rm mnras, nonfree in catalogue

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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/fonttest.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/fonttest.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index c84aa89bc44..00000000000
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+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,169 +0,0 @@
-% FONTTEST.TEX
-%
-% Test all the possible font combinations in the MN design
-%
-% v0.4   --- released 25th August 1994 (M. Reed)
-% v0.3   --- released 22nd February 1994
-% v0.25  --- released 24th July 1992
-% v0.1   --- first released 27th February 1992
-%
-% Copyright Cambridge University Press
-
-% The following line automatically loads the mn macros if you are not
-% using a format file.
-\ifx\mnmacrosloaded\undefined \input mn\fi
-
-
-% If your system has the AMS fonts version 2.0 installed, MN.tex can be
-% made to use them by uncommenting the line: %\AMStwofontstrue
-%
-% By doing this, you will be able to obtain upright Greek characters.
-% e.g. \umu, \upi etc.  See the section on "Upright Greek characters" in
-% the author guide for further information.
-
-\newif\ifAMStwofonts
-%\AMStwofontstrue
-
-\ifCUPmtplainloaded
-  \AMStwofontstrue
-\else
-  \NewTextAlphabet{textbfit} {cmbxti10} {}
-  \NewTextAlphabet{textbfss} {cmssbx10} {}
-  \NewMathAlphabet{mathbfit} {cmbxti10} {} % for math mode
-  \NewMathAlphabet{mathbfss} {cmssbx10} {} %  "   "    "
-  %
-  \ifAMStwofonts
-    \NewSymbolFont{upmath} {eurm10}
-    \NewSymbolFont{AMSa} {msam10}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\upi}     {0}{upmath}{19}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\umu}     {0}{upmath}{16}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\upartial}{0}{upmath}{40}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\leqslant}{3}{AMSa}{36}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\geqslant}{3}{AMSa}{3E}
-    \let\oldle=\le     \let\oldleq=\leq
-    \let\oldge=\ge     \let\oldgeq=\geq
-    \let\leq=\leqslant \let\le=\leqslant
-    \let\geq=\geqslant \let\ge=\geqslant
-  \fi
-  %
-\fi
-
-\def\tface{\ifCUPmtplainloaded (Monotype Times)\else (Computer Modern)\fi}
-
-\parindent=0pt
-
-\onecolumn
-
-\pageoffset{-2.5pc}{0pc}
-
-\begintopmatter
-\title{A test file showing all of the possible font combinations}
-
-\shortauthor{Monthly Notices font test \tface}
-\shorttitle{Monthly Notices font test \tface}
-\maketitle
-
-\overfullrule=0pt
-
-\loadboldmathnames
-
-% not available in sub, sub sub and super, super super script:
-% \it, \sl, \tt, \sc and \sf (Computer Modern version)
-
-\def\digs{0123456789}
-\def\testfont#1{%
-   \advance\baselineskip by 5pt
-   {\tenrm #1:}\medskip
-   {$\rm Roman^{\rm Roman^{\rm Roman}}$}\ \ 
-   {$\bf Boldface^{\bf Boldface^{\bf Boldface}}$}\par
-%
-   \ifCUPmtplainloaded % Times version
-     {$\it Italic^{\it Italic^{\it Italic}}$}\ \ 
-     {$\sl Slanted^{\sl Slanted^{\sl Slanted}}$}\par
-     {$\tt Typewriter^{\tt Typewriter^{\tt Typewriter}}$}\ \ 
-     {$\sc Small\ Caps^{\sc Small\ Caps^{\sc Small\ Caps}}$}\par
-     {$\sf Sans\ Serif^{\sf Sans\ Serif^{\sf Sans\ Serif}}$}\par
-   \else
-     {\it Italic}\ \ 
-     {\sl Slanted}\ \ 
-     {\tt Typewriter}\par
-     {\sc Small Caps}\ \ 
-     {\sf Sans Serif}\par
-   \fi
-   %
-   {\textbfit{Bold text italic}%
-     $^{\mathbfit{Bold\ text\ italic^{\mathbfit{Bold\ text\ italic}}}}$}\par
