babel-$ll (for 3.9a)

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+% \iffalse meta-comment
+%
+% Copyright 1989-2008 Johannes L. Braams and any individual authors
+% listed elsewhere in this file.  All rights reserved.
+% 
+% This file is part of the Babel system.
+% --------------------------------------
+% 
+% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
+% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
+% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
+% The latest version of this license is in
+%   http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
+% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
+% version 2003/12/01 or later.
+% 
+% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
+% 
+% The Current Maintainer of this work is Johannes Braams.
+% 
+% The list of all files belonging to the Babel system is
+% given in the file `manifest.bbl. See also `legal.bbl' for additional
+% information.
+% 
+% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution
+% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with
+% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
+% \fi
+% \CheckSum{424}
+% \iffalse
+%    Tell the \LaTeX\ system who we are and write an entry on the
+%    transcript.
+%<*dtx>
+\ProvidesFile{italian.dtx}
+%</dtx>
+%<code>\ProvidesLanguage{italian}
+%\fi
+%\ProvidesFile{italian.dtx}
+        [2008/03/14 v1.2t Italian support from the babel system]
+%\iffalse
+%% File `italian.dtx'
+%% Babel package for LaTeX version 2e
+%% Copyright (C) 1989 - 2008
+%%           by Johannes Braams, TeXniek
+%
+%% Please report errors to: J.L. Braams
+%%                          babel at braams.xs4all.nl
+%%                          Claudio Beccari 
+%%                          claudio.beccari at gmail.it
+%
+%    This file is part of the babel system, it provides the source
+%    code for the Italian language definition file.
+%    The original version of this file was written by Maurizio
+%    Codogno, (mau@beatles.cselt.stet.it). Several features were added
+%    by Claudio Beccari, (beccari@polito.it).
+%<*filedriver>
+\documentclass{ltxdoc}
+\newcommand*\TeXhax{\TeX hax}
+\newcommand*\babel{\textsf{babel}}
+\newcommand*\langvar{$\langle \it lang \rangle$}
+\newcommand*\note[1]{}
+\newcommand*\Lopt[1]{\textsf{#1}}
+\newcommand*\file[1]{\texttt{#1}}
+\begin{document}
+ \DocInput{italian.dtx}
+\end{document}
+%</filedriver>
+%\fi
+% \GetFileInfo{italian.dtx}
+%
+% \changes{italian-0.99}{1990/07/11}{First version, from english.doc}
+% \changes{italian-1.0}{1991/04/23}{Modified for babel 3.0}
+% \changes{italian-1.0a}{1991/05/23}{removed typo}
+% \changes{italian-1.0b}{1991/05/29}{Removed bug found by van der Meer}
+% \changes{italian-1.0e}{1991/07/15}{Renamed \file{babel.sty} in
+%    \file{babel.com}}
+% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Brought up-to-date with babel 3.2a}
+% \changes{italian-1.2}{1994/02/09}{Update for\ LaTeXe}
+% \changes{italian-1.2e}{1994/06/26}{Removed the use of \cs{filedate}
+%    and moved identification after the loading of \file{babel.def}}
+% \changes{italian-1.2f}{1995/05/28}{Updated for babel 3.5}
+% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/10/10}{Replaced \cs{undefined} with
+%    \cs{@undefined} and \cs{empty} with \cs{@empty} for consistency
+%    with \LaTeX, moved the definition of \cs{atcatcode} right to the
+%    beginning.}
+% \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/24}{Added \cs{unit}, \cs{ap}, and
+%    \cs{ped} macros}
+% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/01/05}{Added support for etymological
+%    hyphenation}
+% \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/02/02}{Completely modified etymological
+%    hyphenation facility}
+% \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/05/28}{Added several commands for the
+%   caporali double quotes and for simplifying the accented vowel input}
+% \changes{italian-1.2o}{2000/12/12}{Added \cs{glossaryname}}
+% \changes{italian-1.2p}{2002/07/10}{Removed redefinition of
+%    \cs{add@acc} since its functionality has been introduced into the
+%    kernel of LaTeX 2001/06/01}
+% \changes{italian-1.2q}{2005/02/05}{Added test for avoiding conflict
+%    with package units.sty; adjusted caporali functionality, since
+%    the previous one did not work with the standard (although obsolete)
+%    slides class file}
+% \changes{italian-1.2s}{2007/01/12}{Corrected email of CB}
+%  \section{The Italian language}
+%
+%    The file \file{\filename}\footnote{The file described in this
+%    section has version number \fileversion\ and was last revised on
+%    \filedate. The original author is Maurizio Codogno,
+%    (\texttt{mau@beatles.cselt.stet.it}). It has been largely revised
+%    by Johannes Braams and Claudio Beccari} defines all the
+%    language-specific macros for the Italian language.
+%
+%    The features of this language definition file are the following:
+%    \begin{enumerate}
+%    \item The Italian hyphenation is invoked, provided that file
+%      \texttt{ithyph.tex} was loaded when the \LaTeXe\ format was
+%      built; in case it was not, read the information coming with your
+%      distribution of the \TeX\ software, and the \babel\
+%      documentation.
+%    \item The language dependent fixed words to be inserted by such
+%      commands as |\chapter|, |\caption|, |\tableofcontents|,
+%      etc. are redefined in accordance with the Italian
+%      typographical practice.
