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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2019-02-28 19:14:13 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2019-02-28 19:14:13 +0000
commitadd3d8683677b558254f61267e1dc6830c9c73da (patch)
tree4379ee2cdd108a2a6a83d11d807f95c8fb82ab67 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/web2c
parent342f4c70c13251fa670faa123091c128ec8bfdda (diff)
tl19 texinfo update
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@50170 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
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-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html2529
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.pdfbin464711 -> 464712 bytes
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html
index 3149ec75a91..7d2c557a111 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation -->
-<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.5, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.6, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<title>Web2c: A TeX implementation</title>
@@ -37,23 +37,14 @@ except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation -->
<!--
a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
-blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller}
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div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
-div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em}
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pre.display {font-family: inherit}
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span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
@@ -75,174 +66,170 @@ ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
-<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
+<span id="SEC_Contents"></span>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Installation-1" href="#Installation">2 Installation</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Installation-1" href="#Installation">2 Installation</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-configure-options-1" href="#configure-options">2.1 <code>configure</code> options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Compile_002dtime-options-1" href="#Compile_002dtime-options">2.2 Compile-time options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Additional-targets-1" href="#Additional-targets">2.3 Additional targets</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Trip_002c-trap_002c-and-mptrap_003a-Torture-tests" href="#Triptrap">2.4 Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Runtime-options-1" href="#Runtime-options">2.5 Runtime options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-configure-options-1" href="#configure-options">2.1 <code>configure</code> options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Compile_002dtime-options-1" href="#Compile_002dtime-options">2.2 Compile-time options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Additional-targets-1" href="#Additional-targets">2.3 Additional targets</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Trip_002c-trap_002c-and-mptrap_003a-Torture-tests" href="#Triptrap">2.4 Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Runtime-options-1" href="#Runtime-options">2.5 Runtime options</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Commonalities-1" href="#Commonalities">3 Commonalities</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Commonalities-1" href="#Commonalities">3 Commonalities</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Option-conventions-1" href="#Option-conventions">3.1 Option conventions</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Common-options-1" href="#Common-options">3.2 Common options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Path-searching-1" href="#Path-searching">3.3 Path searching</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Output-file-location-1" href="#Output-file-location">3.4 Output file location</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Three-programs_003a-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX" href="#Three-programs">3.5 Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Option-conventions-1" href="#Option-conventions">3.1 Option conventions</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Common-options-1" href="#Common-options">3.2 Common options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Path-searching-1" href="#Path-searching">3.3 Path searching</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Output-file-location-1" href="#Output-file-location">3.4 Output file location</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Three-programs_003a-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX" href="#Three-programs">3.5 Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Initial-and-virgin-1" href="#Initial-and-virgin">3.5.1 Initial and virgin</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Memory-dumps-1" href="#Memory-dumps">3.5.2 Memory dumps</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Initial-and-virgin-1" href="#Initial-and-virgin">3.5.1 Initial and virgin</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Memory-dumps-1" href="#Memory-dumps">3.5.2 Memory dumps</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Creating-memory-dumps-1" href="#Creating-memory-dumps">3.5.2.1 Creating memory dumps</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use-1" href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">3.5.2.2 Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Hardware-and-memory-dumps-1" href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">3.5.2.3 Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Creating-memory-dumps-1" href="#Creating-memory-dumps">3.5.2.1 Creating memory dumps</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use-1" href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">3.5.2.2 Determining the memory dump to use</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Hardware-and-memory-dumps-1" href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">3.5.2.3 Hardware and memory dumps</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Editor-invocation-1" href="#Editor-invocation">3.5.3 Editor invocation</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-filenames-1" href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">3.5.4 <code>\input</code> filenames</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Editor-invocation-1" href="#Editor-invocation">3.5.3 Editor invocation</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cinput-filenames-1" href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">3.5.4 <code>\input</code> filenames</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-TeX_003a-Typesetting" href="#TeX">4 TeX: Typesetting</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-TeX_003a-Typesetting" href="#TeX">4 TeX: Typesetting</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-tex-invocation-1" href="#tex-invocation">4.1 <code>tex</code> invocation</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Initial-TeX-1" href="#Initial-TeX">4.2 Initial TeX</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Formats-1" href="#Formats">4.3 Formats</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Languages-and-hyphenation-1" href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">4.4 Languages and hyphenation</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-tex-invocation-1" href="#tex-invocation">4.1 <code>tex</code> invocation</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Initial-TeX-1" href="#Initial-TeX">4.2 Initial TeX</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Formats-1" href="#Formats">4.3 Formats</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Languages-and-hyphenation-1" href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">4.4 Languages and hyphenation</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-MLTeX_003a-Multi_002dlingual-TeX" href="#MLTeX">4.4.1 MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-MLTeX_003a-Multi_002dlingual-TeX" href="#MLTeX">4.4.1 MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccharsubdef_003a-Character-substitutions" href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">4.4.1.1 <code>\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctracingcharsubdef_003a-Substitution-diagnostics" href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">4.4.1.2 <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccharsubdef_003a-Character-substitutions" href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">4.4.1.1 <code>\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctracingcharsubdef_003a-Substitution-diagnostics" href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">4.4.1.2 <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-TCX-files_003a-Character-translations" href="#TCX-files">4.4.2 TCX files: Character translations</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Patgen_003a-Creating-hyphenation-patterns" href="#patgen-invocation">4.4.3 Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-TCX-files_003a-Character-translations" href="#TCX-files">4.4.2 TCX files: Character translations</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Patgen_003a-Creating-hyphenation-patterns" href="#patgen-invocation">4.4.3 Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Shell-escapes-1" href="#Shell-escapes">4.5 Shell escapes</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-IPC-and-TeX-1" href="#IPC-and-TeX">4.6 IPC and TeX</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-TeX-extensions-1" href="#TeX-extensions">4.7 TeX extensions</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Shell-escapes-1" href="#Shell-escapes">4.5 Shell escapes</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-IPC-and-TeX-1" href="#IPC-and-TeX">4.6 IPC and TeX</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-TeX-extensions-1" href="#TeX-extensions">4.7 TeX extensions</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Metafont_003a-Creating-typeface-families" href="#Metafont">5 Metafont: Creating typeface families</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Metafont_003a-Creating-typeface-families" href="#Metafont">5 Metafont: Creating typeface families</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-mf-invocation-1" href="#mf-invocation">5.1 <code>mf</code> invocation</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Initial-Metafont-1" href="#Initial-Metafont">5.2 Initial Metafont</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Modes_003a-Device-definitions-for-Metafont" href="#Modes">5.3 Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Online-Metafont-graphics-1" href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">5.4 Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-GFtoDVI_003a-Character-proofs-of-fonts" href="#gftodvi-invocation">5.5 GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-MFT_003a-Prettyprinting-Metafont-source" href="#mft-invocation">5.6 MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-mf-invocation-1" href="#mf-invocation">5.1 <code>mf</code> invocation</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Initial-Metafont-1" href="#Initial-Metafont">5.2 Initial Metafont</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Modes_003a-Device-definitions-for-Metafont" href="#Modes">5.3 Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Online-Metafont-graphics-1" href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">5.4 Online Metafont graphics</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-GFtoDVI_003a-Character-proofs-of-fonts" href="#gftodvi-invocation">5.5 GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-MFT_003a-Prettyprinting-Metafont-source" href="#mft-invocation">5.6 MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-MetaPost_003a-Creating-technical-illustrations" href="#MetaPost">6 MetaPost: Creating technical illustrations</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-MetaPost_003a-Creating-technical-illustrations" href="#MetaPost">6 MetaPost: Creating technical illustrations</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-mpost-invocation-1" href="#mpost-invocation">6.1 <code>mpost</code> invocation</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Initial-MetaPost-1" href="#Initial-MetaPost">6.2 Initial MetaPost</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-DVItoMP_003a-DVI-to-MPX-conversion" href="#dvitomp-invocation">6.3 DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-mpost-invocation-1" href="#mpost-invocation">6.1 <code>mpost</code> invocation</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Initial-MetaPost-1" href="#Initial-MetaPost">6.2 Initial MetaPost</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-DVItoMP_003a-DVI-to-MPX-conversion" href="#dvitomp-invocation">6.3 DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-BibTeX_003a-Bibliographies" href="#BibTeX">7 BibTeX: Bibliographies</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-BibTeX_003a-Bibliographies" href="#BibTeX">7 BibTeX: Bibliographies</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-BibTeX-invocation" href="#bibtex-invocation">7.1 BibTeX invocation</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Basic-BibTeX-style-files-1" href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">7.2 Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-BibTeX-invocation" href="#bibtex-invocation">7.1 BibTeX invocation</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Basic-BibTeX-style-files-1" href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">7.2 Basic BibTeX style files</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-WEB_003a-Literate-programming" href="#WEB">8 WEB: Literate programming</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-WEB_003a-Literate-programming" href="#WEB">8 WEB: Literate programming</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Tangle_003a-Translate-WEB-to-Pascal" href="#tangle-invocation">8.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Weave_003a-Translate-WEB-to-TeX" href="#weave-invocation">8.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Pooltype_003a-Display-WEB-pool-files" href="#pooltype-invocation">8.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Tangle_003a-Translate-WEB-to-Pascal" href="#tangle-invocation">8.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Weave_003a-Translate-WEB-to-TeX" href="#weave-invocation">8.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Pooltype_003a-Display-WEB-pool-files" href="#pooltype-invocation">8.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-DVI-utilities-1" href="#DVI-utilities">9 DVI utilities</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-DVI-utilities-1" href="#DVI-utilities">9 DVI utilities</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-DVIcopy_003a-Canonicalize-virtual-font-references" href="#dvicopy-invocation">9.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-DVItype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-DVI-files" href="#dvitype-invocation">9.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-DVIcopy_003a-Canonicalize-virtual-font-references" href="#dvicopy-invocation">9.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-DVItype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-DVI-files" href="#dvitype-invocation">9.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-DVItype-output-example" href="#dvitype-output-example">9.2.1 DVItype output example</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-DVItype-output-example" href="#dvitype-output-example">9.2.1 DVItype output example</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Font-utilities-1" href="#Font-utilities">10 Font utilities</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Font-utilities-1" href="#Font-utilities">10 Font utilities</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Font-file-formats-1" href="#Font-file-formats">10.1 Font file formats</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-GFtoPK_003a-Generic-to-packed-font-conversion" href="#gftopk-invocation">10.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-PKtoGF_003a-Packed-to-generic-font-conversion" href="#pktogf-invocation">10.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-PKtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-packed-fonts" href="#pktype-invocation">10.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-GFtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-generic-fonts" href="#gftype-invocation">10.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-TFtoPL_003a-TeX-font-metric-to-property-list-conversion" href="#tftopl-invocation">10.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-PLtoTF_003a-Property-list-to-TeX-font-metric-conversion" href="#pltotf-invocation">10.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-VFtoVP_003a-Virtual-font-to-virtual-property-lists" href="#vftovp-invocation">10.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-VPtoVF_003a-Virtual-property-lists-to-virtual-font" href="#vptovf-invocation">10.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Font-utilities-available-elsewhere-1" href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">10.10 Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Font-file-formats-1" href="#Font-file-formats">10.1 Font file formats</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-GFtoPK_003a-Generic-to-packed-font-conversion" href="#gftopk-invocation">10.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-PKtoGF_003a-Packed-to-generic-font-conversion" href="#pktogf-invocation">10.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-PKtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-packed-fonts" href="#pktype-invocation">10.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-GFtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-generic-fonts" href="#gftype-invocation">10.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-TFtoPL_003a-TeX-font-metric-to-property-list-conversion" href="#tftopl-invocation">10.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-PLtoTF_003a-Property-list-to-TeX-font-metric-conversion" href="#pltotf-invocation">10.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-VFtoVP_003a-Virtual-font-to-virtual-property-lists" href="#vftovp-invocation">10.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-VPtoVF_003a-Virtual-property-lists-to-virtual-font" href="#vptovf-invocation">10.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Font-utilities-available-elsewhere-1" href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">10.10 Font utilities available elsewhere</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Legalisms-1" href="#Legalisms">Appendix A Legalisms</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-References-1" href="#References">Appendix B References</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Index-1" href="#Index">Index</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Legalisms-1" href="#Legalisms">Appendix A Legalisms</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-References-1" href="#References">Appendix B References</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Index-1" href="#Index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
-<a name="Top"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Top"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Web2c"></a>
-<h1 class="top">Web2c</h1>
+<span id="Web2c"></span><h1 class="top">Web2c</h1>
<p>This document describes how to install and use the programs in the Web2c
implementation of the TeX system, especially for Unix systems. It
-corresponds to Web2c version 2018, released in
-February 2018.
+corresponds to Web2c version 2019, released in
+February 2019.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A brief introduction.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A brief introduction.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Installation" accesskey="2">Installation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to compile and install Web2c.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Installation" accesskey="2">Installation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to compile and install Web2c.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="3">Commonalities</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Option syntax, standard options, memory dumps.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="3">Commonalities</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Option syntax, standard options, memory dumps.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#TeX" accesskey="4">TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Typesetting.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#TeX" accesskey="4">TeX</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Typesetting.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="5">Metafont</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Typeface design.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="5">Metafont</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Typeface design.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="6">MetaPost</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Technical illustrations.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="6">MetaPost</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Technical illustrations.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="7">BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Reusable bibliographies.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="7">BibTeX</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Reusable bibliographies.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#WEB" accesskey="8">WEB</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Literate programming.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#WEB" accesskey="8">WEB</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Literate programming.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="9">DVI utilities</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI expansion.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="9">DVI utilities</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI expansion.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Font format conversion.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-utilities">Font utilities</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Font format conversion.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Blah blah blah.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Legalisms">Legalisms</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Blah blah blah.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#References">References</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Books and such.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#References">References</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Books and such.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Index">Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Index">Index</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Introduction"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Introduction"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Installation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Introduction-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
+<span id="Introduction-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
-<a name="index-introduction"></a>
+<span id="index-introduction"></span>
-<p>This manual corresponds to version 2018 of Web2c, released in
-February 2018.
+<p>This manual corresponds to version 2019 of Web2c, released in
+February 2019.
</p>
-<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a>
-<a name="index-TeX_002c-Web2c-implementation-of"></a>
-<a name="index-Hobby_002c-John"></a>
-<a name="index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter"></a>
+<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></span>
+<span id="index-TeX_002c-Web2c-implementation-of"></span>
+<span id="index-Hobby_002c-John"></span>
+<span id="index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter"></span>
<p><em>Web2c</em> is the name of a TeX implementation, originally for Unix,
but now also running under DOS, Amiga, and other operating systems. By
<em>TeX implementation</em>, we mean all of the standard programs
@@ -252,21 +239,21 @@ itself. Other programs are also included: DVIcopy, written by Peter
Breitenlohner, MetaPost and its utilities (derived from Metafont), by
John Hobby, etc.
</p>
-<a name="index-translation-from-WEB-to-C"></a>
-<a name="index-strategy_002c-overall"></a>
+<span id="index-translation-from-WEB-to-C"></span>
+<span id="index-strategy_002c-overall"></span>
<p>General strategy: Web2c works, as its name implies, by translating the
WEB source in which TeX is written into C source code. Its output is
not self-contained, however; it makes extensive use of many macros and
functions in a library (the <samp>web2c/lib</samp> directory in the sources).
Therefore, it will not work without change on an arbitrary WEB program.
</p>
-<a name="index-licensing-terms"></a>
-<a name="index-freedom-of-Web2c"></a>
-<a name="index-ice-cream"></a>
-<a name="index-Henry_002c-Patrick"></a>
+<span id="index-licensing-terms"></span>
+<span id="index-freedom-of-Web2c"></span>
+<span id="index-ice-cream"></span>
+<span id="index-Henry_002c-Patrick"></span>
<p>Availability: All of Web2c is freely available&mdash;&ldquo;free&rdquo; both in the
sense of no cost (free ice cream) and of having the source code to
-modify and/or redistribute (free speech). See <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>, for the practical details of how to obtain Web2c.
+modify and/or redistribute (free speech). See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>, for the practical details of how to obtain Web2c.
</p>
<p>Different parts of the Web2c distribution have different licensing
terms, however, reflecting the different circumstances of their
@@ -274,20 +261,20 @@ creation; consult each source file for exact details. The main
practical implication for redistributors of Web2c is that the executables
are covered by the GNU General Public License, and therefore anyone
who gets a binary distribution must also get the sources, as explained
-by the terms of the GPL (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Copying">Copying</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). The
+by the terms of the GPL (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Copying">Copying</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). The
GPL covers the Web2c executables, including <code>tex</code>, because the Free
Software Foundation sponsored the initial development of the Kpathsea
library that Web2c uses. The basic source files from Stanford, however,
have their own copyright terms or are in the public domain, and are not
covered by the GPL.
</p>
-<a name="index-history"></a>
-<a name="index-Rokicki_002c-Tomas"></a>
-<a name="index-Trickey_002c-Howard"></a>
-<a name="index-Curtis_002c-Pavel"></a>
-<a name="index-Morgan_002c-Tim"></a>
-<a name="index-Berry_002c-Karl"></a>
-<a name="index-Weber_002c-Olaf"></a>
+<span id="index-history"></span>
+<span id="index-Rokicki_002c-Tomas"></span>
+<span id="index-Trickey_002c-Howard"></span>
+<span id="index-Curtis_002c-Pavel"></span>
+<span id="index-Morgan_002c-Tim"></span>
+<span id="index-Berry_002c-Karl"></span>
+<span id="index-Weber_002c-Olaf"></span>
<p>History: Tomas Rokicki originated the TeX-to-C system in 1987,
working from the first change files for TeX under Unix, which were
done primarily by Howard Trickey and Pavel Curtis. Tim Morgan then took
@@ -298,10 +285,10 @@ using the shorter name Web2c. In 1997, Olaf Weber took over. Dozens of
other people have contributed; their names are listed in the
<samp>ChangeLog</samp> files.
</p>
-<a name="index-acknowledgements"></a>
-<a name="index-Martin_002c-Rick"></a>
-<a name="index-Morris_002c-Bob"></a>
-<a name="index-Stallman_002c-Richard"></a>
+<span id="index-acknowledgements"></span>
+<span id="index-Martin_002c-Rick"></span>
+<span id="index-Morris_002c-Bob"></span>
+<span id="index-Stallman_002c-Richard"></span>
<p>Other acknowledgements: The University of Massachusetts at Boston
(particularly Rick Martin and Bob Morris) provided computers and ftp
access to me for many years. Richard Stallman at the Free Software
@@ -310,38 +297,36 @@ Foundation employed me while I wrote the original path searching library
without which I cannot imagine developing Web2c.) And, of course,
TeX would not exist in the first place without Donald E. Knuth.
</p>
-<a name="index-reading_002c-additional"></a>
+<span id="index-reading_002c-additional"></span>
<p>Further reading: See <a href="#References">References</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Installation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Installation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commonalities</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Installation-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">2 Installation</h2>
+<span id="Installation-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 Installation</h2>
-<a name="index-configuration"></a>
-<a name="index-compilation"></a>
-<a name="index-installation"></a>
+<span id="index-configuration"></span>
+<span id="index-compilation"></span>
+<span id="index-installation"></span>
<p>(A copy of this chapter is in the distribution file <samp>web2c/INSTALL</samp>.)
</p>
<p>Installing Web2c is mostly the same as installing any other
Kpathsea-using program. Therefore, for the basic steps involved,
-see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Installation">Installation</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. (A copy is in the file
+see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Installation">Installation</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. (A copy is in the file
<samp>kpathsea/INSTALL</samp>.)
</p>
<p>One peculiarity to Web2c is that the source distribution comes in two
files: <samp>web.tar.gz</samp> and <samp>web2c.tar.gz</samp>. You must retrieve and
unpack them both. (We have two because the former archive contains the
very large and seldom-changing original WEB source files.)
-See <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
+See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
-<a name="index-mpost_002c-reason-for-name-change"></a>
+<span id="index-mpost_002c-reason-for-name-change"></span>
<p>Another peculiarity is the MetaPost program. Although it has been
installed previously as <code>mp</code>, as of Web2c 7.0 the installed name is
now <code>mpost</code>, to avoid conflict with the <code>mp</code> program that does
@@ -351,21 +336,21 @@ available under its shorter name as well, you will have to set up a link
or some such yourself. And of course individual users can do the same.
</p>
<p>For solutions to common installation problems and information on how to
-report a bug, see the file <samp>kpathsea/BUGS</samp> (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Bugs">Bugs</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). See also the Web2c home page,
+report a bug, see the file <samp>kpathsea/BUGS</samp> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Bugs">Bugs</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). See also the Web2c home page,
<a href="http://www.tug.org/web2c">http://www.tug.org/web2c</a>.
</p>
<p>Points worth repeating:
</p>
<ul>
-<li> <a name="index-directory-structure"></a>
-<a name="index-basic-fonts-and-macros"></a>
-<a name="index-fonts_002c-basic"></a>
-<a name="index-macros_002c-basic"></a>
+<li> <span id="index-directory-structure"></span>
+<span id="index-basic-fonts-and-macros"></span>
+<span id="index-fonts_002c-basic"></span>
+<span id="index-macros_002c-basic"></span>
Before starting the standard compilation and installation you must
install the basic fonts, macros, and other library files.
-See <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Installation">Installation</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
+See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Installation">Installation</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
-</li><li> If you do not wish to use the standard file locations, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Changing-search-paths">Changing
+</li><li> If you do not wish to use the standard file locations, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Changing-search-paths">Changing
search paths</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
</li><li> Some Web2c features are enabled or disabled at <code>configure</code> time,
@@ -374,31 +359,29 @@ as described in the first section below.
</li></ul>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#configure-options" accesskey="1">configure options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Especially &ndash;with and &ndash;enable.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#configure-options" accesskey="1">configure options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Especially &ndash;with and &ndash;enable.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options" accesskey="2">Compile-time options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Unusual -D&rsquo;s.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options" accesskey="2">Compile-time options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Unusual -D&rsquo;s.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-targets" accesskey="3">Additional targets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Breaking down the task.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-targets" accesskey="3">Additional targets</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Breaking down the task.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Triptrap" accesskey="4">Triptrap</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Running the torture tests.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Triptrap" accesskey="4">Triptrap</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Running the torture tests.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Runtime-options" accesskey="5">Runtime options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Array sizes and the like.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Runtime-options" accesskey="5">Runtime options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Array sizes and the like.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="configure-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="configure-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Compile-time options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="configure-options-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.1 <code>configure</code> options</h3>
+<span id="configure-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.1 <code>configure</code> options</h3>
-<a name="index-configuration_002c-compile_002dtime"></a>
-<a name="index-compile_002dtime-options"></a>
-<a name="index-configure-_002d_002dwith_002f_002d_002denable-options"></a>
+<span id="index-configuration_002c-compile_002dtime"></span>
+<span id="index-compile_002dtime-options"></span>
+<span id="index-configure-_002d_002dwith_002f_002d_002denable-options"></span>
<p>This section gives pointers to descriptions of the &lsquo;<samp>--with</samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp>--enable</samp>&rsquo; <code>configure</code> arguments that Web2c accepts. Some are
specific to Web2c, others are generic to all Kpathsea-using programs.
@@ -409,7 +392,7 @@ package-specific options come last.
</p>
<p>For a description of the generic options (which mainly allow you to
specify installation directories) and basic <code>configure</code> usage,
-see <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/autoconf.html#Invoking-configure">Running <code>configure</code> scripts</a> in <cite>Autoconf</cite>, a copy is in the file <samp>kpathsea/CONFIGURE</samp>.
+see <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/autoconf.html#Invoking-configure">Running <code>configure</code> scripts</a> in <cite>Autoconf</cite>, a copy is in the file <samp>kpathsea/CONFIGURE</samp>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>--disable-dump-share</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
@@ -421,13 +404,13 @@ architectures. See <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dum
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>--without-maketexpk-default</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>--without-maketextfm-default</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>--with-maketextex-default</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><p>Enable or disable the dynamic generation programs. See <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex
+<dd><p>Enable or disable the dynamic generation programs. See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex
configuration</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>. The defaults are the inverse of
the options, i.e., everything is enabled except <code>mktextex</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>--enable-shared</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><p>Build Kpathsea as a shared library. See <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Shared-library">Shared library</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
+<dd><p>Build Kpathsea as a shared library. See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Shared-library">Shared library</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>--with-editor=<var>cmd</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
@@ -454,23 +437,21 @@ enabled. See <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a>.
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>--x-includes=<var>dir</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>--x-libraries=<var>dir</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dd><p>Define the locations of the X11 include files and libraries; by default,
-<code>configure</code> does its best to guess). See <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/autoconf.html#Optional-Features">Optional Features</a> in <cite>Autoconf</cite>. A copy is in <samp>kpathsea/CONFIGURE</samp>.