-   {\textbfss{Bold sans-serif}%
-     $^{\mathbfss{Bold\ sans-serif}^{\mathbfss{Bold\ sans-serif}}}$}\par
-   %
-   \ifAMStwofonts
-      Upright math, and others $\upi^{\upi^{\upi}}, \umu^{\umu^{\umu}},
-      \upartial^{\upartial^{\upartial}}, \le^{\le^{\le}}, \ge^{\ge^{\ge}}$
-      \par
-   \fi
-   %
-   {$\cal CALAGRAPHIC^{\cal CALAGRAPHIC^{\cal CALAGRAPHIC}}$}\par
-   {$\bmath{\cal BOLD\ CALAGRAPHIC^{\cal BOLD\ CALAGRAPHIC^{\cal BOLD\ CALAGRAPHIC}}}$}\par
-
-   {$Math\ italic^{Math\ italic^{Math\ italic}}$}\par
-   {$\bmath{Bold\ math\ italic^{Bold\ math\ italic^{Bold\ math\ italic}}}$}\par
-
-   {${\rm Oldstyle}\ \oldstyle \digs^{\oldstyle \digs^{\oldstyle \digs}}$}\par
-   {${\rm Bold\ oldstyle}\ \bmath{\oldstyle \digs^{\oldstyle \digs^{\oldstyle \digs}}}$}\par
-
-   {\rm Math symbols}\ \ 
-            $\gamma^{\gamma^{\gamma}}\quad \theta^{\theta^{\theta}}
-             \quad \nu^{\nu^{\nu}}\quad \nabla^{\nabla^{\nabla}}$\par
-   {\rm Bold math symbols}\ \ 
-            $\bgamma^{\bgamma^{\bgamma}}\quad \btheta^{\btheta^{\btheta}}
-             \quad \bnu^{\bnu^{\bnu}}\quad \bnabla^{\bnabla^{\bnabla}}$\par
-%  $$
-%  \bar x_1-\bar x_2-\left (t_{1-{\alpha\over 2}}
-%  \ \times \ s\sqrt{{1\over n_1}+{1\over n_2}}\right )\ {\rm to} \ \bar
-%  x_1-\bar x_2+\left (t_{1-{\alpha\over 2}}
-%  \times s\sqrt{{1\over n_1}+{1\over n_2}}\right )
-%  $$
-% }%
- Special symbols:
- $\la$\  $\ga$\  $\getsto$\  $\cor$\  $\lid$\  $\gid$\  $\sol$\  $\sog$\ 
- $\lse$\  $\gse$\  $\grole$\  $\leogr$\  $\loa$\  $\goa$\  \sun\  \degr\ 
- \diameter\  $\sq$\  \fd\  \fh\  \fm\  \fs\  \fdg\  \fp\  \farcs\  \farcm\ 
- \arcsec\  \arcmin\  $\bbbr$ $\bbbm$ $\bbbn$ $\bbbf$ $\bbbh$ $\bbbk$
- $\bbbp$ $\bbbone$ $\bbbc$ $\bbbq$ $\bbbt$ $\bbbs$ $\bbbz$\par
- %
- \ifCUPmtplainloaded
-   \Half
-   \noindent (Monotype Times version only)\par
-   \noindent AMS symbol fonts:
-     $\boxplus$, $\boxtimes$, $\blacksquare$, $\centerdot$, $\lozenge$,
-     $\blacklozenge$, $\yen$, $\checkmark$, $\circledR$, $\maltese$,
-     $\nleqq$, $\ngeqq$,
-     $\precneqq$, $\succneqq$, $\precnapprox$, $\succnapprox$, $\lnapprox$,
-     $\gnapprox$\par
-   \noindent Blackboard Bold: $\Bbb{A}\ldots\Bbb{Z}$\par
- \fi
- \Two
-}
-
-
-\eightpoint\testfont{8 point}%
-
-\ninepoint\testfont{9 point}%
-
-\vfil\eject
-
-\tenpoint\testfont{10 point}%
-
-\elevenpoint\testfont{11 point}%
-
-\vfil\eject
-
-\fourteenpoint\testfont{14 point}%
-
-\vfil\eject
-
-\seventeenpoint\testfont{17 point}%
-
-\bye
-
-% end of fonttest.tex
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnguide.dvi b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnguide.dvi
deleted file mode 100644
index 7448861d79e..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnguide.dvi
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnguide.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnguide.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index f68e7a06bef..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnguide.tex
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@@ -1,1988 +0,0 @@
-% MNGUIDE.TEX
-%
-% Authors' guide for the plain TeX MN macros
-%
-% v1.5 --- released 25th August 1994 (M. Reed)
-% v1.4 --- released 22nd February 1994
-% v1.3 --- released 21st December 1992
-%
-% Copyright Cambridge University Press
-
-% The following line automatically loads the mn macros if you are not
-% using a format file.