+%    \item Since Italian can be easily hyphenated and Italian practice
+%      allows to break a word before the last two letters, hyphenation
+%      parameters have been set accordingly, but a very high demerit
+%      value has been set in order to avoid word breaks in the
+%      penultimate line of a paragraph. Specifically the |\clubpenalty|,
+%      and the |\widowpenalty| are set to rather high values and
+%      |\finalhyphendemerits| is set to such a high value that
+%      hyphenation is prohibited between the last two lines of a
+%      paragraph. In orer to make it consistent, also |\@clubpenalty|
+%      is set to the same value; actualy the latter value is the
+%      reset value after every sectioning command, so that after the
+%      first section, |\clubpenalty| is reset to the low default value.
+%      Thanks to Enrico Gregorio for spotting this serious bug.
+%    \item Some language specific shortcuts have been defined so as to
+%      allow etymological hyphenation, specifically |"| inserts a
+%      break point in any word boundary that the typesetter chooses,
+%      provided it is not followed by and accented letter (very unlikely
+%      in Italian, where compulsory accents fall only on the last and
+%      ending vowel of a word, but may take place with compound words
+%      that include foreign roots), and \verb="|= when the desired break
+%      point falls before an accented letter.
+%    \item The shortcut |""| introduces the raised (English) opening
+%      double quotes; this shortcut proves its usefulness when one
+%      reminds that the Italian keyboard misses the backtick key, and
+%      the backtick on a Windows based platform may be obtained only by
+%      pressing the \texttt{Alt} key while inputting the numerical code
+%      0096; very, very annoying!
+%    \item The shortcuts |"<| and |">| insert the French guillemots,
+%      sometimes used in Italian typography; with the T1 font encoding
+%      the ligatures |<<| and |>>| should insert such signs directly,
+%      but not all the  virtual fonts that claim to follow the T1 font
+%      encoding actually contain the guillemots; with the OT1 encoding
+%      the guillemots are not available and must be faked in some
+%      way. By using the |"<| and |">| shortcuts (even with the T1
+%      encoding) the necessary tests are performed and in case the
+%      suitable glyphs are taken from other fonts normally available
+%      with any good, modern \LaTeX\ distribution.
+%    \item Three new specific commands |\unit|, |\ped|, and |\ap| are
+%      introduced so as to  enable the correct composition of technical
+%      mathematics according to the ISO~31/XI recommendations. |\unit|
+%      does not get redefined if the \babel\ package is loaded \emph{after}
+%      the package \texttt{units.sty} whose homonymous command plays
+%      a different role and follows a different syntax.
+%    \end{enumerate}
+%
+%    For this language a limited number of shortcuts has been defined,
+%    table~\ref{t:itshrtct}, some of which are used to overcome
+%    certain limitations of the Italian keyboard; in
+%    section~\ref{s:itkbd} there are other comments and hints in order
+%    to overcome some other keyboard limitations.
+%
+%    \begin{table}[htb]\centering
+%    \begin{tabular}{cp{80mm}}
+%    |"|    & inserts a compound word mark where hyphenation is legal;
+%             it allows etymological hyphenation which is recommended
+%             for technical terms, chemical names and the like; it
+%             does not work if the next character is represented with
+%             a control sequence or is an accented character.\\
+%    \texttt{\string"\string|}
+%           & the same as the above without the limitation on
+%            characters represented with control sequences or accented
+%            ones.\\
+%    |""|   & inserts open quotes ``.\\ %^^A'' emacs matching
+%    |"<|   & inserts open guillemots.\\
+%    |">|   & inserts closed guillemots.\\
+%    |"/|   & equivalent to |\slash|
+%    \end{tabular}
+%    \caption{Shortcuts for the Italian language}\label{t:itshrtct}
+%    \end{table}
+%
+% \StopEventually{%
+%    \begin{thebibliography}{1}
+%    \bibitem{CBec} Beccari C., ``Computer Aided Hyphenation for
+%    Italian and Modern Latin'', \textsf{TUGboat} vol.~13, n.~1,
+%    pp.~23-33 (1992).
+%    \bibitem{Becc2} Beccari C., ``Typesetting mathematics for science
+%    and technology according to ISO\,31/XI'', \textsf{TUGboat}
+%    vol.~18, n.~1, pp.~39-48 (1997).
+%    \end{thebibliography}}
+%
+%    The macro |\LdfInit| takes care of preventing that this file is
+%    loaded more than once, checking the category code of the
+%    \texttt{@} sign, etc.
+% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/11/03}{Now use \cs{LdfInit} to perform
+%    initial checks}
+% \changes{italian-1.2j}{1996/12/29}{Added braces around second arg of
+%    \cs{LdfInit}}
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+%<*code>
+\LdfInit{italian}{captionsitalian}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%
+%    When this file is read as an option, i.e. by the |\usepackage|
+%    command, \texttt{italian} will be an `unknown' language in which
+%    case we have to make it known.  So we check for the existence of
+%    |\l@italian| to see whether we have to do something here.
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.0}{1991/04/23}{Now use \cs{adddialect} if
+%    language undefined}
+% \changes{italian-1.0h}{1991/10/08}{Removed use of \cs{@ifundefined}}
+% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Added a warning when no
+%    hyphenation patterns were loaded.}
+% \changes{italian-1.2e}{1994/06/26}{Now use \cs{@nopatterns} to
+%    produce the warning}
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\ifx\l@italian\@undefined
+    \@nopatterns{Italian}%
+    \adddialect\l@italian0\fi
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%
+%    The next step consists of defining commands to switch to (and
+%    from) the Italian language.
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\captionsitalian}
+%    The macro |\captionsitalian| defines all strings used
+%    in the four standard document classes provided with \LaTeX.
+% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{Removed \cs{global} definitions}
+% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{\cs{pagename} should be
+%    \cs{headpagename}}
+% \changes{italian-1.0d}{1991/07/01}{`contiene' substitued by `Allegati'
+%    as suggested by Marco Bozzo (\texttt{BOZZO@CERNVM}).}
+% \changes{italian-1.1}{1992/02/16}{Added \cs{seename}, \cs{alsoname}
+%    and \cs{prefacename}}
+% \changes{italian-1.1}{1993/07/15}{\cs{headpagename} should be
+%    \cs{pagename}}
+% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Changed some of the words
+%    following suggestions from Claudio Beccari}
+% \changes{italian-1.2g}{1995/07/04}{Added \cs{proofname} for
+%    AMS-\LaTeX}
+% \changes{italian-1.2h}{1995/07/27}{Added translation of `Proof'}
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\addto\captionsitalian{%
+  \def\prefacename{Prefazione}%
+  \def\refname{Riferimenti bibliografici}%
+  \def\abstractname{Sommario}%
+  \def\bibname{Bibliografia}%
+  \def\chaptername{Capitolo}%
+  \def\appendixname{Appendice}%
+  \def\contentsname{Indice}%
+  \def\listfigurename{Elenco delle figure}%
+  \def\listtablename{Elenco delle tabelle}%
+  \def\indexname{Indice analitico}%
+  \def\figurename{Figura}%
+  \def\tablename{Tabella}%
+  \def\partname{Parte}%
+  \def\enclname{Allegati}%
+  \def\ccname{e~p.~c.}%
+  \def\headtoname{Per}%
+  \def\pagename{Pag.}%    % in Italian the abbreviation is preferred
+  \def\seename{vedi}%
+  \def\alsoname{vedi anche}%
+  \def\proofname{Dimostrazione}%
+  \def\glossaryname{Glossario}%
+  }%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\dateitalian}
+%    The macro |\dateitalian| redefines the command
+%    |\today| to produce Italian dates.
+% \changes{italian-1.0c}{1991/06/06}{Removed \cs{global} definitions}
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\def\dateitalian{%
+  \def\today{\number\day~\ifcase\month\or
+    gennaio\or febbraio\or marzo\or aprile\or maggio\or giugno\or
+    luglio\or agosto\or settembre\or ottobre\or novembre\or
+    dicembre\fi\space \number\year}}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\italianhyphenmins}
+% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of left and
+%    righthyphenmin according to Claudio Beccari's suggestion}
+%
+%    The italian hyphenation patterns can be used with both
+%    |\lefthyphenmin| and |\righthyphenmin| set to~2.
+% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/09/22}{Now use \cs{providehyphenmins} to
+%    provide a default value}
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\providehyphenmins{\CurrentOption}{\tw@\tw@}
+%    \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \begin{macro}{\extrasitalian}
+% \begin{macro}{\noextrasitalian}
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of club- and
+%    widowpenalty}
+%    Lower the chance that clubs or widows occur.
+% \changes{italian-1.2t}{2007/12/10}{Added \cs{@clubpenalty} to the
+%    italian specific settings, otherwise any sectioning command restores
+%    it to the default value valid for english and most other languages}
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\addto\extrasitalian{%
+  \babel@savevariable\clubpenalty
+  \babel@savevariable\widowpenalty
+  \babel@savevariable\@clubpenalty
+  \clubpenalty3000\widowpenalty3000\@clubpenalty\clubpenalty}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2b}{1994/05/19}{Added setting of
+%    finalhyphendemerits}
+%
+%    Never ever break a word between the last two lines of a paragraph
+%    in italian texts.
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\addto\extrasitalian{%
+  \babel@savevariable\finalhyphendemerits
+  \finalhyphendemerits50000000}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2h}{1995/11/10}{Now give the apostrophe a
+%    lowercase code}
+% \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/5}{Changed example ``begl'italiani''
+%    (obsolete spelling) with another, ``nell'altezza'', that behaves
+%    the same way}
+%    In order to enable the hyphenation of words such as
+%    ``nell'altezza'' we give the \texttt{'} a non-zero lower case
+%    code. When we do that \TeX\ finds the following hyphenation
+%    points |nel-l'al-tez-za| instead of none.
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\addto\extrasitalian{%
+  \lccode`'=`'}%
+\addto\noextrasitalian{%
+  \lccode`'=0}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+% \end{macro}
+% \end{macro}
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2m}{2000/01/05}{Support for etymological
+%    hyphenation}
+%
+%   \subsection{Support for etymological hyphenation}
+%
+%    In his article on Italian hyphenation \cite{CBec} Beccari pointed
+%    out that the Italian language gets hyphenated on a phonetic
+%    basis, although etymological hyphenation is allowed; this is in
+%    contrast with what happens in Latin, for example, where
+%    etymological hyphenation is always used. Since the patterns for
+%    both languages would become too complicated in order to cope with
+%    etymological hyphenation, in his paper Beccari proposed the
+%    definition of an active character `|_|' such that it could insert
+%    a ``soft'' discretionary hyphen at the compound word
+%    boundary. For several reasons that idea and the specific active
+%    character proved to be unpractical and was abandoned.
+%
+%    This problem is so important with the majority of the European
+%    languages, that \babel\ from the very beginning developed
+%    the tradition of making the |"| character active so as to perform
+%    several actions that turned useful with every language.
+%    One of these actions consisted in defining the shortcut \verb="|=
+%    that was extensively used in German and in many other languages
+%    in order to insert a discretionary hyphen such that hyphenation
+%    would not be precluded in the rest of the word as it happens with
+%    the standard \TeX\ command |\-|.
