sync

git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@38582 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751

1 files changed, 797 insertions, 410 deletions

diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/tex/texinfo/texinfo.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/tex/texinfo/texinfo.tex
index f773c90b8d5..6a81594bd97 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/tex/texinfo/texinfo.tex
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/tex/texinfo/texinfo.tex
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 % Load plain if necessary, i.e., if running under initex.
 \expandafter\ifx\csname fmtname\endcsname\relax\input plain\fi
 %
-\def\texinfoversion{2015-07-01.07}
+\def\texinfoversion{2015-10-06.21}
 %
 % Copyright 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,
 % 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
@@ -196,17 +196,6 @@
   wide-spread wrap-around
 }
 
-% Margin to add to right of even pages, to left of odd pages.
-\newdimen\bindingoffset
-\newdimen\normaloffset
-\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight
-
-% For a final copy, take out the rectangles
-% that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided
-% that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin).
-%
-\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt }
-
 % Sometimes it is convenient to have everything in the transcript file
 % and nothing on the terminal.  We don't just call \tracingall here,
 % since that produces some useless output on the terminal.  We also make
@@ -251,6 +240,15 @@
 \def\bigbreak{\ifnum\lastpenalty<10000\par\ifdim\lastskip<\bigskipamount
   \removelastskip\penalty-200\bigskip\fi\fi}
 
+% Output routine
+%
+
+% For a final copy, take out the rectangles
+% that mark overfull boxes (in case you have decided
+% that the text looks ok even though it passes the margin).
+%
+\def\finalout{\overfullrule=0pt }
+
 % Do @cropmarks to get crop marks.
 %
 \newif\ifcropmarks
@@ -290,6 +288,9 @@
     \noexpand\else \the\toks8             % 2: color marks
   }%
 }
+
+% \gettopheadingmarks, \getbottomheadingmarks - extract needed part of mark.
+%
 % \topmark doesn't work for the very first chapter (after the title
 % page or the contents), so we use \firstmark there -- this gets us
 % the mark with the chapter defs, unless the user sneaks in, e.g.,
@@ -310,32 +311,69 @@
 \def\prevsectiondefs{}
 \def\lastcolordefs{}
 
+% Margin to add to right of even pages, to left of odd pages.
+\newdimen\bindingoffset
+\newdimen\normaloffset
+\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight
+
 % Main output routine.
+%
 \chardef\PAGE = 255
 \output = {\onepageout{\pagecontents\PAGE}}
 
 \newbox\headlinebox
 \newbox\footlinebox
 
-% \onepageout takes a vbox as an argument.  Note that \pagecontents
-% does insertions, but you have to call it yourself.
+% \onepageout takes a vbox as an argument.
+% \shipout a vbox for a single page, adding an optional header, footer,
+% cropmarks, and footnote.  This also causes index entries for this page
+% to be written to the auxiliary files.
+%
 \def\onepageout#1{%
   \ifcropmarks \hoffset=0pt \else \hoffset=\normaloffset \fi
   %
   \ifodd\pageno  \advance\hoffset by \bindingoffset
   \else \advance\hoffset by -\bindingoffset\fi
   %
+  % Common context changes for both heading and footing.
   % Do this outside of the \shipout so @code etc. will be expanded in
   % the headline as they should be, not taken literally (outputting ''code).
   \def\commmonheadfootline{\let\hsize=\pagewidth \texinfochars}
   %
-  \ifodd\pageno \getoddheadingmarks \else \getevenheadingmarks \fi
-  \global\setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makeheadline}%
+  % Retrieve the information for the headings from the marks in the page,
+  % and call Plain TeX's \makeheadline and \makefootline, which use the
+  % values in \headline and \footline.
   %
+  % This is used to check if we are on the first page of a chapter.
+  \ifcase0\topmark\fi
+  \ifx\thischapter\empty
+    % See comment for \gettopheadingmarks
+    \ifcase0\firstmark\fi
+    \let\curchaptername\thischaptername
+    \ifcase1\firstmark\fi
+    \let\prevchaptername\thischaptername
+  \else
+    \let\curchaptername\thischaptername
+    \ifcase1\topmark\fi
+    \let\prevchaptername\thischaptername
+  \fi
+  %
+  \ifodd\pageno \getoddheadingmarks \else \getevenheadingmarks \fi
   \ifodd\pageno \getoddfootingmarks \else \getevenfootingmarks \fi
+  %
+  \ifx\curchaptername\prevchaptername
+  \else
+    % If on the first page of a chapter, clear @thischapter so it
+    % doesn't appear in the headline, because the chapter is already
+    % shown in the chapter heading.
+    \def\thischapter{}%
+  \fi
+  %
+  \global\setbox\headlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makeheadline}%
   \global\setbox\footlinebox = \vbox{\commmonheadfootline \makefootline}%
   %
   {%
+    % Set context for writing to auxiliary files like index files.
     % Have to do this stuff outside the \shipout because we want it to
     % take effect in \write's, yet the group defined by the \vbox ends
     % before the \shipout runs.
@@ -344,10 +382,10 @@
     \normalturnoffactive  % \ in index entries must not stay \, e.g., if
                % the page break happens to be in the middle of an example.
                % We don't want .vr (or whatever) entries like this:
-               % \entry{{\tt \indexbackslash }acronym}{32}{\code {\acronym}}
+               % \entry{{\indexbackslash }acronym}{32}{\code {\acronym}}
                % "\acronym" won't work when it's read back in;
                % it needs to be
-               % {\code {{\tt \backslashcurfont }acronym}
+               % {\code {{\backslashcurfont }acronym}
     \shipout\vbox{%
       % Do this early so pdf references go to the beginning of the page.
       \ifpdfmakepagedest \pdfdest name{\the\pageno} xyz\fi
@@ -405,6 +443,7 @@
 
 \newinsert\margin \dimen\margin=\maxdimen
 
+% Main part of page, including any footnotes
 \def\pagebody#1{\vbox to\pageheight{\boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth #1}}
 {\catcode`\@ =11
 \gdef\pagecontents#1{\ifvoid\topins\else\unvbox\topins\fi
@@ -427,9 +466,13 @@
 \def\nsbot{\vbox
   {\hrule height\cornerlong depth\cornerthick width\cornerthick}}
 
+
+% Argument parsing
+
 % Parse an argument, then pass it to #1.  The argument is the rest of
 % the input line (except we remove a trailing comment).  #1 should be a
 % macro which expects an ordinary undelimited TeX argument.
+% For example, \def\foo{\parsearg\fooxxx}.
 %
 \def\parsearg{\parseargusing{}}
 \def\parseargusing#1#2{%
@@ -448,9 +491,11 @@
   }%
 }
 
-% First remove any @comment, then any @c comment.
+% First remove any @comment, then any @c comment.  Also remove a @texinfoc
+% comment (see \scanmacro for details).  Pass the result on to \argcheckspaces.
 \def\argremovecomment#1\comment#2\ArgTerm{\argremovec #1\c\ArgTerm}
-\def\argremovec#1\c#2\ArgTerm{\argcheckspaces#1\^^M\ArgTerm}
+\def\argremovec#1\c#2\ArgTerm{\argremovetexinfoc #1\texinfoc\ArgTerm}
+\def\argremovetexinfoc#1\texinfoc#2\ArgTerm{\argcheckspaces#1\^^M\ArgTerm}
 
 % Each occurrence of `\^^M' or `<space>\^^M' is replaced by a single space.
 %
@@ -682,6 +727,12 @@
     \endgraf % Not \par, as it may have been set to \lisppar.
     \global\dimen1 = \prevdepth
   \egroup           % End the \vtop.
+  \addgroupbox
+  \prevdepth = \dimen1
+  \checkinserts
+}
+
+\def\addgroupbox{
   % \dimen0 is the vertical size of the group's box.
   \dimen0 = \ht\groupbox  \advance\dimen0 by \dp\groupbox
   % \dimen2 is how much space is left on the page (more or less).
@@ -694,9 +745,8 @@
     \fi
   \fi
   \box\groupbox
-  \prevdepth = \dimen1
-  \checkinserts
 }
+
 %
 % TeX puts in an \escapechar (i.e., `@') at the beginning of the help
 % message, so this ends up printing `@group can only ...'.
@@ -939,12 +989,20 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
 % @c is the same as @comment
 % @ignore ... @end ignore  is another way to write a comment
 %
-\def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\other%
+\def\comment{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\active%
+\catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other\commentxxx}%
+
+{\catcode`\^^M=\active%
+\gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup%
+\futurelet\nexttoken\commentxxxx}%
+\gdef\commentxxxx{\ifx\nexttoken\aftermacro\expandafter\comment\fi}%
+}
+
+\def\c{\begingroup \catcode`\^^M=\active%
 \catcode`\@=\other \catcode`\{=\other \catcode`\}=\other%
-\commentxxx}
-{\catcode`\^^M=\other \gdef\commentxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}}
-%
-\let\c=\comment
+\cxxx}
+{\catcode`\^^M=\active \gdef\cxxx#1^^M{\endgroup}}
+% See comment in \scanmacro about why the definitions of @c and @comment differ
 
 % @paragraphindent NCHARS
 % We'll use ems for NCHARS, close enough.
@@ -1030,45 +1088,8 @@ where each line of input produces a line of output.}
 % @refill is a no-op.
 \let\refill=\relax
 