+<code>configure</code> does its best to guess). See <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/autoconf.html#Optional-Features">Optional Features</a> in <cite>Autoconf</cite>. A copy is in <samp>kpathsea/CONFIGURE</samp>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<a name="Compile_002dtime-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Compile_002dtime-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-targets" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional targets</a>, Previous: <a href="#configure-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">configure options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Compile_002dtime-options-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.2 Compile-time options</h3>
+<span id="Compile_002dtime-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.2 Compile-time options</h3>
-<a name="index-compile_002dtime-options-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_0023define-options"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dD-compiler-options"></a>
+<span id="index-compile_002dtime-options-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_0023define-options"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dD-compiler-options"></span>
<p>In addition to the <code>configure</code> options listed in the previous
section, there are a few things that can be affected at compile-time
with C definitions, rather than with <code>configure</code>. Using any of
@@ -482,18 +463,18 @@ simplest thing to do is:
<pre class="example">make XCFLAGS=&quot;<var>ccoptions</var>&quot;
</pre></div>
<p>You can also set the <code>CFLAGS</code> environment variable before
-running <code>configure</code>. See <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#configure-environment">configure environment</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
+running <code>configure</code>. See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#configure-environment">configure environment</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
<p>Anyway, here are the possibilities:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-DFIXPT</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-DNO_MF_ASM</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-FIXPT"></a>
-<a name="index-fixed_002dpoint-arithmetic"></a>
-<a name="index-floating_002dpoint-arithmetic"></a>
-<a name="index-assembly-language-routines"></a>
-<a name="index-fraction-routines"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-FIXPT"></span>
+<span id="index-fixed_002dpoint-arithmetic"></span>
+<span id="index-floating_002dpoint-arithmetic"></span>
+<span id="index-assembly-language-routines"></span>
+<span id="index-fraction-routines"></span>
<p>Use the original WEB fixed-point routines for Metafont and MetaPost
arithmetic calculations regarding fractions. By default,
assembly-language routines are used on x86 hardware with GNU C (unless
@@ -502,24 +483,22 @@ otherwise.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-DIPC_DEBUG</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-IPC_005fDEBUG"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-IPC_005fDEBUG"></span>
<p>Report on various interprocess communication activities. See <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<a name="Additional-targets"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Additional-targets"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Triptrap" accesskey="n" rel="next">Triptrap</a>, Previous: <a href="#Compile_002dtime-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Compile-time options</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Additional-targets-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.3 Additional targets</h3>
+<span id="Additional-targets-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.3 Additional targets</h3>
-<a name="index-additional-Make-targets"></a>
-<a name="index-targets_002c-additional-Make"></a>
-<a name="index-Make-targets_002c-additional"></a>
+<span id="index-additional-Make-targets"></span>
+<span id="index-targets_002c-additional-Make"></span>
+<span id="index-Make-targets_002c-additional"></span>
<p>Web2c has several Make targets besides the standard ones. You can invoke
these either in the top level directory of the source distribution (the
@@ -528,16 +507,16 @@ one containing <samp>kpathsea/</samp> and <samp>web2c/</samp>), or in the
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>c-sources</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-c_002dsources-Makefile-target"></a>
-<a name="index-non_002dUnix-system_002c-compiling-on"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-c_002dsources-Makefile-target"></span>
+<span id="index-non_002dUnix-system_002c-compiling-on"></span>
<p>Make only the C files, translated from the Web sources, presumably
because you want to take them to a non-Unix machine.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>formats</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>install-formats</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-formats-Make-target"></a>
-<a name="index-install_002dformats-Make-target"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-formats-Make-target"></span>
+<span id="index-install_002dformats-Make-target"></span>
<p>Make or install all the memory dumps (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). By
default, the standard plain formats plus <samp>latex.fmt</samp> are made. You
can add other formats by redefining the <code>fmts</code>, <code>bases</code>, and
@@ -547,23 +526,23 @@ possibilities.
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>fmts</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>install-fmts</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-fmts-Make-target"></a>
-<a name="index-install_002dfmts-Make-target"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-fmts-Make-target"></span>
+<span id="index-install_002dfmts-Make-target"></span>
<p>Make or install the TeX <samp>.fmt</samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>bases</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>install-bases</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bases-Make-target"></a>
-<a name="index-install_002dbases-Make-target"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-bases-Make-target"></span>
+<span id="index-install_002dbases-Make-target"></span>
<p>Make or install the Metafont <samp>.base</samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>mems</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>install-mems</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-mems-Make-target"></a>
-<a name="index-install_002dmems-Make-target"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-mems-Make-target"></span>
+<span id="index-install_002dmems-Make-target"></span>
<p>Make or install the MetaPost <samp>.mem</samp> files. See <a href="#Initial-MetaPost">Initial MetaPost</a>.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -571,10 +550,10 @@ possibilities.
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>trip</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>trap</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>mptrap</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-triptrap-Make-target"></a>
-<a name="index-trip-Make-target"></a>
-<a name="index-trap-Make-target"></a>
-<a name="index-mptrap-Make-target"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-triptrap-Make-target"></span>
+<span id="index-trip-Make-target"></span>
+<span id="index-trap-Make-target"></span>
+<span id="index-mptrap-Make-target"></span>
<p>To run the torture tests for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost
(respectively). See the next section.
</p>
@@ -583,23 +562,21 @@ possibilities.
<hr>
-<a name="Triptrap"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Triptrap"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Runtime-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Runtime options</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-targets" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional targets</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Trip_002c-trap_002c-and-mptrap_003a-Torture-tests"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.4 Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</h3>
-
-<a name="index-Gruff_002c-Billy-Goat"></a>
-<a name="index-trip-test"></a>
-<a name="index-trap-test"></a>
-<a name="index-mptrap-test"></a>
-<a name="index-torture-tests"></a>
-
-<a name="index-tripman_002etex"></a>
-<a name="index-trapman_002etex"></a>
-<a name="index-mptrap_002ereadme"></a>
+<span id="Trip_002c-trap_002c-and-mptrap_003a-Torture-tests"></span><h3 class="section">2.4 Trip, trap, and mptrap: Torture tests</h3>
+
+<span id="index-Gruff_002c-Billy-Goat"></span>
+<span id="index-trip-test"></span>
+<span id="index-trap-test"></span>
+<span id="index-mptrap-test"></span>
+<span id="index-torture-tests"></span>
+
+<span id="index-tripman_002etex"></span>
+<span id="index-trapman_002etex"></span>
+<span id="index-mptrap_002ereadme"></span>
<p>To validate your TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost executables, run
&lsquo;<samp>make triptrap</samp>&rsquo;. This runs the trip, trap, and mptrap &ldquo;torture
tests&rdquo;. See the files <samp>triptrap/tripman.tex</samp>,
@@ -619,7 +596,7 @@ all acceptable) are:
<p>Any other differences are trouble. The most common culprit in
the past has been compiler bugs, especially when optimizing.
-See <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
+See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
<p>The files <samp>trip.diffs</samp>, <samp>mftrap.diffs</samp>, and
<samp>mptrap.diffs</samp> in the <samp>triptrap</samp> directory show the standard
@@ -639,22 +616,20 @@ file <samp>tests/check.log</samp> if you like.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Runtime-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Runtime-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Triptrap" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Triptrap</a>, Up: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Installation</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Runtime-options-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.5 Runtime options</h3>
+<span id="Runtime-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.5 Runtime options</h3>
-<a name="index-runtime-options"></a>
+<span id="index-runtime-options"></span>
-<a name="index-configuration-file-values"></a>
-<a name="index-array-sizes"></a>
+<span id="index-configuration-file-values"></span>
+<span id="index-array-sizes"></span>
<p>Besides the configure- and compile-time options described in the
previous sections, you can control a number of parameters (in
particular, array sizes) in the <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> runtime file read by
-Kpathsea (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>).
+Kpathsea (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>).
</p>
<p>Rather than exhaustively listing them here, please see the last section
of the distributed <samp>kpathsea/texmf.cnf</samp>. Some of the more
@@ -662,36 +637,36 @@ interesting values:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>main_memory</samp>&rsquo;
-<a name="index-main_005fmemory"></a>
+<span id="index-main_005fmemory"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Total words of memory available, for TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost.
Must remake the format file after changing.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>extra_mem_bot</samp>&rsquo;
-<a name="index-extra_005fmem_005fbot"></a>
+<span id="index-extra_005fmem_005fbot"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-boxes_002c-memory-for"></a>
-<a name="index-glue_002c-memory-for"></a>
-<a name="index-breakpoints_002c-memory-for"></a>
-<a name="index-PiCTeX_002c-increasing-memory-for"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-boxes_002c-memory-for"></span>
+<span id="index-glue_002c-memory-for"></span>
+<span id="index-breakpoints_002c-memory-for"></span>
+<span id="index-PiCTeX_002c-increasing-memory-for"></span>
<p>Extra space for &ldquo;large&rdquo; TeX data structures: boxes, glue,
breakpoints, et al. If you use PiCTeX, you may well want to set this.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>font_mem_size</samp>&rsquo;
-<a name="index-font_005fmem_005fsize"></a>
+<span id="index-font_005fmem_005fsize"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-TFM-files_002c-memory-for"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-TFM-files_002c-memory-for"></span>
<p>Words of font info available for TeX; this is approximately the total
size of all TFM files read.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>hash_extra</samp>&rsquo;
-<a name="index-hash_005fextra"></a>
+<span id="index-hash_005fextra"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-control-sequence-names_002c-space-for"></a>
-<a name="index-hash-table_002c-increasing-size-of"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-control-sequence-names_002c-space-for"></span>
+<span id="index-hash-table_002c-increasing-size-of"></span>
<p>Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names.
Approximately 10,000 control sequences can be stored in the main hash
table; if you have a large book with numerous cross-references,
@@ -700,10 +675,10 @@ this might not be enough, and thus you will want to set <code>hash_extra</code>.
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-array-limit_002c-fixed"></a>
-<a name="index-swap-space_002c-as-array-limit"></a>
-<a name="index-reallocation-of-arrays"></a>
-<a name="index-dynamic-array-allocation"></a>
+<span id="index-array-limit_002c-fixed"></span>
+<span id="index-swap-space_002c-as-array-limit"></span>
+<span id="index-reallocation-of-arrays"></span>
+<span id="index-dynamic-array-allocation"></span>
<p>Of course, ideally all arrays would be dynamically expanded as
necessary, so the only limiting factor would be the amount of swap space
available. Unfortunately, implementing this is extremely difficult, as
@@ -715,53 +690,49 @@ reallocation of some arrays.)
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Commonalities"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Commonalities"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Installation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Installation</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Commonalities-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">3 Commonalities</h2>
+<span id="Commonalities-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Commonalities</h2>
-<a name="index-commonalities"></a>
+<span id="index-commonalities"></span>
<p>Many aspects of the TeX system are the same among more than one
program, so we describe all those pieces together, here.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Option-conventions" accesskey="1">Option conventions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">&ndash; or -, = or &lsquo; &rsquo; for values.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Option-conventions" accesskey="1">Option conventions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">&ndash; or -, = or &lsquo; &rsquo; for values.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Common-options" accesskey="2">Common options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">&ndash;help &ndash;version &ndash;verbose, and TeX/MF/MP options.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Common-options" accesskey="2">Common options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">&ndash;help &ndash;version &ndash;verbose, and TeX/MF/MP options.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="3">Path searching</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Features of the common path searching library.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="3">Path searching</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Features of the common path searching library.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Output-file-location" accesskey="4">Output file location</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">TEXMFOUTPUT allows output in places other than &lsquo;.&rsquo;.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Output-file-location" accesskey="4">Output file location</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">TEXMFOUTPUT allows output in places other than &lsquo;.&rsquo;.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="5">Three programs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a lot in common.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="5">Three programs</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a lot in common.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Option-conventions"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Option-conventions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Common-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Common options</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Option-conventions-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">3.1 Option conventions</h3>
+<span id="Option-conventions-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.1 Option conventions</h3>
-<a name="index-option-conventions"></a>
-<a name="index-conventions-for-options_002c"></a>
+<span id="index-option-conventions"></span>
+<span id="index-conventions-for-options_002c"></span>
-<a name="index-getopt_005flong_005fonly"></a>
+<span id="index-getopt_005flong_005fonly"></span>
<p>To provide a clean and consistent behavior, we chose to have all these
programs use the GNU function <code>getopt_long_only</code> to parse command
lines. However, we do use in a restricted mode, where all the options
have to come before the rest of the arguments.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d-starts-option-names"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002d-starts-option-names"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d-starts-option-names"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002d-starts-option-names"></span>
<p>As a result, you can:
</p><ul>
<li> use &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo; to start an option name;
@@ -771,8 +742,8 @@ have to come before the rest of the arguments.
</li><li> separate option names and values with either &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; or one or more
spaces;
-</li><li> <a name="index-_002d-starting-a-filename"></a>
-<a name="index-filenames-starting-with-_002d"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-_002d-starting-a-filename"></span>
+<span id="index-filenames-starting-with-_002d"></span>
use filenames that would otherwise look like options by putting them
after an option &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;.
</li></ul>
@@ -794,15 +765,13 @@ option; and specifies the filename <samp>-myfile-</samp>.
<hr>
-<a name="Common-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Common-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Path searching</a>, Previous: <a href="#Option-conventions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Option conventions</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Common-options-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">3.2 Common options</h3>
+<span id="Common-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.2 Common options</h3>
-<a name="index-common-options"></a>
+<span id="index-common-options"></span>
<p>All of these programs accept the standard GNU &lsquo;<samp>--help</samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp>--version</samp>&rsquo; options, and several programs accept
&lsquo;<samp>--verbose</samp>&rsquo;. Rather than writing identical descriptions for
@@ -810,21 +779,21 @@ every program, they are described here.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>--help</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dhelp-common-option"></a>
-<a name="index-help_002c-online"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dhelp-common-option"></span>
+<span id="index-help_002c-online"></span>
<p>Print a usage message listing basic usage and all available options to
standard output, then exit successfully.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>--verbose</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dverbose-common-option"></a>
-<a name="index-verbosity_002c-enabling"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dverbose-common-option"></span>
+<span id="index-verbosity_002c-enabling"></span>
<p>Print progress reports to standard output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>--version</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dversion-common-option"></a>
-<a name="index-version-number_002c-finding"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dversion-common-option"></span>
+<span id="index-version-number_002c-finding"></span>
<p>Print the version number to standard output, then exit successfully.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -834,12 +803,12 @@ common:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-file-line-error</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror"></span>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-no-file-line-error</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror_002dstyle"></a>
-<a name="index-changing-error-messages-style"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dfile_002dline_002derror_002dstyle"></span>
+<span id="index-changing-error-messages-style"></span>
<p>Change (or do not change) the way error messages are printed. The
alternate style looks like error messages from many compilers and is
easier to parse for some editors that invoke TeX. This option used
@@ -849,10 +818,10 @@ to be called &lsquo;<samp>-file-line-error-style</samp>&rsquo;.
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-fmt=<var>dumpname</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-base=<var>dumpname</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-mem=<var>dumpname</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dfmt_003ddumpname"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dbase_003ddumpname"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dmem_003ddumpname"></a>
-<a name="index-dump-file"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dfmt_003ddumpname"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dbase_003ddumpname"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dmem_003ddumpname"></span>
+<span id="index-dump-file"></span>
<p>Use <var>dumpname</var> instead of the program name or a &lsquo;<samp>%&amp;</samp>&rsquo; line to
determine the name of the memory dump file read (&lsquo;<samp>fmt</samp>&rsquo; for TeX,
&lsquo;<samp>base</samp>&rsquo; for Metafont, &lsquo;<samp>mem</samp>&rsquo; for MetaPost). See <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>. Also sets the program name to <var>dumpname</var> if no
@@ -860,80 +829,80 @@ determine the name of the memory dump file read (&lsquo;<samp>fmt</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-halt-on-error</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dhalt_002don_002derror"></a>
-<a name="index-stopping-at-the-first-error"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dhalt_002don_002derror"></span>
+<span id="index-stopping-at-the-first-error"></span>
<p>Stop processing and exit when an error occurs, as opposed to the normal
process of trying to recover and continue.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-ini</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dini"></a>
-<a name="index-program-names_002c-special"></a>
-<a name="index-initial-form_002c-enabling"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dini"></span>
+<span id="index-program-names_002c-special"></span>
+<span id="index-initial-form_002c-enabling"></span>
<p>Enable the &ldquo;initial&rdquo; form of the program (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>). This is implicitly set if the program name is <code>initex</code>
resp. <code>inimf</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-interaction=<var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dinteraction_003dstring"></a>
-<a name="index-interaction-mode"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dinteraction_003dstring"></span>
+<span id="index-interaction-mode"></span>
<p>Set the interaction mode from the command line. The <var>string</var> must
be one of &lsquo;<samp>batchmode</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>nonstopmode</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>scrollmode</samp>&rsquo;, or
&lsquo;<samp>errorstopmode</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-jobname=<var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002djobname_003dstring"></a>
-<a name="index-job-name"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002djobname_003dstring"></span>
+<span id="index-job-name"></span>
<p>Set the job name to <var>string</var>, instead of deriving it from the name
of the input file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-kpathsea-debug=<var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003dnumber"></a>
-<a name="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG"></a>
-<a name="index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying"></a>
-<a name="index-path-searching-debugging"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dkpathsea_002ddebug_003dnumber"></span>
+<span id="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG"></span>
+<span id="index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying"></span>
+<span id="index-path-searching-debugging"></span>
<p>Set path searching debugging flags according to the bits of <var>number</var>
-(see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Debugging">Debugging</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). You can also specify this in
+(see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Debugging">Debugging</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). You can also specify this in
<code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> environment variable (for all Web2c programs).
(The command line value overrides.) The most useful value is &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo;,
to get all available output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-output-directory=<var>dirname</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002doutput_002ddirectory"></a>
-<a name="index-output-directory_002c-specifying"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002doutput_002ddirectory"></span>
+<span id="index-output-directory_002c-specifying"></span>
<p>Specify the directory <var>dirname</var> to which output files are written.
Also look for input files in <var>dirname</var> first, before looking along
the normal search path. See <a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-parse-first-line</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline"></span>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-no-parse-first-line</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dno_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline"></a>
-<a name="index-parsing-the-first-line"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dno_002dparse_002dfirst_002dline"></span>
+<span id="index-parsing-the-first-line"></span>
<p>Check or disable checking whether the first line of the main input
file starts with &lsquo;<samp>%&amp;</samp>&rsquo;, and parse it if it does. This line can be
used specify the format and/or a TCX file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-progname=<var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dprogname_003dstring"></a>
-<a name="index-binaries_002c-linking"></a>
-<a name="index-linking-binaries"></a>
-<a name="index-program-names_002c-special-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dprogname_003dstring"></span>
+<span id="index-binaries_002c-linking"></span>
+<span id="index-linking-binaries"></span>
+<span id="index-program-names_002c-special-1"></span>
<p>Set program (and memory dump) name to <var>string</var>. This may affect the
-search paths and other values used (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Using this option is equivalent to making a link named
+search paths and other values used (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Using this option is equivalent to making a link named
<var>string</var> to the binary and then invoking the binary under that
name. See <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-recorder</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002drecorder"></a>
-<a name="index-file-recorder"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002drecorder"></span>
+<span id="index-file-recorder"></span>
<p>Enable the filename recorder. This makes the program save a list of the
opened files into a file with (by default) extension &lsquo;<samp>.fls</samp>&rsquo;. For
Aleph, this option is always on, and the file has extension &lsquo;<samp>.ofl</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -948,10 +917,10 @@ explicitly set the basename.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dtranslate_002dfile_003dtcxfile"></a>
-<a name="index-translation-file-for-TeX_002c-specifying"></a>
-<a name="index-_002etcx-character-translation-files"></a>
-<a name="index-first-line-of-the-main-input-file"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dtranslate_002dfile_003dtcxfile"></span>
+<span id="index-translation-file-for-TeX_002c-specifying"></span>
+<span id="index-_002etcx-character-translation-files"></span>
+<span id="index-first-line-of-the-main-input-file"></span>
<p>Use <var>tcxfile</var> to define which characters are printable and translations
between the internal and external character sets. Moreover,
<var>tcxfile</var> can be explicitly declared in the first line of the main
@@ -961,9 +930,9 @@ See <a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-8bit</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002d8bit"></a>
-<a name="index-8-bit-clean"></a>
-<a name="index-8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002d8bit"></span>
+<span id="index-8-bit-clean"></span>
+<span id="index-8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying"></span>
<p>This option specifies that by default all characters should be
considered printable. If &lsquo;<samp>-translate-file</samp>&rsquo; was given as well, then the
TCX file may mark characters as non-printable.
@@ -973,29 +942,27 @@ TCX file may mark characters as non-printable.
<hr>
-<a name="Path-searching"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Path-searching"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Output-file-location" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output file location</a>, Previous: <a href="#Common-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Common options</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Path-searching-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">3.3 Path searching</h3>
+<span id="Path-searching-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.3 Path searching</h3>
-<a name="index-path-searching"></a>
+<span id="index-path-searching"></span>
-<a name="index-texmf_002ecnf"></a>
-<a name="index-configuration-file-reading"></a>
+<span id="index-texmf_002ecnf"></span>
+<span id="index-configuration-file-reading"></span>
<p>All of the Web2c programs, including TeX, which do path searching use
the Kpathsea routines to do so. The precise names of the environment
and configuration file variables which get searched for particular file
formatted are therefore documented in the Kpathsea manual
-(see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Reading
-<samp>texmf.cnf</samp> (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), invoking
-<code>mktex&hellip;</code> scripts (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), and so on are all handled by Kpathsea.
+(see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Reading
+<samp>texmf.cnf</samp> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), invoking
+<code>mktex&hellip;</code> scripts (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), and so on are all handled by Kpathsea.
</p>
-<a name="index-font-aliases"></a>
-<a name="index-aliases-for-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-texfonts_002emap"></a>
+<span id="index-font-aliases"></span>
+<span id="index-aliases-for-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-texfonts_002emap"></span>
<p>The programs which read fonts make use of another Kpathsea feature:
<samp>texfonts.map</samp>, which allows arbitrary aliases for the actual names
of font files; for example, &lsquo;<samp>Times-Roman</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>ptmr8r.tfm</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -1005,17 +972,15 @@ names.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Output-file-location"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Output-file-location"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Three programs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Path searching</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Output-file-location-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">3.4 Output file location</h3>
+<span id="Output-file-location-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.4 Output file location</h3>
-<a name="index-output-file-location"></a>
-<a name="index-current-directory_002c-used-for-output"></a>
-<a name="index-_002e_002c-used-for-output"></a>
+<span id="index-output-file-location"></span>
+<span id="index-current-directory_002c-used-for-output"></span>
+<span id="index-_002e_002c-used-for-output"></span>
<p>All the programs generally follow the usual convention for output files.
Namely, they are placed in the directory current when the program is
run, regardless of any input file location; or, in a few cases, output
@@ -1025,22 +990,22 @@ is to standard output.
will be in <samp>./foo.dvi</samp> and <samp>./foo.log</samp>, not
<samp>/tmp/foo.dvi</samp> and <samp>/tmp/foo.log</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002doutput_002ddirectory-1"></a>
-<a name="index-output-directory_002c-specifying-1"></a>
-<a name="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in"></a>
+<span id="index-_002doutput_002ddirectory-1"></span>
+<span id="index-output-directory_002c-specifying-1"></span>
+<span id="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in"></span>
<p>You can use the &lsquo;<samp>-output-directory</samp>&rsquo; option to cause all output
files that would normally be written in the current directory to be
written in the specified directory instead. See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
</p>
-<a name="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-if-_002e-unwritable"></a>
-<a name="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in-1"></a>
+<span id="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-if-_002e-unwritable"></span>
+<span id="index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in-1"></span>
<p>If the current directory is not writable, and &lsquo;<samp>-output-directory</samp>&rsquo;
is not specified, the main programs (TeX, Metafont, MetaPost, and
BibTeX) make an exception: if the config file or environment
variable value <code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is set (it is not by default),
output files are written to the directory specified.
</p>
-<a name="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-for-reading"></a>
+<span id="index-TEXMFOUTPUT_002c-used-for-reading"></span>
<p><code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is also checked for input files, as TeX often
generates files that need to be subsequently read; for input, no
suffixes (such as &lsquo;<samp>.tex</samp>&rsquo;) are added by default and no exhaustive
@@ -1049,18 +1014,16 @@ simply checked as given.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Three-programs"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Three-programs"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Output-file-location" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output file location</a>, Up: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commonalities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Three-programs_003a-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX"></a>
-<h3 class="section">3.5 Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</h3>
+<span id="Three-programs_003a-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX"></span><h3 class="section">3.5 Three programs: Metafont, MetaPost, and TeX</h3>
-<a name="index-three-programs"></a>
-<a name="index-TeX_002c-Metafont_002c-and-MetaPost"></a>
-<a name="index-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-MetaPost_002c-TeX_002c-and-Metafont"></a>
+<span id="index-three-programs"></span>
+<span id="index-TeX_002c-Metafont_002c-and-MetaPost"></span>
+<span id="index-Metafont_002c-MetaPost_002c-and-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-MetaPost_002c-TeX_002c-and-Metafont"></span>
<p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost have a number of features in common.
Besides the ones here, the common command-line options are described in
@@ -1069,47 +1032,45 @@ control some array sizes and other features are described in
<a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Initial-and-virgin" accesskey="1">Initial and virgin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making memory dumps vs. production runs.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Initial-and-virgin" accesskey="1">Initial and virgin</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making memory dumps vs. production runs.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="2">Memory dumps</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">.fmt/.base files for fast startup.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="2">Memory dumps</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">.fmt/.base files for fast startup.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Editor-invocation" accesskey="3">Editor invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The &lsquo;e&rsquo; response at errors.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Editor-invocation" accesskey="3">Editor invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The &lsquo;e&rsquo; response at errors.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="4">\input filenames</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">~ and $ expansion in TeX/MF/MP.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="4">\input filenames</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">~ and $ expansion in TeX/MF/MP.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Initial-and-virgin"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Initial-and-virgin"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="n" rel="next">Memory dumps</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Initial-and-virgin-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">3.5.1 Initial and virgin</h4>
+<span id="Initial-and-virgin-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.5.1 Initial and virgin</h4>
-<a name="index-executables_002c-shared-initial-and-virgin"></a>
+<span id="index-executables_002c-shared-initial-and-virgin"></span>
<p>The TeX and Metafont programs each have two main variants, called
<em>initial</em> and <em>virgin</em>. MetaPost no longer makes this
distinction.
</p>
<p>The initial form is enabled if:
</p><ol>
-<li> <a name="index-_002dini-1"></a>
+<li> <span id="index-_002dini-1"></span>
the &lsquo;<samp>-ini</samp>&rsquo; option was specified; or
</li><li> the program name is <samp>initex</samp> resp. <samp>inimf</samp>; or
</li><li> the first line of the main input file is &lsquo;<samp>%&amp;ini</samp>&rsquo;;
</li></ol>
<p>otherwise, the virgin form is used.
</p>
-<a name="index-virgin-programs"></a>
-<a name="index-production-use"></a>
+<span id="index-virgin-programs"></span>
+<span id="index-production-use"></span>
<p>The <em>virgin</em> form is the one generally invoked for production use.
The first thing it does is read a memory dump (see <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a>), and then proceeds on with the main job.