+%
+%    Meanwhile the \texttt{ec} fonts with the double Cork encoding
+%    (thus formerly called the \texttt{dc} fonts) have become more or
+%    less standard and are widely used by virtually all Europeans that
+%    write languages with many special national characters; by so
+%    doing they avoid the use of the |\accent| primitive which would
+%    be required with the standard \texttt{cm} fonts; with the latter
+%    fonts the primitive command |\accent| is such that hyphenation
+%    becomes almost impossible, in any case strongly impeached.
+%
+%    The \texttt{ec} fonts contain a special character, named
+%    ``compound word mark'', that occupies position 23 in the font
+%    scheme and may be input with the sequence |^^W|. Up to now,
+%    apparently, this special character has never been used in a
+%    practical way for the typesetting of languages rich of compound
+%    words; also it has never been inserted in the hyphenation pattern
+%    files of any language. Beccari modified his pattern file
+%    \file{ithyph.tex v4.8b} for Italian so as to contain five new
+%    patterns that involve |^^W|, and he tried to give the
+%    \babel\ active character |"|  a new shortcut definition,
+%    so as to allow the insertion of the ``compound word mark'' in the
+%    proper place within any word where two semantic fragments join
+%    up. With such facility for marking the compound word boundaries,
+%    etymological hyphenation becomes possible even if the patterns
+%    know nothing about etymology (but the typesetter hopefully
+%    does!).
+%    In Italian such etymological hyphenation is desirable with
+%    technical terms, chemical names, and the like.
+%
+%    Even this solution proved to be inconvenient on certain UN*X
+%    platforms, so Beccari resorted to another approach that uses the
+%    \babel\ active character |"| and relies on the category
+%    code of the character that follows |"|.
+%
+%    \changes{italian-1.2n}{2000/02/02}{Completely new etymological
+%    hyphenation facility}
+%
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\initiate@active@char{"}%
+\addto\extrasitalian{\bbl@activate{"}\languageshorthands{italian}}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%    \begin{macro}{\it@cwm}
+%    The active character |"| is now defined for language |italian| so
+%    as to perform different actions in math mode compared to text
+%    mode; specifically in math mode a double quote is inserted so as
+%    to produce a double prime sign, while in text mode the temporary
+%    macro |\it@next| is defined so as to defer any further action
+%    until the next token category code has been tested.
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\declare@shorthand{italian}{"}{%
+\ifmmode
+    \def\it@next{''}%
+\else
+    \def\it@next{\futurelet\it@temp\it@cwm}%
+\fi
+\it@next
+}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%    \begin{macro}{\it@cwm}
+%    The \cs{it@next} service control sequence is such that upon its
+%    execution a temporary variable \cs{it@temp} is made equivalent to
+%    the next token in the input list without actually removing
+%    it. Such temporary token is then tested by the macro \cs{it@cwm}
+%    and if it is found to be a letter token, then it introduces a
+%    compound word separator control sequence \cs{it@allowhyphens}
+%    whose expansion introduces a discretionary hyphen and an
+%    unbreakable space; in case the token is not a letter, then it is
+%    tested against \verb=|=$_{12}$: if so a compound word separator
+%    is inserted and the \verb=|= token is removed, otherwise another
+%    test is performed so as to see if another double quote sign
+%    follows: in this case a double open quote mark is inserted,
+%    otherwise two other tests are performed so as to see if
+%    guillemets have to be inserted, otherwise nothing is done.
+%    The double quote shortcut for inserting a double open quote sign
+%    is useful for people who are inputting Italian text by means of
+%    an Italian keyboard that unfortunately misses the grave or
+%    backtick key.
+%    By this shortcut |""| becomes equivalent to |``| for inserting
+%    raised open high double quotes.
+% \changes{italian-1.2r}{2005/11/17}{Added \cs{nobreak} to
+%    \cs{it@@cwm} and corrected \cs{it@next}}
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\def\it@@cwm{\nobreak\discretionary{-}{}{}\nobreak\hskip\z@skip}%
+\def\it@@ocap#1{\it@ocap}\def\it@@ccap#1{\it@ccap}%
+\DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@cwm}{\let\it@@next\relax
+\ifcat\noexpand\it@temp a%
+    \def\it@@next{\it@@cwm}%
+\else
+    \if\noexpand\it@temp \string|%
+        \def\it@@next{\it@@cwm\@gobble}%
+    \else
+        \if\noexpand\it@temp \string<%
+            \def\it@@next{\it@@ocap}%
+        \else
+            \if\noexpand\it@temp \string>%
+                \def\it@@next{\it@@ccap}%
+            \else
+                \if\noexpand\it@temp\string/%
+                    \def\it@@next{\slash\@gobble}%
+                \else
+                    \ifx\it@temp"%
+                        \def\it@@next{``\@gobble}%
+                    \fi
+                \fi
+            \fi
+        \fi
+    \fi
+\fi
+\it@@next}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%    \end{macro}
+%    \end{macro}
+%
+%
+%   \begin{sloppypar}
+%    By this definition of |"| if one types |macro"istruzione| the
+%    possible break points become \textsf{ma-cro-istru-zio-ne}, while
+%    without  the |"| mark they would be \textsf{ma-croi-stru-zio-ne},
+%    according to the phonetic rules such that the |macro| prefix is
+%    not taken as a unit.
+%    A chemical name such as \texttt{des"clor"fenir"amina"cloridrato}
+%    is breakable as \textsf{des-clor-fe-nir-ami-na-clo-ri-dra-to}
+%    instead of \textsf{de-sclor-fe-ni-ra-mi-na-...}
+%
+%    In other language description files a shortcut is defined so as
+%    to allow a break point without actually inserting any hyphen
+%    sign; examples are given such as \mbox{entrada/salida}; actually
+%    if one wants to allow a breakpoint after the slash, it is much
+%    clearer to type |\slash| instead of |/| and \LaTeX\ does
+%    everything by itself; here the shortcut |"/| was introduced to
+%    stand for |\slash| so that one can type |input"/output| and allow
+%    a line break after the slash.