-% If working on a large document in chapters, it is convenient to
-% be able to disable indexing, cross-referencing, and contents, for test runs.
-% This is done with @novalidate (before @setfilename).
-%
-\newif\iflinks \linkstrue % by default we want the aux files.
-\let\novalidate = \linksfalse
-
-% @setfilename is done at the beginning of every texinfo file.
-% So open here the files we need to have open while reading the input.
-% This makes it possible to make a .fmt file for texinfo.
-\def\setfilename{%
-   \fixbackslash  % Turn off hack to swallow `\input texinfo'.
-   \iflinks
-     \tryauxfile
-     % Open the new aux file.  TeX will close it automatically at exit.
-     \immediate\openout\auxfile=\jobname.aux
-   \fi % \openindices needs to do some work in any case.
-   \openindices
-   \let\setfilename=\comment % Ignore extra @setfilename cmds.
-   %
-   % If texinfo.cnf is present on the system, read it.
-   % Useful for site-wide @afourpaper, etc.
-   \openin 1 texinfo.cnf
-   \ifeof 1 \else \input texinfo.cnf \fi
-   \closein 1
-   %
-   \comment % Ignore the actual filename.
-}
-
-% Called from \setfilename.
-%
-\def\openindices{%
-  \newindex{cp}%
-  \newcodeindex{fn}%
-  \newcodeindex{vr}%
-  \newcodeindex{tp}%
-  \newcodeindex{ky}%
-  \newcodeindex{pg}%
-}
+% @setfilename INFO-FILENAME - ignored
+\let\setfilename=\comment
 
 % @bye.
 \outer\def\bye{\pagealignmacro\tracingstats=1\ptexend}
@@ -1395,6 +1416,7 @@ output) for that.)}
       \normalturnoffactive
       \def\@{@}%
       \let\/=\empty
+      \let\xprocessmacroarg=\eatspaces % in case we are in a macro expansion
       \makevalueexpandable
       % do we want to go so far as to use \indexnofonts instead of just
       % special-casing \var here?
@@ -1822,8 +1844,10 @@ end
 % A few fonts for @defun names and args.
 \setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1}
 \setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defsl\slshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
 \setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
-\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf}
+\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf
+\let\tenttsl=\defttsl \let\tensl=\defsl \bf}
 
 % Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt).
 \def\smallnominalsize{9pt}
@@ -1884,6 +1908,7 @@ end
 % Section fonts (14.4pt).
 \def\secnominalsize{14pt}
 \setfont\secrm\rmbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
+\setfont\secrmnotbold\rmshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1}
 \setfont\secit\itbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1IT}
 \setfont\secsl\slbshape{10}{\magstep2}{OT1}
 \setfont\sectt\ttbshape{12}{\magstep1}{OT1TT}
@@ -1953,8 +1978,10 @@ end
 % A few fonts for @defun names and args.
 \setfont\defbf\bfshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1}
 \setfont\deftt\ttshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
+\setfont\defsl\slshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
 \setfont\defttsl\ttslshape{10}{\magstephalf}{OT1TT}
-\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf}
+\def\df{\let\tentt=\deftt \let\tenbf = \defbf
+\let\tensl=\defsl \let\tenttsl=\defttsl \bf}
 
 % Fonts for indices, footnotes, small examples (9pt).
 \def\smallnominalsize{9pt}
@@ -2773,11 +2800,6 @@ end
 %
 \def\dmn#1{\thinspace #1}
 
-% @l was never documented to mean ``switch to the Lisp font'',
-% and it is not used as such in any manual I can find.  We need it for
-% Polish suppressed-l.  --karl, 22sep96.
-%\def\l#1{{\li #1}\null}
-
 % @acronym for "FBI", "NATO", and the like.
 % We print this one point size smaller, since it's intended for
 % all-uppercase.
@@ -2881,9 +2903,6 @@ end
 \def\sup{\ifmmode \expandafter\ptexsp \else \expandafter\finishsup\fi}
 \def\finishsup#1{$\ptexsp{\hbox{\selectfonts\lllsize #1}}$}%
 
-% ctrl is no longer a Texinfo command, but leave this definition for fun.
-\def\ctrl #1{{\tt \rawbackslash \hat}#1}
-
 % @inlinefmt{FMTNAME,PROCESSED-TEXT} and @inlineraw{FMTNAME,RAW-TEXT}.
 % Ignore unless FMTNAME == tex; then it is like @iftex and @tex,
 % except specified as a normal braced arg, so no newlines to worry about.
@@ -3391,7 +3410,7 @@ end
 \newtoks\evenfootline    % footline on even pages
 \newtoks\oddfootline     % footline on odd pages
 
-% Now make TeX use those variables
+% Now make \makeheadline and \makefootline in Plain TeX use those variables
 \headline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddheadline
                             \else \the\evenheadline \fi}}
 \footline={{\textfonts\rm \ifodd\pageno \the\oddfootline
@@ -3447,6 +3466,10 @@ end
 % @everyheadingmarks
 % @everyfootingmarks
 
+% These define \getoddheadingmarks, \getevenheadingmarks,
+% \getoddfootingmarks, and \getevenfootingmarks, each to one of
+% \gettopheadingmarks, \getbottomheadingmarks.
+%
 \def\evenheadingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{heading}}
 \def\oddheadingmarks{\headingmarks{odd}{heading}}
 \def\evenfootingmarks{\headingmarks{even}{footing}}
@@ -3736,7 +3759,12 @@ end
    \noindent
    \hbox to 0pt{\hss \itemcontents \kern\itemmargin}%
    %
-   \vadjust{\penalty 1200}}% not good to break after first line of item.
+   \ifinner\else
+     \vadjust{\penalty 1200}% not good to break after first line of item.
+   \fi
+   % We can be in inner vertical mode in a footnote, although an
+   % @itemize looks awful there.
+  }%
   \flushcr
 }
 
@@ -4358,19 +4386,16 @@ end
 % except not \outer, so it can be used within macros and \if's.
 \edef\newwrite{\makecsname{ptexnewwrite}}
 
-% \newindex {foo} defines an index named foo.
-% It automatically defines \fooindex such that
-% \fooindex ...rest of line... puts an entry in the index foo.
-% It also defines \fooindfile to be the number of the output channel for
-% the file that accumulates this index.  The file's extension is foo.
+% \newindex {foo} defines an index named IX.
+% It automatically defines \IXindex such that
+% \IXindex ...rest of line... puts an entry in the index IX.
+% It also defines \IXindfile to be the number of the output channel for
+% the file that accumulates this index.  The file's extension is IX.
 % The name of an index should be no more than 2 characters long
 % for the sake of vms.
 %
 \def\newindex#1{%
-  \iflinks
-    \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
-    \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1 % Open the file
-  \fi
+  \expandafter\chardef\csname#1indfile\endcsname=0
   \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{%     % Define @#1index
     \noexpand\doindex{#1}}
 }
@@ -4384,14 +4409,19 @@ end
 \def\defcodeindex{\parsearg\newcodeindex}
 %
 \def\newcodeindex#1{%
-  \iflinks
-    \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
-    \openout \csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.#1
-  \fi
+  \expandafter\chardef\csname#1indfile\endcsname=0
   \expandafter\xdef\csname#1index\endcsname{%
     \noexpand\docodeindex{#1}}%
 }
 
+% The default indices:
+\newindex{cp}%      concepts,
+\newcodeindex{fn}%  functions,
+\newcodeindex{vr}%  variables,
+\newcodeindex{tp}%  types,
+\newcodeindex{ky}%  keys
+\newcodeindex{pg}%  and programs.
+
 
 % @synindex foo bar    makes index foo feed into index bar.
 % Do this instead of @defindex foo if you don't want it as a separate index.
@@ -4420,26 +4450,19 @@ end
   \expandafter\xdef\csname#2index\endcsname{\noexpand#1{#3}}%
 }
 
-% Define \doindex, the driver for all \fooindex macros.
+% Define \doindex, the driver for all index macros.
 % Argument #1 is generated by the calling \fooindex macro,
-%  and it is "foo", the name of the index.
+% and it the two-letter name of the index.
 
-% \doindex just uses \parsearg; it calls \doind for the actual work.
-% This is because \doind is more useful to call from other macros.
-
-% There is also \dosubind {index}{topic}{subtopic}
-% which makes an entry in a two-level index such as the operation index.
-
-\def\doindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singleindexer}
-\def\singleindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{#1}}
+\def\doindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\doindexxxx}
+\def\doindexxxx #1{\doind{\indexname}{#1}}
 
 % like the previous two, but they put @code around the argument.
-\def\docodeindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\singlecodeindexer}
-\def\singlecodeindexer #1{\doind{\indexname}{\code{#1}}}
+\def\docodeindex#1{\edef\indexname{#1}\parsearg\docodeindexxxx}
+\def\docodeindexxxx #1{\doind{\indexname}{\code{#1}}}
 
-% Take care of Texinfo commands that can appear in an index entry.
-% Since there are some commands we want to expand, and others we don't,
-% we have to laboriously prevent expansion for those that we don't.
+% Used when writing an index entry out to an index file, to prevent
+% expansion of Texinfo commands that can appear in an index entry.
 %
 \def\indexdummies{%
   \escapechar = `\\     % use backslash in output files.
@@ -4455,31 +4478,6 @@ end
   \def\{{{\tt\char123}}%
   \def\}{{\tt\char125}}%
   %
-  % I don't entirely understand this, but when an index entry is
-  % generated from a macro call, the \endinput which \scanmacro inserts
-  % causes processing to be prematurely terminated.  This is,
-  % apparently, because \indexsorttmp is fully expanded, and \endinput
-  % is an expandable command.  The redefinition below makes \endinput
-  % disappear altogether for that purpose -- although logging shows that
-  % processing continues to some further point.  On the other hand, it
-  % seems \endinput does not hurt in the printed index arg, since that
-  % is still getting written without apparent harm.
-  %
-  % Sample source (mac-idx3.tex, reported by Graham Percival to
-  % help-texinfo, 22may06):
-  % @macro funindex {WORD}
-  % @findex xyz
-  % @end macro
-  % ...
-  % @funindex commtest
-  % This is not enough to reproduce the bug, but it gives the flavor.
-  %
-  % Sample whatsit resulting:
-  % .@write3{\entry{xyz}{@folio }{@code {xyz@endinput }}}
-  %
-  % So:
-  \let\endinput = \empty
-  %
   % Do the redefinitions.
   \commondummies
 }
@@ -4686,11 +4684,39 @@ end
   % that we make for arg2 (see \parsemargdef ff.).  We want all this to be
   % expanded for the sake of the index, so we end up just seeing "bar".
   \let\xeatspaces = \eatspaces
+  \let\xprocessmacroarg\eatspaces
 }
 