</p>
-<a name="index-initial-programs"></a>
-<a name="index-initializations_002c-lengthy"></a>
+<span id="index-initial-programs"></span>
+<span id="index-initializations_002c-lengthy"></span>
<p>The <em>initial</em> form is generally used only to create memory dumps
(see the next section). It starts up more slowly than the virgin form,
because it must do lengthy initializations that are encapsulated in the
@@ -1117,46 +1078,42 @@ memory dump file.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Memory-dumps"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Memory-dumps"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Editor-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Editor invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Initial-and-virgin" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial and virgin</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Memory-dumps-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">3.5.2 Memory dumps</h4>
+<span id="Memory-dumps-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.5.2 Memory dumps</h4>
-<a name="index-memory-dumps"></a>
+<span id="index-memory-dumps"></span>
-<a name="index-dumping-memory"></a>
-<a name="index-macros_002c-predefining-in-memory-dumps"></a>
-<a name="index-predefined-macros-and-memory-dumps"></a>
+<span id="index-dumping-memory"></span>
+<span id="index-macros_002c-predefining-in-memory-dumps"></span>
+<span id="index-predefined-macros-and-memory-dumps"></span>
<p>In typical use, TeX and Metafont require a large number of
macros to be predefined; therefore, they support <em>memory dump</em>
files, which can be read much more efficiently than ordinary source
code.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Creating-memory-dumps" accesskey="1">Creating memory dumps</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Creating-memory-dumps" accesskey="1">Creating memory dumps</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use" accesskey="2">Determining the memory dump to use</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use" accesskey="2">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps" accesskey="3">Hardware and memory dumps</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps" accesskey="3">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Creating-memory-dumps"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Creating-memory-dumps"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use" accesskey="n" rel="next">Determining the memory dump to use</a>, Up: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="u" rel="up">Memory dumps</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Creating-memory-dumps-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsubsection">3.5.2.1 Creating memory dumps</h4>
+<span id="Creating-memory-dumps-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">3.5.2.1 Creating memory dumps</h4>
-<a name="index-memory-dumps_002c-creating"></a>
-<a name="index-creating-memory-dumps"></a>
-<a name="index-writing-memory-dumps"></a>
+<span id="index-memory-dumps_002c-creating"></span>
+<span id="index-creating-memory-dumps"></span>
+<span id="index-writing-memory-dumps"></span>
<p>The programs all create memory dumps in slightly idiosyncratic (thought
substantially similar) way, so we describe the details in separate
@@ -1190,18 +1147,16 @@ difficulties.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hardware and memory dumps</a>, Previous: <a href="#Creating-memory-dumps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Creating memory dumps</a>, Up: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="u" rel="up">Memory dumps</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsubsection">3.5.2.2 Determining the memory dump to use</h4>
+<span id="Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">3.5.2.2 Determining the memory dump to use</h4>
-<a name="index-memory-dump-to-use_002c-determining"></a>
-<a name="index-fmt-file_002c-determining"></a>
-<a name="index-base-file_002c-determining"></a>
-<a name="index-mem-file_002c-determining"></a>
+<span id="index-memory-dump-to-use_002c-determining"></span>
+<span id="index-fmt-file_002c-determining"></span>
+<span id="index-base-file_002c-determining"></span>
+<span id="index-mem-file_002c-determining"></span>
<p>The virgin form (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>) of each program always
reads a memory dump before processing normal source input. All three
@@ -1213,15 +1168,15 @@ program uses the remainder of that argument as the memory dump name.
For example, running &lsquo;<samp>tex \&amp;super</samp>&rsquo; reads <samp>super.fmt</samp>. (The
backslash protects the &lsquo;<samp>&amp;</samp>&rsquo; against interpretation by the shell.)
-</li><li> <a name="index-_002dfmt_003dfmt"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dbase_003dbase"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-_002dfmt_003dfmt"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dbase_003dbase"></span>
If the &lsquo;<samp>-fmt</samp>&rsquo; resp. &lsquo;<samp>-base</samp>&rsquo; option is
specified, its value is used.
-</li><li> <a name="index-_002dprogname_003dstring-1"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-_002dprogname_003dstring-1"></span>
If the &lsquo;<samp>-progname</samp>&rsquo; option is specified, its value is used.
-</li><li> <a name="index-_0025_0026-magic-number"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-_0025_0026-magic-number"></span>
If the first line of the main input file (which must be specified on the
command line, not in response to &lsquo;<samp>**</samp>&rsquo;) is <code>%&amp;<var>dump</var></code>, and
<var>dump</var> is an existing memory dump of the appropriate type,
@@ -1235,8 +1190,8 @@ translation file is to be used: <code>%&amp;-translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></
-translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></code>. If this is done, the name of the dump
must be given first.
</p>
-</li><li> <a name="index-program-name_002c-determines-memory-dump"></a>
-<a name="index-links-to-binaries"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-program-name_002c-determines-memory-dump"></span>
+<span id="index-links-to-binaries"></span>
Otherwise, the program uses the program invocation name, most commonly
<samp>tex</samp> resp. <samp>mf</samp>. For example, if <samp>latex</samp> is a link
to <samp>tex</samp>, and the user runs &lsquo;<samp>latex foo</samp>&rsquo;, <samp>latex.fmt</samp>
@@ -1246,37 +1201,35 @@ will be used.
<hr>
-<a name="Hardware-and-memory-dumps"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Hardware-and-memory-dumps"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Determining the memory dump to use</a>, Up: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="u" rel="up">Memory dumps</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Hardware-and-memory-dumps-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsubsection">3.5.2.3 Hardware and memory dumps</h4>
-
-<a name="index-hardware-and-memory-dumps"></a>
-<a name="index-memory-dumps-and-hardware"></a>
-<a name="index-sharing-memory-dumps"></a>
-<a name="index-fmt-files_002c-sharing"></a>
-<a name="index-base-files_002c-sharing"></a>
-<a name="index-mem-files_002c-sharing"></a>
-
-<a name="index-LittleEndian-machines"></a>
-<a name="index-BigEndian-machines"></a>
-<a name="index-endian-dependencies"></a>
-<a name="index-machine-dependencies"></a>
-<a name="index-architecture-dependencies"></a>
-<a name="index-dependencies_002c-hardware"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002ddisable_002ddump_002dshare-configure-option"></a>
+<span id="Hardware-and-memory-dumps-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">3.5.2.3 Hardware and memory dumps</h4>
+
+<span id="index-hardware-and-memory-dumps"></span>
+<span id="index-memory-dumps-and-hardware"></span>
+<span id="index-sharing-memory-dumps"></span>
+<span id="index-fmt-files_002c-sharing"></span>
+<span id="index-base-files_002c-sharing"></span>
+<span id="index-mem-files_002c-sharing"></span>
+
+<span id="index-LittleEndian-machines"></span>
+<span id="index-BigEndian-machines"></span>
+<span id="index-endian-dependencies"></span>
+<span id="index-machine-dependencies"></span>
+<span id="index-architecture-dependencies"></span>
+<span id="index-dependencies_002c-hardware"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002ddump_002dshare-configure-option"></span>
<p>By default, memory dump files are generally sharable between
architectures of different types; specifically, on machines of different
-endianness (see <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Byte-order">Byte order</a> in <cite>GNU C Library</cite>). (This is a
+endianness (see <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Byte-order">Byte order</a> in <cite>GNU C Library</cite>). (This is a
feature of the Web2c implementation, and is not true of all TeX
implementations.) If you specify &lsquo;<samp>--disable-dump-share</samp>&rsquo; to
<code>configure</code>, however, memory dumps will be endian-dependent.
</p>
-<a name="index-byte-swapping"></a>
-<a name="index-swapping-bytes"></a>
+<span id="index-byte-swapping"></span>
+<span id="index-swapping-bytes"></span>
<p>The reason to do this is speed. To achieve endian-independence, the
reading of memory dumps on LittleEndian architectures, such as PC&rsquo;s and
DEC architectures, is somewhat slowed (all the multibyte values have to
@@ -1286,8 +1239,8 @@ outweighs the speed loss. But if you&rsquo;re installing Web2c for use on
LittleEndian machines only, perhaps on a PC being used only by you, you
may wish to get maximum speed.
</p>
-<a name="index-floating_002dpoint-values"></a>
-<a name="index-glue-ratio-representations"></a>
+<span id="index-floating_002dpoint-values"></span>
+<span id="index-glue-ratio-representations"></span>
<p>TeXnically, even without &lsquo;<samp>--disable-dump-share</samp>&rsquo;, sharing of
<samp>.fmt</samp> files cannot be guaranteed to work. Floating-point values
are always written in native format, and hence will generally not be
@@ -1297,15 +1250,15 @@ LaTeX, AMSTeX, &hellip;) do not do any glue setting at
<samp>.fmt</samp>-creation time. Metafont does not use floating point in
any dumped value at all.
</p>
-<a name="index-date-and-time_002c-in-memory-dumps"></a>
-<a name="index-time-and-date_002c-in-memory-dumps"></a>
-<a name="index-memory-dumps_002c-contain-date-and-time"></a>
+<span id="index-date-and-time_002c-in-memory-dumps"></span>
+<span id="index-time-and-date_002c-in-memory-dumps"></span>
+<span id="index-memory-dumps_002c-contain-date-and-time"></span>
<p>Incidentally, different memory dump files will never compare equal
byte-for-byte, because the program always dumps the current date and
time. So don&rsquo;t be alarmed by just a few bytes difference.
</p>
-<a name="index-Harbison_002c-Samuel-P_002e"></a>
-<a name="index-Steele-Jr_002e_002c-Guy-L_002e"></a>
+<span id="index-Harbison_002c-Samuel-P_002e"></span>
+<span id="index-Steele-Jr_002e_002c-Guy-L_002e"></span>
<p>If you don&rsquo;t know what endianness your machine is, and you&rsquo;re curious,
here is a little C program to tell you. (The <code>configure</code> script
contains a similar program.) This is from the book <cite>C: A Reference
@@ -1335,26 +1288,24 @@ Jr. (see <a href="#References">References</a>).
<hr>
-<a name="Editor-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Editor-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input filenames</a>, Previous: <a href="#Memory-dumps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Memory dumps</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Editor-invocation-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">3.5.3 Editor invocation</h4>
+<span id="Editor-invocation-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.5.3 Editor invocation</h4>
-<a name="index-editor-invoked-at-error"></a>
-<a name="index-errors_002c-editor-invoked-at"></a>
-<a name="index-e-response-at-error-prompt"></a>
+<span id="index-editor-invoked-at-error"></span>
+<span id="index-errors_002c-editor-invoked-at"></span>
+<span id="index-e-response-at-error-prompt"></span>
<p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost all (by default) stop and ask for user
intervention at an error. If the input came from a file, and the user
responds with <kbd>e</kbd> or <kbd>E</kbd>, the program invokes an editor.
</p>
-<a name="index-TEXEDIT"></a>
-<a name="index-MFEDIT"></a>
-<a name="index-MPEDIT"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dwith_002deditor_003dcmd"></a>
+<span id="index-TEXEDIT"></span>
+<span id="index-MFEDIT"></span>
+<span id="index-MPEDIT"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dwith_002deditor_003dcmd"></span>
<p>Specifying &lsquo;<samp>--with-editor=<var>cmd</var></samp>&rsquo; to <code>configure</code> sets the
default editor command string to <var>cmd</var>. The environment
variables/configuration values <code>TEXEDIT</code>, <code>MFEDIT</code>, and
@@ -1368,17 +1319,15 @@ and &lsquo;<samp>%s</samp>&rsquo; is replaced by the name of the current input f
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cinput-filenames"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cinput-filenames"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Editor-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Editor invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Three-programs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Three programs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cinput-filenames-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">3.5.4 <code>\input</code> filenames</h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cinput-filenames-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.5.4 <code>\input</code> filenames</h4>
-<a name="index-input-filenames"></a>
-<a name="index-filename-conventions_002c-in-input-files"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cinput-filenames"></a>
+<span id="index-input-filenames"></span>
+<span id="index-filename-conventions_002c-in-input-files"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cinput-filenames"></span>
<p>TeX, Metafont, and MetaPost source programs can all read other source
files with the <code>\input</code> (TeX) and <code>input</code> (MF and MP)
@@ -1387,9 +1336,9 @@ primitives:
<pre class="example">\input <var>name</var> % in TeX
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-space_002dterminated-filenames"></a>
-<a name="index-whitespace_002dterminated-filenames"></a>
-<a name="index-terminator-for-filenames"></a>
+<span id="index-space_002dterminated-filenames"></span>
+<span id="index-whitespace_002dterminated-filenames"></span>
+<span id="index-terminator-for-filenames"></span>
<p>The file <var>name</var> can always be terminated with whitespace; for
Metafont and MetaPost, the statement terminator &lsquo;<samp>;</samp>&rsquo; also works.
(LaTeX and other macro packages provide other interfaces to
@@ -1420,9 +1369,9 @@ tokenized and expanded the input. So, multiple spaces and tabs may be
seen as a single space, active characters such as &lsquo;<samp>~</samp>&rsquo; are
expanded first, and so on. (See below.)
</p>
-<a name="index-NUL_002c-not-allowed-in-filenames"></a>
-<a name="index-eight_002dbit-characters-in-filenames"></a>
-<a name="index-meta-characters-in-filenames"></a>
+<span id="index-NUL_002c-not-allowed-in-filenames"></span>
+<span id="index-eight_002dbit-characters-in-filenames"></span>
+<span id="index-meta-characters-in-filenames"></span>
<p>On the other hand, various C library routines and Unix itself use the null
byte (character code zero, ASCII NUL) to terminate strings. So
filenames in Web2c cannot contain nulls, even though TeX itself does
@@ -1430,7 +1379,7 @@ not treat NUL specially.
In addition, some older Unix variants do not allow eight-bit characters
(codes 128&ndash;255) in filenames.
</p>
-<a name="index-portable-filenames"></a>
+<span id="index-portable-filenames"></span>
<p>For maximal portability of your document across systems, use only the
characters &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;&ndash;&lsquo;<samp>z</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>0</samp>&rsquo;&ndash;&lsquo;<samp>9</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, and
restrict your filenames to at most eight characters (not including the
@@ -1439,8 +1388,8 @@ anything but simple filenames, since directory separators vary among
systems; instead, add the necessary directories to the appropriate
search path.
</p>
-<a name="index-_007e-expansion-in-filenames"></a>
-<a name="index-_0024-expansion-in-filenames"></a>
+<span id="index-_007e-expansion-in-filenames"></span>
+<span id="index-_0024-expansion-in-filenames"></span>
<p>Finally, the present Web2c implementation does &lsquo;<samp>~</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo;
expansion on <var>name</var>, unlike Knuth&rsquo;s original implementation and
older versions of Web2c. Thus:
@@ -1456,7 +1405,7 @@ numeral, or &lsquo;<samp>_</samp>&rsquo;.
<p>(So another way to get a program to read a filename containing
whitespace is to define an environment variable and dereference it.)
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cstring"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cstring"></span>
<p>In all the common TeX formats (plain TeX, LaTeX, AMSTeX),
the characters &lsquo;<samp>~</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>$</samp>&rsquo; have special category codes, so to
actually use these in a document you have to change their catcodes or
@@ -1466,23 +1415,21 @@ is when typing interactively.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="TeX"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="TeX"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="n" rel="next">Metafont</a>, Previous: <a href="#Commonalities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Commonalities</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="TeX_003a-Typesetting"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">4 TeX: Typesetting</h2>
+<span id="TeX_003a-Typesetting"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 TeX: Typesetting</h2>
-<a name="index-TeX_002c-description-of"></a>
-<a name="index-typesetting"></a>
-<a name="index-mathematical-typesetting"></a>
+<span id="index-TeX_002c-description-of"></span>
+<span id="index-typesetting"></span>
+<span id="index-mathematical-typesetting"></span>
<p>TeX is a typesetting system: it was especially designed to handle
complex mathematics, as well as most ordinary text typesetting.
</p>
-<a name="index-batch-languages"></a>
-<a name="index-word-processor_002c-not"></a>
+<span id="index-batch-languages"></span>
+<span id="index-word-processor_002c-not"></span>
<p>TeX is a batch language, like C or Pascal, and not an interactive
&ldquo;word processor&rdquo;: you compile a TeX input file into a corresponding
device-independent (DVI) file (and then translate the DVI file to the
@@ -1493,34 +1440,32 @@ description of the TeX language, see <cite>The TeXbook</cite>
otherwise, are available.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tex-invocation" accesskey="1">tex invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Invoking TeX.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tex-invocation" accesskey="1">tex invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Invoking TeX.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Initial-TeX" accesskey="2">Initial TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making format files.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Initial-TeX" accesskey="2">Initial TeX</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making format files.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Formats" accesskey="3">Formats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Major TeX macro packages.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Formats" accesskey="3">Formats</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Major TeX macro packages.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="4">Languages and hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">TeX supports many human languages.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="4">Languages and hyphenation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">TeX supports many human languages.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-escapes" accesskey="5">Shell escapes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Running subprograms from TeX.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Shell-escapes" accesskey="5">Shell escapes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Running subprograms from TeX.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#IPC-and-TeX" accesskey="6">IPC and TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI output to a socket.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#IPC-and-TeX" accesskey="6">IPC and TeX</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI output to a socket.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#TeX-extensions" accesskey="7">TeX extensions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Changes to the TeX language.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#TeX-extensions" accesskey="7">TeX extensions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Changes to the TeX language.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="tex-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="tex-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Initial-TeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Initial TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="tex-invocation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.1 <code>tex</code> invocation</h3>
+<span id="tex-invocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.1 <code>tex</code> invocation</h3>
-<a name="index-tex"></a>
-<a name="index-TeX_002c-invocation"></a>
+<span id="index-tex"></span>
+<span id="index-TeX_002c-invocation"></span>
<p>TeX (usually invoked as <code>tex</code>) formats the given text and
commands, and outputs a corresponding device-independent representation
@@ -1539,10 +1484,10 @@ tex [<var>option</var>]&hellip; \<var>first-line</var>
tex [<var>option</var>]&hellip; &amp;<var>fmt</var> <var>args</var>
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_002etex"></a>
-<a name="index-TeX_002c-input-files-found"></a>
+<span id="index-_002etex"></span>
+<span id="index-TeX_002c-input-files-found"></span>
<p>TeX searches the usual places for the main input file <var>texname</var>
-(see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), extending
+(see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), extending
<var>texname</var> with <samp>.tex</samp> if necessary. To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
&lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; before running the program.
@@ -1556,7 +1501,7 @@ arguments as a line of regular TeX input.
<p>If no arguments or options are specified, TeX prompts for an
input file name with &lsquo;<samp>**</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a name="index-texput"></a>
+<span id="index-texput"></span>
<p>TeX writes the main DVI output to the file
<samp><var>basetexname</var>.dvi</samp>, where <var>basetexname</var> is the basename of
<var>texname</var>, or &lsquo;<samp>texput</samp>&rsquo; if no input file was specified. A DVI
@@ -1564,31 +1509,31 @@ file is a device-independent binary representation of your TeX
document. The idea is that after running TeX, you translate the DVI
file using a separate program to the commands for a particular output
device, such as a PostScript printer
-(see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) or an X Window System display
+(see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) or an X Window System display
(see xdvi(1)).
</p>
-<a name="index-EC-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-mktextfM_002c-disabling"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfont-and-dynamic-generation"></a>
+<span id="index-EC-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-mktextfM_002c-disabling"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfont-and-dynamic-generation"></span>
<p>TeX also reads TFM files for any fonts you load in your document with
the <code>\font</code> primitive. By default, it runs an external program
named <samp>mktextfm</samp> to create any nonexistent TFM files. You can
-disable this at configure-time or runtime (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex
+disable this at configure-time or runtime (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex
configuration</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). This is enabled mostly for the
sake of the EC fonts, which can be generated at any size.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005copenout-and-security"></a>
-<a name="index-security_002c-and-_005copenout"></a>
-<a name="index-output-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs"></a>
-<a name="index-Trojan-horses-and-TeX-programs"></a>
-<a name="index-dot-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs"></a>
-<a name="index-security_002c-and-output-files"></a>
+<span id="index-_005copenout-and-security"></span>
+<span id="index-security_002c-and-_005copenout"></span>
+<span id="index-output-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs"></span>
+<span id="index-Trojan-horses-and-TeX-programs"></span>
+<span id="index-dot-files_002c-written-by-TeX-programs"></span>
+<span id="index-security_002c-and-output-files"></span>
<p>TeX can write output files, via the <code>\openout</code> primitive; this opens
a security hole vulnerable to Trojan horse attack: an unwitting user could
run a TeX program that overwrites, say, <samp>~/.rhosts</samp>. (MetaPost has
a <code>write</code> primitive with similar implications). To alleviate this and
similar problems the functions <code>kpathsea_out_name_ok</code> and
-<code>kpathsea_in_name_ok</code> from the Kpathse library (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Calling-sequence">Calling
+<code>kpathsea_in_name_ok</code> from the Kpathse library (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Calling-sequence">Calling
sequence</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>) are used to determine if a given filename
is acceptable to be opened for output or input, depending on the setting of
the configuration variables <code>openout_any</code> and <code>openin_any</code>:
@@ -1624,9 +1569,9 @@ See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-enc</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002denc"></a>
-<a name="index-Unicode-input"></a>
-<a name="index-UTF_002d8-input"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002denc"></span>
+<span id="index-Unicode-input"></span>
+<span id="index-UTF_002d8-input"></span>
<p>Enable encTeX extensions, such as <code>\mubyte</code>. This can be used
to support Unicode UTF-8 input encoding. See
<a href="http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html">http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html</a>.
@@ -1634,9 +1579,9 @@ to support Unicode UTF-8 input encoding. See
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-ipc</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-ipc-start</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dipc"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dipc_002dstart"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dipc-configure-option"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dipc"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dipc_002dstart"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dipc-configure-option"></span>
<p>With either option, TeX writes its DVI output to a socket as well as
to the usual <samp>.dvi</samp> file. With &lsquo;<samp>-ipc-start</samp>&rsquo;, TeX also
opens a server program at the other end to read the output. See <a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a>.
@@ -1647,27 +1592,27 @@ specified to <code>configure</code> during installation of Web2c.
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-no-mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype"></span>
<p>Turn on or off the &lsquo;<samp>mktex</samp>&rsquo; script associated with <var>filetype</var>.
For TeX proper, <var>filetype</var> can only be &lsquo;<samp>tex</samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp>tfm</samp>&rsquo;, but for pdfTeX and luaTeX, it can also be &lsquo;<samp>pk</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-mltex</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dmltex"></a>
-<a name="index-MLTeX_002c-enabling"></a>
-<a name="index-program-names_002c-special-2"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dmltex"></span>
+<span id="index-MLTeX_002c-enabling"></span>
+<span id="index-program-names_002c-special-2"></span>
<p>If we are <code>INITEX</code> (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>), enable MLTeX
extensions such as <code>\charsubdef</code>. Implicitly set if the program
name is <code>mltex</code>. See <a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-output-comment=<var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002doutput_002dcomment_003dstring"></a>
-<a name="index-output_005fcomment-for-DVI-files"></a>
-<a name="index-DVI-comment_002c-specifying"></a>
-<a name="index-regression-testing"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002doutput_002dcomment_003dstring"></span>
+<span id="index-output_005fcomment-for-DVI-files"></span>
+<span id="index-DVI-comment_002c-specifying"></span>
+<span id="index-regression-testing"></span>
<p>Use <var>string</var> as the DVI file comment. Ordinarily, this comment
records the date and time of the TeX run, but if you are doing
regression testing, you may not want the DVI file to have this spurious
@@ -1676,23 +1621,23 @@ config file value &lsquo;<samp>output_comment</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-shell-escape</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dshell_002descape"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dshell_002descape"></span>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-no-shell-escape</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dno_002dshell_002descape"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dno_002dshell_002descape"></span>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-shell-restricted</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dshell_002drestricted"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dshell_002drestricted"></span>
<p>Enable, or disable, or enable with restrictions the
<code>\write18{<var>shell-command</var>}</code> feature for external executing
shell commands. See <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-enable-write18</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002denable_002dwrite18"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002denable_002dwrite18"></span>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-disable-write18</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002ddisable_002dwrite18"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002ddisable_002dwrite18"></span>
<p>Synonyms for <samp>-shell-escape</samp> and <samp>-no-shell-escape</samp>, for
compatibility with MiKTeX. (MiKTeX also accepts both pairs of
options.) See <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>.
@@ -1700,7 +1645,7 @@ options.) See <a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a>.
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-src-specials</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-src-specials=<var>string</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-generating-source-specials"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-generating-source-specials"></span>
<p>This option makes TeX output specific source information using
&lsquo;<samp>\special</samp>&rsquo; commands in the DVI file. These &lsquo;<samp>\special</samp>&rsquo; track
the current file name and line number.
@@ -1738,19 +1683,17 @@ hard-coded to always use the &lsquo;<samp>\special</samp>&rsquo; primitive.
<hr>
-<a name="Initial-TeX"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Initial-TeX"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Formats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Formats</a>, Previous: <a href="#tex-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tex invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Initial-TeX-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.2 Initial TeX</h3>
+<span id="Initial-TeX-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.2 Initial TeX</h3>
-<a name="index-initial-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-TeX_002c-initial"></a>
+<span id="index-initial-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-TeX_002c-initial"></span>
-<a name="index-_002efmt"></a>
-<a name="index-fmt-files"></a>
+<span id="index-_002efmt"></span>
+<span id="index-fmt-files"></span>
<p>The <em>initial</em> form of TeX is invoked by &lsquo;<samp>tex -ini</samp>&rsquo;. It
does lengthy initializations avoided by the &ldquo;virgin&rdquo; (<code>vir</code>)
form, so as to be capable of dumping &lsquo;<samp>.fmt</samp>&rsquo; files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). For a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms,
@@ -1758,9 +1701,9 @@ see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</a>.
</p>
<p>For a list of options and other information, see <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>.
