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+% DEFAULT.STY,  version 1.3  July 1998, provides
+%    1.  macro parameter-defaulting mechanism.
+%    2.  user stack and dynamic array
+%  Particularly useful if you have macros with many parameters, and you 
+%  don't want to remember all of them all the time.
+%
+%  Author: Zhuhan Jiang, University of New England, Australia
+%  Email:  zhuhan@neumann.une.edu.au
+%
+%  NOTES: 
+%    1. This style file can be loaded in as many times as you want,
+%       without overrunning the resources for such as counter
+%       registers and etc. So different packages may all use it to
+%       default their macro parameters, without causing any conflict.
+%    2. Macro parameters that can be defaulted through this style file
+%       are those included in square brackets. E.g. #1, #2, #3 in
+%       \foo[#1][#2][#3]#4#5 are defaultable while #4 and #5 here are
+%       not.
+%    3. If \foo is a macro to be defaulted, the original macro \foo
+%       will be renamed as ``\foo@ raw'' (yes, there is a space) and
+%       the new macro \foo will be defined through the use of the 
+%       original ``\foo@ raw''.
+%
+%  MAIN MACRO:
+%       \setdefalut{cmdname}{n}{default1}{..}{default_n}
+%             - gives defaults to \cmdname[p_1][p_2]..[p_n]
+%               (the macro to be defaulted must be already defined
+%                 when \setdefault is executed)
+%  EXAMPLES:
+%    1.  Suppose \foo is defined for \foo[#1][#2][#3]{#4}, we may default
+%        all (or some of) the parameters in the SQUARE BRACKETS to for 
+%        instance 'one', 'two' and 'three' via
+%           \setdefault{foo}{3}{one}{two}{three}
+%        This way, command \foo{stuff} or \foo[]{stuff} or \foo[][]{stuff}
+%        or \foo[][][]{stuff} will all be translated as
+%        \foo[one][two][three]{stuff}. Command \foo[][2]{stuff} will be 
+%        translated as \foo[one][2][three]{stuff}.
+%    2.  See how \placebox is defined and redefined via \setdefault
+%        in this file.
+%
+%  TIP:
+%    The best strategy to define (e.g.) \foo[#1][#2]{#3} so that
+%    it has defaults for #1 and #2 
+%    1.  define \foo@[#1][#2]#3 as normal (what you wish)
+%    2.  define \foo[#1][#2]#{\foo@[#1][#2]} to make {#3} mandatory
+%    3.  use \setdefault{foo}{2}{one}{two} to default #1=one and #2 to two
+%
+%  MINOR MACROS:
+%       \placebox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]{#7}
+%                      - place stuff #7 in a box at the position specified
+%                        by parameters #1, ..., #6. (move mini page around)
+%                 #1:    box position (default 0)
+%                        1--6--2              <-- top of the box
+%                        |     | 
+%                        |     | 
+%                        |     | 
+%                        9  5  7  0 is -5     <-- middle height of the box
+%                        |     |  
+%                        10 11 12 <-height up <-- baseline 
+%                        |     |   depth down 
+%                        4--8--3              <-- bottom of the box
+%                        #1<=0:  box has no width, no height
+%                 #2:    x shift (default 0pt)
+%                 #3:    y shift (default 0pt)
+%                 #4,#5: extra x,y shift in multiple of box width/10, height/10
+%                 #6:    box type: v=vbox, otherwise=hbox
+%                 #7:    content to be boxed
+%       \push{ ... }   - push stuff to stack; anything can be saved to
+%       \pop           - pop stack
+%       \popnil        - delete stack top element (pop to nil)
+%       \fetch{#1}     - fetch #1-th entry from the stack
+%                        (illegal number #1 will produce \relax)
+%                        if #1>0, fetch #1-th entry from bottom of stack
+%                        if #1>=0, fetch (-#1)-th element from top of stack
+%                        e.g.  