 % For testing: output @{ and @} in index sort strings as \{ and \}.
 \newif\ifusebracesinindexes
 
+\let\indexlbrace\relax
+\let\indexrbrace\relax
+
+{\catcode`\@=0
+\catcode`\\=13
+  @gdef@backslashdisappear{@def\{}}
+}
+
+{
+\catcode`\<=13
+\catcode`\-=13
+  \gdef\indexnonalnumdisappear{%
+    \backslashdisappear
+    \def-{}%
+    \def<{}%
+    \def\@{}%
+  }
+
+  \gdef\indexnonalnumreappear{%
+    \useindexbackslash
+    \let-\normaldash
+    \let<\normalless
+    \def\@{@}%
+  }
+}
+
+
 % \indexnofonts is used when outputting the strings to sort the index
 % by, and when constructing control sequence names.  It eliminates all
 % control sequences and just writes whatever the best ASCII sort string
@@ -4716,16 +4742,10 @@ end
   \def\_{\normalunderscore}%
   \def\-{}% @- shouldn't affect sorting
   %
-  % Unfortunately, texindex is not prepared to handle braces in the
-  % content at all.  So for index sorting, we map @{ and @} to strings
-  % starting with |, since that ASCII character is between ASCII { and }.
-  \ifusebracesinindexes
-    \def\lbracechar{\lbracecmd}%
-    \def\rbracechar{\rbracecmd}%
-  \else
-    \def\lbracechar{|a}%
-    \def\rbracechar{|b}%
-  \fi
+  % Unfortunately, texindex < 6.0 is not prepared to handle braces in the
+  % content at all, so these won't be sorted in ASCII order.
+  \def\lbracechar{{\indexlbrace}}%
+  \def\rbracechar{{\indexrbrace}}%
   \let\{=\lbracechar
   \let\}=\rbracechar
   %
@@ -4737,7 +4757,7 @@ end
   \def\L{L}%
   \def\OE{OE}%
   \def\O{O}%
-  \def\TH{ZZZ}%
+  \def\TH{TH}%
   \def\aa{aa}%
   \def\ae{ae}%
   \def\dh{dzz}%
@@ -4749,7 +4769,7 @@ end
   \def\o{o}%
   \def\questiondown{?}%
   \def\ss{ss}%
-  \def\th{zzz}%
+  \def\th{th}%
   %
   \def\LaTeX{LaTeX}%
   \def\TeX{TeX}%
@@ -4807,14 +4827,17 @@ end
 {\catcode`\`=\active
  \gdef\indexlquoteignore{\let`=\empty}}
 
-\let\indexbackslash=0  %overridden during \printindex.
 \let\SETmarginindex=\relax % put index entries in margin (undocumented)?
 
 % Most index entries go through here, but \dosubind is the general case.
 % #1 is the index name, #2 is the entry text.
 \def\doind#1#2{\dosubind{#1}{#2}{}}
 
-% Workhorse for all \fooindexes.
+% There is also \dosubind {index}{topic}{subtopic}
+% which makes an entry in a two-level index such as the operation index.
+% TODO: Two-level index?  Operation index?
+
+% Workhorse for all indexes.
 % #1 is name of index, #2 is stuff to put there, #3 is subentry --
 % empty if called from \doind, as we usually are (the main exception
 % is with most defuns, which call us directly).
@@ -4822,6 +4845,7 @@ end
 \def\dosubind#1#2#3{%
   \iflinks
   {%
+    \requireopenindexfile{#1}%
     % Store the main index entry text (including the third arg).
     \toks0 = {#2}%
     % If third arg is present, precede it with a space.
@@ -4837,7 +4861,49 @@ end
   \fi
 }
 
-% Write the entry in \toks0 to the index file:
+% Check if an index file has been opened, and if not, open it.
+\def\requireopenindexfile#1{%
+\ifnum\csname #1indfile\endcsname=0
+  \expandafter\newwrite \csname#1indfile\endcsname
+  \edef\suffix{#1}%
+  % A .fls suffix would conflict with the file extension for the output
+  % of -recorder, so use .f1s instead.
+  \ifx\suffix\indexisfl\def\suffix{f1}\fi
+  % Open the file
+  \immediate\openout\csname#1indfile\endcsname \jobname.\suffix
+  % Using \immediate here prevents an object entering into the current box,
+  % which could confound checks such as those in \safewhatsit for preceding
+  % skips.
+\fi}
+\def\indexisfl{fl}
+
+% Output \ as {\indexbackslash}, because \ is an escape character in
+% the index files.
+\let\indexbackslash=\relax
+{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active
+  @gdef@useindexbackslash{@def\{{@indexbackslash}}}
+}
+
+% Definition for writing index entry text.
+\def\sortas#1{\ignorespaces}%
+
+% Definition for writing index entry sort key.  Should occur at the at
+% the beginning of the index entry, like
+%     @cindex @sortas{september} \september
+% The \ignorespaces takes care of following space, but there's no way
+% to remove space before it.
+{
+\catcode`\-=13
+\gdef\indexwritesortas{%
+  \begingroup
+  \indexnonalnumreappear
+  \indexwritesortasxxx}
+\gdef\indexwritesortasxxx#1{%
+  \xdef\indexsortkey{#1}\endgroup}
+}
+
+
+% Write the entry in \toks0 to the index file.
 %
 \def\dosubindwrite{%
   % Put the index entry in the margin if desired.
@@ -4847,14 +4913,20 @@ end
   %
   % Remember, we are within a group.
   \indexdummies % Must do this here, since \bf, etc expand at this stage
-  \def\backslashcurfont{\indexbackslash}% \indexbackslash isn't defined now
-      % so it will be output as is; and it will print as backslash.
-  %
-  % Process the index entry with all font commands turned off, to
-  % get the string to sort by.
+  \useindexbackslash % \indexbackslash isn't defined now so it will be output 
+                     % as is; and it will print as backslash.
+  % Get the string to sort by, by processing the index entry with all
+  % font commands turned off.
   {\indexnofonts
-   \edef\temp{\the\toks0}% need full expansion
-   \xdef\indexsorttmp{\temp}%
+   \xdef\indexsortkey{}%
+   \let\sortas=\indexwritesortas
+   \indexnonalnumdisappear
+   \edef\temp{\the\toks0}%
+   \setbox\dummybox = \hbox{\temp}% Make sure to execute any \sortas
+   \ifx\indexsortkey\empty
+     \xdef\indexsortkey{\temp}%
+     \ifx\indexsortkey\empty\xdef\indexsortkey{ }\fi
+   \fi
   }%
   %
   % Set up the complete index entry, with both the sort key and
@@ -4864,10 +4936,11 @@ end
   % sorted result.
   \edef\temp{%
     \write\writeto{%
-      \string\entry{\indexsorttmp}{\noexpand\folio}{\the\toks0}}%
+      \string\entry{\indexsortkey}{\noexpand\folio}{\the\toks0}}%
   }%
   \temp
 }
+\newbox\dummybox % used above
 
 % Take care of unwanted page breaks/skips around a whatsit:
 %
@@ -4993,7 +5066,9 @@ end
   % as its first line, TeX doesn't complain about mismatched braces
   % (because it thinks @} is a control sequence).
   \catcode`\@ = 11
-  \openin 1 \jobname.#1s
+  % See comment in \requireopenindexfile.
+  \def\indexname{#1}\ifx\indexname\indexisfl\def\indexname{f1}\fi
+  \openin 1 \jobname.\indexname s
   \ifeof 1
     % \enddoublecolumns gets confused if there is no text in the index,
     % and it loses the chapter title and the aux file entries for the
@@ -5001,43 +5076,96 @@ end
     % there is some text.
     \putwordIndexNonexistent
   \else
+    \catcode`\\ = 0
+    \escapechar = `\\
     %
     % If the index file exists but is empty, then \openin leaves \ifeof
     % false.  We have to make TeX try to read something from the file, so
     % it can discover if there is anything in it.
-    \read 1 to \temp
+    \read 1 to \thisline
     \ifeof 1
       \putwordIndexIsEmpty
     \else
       % Index files are almost Texinfo source, but we use \ as the escape
       % character.  It would be better to use @, but that's too big a change
       % to make right now.
-      \def\indexbackslash{\backslashcurfont}%
-      \catcode`\\ = 0
-      \escapechar = `\\
+      \def\indexbackslash{\ttbackslash}%
+      \let\indexlbrace\{   % Likewise, set these sequences for braces
+      \let\indexrbrace\}   % used in the sort key.
       \begindoublecolumns
-      \input \jobname.#1s
+      \let\entryorphanpenalty=\indexorphanpenalty
+      %
+      % Read input from the index file line by line.
+      \loopdo
+        \ifeof1
+          \let\firsttoken\relax
+        \else
+          \read 1 to \nextline
+          \edef\act{\gdef\noexpand\firsttoken{\getfirsttoken\nextline}}%
+          \act
+        \fi
+        \thisline
+        %
+        \ifeof1\else
+        \let\thisline\nextline
+      \repeat
+      %%
       \enddoublecolumns
     \fi
   \fi
   \closein 1
 \endgroup}
 
+\def\getfirsttoken#1{\expandafter\getfirsttokenx#1\endfirsttoken}
+\long\def\getfirsttokenx#1#2\endfirsttoken{\noexpand#1}
+
+\def\loopdo#1\repeat{\def\body{#1}\loopdoxxx}
+\def\loopdoxxx{\let\next=\relax\body\let\next=\loopdoxxx\fi\next}
+
 % These macros are used by the sorted index file itself.
 % Change them to control the appearance of the index.
 