</p>
-<a name="index-plain_002efmt"></a>
-<a name="index-tex_002efmt"></a>
-<a name="index-format-files"></a>
+<span id="index-plain_002efmt"></span>
+<span id="index-tex_002efmt"></span>
+<span id="index-format-files"></span>
<p>Unlike Metafont and MetaPost, many format files are commonly used with
TeX. The standard one implementing the features described in the
<cite>TeXbook</cite> is &lsquo;<samp>plain.fmt</samp>&rsquo;, also known as &lsquo;<samp>tex.fmt</samp>&rsquo;
@@ -1783,17 +1726,15 @@ more details on TeX formats.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Formats"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Formats"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">Languages and hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Initial-TeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Formats-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.3 Formats</h3>
+<span id="Formats-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.3 Formats</h3>
-<a name="index-formats-for-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-TeX_002c-format-packages-for"></a>
-<a name="index-macro-packages_002c-major-TeX"></a>
+<span id="index-formats-for-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-TeX_002c-format-packages-for"></span>
+<span id="index-macro-packages_002c-major-TeX"></span>
<p>TeX <em>formats</em> are large collections of macros, often dumped
into a <samp>.fmt</samp> file (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>) by <code>tex -ini</code>
@@ -1805,14 +1746,14 @@ only the &lsquo;<samp>plain</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>latex</samp>&rsquo; f
</p>
<p>You can get the latest versions of most of these formats from the CTAN
archives in subdirectories of <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/macros</samp> (for CTAN info,
-see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). The archive
+see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). The archive
<a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz</a> (also available from CTAN)
contains most of these formats (although perhaps not the absolute latest
version), among other things.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><tt>latex</tt></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-LaTeX"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-LaTeX"></span>
<p>The most widely used format. The current release is named &lsquo;LaTeX
2e&rsquo;; new versions are released approximately every six months, with
patches issued as needed. The old release was called &lsquo;LaTeX 2.09&rsquo;,
@@ -1831,9 +1772,9 @@ other interesting features. The ConTeXt home page:
</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt>amstex</tt></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-AMSTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-American-Mathematical-Society_002c-typesetting-system"></a>
-<a name="index-Mathematical-Reviews"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-AMSTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-American-Mathematical-Society_002c-typesetting-system"></span>
+<span id="index-Mathematical-Reviews"></span>
<p>The official typesetting system of the American Mathematical Society.
Like LaTeX, it encourages generic markup commands. The AMS also
provides many LaTeX package for authors who prefer LaTeX. Taken
@@ -1843,9 +1784,9 @@ together, they are used to produce nearly all AMS publications, e.g.,
</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt>texinfo</tt></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Texinfo"></a>
-<a name="index-Info-format"></a>
-<a name="index-Free-Software-Foundation-documentation-system"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-Texinfo"></span>
+<span id="index-Info-format"></span>
+<span id="index-Free-Software-Foundation-documentation-system"></span>
<p>The documentation system developed and maintained by the Free Software
Foundation for their software manuals. It can be automatically
converted into plain text, a machine-readable on-line format called
@@ -1854,8 +1795,8 @@ converted into plain text, a machine-readable on-line format called
</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt>eplain</tt></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Eplain"></a>
-<a name="index-expanded-plain-format"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-Eplain"></span>
+<span id="index-expanded-plain-format"></span>
<p>The &ldquo;expanded plain&rdquo; format provides various common features (e.g.,
symbolic cross-referencing, tables of contents, indexing, citations
using BibTeX), for those authors who prefer to handle their own
@@ -1864,8 +1805,8 @@ high-level formatting. The Eplain home page:
</p>
</dd>
<dt><tt>slitex</tt></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-SliTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-slides_002c-producing"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-SliTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-slides_002c-producing"></span>
<p>An obsolete LaTeX 2.09 format for making slides. It is replaced by
the &lsquo;<samp>slides</samp>&rsquo; document class, along with the &lsquo;<samp>beamer</samp>&rsquo;,
&lsquo;<samp>texpower</samp>&rsquo;, and other packages.
@@ -1875,47 +1816,43 @@ the &lsquo;<samp>slides</samp>&rsquo; document class, along with the &lsquo;<sam
<hr>
-<a name="Languages-and-hyphenation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Languages-and-hyphenation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Shell-escapes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Shell escapes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Formats" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Formats</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Languages-and-hyphenation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.4 Languages and hyphenation</h3>
+<span id="Languages-and-hyphenation-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.4 Languages and hyphenation</h3>
-<a name="index-language-support-in-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-human-languages_002c-supported-in-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-hyphenation-and-languages"></a>
+<span id="index-language-support-in-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-human-languages_002c-supported-in-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-hyphenation-and-languages"></span>
<p>TeX supports most natural languages. See also <a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="1">MLTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Multi-lingual TeX.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="1">MLTeX</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Multi-lingual TeX.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#TCX-files" accesskey="2">TCX files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Support for different character sets &amp; fonts.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#TCX-files" accesskey="2">TCX files</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Support for different character sets &amp; fonts.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#patgen-invocation" accesskey="3">patgen invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Creating hyphenation patterns.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#patgen-invocation" accesskey="3">patgen invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Creating hyphenation patterns.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="MLTeX"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="MLTeX"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TCX-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">TCX files</a>, Up: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Languages and hyphenation</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="MLTeX_003a-Multi_002dlingual-TeX"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.4.1 MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</h4>
+<span id="MLTeX_003a-Multi_002dlingual-TeX"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.4.1 MLTeX: Multi-lingual TeX</h4>
-<a name="index-mltex"></a>
-<a name="index-Multi_002dlingual-TeX"></a>
+<span id="index-mltex"></span>
+<span id="index-Multi_002dlingual-TeX"></span>
-<a name="index-Ferguson_002c-Michael"></a>
-<a name="index-Raichle_002c-Bernd"></a>
-<a name="index-accents_002c-hyphenating-words-with"></a>
-<a name="index-glyph-substitutions"></a>
-<a name="index-substitutions-of-font-glyphs"></a>
+<span id="index-Ferguson_002c-Michael"></span>
+<span id="index-Raichle_002c-Bernd"></span>
+<span id="index-accents_002c-hyphenating-words-with"></span>
+<span id="index-glyph-substitutions"></span>
+<span id="index-substitutions-of-font-glyphs"></span>
<p>Multi-lingual TeX (<code>mltex</code>) is an extension of TeX originally
written by Michael Ferguson and now updated and maintained by Bernd
Raichle. It allows the use of non-existing glyphs in a font by
@@ -1940,23 +1877,21 @@ file.
Aside from these, MLTeX is completely compatible with standard TeX.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef" accesskey="1">\charsubdef</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Character substitution definitions.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef" accesskey="1">\charsubdef</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Character substitution definitions.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef" accesskey="2">\tracingcharsubdef</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tracing substitutions.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef" accesskey="2">\tracingcharsubdef</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tracing substitutions.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccharsubdef"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccharsubdef"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef" accesskey="n" rel="next">\tracingcharsubdef</a>, Up: <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">MLTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccharsubdef_003a-Character-substitutions"></a>
-<h4 class="subsubsection">4.4.1.1 <code>\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</h4>
+<span id="g_t_005ccharsubdef_003a-Character-substitutions"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">4.4.1.1 <code>\charsubdef</code>: Character substitutions</h4>
-<a name="index-_005ccharsubdef-and-MLTeX"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccharsubdef-and-MLTeX"></span>
<p>The most important primitive MLTeX adds is <code>\charsubdef</code>, used
in a way reminiscent of <code>\chardef</code>:
@@ -1976,7 +1911,7 @@ primitive, will be mapped to a font glyph or to an <code>\accent</code> glyph
construction.
</p>
<p>For example, if you assume glyph code 138
-<a name="index-e_002dcircumflex"></a>
+<span id="index-e_002dcircumflex"></span>
(decimal) for an e-circumflex
and you are using the Computer Modern fonts, which have the circumflex
accent in position 18 and lowercase &lsquo;e&rsquo; in the usual ASCII position 101
@@ -1998,7 +1933,7 @@ as a pair of zeros. For example:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\charsubdef '321 = 0 0 % disable N tilde
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-N-tilde"></a>
+<span id="index-N-tilde"></span>
<p>(Octal <tt>'321</tt> is the ISO Latin-1 value for the Spanish N tilde.)
</p>
<p><code>\charsubdef</code> commands should only be given once. Although in
@@ -2014,43 +1949,39 @@ accessed often, so changing it is not desirable, nor generally useful.)
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\charsubdef</a>, Up: <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">MLTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef_003a-Substitution-diagnostics"></a>
-<h4 class="subsubsection">4.4.1.2 <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</h4>
+<span id="g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef_003a-Substitution-diagnostics"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">4.4.1.2 <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>: Substitution diagnostics</h4>
-<a name="index-_005ctracingcharsubdef-and-MLTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-redefined-character-substitutions"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctracingcharsubdef-and-MLTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-redefined-character-substitutions"></span>
<p>To help diagnose problems with &lsquo;<samp>\charsubdef</samp>&rsquo;, MLTeX provides a
new primitive parameter, <code>\tracingcharsubdef</code>. If positive, every
use of <code>\charsubdef</code> will be reported. This can help track down
when a character is redefined.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005ctracinglostchars-and-MLTeX"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctracinglostchars-and-MLTeX"></span>
<p>In addition, if the TeX parameter <code>\tracinglostchars</code> is 100 or
more, the character substitutions actually performed at
<code>\shipout</code>-time will be recorded.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="TCX-files"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="TCX-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#patgen-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">patgen invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#MLTeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MLTeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Languages and hyphenation</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="TCX-files_003a-Character-translations"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.4.2 TCX files: Character translations</h4>
+<span id="TCX-files_003a-Character-translations"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.4.2 TCX files: Character translations</h4>
-<a name="index-TCX-character-translation-files"></a>
-<a name="index-_002etcx-character-translation-files-1"></a>
-<a name="index-character-translation-files"></a>
+<span id="index-TCX-character-translation-files"></span>
+<span id="index-_002etcx-character-translation-files-1"></span>
+<span id="index-character-translation-files"></span>
-<a name="index-international-characters"></a>
-<a name="index-8_002dbit-characters"></a>
-<a name="index-accented-character"></a>
+<span id="index-international-characters"></span>
+<span id="index-8_002dbit-characters"></span>
+<span id="index-accented-character"></span>
<p>TCX (TeX character translation) files help TeX support direct
input of 8-bit international characters if fonts containing those
characters are being used. Specifically, they map an input (keyboard)
@@ -2082,7 +2013,7 @@ construction made out of two separate character glyphs. TCX files
involve no new primitives; it is not possible to specify
that an input (keyboard) character maps to more than one character.
</p>
-<a name="index-WEB2C_002c-search-path-for-TCX-files"></a>
+<span id="index-WEB2C_002c-search-path-for-TCX-files"></span>
<p>Information on specifying TCX files:
</p>
<ul>
@@ -2100,11 +2031,11 @@ with the command-line option &lsquo;<samp>-translate-file=<var>tcxfile</var></sa
</li><li> Initial TeX (see <a href="#Initial-TeX">Initial TeX</a>) ignores TCX files.
</li></ul>
-<a name="index-il1_002dt1_002etcx"></a>
-<a name="index-il2_002dt1_002etcx"></a>
-<a name="index-empty_002etcx"></a>
-<a name="index-Cork-encoding-and-ISO-input"></a>
-<a name="index-T1-encoding-and-ISO-input"></a>
+<span id="index-il1_002dt1_002etcx"></span>
+<span id="index-il2_002dt1_002etcx"></span>
+<span id="index-empty_002etcx"></span>
+<span id="index-Cork-encoding-and-ISO-input"></span>
+<span id="index-T1-encoding-and-ISO-input"></span>
<p>The Web2c distribution comes with a number of TCX files. Two
important ones are <samp>il1-t1.tcx</samp> and <samp>il2-t1.tcx</samp>, which
support ISO Latin 1 and ISO Latin 2, respectively, with Cork-encoded
@@ -2125,16 +2056,16 @@ latex --translate-file=empty.tcx somefile8.tex
&rArr; terminal etc. output with ^^ notation
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-syntax-of-TCX-files"></a>
+<span id="index-syntax-of-TCX-files"></span>
<p>Syntax of TCX files:
</p><ol>
-<li> <a name="index-blank-lines_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
+<li> <span id="index-blank-lines_002c-in-TCX-files"></span>
Line-oriented. Blank lines are ignored.
-</li><li> <a name="index-whitespace_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-whitespace_002c-in-TCX-files"></span>
Whitespace is ignored except as a separator.
-</li><li> <a name="index-comments_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-comments_002c-in-TCX-files"></span>
Comments start with &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; and continue to the end of the line.
</li><li> Otherwise, a line consists of one or two character codes, optionally
@@ -2144,10 +2075,10 @@ considered printable.
<pre class="example"><var>src</var> [<var>dest</var> [<var>prnt</var>]]
</pre></div>
-</li><li> <a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
-<a name="index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
-<a name="index-hex-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
-<a name="index-decimal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></span>
+<span id="index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></span>
+<span id="index-hex-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></span>
+<span id="index-decimal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files"></span>
Each character code may be specified in octal with a leading &lsquo;<samp>0</samp>&rsquo;,
hexadecimal with a leading &lsquo;<samp>0x</samp>&rsquo;, or decimal otherwise. Values must
be between 0 and 255, inclusive (decimal).
@@ -2159,8 +2090,8 @@ be between 0 and 255, inclusive (decimal).
definition that counts.
</li></ol>
-<a name="index-printable-characters_002c-specifying"></a>
-<a name="index-_005e_005e-notation_002c-avoiding"></a>
+<span id="index-printable-characters_002c-specifying"></span>
+<span id="index-_005e_005e-notation_002c-avoiding"></span>
<p>Finally, here&rsquo;s what happens: when TeX sees an input character with
code <var>src</var>, it 1) changes <var>src</var> to <var>dest</var>; and 2) makes the
<var>dest</var> code &ldquo;printable&rdquo;, i.e., printed as-is in diagnostics and the
@@ -2175,12 +2106,12 @@ make the following characters printable: <code>^^I</code> (TAB), <code>^^J</code
(line feed), <code>^^M</code> (carriage return), and <code>^^?</code> (delete),
since TeX uses them in various ways.
</p>
-<a name="index-font-character-code_002c-translating"></a>
-<a name="index-keyboard-character-code_002c-translating"></a>
+<span id="index-font-character-code_002c-translating"></span>
+<span id="index-keyboard-character-code_002c-translating"></span>
<p>Thus, the idea is to specify the input (keyboard) character code for
<var>src</var>, and the output (font) character code for <var>dest</var>.
</p>
-<a name="index-interaction-between-TCX-files-and-_002d8bit_002e"></a>
+<span id="index-interaction-between-TCX-files-and-_002d8bit_002e"></span>
<p>By default, only the printable ASCII characters are considered printable
by TeX. If you specify the &lsquo;<samp>-8bit</samp>&rsquo; option, all characters are
considered printable by default. If you specify both the &lsquo;<samp>-8bit</samp>&rsquo;
@@ -2200,17 +2131,15 @@ the dump is ignored and the data from the file used instead.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="patgen-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="patgen-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#TCX-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TCX files</a>, Up: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="u" rel="up">Languages and hyphenation</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Patgen_003a-Creating-hyphenation-patterns"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">4.4.3 Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</h4>
+<span id="Patgen_003a-Creating-hyphenation-patterns"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.4.3 Patgen: Creating hyphenation patterns</h4>
-<a name="index-patgen"></a>
-<a name="index-hyphenation-patterns_002c-creating"></a>
-<a name="index-languages_002c-hyphenation-rules-for"></a>
+<span id="index-patgen"></span>
+<span id="index-hyphenation-patterns_002c-creating"></span>
+<span id="index-languages_002c-hyphenation-rules-for"></span>
<p>Patgen creates hyphenation patterns from dictionary files for use with
TeX. Synopsis:
@@ -2232,22 +2161,20 @@ Frank Liang (see <a href="#References">References</a>), and also the <samp>patge
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Shell-escapes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Shell-escapes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#IPC-and-TeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">IPC and TeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Languages and hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Shell-escapes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.5 Shell escapes</h3>
-
-<a name="index-shell-commands-in-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-security_002c-and-shell-escapes"></a>
-<a name="index-restricted-shell-escapes"></a>
-<a name="index-system-command"></a>
-<a name="index-shell_005fescape-enabling-in-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite18"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cwrite18-shell-escape-extension"></a>
-<a name="index-system-C-library-function"></a>
+<span id="Shell-escapes-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.5 Shell escapes</h3>
+
+<span id="index-shell-commands-in-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-security_002c-and-shell-escapes"></span>
+<span id="index-restricted-shell-escapes"></span>
+<span id="index-system-command"></span>
+<span id="index-shell_005fescape-enabling-in-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite18"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cwrite18-shell-escape-extension"></span>
+<span id="index-system-C-library-function"></span>
<p>TeX can execute <em>shell escapes</em>, that is, arbitrary shell
commands. Although tremendously useful, this also has obvious
@@ -2276,14 +2203,14 @@ specified, or if <code>shell_escape</code> is set to anything else.
<pre class="example">\write18{echo &quot;hello, world&quot;}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005coutput-routine_002c-and-_005cwrite"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coutput-routine_002c-and-_005cwrite"></span>
<p>From TeX&rsquo;s point of view, this is a normal <code>\write</code> command,
and is therefore subject to the usual TeX expansions. Also, the
system call either happens during the &lsquo;<samp>\output</samp>&rsquo; routine or right
away, according to the absence or presence of the <code>\immediate</code>
prefix, as usual for <code>\write</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-exit-status_002c-of-shell-escape"></a>
+<span id="index-exit-status_002c-of-shell-escape"></span>
<p>The <var>shell-command</var> string is passed to the command shell (via the
C library function <code>system</code>). The output of <var>shell-command</var>
is not diverted anywhere, so it will not appear in the log file, or
@@ -2303,7 +2230,7 @@ expansions (from, e.g., <tt>`...`</tt>). Mismatched quotation marks
in the command string result in a diagnostic message in the log file;
no execution is performed.
</p>
-<a name="index-shell_005fescape_005fcommands"></a>
+<span id="index-shell_005fescape_005fcommands"></span>
<p>After quotation processing, if the first word (delimited by a space or
tab) of the command is in the list specified by the
<code>shell_escape_commands</code> configuration value, the command is
@@ -2319,11 +2246,11 @@ commands included:
<pre class="example">shell_escape_commands = bibtex,dvips,epstopdf,...,tex
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-pipes_002c-reading-and-writing"></a>
-<a name="index-_005copenin_002c-and-pipes"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cinput_002c-and-pipes"></a>
-<a name="index-_005copenout_002c-and-pipes"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cpdfshellescape"></a>
+<span id="index-pipes_002c-reading-and-writing"></span>
+<span id="index-_005copenin_002c-and-pipes"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cinput_002c-and-pipes"></span>
+<span id="index-_005copenout_002c-and-pipes"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cpdfshellescape"></span>
<p>pdfTeX and luaTeX support reading (via <code>\input</code> and
<code>\openin</code>) and writing (via <code>\openout</code>) from pipes if the
first character is &lsquo;<samp>|</samp>&rsquo;. The following command is then treated
@@ -2332,7 +2259,7 @@ engines, the primitive variable <code>\pdfshellescape</code> is set to 0 if
shell escapes are disabled, 1 if they are enabled, and 2 if they are
enabled with restrictions.
</p>
-<a name="index-web-environments_002c-and-security"></a>
+<span id="index-web-environments_002c-and-security"></span>
<p>The purpose of this feature is to make it possible for TeX
documents to perform useful external actions in the common case of an
individual user running a known document on his or her own machine.
@@ -2341,16 +2268,14 @@ considered untrustworthy, shell escapes should be completely disabled.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="IPC-and-TeX"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="IPC-and-TeX"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-extensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX extensions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Shell-escapes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Shell escapes</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="IPC-and-TeX-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.6 IPC and TeX</h3>
+<span id="IPC-and-TeX-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.6 IPC and TeX</h3>
-<a name="index-IPC"></a>
-<a name="index-sockets"></a>
+<span id="index-IPC"></span>
+<span id="index-sockets"></span>
<p>(If anyone uses this feature and needs documentation, write
<a href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a>.)
</p>
@@ -2358,7 +2283,7 @@ Next: <a href="#TeX-extensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX extensions</a>, Pre
was specified to <code>configure</code> during installation of Web2c
(see <a href="#Installation">Installation</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-IPC_005fDEBUG-1"></a>
+<span id="index-IPC_005fDEBUG-1"></span>
<p>If you define <code>IPC_DEBUG</code> before compilation (e.g., with &lsquo;<samp>make
XCFLAGS=-DIPC_DEBUG</samp>&rsquo;), TeX will print messages to standard error
about its socket operations. This may be helpful if you are, well,
@@ -2366,41 +2291,39 @@ debugging.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="TeX-extensions"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="TeX-extensions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#IPC-and-TeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">IPC and TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="TeX-extensions-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.7 TeX extensions</h3>
+<span id="TeX-extensions-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.7 TeX extensions</h3>
-<a name="index-extensions-to-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-TeX_002c-extensions-to"></a>
+<span id="index-extensions-to-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-TeX_002c-extensions-to"></span>
<p>The base TeX program has been extended in many ways. Here&rsquo;s a
partial list.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>e-TeX</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-e_002dTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-primitives_002c-new"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-e_002dTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-primitives_002c-new"></span>
<p>Adds many new primitives, including right-to-left typesetting and more
registers. Now frozen.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>Aleph</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Aleph"></a>
-<a name="index-Unicode"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-Aleph"></span>
+<span id="index-Unicode"></span>
<p>This adds Unicode support, right-to-left typesetting, and more. Omega
was the original program. Aleph is an updated version with a variety
of bug fixes, and includes e-TeX. Aleph is not actively maintained.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>pdfTeX</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-pdfTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-PDF"></a>
-<a name="index-micro_002dtypography"></a>
-<a name="index-hypertext"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-pdfTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-PDF"></span>
+<span id="index-micro_002dtypography"></span>
+<span id="index-hypertext"></span>
<p>Can produce PDF as well as DVI files. It also incorporates the
e-TeX extensions, new primitives for hypertext and
micro-typography, reading/writing from pipes, and much more. Home
@@ -2408,16 +2331,16 @@ page: <a href="http://pdftex.org">http://pdftex.org</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>luaTeX</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-luaTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-Lua"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-luaTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-Lua"></span>
<p>Based on pdfTeX, this also embeds the Lua programming language
(<a href="http://lua.org">http://lua.org</a>) and opens up the TeX typesetting engine to
control from Lua. Home page: <a href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>XeTeX</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-XeTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-Unicode-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-XeTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-Unicode-1"></span>
<p>Combines support for Unicode input and OpenType- and system fonts
with the capabilities of pdfTeX.
Home page: <a href="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</a>.
@@ -2427,19 +2350,17 @@ Home page: <a href="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</a>.
<hr>
-<a name="Metafont"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Metafont"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="n" rel="next">MetaPost</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Metafont_003a-Creating-typeface-families"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">5 Metafont: Creating typeface families</h2>
+<span id="Metafont_003a-Creating-typeface-families"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 Metafont: Creating typeface families</h2>
-<a name="index-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-typeface-families"></a>
-<a name="index-geometric-designs"></a>
-<a name="index-shapes"></a>
-<a name="index-font-design"></a>
+<span id="index-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-typeface-families"></span>
+<span id="index-geometric-designs"></span>
+<span id="index-shapes"></span>
+<span id="index-font-design"></span>
<p>Metafont is a system for producing shapes; it was designed for producing
complete typeface families, but it can also produce geometric designs,
@@ -2456,32 +2377,30 @@ description of the Metafont language, see <cite>The METAFONTbook</cite>
(see <a href="#References">References</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#mf-invocation" accesskey="1">mf invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Invoking Metafont.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#mf-invocation" accesskey="1">mf invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Invoking Metafont.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Initial-Metafont" accesskey="2">Initial Metafont</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making bases.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Initial-Metafont" accesskey="2">Initial Metafont</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making bases.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modes" accesskey="3">Modes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Device definitions for Metafont.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modes" accesskey="3">Modes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Device definitions for Metafont.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics" accesskey="4">Online Metafont graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Seeing MF output online.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics" accesskey="4">Online Metafont graphics</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Seeing MF output online.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#gftodvi-invocation" accesskey="5">gftodvi invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making proofsheets for fonts.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#gftodvi-invocation" accesskey="5">gftodvi invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making proofsheets for fonts.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#mft-invocation" accesskey="6">mft invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Prettyprinting Metafont sources.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#mft-invocation" accesskey="6">mft invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Prettyprinting Metafont sources.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="mf-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="mf-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Initial-Metafont" accesskey="n" rel="next">Initial Metafont</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="mf-invocation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.1 <code>mf</code> invocation</h3>
+<span id="mf-invocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.1 <code>mf</code> invocation</h3>
-<a name="index-mf"></a>
-<a name="index-Metafont-invocation"></a>
+<span id="index-mf"></span>
+<span id="index-Metafont-invocation"></span>
<p>Metafont (usually invoked as <code>mf</code>) reads character definitions
specified in the Metafont programming language, and outputs the
@@ -2505,25 +2424,25 @@ mf [<var>option</var>]&hellip; &amp;<var>base</var> <var>args</var>
</pre></div>
<p>(The single quotes avoid unwanted interpretation by the shell.)
</p>
-<a name="index-_002emf"></a>
-<a name="index-Metafont-input-files"></a>
-<a name="index-EC-fonts-1"></a>
-<a name="index-mktexmf_002c-disabling"></a>
+<span id="index-_002emf"></span>
+<span id="index-Metafont-input-files"></span>
+<span id="index-EC-fonts-1"></span>
+<span id="index-mktexmf_002c-disabling"></span>
<p>Metafont searches the usual places for the main input file <var>mfname</var>
-(see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), extending
+(see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), extending
<var>mfname</var> with <samp>.mf</samp> if necessary. To see all the relevant
paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo;
before running the program. By default, Metafont runs an external
program named <samp>mktexmf</samp> to create any nonexistent Metafont source
files you input. You can disable this at configure-time or runtime
-(see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). This is mostly
+(see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). This is mostly
for the sake of the EC fonts, which can be generated at any size.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002ennngf-generic-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-mfput"></a>
-<a name="index-GF-output"></a>
-<a name="index-GF-files_002c-output-by-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-PK-files_002c-not-output-by-Metafont"></a>
+<span id="index-_002ennngf-generic-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-mfput"></span>
+<span id="index-GF-output"></span>
+<span id="index-GF-files_002c-output-by-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-PK-files_002c-not-output-by-Metafont"></span>
<p>Metafont writes the main GF output to the file
<samp><var>basemfname</var>.<var>nnn</var>gf</samp>, where <var>nnn</var> is the font
resolution in pixels per inch, and <var>basemfname</var> is the basename of
@@ -2533,17 +2452,17 @@ converted immediately to PK files with GFtoPK (see <a href="#gftopk-invocation">
more compact. (Metafont output in GF format rather than PK for only
historical reasons.)
</p>
-<a name="index-_002etfm-output"></a>
-<a name="index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-Metafont"></a>
+<span id="index-_002etfm-output"></span>
+<span id="index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-Metafont"></span>
<p>Metafont also usually writes a metric file in TFM format to
<samp><var>basemfname</var>.tfm</samp>. A TFM file contains character dimensions,
kerns, and ligatures, and spacing parameters. TeX reads only this
<tt>.tfm</tt> file, not the GF file.