+%                        fetch{0}  - fetch the element of the top of stack
+%                        fetch{-1} - the element just below the top of stack
+%                        fetch{2}  - 2nd element from the bottom of stack
+%
+\ifx\EntryDefault\undefined
+  \message{1.3 13/7/98}%
+  {\catcode`\@=11\relax \def\temp@macro{\space\space\space\space}%
+  \wlog{\temp@macro DEFAULT.STY version 1.3 July 1998 By Z Jiang}%
+  \wlog{\temp@macro University of New England, Australia}%
+  \wlog{\temp@macro Email: zhuhan@neumann.une.edu.au}}%
+\fi
+\xdef\EntryDefault{\the\catcode`\@}\catcode`\@=11\relax %  SAVE @'s STATUS
+%
+%
+%  NEW MEASURES etc (parameter defaulting mechanism given by macros below)
+\def\new@measures{%
+  \def\temp@@macro##1##2##3{\expandafter\ifx\csname ##3temp##2##1\endcsname
+     \relax\edef\next{\noexpand\csname new##1\noexpand\endcsname
+                      \csname ##3temp##2##1\endcsname}%
+     \else\let\next\relax\fi\next}%
+  \def\temp@macro##1{%
+     \temp@@macro{##1}{@}{}\temp@@macro{##1}{@@}{}\temp@@macro{##1}{@@@}{}}%
+  \temp@macro{count}\temp@macro{toks}\temp@macro{box}\temp@macro{read}%
+  \temp@@macro{if}{@}{if}\temp@@macro{if}{@@}{if}\temp@@macro{if}{@@@}{if}%
+  \def\temp@@macro##1{\expandafter\ifx\csname temp##1dim\endcsname
+     \relax\edef\next{\noexpand\csname newdimen\noexpand\endcsname
+                      \csname temp##1dim\endcsname}%
+     \else\let\next\relax\fi\next}%
+  \temp@@macro{@}\temp@@macro{@@}\temp@@macro{@@@}%
+}%
+\let\temp@@@macro=\wlog\def\wlog#1{}\new@measures
+%
+%%% GENERAL STACK
+\def\make@STKcount{\csname newcount\endcsname
+  \STKcount\global\STKcount=0\relax}%
+\ifx\STKcount\undefined@
+  \def\next{\make@STKcount}\else\def\next{}\fi
+\next % ensures stack pointer not flushed if this piece of code
+      % is loaded again
+%
+\long\def\push#1{\global\advance\STKcount1\relax
+\expandafter\gdef\csname STK\the\STKcount\string~\endcsname{#1}}%
+%
+\def\popnil{\expandafter\let\expandafter\temp@macro
+  \csname STK\the\STKcount\string~\endcsname
+  \ifnum\STKcount>0\global\expandafter\let
+    \csname STK\the\STKcount\string~\endcsname=\undefined@
+    \global\advance\STKcount-1%
+  \else
+    \def\temp@macro{}\global\STKcount=0%
+  \fi\relax % \temp@macro for pop
+}%
+%
+\def\pop{\popnil\temp@macro}%
+%
+\def\fetch@#1{\ifnum#1>0 \relax \temp@count=#1 \else 
+ \temp@count=\STKcount \advance\temp@count by #1 \fi
+ \csname STK\the\temp@count\string~\endcsname
+}%
+\def\fetch#{\fetch@}%
+%
+%% GET PARAMETERS
+\long\def\get@nepara[#1][#2]{{\def\next@{#2}%
+\ifx\next@\empty\push{#1}\else\push{#2}\fi}\ag@in}%
+%
+\long\def\get@para\left@#1\right@{%
+\def\check@{%
+ \ifx[\next@ \def\full@####1{\get@nepara[#1]####1}%
+ \else \def\full@{\get@nepara[#1][#1]}\fi
+ \full@}%
+\futurelet\next@\check@}%
+%
+\long\def\do@nepara\left@#1\right@#2\p@r@end{%
+\gdef\p@r@data{#2}\global\advance\p@r@count1\get@para\left@#1\right@}%
+%
+\def\ag@in{\ifx\p@r@data\empty \def\next@{\relax
+\getp@r@s\run@CMD}\else
+\def\next@{\expandafter\do@nepara\p@r@data\p@r@end}\fi
+\next@}%
+%
+\def\run@CMD{\csname STK\the\STKcount\string~\endcsname}%
+%
+\def\num@to@word#1{\ifcase #1 \or
+   \def\temp@macro{one}\or   \def\temp@macro{two}\or
+   \def\temp@macro{three}\or \def\temp@macro{four}\or
+   \def\temp@macro{five}\or  \def\temp@macro{six}\or
+   \def\temp@macro{seven}\or  \def\temp@macro{eight}\or
+   \def\temp@macro{nine}\else \def\temp@macro{}\fi
+\temp@toks=\expandafter{\temp@macro}}%
+%
+\temp@@count=1 % make nine newtoks, if they don't already exist
+\loop \num@to@word{\temp@@count}%
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname p@r@\the\temp@toks\endcsname\relax
+    \temp@@toks={newtoks}\expandafter\csname\expandafter\the
+    \expandafter\temp@@toks\expandafter\endcsname
+    \csname p@r@\the\temp@toks\endcsname\fi