-\def\initial#1{{%
-  % Some minor font changes for the special characters.
-  \let\tentt=\sectt \let\tt=\sectt \let\sf=\sectt
-  %
+{\catcode`\/=13 \catcode`\-=13 \catcode`\^=13 \catcode`\~=13 \catcode`\_=13
+\catcode`\|=13 \catcode`\<=13 \catcode`\>=13 \catcode`\+=13 \catcode`\"=13
+\catcode`\$=3
+\gdef\initialglyphs{%
+  % Some changes for non-alphabetic characters.  Using the glyphs from the
+  % math fonts looks more consistent than the typewriter font used elsewhere
+  % for these characters.
+  \def\indexbackslash{\math{\backslash}}%
+  \let\\=\indexbackslash
+  %
+  % Can't get bold backslash so don't use bold forward slash
+  \catcode`\/=13
+  \def/{{\secrmnotbold \normalslash}}%
+  \def-{{\normaldash\normaldash}}% en dash `--'
+  \def^{{\chapbf \normalcaret}}%
+  \def~{{\chapbf \normaltilde}}%
+  \def\_{%
+     \leavevmode \kern.07em \vbox{\hrule width.3em height.1ex}\kern .07em }%
+  \def|{$\vert$}%
+  \def<{$\less$}%
+  \def>{$\gtr$}%
+  \def+{$\normalplus$}%
+}}
+
+\def\initial{%
+  \bgroup
+  \initialglyphs
+  \initialx
+}
+
+\def\initialx#1{%
   % Remove any glue we may have, we'll be inserting our own.
   \removelastskip
   %
   % We like breaks before the index initials, so insert a bonus.
+  % The glue before the bonus allows a little bit of space at the
+  % bottom of a column to reduce an increase in inter-line spacing.
   \nobreak
-  \vskip 0pt plus 3\baselineskip
-  \penalty 0
-  \vskip 0pt plus -3\baselineskip
+  \vskip 0pt plus 5\baselineskip
+  \penalty -300 
+  \vskip 0pt plus -5\baselineskip
   %
   % Typeset the initial.  Making this add up to a whole number of
   % baselineskips increases the chance of the dots lining up from column
@@ -5045,24 +5173,24 @@ end
   % we need before each entry, but it's better.
   %
   % No shrink because it confuses \balancecolumns.
-  \vskip 1.67\baselineskip plus .5\baselineskip
-  \leftline{\secbf #1}%
+  \vskip 1.67\baselineskip plus 1\baselineskip
+  \leftline{\secfonts \kern-0.05em \secbf #1}%
+  % \secfonts is inside the argument of \leftline so that the change of
+  % \baselineskip will not affect any glue inserted before the vbox that
+  % \leftline creates.
   % Do our best not to break after the initial.
   \nobreak
   \vskip .33\baselineskip plus .1\baselineskip
-}}
+  \egroup % \initialglyphs
+}
+
+\newdimen\entryrightmargin
+\entryrightmargin=0pt
 
 % \entry typesets a paragraph consisting of the text (#1), dot leaders, and
 % then page number (#2) flushed to the right margin.  It is used for index
 % and table of contents entries.  The paragraph is indented by \leftskip.
 %
-% A straightforward implementation would start like this:
-%	\def\entry#1#2{...
-% But this freezes the catcodes in the argument, and can cause problems to
-% @code, which sets - active.  This problem was fixed by a kludge---
-% ``-'' was active throughout whole index, but this isn't really right.
-% The right solution is to prevent \entry from swallowing the whole text.
-%                                 --kasal, 21nov03
 \def\entry{%
   \begingroup
     %
@@ -5070,38 +5198,46 @@ end
     % affect previous text.
     \par
     %
-    % Do not fill out the last line with white space.
-    \parfillskip = 0in
-    %
     % No extra space above this paragraph.
     \parskip = 0in
     %
+    % When reading the text of entry, convert explicit line breaks
+    % from @* into spaces.  The user might give these in long section
+    % titles, for instance.
+    \def\*{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}%
+    \def\entrybreak{\hfil\break}%
+    %
+    % A bit of stretch before each entry for the benefit of balancing
+    % columns.
+    \vskip 0pt plus0.5pt
+    %
+    % Badness calculation for paragraph affected by -
+    %  How much \indexdotfill is stretched, or how much \parfillskip is shrunk
+    %  Number of lines (\linepenalty)
+    %  
     % Do not prefer a separate line ending with a hyphen to fewer lines.
     \finalhyphendemerits = 0
     %
-    % \hangindent is only relevant when the entry text and page number
-    % don't both fit on one line.  In that case, bob suggests starting the
-    % dots pretty far over on the line.  Unfortunately, a large
-    % indentation looks wrong when the entry text itself is broken across
-    % lines.  So we use a small indentation and put up with long leaders.
+    % Word spacing - no stretch
+    \spaceskip=\fontdimen2\font minus \fontdimen4\font
     %
-    % \hangafter is reset to 1 (which is the value we want) at the start
-    % of each paragraph, so we need not do anything with that.
-    \hangindent = 2em
+    \linepenalty=1000  % Discourage line breaks.
+    \hyphenpenalty=5000  % Discourage hyphenation.
     %
-    % When the entry text needs to be broken, just fill out the first line
-    % with blank space.
-    \rightskip = 0pt plus1fil
+    % Ragged right margin, but not for the last line with the leaders in it.
+    % When an index entry spans lines, this stretch competes with the stretch
+    % in \indexdotfill to determine how the line will be split.
+    \rightskip=\entryrightmargin
+    \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus .6\hsize
     %
-    % A bit of stretch before each entry for the benefit of balancing
-    % columns.
-    \vskip 0pt plus1pt
-    %
-    % When reading the text of entry, convert explicit line breaks
-    % from @* into spaces.  The user might give these in long section
-    % titles, for instance.
-    \def\*{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}%
-    \def\entrybreak{\hfil\break}%
+    % \parfillskip is at the end of the line with the page number
+    \parfillskip=0pt
+    % Cancel the \rightskip stretch
+    \advance \parfillskip by 0pt plus -.6\hsize
+    % Determine how far we can stretch into the margin.
+    % This allows, e.g., "Appendix H  GNU Free Documentation License" to fit
+    % on one line.
+    \advance \parfillskip by 0pt minus .6\entryrightmargin
     %
     % Swallow the left brace of the text (first parameter):
     \afterassignment\doentry
@@ -5109,6 +5245,8 @@ end
 }
 \def\entrybreak{\unskip\space\ignorespaces}%
 \def\doentry{%
+    % Save the text of the entry in a \vtop.
+    \global\setbox\entryindexbox=\vtop\bgroup
     \bgroup % Instead of the swallowed brace.
       \noindent
       \aftergroup\finishentry
@@ -5122,32 +5260,73 @@ end
     % cursed by a Unix daemon.
     \setbox\boxA = \hbox{#1}%
     \ifdim\wd\boxA = 0pt
-      \ %
+      \null\nobreak\hfill\ %
     \else
       %
-      % If we must, put the page number on a line of its own, and fill out
-      % this line with blank space.  (The \hfil is overwhelmed with the
-      % fill leaders glue in \indexdotfill if the page number does fit.)
-      \hfil\penalty50
       \null\nobreak\indexdotfill % Have leaders before the page number.
       %
-      % The `\ ' here is removed by the implicit \unskip that TeX does as
-      % part of (the primitive) \par.  Without it, a spurious underfull
-      % \hbox ensues.
       \ifpdf
-	\pdfgettoks#1.%
-	\ \the\toksA
+        \pdfgettoks#1.%
+        \hskip\skip\thinshrinkable\the\toksA
       \else
-	\ #1%
+        \hskip\skip\thinshrinkable #1%
       \fi
     \fi
+    % Parameters for formatting this paragraph, reset for each paragraph.
+    %
+    % \hangindent is only relevant when the entry text and page number
+    % don't both fit on one line.  In that case, bob suggests starting the
+    % dots pretty far over on the line.  Unfortunately, a large
+    % indentation looks wrong when the entry text itself is broken across
+    % lines.  So we use a small indentation and put up with long leaders.
+    %
+    \hangafter = 1
+    \hangindent = 1em
     \par
+    \egroup % The \vtop
   \endgroup
+  % delay text of entry until after penalty
+  \bgroup\aftergroup\insertindexentrybox
+  \entryorphanpenalty
+}
+
+\newskip\thinshrinkable
+\skip\thinshrinkable=.15em minus .15em
+
+\newbox\entryindexbox
+\def\insertindexentrybox{%
+\lineskip=.8ex plus .6ex % This comes into effect when the \vtop has a large 
+                         % depth due to the paragraph in it having several 
+                         % lines.
+\box\entryindexbox}
+
+% Default is no penalty
+\let\entryorphanpenalty\egroup
+
+% Used from \printindex.  \firsttoken should be the first token
+% after the \entry.  If it's not another \entry, we are at the last
+% line of a group of index entries, so insert a penalty to discourage
+% orphaned index entries.
+\long\def\indexorphanpenalty{%
+  \def\isentry{\entry}%
+  \ifx\firsttoken\isentry
+  \else
+    \unskip\penalty 9000
+    % The \unskip here stops breaking before the glue.  It relies on the
+    % \vskip above being there, otherwise there is an error
+    % "You can't use `\unskip' in vertical mode".  There has to be glue
+    % in the current vertical list that hasn't been added to the
+    % "current page".  See Chapter 24 of the TeXbook.  This contradicts
+    % Section 8.3.7 in "TeX by Topic," though.
+  \fi
+  \egroup % now comes the box added with \aftergroup
 }
 