</p>
-<a name="index-mode-needed-to-run-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-proof-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-2602gf"></a>
-<a name="index-_002e2602gf"></a>
+<span id="index-mode-needed-to-run-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-proof-mode"></span>
+<span id="index-2602gf"></span>
+<span id="index-_002e2602gf"></span>
<p>The <var>mode</var> in the example command above is a name referring to a
device definition (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); for example, <code>localfont</code> or
<code>ljfour</code>. These device definitions must generally be precompiled
@@ -2589,8 +2508,8 @@ See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-no-mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype-1"></span>
<p>Turn on or off the &lsquo;<samp>mktex</samp>&rsquo; script associated with <var>filetype</var>.
The only value that makes sense for <var>filetype</var> is &lsquo;<samp>mf</samp>&rsquo;.
</p></dd>
@@ -2598,19 +2517,17 @@ The only value that makes sense for <var>filetype</var> is &lsquo;<samp>mf</samp
<hr>
-<a name="Initial-Metafont"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Initial-Metafont"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#mf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">mf invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Initial-Metafont-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.2 Initial Metafont</h3>
+<span id="Initial-Metafont-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.2 Initial Metafont</h3>
-<a name="index-initial-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-Metafont_002c-initial"></a>
+<span id="index-initial-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-Metafont_002c-initial"></span>
-<a name="index-_002ebase"></a>
-<a name="index-base-files"></a>
+<span id="index-_002ebase"></span>
+<span id="index-base-files"></span>
<p><code>inimf</code> is the &ldquo;initial&rdquo; form of Metafont, which does lengthy
initializations avoided by the &ldquo;virgin&rdquo; (<code>vir</code>) form, so as to
be capable of dumping &lsquo;<samp>.base</samp>&rsquo; files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). For
@@ -2618,8 +2535,8 @@ a detailed comparison of virgin and initial forms, see <a href="#Initial-and-vir
</p>
<p>For a list of options and other information, see <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>.
</p>
-<a name="index-plain_002ebase"></a>
-<a name="index-mf_002ebase"></a>
+<span id="index-plain_002ebase"></span>
+<span id="index-mf_002ebase"></span>
<p>The only memory dump file commonly used with Metafont is the default
&lsquo;<samp>plain.base</samp>&rsquo;, also known as &lsquo;<samp>mf.base</samp>&rsquo; (again, see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>). It is created by default during installation, but you can also
do so by hand if necessary (e.g., if a Metafont update is issued):
@@ -2634,48 +2551,46 @@ Then install the resulting <samp>plain.base</samp> in &lsquo;<samp>$(basedir)</s
<p>For an explanation of the additional <samp>modes.mf</samp> file,
see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>. This file has no counterpart in TeX or MetaPost.
</p>
-<a name="index-cmmf_002ebase-not-recommended"></a>
-<a name="index-cm_002ebase"></a>
-<a name="index-cmbase_002emf"></a>
-<a name="index-Computer-Modern-macros"></a>
-<a name="index-base-files_002c-plain-only"></a>
+<span id="index-cmmf_002ebase-not-recommended"></span>
+<span id="index-cm_002ebase"></span>
+<span id="index-cmbase_002emf"></span>
+<span id="index-Computer-Modern-macros"></span>
+<span id="index-base-files_002c-plain-only"></span>
<p>In the past, it was sometimes useful to create a base file
<samp>cmmf.base</samp> (a.k.a. <samp>cm.base</samp>), with the Computer Modern
macros also included in the base file. Nowadays, however, the
additional time required to read <samp>cmbase.mf</samp> is exceedingly small,
usually not enough to be worth the administrative hassle of updating the
<samp>cmmf.base</samp> file when you install a new version of <samp>modes.mf</samp>.
-<a name="index-type-design_002c-personal"></a>
+<span id="index-type-design_002c-personal"></span>
People actually working on a typeface may still find it worthwhile to
create their own base file, of course.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Modes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Modes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Online Metafont graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Initial-Metafont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial Metafont</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Modes_003a-Device-definitions-for-Metafont"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.3 Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</h3>
+<span id="Modes_003a-Device-definitions-for-Metafont"></span><h3 class="section">5.3 Modes: Device definitions for Metafont</h3>
-<a name="index-modes-file-needed-for-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-base-files_002c-need-mode-definitions"></a>
-<a name="index-device-definitions_002c-for-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-printer-characteristics_002c-for-Metafont"></a>
+<span id="index-modes-file-needed-for-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-base-files_002c-need-mode-definitions"></span>
+<span id="index-device-definitions_002c-for-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-printer-characteristics_002c-for-Metafont"></span>
<p>Running Metafont and creating Metafont base files requires information
that TeX and MetaPost do not: <em>mode</em> definitions which specify
device characteristics, so Metafont can properly rasterize the shapes.
</p>
-<a name="index-modes_002emf-recommended-modes-file"></a>
+<span id="index-modes_002emf-recommended-modes-file"></span>
<p>When making a base file, a file containing modes for locally-available
devices should be input after <samp>plain.mf</samp>. One commonly used file
is <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</a>; it includes all known
definitions.
</p>
-<a name="index-small-Metafont-memory-and-modes"></a>
-<a name="index-mode_005fdef"></a>
-<a name="index-mode_005fsetup"></a>
+<span id="index-small-Metafont-memory-and-modes"></span>
+<span id="index-mode_005fdef"></span>
+<span id="index-mode_005fsetup"></span>
<p>If, however, for some reason you have decreased the memory available in
your Metafont, you may need to copy <samp>modes.mf</samp> and remove the
definitions irrelevant to you (probably most of them) instead of using
@@ -2689,8 +2604,8 @@ comments in that file for how to create the new definition, and please
send the definition to <a href="mailto:tex-fonts@math.utah.edu">tex-fonts@math.utah.edu</a> to get it included
in the next release of <samp>modes.mf</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-smode-and-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definition"></a>
-<a name="index-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definitions-with-smode"></a>
+<span id="index-smode-and-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definition"></span>
+<span id="index-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definitions-with-smode"></span>
<p>Usually, when you run Metafont you must supply the name of a mode that
was dumped in the base file. But you can also define the mode
characteristics dynamically, by invoking Metafont with an assignment to
@@ -2720,24 +2635,22 @@ and <var>o</var>.)
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Online-Metafont-graphics"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Online-Metafont-graphics"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">gftodvi invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Online-Metafont-graphics-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.4 Online Metafont graphics</h3>
+<span id="Online-Metafont-graphics-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.4 Online Metafont graphics</h3>
-<a name="index-online-Metafont-graphics"></a>
-<a name="index-Metafont-graphics"></a>
+<span id="index-online-Metafont-graphics"></span>
+<span id="index-Metafont-graphics"></span>
<p>The Web2c implementation of Metafont can do online graphics with a
number of devices. (See the Metafont manual for more information about
how to draw on your screen.) By default, no graphics support is
enabled.
</p>
-<a name="index-MFTERM"></a>
-<a name="index-TERM"></a>
+<span id="index-MFTERM"></span>
+<span id="index-TERM"></span>
<p>Metafont examines the <code>MFTERM</code> environment variable or config file
value at runtime, or the <code>TERM</code> environment variable if
<code>MFTERM</code> is not set, to determine the device support to use.
@@ -2749,10 +2662,10 @@ and the corresponding <code>configure</code> option(s) in parentheses.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>epsf</code>
-<a name="index-epsf"></a>
+<span id="index-epsf"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Herberts_002c-Mathias"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002denable_002depsfwin"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-Herberts_002c-Mathias"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002depsfwin"></span>
<p>(&lsquo;<samp>--enable-epsfwin</samp>&rsquo;) Pseudo-window server for Encapsulated
PostScript (see <samp>web2c/window/epsf.c</samp>). This device produces an
EPS file containing the graphics which would be displayed online on
@@ -2762,103 +2675,103 @@ filename. Contributed by Mathias Herberts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>hp2627</code>
-<a name="index-hp2627"></a>
+<span id="index-hp2627"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dhp2627win"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dhp2627win"></span>
<p>(&lsquo;<samp>--enable-hp2627win</samp>&rsquo;) HP2627a color graphics terminals.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>mftalk</code>
-<a name="index-mftalk"></a>
+<span id="index-mftalk"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dmftalkwin"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dmftalkwin"></span>
<p>(&lsquo;<samp>--enable-mftalkwin</samp>&rsquo;) Generic window server (see
<samp>web2c/window/mftalk.c</samp>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>next</code>
-<a name="index-next"></a>
+<span id="index-next"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-DrawingServant"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dnext"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-DrawingServant"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dnext"></span>
<p>(&lsquo;<samp>--enable-next</samp>&rsquo;) NeXT window system. This requires a separate
program, called <code>DrawingServant</code>, available separately. See the
<samp>web2c/window/next.c</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>regis</code>
-<a name="index-regis"></a>
+<span id="index-regis"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dregiswin"></a>
-<a name="index-Regis-graphics-support"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dregiswin"></span>
+<span id="index-Regis-graphics-support"></span>
<p>(&lsquo;<samp>--enable-regiswin</samp>&rsquo;) Regis terminals.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>sun</code>
-<a name="index-sun"></a>
+<span id="index-sun"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-SunView"></a>
-<a name="index-Suntools"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dsuntoolswin"></a>
-<a name="index-sun_002dgfx_002ec"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-SunView"></span>
+<span id="index-Suntools"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dsuntoolswin"></span>
+<span id="index-sun_002dgfx_002ec"></span>
<p>(&lsquo;<samp>--enable-suntoolswin</samp>&rsquo;) The old Suntools (not any flavor of X)
window system. (You can get the even older SunWindows <code>gfx</code> system
by using <samp>sun-gfx.c</samp>.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>tek</code>
-<a name="index-tek"></a>
+<span id="index-tek"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Tektronix"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dtektronixwin"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-Tektronix"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dtektronixwin"></span>
<p>(&lsquo;<samp>--enable-tektronixwin</samp>&rsquo;) Tektronix terminals.
</p>
-<a name="index-Poole_002c-Simon"></a>
+<span id="index-Poole_002c-Simon"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>uniterm</code>
-<a name="index-uniterm"></a>
+<span id="index-uniterm"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Tektronix-4014"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dunitermwin"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-Tektronix-4014"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dunitermwin"></span>
<p>(&lsquo;<samp>--enable-unitermwin</samp>&rsquo;) Uniterm, Simon Poole&rsquo;s emulator of a smart
Tektronix 4014 terminal. This may work with regular Tektronix terminals
as well; it&rsquo;s faster than the driver &lsquo;<samp>--enable-tektronixwin</samp>&rsquo; selects.
</p>
-<a name="index-NO_005fX11WIN"></a>
-<a name="index-Xt"></a>
-<a name="index-Xlib"></a>
+<span id="index-NO_005fX11WIN"></span>
+<span id="index-Xt"></span>
+<span id="index-Xlib"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>xterm</code>
-<a name="index-xterm"></a>
+<span id="index-xterm"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dwith_002dx"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dwith_002dx"></span>
<p>&lsquo;<samp>--with-x</samp>&rsquo; The X window system (version 11).
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dwith_002dmf_002dx_002dtoolkit_003dkit"></a>
-<a name="index-toolkits_002c-X"></a>
-<a name="index-X-toolkits-and-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-Xt-support"></a>
-<a name="index-Xlib-support"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dwith_002dmf_002dx_002dtoolkit_003dkit"></span>
+<span id="index-toolkits_002c-X"></span>
+<span id="index-X-toolkits-and-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-Xt-support"></span>
+<span id="index-Xlib-support"></span>
<p>There are two variants of the X11 support, one that works with the Xt
toolkit, and another that works directly with Xlib. The Xt support is
more efficient and has more functionality, so it is the default. If you
must use the Xlib support, use &lsquo;<samp>configure --with-x
--with-kf-x-toolkit=no</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dmf_002dnowin"></a>
-<a name="index-non_002dwindows_002dcapable-Metafont"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dmf_002dnowin"></span>
+<span id="index-non_002dwindows_002dcapable-Metafont"></span>
<p>Specify &lsquo;<samp>--disable-mf-nowin</samp>&rsquo; in order not to build a separate
non-windows-capable Metafont executable <code>mf-nowin</code> (or
<code>mf-nowin.exe</code>).
</p>
-<a name="index-X-resources"></a>
-<a name="index-X-class-name-for-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-class-name-for-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-geometry-for-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-Metafont-geometry"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eXdefaults"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eXresources"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dgeometry_002c-supported-with-Xt"></a>
+<span id="index-X-resources"></span>
+<span id="index-X-class-name-for-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-class-name-for-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-geometry-for-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-Metafont-geometry"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eXdefaults"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eXresources"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dgeometry_002c-supported-with-Xt"></span>
<p>You cannot specify any of the usual X options (e.g., &lsquo;<samp>-geometry</samp>&rsquo;)
on the Metafont command line, but you can specify X resources in your
<samp>~/.Xdefaults</samp> or <samp>~/.Xresources</samp> file. The class name is
@@ -2866,16 +2779,16 @@ on the Metafont command line, but you can specify X resources in your
resources are supported. If you&rsquo;re using the Xlib support, only the
<code>geometry</code> resource is supported.
</p>
-<a name="index-DISPLAY"></a>
+<span id="index-DISPLAY"></span>
<p>You specify the X display to which Metafont connects in the
<code>DISPLAY</code> environment variable, as usual.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-Metafont-online-support_002c-new-devices"></a>
-<a name="index-new-graphics-support-for-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-texmfmp_002ec"></a>
+<span id="index-Metafont-online-support_002c-new-devices"></span>
+<span id="index-new-graphics-support-for-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-texmfmp_002ec"></span>
<p>Writing support for a new device is straightforward. Aside from defining
the basic drawing routines that Metafont uses (see <samp>mf.web</samp>), you
only have to add another entry to the tables on the last page of
@@ -2884,18 +2797,16 @@ use MFtalk (see <samp>web2c/window/mftalk.c</samp>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="gftodvi-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="gftodvi-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#mft-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">mft invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Online Metafont graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="GFtoDVI_003a-Character-proofs-of-fonts"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.5 GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</h3>
+<span id="GFtoDVI_003a-Character-proofs-of-fonts"></span><h3 class="section">5.5 GFtoDVI: Character proofs of fonts</h3>
-<a name="index-gftodvi"></a>
-<a name="index-character-proofs-of-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-font-proofs"></a>
-<a name="index-proof-sheets_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<span id="index-gftodvi"></span>
+<span id="index-character-proofs-of-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-font-proofs"></span>
+<span id="index-proof-sheets_002c-of-fonts"></span>
<p>GFtoDVI makes <em>proof sheets</em> from a GF bitmap file as output by, for
example, Metafont (see <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>). This is an indispensable aid for
@@ -2905,7 +2816,7 @@ font designers or Metafont hackers. Synopsis:
<pre class="example">gftodvi [<var>option</var>]&hellip; <var>gfname</var>[gf]
</pre></div>
-<p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
+<p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
lookup</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
@@ -2924,20 +2835,20 @@ with labels, titles, and annotations, as specified in Appendix H
<p>GFtoDVI uses several fonts besides <var>gfname</var> itself:
</p>
<ul>
-<li> <a name="index-gray-font"></a>
+<li> <span id="index-gray-font"></span>
<em>gray font</em> (default <samp>gray</samp>): for the pixels that actually make
up the character. Simply using black is not right, since then labels,
key points, and other information could not be shown.
-</li><li> <a name="index-title-font"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-title-font"></span>
<em>title font</em> (default <samp>cmr8</samp>): for the header information at
the top of each output page.
-</li><li> <a name="index-label-font"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-label-font"></span>
<em>label font</em> (default <samp>cmtt10</samp>): for the labels on key points
of the figure.
-</li><li> <a name="index-slant-font"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-slant-font"></span>
<em>slant font</em> (no default): for diagonal lines, which are otherwise
simulated using horizontal and vertical rules.
</li></ul>
@@ -2961,9 +2872,9 @@ should produce <samp>rtest.dvi</samp>, which you process as usual.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-overflow-label-offset=<var>points</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003dpoints"></a>
-<a name="index-overflow-label-offset"></a>
-<a name="index-offset-for-overflow-labels"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002doverflow_002dlabel_002doffset_003dpoints"></span>
+<span id="index-overflow-label-offset"></span>
+<span id="index-offset-for-overflow-labels"></span>
<p>Typeset the so-called overflow labels, if any, <var>points</var> TeX
points from the right edge of the character bounding box. The default
is a little over two inches (ten million scaled points, to be precise).
@@ -2974,20 +2885,18 @@ position is too crowded with other information.
<hr>
-<a name="mft-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="mft-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#gftodvi-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">gftodvi invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="u" rel="up">Metafont</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="MFT_003a-Prettyprinting-Metafont-source"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.6 MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</h3>
+<span id="MFT_003a-Prettyprinting-Metafont-source"></span><h3 class="section">5.6 MFT: Prettyprinting Metafont source</h3>
-<a name="index-mft"></a>
-<a name="index-Metafont-source_002c-prettyprinting"></a>
-<a name="index-prettyprinting-Metafont-source"></a>
-<a name="index-TeX_002c-creating-from-Metafont"></a>
+<span id="index-mft"></span>
+<span id="index-Metafont-source_002c-prettyprinting"></span>
+<span id="index-prettyprinting-Metafont-source"></span>
+<span id="index-TeX_002c-creating-from-Metafont"></span>
-<a name="index-mftmac_002etex"></a>
+<span id="index-mftmac_002etex"></span>
<p>MFT translates a Metafont program into a TeX document suitable for
typesetting, with the aid of TeX macros defined in the file
<samp>mftmac.tex</samp>. Synopsis:
@@ -2996,7 +2905,7 @@ typesetting, with the aid of TeX macros defined in the file
<pre class="example">mft [<var>option</var>]&hellip; <var>mfname</var>[.mf]
</pre></div>
-<p>MFT searches the usual places for <var>mfname</var> (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file
+<p>MFT searches the usual places for <var>mfname</var> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file
formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; before running
the program. The output goes to the basename of <var>mfname</var> extended
@@ -3010,7 +2919,7 @@ indentation and line breaks. Each line of input is translated
independently of the others.
</p>
<p>Further control is allowed via Metafont comments:
-<a name="index-comments_002c-MFT-control"></a>
+<span id="index-comments_002c-MFT-control"></span>
</p><ul>
<li> Metafont comments following a single &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; should be valid TeX
input. But Metafont material can be included within vertical bars in a
@@ -3048,7 +2957,7 @@ of such a line.
</li><li> Five or more &lsquo;<samp>%</samp>&rsquo; signs should not be used.
</li></ul>
-<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1"></a>
+<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1"></span>
<p>(The above description was edited from <samp>mft.web</samp>, written by
D.E.&nbsp;Knuth<!-- /@w -->.)
</p>
@@ -3056,31 +2965,31 @@ D.E.&nbsp;Knuth<!-- /@w -->.)
&lsquo;<samp>-help</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-version</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-change=<var>chfile</var>[.ch]</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dchange_003dchfile"></a>
-<a name="index-change-files_002c-and-MFT"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dchange_003dchfile"></span>
+<span id="index-change-files_002c-and-MFT"></span>
<p>Apply the change file <var>chfile</var> as with Tangle and Weave
(see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-style=<var>mftfile</var>[.mft]</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dstyle_003dmftfile"></a>
-<a name="index-style-files"></a>
-<a name="index-plain_002emft"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dstyle_003dmftfile"></span>
+<span id="index-style-files"></span>
+<span id="index-plain_002emft"></span>
<p>Read <var>mftfile</var> before anything else; a MFT style file typically
contains only MFT directives as described above. The default style file
is named <samp>plain.mft</samp>, which defines this properly for programs
using plain Metafont. The MFT files is searched along the
-<code>MFTINPUTS</code> path; see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
+<code>MFTINPUTS</code> path; see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
</p>
-<a name="index-cmbase_002emft"></a>
-<a name="index-e_002emft"></a>
-<a name="index-Computer-Modern-Typefaces_002c-production-of"></a>
+<span id="index-cmbase_002emft"></span>
+<span id="index-e_002emft"></span>
+<span id="index-Computer-Modern-Typefaces_002c-production-of"></span>
<p>Other examples of MFT style files are <samp>cmbase.mft</samp>, which defines
formatting rules for the macros defined in <samp>cm.base</samp>, and
<samp>e.mft</samp>, which was used in the production of Knuth&rsquo;s Volume&nbsp;<!-- /@w -->E,
<cite>Computer Modern Typefaces</cite>.
</p>
-<a name="index-MetaPost-source_002c-prettyprinting"></a>
+<span id="index-MetaPost-source_002c-prettyprinting"></span>
<p>Using an appropriate MFT style file, it is also possible to configure
MFT for typesetting MetaPost sources. However, MFT does not search
the usual places for MetaPost input files.
@@ -3093,17 +3002,15 @@ configure TeX to print these properly.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="MetaPost"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="MetaPost"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#Metafont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Metafont</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="MetaPost_003a-Creating-technical-illustrations"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">6 MetaPost: Creating technical illustrations</h2>
+<span id="MetaPost_003a-Creating-technical-illustrations"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 MetaPost: Creating technical illustrations</h2>
-<a name="index-MetaPost"></a>
-<a name="index-PostScript-meets-Metafont"></a>
-<a name="index-Metafont-meets-PostScript"></a>
+<span id="index-MetaPost"></span>
+<span id="index-PostScript-meets-Metafont"></span>
+<span id="index-Metafont-meets-PostScript"></span>
<p>MetaPost is a picture-drawing language similar to Metafont
(see <a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a>), but instead of outputting bitmaps in a &ldquo;font&rdquo;, it
outputs PostScript commands. It&rsquo;s primarily intended for creating
@@ -3114,28 +3021,26 @@ a natural way, using any typesetter (TeX and Troff are both
supported) and a number of other subsidiary programs, described below.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#mpost-invocation" accesskey="1">mpost invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Invoking MetaPost.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#mpost-invocation" accesskey="1">mpost invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Invoking MetaPost.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Initial-MetaPost" accesskey="2">Initial MetaPost</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making mems.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Initial-MetaPost" accesskey="2">Initial MetaPost</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making mems.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#dvitomp-invocation" accesskey="3">dvitomp invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI-to-MPX translation.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#dvitomp-invocation" accesskey="3">dvitomp invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI-to-MPX translation.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="mpost-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="mpost-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost" accesskey="n" rel="next">Initial MetaPost</a>, Up: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="u" rel="up">MetaPost</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="mpost-invocation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.1 <code>mpost</code> invocation</h3>
+<span id="mpost-invocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.1 <code>mpost</code> invocation</h3>
-<a name="index-mpost"></a>
-<a name="index-MetaPost-invocation"></a>
+<span id="index-mpost"></span>
+<span id="index-MetaPost-invocation"></span>
-<a name="index-mpman_002eps"></a>
+<span id="index-mpman_002eps"></span>
<p>MetaPost (installed as <code>mpost</code>) reads a series of pictures
specified in the MetaPost programming language, and outputs
corresponding PostScript code. This section merely describes the
@@ -3151,7 +3056,7 @@ also:
related information).
</li></ul>
-<a name="index-mpgraph_002eps"></a>
+<span id="index-mpgraph_002eps"></span>
<p>Also, a standard MetaPost package for drawing graphs is documented in
AT&amp;T technical report CSTR-164, available as the file <samp>mpgraph.ps</samp>,
generally stored alongside <samp>mpman.ps</samp>.
@@ -3166,20 +3071,20 @@ mpost [<var>option</var>]&hellip; \<var>first-line</var>
mpost [<var>option</var>]&hellip; &amp;<var>mem</var> <var>args</var>
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_002emp"></a>
-<a name="index-MetaPost-input-files"></a>
+<span id="index-_002emp"></span>
+<span id="index-MetaPost-input-files"></span>
<p>MetaPost searches the usual places for the main input file <var>mpname</var>
-(see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), extending
+(see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>), extending
<var>mpname</var> with <samp>.mp</samp> if necessary. To see all the relevant
paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo;
before running the program.
</p>
-<a name="index-beginfig"></a>
-<a name="index-_002ennn-PostScript-figures"></a>
-<a name="index-_002etfm-output-1"></a>
-<a name="index-mpout"></a>
-<a name="index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-MetaPost"></a>
-<a name="index-PostScript-output"></a>
+<span id="index-beginfig"></span>
+<span id="index-_002ennn-PostScript-figures"></span>
+<span id="index-_002etfm-output-1"></span>
+<span id="index-mpout"></span>
+<span id="index-TFM-files_002c-output-by-MetaPost"></span>
+<span id="index-PostScript-output"></span>
<p>MetaPost writes its PostScript output to a series of files
<samp><var>basempname</var>.<var>nnn</var></samp> (or perhaps
<samp><var>basempname</var>.ps</samp>, very occasionally
@@ -3194,10 +3099,10 @@ with any other PostScript figures. For example, with this TeX command:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\special{psfile=&quot;<var>filename</var>&quot;}
</pre></div>
-<p>or by using <samp>epsf.tex</samp> (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#EPSF-macros">EPSF macros</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>).
+<p>or by using <samp>epsf.tex</samp> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#EPSF-macros">EPSF macros</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>).
</p>
-<a name="index-btex-for-MetaPost-labels"></a>
-<a name="index-etex-for-MetaPost-labels"></a>
+<span id="index-btex-for-MetaPost-labels"></span>
+<span id="index-etex-for-MetaPost-labels"></span>
<p>The MetaPost construct
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">btex &hellip; <var>tex-input</var> &hellip; etex
@@ -3222,21 +3127,21 @@ package (unfortunately absent from many Troff implementations), or an
equivalent such as the &lsquo;<samp>-m pspic</samp>&rsquo; macros from GNU groff described
in grops(1).
</p>
-<a name="index-PostScript-fonts_002c-and-Troff"></a>
-<a name="index-Troff_002c-and-MetaPost"></a>
-<a name="index-Computer-Modern-fonts_002c-and-Troff"></a>
+<span id="index-PostScript-fonts_002c-and-Troff"></span>
+<span id="index-Troff_002c-and-MetaPost"></span>
+<span id="index-Computer-Modern-fonts_002c-and-Troff"></span>
<p>Naturally, you must use fonts that are supported by the typesetter;
specifically, you&rsquo;ll probably want to use standard PostScript fonts with
Troff. And only the TeX system understands Computer Modern or other
Metafont fonts; you can also use PostScript fonts with TeX, of course.