+%    This shortcut works only for the slash, since in Italian such
+%    constructs are extremely rare.
+%   \end{sloppypar}
+%
+%    Attention: the expansion of |"| takes place before the actual
+%    expansion of OT1 or T1 accented sequences such as |\`{a}|;
+%    therefore this etymological hyphenation facility works as it
+%    should only when the semantic word fragments \textit{do not
+%    start} with an accented letter; this in Italian is always
+%    avoidable, because compulsory accents fall only on the last
+%    vowel, but it may be necessary to mark a compound word where one
+%    or more components come from a foreign language and contain
+%    diacritical marks according to the spelling rules of that
+%    language. In this case the special shorthand \verb!"|! may be
+%    used that performs exactly as |"| normally does, except that the
+%    \verb!|! sign is removed from the token input list:
+%    \verb!kilo"|{\"o}rsted! gets hyphenated as
+%    \texttt{ki-lo-\"or-sted}.
+%
+%    \changes{italian-1.2l}{1999/04/05}{Added useful macros for
+%    fulfilling ISO 31/XI regulations}
+%
+%   \subsection{Facilities required by the ISO 31/XI regulations}
+%    The ISO 31/XI regulations require that units of measure are
+%    typeset in upright font in any circumstance, math or text, and
+%    that in text mode they are separated from the  numerical
+%    indication of the measure with an unbreakable (thin) space.
+%    The command |\unit| that was defined for achieving this
+%    goal happened to conflict with the homonymous command defined by
+%    the package \texttt{units.sty}; we therefore need to test if that
+%    package has already been loaded so as to avoid conflicts; we assume
+%    that if the user loads that package, s/he wants to use that package
+%    facilities and command syntax.
+%
+%    The same regulations require also that super and subscripts
+%    (apices and pedices) are in upright font, \emph{not in math
+%    italics}, when they represent ``adjectives'' or appositions to
+%    mathematical or physical variables that do not represent
+%    countable or measurable entities such as, for example,
+%    $V_{\mathrm{max}}$ or $V_{\mathrm{rms}}$ for a maximum or a root
+%    mean square voltage, compared to $V_i$  or $V_T$ as the $i$-th
+%    voltage in a set, or a voltage that depends on the thermodynamic
+%    temperature $T$. See \cite{Becc2} for a complete description of
+%    the ISO regulations in connection with typesetting.
+%
+%    More rarely it happens to use superscripts that are not
+%    mathematical variables, such as the notation
+%    $\mathbf{A}^{\!\mathrm{T}}$ to denote the transpose of matrix
+%    $\mathbf{A}$; text superscripts are useful also as ordinals or
+%    in old fashioned abbreviations in text mode; for example the
+%    feminine ordinal $1^{\mathrm{a}}$ or the  old fashioned obsolete
+%    abbreviation F$^{\mathrm{lli}}$ for \mbox{Fratelli} in company
+%    names (compare with ``Bros.'' for \underline{bro}ther\underline{s}
+%    in American English); text subscripts are mostly used in logos.
+%
+%    \begin{macro}{\unit}
+%    \begin{macro}{\ap}
+%    \begin{macro}{\ped}
+%    First we define the new (internal) commands |\bbl@unit|, |\bbl@ap|,
+%    and |\bbl@ped| as robust ones.
+% \changes{italian-1.2q}{2005/02/05}{Added testing for avoiding conflicts
+%     with the units.sty package}
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\@ifpackageloaded{units}{}{%
+  \DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@unit}[1]{%
+    \textormath{\,\mbox{#1}}{\,\mathrm{#1}}}%
+  }%
+\DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@ap}[1]{%
+  \textormath{\textsuperscript{#1}}{^{\mathrm{#1}}}}%
+\DeclareRobustCommand*{\bbl@ped}[1]{%
+  \textormath{$_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@
+        \selectfont#1}}$}{_\mathrm{#1}}}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%    Then we can use |\let| to define the user level commands, but in
+%    case the macros already have a different meaning before entering
+%    in Italian mode typesetting, we first memorize their meaning so
+%    as to restore them on exit.
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\@ifpackageloaded{units}{}{%
+  \addto\extrasitalian{%
+    \babel@save\unit\let\unit\bbl@unit}%
+  }%
+\addto\extrasitalian{%
+  \babel@save\ap\let\ap\bbl@ap
+  \babel@save\ped\let\ped\bbl@ped
+  }%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%    \end{macro}
+%    \end{macro}
+%    \end{macro}
+%
+% \subsection{Accents}\label{s:itkbd}
+%    Most of the other language description files introduce a number
+%    of shortcuts for inserting accents and other language specific
+%    diacritical marks in a more comfortable way compared with the
+%    lengthy standard \TeX\ conventions. When an Italian keyboard is
+%    being used on a Windows based platform, it exhibits such
+%    limitations that up to now no convenient shortcuts have been
+%    developed; the reason lies in the fact that the Italian keyboard
+%    lacks the grave accent (also known as ``backtick''), which is
+%    compulsory on all accented vowels except the `e',  but, on the
+%    opposite, it carries the keys with all the accented lowercase
+%    vowels; the keyboard lacks also the tie |~| (tilde) key, while
+%    the curly braces require pressing three keys simultaneously.