 % Like plain.tex's \dotfill, except uses up at least 1 em.
+% Using a finite stretch encourages several words to appear on a second line
+% if the entry is broken.
 \def\indexdotfill{\cleaders
-  \hbox{$\mathsurround=0pt \mkern1.5mu.\mkern1.5mu$}\hskip 1em plus 1fill}
+  \hbox{$\mathsurround=0pt \mkern1.5mu.\mkern1.5mu$}\hskip 1em plus .4\hsize}
 
 \def\primary #1{\line{#1\hfil}}
 
@@ -5174,6 +5353,9 @@ end
 \newbox\partialpage
 \newdimen\doublecolumnhsize
 
+\newtoks\savedtopmark % Used in \begindoublecolumns
+\newtoks\savedfirstmark
+
 \def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup % ended by \enddoublecolumns
   % Grab any single-column material above us.
   \output = {%
@@ -5194,9 +5376,23 @@ end
       \unvbox\PAGE
       \kern-\topskip \kern\baselineskip
     }%
+    % Save \topmark and \firstmark
+    \global\savedtopmark=\expandafter{\topmark}%
+    \global\savedfirstmark=\expandafter{\firstmark}%
   }%
   \eject % run that output routine to set \partialpage
   %
+  % We recover the two marks that the last output routine saved in order
+  % to propagate the information in marks added around a chapter heading,
+  % which could be otherwise be lost by the time the final page is output.
+  %
+  \mark{\the\savedtopmark}% Only mark in page passed to following \output.
+  \output = {%
+    \setbox0=\box\PAGE % clear box 255
+  }abc\eject
+  %
+  \mark{\the\savedfirstmark}%
+  %
   % Use the double-column output routine for subsequent pages.
   \output = {\doublecolumnout}%
   %
@@ -5227,7 +5423,7 @@ end
 }
 
 % The double-column output routine for all double-column pages except
-% the last.
+% the last, which is done by \balancecolumns.
 %
 \def\doublecolumnout{%
   \splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth
@@ -5309,28 +5505,47 @@ end
   \pagegoal = \vsize
 }
 %
-% Called at the end of the double column material.
+% Only called for the last of the double column material.  \doublecolumnout 
+% does the others.
 \def\balancecolumns{%
   \setbox0 = \vbox{\unvbox255}% like \box255 but more efficient, see p.120.
   \dimen@ = \ht0
   \advance\dimen@ by \topskip
   \advance\dimen@ by-\baselineskip
-  \divide\dimen@ by 2 % target to split to
-  %debug\message{final 2-column material height=\the\ht0, target=\the\dimen@.}%
-  \splittopskip = \topskip
-  % Loop until we get a decent breakpoint.
-  {%
-    \vbadness = 10000
-    \loop
-      \global\setbox3 = \copy0
-      \global\setbox1 = \vsplit3 to \dimen@
-    \ifdim\ht3>\dimen@
-      \global\advance\dimen@ by 1pt
-    \repeat
-  }%
-  %debug\message{split to \the\dimen@, column heights: \the\ht1, \the\ht3.}%
-  \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1}%
-  \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3}%
+  \ifdim\dimen@<14\baselineskip
+    % Don't split a short final column in two.
+    \setbox2=\vbox{}%
+  \else
+    \divide\dimen@ by 2 % target to split to
+    \dimen@ii = \dimen@
+    \splittopskip = \topskip
+    % Loop until the second column is no higher than the first
+    {%
+      \vbadness = 10000
+      \loop
+        \global\setbox3 = \copy0
+        \global\setbox1 = \vsplit3 to \dimen@
+        % Remove glue from bottom of first column to
+        % make sure it is higher than the second.
+        \global\setbox1 = \vbox{\unvbox1\unpenalty\unskip}%
+      \ifdim\ht3>\ht1
+        \global\advance\dimen@ by 1pt
+      \repeat
+    }%
+    \multiply\dimen@ii by 4
+    \divide\dimen@ii by 5
+    \ifdim\ht3<\dimen@ii
+      % Column heights are too different, so don't make their bottoms
+      % flush with each other.  The glue at the end of the second column
+      % allows a second column to stretch, reducing the difference in
+      % height between the two.
+      \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1\vfill}%
+      \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3\vskip 0pt plus 0.3\ht0}%
+    \else
+      \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1}%
+      \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox3}%
+    \fi
+  \fi
   %
   \pagesofar
 }
@@ -5351,6 +5566,10 @@ end
     \let\lastnode=\empty      % no node to associate with
     \writetocentry{part}{#1}{}% but put it in the toc
     \headingsoff              % no headline or footline on the part page
+    % This outputs a mark at the end of the page that clears \thischapter
+    % and \thissection, as is done in \startcontents.
+    \let\pchapsepmacro\relax
+    \chapmacro{}{Yomitfromtoc}{}%
     \chapoddpage
   \endgroup
 }
@@ -5595,9 +5814,6 @@ end
 
 % @centerchap is like @unnumbered, but the heading is centered.
 \outer\parseargdef\centerchap{%
-  % Well, we could do the following in a group, but that would break
-  % an assumption that \chapmacro is called at the outermost level.
-  % Thus we are safer this way:		--kasal, 24feb04
   \let\centerparametersmaybe = \centerparameters
   \unnmhead0{#1}%
   \let\centerparametersmaybe = \relax
@@ -5721,7 +5937,11 @@ end
 
 % Define plain chapter starts, and page on/off switching for it.
 \def\chapbreak{\dobreak \chapheadingskip {-4000}}
+
+% Start a new page
 \def\chappager{\par\vfill\supereject}
+
+% \chapoddpage - start on an odd page for a new chapter
 % Because \domark is called before \chapoddpage, the filler page will
 % get the headings for the next chapter, which is wrong.  But we don't
 % care -- we just disable all headings on the filler page.
@@ -5757,7 +5977,7 @@ end
 
 \CHAPPAGon
 
-% Chapter opening.
+% \chapmacro - Chapter opening.
 %
 % #1 is the text, #2 is the section type (Ynumbered, Ynothing,
 % Yappendix, Yomitfromtoc), #3 the chapter number.
@@ -6151,7 +6371,7 @@ end
   \savepageno = \pageno
   \begingroup                  % Set up to handle contents files properly.
     \raggedbottom              % Worry more about breakpoints than the bottom.
-    \advance\hsize by -\contentsrightmargin % Don't use the full line length.
+    \entryrightmargin=\contentsrightmargin % Don't use the full line length.
     %
     % Roman numerals for page numbers.
     \ifnum \pageno>0 \global\pageno = \lastnegativepageno \fi
@@ -6256,7 +6476,7 @@ end
 
 % Chapters, in the main contents.
 \def\numchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#2\labelspace#1}{#4}}
-%
+
 % Chapters, in the short toc.
 % See comments in \dochapentry re vbox and related settings.
 \def\shortchapentry#1#2#3#4{%
@@ -6271,7 +6491,7 @@ end
   \setbox0 = \hbox{\putwordAppendix{} M}%
   \hbox to \wd0{\putwordAppendix{} #1\hss}}
 %
-\def\appentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\appendixbox{#2}\labelspace#1}{#4}}
+\def\appentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{\appendixbox{#2}\hskip.7em#1}{#4}}
 
 % Unnumbered chapters.
 \def\unnchapentry#1#2#3#4{\dochapentry{#1}{#4}}
@@ -6304,6 +6524,8 @@ end
 \def\dochapentry#1#2{%
    \penalty-300 \vskip1\baselineskip plus.33\baselineskip minus.25\baselineskip
    \begingroup
+     % Move the page numbers slightly to the right
+     \advance\entryrightmargin by -0.05em
      \chapentryfonts
      \tocentry{#1}{\dopageno\bgroup#2\egroup}%
    \endgroup
@@ -6423,6 +6645,24 @@ end
     \endgraf
     \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount
       \removelastskip
+      \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000
+        % Penalize breaking before the environment, because preceding text
+        % often leads into it.
+        \penalty100
+      \fi
+      \vskip\envskipamount
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}}
+
+\def\afterenvbreak{{%
+  % =10000 instead of <10000 because of a special case in \itemzzz and
+  % \sectionheading, q.v.
+  \ifnum \lastpenalty=10000 \else
+    \advance\envskipamount by \parskip
+    \endgraf
+    \ifdim\lastskip<\envskipamount
+      \removelastskip
       % it's not a good place to break if the last penalty was \nobreak
       % or better ...
       \ifnum\lastpenalty<10000 \penalty-50 \fi
@@ -6431,8 +6671,6 @@ end
   \fi
 }}
 
-\let\afterenvbreak = \aboveenvbreak
-
 % \nonarrowing is a flag.  If "set", @lisp etc don't narrow margins; it will
 % also clear it, so that its embedded environments do the narrowing again.
 \let\nonarrowing=\relax
@@ -6476,7 +6714,7 @@ end
   % collide with the section heading.
   \ifnum\lastpenalty>10000 \vskip\parskip \penalty\lastpenalty \fi
   %
-  \vbox\bgroup
+  \setbox\groupbox=\vbox\bgroup
       \baselineskip=0pt\parskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt
       \carttop
       \hbox\bgroup
@@ -6500,6 +6738,7 @@ end
       \egroup
       \cartbot
   \egroup
+  \addgroupbox
   \checkinserts
 }
 
@@ -6977,7 +7216,7 @@ end
   \temp
 }
 
-% \domakedefun \deffn \deffnx \deffnheader
+% \domakedefun \deffn \deffnx \deffnheader { (defn. of \deffnheader) }
 %
 % Define \deffn and \deffnx, without parameters.
 % \deffnheader has to be defined explicitly.
@@ -7315,34 +7554,44 @@ end
   }
 \fi
 
