\meta{title}|}{|\meta{page}|}| is
+% written to the |.toc| file by the |\section| command. If sections
+% are numbered, the \meta{title} will show up as |\numberline{|\meta{num}
+% |}{|\meta{heading}|}|, the \meta{num} is the number generated by
+% |\thesection|.
+%
+% Similarly, the |\caption| command in a figure environment writes to a
+% |.lof| file the line |\contentsline{figure}{\numberline{|\meta{num}|}{|
+% \meta{caption}|}}{|\meta{page}|}|.
+%
+% The |\contentsline{|\meta{name}|}| command expands to |\l@|\meta{name}.
+% Hence, we have to define |\l@chapter|, |\l@section| and so on, and for
+% figures the similar |\l@figure|. These can be defined conveniently with the
+% command |\@dottedtocline{|\meta{level}|}{|\meta{indent}|}{|\meta{numwidth}
+% |}{|\meta{title}|}{|\meta{page}|}|.
+% \begin{description}
+% \item{\meta{level}} An entry is only produced if \meta{level} is smaller or
+% equal to the \emph{tocdepth} counter, with chapters being level 0,
+% sections level 1 and so on.
+% \item{\meta{indent}} Defines the indentation from the outer left margin of
+% the contentsline.
+% \item{\meta{numwidth}} Defines the width of the box containing the section
+% number, if the \meta{title} includes a |\numberline|.
+% \end{description}
+%
+% \subsection{Table of contents, etc.}
+% \begin{macro}{\@pnumwidth}
+% \begin{macro}{\@tocrmargin}
+% \begin{macro}{\@dotsep}
+% The three parameters control the appearance of the contents. Their
+% definition through the |\newcommand| allows the use of the `em' measure,
+% meaning that the sizes defined can depend on the fount used. The role of
+% |\@pnumwidth| is to define the width of the box containing the page number.
+% |\@tocrmargin| defines the right margin for multi-line entries, obviously
+% it is a good idea ot have |\@tocrmarg| $\leq$ |\@pnumwidth|. Finally, the
+% separation between the dots on contentslines in mu units is given as a
+% real number by |\@dotsep|. From a design perspective, these dots are very
+% unattractive, and an easy way of avoiding them appearing is to set the
+% separation to a very high number.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
+\newcommand\@tocrmarg{2.55em}
+\newcommand\@dotsep{4500}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\tableofcontents}
+% This is the request for the production of a table of contents. Such a
+% table is always typeset as a single column, so it might be necessary
+% to switch temporarily to single-column mode.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{2}
+\newcommand\tableofcontents{%
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
+ \else
+ \@restonecolfalse
+ \fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+% The title is set with |\chapter*|, to ensure that a possible running head
+% contains the correct information
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \chapter*{\contentsname
+ \@mkboth{%
+ \MakeUppercase\contentsname}
+ {\MakeUppercase\contentsname}}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% The actual table of contents itself is typeset by calling
+% |\@starttoc{toc}|. If necessary, we also switch back to double-column mode.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \@starttoc{toc}%
+ \if@restonecol
+ \twocolumn
+ \fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\l@part}
+% The sectioning commands require additional macros to format the entries
+% in the table of contents. Of these various entries, the entry for parts
+% is somewhat more involved. First of all, ensure that if a pagebreak may
+% be imminent, it should occur before the entry of a part. The addition of
+% a little white space and the beginning of a group to keep changes local
+% occupies us here as well.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand*\l@part[2]{%
+ \ifnum \c@tocdepth >-2\relax
+ \addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}%
+ \addvspace{2.25em \@plus\p@}%
+ \begingroup
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Set |\parindent| to 0pt, and use |\rightskip| to reserve enough room for
+% the page numbers. The |\parfillskip| is made negative so that no overfull
+% box messages are issued.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \setlength\@tempdima{3em}%
+ \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
+ \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Set the entry in large fount, and do a bit of housekeeping before
+% finishing the macro.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ {\leavevmode
+ \large #1\hfil \hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}}\par
+ \nobreak
+ \global\@nobreaktrue
+ \everypar{\global\@nobreakfalse\everypar{}}
+ \endgroup
+ \fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\l@chapter}
+% The entries of chapters is very similar to that of parts, and the
+% definition of the macro follows the same lines.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand*\l@chapter[2]{%
+ \ifnum \c@tocdepth >\m@ne
+ \addpenalty{-\@highpenalty}%
+ \vskip 1.0em \@plus\p@
+% \end{macrocode}
+% The |\numberline| macro needs the width of the box holding the number of
+% the chapter to be in the scratch |\@tempdima|. Also, begin a new group and
+% change some of the paragraph parameters.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \setlength\@tempdima{1.5em}%
+ \begingroup
+ \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
+ \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
+ \leavevmode
+% \end{macrocode}
+% As we do no use |\numberline|, some manual adjustments are needed before
+% typesetting the entry. A pagebreak following a chapter entry should be
+% discouraged but not forbidden.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \advance\leftskip\@tempdima
+ \hskip -\leftskip
+ #1\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
+ \penalty\@highpenalty
+ \endgroup
+ \fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\l@section}
+% \begin{macro}{\l@subsection}
+% \begin{macro}{\l@subsubsection}
+% \begin{macro}{\l@paragraph}
+% \begin{macro}{\l@subparagraph}
+% The lower level entries are all governed by the |\@dottedtocline| macro.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand*\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
+\newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
+\newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
+\newcommand*\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{10em}{5em}}