+%
+%    The best solution Italians have found so far is to use a smart
+%    editor that accepts shortcut definitions such that, for example,
+%    by striking |"(| one gets directly |{| on the screen and the same
+%    sign is saved into the \file{.tex} file; the same smart editor
+%    should be capable of translating the accented characters into the
+%    standard \TeX\ sequences when writing a file to disk (for the
+%    sake of file portability), and to transform the standard \TeX\
+%    sequences into the corresponding signs when loading a \file{.tex}
+%    file from disk to memory. Such smart editors do exist and can be
+%    downloaded from the \textsc{ctan} archives.
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2p}{2002/07/10}{Removed redefinition of \cs{add@acc} since its
+%    functionality has been introduced into the kernel of LaTeX 2001/06/01}
+%
+%    For what concerns the missing backtick key,
+%    which is used also for inputting the open quotes, it must be
+%    noticed that the shortcut |""| described above completely solves
+%    the problem for \textit{double} raised open quotes; according to
+%    the traditions of particular publishing houses, since there are
+%    no  compulsory regulations on the matter, the French guillemets
+%    may be used; in this case the T1 font encoding solves the problem
+%    by means of its built in ligatures |<<| and |>>|. But\dots
+%
+%    \subsection{\emph{Caporali} or French double quotes}
+%    Although the T1 font encoding ligatures solve the problem, there
+%    are some circumstances where even the T1 font encoding cannot be
+%    used, either because the author\slash typesetter wants to use the
+%    OT1 encoding, or because s/he uses a font set that does
+%    not comply completely with the T1 font encoding; some virtual
+%    fonts, for example, are supposed to implement the double Cork
+%    font encoding  but actually miss some glyphs; one such virtual
+%    font set is given by the \texttt{ae} virtual fonts, because they
+%    are supposed to implement such double font encoding simply using
+%    the \texttt{cm} fonts, of which the type~1 PostScript version
+%    exists  and is freely available. Since guillemets (in Italian
+%    \emph{caporali}) do not exist in any \texttt{cm} latin font,
+%    their glyphs must be substituted with something else that
+%    approaches them.
+%
+% \changes{italian-1.2q}{2005/02/05}{Redefined the caporali machinery
+%     so as to avoid incompatibilities with the slides class, as there
+%     are no Cyrillic slides fonts as there are for Latins script}
+%
+%    Since in French typesetting guillemets are compulsory, the French
+%    language definition file resorts to a clever font substitution;
+%    such file exploits the \LaTeXe\ font selection machinery so as to
+%    get the guillemets from the Cyrillic fonts, because it suffices
+%    to locally change the default encoding. There are several sets of
+%    Cyrillic fonts, but the ones that obey the OT2 font encoding are
+%    generally distributed with  all recent implementations of the
+%    \TeX\ software; they are part of the American Mathematical
+%    Society fonts and come both as \textsf{METAFONT} source files and
+%    Type~1 PostScript \texttt{.pfb} files. The availability of such
+%    fonts should be guaranteed by the presence of the
+%    \texttt{OT2cmr.fd} font description file. Actually the presence
+%    of this file does not guarantee the completeness of your \TeX\
+%    implementation; should \LaTeX\ complain about a missing Cyrillic
+%    \texttt{.tfm} file (that kind of file that contains the font
+%    metric parameters) and/or about missing Cyrillic \texttt(.mf)
+%    files, then your \TeX\ system is \emph{incomplete} and you should
+%    download such fonts from the \textsc{ctan} archives. Temporarily
+%    you may issue the command |\LtxSymbCaporali| so as to approximate
+%    the missing glyphs with the \LaTeX\ symbol fonts. In some case
+%    warning messages are issued so as to inform the typesetter about
+%    the necessity of resorting to some \emph{poor man} solution.
+%
+%     In spite of these alternate fonts, we must avoid invoking unusual
+%     fonts if the available encoding allows to use built in caporali.
+%     As far as I know (CB) the only T1-encoded font families that miss
+%     the guillemets are the AE ones; we therefore first test if the
+%     default encoding id the T1 one and in this case if the AE families
+%     are the default ones; in order for this to work properly it is
+%     necessary to load these optional packages \emph{before} \babel.
+%     If the T1 encoding is not the default one when the Italian language
+%     is specified, then some substitutions must be done.
+%
+%    \begin{macro}{\LtxSymbCaporali}
+%    \begin{macro}{\it@ocap}
+%    \begin{macro}{\it@ccap}
+%     We define some macros for substituting the default guillemets; first the
+%     emulation by means of the \LaTeX\ symbols; each one of these macro sets
+%     actually redefines the control sequences |\it@ocap| and |\it@ccap| that
+%     are the ones effectively activated by the shortcuts |"<| and |">|.
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\def\LtxSymbCaporali{%
+     \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}{\mbox{%
+        \fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont(\kern-0.20em(}%
+        \ignorespaces}%
+     \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi
+     \mbox{%
+        \fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}\selectfont)\kern-0.20em)}}%
+}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%    Then the substitution with any specific font that contains such
+%    glyphs; it might be the CBgreek fonts, the Cyrillic one, the
+%    super-cm ones, the lm ones, or any other the user might prefer
+%    (the code is adapted from the one that appears in the
+%    \texttt{frenchb.ld} file; thanks to Daniel Flipo). 