-\def\scanmacro#1{\begingroup
+\let\aftermacroxxx\relax
+\def\aftermacro{\aftermacroxxx}
+
+% alias because \c means cedilla in @tex or @math
+\let\texinfoc=\c
+
+% Used at the time of macro expansion.
+% Argument is macro body with arguments substituted
+\def\scanmacro#1{%
   \newlinechar`\^^M
   \let\xeatspaces\eatspaces
+  % Reduce doubled backslashes to one
+  \def\xprocessmacroarg{\passargtomacro\eatspaces}%
   %
-  % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \doprintindex
-  % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active
-  % backslash to get it printed correctly.  Previously, we had
-  % \catcode`\\=\other instead.  We'll see whether a problem appears
-  % with macro expansion.				--kasal, 19aug04
-  \catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@
-  %
-  % ... and for \example:
-  \spaceisspace
+  % Process the macro body under the current catcode regime.
+  \scantokens{#1\texinfoc}\aftermacro%
   %
-  % The \empty here causes a following catcode 5 newline to be eaten as
-  % part of reading whitespace after a control sequence.  It does not
-  % eat a catcode 13 newline.  There's no good way to handle the two
-  % cases (untried: maybe e-TeX's \everyeof could help, though plain TeX
-  % would then have different behavior).  See the Macro Details node in
-  % the manual for the workaround we recommend for macros and
-  % line-oriented commands.
-  % 
-  \scantokens{#1\empty}%
-\endgroup}
+  % The \c is to remove the \newlinechar added by \scantokens, and
+  % can be noticed by \parsearg.
+  %   The \aftermacro allows a \comment at the end of the macro definition
+  % to duplicate itself past the final \newlinechar added by \scantokens:
+  % this is used in the definition of \group to comment out a newline.  We
+  % don't do the same for \c to support Texinfo files with macros that ended
+  % with a @c, which should no longer be necessary.
+  %   We avoid surrounding the call to \scantokens with \bgroup and \egroup
+  % to allow macros to open or close groups themselves.
+}
 
 \def\scanexp#1{%
+  \bgroup
+  % Undo catcode changes of \startcontents and \printindex
+  % When called from @insertcopying or (short)caption, we need active
+  % backslash to get it printed correctly.
+  % FIXME: This may not be needed.
+  %\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=\active \escapechar=`\@
   \edef\temp{\noexpand\scanmacro{#1}}%
   \temp
+  \egroup
 }
 
 \newcount\paramno   % Count of parameters
@@ -7408,7 +7657,6 @@ end
   \catcode`\+=\other
   \catcode`\<=\other
   \catcode`\>=\other
-  \catcode`\@=\other
   \catcode`\^=\other
   \catcode`\_=\other
   \catcode`\|=\other
@@ -7418,37 +7666,29 @@ end
 
 \def\scanargctxt{% used for copying and captions, not macros.
   \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\@=\other
   \catcode`\\=\other
   \catcode`\^^M=\other
 }
 
 \def\macrobodyctxt{% used for @macro definitions
   \scanctxt
+  \catcode`\ =\other
+  \catcode`\@=\other
   \catcode`\{=\other
   \catcode`\}=\other
   \catcode`\^^M=\other
   \usembodybackslash
 }
 
-\def\macroargctxt{% used when scanning invocations
+% Used when scanning braced macro arguments.  Note, however, that catcode
+% changes here are ineffectual if the macro invocation was nested inside
+% an argument to another Texinfo command.
+\def\macroargctxt{%
   \scanctxt
-  \catcode`\\=0
+  \catcode`\^^M=\other
+  \catcode`\\=\active
 }
-% why catcode 0 for \ in the above?  To recognize \\ \{ \} as "escapes"
-% for the single characters \ { }.  Thus, we end up with the "commands"
-% that would be written @\ @{ @} in a Texinfo document.
-% 
-% We already have @{ and @}.  For @\, we define it here, and only for
-% this purpose, to produce a typewriter backslash (so, the @\ that we
-% define for @math can't be used with @macro calls):
-%
-\def\\{\normalbackslash}%
-% 
-% We would like to do this for \, too, since that is what makeinfo does.
-% But it is not possible, because Texinfo already has a command @, for a
-% cedilla accent.  Documents must use @comma{} instead.
-%
-% \anythingelse will almost certainly be an error of some kind.
 
 \def\macrolineargctxt{% used for whole-line arguments without braces
   \scanctxt
@@ -7526,59 +7766,36 @@ end
   \fi
 }
 
-% This makes use of the obscure feature that if the last token of a
-% <parameter list> is #, then the preceding argument is delimited by
-% an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed.
-% 
+% \getargs -- Parse the arguments to a @macro line.  Set \macname to
+% the name of the macro, and \argl to the braced argument list.
 \def\getargs#1{\getargsxxx#1{}}
 \def\getargsxxx#1#{\getmacname #1 \relax\getmacargs}
 \def\getmacname#1 #2\relax{\macname={#1}}
 \def\getmacargs#1{\def\argl{#1}}
+% This made use of the feature that if the last token of a
+% <parameter list> is #, then the preceding argument is delimited by
+% an opening brace, and that opening brace is not consumed.
 
-% For macro processing make @ a letter so that we can make
-% private-to-Texinfo macro names.
-\edef\texiatcatcode{\the\catcode`\@}
-\catcode `@=11\relax
-
-% Parse the optional {params} list.  Set up \paramno and \paramlist
-% so \defmacro knows what to do.  Define \macarg.BLAH for each BLAH
-% in the params list to some hook where the argument is to be expanded.  If
-% there are less than 10 arguments that hook is to be replaced by ##N where N
+% Parse the optional {params} list to @macro or @rmacro.
+% Set \paramno to the number of arguments,
+% and \paramlist to a parameter text for the macro (e.g. #1,#2,#3 for a
+% three-param macro.)  Define \macarg.BLAH for each BLAH in the params
+% list to some hook where the argument is to be expanded.  If there are
+% less than 10 arguments that hook is to be replaced by ##N where N
 % is the position in that list, that is to say the macro arguments are to be
 % defined `a la TeX in the macro body.  
 %
 % That gets used by \mbodybackslash (above).
 %
-% We need to get `macro parameter char #' into several definitions.
-% The technique used is stolen from LaTeX: let \hash be something
-% unexpandable, insert that wherever you need a #, and then redefine
-% it to # just before using the token list produced.
-%
-% The same technique is used to protect \eatspaces till just before
-% the macro is used.
-%
-% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used, where the
-% hook remains in the body, and when macro is to be expanded the body is
-% processed again to replace the arguments.
-%
-% In that case, the hook is \the\toks N-1, and we simply set \toks N-1 to the
-% argument N value and then \edef  the body (nothing else will expand because of
-% the catcode regime underwhich the body was input).
+% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used: see
+% \parsemmanyargdef.
 %
-% If you compile with TeX (not eTeX), and you have macros with 10 or more
-% arguments, no macro can have more than 256 arguments (else error).
-% 
 \def\parsemargdef#1;{%
   \paramno=0\def\paramlist{}%
   \let\hash\relax
-  \let\xeatspaces\relax
+  % \hash is redefined to `#' later to get it into definitions
+  \let\processmacroarg\relax
   \parsemargdefxxx#1,;,%
-  % In case that there are 10 or more arguments we parse again the arguments
-  % list to set new definitions for the \macarg.BLAH macros corresponding to
-  % each BLAH argument. It was anyhow needed to parse already once this list
-  % in order to count the arguments, and as macros with at most 9 arguments
-  % are by far more frequent than macro with 10 or more arguments, defining
-  % twice the \macarg.BLAH macros does not cost too much processing power.
   \ifnum\paramno<10\relax\else
     \paramno0\relax
     \parsemmanyargdef@@#1,;,% 10 or more arguments
@@ -7589,10 +7806,47 @@ end
   \else \let\next=\parsemargdefxxx
     \advance\paramno by 1
     \expandafter\edef\csname macarg.\eatspaces{#1}\endcsname
-        {\xeatspaces{\hash\the\paramno}}%
+        {\processmacroarg{\hash\the\paramno}}%
     \edef\paramlist{\paramlist\hash\the\paramno,}%
   \fi\next}
 
+% \parsemacbody, \parsermacbody
+%
+% Read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies. (They're different since
+% rec and nonrec macros end differently.)
+% 
+% We are in \macrobodyctxt, and the \xdef causes backslashshes in the macro 
+% body to be transformed.
+% Set \macrobody to the body of the macro, and call \defmacro.
+%
+{\catcode`\ =\other\long\gdef\parsemacbody#1@end macro{%
+\xdef\macrobody{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}}%
+{\catcode`\ =\other\long\gdef\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro{%
+\xdef\macrobody{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}}%
+
+% Make @ a letter, so that we can make private-to-Texinfo macro names.
+\edef\texiatcatcode{\the\catcode`\@}
+\catcode `@=11\relax
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Code for > 10 arguments only   %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% If there are 10 or more arguments, a different technique is used, where the
+% hook remains in the body, and when macro is to be expanded the body is
+% processed again to replace the arguments.
+%
+% In that case, the hook is \the\toks N-1, and we simply set \toks N-1 to the
+% argument N value and then \edef the body (nothing else will expand because of
+% the catcode regime under which the body was input).
+%
+% If you compile with TeX (not eTeX), and you have macros with 10 or more
+% arguments, no macro can have more than 256 arguments (else error).
+%
+% In case that there are 10 or more arguments we parse again the arguments
+% list to set new definitions for the \macarg.BLAH macros corresponding to
+% each BLAH argument. It was anyhow needed to parse already once this list
+% in order to count the arguments, and as macros with at most 9 arguments
+% are by far more frequent than macro with 10 or more arguments, defining
+% twice the \macarg.BLAH macros does not cost too much processing power.
 \def\parsemmanyargdef@@#1,{%
   \if#1;\let\next=\relax
   \else 
@@ -7608,15 +7862,6 @@ end
     \advance\paramno by 1\relax
   \fi\next}
 