+  \advance\temp@@count by 1 \ifnum\temp@@count<10 \repeat
+%
+\ifx\p@r@count\undefined@ \csname newcount\endcsname\p@r@count\fi
+\long\def\st@ckparas#1\p@r@end{%
+\global\p@r@count=0\gdef\p@r@data{#1}\ag@in}%
+%
+% PARAMETER ASSIGNMENT % use \temp@count
+\def\getp@r@s{\temp@count=\p@r@count
+{\loop
+ \ifnum\temp@count>0 %
+ \expandafter\let\expandafter
+ \temp@macro\csname STK\the\STKcount\string~\endcsname
+ \ifcase\temp@count
+ \or \global\p@r@one=\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+ \or \global\p@r@two=\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+ \or \global\p@r@three=\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+ \or \global\p@r@four=\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+ \or \global\p@r@five=\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+ \or \global\p@r@six=\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+ \or \global\p@r@seven=\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+ \or \global\p@r@eight=\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+ \or \global\p@r@nine=\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+ \else \errmessage{Parameter capacity exceeded.}%
+     % this should never happen:  TeX's max para no. is 9
+ \fi
+ \global\expandafter\let
+ \csname STK\the\STKcount\string~\endcsname=\undefined@%
+ \global\advance\STKcount-1%
+ \global\advance\temp@count-1\relax
+ \fi
+ \ifnum\temp@count>0 %
+\repeat}}%
+%
+\def\clrp@r@s{%GLOBALLY clear
+\global\p@r@one={}\global\p@r@two={}\global\p@r@three={}%
+\global\p@r@four={}\global\p@r@five={}\global\p@r@six={}%
+\global\p@r@seven={}\global\p@r@eight={}\global\p@r@nine={}}%
+%
+\def\read@paras#1{\temp@@@count=1 %use \temp@@@count and \temp@@count
+  \loop \num@to@word{\the\temp@@@count}\csname p@r@\the\temp@toks\endcsname={}%
+      \advance\temp@@@count by 1 \ifnum\temp@@@count<10 \repeat
+  \temp@@@count=1 \temp@@count=#1 %
+  \def\read@one@para##1{\num@to@word{\temp@@@count}%
+       \def\temp@macro{\left@ ##1\right@}%
+       \temp@@@toks=\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+       \csname p@r@\the\temp@toks\endcsname\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+       \advance\temp@@@count by 1 \read@continue}%
+  \def\read@continue{\num@to@word{\temp@@@count}% which uses \temp@macro
+       \ifnum\temp@@@count>\temp@@count \let\next@@\make@default
+          \edef\temp@@macro{\the\p@r@one\the\p@r@two\the\p@r@three\the\p@r@four
+          \the\p@r@five\the\p@r@six\the\p@r@seven\the\p@r@eight\the\p@r@nine}%
+       \else \let\next@@\read@one@para
+       \fi \next@@}\read@continue}%
+%
+\def\make@@default#1#2{\temp@count=#2\relax \temp@@count=1 %used \temp@@macro
+  \loop \num@to@word{\temp@@count}%
+      \ifnum\temp@@count>\temp@count \csname p@r@\the\temp@toks\endcsname={}%
+      \else \csname p@r@\the\temp@toks\endcsname
+            =\expandafter{\expandafter[\expandafter
+            \the\csname p@r@\the\temp@toks\endcsname]}\fi
+      \advance\temp@@count by 1 %
+      \ifnum\temp@@count<10 \repeat
+  \edef\temp@macro{\the\p@r@one\the\p@r@two\the\p@r@three\the\p@r@four
+       \the\p@r@five\the\p@r@six\the\p@r@seven\the\p@r@eight\the\p@r@nine}%
+  \temp@toks=\expandafter{\temp@macro}%
+  \temp@@toks=\expandafter{\temp@@macro}%
+  \expandafter\let\expandafter\temp@macro\csname #1\endcsname
+  \expandafter\ifx\csname #1@ raw\endcsname\relax
+      \expandafter\let\csname #1@ raw\endcsname\temp@macro\fi
+  \expandafter\edef\csname#1\endcsname{%
+      \noexpand\push{\noexpand\edef\noexpand\next@@{%
+      \noexpand\noexpand \noexpand \csname \noexpand#1@ raw\noexpand\endcsname
+      \the\temp@toks}%
+  \noexpand\popnil\noexpand\clrp@r@s\noexpand\next@@}\noexpand\st@ckparas
+      \the\temp@@toks \noexpand\p@r@end}}%
+%
+% \setdefalut{cmdname}{n}{default1}{..}{default_n}
+%  then \cmdname[#1][..][#n] can be defaulted.