</p>
-<a name="index-mproof_002etex"></a>
-<a name="index-downloading-of-fonts-for-MetaPost-labels"></a>
-<a name="index-font-downloading-for-MetaPost-labels"></a>
+<span id="index-mproof_002etex"></span>
+<span id="index-downloading-of-fonts-for-MetaPost-labels"></span>
+<span id="index-font-downloading-for-MetaPost-labels"></span>
<p>MetaPost-generated PostScript figures which do use Computer Modern fonts
for labels cannot be directly previewed or printed. Instead, you must
include them in a TeX document and run the resulting DVI file through
-Dvips to arrange for the downloading of the required fonts (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Fonts-in-figures">Fonts
+Dvips to arrange for the downloading of the required fonts (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Fonts-in-figures">Fonts
in figures</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>). To help with this, the MetaPost
distribution provides a small TeX file <samp>mproof.tex</samp> which is
typically called as:
@@ -3245,16 +3150,16 @@ typically called as:
</pre></div>
<p>The resulting file <samp>mproof.ps</samp> can then be printed or previewed.
</p>
-<a name="index-prologues_002c-and-EPSF-output"></a>
-<a name="index-psfonts_002emap_002c-read-by-MetaPost"></a>
+<span id="index-prologues_002c-and-EPSF-output"></span>
+<span id="index-psfonts_002emap_002c-read-by-MetaPost"></span>
<p>To generate EPSF files, set the internal MetaPost variable
<code>prologues</code> positive. To make the output files self-contained, use
only standard PostScript fonts. MetaPost reads the same
<samp>psfonts.map</samp> file as Dvips, to determine PostScript fonts that
-need to be downloaded (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#psfonts_002emap">psfonts.map</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>).
+need to be downloaded (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#psfonts_002emap">psfonts.map</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>).
</p>
-<a name="index-PDF_002c-and-_002emps-files"></a>
-<a name="index-_002emps-files-and-PDF"></a>
+<span id="index-PDF_002c-and-_002emps-files"></span>
+<span id="index-_002emps-files-and-PDF"></span>
<p>It is posible for pdfTeX to read MetaPost output directly; this is
in contrast to general EPSF files, which have to be converted for use
with PDF output. The easiest way is to name the MetaPost output files
@@ -3262,7 +3167,7 @@ with the <code>.mps</code> extension. Then the LaTeX
<code>\includegraphics</code> command, for example, will be able to read
them, even when outputting PDF.
</p>
-<a name="index-security_002c-and-write"></a>
+<span id="index-security_002c-and-write"></span>
<p>MetaPost can write output files, via the <code>write</code> primitive; this
opens a security hole. See <a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a>.
</p>
@@ -3288,14 +3193,14 @@ See <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>.
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-T</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-troff</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dT"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dtroff"></a>
-<a name="index-prologues"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dT"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dtroff"></span>
+<span id="index-prologues"></span>
<p>Set the <code>prologues</code> internal variable to <code>1</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-tex=<var>texprogram</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dtex_003dtexprogram"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dtex_003dtexprogram"></span>
<p>When this option is given, the program <var>texprogram</var> is used to
typeset the labels.
</p>
@@ -3304,16 +3209,14 @@ typeset the labels.
<hr>
-<a name="Initial-MetaPost"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Initial-MetaPost"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#dvitomp-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">dvitomp invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#mpost-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">mpost invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="u" rel="up">MetaPost</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Initial-MetaPost-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.2 Initial MetaPost</h3>
+<span id="Initial-MetaPost-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.2 Initial MetaPost</h3>
-<a name="index-initial-MetaPost"></a>
-<a name="index-MetaPost_002c-initial"></a>
+<span id="index-initial-MetaPost"></span>
+<span id="index-MetaPost_002c-initial"></span>
<p>As of MetaPost 1.504 (TeX Live 2011), MetaPost no longer dumps
<samp>.mem</samp> files (see <a href="#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a>) and does not distinguish
@@ -3323,10 +3226,10 @@ virgin and initial forms (see <a href="#Initial-and-virgin">Initial and virgin</
</p>
<p>For a list of options and other information, see <a href="#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a>.
</p>
-<a name="index-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost"></a>
-<a name="index-plain-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost"></a>
-<a name="index-MetaPost-and-plain-Metafont-compatibility"></a>
-<a name="index-mfplain"></a>
+<span id="index-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost"></span>
+<span id="index-plain-Metafont_002c-compatibility-in-MetaPost"></span>
+<span id="index-MetaPost-and-plain-Metafont-compatibility"></span>
+<span id="index-mfplain"></span>
<p>MetaPost provides a format with all the features of plain Metafont,
called <samp>mfplain</samp>. You can use that in the same way; just run
<code>mfplain</code> instead of <code>mpost</code>. This lets you directly
@@ -3336,17 +3239,15 @@ Metafont in proof mode and GFtoDVI (see <a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi in
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="dvitomp-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="dvitomp-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Initial-MetaPost" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Initial MetaPost</a>, Up: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="u" rel="up">MetaPost</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="DVItoMP_003a-DVI-to-MPX-conversion"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.3 DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</h3>
+<span id="DVItoMP_003a-DVI-to-MPX-conversion"></span><h3 class="section">6.3 DVItoMP: DVI to MPX conversion</h3>
-<a name="index-dvitomp"></a>
-<a name="index-DVI-files_002c-converting-to-MPX"></a>
-<a name="index-MPX-files_002c-converting-from-DVI-files"></a>
+<span id="index-dvitomp"></span>
+<span id="index-DVI-files_002c-converting-to-MPX"></span>
+<span id="index-MPX-files_002c-converting-from-DVI-files"></span>
<p>DVItoMP converts DVI files into low-level MetaPost commands in a
so-called MPX file. Synopsis:
@@ -3359,7 +3260,7 @@ so-called MPX file. Synopsis:
<var>dvifile</var> extended with <samp>.mpx</samp>, e.g., &lsquo;<samp>dvitomp
/wherever/foo.dvi</samp>&rsquo; creates <samp>./foo.mpx</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-color_002c-in-DVItoMP"></a>
+<span id="index-color_002c-in-DVItoMP"></span>
<p>DVItoMP supports Dvips-style color specials, such as &lsquo;<samp>color push
<var>name</var></samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>color pop</samp>&rsquo;, outputting them as <code>withcolor</code>
MetaPost commands.
@@ -3368,42 +3269,38 @@ MetaPost commands.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="BibTeX"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="BibTeX"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="n" rel="next">WEB</a>, Previous: <a href="#MetaPost" accesskey="p" rel="prev">MetaPost</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="BibTeX_003a-Bibliographies"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">7 BibTeX: Bibliographies</h2>
+<span id="BibTeX_003a-Bibliographies"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 BibTeX: Bibliographies</h2>
-<a name="index-bibliographies_002c-creating"></a>
-<a name="index-BibTeX"></a>
+<span id="index-bibliographies_002c-creating"></span>
+<span id="index-BibTeX"></span>
<p>BibTeX automates much of the job of typesetting bibliographies, and
makes bibliography entries reusable in many different contexts.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#bibtex-invocation" accesskey="1">bibtex invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#bibtex-invocation" accesskey="1">bibtex invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files" accesskey="2">Basic BibTeX style files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard and semi-standard styles.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files" accesskey="2">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard and semi-standard styles.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="bibtex-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="bibtex-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Basic BibTeX style files</a>, Up: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">BibTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="BibTeX-invocation"></a>
-<h3 class="section">7.1 BibTeX invocation</h3>
+<span id="BibTeX-invocation"></span><h3 class="section">7.1 BibTeX invocation</h3>
-<a name="index-bibtex"></a>
+<span id="index-bibtex"></span>
-<a name="index-_002ebbl-bibliography-files"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eaux-cross_002dreference-files"></a>
-<a name="index-_002ebib-bibliography-databases"></a>
+<span id="index-_002ebbl-bibliography-files"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eaux-cross_002dreference-files"></span>
+<span id="index-_002ebib-bibliography-databases"></span>
<p>BibTeX creates a printable bibliography (<samp>.bbl</samp>) file from
references in a <samp>.aux</samp> file, generally written by TeX or
LaTeX. The <samp>.bbl</samp> file is then incorporated on a subsequent
@@ -3415,23 +3312,23 @@ of the <samp>.bbl</samp> file. Synopsis:
<pre class="example">bibtex [<var>option</var>]&hellip; <var>auxfile</var>[.aux]
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_002eblg-BibTeX-log-file"></a>
-<a name="index-log-file_002c-BibTeX"></a>
+<span id="index-_002eblg-BibTeX-log-file"></span>
+<span id="index-log-file_002c-BibTeX"></span>
<p>The output goes to the basename of <var>auxfile</var> extended with
<samp>.bbl</samp>; for example, &lsquo;<samp>bibtex /wherever/foo.aux</samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp>./foo.bbl</samp>. BibTeX also writes a log file to the basename of
<var>auxfile</var> extended with &lsquo;<samp>.blg</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cbibliography"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></a>
-<a name="index-TEXBIB_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"></a>
-<a name="index-BIBINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"></a>
-<a name="index-BSTINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bst-files"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbibliography"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></span>
+<span id="index-TEXBIB_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"></span>
+<span id="index-BIBINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bib-files"></span>
+<span id="index-BSTINPUTS_002c-search-path-for-bst-files"></span>
<p>The names of the <samp>.bib</samp> and <samp>.bst</samp> files are specified in the
<samp>.aux</samp> file as well, via the <samp>\bibliography</samp> and
<samp>\bibliographystyle</samp> (La)TeX macros. BibTeX searches for
<samp>.bib</samp> files using the <code>BIBINPUTS</code> and <code>TEXBIB</code> paths,
-and for <samp>.bst</samp> files using <code>BSTINPUTS</code> (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file
+and for <samp>.bst</samp> files using <code>BSTINPUTS</code> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file
formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). It does no path searching for
<samp>.aux</samp> files.
</p>
@@ -3439,16 +3336,16 @@ formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). It does no path searching for
&lsquo;<samp>-help</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-version</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-terse</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dterse"></a>
-<a name="index-terse-output"></a>
-<a name="index-verbose-BibTeX-output_002c-suppressing"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dterse"></span>
+<span id="index-terse-output"></span>
+<span id="index-verbose-BibTeX-output_002c-suppressing"></span>
<p>Suppress the program banner and progress reports normally output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-min-crossrefs=<var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003dn"></a>
-<a name="index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items"></a>
-<a name="index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dmin_002dcrossrefs_003dn"></span>
+<span id="index-cross_002dreferenced-bibliography-items"></span>
+<span id="index-bibliography-items_002c-cross_002dreferenced"></span>
<p>If at least <var>n</var> (2 by default) bibliography entries refer to another
entry <var>e</var> via their <code>crossref</code> field, include <var>e</var> in the
<tt>.bbl</tt> file, even if it was not explicitly referenced in the <tt>.aux</tt>
@@ -3468,31 +3365,31 @@ for <var>e</var> to the <tt>.aux</tt>, and nothing will remove it.
<p>See also:
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt><samp>btxdoc.tex</samp></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-btxdoc_002etex"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-btxdoc_002etex"></span>
<p>Basic LaTeXable documentation for general BibTeX users.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>btxhak.tex</samp></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-btxhak_002etex"></a>
-<a name="index-style-design_002c-for-BibTeX"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-btxhak_002etex"></span>
+<span id="index-style-design_002c-for-BibTeX"></span>
<p>LaTeXable documentation for style designers.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>btxdoc.bib</samp></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-btxdoc_002ebib"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-btxdoc_002ebib"></span>
<p>BibTeX database file for the two above documents.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>xampl.bib</samp></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-xampl_002ebib"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-xampl_002ebib"></span>
<p>Example database file with all the standard entry types.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp><a href="ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/">ftp://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/</a></samp></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu"></a>
-<a name="index-BibTeX-collection"></a>
-<a name="index-TUGboat-bibliography"></a>
-<a name="index-TeX_002c-bibliographies-for"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu"></span>
+<span id="index-BibTeX-collection"></span>
+<span id="index-TUGboat-bibliography"></span>
+<span id="index-TeX_002c-bibliographies-for"></span>
<p>A very large <samp>.bib</samp> and <samp>.bst</samp> collection, including
references for all the standard TeX books and a complete bibliography
for TUGboat.
@@ -3501,46 +3398,44 @@ for TUGboat.
<hr>
-<a name="Basic-BibTeX-style-files"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Basic-BibTeX-style-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#bibtex-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">bibtex invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="u" rel="up">BibTeX</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Basic-BibTeX-style-files-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">7.2 Basic BibTeX style files</h3>
+<span id="Basic-BibTeX-style-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.2 Basic BibTeX style files</h3>
-<a name="index-basic-BibTeX-style-files"></a>
-<a name="index-BibTeX-style-files"></a>
+<span id="index-basic-BibTeX-style-files"></span>
+<span id="index-BibTeX-style-files"></span>
<p>Here are descriptions of the four standard and four semi-standard basic
BibTeX styles. <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/biblio/bibtex</samp> contains these and
-many more (for CTAN info, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>).
+many more (for CTAN info, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>plain</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-plain_002ebst"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-plain_002ebst"></span>
<p>Sorts entries alphabetically, with numeric labels. Generally formatted
according to van Leunen&rsquo;s <cite>A Handbook for Scholars</cite>. The other
style files listed here are based on <code>plain</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>abbrv</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-abbrv_002ebst"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-abbrv_002ebst"></span>
<p>First names, month names, and journal names are abbreviated.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>acm</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-acm_002ebst"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-acm_002ebst"></span>
<p>Names are printed in small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>alpha</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-alpha_002ebst"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-alpha_002ebst"></span>
<p>Alphanumeric labels, e.g., &lsquo;<samp>Knu66</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>apalike</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-apalike_002ebst"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-apalike_002ebst"></span>
<p>No labels at all; instead, the year appears in parentheses after the author.
Use this in conjunction with <samp>apalike.tex</samp> (plain TeX) or
<samp>apalike.sty</samp> (LaTeX), which also changes the citations in the
@@ -3548,19 +3443,19 @@ text to be &lsquo;<samp>(<var>author</var>, <var>year</var>)</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>ieeetr</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-ieeetr_002ebst"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-ieeetr_002ebst"></span>
<p>Numeric labels, entries in citation order, <small>IEEE</small> abbreviations,
article titles in quotes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>siam</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-siam_002ebst"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-siam_002ebst"></span>
<p>Numeric labels, alphabetic order, <cite>Math. Reviews</cite>
abbreviations, names in small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>unsrt</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-unsrt_002ebst"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-unsrt_002ebst"></span>
<p>Lists entries in citation order, i.e., unsorted.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -3572,16 +3467,14 @@ abbreviations, names in small caps.
<hr>
-<a name="WEB"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="WEB"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="n" rel="next">DVI utilities</a>, Previous: <a href="#BibTeX" accesskey="p" rel="prev">BibTeX</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="WEB_003a-Literate-programming"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">8 WEB: Literate programming</h2>
+<span id="WEB_003a-Literate-programming"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 WEB: Literate programming</h2>
-<a name="index-WEB"></a>
-<a name="index-literate-programming"></a>
+<span id="index-WEB"></span>
+<span id="index-literate-programming"></span>
<p><em>WEB</em> languages allow you to write a single source file that can
produce both a compilable program and a well-formatted document
@@ -3590,13 +3483,13 @@ Writing in this kind of dual-purpose language is called <em>literate
programming</em>. (The Usenet newsgroup <samp>comp.programming.literate</samp>
is devoted to this subject.)
</p>
-<a name="index-webman_002etex"></a>
-<a name="index-Spiderweb"></a>
-<a name="index-Cweb"></a>
-<a name="index-CWEB"></a>
-<a name="index-Awk_002c-WEB-for"></a>
-<a name="index-Ada_002c-WEB-for"></a>
-<a name="index-Troff_002c-WEB-for"></a>
+<span id="index-webman_002etex"></span>
+<span id="index-Spiderweb"></span>
+<span id="index-Cweb"></span>
+<span id="index-CWEB"></span>
+<span id="index-Awk_002c-WEB-for"></span>
+<span id="index-Ada_002c-WEB-for"></span>
+<span id="index-Troff_002c-WEB-for"></span>
<p>WEB-like languages have been implemented with many pairs of base
languages: Cweb provides C and Troff (see <a href="#References">References</a>); CWEB provides
C and TeX (<samp><var>CTAN:</var>/web/c_cpp/cweb</samp>); Spiderweb provides C,
@@ -3611,27 +3504,25 @@ which is included in the <a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/lib.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tu
(and available in many other places, of course).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tangle-invocation" accesskey="1">tangle invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tangle-invocation" accesskey="1">tangle invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#weave-invocation" accesskey="2">weave invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#weave-invocation" accesskey="2">weave invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#pooltype-invocation" accesskey="3">pooltype invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#pooltype-invocation" accesskey="3">pooltype invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="tangle-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="tangle-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#weave-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">weave invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="u" rel="up">WEB</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Tangle_003a-Translate-WEB-to-Pascal"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</h3>
+<span id="Tangle_003a-Translate-WEB-to-Pascal"></span><h3 class="section">8.1 Tangle: Translate WEB to Pascal</h3>
-<a name="index-tangle"></a>
-<a name="index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB"></a>
-<a name="index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling"></a>
+<span id="index-tangle"></span>
+<span id="index-Pascal_002c-creating-from-WEB"></span>
+<span id="index-WEB-programs_002c-compiling"></span>
<p>Tangle creates a compilable Pascal program from a WEB source file
(see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>). Synopsis:
@@ -3640,14 +3531,14 @@ Next: <a href="#weave-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">weave invocation</a>,
<pre class="example">tangle [<var>option</var>]&hellip; <var>webfile</var>[.web] [<var>changefile</var>[.ch]]
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle"></a>
+<span id="index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle"></span>
<p>The Pascal output is written to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended
with &lsquo;<samp>.p</samp>&rsquo;; for example, &lsquo;<samp>tangle /wherever/foo.web</samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp>./foo.p</samp>. Tangle applies <var>changefile</var> to <var>webfile</var> before
writing the output; by default, there is no change file.
</p>
-<a name="index-pool-file_002c-writing"></a>
-<a name="index-string-pool_002c-writing"></a>
+<span id="index-pool-file_002c-writing"></span>
+<span id="index-string-pool_002c-writing"></span>
<p>If the program makes use of the WEB string facility, Tangle writes the
string pool to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended with &lsquo;<samp>.pool</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
@@ -3660,8 +3551,8 @@ semicolons when this can be done conveniently.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-length=<var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dlength_003dnumber"></a>
-<a name="index-identifier-length"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dlength_003dnumber"></span>
+<span id="index-identifier-length"></span>
<p>The number of characters that are considered significant in an
identifier. Whether underline characters are counted depends on the
&lsquo;<samp>-underline</samp>&rsquo; option. The default value is 32, the original tangle
@@ -3671,10 +3562,10 @@ used 7, but this proved too restrictive for use by Web2c.
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-lowercase</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-mixedcase</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-uppercase</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dlowercase"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dmixedcase"></a>
-<a name="index-_002duppercase"></a>
-<a name="index-identifier-case"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dlowercase"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dmixedcase"></span>
+<span id="index-_002duppercase"></span>
+<span id="index-identifier-case"></span>
<p>These options specify the case of identifiers in the output of tangle.
If &lsquo;<samp>-uppercase</samp>&rsquo; (&lsquo;<samp>-lowercase</samp>&rsquo;) is specified, tangle will
convert all identfiers to uppercase (lowercase). The default is
@@ -3682,17 +3573,17 @@ convert all identfiers to uppercase (lowercase). The default is
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-underline</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dunderline"></a>
-<a name="index-identifiers-with-underlines"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dunderline"></span>
+<span id="index-identifiers-with-underlines"></span>
<p>When this option is given, tangle does not strip underline characters
from identifiers.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-loose</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-strict</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dloose"></a>
-<a name="index-_002dstrict"></a>
-<a name="index-identifier-collisions"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dloose"></span>
+<span id="index-_002dstrict"></span>
+<span id="index-identifier-collisions"></span>
<p>These options specify how strict tangle must be when checking
identifiers for equality. The default is &lsquo;<samp>-loose</samp>&rsquo;, which means
that tangle will follow the rules set by the case-smashing and underline
@@ -3704,18 +3595,16 @@ whether they collide.
</dl>
<hr>
-<a name="weave-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="weave-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#pooltype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">pooltype invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#tangle-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tangle invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="u" rel="up">WEB</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Weave_003a-Translate-WEB-to-TeX"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</h3>
+<span id="Weave_003a-Translate-WEB-to-TeX"></span><h3 class="section">8.2 Weave: Translate WEB to TeX</h3>
-<a name="index-weave"></a>
-<a name="index-TeX_002c-creating-from-WEB"></a>
-<a name="index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting"></a>
-<a name="index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs"></a>
+<span id="index-weave"></span>
+<span id="index-TeX_002c-creating-from-WEB"></span>
+<span id="index-WEB-programs_002c-typesetting"></span>
+<span id="index-prettyprinting-WEB-programs"></span>
<p>Weave creates a TeX document from a WEB source file (see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>),
assuming various macros defined in <samp>webmac.tex</samp>. It takes care of
@@ -3727,7 +3616,7 @@ cross-reference information. Synopsis:
<pre class="example">weave [<var>option</var>]&hellip; <var>webfile</var>[.web] [<var>changefile</var>[.ch]]
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-change-files_002c-and-Weave"></a>
+<span id="index-change-files_002c-and-Weave"></span>
<p>The output is to the basename of <var>webfile</var> extended with
&lsquo;<samp>.tex</samp>&rsquo;; for example, &lsquo;<samp>weave /wherever/foo.web</samp>&rsquo; creates
<samp>./foo.tex</samp>. Weave applies <var>changefile</var> to <var>webfile</var>
@@ -3737,10 +3626,10 @@ before writing the output; by default, there is no change file.
&lsquo;<samp>-verbose</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-help</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-version</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-x</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dx"></a>
-<a name="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting"></a>
-<a name="index-CONTENTS_002etex"></a>
-<a name="index-webmac_002etex"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dx"></span>
+<span id="index-cross_002dreferences_002c-omitting"></span>
+<span id="index-CONTENTS_002etex"></span>
+<span id="index-webmac_002etex"></span>
<p>Omit the cross-reference information: the index, the list of WEB module
names, and the table of contents (an empty <samp>CONTENTS.tex</samp> file will
still be written when the Weave output file is processed by TeX using
@@ -3755,18 +3644,16 @@ first change in the change file).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="pooltype-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="pooltype-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#weave-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">weave invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="u" rel="up">WEB</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Pooltype_003a-Display-WEB-pool-files"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</h3>
+<span id="Pooltype_003a-Display-WEB-pool-files"></span><h3 class="section">8.3 Pooltype: Display WEB pool files</h3>
-<a name="index-pooltype"></a>
-<a name="index-type-programs_002c-pool"></a>
-<a name="index-string-numbers_002c-displaying"></a>
-<a name="index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying"></a>
+<span id="index-pooltype"></span>
+<span id="index-type-programs_002c-pool"></span>
+<span id="index-string-numbers_002c-displaying"></span>
+<span id="index-WEB-pool-files_002c-displaying"></span>
<p>Pooltype shows the so-called <em>string number</em> of each string in a WEB
pool file (see <a href="#WEB">WEB</a>), as output by Tangle (see <a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a>), including the first 256 strings corresponding to the
@@ -3794,8 +3681,8 @@ output.
(23617 characters in all.)
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-representation-of-strings"></a>
-<a name="index-string-representation"></a>
+<span id="index-representation-of-strings"></span>
+<span id="index-string-representation"></span>
<p>In Metafont and MetaPost, the first 256 characters are actually
represented as single bytes (i.e., themselves), not in the &lsquo;<samp>^^</samp>&rsquo;
notation. Consider Pooltype as showing the results after conversion for
@@ -3803,26 +3690,24 @@ output.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="DVI-utilities"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="DVI-utilities"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font utilities</a>, Previous: <a href="#WEB" accesskey="p" rel="prev">WEB</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="DVI-utilities-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">9 DVI utilities</h2>
+<span id="DVI-utilities-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">9 DVI utilities</h2>
-<a name="index-DVI-utilities"></a>
+<span id="index-DVI-utilities"></span>
<p>TeX outputs a file in <em>DVI</em> (DeVice Independent) format as a
compact representation of the original document. DVI files can be
translated to meet the requirements of a real physical device, such as
-PostScript printers (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>), PCL
+PostScript printers (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>), PCL
printers (see dvilj(1)), and X displays (see xdvi(1)). In fact, DVI
translators are available for virtually all common devices: see
-<samp><var>CTAN:</var>/dviware</samp> (for CTAN info, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>).
+<samp><var>CTAN:</var>/dviware</samp> (for CTAN info, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>).
</p>
-<a name="index-dvitype_002eweb"></a>
-<a name="index-DVI-format-definition"></a>
+<span id="index-dvitype_002eweb"></span>
+<span id="index-DVI-format-definition"></span>
<p>For the precise definition of the DVI file format, see (for example) the
source file <samp>web2c/dvitype.web</samp>.
</p>
@@ -3830,26 +3715,24 @@ source file <samp>web2c/dvitype.web</samp>.
drivers; they perform generic utility functions.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#dvicopy-invocation" accesskey="1">dvicopy invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Expand virtual fonts.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#dvicopy-invocation" accesskey="1">dvicopy invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Expand virtual fonts.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#dvitype-invocation" accesskey="2">dvitype invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI to human-readable text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#dvitype-invocation" accesskey="2">dvitype invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">DVI to human-readable text.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="dvicopy-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="dvicopy-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#dvitype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">dvitype invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">DVI utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="DVIcopy_003a-Canonicalize-virtual-font-references"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</h3>
+<span id="DVIcopy_003a-Canonicalize-virtual-font-references"></span><h3 class="section">9.1 DVIcopy: Canonicalize virtual font references</h3>
-<a name="index-dvicopy"></a>
-<a name="index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding"></a>
+<span id="index-dvicopy"></span>
+<span id="index-virtual-fonts_002c-expanding"></span>
<p>DVIcopy reads a DVI file, expands any references to virtual fonts
-(see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) to base fonts, and writes the
+(see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) to base fonts, and writes the
resulting DVI file. Thus you can use virtual fonts even if your DVI
processor does not support them, by passing the documents through
DVIcopy first. Synopsis:
@@ -3865,24 +3748,24 @@ standard output if <var>outdvi</var> is not specified.