-% These two commands read recursive and nonrecursive macro bodies.
-% (They're different since rec and nonrec macros end differently.)
-%
-\catcode `\@\texiatcatcode
-\long\def\parsemacbody#1@end macro%
-{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
-\long\def\parsermacbody#1@end rmacro%
-{\xdef\temp{\eatcr{#1}}\endgroup\defmacro}%
-\catcode `\@=11\relax
 
 \let\endargs@\relax
 \let\nil@\relax
@@ -7645,9 +7890,6 @@ end
     \getargvals@@
   \fi
 }
-
-% Internal for \getargsval@.
-%  
 \def\getargvals@@{%
   \ifx\paramlist\nilm@
       % Some sanity check needed here that \argvaluelist is also empty.
@@ -7755,16 +7997,7 @@ end
   \next
 }
 
-% Save the token stack pointer into macro #1:
-\def\texisavetoksstackpoint#1{\edef#1{\the\@cclvi}}
-%
-% Restore the token stack pointer from number in macro #1:
-\def\texirestoretoksstackpoint#1{\expandafter\mathchardef
-  \expandafter\@cclvi#1\relax}
-% Variant \newtoks that can be used non-\outer:
-\def\texinonouternewtoks{\alloc@ 5\toks \toksdef \@cclvi}
-
-% Tailing missing arguments are set to empty.
+% Trailing missing arguments are set to empty.
 % 
 \def\setemptyargvalues@{%
   \ifx\paramlist\nilm@
@@ -7795,81 +8028,115 @@ end
    \long\def#2{#4}%
 }
 
-% This defines a Texinfo @macro. There are eight cases: recursive and
-% nonrecursive macros of zero, one, up to nine, and many arguments.
-% Much magic with \expandafter here.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End of code for > 10 arguments %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+
+
+% Remove following spaces at the expansion stage.
+% This works because spaces are discarded before each argument when TeX is 
+% getting the arguments for a macro.
+% This must not be immediately followed by a }.
+\long\def\gobblespaces#1{#1}
+
+% This defines a Texinfo @macro or @rmacro, called by \parsemacbody.
+%    \macrobody has the body of the macro in it, with placeholders for
+% its parameters, looking like "\processmacroarg{\hash 1}".
+%    \paramno is the number of parameters
+%    \paramlist is a TeX parameter text, e.g. "#1,#2,#3,"
+% There are eight cases: recursive and nonrecursive macros of zero, one,
+% up to nine, and many arguments.
 % \xdef is used so that macro definitions will survive the file
-% they're defined in; @include reads the file inside a group.
+% they're defined in: @include reads the file inside a group.
 %
 \def\defmacro{%
   \let\hash=##% convert placeholders to macro parameter chars
-  \ifrecursive
+  \ifnum\paramno=1
+    \def\processmacroarg{\gobblespaces}%
+    % This removes the pair of braces around the argument.  We don't
+    % use \eatspaces, because this can cause ends of lines to be lost
+    % when the argument to \eatspaces is read, leading to line-based
+    % commands like "@itemize" not being read correctly.
+  \else
+    \def\processmacroarg{\xprocessmacroarg}%
+    \let\xprocessmacroarg\relax
+  \fi
+  \ifrecursive   %%%%%%%%%%%%%% Recursive %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
     \ifcase\paramno
     % 0
       \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
-        \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
     \or % 1
       \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
          \bgroup
          \noexpand\braceorline
-         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}%
-      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{%
-         \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{%
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname{%
+           \noexpand\gobblespaces##1\empty}%
+           % The \empty is for \gobblespaces in case #1 is empty
+         }%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname##1{%
+         \egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
     \else
       \ifnum\paramno<10\relax % at most 9
         \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
            \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
-           \noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
-        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
-            \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
+           \noexpand\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname}%
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname##1{%
+            \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname ##1,}%
         \expandafter\expandafter
         \expandafter\xdef
         \expandafter\expandafter
-          \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
-            \paramlist{\egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}}%
+          \csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname
+            \paramlist{\egroup\noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
       \else % 10 or more
         \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
           \noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}%
         }%    
-        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\temp
+        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\macrobody
         \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\gobble
       \fi
     \fi
-  \else
+  \else  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Non-recursive %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
     \ifcase\paramno
     % 0
       \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
-        \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
-        \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}}%
     \or % 1
       \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
          \bgroup
          \noexpand\braceorline
-         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname}%
-      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname##1{%
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname}%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname##1{%
+         \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname{%
+           \noexpand\gobblespaces##1\empty}%
+           % The \empty is for \gobblespaces in case #1 is empty
+         }%
+      \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@@@\endcsname##1{%
         \egroup
-        \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
-        \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+        \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}%
+        }%
     \else % at most 9
       \ifnum\paramno<10\relax
         \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
            \bgroup\noexpand\macroargctxt
-           \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname}%
-        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname xx\endcsname##1{%
-            \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname ##1,}%
+           \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname}%
+        \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname @@\endcsname##1{%
+            \expandafter\noexpand\csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname ##1,}%
         \expandafter\expandafter
         \expandafter\xdef
         \expandafter\expandafter
-        \csname\the\macname xxx\endcsname
+        \csname\the\macname @@@\endcsname
         \paramlist{%
             \egroup
-            \noexpand\norecurse{\the\macname}%
-            \noexpand\scanmacro{\temp}\egroup}%
+            \noexpand\scanmacro{\macrobody}%
+            }%
       \else % 10 or more:
         \expandafter\xdef\csname\the\macname\endcsname{%
           \noexpand\getargvals@{\the\macname}{\argl}%
         }%
-        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\temp
+        \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .body\endcsname\macrobody
         \global\expandafter\let\csname mac.\the\macname .recurse\endcsname\norecurse
       \fi
     \fi
@@ -7879,16 +8146,86 @@ end
 
 \def\norecurse#1{\bgroup\cslet{#1}{macsave.#1}}
 
+
+{\catcode`\@=0 \catcode`\\=13
+@catcode`@_=11
+
+% Call #1 with a list of tokens #2, with any doubled backslashes in #2
+% compressed to one.
+@gdef@passargtomacro#1#2{%
+  @def@the_macro{#1}%
+  @def@pending_backslash{}%
+  @def@finish{@finish}%
+  @def@arg_result{}%
+  @let@next_token=@relax
+  @add_segment#2\@finish\%
+}
+
+% Input stream is just after a backslash.  If the next token is not a
+% backslash, process the rest of the argument; otherwise, remove the next
+% token.
+@gdef@look_ahead{%
+  @futurelet@next_token@look_aheadzzz}
+@gdef@look_aheadzzz{%
+  @ifx@next_token\%
+   @let@next=@gobble_and_check_finish 
+  @else
+   @let@next=@add_segment
+  @fi@next
+}
+
+% Double backslash found.  Add a single backslash here.
+@gdef@gobble_and_check_finish#1{%
+  @add_the_backslash
+  @def@pending_backslash{}%
+  @futurelet@next_token@add_segment
+}
+
+% append a backslash to \arg_result
+@gdef@add_the_backslash{%
+  @expandafter@gdef@expandafter@arg_result@expandafter{@arg_result\}%
+}
+
+% Input stream is either at the start of the argument, or just after a 
+% backslash sequence, either a lone backslash, or a doubled backslash.  
+% \next_token contains the first token in the input stream: if it is \finish, 
+% finish; otherwise, append to \arg_result the segment of the argument up until
+% the next backslash.  \pending_backslash contains a backslash to represent
+% a backslash just before the start of the input stream that has not been
+% added to \arg_result.
+@gdef@add_segment#1\{%
+@ifx@next_token@finish
+  @let@next=@call_the_macro%
+@else
+  @let@next=@look_ahead
+  %
+  % append to @arg_result
+  % token list registers might be better
+  @expandafter@expandafter@expandafter@gdef
+  @expandafter@expandafter@expandafter@arg_result
+  @expandafter@expandafter@expandafter{%
+  @expandafter@arg_result
+  @pending_backslash#1}%
+  @def@pending_backslash{\}%
+@fi@next}
+
+@gdef@call_the_macro{@expandafter@the_macro@expandafter{@arg_result}}
+
+}
+
 % \braceorline MAC is used for a one-argument macro MAC.  It checks
 % whether the next non-whitespace character is a {.  It sets the context
 % for reading the argument (slightly different in the two cases).  Then,
-% to read the argument, in the whole-line case, it then calls the
-% regular \parsearg MAC; in the lbrace case, it just calls MAC itself.
+% to read the argument, in the whole-line case, it then calls the regular
+% \parsearg MAC; in the lbrace case, it calls \passargtomacro MAC.
 % 
 \def\braceorline#1{\let\macnamexxx=#1\futurelet\nchar\braceorlinexxx}
 \def\braceorlinexxx{%
-  \ifx\nchar\bgroup\macroargctxt
-  \else\macrolineargctxt\expandafter\parsearg
+  \ifx\nchar\bgroup
+    \macroargctxt
+    \expandafter\passargtomacro
+  \else
+    \macrolineargctxt\expandafter\parsearg
   \fi \macnamexxx}
 