+\newcommand*\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{12em}{6em}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\listoffigures}
+% This is the request to produce a list of figures, and very similar in
+% construction to |\tableofcontents|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\listoffigures{%
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
+ \else
+ \@restonecolfalse
+ \fi
+ \chapter*{\listfigurename
+ \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}%
+ {\MakeUppercase\listfigurename}}%
+ \@starttoc{lof}%
+ \if@restonecol\twocolumn
+ \fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\l@figure}
+% The macro which produces the actual entry in the list of figures.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand*\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\listoftables}
+% The request to make a list of tables is given through this macro. Once
+% again, it is very similar to the |\tableofcontents| macro.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\listoftables{%
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
+ \else
+ \@restonecolfalse
+ \fi
+ \chapter*{\listtablename
+ \@mkboth{%
+ \MakeUppercase\listtablename}{\MakeUppercase\listtablename}}%
+ \@starttoc{lot}%
+ \if@restonecol\twocolumn
+ \fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\l@table}
+% The macro which produces the actual entry in the list of tables.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\let\l@table\l@figure
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{Bibliography}
+% \begin{macro}{\bibindent}
+% The open bibliography format uses the indentation set by |\bibindent|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newdimen\bibindent
+\bibindent=1.5em
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{thebibliography}
+% The environment is based on a generic list environment, using the
+% \emph{enumiv} as internal counter to generate the labels of the list. If
+% and empty \emph{thebibliography} environment is found, issue a warning.
+% The environment executes a number of commands: |\sloppy| is used because
+% it is hard to do line breaks in bibliographies, |\sfcode`\.=1000\relax| is
+% issued so that a period does not produce and end-of-sequence space.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
+ {\chapter*{\bibname
+ \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\bibname}
+ {\MakeUppercase\bibname}}%
+ \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
+ {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
+ \leftmargin\labelwidth
+ \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
+ \if@openbib
+ \advance\leftmargin\bibindent
+ \itemindent -\bibindent
+ \listparindent \itemindent
+ \parsep \z@
+ \fi
+ \usecounter{enumiv}%
+ \let\p@enumiv\@empty
+ \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
+ \if@openbib
+ \renewcommand\newblock{\par}%
+ \else
+ \renewcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em \@plus.33em \@minus.07em}%
+ \fi
+ \sloppy
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Reset parameters to their previous values before leaving the environment
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \clubpenalty4000
+ \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
+ \widowpenalty4000
+ \sfcode`\.=\@m}
+ {\def\@noitemerr
+ {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
+ \endlist}
+\newcommand\newblock{}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{The index}
+% \begin{macro}{theindex}
+% The index environment procudes a two-column index, with each new entry
+% having its own paragraph. In the text, the commands |\item|, |\subitem| and
+% |\subsubitem| are available to produce index entries at three levels.
+% Each time a new letter of the alphabet is encountered, an |\indexspace|
+% amount of white space can be inserted.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newenvironment{theindex}
+ {\if@twocolumn
+ \@restonecolfalse
+ \else
+ \@restonecoltrue
+ \fi
+ \columnseprule \z@
+ \columnsep 35\p@
+ \twocolumn[\@makeschapterhead{\indexname}]%
+ \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
+ {\MakeUppercase\indexname}%
+ \thispagestyle{plain}\parindent\z@
+ \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
+ \let\item\@idxitem}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% In case more text follows the index, and the document was typeset in
+% single-column mode, switch back to the one column mode before finishing
+% the index.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ {\if@restonecol
+ \onecolumn
+ \else
+ \clearpage
+ \fi}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@idxitem}
+% \begin{macro}{\subitem}
+% \begin{macro}{\subsubitem}
+% The macros which typeset the actual index entries
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@}
+\newcommand\subitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@ \hspace*{20\p@}}
+\newcommand\subsubitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@ \hspace*{30\p@}}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\indexspace}
+% Define the amount of white space to insert between letter blocks in
+% the index.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ \@plus5\p@ \@minus3\p@\relax}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+%
+% \subsection{Footnotes}
+% \begin{macro}{\footnoterule}
+% Footnotes are often separated from the body of the text by a small rule.
+% To ensure that such a rule does not take up any vertical space, we have
+% to compensate for the height of the rule (of 0.4pt) by adding some vertical
+% skip. But we also have to avoid the rule from colliding with the footnote
+% text, so we add first a bit of negative skip, and make sure that we end up
+% eventually at the point where we began.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\renewcommand\footnoterule{%
+ \kern-3\p@
+ \hrule\@width.4\columnwidth
+ \kern2.6\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\c@footnote}
+% Footnotes are numbered within chapters, so we have to restart the numbering
+% when beginning a new chapter.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\@addtoreset{footnote}{chapter}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\@makefntext}
+% The macro which produces the footnote. We use a simple macro, in which the
+% footnote text is typeset like a normal paragraph, without indentation
+% except for its first line. The footnote markers printed in the text, which
+% refer to the actual footnotes are produced by the macro |\@makefnmark|.