&lsquo;<samp>-help</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-version</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-magnification=<var>integer</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger"></a>
-<a name="index-magnification"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmag"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger"></span>
+<span id="index-magnification"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmag"></span>
<p>Override existing magnification in <var>indvi</var> with <var>integer</var>; 1000
specifies no magnification. This is equivalent to setting TeX&rsquo;s
<code>\mag</code> parameter.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-max-pages=<var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn"></span>
<p>Process <var>n</var> pages; default is one million.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-page-start=<var>page-spec</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec"></a>
-<a name="index-starting-page"></a>
-<a name="index-page_002c-starting"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccountn"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec"></span>
+<span id="index-starting-page"></span>
+<span id="index-page_002c-starting"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccountn"></span>
<p>Start at the first page matching <var>page-spec</var>, which is one or more
(signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX&rsquo;s
<code>\count0&hellip;9</code> parameters at <code>\shipout</code> time; &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;
@@ -3892,20 +3775,18 @@ matches anything. Examples: &lsquo;<samp>3</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>1.*.-4</
<hr>
-<a name="dvitype-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="dvitype-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#dvicopy-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">dvicopy invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">DVI utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="DVItype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-DVI-files"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</h3>
+<span id="DVItype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-DVI-files"></span><h3 class="section">9.2 DVItype: Plain text transliteration of DVI files</h3>
-<a name="index-dvitype-DVI-validation"></a>
-<a name="index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text"></a>
-<a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to"></a>
-<a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to"></a>
-<a name="index-type-programs_002c-DVI"></a>
-<a name="index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files"></a>
+<span id="index-dvitype-DVI-validation"></span>
+<span id="index-conversion_002c-DVI-to-plain-text"></span>
+<span id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-DVI-to"></span>
+<span id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-DVI-to"></span>
+<span id="index-type-programs_002c-DVI"></span>
+<span id="index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files"></span>
<p>DVItype translates a DeVice Independent (DVI) file (as output by TeX,
for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It also serves
@@ -3918,7 +3799,7 @@ correct. Synopsis:
<p>DVItype does not read any bitmap files, but it does read TFM files for
fonts referenced in <var>dvifile</var>. The usual places are searched
-(see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the
+(see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
&lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; before running the program.
</p>
@@ -3928,27 +3809,27 @@ relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
&lsquo;<samp>-help</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-version</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-dpi=<var>real</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002ddpi_003dreal"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002ddpi_003dreal"></span>
<p>Do pixel movement calculations at <var>real</var> pixels per inch; default
300.0.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-magnification=<var>integer</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger-1"></a>
-<a name="index-magnification-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmag-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dmagnification_003dinteger-1"></span>
+<span id="index-magnification-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmag-1"></span>
<p>Override existing magnification in <var>indvi</var> with <var>integer</var>; 1000
specifies no magnification. This is equivalent to setting TeX&rsquo;s
<code>\mag</code> parameter.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-max-pages=<var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dmax_002dpages_003dn-1"></span>
<p>Process <var>n</var> pages; default is one million.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-output-level=<var>n</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002doutput_002dlevel_003dn"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002doutput_002dlevel_003dn"></span>
<p>Verbosity level of output, from 0 to 4 (default 4):
</p><ul>
<li> 0: Global document information only.
@@ -3961,10 +3842,10 @@ in the file, reading the DVI postamble first.
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-page-start=<var>page-spec</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec-1"></a>
-<a name="index-starting-page-1"></a>
-<a name="index-page_002c-starting-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccountn-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dpage_002dstart_003dpage_002dspec-1"></span>
+<span id="index-starting-page-1"></span>
+<span id="index-page_002c-starting-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccountn-1"></span>
<p>Start at the first page matching <var>page-spec</var>, which is one or more
(signed) integers separated by periods, corresponding to TeX&rsquo;s
<code>\count0&hellip;9</code> parameters at <code>\shipout</code> time; &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;
@@ -3972,10 +3853,10 @@ matches anything. Examples: &lsquo;<samp>1</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>5.*.-9</
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-show-opcodes</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dshow_002dopcodes"></a>
-<a name="index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI"></a>
-<a name="index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing"></a>
-<a name="index-debugging-DVI-utilities"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dshow_002dopcodes"></span>
+<span id="index-opcodes_002c-showing-DVI"></span>
+<span id="index-DVI-opcodes_002c-showing"></span>
+<span id="index-debugging-DVI-utilities"></span>
<p>Show numeric opcode values (in decimal) for DVI commands, in braces
after the command name. This can help in debugging DVI utilities. We
use decimal because in the DVI format documentation (in
@@ -3984,21 +3865,19 @@ use decimal because in the DVI format documentation (in
</dl>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#dvitype-output-example" accesskey="1">dvitype output example</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#dvitype-output-example" accesskey="1">dvitype output example</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="dvitype-output-example"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="dvitype-output-example"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#dvitype-invocation" accesskey="u" rel="up">dvitype invocation</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="DVItype-output-example"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">9.2.1 DVItype output example</h4>
+<span id="DVItype-output-example"></span><h4 class="subsection">9.2.1 DVItype output example</h4>
-<a name="index-dvitype-output-example"></a>
+<span id="index-dvitype-output-example"></span>
<p>As an example of the output from DVItype (see section above), here is
its (abridged) translation of the <samp>story.dvi</samp> resulting from
running the example in <cite>The TeXbook</cite>, with
@@ -4079,66 +3958,62 @@ STORY]</samp>&rsquo; and the &lsquo;<samp>[ 1]</samp>&rsquo;.
<hr>
-<a name="Font-utilities"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Font-utilities"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Legalisms" accesskey="n" rel="next">Legalisms</a>, Previous: <a href="#DVI-utilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">DVI utilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Font-utilities-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">10 Font utilities</h2>
+<span id="Font-utilities-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">10 Font utilities</h2>
-<a name="index-font-utilities"></a>
+<span id="index-font-utilities"></span>
<p>The Web2c programs described here convert between various TeX-related
font formats; the first section below briefly describes the
formats. GFtoPK is the only one that is routinely used, as Metafont
outputs GF format, but it&rsquo;s most efficient for device drivers to use PK.
</p>
-<a name="index-pktype_002eweb"></a>
-<a name="index-gftype_002eweb"></a>
-<a name="index-PK-format-definition"></a>
-<a name="index-GF-format-definition"></a>
+<span id="index-pktype_002eweb"></span>
+<span id="index-gftype_002eweb"></span>
+<span id="index-PK-format-definition"></span>
+<span id="index-GF-format-definition"></span>
<p>The precise definitions of the PK, GF, TFM, PL, VF, and VPL formats
mentioned below are in the source files that read them;
<samp>pktype.web</samp>, <samp>gftype.web</samp>, <samp>tftopl.web</samp>, etc.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-file-formats" accesskey="1">Font file formats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Explanations of GF, PK, TFM, VF, ...
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-file-formats" accesskey="1">Font file formats</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Explanations of GF, PK, TFM, VF, ...
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#gftopk-invocation" accesskey="2">gftopk invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">GF -&gt; PK (compact)
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#gftopk-invocation" accesskey="2">gftopk invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">GF -&gt; PK (compact)
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#pktogf-invocation" accesskey="3">pktogf invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">PK -&gt; GF (expand).
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#pktogf-invocation" accesskey="3">pktogf invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">PK -&gt; GF (expand).
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#pktype-invocation" accesskey="4">pktype invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">PK -&gt; human-readable text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#pktype-invocation" accesskey="4">pktype invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">PK -&gt; human-readable text.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#gftype-invocation" accesskey="5">gftype invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">GF -&gt; human-readable text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#gftype-invocation" accesskey="5">gftype invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">GF -&gt; human-readable text.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tftopl-invocation" accesskey="6">tftopl invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">TFM -&gt; PL (for editing TFM).
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tftopl-invocation" accesskey="6">tftopl invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">TFM -&gt; PL (for editing TFM).
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#pltotf-invocation" accesskey="7">pltotf invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">PL -&gt; TFM (make editing results usable).
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#pltotf-invocation" accesskey="7">pltotf invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">PL -&gt; TFM (make editing results usable).
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#vftovp-invocation" accesskey="8">vftovp invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">VF -&gt; VPL (tftopl for virtual fonts).
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#vftovp-invocation" accesskey="8">vftovp invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">VF -&gt; VPL (tftopl for virtual fonts).
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#vptovf-invocation" accesskey="9">vptovf invocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">VPL -&gt; VF (pltotf for virtual fonts).
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#vptovf-invocation" accesskey="9">vptovf invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">VPL -&gt; VF (pltotf for virtual fonts).
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Type 1, BDF, editors, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Type 1, BDF, editors, etc.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Font-file-formats"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Font-file-formats"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#gftopk-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">gftopk invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Font-file-formats-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.1 Font file formats</h3>
+<span id="Font-file-formats-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.1 Font file formats</h3>
-<a name="index-font-file-formats"></a>
-<a name="index-file-formats-for-fonts"></a>
+<span id="index-font-file-formats"></span>
+<span id="index-file-formats-for-fonts"></span>
-<p>(For another perspective on this, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Font-concepts">Font concepts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>).
+<p>(For another perspective on this, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Font-concepts">Font concepts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>).
</p>
<p>Font files come in several varieties, with suffixes like:
</p><div class="example">
@@ -4146,7 +4021,7 @@ Next: <a href="#gftopk-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">gftopk invocation</a
</pre></div>
<p>Each represents a file format.
</p>
-<a name="index-TFM-files_002c-explained"></a>
+<span id="index-TFM-files_002c-explained"></span>
<p>A TFM (TeX font metric) file is a compact binary file that contains
information about each character in a font, about combinations of
characters within that font, and about the font as a whole. The font
@@ -4156,10 +4031,10 @@ described below, TFM font files contain no information about the shapes
of characters. They describe rectangular areas and combinations
thereof, but not what will eventually be printed in those areas.
</p>
-<a name="index-scaling-of-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-optical-font-scaling"></a>
-<a name="index-geometric-font-scaling"></a>
-<a name="index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling"></a>
+<span id="index-scaling-of-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-optical-font-scaling"></span>
+<span id="index-geometric-font-scaling"></span>
+<span id="index-PostScript_002c-and-font-scaling"></span>
<p>Since TeX does scaling calculations, one TFM file serves for all
magnifications of a given typeface. On the other hand, the best printed
results are obtained when magnified (or reduced fonts) are not produced
@@ -4168,7 +4043,7 @@ with each size a separate design (as done with Computer Modern and the
EC fonts, for example); then a separate TFM file is needed for each
size.
</p>
-<a name="index-DVI-files_002c-explained"></a>
+<span id="index-DVI-files_002c-explained"></span>
<p>At any rate, TeX produces a DVI (DeVice Independent) file from your
source document. In order to print DVI files on real devices, you need
font files defining digitized character shapes and other data. Then
@@ -4180,9 +4055,9 @@ font was produced, and the &lsquo;<samp>pk</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>gf</sam
indicates the font format. Outline fonts in PostScript Type 1 format
have suffixes such as &lsquo;<samp>.pfa</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>.pfb</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a name="index-PXL-files_002c-explained"></a>
-<a name="index-PK-files_002c-explained"></a>
-<a name="index-GF-files_002c-explained"></a>
+<span id="index-PXL-files_002c-explained"></span>
+<span id="index-PK-files_002c-explained"></span>
+<span id="index-GF-files_002c-explained"></span>
<p>Fonts in pk (packed) format are in the tightly packed raster format that
is pretty much the standard today. They take up less space than fonts
in the gf (generic font) format that Metafont generates, and far less
@@ -4190,7 +4065,7 @@ space than fonts in pxl format. Fonts in pxl format take up gross
amounts of disk space and permit only 128 characters. They are
obsolete.
</p>
-<a name="index-PL-files_002c-explained"></a>
+<span id="index-PL-files_002c-explained"></span>
<p>Font files with the &lsquo;<samp>.pl</samp>&rsquo; (property list) suffix are the plain text
(human-readable) analog of the binary &lsquo;<samp>.tfm</samp>&rsquo; files.
The TFtoPL and PLtoTF programs convert between the two formats
@@ -4201,33 +4076,31 @@ These are the files used by Metafont to generate rastered fonts for
specific typefaces at specific magnifications for the specific
resolution and type of mapping used by your device.
</p>
-<a name="index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth"></a>
-<a name="index-virtualfonts_002etxt"></a>
+<span id="index-virtual_002dfonts_002eknuth"></span>
+<span id="index-virtualfonts_002etxt"></span>
<p>The suffix &lsquo;<samp>.vf</samp>&rsquo; identifies &ldquo;virtual font&rdquo; files, for which
&lsquo;<samp>.vpl</samp>&rsquo; is the human-readable analog. See See <a href="#vftovp-invocation">vftovp invocation</a>,
and <a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a>. For further discussion of virtual fonts,
see <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/doc/virtual-fonts.knuth</samp>,
-<samp><var>CTAN:</var>/help/virtualfonts.txt</samp>, and <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>.
+<samp><var>CTAN:</var>/help/virtualfonts.txt</samp>, and <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>.
</p>
-<a name="index-MacKay_002c-Pierre"></a>
-<a name="index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth"></a>
+<span id="index-MacKay_002c-Pierre"></span>
+<span id="index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth"></span>
<p>(This section is based on documentation in the original Unix TeX
distribution by Pierre MacKay and Elizabeth Tachikawa.)
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="gftopk-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="gftopk-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#pktogf-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">pktogf invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-file-formats" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font file formats</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="GFtoPK_003a-Generic-to-packed-font-conversion"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</h3>
+<span id="GFtoPK_003a-Generic-to-packed-font-conversion"></span><h3 class="section">10.2 GFtoPK: Generic to packed font conversion</h3>
-<a name="index-gftopk"></a>
-<a name="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK"></a>
-<a name="index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to"></a>
-<a name="index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK"></a>
+<span id="index-gftopk"></span>
+<span id="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-PK"></span>
+<span id="index-PK_002c-converting-GF-to"></span>
+<span id="index-GF_002c-converting-to-PK"></span>
<p>GFtoPK converts a generic font (GF) file output by, for example,
Metafont (see <a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a>) to a packed font (PK) file. PK files
@@ -4240,7 +4113,7 @@ Synopsis:
<pre class="example">gftopk [<var>option</var>]&hellip; <var>gfname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[gf] [<var>pkfile</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
+<p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
lookup</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
@@ -4258,18 +4131,16 @@ of &lsquo;<samp><var>gfname</var>.<var>dpi</var>pk</samp>&rsquo;, e.g., &lsquo;<
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="pktogf-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="pktogf-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#pktype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">pktype invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#gftopk-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">gftopk invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="PKtoGF_003a-Packed-to-generic-font-conversion"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</h3>
+<span id="PKtoGF_003a-Packed-to-generic-font-conversion"></span><h3 class="section">10.3 PKtoGF: Packed to generic font conversion</h3>
-<a name="index-pktogf"></a>
-<a name="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF"></a>
-<a name="index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to"></a>
-<a name="index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF"></a>
+<span id="index-pktogf"></span>
+<span id="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-GF"></span>
+<span id="index-GF_002c-converting-PK-to"></span>
+<span id="index-PK_002c-converting-to-GF"></span>
<p>PKtoGF converts a packed font (PK) file to a generic font (GF) file.
Since PK format is much more compact than GF format, the most likely
@@ -4281,7 +4152,7 @@ programs do not support PK format. Synopsis:
<pre class="example">pktogf [<var>option</var>]&hellip; <var>pkname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[pk] [<var>gffile</var>]
</pre></div>
-<p>The font <var>pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
+<p>The font <var>pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
lookup</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
@@ -4299,20 +4170,18 @@ of &lsquo;<samp><var>pkname</var>.<var>dpi</var>gf</samp>&rsquo;, e.g., &lsquo;<
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="pktype-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="pktype-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#gftype-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">gftype invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#pktogf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">pktogf invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="PKtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-packed-fonts"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</h3>
+<span id="PKtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-packed-fonts"></span><h3 class="section">10.4 PKtype: Plain text transliteration of packed fonts</h3>
-<a name="index-pktype-PK-validation"></a>
-<a name="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text"></a>
-<a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to"></a>
-<a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to"></a>
-<a name="index-type-programs_002c-PK"></a>
-<a name="index-validation_002c-of-PK-files"></a>
+<span id="index-pktype-PK-validation"></span>
+<span id="index-conversion_002c-PK-to-plain-text"></span>
+<span id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-PK-to"></span>
+<span id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-PK-to"></span>
+<span id="index-type-programs_002c-PK"></span>
+<span id="index-validation_002c-of-PK-files"></span>
<p>PKtype translates a packed font (PK) bitmap file (as output by GFtoPK,
for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It also serves
@@ -4323,7 +4192,7 @@ correct. Synopsis:
<pre class="example">pktype <var>pkname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[pk]
</pre></div>
-<p>The font <var>pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
+<p>The font <var>pkname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
lookup</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
@@ -4341,8 +4210,8 @@ letter &lsquo;K&rsquo; in &lsquo;<samp>cmr10</samp>&rsquo;, as rendered at 600dp
&lsquo;<samp>ljfour</samp>&rsquo; from <a href="modes.mf">modes.mf</a> (available from
<samp>ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/modes.mf</samp>).
</p>
-<div class="smallexample">
-<pre class="smallexample">955: Flag byte = 184 Character = 75 Packet length = 174
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">955: Flag byte = 184 Character = 75 Packet length = 174
Dynamic packing variable = 11
TFM width = 815562 dx = 4259840
Height = 57 Width = 57 X-offset = -3 Y-offset = 56
@@ -4355,62 +4224,62 @@ letter &lsquo;K&rsquo; in &lsquo;<samp>cmr10</samp>&rsquo;, as rendered at 600dp
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>955</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-byte-position"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-byte-position"></span>
<p>The byte position in the file where this character starts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>Flag byte</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>Dynamic packing variable</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-flag-byte"></a>
-<a name="index-dynamic-packing-variable"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-flag-byte"></span>
+<span id="index-dynamic-packing-variable"></span>
<p>Related to the packing for this character; see the source code.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>Character</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-character-codes_002c-in-PKtype-output"></span>
<p>The character code, in decimal.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>Packet length</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-packet-length"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-packet-length"></span>
<p>The total length of this character definition, in bytes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>TFM width</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-TFM-width-of-characters"></a>
-<a name="index-device_002dindependent-width"></a>
-<a name="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-TFM-width-of-characters"></span>
+<span id="index-device_002dindependent-width"></span>
+<span id="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent"></span>
<p>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24
times the ratio of the true width to the font&rsquo;s design size.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>dx</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-horizontal-escapement"></a>
-<a name="index-escapement_002c-horizontal"></a>
-<a name="index-scaled-pixels"></a>
-<a name="index-dx-horizontal-escapement"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-horizontal-escapement"></span>
+<span id="index-escapement_002c-horizontal"></span>
+<span id="index-scaled-pixels"></span>
+<span id="index-dx-horizontal-escapement"></span>
<p>The device-dependent width, in <em>scaled pixels</em>, i.e., units of
horizontal pixels times 2^16.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>Height</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>Width</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-height_002c-in-pixels"></a>
-<a name="index-pixel-height"></a>
-<a name="index-pixel-width"></a>
-<a name="index-width_002c-in-pixels"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-height_002c-in-pixels"></span>
+<span id="index-pixel-height"></span>
+<span id="index-pixel-width"></span>
+<span id="index-width_002c-in-pixels"></span>
<p>The bitmap height and width, in pixels.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>X-offset</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>Y-offset</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-x-offset"></a>
-<a name="index-y-offset"></a>
-<a name="index-origin"></a>
-<a name="index-reference-pixel"></a>
-<a name="index-side-bearings"></a>
-<a name="index-left-side-bearing"></a>
-<a name="index-right-side-bearing"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-x-offset"></span>
+<span id="index-y-offset"></span>
+<span id="index-origin"></span>
+<span id="index-reference-pixel"></span>
+<span id="index-side-bearings"></span>
+<span id="index-left-side-bearing"></span>
+<span id="index-right-side-bearing"></span>
<p>Horizontal and vertical offset from the upper left pixel to the
reference (origin) pixel for this character, in pixels (right and down
are positive). The <em>reference pixel</em> is the pixel that occupies the
@@ -4421,8 +4290,8 @@ escapement minus the bitmap width plus the x-offset.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>[2]23(16)&hellip;</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps"></a>
-<a name="index-repeated-rows"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps"></span>
+<span id="index-repeated-rows"></span>
<p>Finally, run lengths of black pixels alternate with parenthesized run
lengths of white pixels, and brackets indicate a repeated row.
</p></dd>
@@ -4430,20 +4299,18 @@ lengths of white pixels, and brackets indicate a repeated row.
<hr>
-<a name="gftype-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="gftype-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tftopl-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">tftopl invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#pktype-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">pktype invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="GFtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-generic-fonts"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</h3>
+<span id="GFtype_003a-Plain-text-transliteration-of-generic-fonts"></span><h3 class="section">10.5 GFtype: Plain text transliteration of generic fonts</h3>
-<a name="index-gftype-GF-validation"></a>
-<a name="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text"></a>
-<a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to"></a>
-<a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to"></a>
-<a name="index-type-programs_002c-GF"></a>
-<a name="index-validation_002c-of-GF-files"></a>
+<span id="index-gftype-GF-validation"></span>
+<span id="index-conversion_002c-GF-to-plain-text"></span>
+<span id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-GF-to"></span>
+<span id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-GF-to"></span>
+<span id="index-type-programs_002c-GF"></span>
+<span id="index-validation_002c-of-GF-files"></span>
<p>GFtype translates a generic font (GF) bitmap file (as output by
Metafont, for example) to a plain text file that humans can read. It
@@ -4454,7 +4321,7 @@ it&rsquo;s correct. Synopsis:
<pre class="example">gftype [<var>option</var>]&hellip; <var>gfname</var>.<var>dpi</var>[gf]
</pre></div>
-<p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
+<p>The font <var>gfname</var> is searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Glyph-lookup">Glyph
lookup</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
@@ -4468,12 +4335,12 @@ not an extension; no &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo; precedes it: for instance, <sa
&lsquo;<samp>-help</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-version</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-images</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dimages"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dimages"></span>
<p>Show the characters&rsquo; bitmaps using asterisks and spaces.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-mnemonics</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dmnemonics"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dmnemonics"></span>
<p>Translate all commands in the GF file.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -4527,19 +4394,19 @@ main definition:
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>2033</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>2043</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>&hellip;</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-byte-position-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-byte-position-1"></span>
<p>The byte position in the file where each GF command starts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>beginning of char 75</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-character-codes_002c-in-GFtype-output"></span>
<p>The character code, in decimal.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>3&lt;=m&lt;=60 0&lt;=n&lt;=56</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-left-side-bearing-1"></a>
-<a name="index-right-side-bearing-1"></a>
-<a name="index-side-bearings-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-left-side-bearing-1"></span>
+<span id="index-right-side-bearing-1"></span>
+<span id="index-side-bearings-1"></span>
<p>The character&rsquo;s bitmap lies between 3 and 60 (inclusive) horizontally,
and between 0 and 56 (inclusive) vertically. (<em>m</em> is a column
position and <em>n</em> is a row position.) Thus, 3 is the left side
@@ -4548,18 +4415,18 @@ below) minus the maximum <em>m</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>(initially n=56) paint (0)24(12)20</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-1"></span>
<p>The first row of pixels: 0 white pixels, 24 black pixels, 12 white
pixels, etc.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>newrow 0 (n=55) paint 24(12)20</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-newrow-GF-command"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-newrow-GF-command"></span>
<p>The second row of pixels, with zero leading white pixels on the row.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>eoc</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-eoc-GF-command"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-eoc-GF-command"></span>
<p>The end of the main character definition.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -4575,13 +4442,13 @@ pixels, etc.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>dx</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-horizontal-escapement-1"></a>
-<a name="index-escapement_002c-horizontal-1"></a>
-<a name="index-vertical-escapement"></a>
-<a name="index-escapement_002c-vertical"></a>
-<a name="index-scaled-pixels-1"></a>
-<a name="index-dx-horizontal-escapement-1"></a>
-<a name="index-dy-vertical-escapement"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-horizontal-escapement-1"></span>
+<span id="index-escapement_002c-horizontal-1"></span>
+<span id="index-vertical-escapement"></span>
+<span id="index-escapement_002c-vertical"></span>
+<span id="index-scaled-pixels-1"></span>
+<span id="index-dx-horizontal-escapement-1"></span>
+<span id="index-dy-vertical-escapement"></span>
<p>The device-dependent width, in <em>scaled pixels</em>, i.e., units of
horizontal pixels times 2^16. The &lsquo;<samp>(65)</samp>&rsquo; is simply the same number
rounded. If the vertical escapement is nonzero, it would appear here as
@@ -4589,9 +4456,9 @@ a &lsquo;<samp>dy</samp>&rsquo; value.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>width</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-TFM-width-of-characters-1"></a>
-<a name="index-device_002dindependent-width-1"></a>
-<a name="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-TFM-width-of-characters-1"></span>
+<span id="index-device_002dindependent-width-1"></span>
+<span id="index-width_002c-device_002dindependent-1"></span>
<p>The device-independent (TFM) width of this character. It is 2^24
times the ratio of the true width to the font&rsquo;s design size. The
&lsquo;<samp>64.57289</samp>&rsquo; is the same number converted to pixels.