 
@@ -7970,6 +8307,7 @@ end
   \pdfmkdest{#1}%
   \iflinks
     {%
+      \requireauxfile
       \atdummies  % preserve commands, but don't expand them
       \edef\writexrdef##1##2{%
 	\write\auxfile{@xrdef{#1-% #1 of \setref, expanded by the \edef
@@ -8009,9 +8347,12 @@ end
 % node name, #4 the name of the Info file, #5 the name of the printed
 % manual.  All but the node name can be omitted.
 %
-\def\pxref#1{\putwordsee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
-\def\xref#1{\putwordSee{} \xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
-\def\ref#1{\xrefX[#1,,,,,,,]}
+\def\pxref{\putwordsee{} \xrefXX}
+\def\xref{\putwordSee{} \xrefXX}
+\def\ref{\xrefXX}
+
+\def\xrefXX#1{\def\xrefXXarg{#1}\futurelet\tokenafterxref\xrefXXX}
+\def\xrefXXX{\expandafter\xrefX\expandafter[\xrefXXarg,,,,,,,]}
 %
 \newbox\toprefbox
 \newbox\printedrefnamebox
@@ -8155,6 +8496,12 @@ end
       %
       % output the `page 3'.
       \turnoffactive \putwordpage\tie\refx{#1-pg}{}%
+           \ifx,\tokenafterxref
+      \else\ifx.\tokenafterxref
+      \else\ifx;\tokenafterxref
+      \else\ifx)\tokenafterxref
+      \else,% add a , if xref not followed by punctuation
+      \fi\fi\fi\fi
     \fi\fi
   \fi
   \endlink
@@ -8225,6 +8572,7 @@ end
 % If its value is nonempty, SUFFIX is output afterward.
 %
 \def\refx#1#2{%
+  \requireauxfile
   {%
     \indexnofonts
     \otherbackslash
@@ -8288,6 +8636,23 @@ end
   \fi
 }
 
+% If working on a large document in chapters, it is convenient to
+% be able to disable indexing, cross-referencing, and contents, for test runs.
+% This is done with @novalidate at the beginning of the file.
+%
+\newif\iflinks \linkstrue % by default we want the aux files.
+\let\novalidate = \linksfalse
+
+% Used when writing to the aux file, or when using data from it.
+\def\requireauxfile{%
+  \iflinks
+    \tryauxfile
+    % Open the new aux file.  TeX will close it automatically at exit.
+    \immediate\openout\auxfile=\jobname.aux
+  \fi
+  \global\let\requireauxfile=\relax   % Only do this once.
+}
+
 % Read the last existing aux file, if any.  No error if none exists.
 %
 \def\tryauxfile{%
@@ -8761,6 +9126,7 @@ end
       % \floatlabel-lof.  Besides \floatident, we include the short
       % caption if specified, else the full caption if specified, else nothing.
       {%
+        \requireauxfile
         \atdummies
         %
         % since we read the caption text in the macro world, where ^^M
@@ -10186,8 +10552,8 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 \def\activedoublequote{{\tt\char34}}
 \let"=\activedoublequote
 \catcode`\~=\active \def\activetilde{{\tt\char126}} \let~ = \activetilde
-\chardef\hat=`\^
-\catcode`\^=\active \def\activehat{{\tt \hat}} \let^ = \activehat
+\chardef\hatchar=`\^
+\catcode`\^=\active \def\activehat{{\tt \hatchar}} \let^ = \activehat
 
 \catcode`\_=\active
 \def_{\ifusingtt\normalunderscore\_}
@@ -10204,6 +10570,8 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 \catcode`\>=\active \def\activegtr{{\tt \gtr}}\let> = \activegtr
 \catcode`\+=\active \def+{{\tt \char 43}}
 \catcode`\$=\active \def${\ifusingit{{\sl\$}}\normaldollar}%$ font-lock fix
+\catcode`\-=\active \let-=\normaldash
+
 
 % used for headline/footline in the output routine, in case the page
 % breaks in the middle of an @tex block.
@@ -10218,12 +10586,6 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
   % in principle, all other definitions in \tex have to be undone too.
 }
 
-% If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file
-% name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line.
-% So turn them off again, and have \everyjob (or @setfilename) turn them on.
-% \otherifyactive is called near the end of this file.
-\def\otherifyactive{\catcode`+=\other \catcode`\_=\other}
-
 % Used sometimes to turn off (effectively) the active characters even after
 % parsing them.
 \def\turnoffactive{%
@@ -10242,23 +10604,22 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 % \doublebackslash is two of them (for the pdf outlines).
 {\catcode`\\=\other @gdef@realbackslash{\} @gdef@doublebackslash{\\}}
 
-% In texinfo, backslash is an active character; it prints the backslash
+% In Texinfo, backslash is an active character; it prints the backslash
 % in fixed width font.
 \catcode`\\=\active  % @ for escape char from now on.
 
-% The story here is that in math mode, the \char of \backslashcurfont
-% ends up printing the roman \ from the math symbol font (because \char
-% in math mode uses the \mathcode, and plain.tex sets
-% \mathcode`\\="026E).  It seems better for @backslashchar{} to always
-% print a typewriter backslash, hence we use an explicit \mathchar,
+% Print a typewriter backslash.  For math mode, we can't simply use
+% \backslashcurfont: the story here is that in math mode, the \char
+% of \backslashcurfont ends up printing the roman \ from the math symbol
+% font (because \char in math mode uses the \mathcode, and plain.tex
+% sets \mathcode`\\="026E).  Hence we use an explicit \mathchar,
 % which is the decimal equivalent of "715c (class 7, e.g., use \fam;
 % ignored family value; char position "5C).  We can't use " for the
 % usual hex value because it has already been made active.
-@def@normalbackslash{{@tt @ifmmode @mathchar29020 @else @backslashcurfont @fi}}
-@let@backslashchar = @normalbackslash % @backslashchar{} is for user documents.
 
-% On startup, @fixbackslash assigns:
-%  @let \ = @normalbackslash
+@def@ttbackslash{{@tt @ifmmode @mathchar29020 @else @backslashcurfont @fi}}
+@let@backslashchar = @ttbackslash % @backslashchar{} is for user documents.
+
 % \rawbackslash defines an active \ to do \backslashcurfont.
 % \otherbackslash defines an active \ to be a literal `\' character with
 % catcode other.  We switch back and forth between these.
@@ -10266,8 +10627,7 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 @gdef@otherbackslash{@let\=@realbackslash}
 
 % Same as @turnoffactive except outputs \ as {\tt\char`\\} instead of
-% the literal character `\'.  Also revert - to its normal character, in
-% case the active - from code has slipped in.
+% the literal character `\'.
 %
 {@catcode`- = @active
  @gdef@normalturnoffactive{%
@@ -10278,40 +10638,66 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
    @let+=@normalplus
    @let<=@normalless
    @let>=@normalgreater
-   @let\=@normalbackslash
    @let^=@normalcaret
    @let_=@normalunderscore
    @let|=@normalverticalbar
    @let~=@normaltilde
+   @let\=@ttbackslash
    @markupsetuplqdefault
    @markupsetuprqdefault
    @unsepspaces
  }
 }
 
-% Make _ and + \other characters, temporarily.
-% This is canceled by @fixbackslash.
-@otherifyactive
+% If a .fmt file is being used, characters that might appear in a file
+% name cannot be active until we have parsed the command line.
+% So turn them off again, and have @fixbackslash turn them back on.
+@catcode`+=@other @catcode`@_=@other
 
+% \enablebackslashhack - allow file to begin `\input texinfo'
+%
 % If a .fmt file is being used, we don't want the `\input texinfo' to show up.
 % That is what \eatinput is for; after that, the `\' should revert to printing
 % a backslash.
-%
-@gdef@eatinput input texinfo{@fixbackslash}
-@global@let\ = @eatinput
+% If the file did not have a `\input texinfo', then it is turned off after
+% the first line; otherwise the first `\' in the file would cause an error.
+% This is used on the very last line of this file, texinfo.tex.
+% We also use @c to call @fixbackslash, in case ends of lines are hidden.
+{
+@catcode`@^=7
+@catcode`@^^M=13@gdef@enablebackslashhack{%
+  @global@let\ = @eatinput%
+  @catcode`@^^M=13%
+  @def@c{@fixbackslash@c}%
+  @def ^^M{@let^^M@secondlinenl}%
+  @gdef @secondlinenl{@let^^M@thirdlinenl}%
+  @gdef @thirdlinenl{@fixbackslash}%
+}}
+
+{@catcode`@^=7 @catcode`@^^M=13%
+@gdef@eatinput input texinfo#1^^M{@fixbackslash}}
 
-% On the other hand, perhaps the file did not have a `\input texinfo'. Then
-% the first `\' in the file would cause an error. This macro tries to fix
-% that, assuming it is called before the first `\' could plausibly occur.
-% Also turn back on active characters that might appear in the input
-% file name, in case not using a pre-dumped format.
-%
 @gdef@fixbackslash{%
-  @ifx\@eatinput @let\ = @normalbackslash @fi
+  @ifx\@eatinput @let\ = @ttbackslash @fi
+  @catcode13=5 % regular end of line
+  @let@c=@texinfoc
+  % Also turn back on active characters that might appear in the input
+  % file name, in case not using a pre-dumped format.
   @catcode`+=@active
   @catcode`@_=@active
+  %
+  % If texinfo.cnf is present on the system, read it.
+  % Useful for site-wide @afourpaper, etc.  This macro, @fixbackslash, gets
+  % called at the beginning of every Texinfo file.  Not opening texinfo.cnf
+  % directly in this file, texinfo.tex, makes it possible to make a format
+  % file for Texinfo.
+  %
+  @openin 1 texinfo.cnf
+  @ifeof 1 @else @input texinfo.cnf @fi
+  @closein 1
 }
 
+
 % Say @foo, not \foo, in error messages.
 @escapechar = `@@
 
@@ -10351,3 +10737,4 @@ directory should work if nowhere else does.}
 @ignore
    arch-tag: e1b36e32-c96e-4135-a41a-0b2efa2ea115
 @end ignore
+@enablebackslashhack