+% Here we take over the default definition without change.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\@makefntext[1]{%
+ \parindent 1em%
+ \noindent
+ \hb@xt@1.8em{\hss\@makefnmark}#1}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \section{Initialisation}
+% \subsection{Heading names}
+% The names of most of the headings can be (re)defined, and here we set
+% these names to their English equivalent. They can be renamed in the
+% text file through the |\renewcommand|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\contentsname{Contents}
+\newcommand\listfigurename{List of Figures}
+\newcommand\listtablename{List of Tables}
+\newcommand\bibname{Bibliography}
+\newcommand\indexname{Index}
+\newcommand\figurename{Figure}
+\newcommand\tablename{Table}
+\newcommand\partname{Part}
+\newcommand\chaptername{Chapter}
+\newcommand\appendixname{Appendix}
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \subsection{Date}
+% \begin{macro}{\today}
+% The macro |\today| relies on the \TeX\ macros |\month|, |\day| and |year|
+% generate the date of the \LaTeX\ run. The macro has been re-arranged from
+% the standard \LaTeX\ format to conform to European usage, that is,
+% day month year sequence.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand\today{\number\day \ \ifcase\month\or
+ January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
+ July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
+ \ \number\year}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{Double columns}
+% \begin{macro}{\columnsep}
+% \begin{macro}{\columnseprule}
+% The macros define the distance between the two columns, and the width of
+% rule separating the columns. Such a rule is usually unattractive and serves
+% no real purpose for the reader: it is therefore set to 0pt.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\setlength\columnsep{10\p@}
+\setlength\columnseprule{0\p@}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{Page style}
+% Set the default page style to \emph{heading} and set the folio style to
+% \emph{arabic}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\pagestyle{headings}
+\pagenumbering{arabic}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% If |twocolumn| was chosen as an option for typesetting the text, activate
+% the double column mode with |\twocolumn|. Try to keep the columns balanced
+% but do not make things too hard, hence issue a |\sloppy| command as well.
+% Normally, call the |\onecolumn| macro to typeset in a single column.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\if@twocolumn
+ \twocolumn
+ \sloppy
+ \flushbottom
+\else
+ \onecolumn
+\fi
+%</octavo>
+% \end{macrocode}
+%
+% End of file `octavo.cls'.
+% \Finale
+% \PrintIndex
+% \PrintChanges
+\endinput
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/octavo/octavo.ins b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/octavo/octavo.ins
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c466bc3008a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/octavo/octavo.ins
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+%% octavo.ins
+%% Copyright 2003 Stefan A. Revets
+%%
+%% This program is provided under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public License
+%% distributed from CTAN archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt
+%%
+%% Author : Stefan A. Revets
+%% s.revets@tiscali.be
+%%
+%% This file will generate fast loadable files and documentation driver files
+%% from the doc files in this package when run through LaTeX.
+%%
+%% ---------- start of docstrip commands ----------
+%%
+\def\batchfile{octavo.ins}
+\input docstrip.tex
+
+\preamble
+
+Copyright 2003 Stefan A. Revets
+
+Author : Stefan A. Revets
+ s.revets@tiscali.be
+
+The program is provided under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public License
+distributed from CTAN archives in directory macros/latex/base/lppl.txt
+
+This file is part of the Octavo Package, for the typesetting of books along
+classical layout and design ideas. It is a modification of the standard LaTeX
+book class, written by Lamport (1992), Mittelbach and Braams (1994-1997).
+
+The program consists of the files octavo.ins and octavo.dtx.
+
+\endpreamble
+
+\generate{\file{octavo.cls}{\from{octavo.dtx}{octavo}}
+ \file{oct10.clo}{\from{octavo.dtx}{10pt}}
+ \file{oct11.clo}{\from{octavo.dtx}{11pt}}
+ \file{oct12.clo}{\from{octavo.dtx}{12pt}}
+ }
+
+\ifToplevel{
+\Msg{*************************************************************************}
+\Msg{*}
+\Msg{* To finish the installation you should move the following files into}
+\Msg{* a directory searched by TeX:}
+\Msg{*}
+\Msg{* \space\space octavo.cls}
+\Msg{* \space\space oct10.clo}
+\Msg{* \space\space oct11.clo}
+\Msg{* \space\space oct12.clo}
+\Msg{*}
+\Msg{* To produce the documentation run the octavo.dtx file through LaTeX.}
+\Msg{* To add an index of macros and commands run octavo through MakeIndex.}
+\Msg{*}
+\Msg{* Happy TeXing}
+\Msg{*************************************************************************}
+}
+
+\endbatchfile
+