+\def\setdefault#1#2{\def\make@default{\make@@default{#1}{#2}}\read@paras{#2}}
+%
+% DEFAULT MECHANISM END: this piece of code can be included in any
+% package and can be reloaded any times without overruning the resources.
+%
+% Now an example to use \setdefault:
+% lower a box
+\long\def\xylower#1#2#3{\bgroup\hskip#1\hbox{% #1=x #2=y #3=content
+  \ifmmode\let\SoftLower\undefined\else\def\SoftLower{}$\fi
+  \mathop{\vtop{\ialign{##\crcr \noalign{\kern#2}#3\crcr}}}%
+  \ifx\SoftLower\undefined\else $\fi}\egroup}%
+%
+% #1=box position(0) #2=x shift(0pt) #3=y shift(0pt) #6=v (vbox)
+% #4,#5=extra x,y shift in multiple of box width/10, height/10  #7=content
+\long\def\placebox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]#7{\begingroup
+\def\temp@macro{#6}\def\temp@@macro{v}\ifx\temp@macro\temp@@macro
+\setbox\temp@box=\vbox{#7}\else \leavevmode % #1 (box position)
+\setbox\temp@box=\hbox{#7}\fi\temp@dim=-\wd\temp@box % 1--6--2                
+\temp@@dim=\ht\temp@box \temp@@@dim=\dp\temp@box   %   |     |                
+\ifnum#1<0 \temp@count=-#1 \else\temp@count=#1 \fi %   |     |                
+\ifnum\temp@count=0 \temp@count=5 \fi              %   |     |                
+\ifcase\temp@count                                 %   9  5  7  0 is -5       
+  \or \temp@dim=0pt \temp@@dim=0pt                 %   |     |                
+  \or \temp@@dim=0pt                               %  10 11 12 <-height up    
+  \or \advance\temp@@dim by \temp@@@dim            %   |     |   depth down   
+      \temp@@dim=-\temp@@dim                       %   4--8--3                
+  \or \temp@dim=0pt \advance\temp@@dim by          %                          
+      \temp@@@dim \temp@@dim=-\temp@@dim           % -#1: box has no width etc
+  \or \divide\temp@dim by 2 \advance\temp@@@dim by \temp@@dim
+      \divide\temp@@@dim by 2 \temp@@dim=-\temp@@@dim
+  \or \divide\temp@dim by 2 \temp@@dim=0pt
+  \or \advance\temp@@dim by \temp@@@dim
+      \temp@@dim=-\temp@@dim \divide\temp@@dim by 2
+  \or \advance\temp@@dim by \temp@@@dim
+      \temp@@dim=-\temp@@dim \divide\temp@dim by 2
+  \or \temp@dim=0pt \advance\temp@@dim by \temp@@@dim
+      \temp@@dim=-\temp@@dim \divide\temp@@dim by 2
+  \or \temp@dim=0pt \advance\temp@@@dim by \temp@@dim \temp@@dim=-\temp@@dim
+  \or \divide\temp@dim by 2
+      \advance\temp@@@dim by \temp@@dim \temp@@dim=-\temp@@dim
+  \or \advance\temp@@@dim by \temp@@dim \temp@@dim=-\temp@@dim
+  \or \errmessage{Invalid range of first parameter: #1}\fi
+  \advance\temp@dim by #2 \advance \temp@@dim by #3
+  \temp@@@dim=\wd\temp@box \divide \temp@@@dim by 10
+  \multiply\temp@@@dim by #4 \advance\temp@dim by \temp@@@dim
+  \temp@@@dim=\ht\temp@box \advance\temp@@@dim by \dp\temp@box
+  \divide \temp@@@dim by 10 \multiply\temp@@@dim by #5
+  \advance\temp@@dim by \temp@@@dim
+  \setbox\temp@box=\hbox{\xylower{\temp@dim}{\temp@@dim}{\box\temp@box}}%
+  \ifnum#1>0 \else \wd\temp@box=0pt \ht\temp@box=0pt \dp\temp@box=0pt \fi
+  \box\temp@box\endgroup
+}%
+%
+\ifx\setdefault\undefined\else\setdefault{placebox}{6}{0}{0pt}{0pt}{0}{0}{h}\fi
+% example ends
+%
+\let\wlog\temp@@@macro\let\temp@@@macro\undefined@
+\catcode`\@=\EntryDefault\relax
+\endinput
+%
+%ENDMACROS
+%