-\ifx\mnmacrosloaded\undefined \input mn\fi
-
-% If your system has the AMS fonts version 2.0 installed, MN.tex can be
-% made to use them by uncommenting the line: %\AMStwofontstrue
-%
-% By doing this, you will be able to obtain upright Greek characters.
-% e.g. \umu, \upi etc.  See the section on "Upright Greek characters" in
-% this guide for further information.
-
-\newif\ifAMStwofonts
-%\AMStwofontstrue
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Macros for this guide %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\makeatletter
-\newskip\ttglue \ttglue=0pt
-
-\chardef\other=12
-\def\ttverbatim{\begingroup \catcode`\\=\other \catcode`\{=\other
- \catcode`\}=\other \catcode`\$=\other \catcode`\&=\other
- \catcode`\#=\other \catcode`\%=\other \catcode`\~=\other
- \catcode`\_=\other \catcode`\^=\other
- \obeyspaces \obeylines \tt}%
-{\obeyspaces\gdef {\ }}
-
-\outer\def\begintt{$$\let\par=\endgraf \ttverbatim \parskip=0pt%
- \catcode`\|=0 \rightskip=-5pc \ttfinish}
-
-{\catcode`\|=0 |catcode`|\=\other
- |obeylines
- |gdef|ttfinish#1^^M#2\endtt{#1|vbox{#2}|endgroup$$}}
-
-\catcode`\|=\active
-{\obeylines\gdef|{\ttverbatim\spaceskip=\ttglue\let^^M=\ \let|=\endgroup}}
-
-\newdimen\macind   \macind=1em % the default indent
-
-\def\beginlines{\par\begingroup\nobreak\Half
-  \leftskip=\macind
-  \parindent=0pt%
-  \nobreak \obeylines \everypar{\strut}%
-}
-\def\endlines{\endgroup\Half\noindent}
-
-\def\hang#1#2{%
- \par\hangindent=70pt%
- \advance\hangindent by 1em
- \noindent\hskip 1em \rlap{\tt #1}\hskip 70pt\relax
- #2\par%
-}
-
-\def\beginexhang#1{\par\bgroup\let\item=\ex@hang}
-
-\def\ex@hang#1{%
-  \everypar{}\par
-  \Half
-  \everypar{\noindent \ignorespaces}%
-  \noindent %\hskip-\hangindent
-    \boxw{\tt\char"5C #1}\quad\ignorespaces
-}
-
-\def\endexhang{\par\egroup\Half}
-
-\def\beginquote{\bgroup\par\Half\leftskip=2em \rightskip=2em
-  \eightpoint\noindent\ignorespaces}
-\def\endquote{\par\Half\egroup\noindent}
-
-\newdimen\fboxrule \fboxrule=.4pt
-\newdimen\fboxsep  \fboxsep=3pt
-\newdimen\tempdimA
-\newbox\BoxA
-
-\newif\ifnocr
-\def\boxw#1{{\global\nocrtrue \fboxsep=2pt \boxit{#1}}}
-
-\long\def\boxit#1{%
-  \setbox\BoxA=\hbox{\kern\fboxsep #1\kern\fboxsep}%
-  \tempdimA=\fboxrule
-  \advance\tempdimA by \fboxsep
-  \advance\tempdimA by \dp\BoxA
-  \noindent \hbox{\lower\tempdimA
-  \hbox{%
-    \vbox{%
-      \hrule height \fboxrule
-      \hbox{%
-        \vrule width \fboxrule \hskip-\fboxrule
-        \vbox{\vskip\fboxsep \box\BoxA\vskip.5\fboxsep}%
-        \hskip -\fboxrule \vrule width \fboxrule
-      }%
-    \hrule height \fboxrule
-    }%
-  }%
-  }%
-  \ifnocr \global\nocrfalse\else \par\medskip\noindent\ignorespaces\fi
-}
-
-\def\multi{\vbox\bgroup\advance\hsize by -2\fboxsep \def\\{\hfil\break}}
-\def\endmulti{\egroup}
-
-\def\Notes{%
-  \if@nobreak \everypar{}\half \else \addpen{\gds@cbrk}\addvspace{\half}\fi
-  \noindent\@nohdbrk {\em Notes}\par
-  \nobreak \vskip\half \nobreak \@noafterindent
-}
-
-
-\def\LaTeX{La\TeX}
-\makeatother
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End of macros for guide %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\ifCUPmtplainloaded \else
-  \NewTextAlphabet{textbfit} {cmbxti10} {}
-  \NewTextAlphabet{textbfss} {cmssbx10} {}