@@ -4605,22 +4472,20 @@ times the ratio of the true width to the font&rsquo;s design size. The
<hr>
-<a name="tftopl-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="tftopl-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#pltotf-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">pltotf invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#gftype-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">gftype invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="TFtoPL_003a-TeX-font-metric-to-property-list-conversion"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</h3>
+<span id="TFtoPL_003a-TeX-font-metric-to-property-list-conversion"></span><h3 class="section">10.6 TFtoPL: TeX font metric to property list conversion</h3>
-<a name="index-tftopl"></a>
-<a name="index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list"></a>
-<a name="index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files"></a>
-<a name="index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to"></a>
-<a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to"></a>
-<a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to"></a>
+<span id="index-tftopl"></span>
+<span id="index-conversion_002c-TFM-to-property-list"></span>
+<span id="index-validation_002c-of-TFM-files"></span>
+<span id="index-property-list_002c-converting-TFM-to"></span>
+<span id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-TFM-to"></span>
+<span id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-TFM-to"></span>
-<p>TFtoPL translates a TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric
+<p>TFtoPL translates a TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric
files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) file (as output by Metafont, for example) to
<em>property list format</em> (a list of parenthesized items describing the
font) that humans can edit or read. This program is mostly used by
@@ -4632,7 +4497,7 @@ Synopsis:
</pre></div>
<p>The font <var>tfmname</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp>.tfm</samp>&rsquo; if necessary) is
-searched for in the usual places (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
+searched for in the usual places (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the relevant paths, set the
environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to &lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; before running
the program.
</p>
@@ -4645,7 +4510,7 @@ program TFtoPL (see the next section).
&lsquo;<samp>-verbose</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-help</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-version</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-charcode-format=<var>type</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype"></span>
<p>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var>type</var>: either
&lsquo;<samp>octal</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>ascii</samp>&rsquo;. Default is &lsquo;<samp>ascii</samp>&rsquo; for letters and
digits, octal for all other characters. Exception: if the font&rsquo;s coding
@@ -4664,7 +4529,7 @@ confusing.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-property-list-format"></a>
+<span id="index-property-list-format"></span>
<p>As an example of the output, here is the (abridged) property list
translation of <samp>cmr10.tfm</samp>:
</p>
@@ -4720,25 +4585,25 @@ translation of <samp>cmr10.tfm</samp>:
<em>properties</em>, nested where necessary.
</p>
<ul>
-<li> <a name="index-FAMILY-property"></a>
-<a name="index-FACE-property"></a>
-<a name="index-headerbyte-information"></a>
+<li> <span id="index-FAMILY-property"></span>
+<span id="index-FACE-property"></span>
+<span id="index-headerbyte-information"></span>
The first few items (<code>FAMILY</code>, <code>FACE</code>, and so on) are
the so-called <em>headerbyte</em> information from Metafont, giving general
information about the font.
-</li><li> <a name="index-FAMILY-property-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfontdimen"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-FAMILY-property-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfontdimen"></span>
The <code>FONTDIMEN</code> property defines the TeX <code>\fontdimen</code>
values.
-</li><li> <a name="index-LIGTABLE-property"></a>
-<a name="index-LABEL-property"></a>
-<a name="index-LIG-property"></a>
-<a name="index-KRN-property"></a>
-<a name="index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files"></a>
-<a name="index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files"></a>
-<a name="index-design_002dsize-units"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-LIGTABLE-property"></span>
+<span id="index-LABEL-property"></span>
+<span id="index-LIG-property"></span>
+<span id="index-KRN-property"></span>
+<span id="index-ligature-table_002c-in-TFM-files"></span>
+<span id="index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files"></span>
+<span id="index-design_002dsize-units"></span>
The <code>LIGTABLE</code> property defines the ligature and kerning table.
<code>LIG</code> properties define ligatures: in the example above, an
&lsquo;<samp>f</samp>&rsquo; (in the &lsquo;<samp>LABEL</samp>&rsquo;) followed by an &lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo; is a ligature,
@@ -4751,11 +4616,11 @@ apostrophe), TeX inserts a small amount of space between them:
three-quarters of a printer&rsquo;s point by default in this case, or .001
inches).
-</li><li> <a name="index-CHARACTER-property"></a>
-<a name="index-CHARWD-property"></a>
-<a name="index-CHARHT-property"></a>
-<a name="index-CHARDP-property"></a>
-<a name="index-CHARIC-property"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-CHARACTER-property"></span>
+<span id="index-CHARWD-property"></span>
+<span id="index-CHARHT-property"></span>
+<span id="index-CHARDP-property"></span>
+<span id="index-CHARIC-property"></span>
The <code>CHARACTER</code> property defines the dimensions of a character: its
width, height, depth, and italic correction, also in design-size units,
as explained in the previous item. For our example &lsquo;f&rsquo;, the depth is
@@ -4766,21 +4631,19 @@ ligatures for this character as a comment.
<hr>
-<a name="pltotf-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="pltotf-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#vftovp-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">vftovp invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#tftopl-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tftopl invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="PLtoTF_003a-Property-list-to-TeX-font-metric-conversion"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</h3>
+<span id="PLtoTF_003a-Property-list-to-TeX-font-metric-conversion"></span><h3 class="section">10.7 PLtoTF: Property list to TeX font metric conversion</h3>
-<a name="index-pltotf"></a>
-<a name="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM"></a>
-<a name="index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></a>
-<a name="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></a>
+<span id="index-pltotf"></span>
+<span id="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-TFM"></span>
+<span id="index-TFM-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></span>
+<span id="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></span>
<p>PLtoTF translates a property list file (as output by TFtoPL, for
-example) to TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
+example) to TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
format. It&rsquo;s much easier for both programs and humans to create the
(plain text) property list files and let PLtoTF take care of creating
the binary TFM equivalent than to output TFM files directly. Synopsis:
@@ -4802,24 +4665,22 @@ output by default is undesirable.)
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="vftovp-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="vftovp-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#vptovf-invocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">vptovf invocation</a>, Previous: <a href="#pltotf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">pltotf invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="VFtoVP_003a-Virtual-font-to-virtual-property-lists"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</h3>
+<span id="VFtoVP_003a-Virtual-font-to-virtual-property-lists"></span><h3 class="section">10.8 VFtoVP: Virtual font to virtual property lists</h3>
-<a name="index-vftovp"></a>
-<a name="index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL"></a>
-<a name="index-validation_002c-of-VF-files"></a>
-<a name="index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual"></a>
-<a name="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to"></a>
-<a name="index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to"></a>
+<span id="index-vftovp"></span>
+<span id="index-conversion_002c-VF-to-VPL"></span>
+<span id="index-validation_002c-of-VF-files"></span>
+<span id="index-property-list_002c-converting-VF-to-virtual"></span>
+<span id="index-human_002dreadable-text_002c-converting-VF-to"></span>
+<span id="index-plain-text_002c-converting-VF-to"></span>
-<p>VFtoVP translates a virtual font metric (VF, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual
+<p>VFtoVP translates a virtual font metric (VF, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual
fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) file and its accompanying TeX font metric (TFM,
-see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) file (as output by VPtoVF, for
+see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) file (as output by VPtoVF, for
example) to <em>virtual property list format</em> (a list of parenthesized
items describing the virtual font) that humans can edit or read. This
program is mostly used by people debugging virtual font utilities.
@@ -4831,7 +4692,7 @@ Synopsis:
<p>The fonts <var>vfname</var> and <var>tfmname</var> (extended with &lsquo;<samp>.vf</samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp>.tfm</samp>&rsquo; if necessary) are searched for in the usual places
-(see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the
+(see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). To see all the
relevant paths, set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> to
&lsquo;<samp>-1</samp>&rsquo; before running the program. If <var>tfmname</var> is not
specified, <var>vfname</var> (without a trailing &lsquo;<samp>.vf</samp>&rsquo;) is used.
@@ -4845,7 +4706,7 @@ companion program VFtoVP (see the next section).
&lsquo;<samp>-verbose</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-help</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-version</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#Common-options">Common options</a>):
</p><dl compact="compact">
<dt>&lsquo;<samp>-charcode-format=<var>type</var></samp>&rsquo;</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002dcharcode_002dformat_003dtype-1"></span>
<p>Output character codes in the PL file according to <var>type</var>: either
&lsquo;<samp>octal</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>ascii</samp>&rsquo;. Default is &lsquo;<samp>ascii</samp>&rsquo; for letters and
digits, octal for all other characters. Exception: if the font&rsquo;s coding
@@ -4866,22 +4727,20 @@ confusing.
<hr>
-<a name="vptovf-invocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="vptovf-invocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font utilities available elsewhere</a>, Previous: <a href="#vftovp-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">vftovp invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="VPtoVF_003a-Virtual-property-lists-to-virtual-font"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</h3>
+<span id="VPtoVF_003a-Virtual-property-lists-to-virtual-font"></span><h3 class="section">10.9 VPtoVF: Virtual property lists to virtual font</h3>
-<a name="index-vptovf"></a>
-<a name="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF"></a>
-<a name="index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></a>
-<a name="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-1"></a>
+<span id="index-vptovf"></span>
+<span id="index-conversion_002c-property-list-to-VF"></span>
+<span id="index-VF-files_002c-converting-property-lists-to"></span>
+<span id="index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-1"></span>
<p>VPtoVF translates a virtual property list file (as output by VFtoVP, for
-example) to virtual font (VF, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) and
-TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) files.
+example) to virtual font (VF, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) and
+TeX font metric (TFM, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>) files.
It&rsquo;s much easier for both programs and humans to create the (plain text)
property list files and let VPtoVF take care of creating the binary VF
and TFM equivalents than to output them directly. Synopsis:
@@ -4901,47 +4760,45 @@ specified, the VF output is written to the basename of
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Font-utilities-available-elsewhere"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Font-utilities-available-elsewhere"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#vptovf-invocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">vptovf invocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="u" rel="up">Font utilities</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Font-utilities-available-elsewhere-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.10 Font utilities available elsewhere</h3>
+<span id="Font-utilities-available-elsewhere-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.10 Font utilities available elsewhere</h3>
-<a name="index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c"></a>
+<span id="index-font-utilities_002c-non_002dWeb2c"></span>
<p>The Web2c complement of font utilities merely implements a few basic
conversions. Many other more sophisticated font utilities exist; most
are in <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/fonts/utilities</samp> (for CTAN info,
-see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Here are some of the most
+see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Here are some of the most
commonly-requested items:
</p>
<ul>
-<li> <a name="index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion"></a>
-<a name="index-afm2tfm"></a>
-<a name="index-afmtopl"></a>
-AFM (Adobe font metric) to TFM conversion: see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Invoking-afm2tfm">Invoking afm2tfm</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>, and <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/fonts/utilities/afmtopl</samp>.
+<li> <span id="index-AFM-to-TFM-conversion"></span>
+<span id="index-afm2tfm"></span>
+<span id="index-afmtopl"></span>
+AFM (Adobe font metric) to TFM conversion: see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Invoking-afm2tfm">Invoking afm2tfm</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>, and <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/fonts/utilities/afmtopl</samp>.
-</li><li> <a name="index-X-bitmap-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-BDF-and-GF-conversion"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-X-bitmap-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-BDF-and-GF-conversion"></span>
BDF (the X bitmap format) conversion:
<a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/bdf.tar.gz">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/bdf.tar.gz</a>.
-</li><li> <a name="index-metatype1"></a>
-<a name="index-Latin-Modern"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-metatype1"></span>
+<span id="index-Latin-Modern"></span>
Creating fonts using MetaPost: MetaType1.
<a href="ftp://bop.eps.gda.pl/pub/metatype1">ftp://bop.eps.gda.pl/pub/metatype1</a>. This is used to create
the excellent Latin Modern font family (<samp><var>CTAN:</var>/fonts/lm</samp>),
which extends Computer Modern to a vast repertoire of scripts.
-</li><li> <a name="index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-xbfe_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></a>
-<a name="index-xfed_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></a>
-<a name="index-xfedor_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></a>
-<a name="index-gftopxl"></a>
-<a name="index-chtopx"></a>
-<a name="index-pxtoch"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-editing-of-bitmap-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-xbfe_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></span>
+<span id="index-xfed_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></span>
+<span id="index-xfedor_002c-bitmap-font-editor"></span>
+<span id="index-gftopxl"></span>
+<span id="index-chtopx"></span>
+<span id="index-pxtoch"></span>
Editing of bitmap fonts: Xbfe from the GNU font utilities mentioned
below; the X BDF-editing programs available from
<a href="ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfed.tar.Z">ftp://ftp.x.org/R5contrib/xfed.tar.Z</a> and
@@ -4950,36 +4807,36 @@ fonts have only 128 characters, you can use the old <code>gftopxl</code>,
<code>pxtoch</code>, and <code>chtopx</code> programs from
<a href="ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web">ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web</a>.
-</li><li> <a name="index-fontforge"></a>
-<a name="index-pfaedit"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-fontforge"></span>
+<span id="index-pfaedit"></span>
Editing of outline fonts: FontForge, <a href="fontforge.sourceforge.net">fontforge.sourceforge.net</a>.
This is a very elaborate program with support for many outline formats
(Type&nbsp;1, OpenType, TrueType, &hellip;), and many advanced font
editing features.
-</li><li> <a name="index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript"></a>
-<a name="index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps"></a>
-<a name="index-gsftopk"></a>
-<a name="index-ps2pk"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-PK-bitmaps-from-PostScript"></span>
+<span id="index-PostScript-to-PK-bitmaps"></span>
+<span id="index-gsftopk"></span>
+<span id="index-ps2pk"></span>
PK bitmaps from PostScript outline fonts: gsftopk from the &lsquo;<samp>xdvi</samp>&rsquo;
distribution. Alternatively, <code>ps2pk</code>, from
<samp><var>CTAN:</var>/fonts/utilities/ps2pk</samp>.
-</li><li> <a name="index-Type-1-conversion"></a>
-<a name="index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion"></a>
-<a name="index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-Type-1-conversion"></span>
+<span id="index-PFA-and-PFB-conversion"></span>
+<span id="index-PostScript-Type-1-font-conversion"></span>
PostScript Type 1 font format conversion (i.e., between PFA and PFB
formats): <a href="http://www.lcdf.org/type">http://www.lcdf.org/type</a>.
-</li><li> <a name="index-scanned-images-of-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-typeface-specimen-sheets"></a>
-<a name="index-fontutils"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-scanned-images-of-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-typeface-specimen-sheets"></span>
+<span id="index-fontutils"></span>
Scanned image conversion: the (aging) GNU font utilities convert type
specimen images to Metafont, PostScript, etc.:
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/fontutils/">http://www.gnu.org/software/fontutils/</a>.
-</li><li> <a name="index-autotrace"></a>
-<a name="index-potrace"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-autotrace"></span>
+<span id="index-potrace"></span>
Tracing bitmaps to fitted outlines: Autotrace
(<a href="http://autotrace.sourceforge.net">http://autotrace.sourceforge.net</a>), Potrace
(<a href="http://potrace.sourceforge.net">http://potrace.sourceforge.net</a>). For Metafont fonts, either of
@@ -4987,24 +4844,22 @@ the two programs <code>mftrace</code>
(<a href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~hanwen/mftrace">http://www.xs4all.nl/~hanwen/mftrace</a>) or <code>textrace</code>
(<a href="http://textrace.sourceforge.net">http://textrace.sourceforge.net</a>) make the job easier.
-</li><li> <a name="index-virtual-font-creation"></a>
-<a name="index-fontinst_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts"></a>
+</li><li> <span id="index-virtual-font-creation"></span>
+<span id="index-fontinst_002c-for-creating-virtual-fonts"></span>
Virtual font creation: <samp><var>CTAN:</var>/fonts/utilities/fontinst</samp>.
</li></ul>
<hr>
-<a name="Legalisms"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Legalisms"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#References" accesskey="n" rel="next">References</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-utilities" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font utilities</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Legalisms-1"></a>
-<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Legalisms</h2>
+<span id="Legalisms-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Legalisms</h2>
-<a name="index-legalisms"></a>
-<a name="index-copyright-notices"></a>
-<a name="index-permissions_002c-legal"></a>
+<span id="index-legalisms"></span>
+<span id="index-copyright-notices"></span>
+<span id="index-permissions_002c-legal"></span>
<p>In general, each file has its own copyright notice stating the copying
permissions for that file. Following is a summary.
@@ -5020,7 +4875,7 @@ be modified only through a <samp>.ch</samp> file.
under X-like terms; the precise notice is included below.
</p>
<p>Finally, the Kpathsea library is covered by the GNU Lesser General
-Public License (see <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Introduction">Introduction</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Therefore,
+Public License (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Introduction">Introduction</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>). Therefore,
the <em>binaries</em> resulting from a standard Web2c compilation are also
covered by the LGPL; so if you (re)distribute the binaries, you must
also (offer to) distribute the complete source that went into those
@@ -5050,21 +4905,19 @@ software.
<hr>
-<a name="References"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="References"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Legalisms" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Legalisms</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="References-1"></a>
-<h2 class="appendix">Appendix B References</h2>
+<span id="References-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix B References</h2>
-<a name="index-references"></a>
-<a name="index-bibliography"></a>
+<span id="index-references"></span>
+<span id="index-bibliography"></span>
<ol>
-<li> Kpathsea: See <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
+<li> Kpathsea: See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/kpathsea.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Kpathsea</cite>.
-</li><li> Dvips and Afm2tfm: See <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>.
+</li><li> Dvips and Afm2tfm: See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>.
</li><li> The TeX Users Group: <a href="http://www.tug.org">http://www.tug.org</a>. For an introduction
to the TeX system, see <a href="http://tug.org/begin.html">http://tug.org/begin.html</a>.
@@ -5215,13 +5068,11 @@ American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, USA, 2nd revised edition, 1990.
<hr>
-<a name="Index"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Index"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Index-1"></a>
-<h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
+<span id="Index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>#</b></a>
&nbsp;
@@ -5296,16 +5147,16 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-1">#</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">#</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0023define-options">&lsquo;<samp>#define</samp>&rsquo; options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-2">$</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">$</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024-expansion-in-filenames"><code>$ <span class="roman">expansion in filenames</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-3">%</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">%</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0025_0026-magic-number"><code>%&amp; <span class="roman">magic number</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-4">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">-</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d-starting-a-filename"><code>- <span class="roman">starting a filename</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d-starts-option-names"><code>- <span class="roman">starts option names</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002d-starts-option-names"><code>-- <span class="roman">starts option names</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Option-conventions">Option conventions</a></td></tr>
@@ -5395,7 +5246,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002duppercase"><code>-uppercase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dx"><code>-x</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-5">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e_002c-used-for-output"><code>.<span class="roman">, used for output</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e2602gf"><code>.2602gf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-cross_002dreference-files"><code>.aux <span class="roman">cross-reference files</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
@@ -5417,15 +5268,15 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eXdefaults"><code>.Xdefaults</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eXresources"><code>.Xresources</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-6">2</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">2</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-2602gf"><code>2602gf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-7">8</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">8</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-8-bit-clean">8 bit clean</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-8-bit-clean-output_002c-specifying"><code>8 bit clean output, specifying</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-8_002dbit-characters">8-bit characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-8">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccharsubdef-and-MLTeX"><code>\charsubdef <span class="roman">and MLTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></td></tr>
@@ -5448,13 +5299,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctracinglostchars-and-MLTeX"><code>\tracinglostchars <span class="roman">and MLTeX</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctracingcharsubdef">\tracingcharsubdef</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18-shell-escape-extension"><code>\write18 <span class="roman">shell escape extension</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-9">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">^</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e_005e-notation_002c-avoiding"><code>^^ <span class="roman">notation, avoiding</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-10">~</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">~</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007e-expansion-in-filenames"><code>~ <span class="roman">expansion in filenames</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abbrv_002ebst"><code>abbrv.bst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accented-character">accented character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-hyphenating-words-with">accents, hyphenating words with</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr>
@@ -5478,7 +5329,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-autotrace"><code>autotrace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Awk_002c-WEB-for">Awk, WEB for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-base-file_002c-determining">base file, determining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Determining-the-memory-dump-to-use">Determining the memory dump to use</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-base-files">base files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Initial-Metafont">Initial Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-base-files_002c-need-mode-definitions">base files, need mode definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
@@ -5514,7 +5365,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-byte-position-1">byte position</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-byte-swapping">byte swapping</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-c_002dsources-Makefile-target"><code>c-sources <span class="roman">Makefile target</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-targets">Additional targets</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-MFT">change files, and MFT</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-change-files_002c-and-Tangle">change files, and Tangle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
@@ -5574,7 +5425,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Cweb">Cweb</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CWEB">CWEB</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date-and-time_002c-in-memory-dumps">date and time, in memory dumps</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugging-DVI-utilities">debugging DVI utilities</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugging-flags_002c-specifying">debugging flags, specifying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
@@ -5609,7 +5460,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dynamic-Metafont-mode-definitions-with-smode">dynamic Metafont mode definitions with <code>smode</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dynamic-packing-variable">dynamic packing variable</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e-response-at-error-prompt"><code>e <span class="roman">response at error prompt</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Editor-invocation">Editor invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dcircumflex">e-circumflex</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
@@ -5635,7 +5486,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extensions-to-TeX">extensions to TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extra_005fmem_005fbot"><code>extra_mem_bot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FACE-property"><code>FACE <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FAMILY-property"><code>FAMILY <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FAMILY-property-1"><code>FAMILY <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
@@ -5675,7 +5526,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-freedom-of-Web2c">freedom of Web2c</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ftp_002emath_002eutah_002eedu"><code>ftp.math.utah.edu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-generating-source-specials">generating source specials</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometric-designs">geometric designs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Metafont">Metafont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometric-font-scaling">geometric font scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
@@ -5699,7 +5550,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Gruff_002c-Billy-Goat">Gruff, Billy Goat</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Triptrap">Triptrap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gsftopk"><code>gsftopk</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Harbison_002c-Samuel-P_002e">Harbison, Samuel P.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hardware-and-memory-dumps">hardware and memory dumps</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hash-table_002c-increasing-size-of">hash table, increasing size of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
@@ -5725,7 +5576,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation-and-languages">hyphenation and languages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation-patterns_002c-creating">hyphenation patterns, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#patgen-invocation">patgen invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ice-cream">ice cream</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifier-case">identifier case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifier-collisions">identifier collisions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
@@ -5755,10 +5606,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IPC_005fDEBUG"><code>IPC_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Compile_002dtime-options">Compile-time options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IPC_005fDEBUG-1"><code>IPC_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#IPC-and-TeX">IPC and TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-job-name">job name</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-K">K</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kerning-table_002c-in-TFM-files">kerning table, in TFM files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-keyboard-character-code_002c-translating">keyboard character code, translating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
@@ -5766,7 +5617,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG"><code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-options">Common options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KRN-property"><code>KRN <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-label-font">label font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LABEL-property"><code>LABEL <span class="roman">property</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tftopl-invocation">tftopl invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-language-support-in-TeX">language support in TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Languages-and-hyphenation">Languages and hyphenation</a></td></tr>
@@ -5788,7 +5639,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lua">Lua</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-luaTeX">luaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-machine-dependencies">machine dependencies</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Hardware-and-memory-dumps">Hardware and memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#pltotf-invocation">pltotf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-machine_002dreadable_002c-converting-property-lists-to-1">machine-readable, converting property lists to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></td></tr>
@@ -5865,7 +5716,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MPX-files_002c-converting-from-DVI-files">MPX files, converting from DVI files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitomp-invocation">dvitomp invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Multi_002dlingual-TeX">Multi-lingual TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-N-tilde">N tilde</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccharsubdef">\charsubdef</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-graphics-support-for-Metafont">new graphics support for Metafont</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newrow-GF-command"><code>newrow <span class="roman">GF command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
@@ -5875,7 +5726,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NO_005fX11WIN"><code>NO_X11WIN</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NUL_002c-not-allowed-in-filenames">NUL, not allowed in filenames</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput-filenames">\input filenames</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-octal-character-codes_002c-in-TCX-files">octal character codes, in TCX files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-offset-for-overflow-labels">offset for overflow labels</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-online-Metafont-graphics">online Metafont graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
@@ -5890,7 +5741,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output_005fcomment-for-DVI-files"><code>output_comment <span class="roman">for DVI files</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overflow-label-offset">overflow label offset</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftodvi-invocation">gftodvi invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packet-length">packet length</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-starting">page, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvicopy-invocation">dvicopy invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page_002c-starting-1">page, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
@@ -5964,7 +5815,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PXL-files_002c-explained">PXL files, explained</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pxtoch"><code>pxtoch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Raichle_002c-Bernd">Raichle, Bernd</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#MLTeX">MLTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reading_002c-additional">reading, additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readonly-directory_002c-running-TeX-in">readonly directory, running TeX in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-file-location">Output file location</a></td></tr>
@@ -5986,7 +5837,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-run-length-encoded-bitmaps-1">run length encoded bitmaps</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-runtime-options">runtime options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Runtime-options">Runtime options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaled-pixels">scaled pixels</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaled-pixels-1">scaled pixels</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-of-fonts">scaling of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
@@ -6033,7 +5884,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-C-library-function"><code>system <span class="roman">C library function</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-command">system command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1-encoding-and-ISO-input">T1 encoding and ISO input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TCX-files">TCX files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Tachikawa_002c-Elizabeth">Tachikawa, Elizabeth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tangle"><code>tangle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tangle-invocation">tangle invocation</a></td></tr>
@@ -6104,7 +5955,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-specimen-sheets">typeface specimen sheets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typesetting">typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode-1">Unicode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-extensions">TeX extensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode-input">Unicode input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
@@ -6112,7 +5963,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unsrt_002ebst"><code>unsrt.bst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX style files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8-input">UTF-8 input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-DVI-files">validation, of DVI files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#dvitype-invocation">dvitype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-GF-files">validation, of GF files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#gftype-invocation">gftype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-validation_002c-of-PK-files">validation, of PK files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
@@ -6131,7 +5982,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-virtualfonts_002etxt"><code>virtualfonts.txt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-file-formats">Font file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vptovf"><code>vptovf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#vptovf-invocation">vptovf invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-weave"><code>weave</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#weave-invocation">weave invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-WEB">WEB</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#WEB">WEB</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-web-environments_002c-and-security">web environments, and security</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Shell-escapes">Shell escapes</a></td></tr>
@@ -6150,7 +6001,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-word-processor_002c-not">word processor, not</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX">TeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-memory-dumps">writing memory dumps</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Creating-memory-dumps">Creating memory dumps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-X-bitmap-fonts">X bitmap fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-utilities-available-elsewhere">Font utilities available elsewhere</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-X-class-name-for-Metafont">X class name for Metafont</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-x-offset">x offset</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
@@ -6167,7 +6018,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#References" accesskey="p" rel="prev">References</a>, Up: <a
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Xt-support">Xt support</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xterm"><code>xterm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Online-Metafont-graphics">Online Metafont graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-Y">Y</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Y">Y</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-y-offset">y offset</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#pktype-invocation">pktype invocation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
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