+%    By default if the user did not select the T1 encoding, the
+%    existence of the CBgreek fonts is tested; if they exist the
+%    guillemets are taken from this font, and since its families are a
+%    superset of the default CM ones and they apply also to typeset
+%    slides with the standard class \texttt{slides}. If the CBgreek
+%    fonts are not found, then the existence of the Cyrillic ones is
+%    tested, although this choice is not suited for typesetting
+%    slides; otherwise the poor man solution of the \LaTeX\ special
+%    symbols is used. In any case the user can force the use of the
+%    Cyrillic guillemets substitution by issuing the declaration
+%    |\CyrillicCaporali| just before the |\begin{document}| statement;
+%    in alternative the user can specify with
+%    \begin{flushleft}
+%    |\CaporaliFrom|\marg{encoding}\marg{family}\marg{opening number}\marg{closing number}
+%    \end{flushleft}
+%    the encoding and family of the font s/he prefers, and the slot
+%    numbers of the opening and closing guillemets respectively. For
+%    example if the T1-encoded Latin Modern fonts are desired the
+%    specific command should be 
+%    \begin {flushleft}
+%    |\CaporaliFrom{T1}{lmr}{19}{20}|
+%    \end{flushleft}
+%    These user choices might be necessary for assuring the correct
+%    typesetting with fonts that contain the required glyphs and are
+%    available also in PostScript form so as to use them directly with
+%    \texttt{pdflatex}, for example. 
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\def\CaporaliFrom#1#2#3#4{%
+  \DeclareFontEncoding{#1}{}{}%
+  \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ocap}{T1}{%
+    {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#3\ignorespaces}}%
+  \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ccap}{T1}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi%
+    {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#4}}%
+  \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ocap}{OT1}{%
+    {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#3\ignorespaces}}%
+  \DeclareTextCommand{\it@ccap}{OT1}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi%
+    {\fontencoding{#1}\fontfamily{#2}\selectfont\char#4}}}
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%    Then we set a boolean variable and test the default family;
+%    if such family has a name that starts with the letters ``ae''
+%    then we have no built in guillemets; of course if the AE font
+%    family is chosen after the \babel\ package is loaded, the test
+%    does not perform as required. 
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\def\get@ae#1#2#3!{\def\bbl@ae{#1#2}}%
+\def\@ifT@one@noCap{\expandafter\get@ae\f@family!%
+\def\bbl@temp{ae}\ifx\bbl@ae\bbl@temp\expandafter\@firstoftwo\else
+    \expandafter\@secondoftwo\fi}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%    We set another couple of boolean variables for testing the
+%    existence of the CBgreek or the Cyrillic fonts
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\newif\if@CBgreekEncKnown
+\IfFileExists{lgrcmr.fd}%
+      {\@CBgreekEncKnowntrue}{\@CBgreekEncKnownfalse}
+\newif\if@CyrEncKnown
+\IfFileExists{ot2cmr.fd}%
+    {\@CyrEncKnowntrue}{\@CyrEncKnownfalse}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%    \begin {macro}{\CBgreekCaporali}
+%    \begin {macro}{\CyrillicCaporali}
+%    \begin {macro}{\T@unoCaporali}
+%    Next we define the macros |\CBgreekCaporali|, |\T@unoCaporali|,
+%    and |\CyrillicCaporali|; with the latter one we test the loaded
+%    class, and if it's \texttt{slides} nothing gets done. In any case
+%    each one of these declarations, if used, must be specified in the
+%    preamble.
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\def\CBgreekCaporali{\@ifclassloaded{slides}{%
+      \IfFileExists{lgrlcmss.fd}{\DeclareFontEncoding{LGR}{}{}%
+            \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}%
+                  {\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi
+                        {\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont))}}%
+            \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}%
+                  {{\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont((}\ignorespaces}}%
+            {\LtxSymbCaporali}}%
+      {\DeclareFontEncoding{LGR}{}{}%
+      \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}%
+            {\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip
+            \fi{\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont))}}%
+      \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}%
+            {{\fontencoding{LGR}\selectfont((}\ignorespaces}}%
+      }%
+\def\CyrillicCaporali{\@ifclassloaded{slides}{\relax}%
+      {\DeclareFontEncoding{OT2}{}{}%
+      \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}%
+            {\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi
+            {\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont\char62\relax}}%
+      \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}%
+            {{\fontencoding{OT2}\selectfont\char60\relax}\ignorespaces}}}%
+\@onlypreamble{\CBgreekCaporali}\@onlypreamble{\CyrillicCaporali}%
+\def\T@unoCaporali{\DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ocap}{<<\ignorespaces}%
+     \DeclareRobustCommand*{\it@ccap}{\ifdim\lastskip>\z@\unskip\fi>>}}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%    \end{macro}
+%    \end{macro}
+%    \end{macro}
+%    Now we can do some real setting; first we start testing the encoding;
+%    if the encoding is T1 we test if the font family is the AE one; if so,
+%    we further test for other possibilities
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\ifx\cf@encoding\bbl@t@one
+  \@ifT@one@noCap{%
+     \if@CBgreekEncKnown
+        \CBgreekCaporali
+     \else
+        \if@CyrEncKnown
+           \CyrilicCaporali
+        \else
+           \LtxSymbCaporali
+        \fi
+     \fi}%
+     {\T@unoCaporali}%
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%     But if the default encoding is not the T1 one, then the
+%     substitutions must be performed.
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\else
+     \if@CBgreekEncKnown
+        \CBgreekCaporali
+     \else
+        \if@CyrEncKnown
+           \CyrilicCaporali
+        \else
+           \LtxSymbCaporali
+        \fi
+     \fi
+\fi
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%    \end{macro}
+%    \end{macro}
+%    \end{macro}
+%
+%    \subsection{Finishing commands}
+%    The macro |\ldf@finish| takes care of looking for a
+%    configuration file, setting the main language to be switched on
+%    at |\begin{document}| and resetting the category code of
+%    \texttt{@} to its original value.
+% \changes{italian-1.2i}{1996/11/03}{Now use \cs{ldf@finish} to wrap
+%    up}
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\ldf@finish{italian}%
+%</code>
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%
+% \Finale
+%%
+%% \CharacterTable
+%%  {Upper-case    \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
+%%   Lower-case    \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
+%%   Digits        \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
+%%   Exclamation   \!     Double quote  \"     Hash (number) \#
+%%   Dollar        \$     Percent       \%     Ampersand     \&
+%%   Acute accent  \'     Left paren    \(     Right paren   \)
+%%   Asterisk      \*     Plus          \+     Comma         \,
+%%   Minus         \-     Point         \.     Solidus       \/
+%%   Colon         \:     Semicolon     \;     Less than     \<
+%%   Equals        \=     Greater than  \>     Question mark \?
+%%   Commercial at \@     Left bracket  \[     Backslash     \\
+%%   Right bracket \]     Circumflex    \^     Underscore    \_
+%%   Grave accent  \`     Left brace    \{     Vertical bar  \|
+%%   Right brace   \}     Tilde         \~}
+%%
+\endinput
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/source/generic/babel-italian/italian.ins b/Master/texmf-dist/source/generic/babel-italian/italian.ins
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4ea2ac191dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/source/generic/babel-italian/italian.ins
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+%%
+%% This file will generate fast loadable files and documentation
+%% driver files from the doc files in this package when run through
+%% LaTeX or TeX.
+%%
+%% Copyright 1989-2008 Johannes L. Braams and any individual authors
+%% listed elsewhere in this file.  All rights reserved.
+%% 
+%% This file is part of the Babel system.
+%% --------------------------------------
+%% 
+%% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
+%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
+%% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
+%% The latest version of this license is in
+%%   http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
+%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
+%% version 2003/12/01 or later.
+%% 
+%% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
+%% 
+%% The Current Maintainer of this work is Johannes Braams.
+%% 
+%% The list of all files belonging to the LaTeX base distribution is
+%% given in the file `manifest.bbl. See also `legal.bbl' for additional
+%% information.
+%% 
+%% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution
+%% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with
+%% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
+%%
+%% --------------- start of docstrip commands ------------------
+%%
+%%
+%% Questo file serve per generare dal file italian.dtx il file
+%% italian.ldf mediante il programma LaTeX/docstrip che toglie
+%% praticamente tutti i commenti e ne rende il caricamento molto
+%% veloce. La documentazione puo' essere ottenuta passando a
+%% LaTeX2e il file sorgente italian.dtx
+%%
+\def\filedate{2001/01/19}
+\def\batchfile{italian.ins}
+\input docstrip.tex
+
+{\ifx\generate\undefined
+\Msg{**********************************************}
+\Msg{*}
+\Msg{* This installation requires docstrip}
+\Msg{* version 2.3c or later.}
+\Msg{*}
+\Msg{* An older version of docstrip has been input}
+\Msg{*}
+\Msg{**********************************************}
+\errhelp{Move or rename old docstrip.tex.}
+\errmessage{Old docstrip in input path}
+\batchmode
+\csname @@end\endcsname
+\fi}
+
+\declarepreamble\mainpreamble
+This is a generated file.
+
+Copyright 1989-2008 Johannes L. Braams and any individual authors
+listed elsewhere in this file.  All rights reserved.
+
+This file was generated from file(s) of the Babel system.
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+It may be distributed and/or modified under the
+conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
+of this license or (at your option) any later version.
+The latest version of this license is in
+  http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
+and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
+version 2003/12/01 or later.
+
+This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
+
+The Current Maintainer of this work is Johannes Braams.
+
+This file may only be distributed together with a copy of the Babel
+system. You may however distribute the Babel system without
+such generated files.
+
+The list of all files belonging to the Babel distribution is
+given in the file `manifest.bbl'. See also `legal.bbl for additional
+information.
+
+The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution
+and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with
+extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
+\endpreamble
+
+\declarepreamble\fdpreamble
+This is a generated file.
+
+Copyright 1989-2008 Johannes L. Braams and any individual authors
+listed elsewhere in this file.  All rights reserved.
+
+This file was generated from file(s) of the Babel system.
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+It may be distributed and/or modified under the
+conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3
+of this license or (at your option) any later version.
+The latest version of this license is in
+  http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
+and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
+version 2003/12/01 or later.
+
+This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
+
+The Current Maintainer of this work is Johannes Braams.
+
+This file may only be distributed together with a copy of the Babel
+system. You may however distribute the Babel system without
+such generated files.
+
+The list of all files belonging to the Babel distribution is
+given in the file `manifest.bbl'. See also `legal.bbl for additional
+information.
+
+In particular, permission is granted to customize the declarations in
+this file to serve the needs of your installation.
+
+However, NO PERMISSION is granted to distribute a modified version
+of this file under its original name.
+
+\endpreamble
+
+\keepsilent
+
+\usedir{tex/generic/babel} 
+
+\usepreamble\mainpreamble
+\generate{\file{italian.ldf}{\from{italian.dtx}{code}}
+          }
+\usepreamble\fdpreamble
+
+\ifToplevel{
+\Msg{***********************************************************}
+\Msg{*}
+\Msg{* To finish the installation you have to move the following}
+\Msg{* files into a directory searched by TeX:}
+\Msg{*}
+\Msg{* \space\space All *.def, *.fd, *.ldf, *.sty}
+\Msg{*}
+\Msg{* To produce the documentation run the files ending with}
+\Msg{* '.dtx' and `.fdd' through LaTeX.}
+\Msg{*}
+\Msg{* Happy TeXing}
+\Msg{***********************************************************}
+}
+ 
+\endinput