-  \NewMathAlphabet{mathbfit} {cmbxti10} {} % for math mode
-  \NewMathAlphabet{mathbfss} {cmssbx10} {} %  "   "    "
-  %
-  \ifAMStwofonts
-    %
-    \NewSymbolFont{upmath} {eurm10}
-    \NewSymbolFont{AMSa} {msam10}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\upi}     {0}{upmath}{19}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\umu}     {0}{upmath}{16}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\upartial}{0}{upmath}{40}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\leqslant}{3}{AMSa}{36}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\geqslant}{3}{AMSa}{3E}
-    \let\oldle=\le     \let\oldleq=\leq
-    \let\oldge=\ge     \let\oldgeq=\geq
-    \let\leq=\leqslant \let\le=\leqslant
-    \let\geq=\geqslant \let\ge=\geqslant
-  \else
-    \def\umu{\mu}
-    \def\upi{\pi}
-    \def\upartial{\partial}
-  \fi
-\fi
-
-% Marginal adjustments using \pageoffset maybe required when printing
-% proofs on a Laserprinter (this is usually not needed).
-% Syntax: \pageoffset{ +/- hor. offset}{ +/- vert. offset}
-% e.g.    \pageoffset{-3pc}{-4pc}
-
-\pageoffset{-2.5pc}{0pc}
-
-\loadboldmathnames
-
-\begintopmatter  %  start the two spanning material
-
-\title{Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society:\hfil\break
-  plain \TeX\ style guide for authors}
-\author{M. A. Reed}
-\affiliation{Cambridge University Press, Shaftesbury Road,
-  Cambridge CB2 2BS}
-
-\shortauthor{M. A. Reed}
-\shorttitle{Monthly Notices: plain \TeX\ guide for authors}
-
-\acceptedline{Accepted 1993 December 11. Received 1993 March 17}
-
-\abstract {This guide is for authors who are preparing papers for the
-Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society using the
-Monthly Notices plain \TeX\ macros.}
-
-\keywords {Plain \TeX, {\tt mn.tex} -- sample text -- user guide.}
-\pagerange{1--13}%%
-\pubyear{1994}
-
-\maketitle
-
-% Start of main text
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-In addition to the standard submission of hardcopy from authors,
-Monthly Notices accepts machine-readable forms of papers in \TeX.
-The layout design for Monthly Notices has been implemented as a
-\TeX\ format. This guide is not a substitute for the \TeX\ manual
-itself. Authors planning to submit their papers in \TeX\ are advised
-to use |mn.tex| as early as possible in the creation of their files.
-
-
-\subsection{The MN macros}
-
-MN is a set of plain \TeX\ macros for the Monthly Notices design,
-incorporating both the single- and double-column formats.
-MN.STY is the corresponding \LaTeX\ style file.
-The MN design package consists of the following files; do not edit these
-files in any way.
-\Half
-\hang{MN.TEX}       {the macro definitions}
-\hang{MNGUIDE.TEX}  {the input file for this guide}
-\hang{MNSAMPLE.TEX} {the input file for a sample article}
-\hang{MNLAND.TEX}   {a landscape figure for use with the sample article}
-\hang{FONTTEST.TEX} {a file to test all of the fonts used in MN}
-\Half
-\noindent The input files for the guide, sample pages, landscape sample and
-fonttest automatically call in the MN macros if you haven't preloaded them
-by using a format file.
-Therefore, this guide can be typeset by typing: |tex MNGUIDE|, or
-|tex &mn MNGUIDE|.
-
-When your article is printed in the Monthly Notices journal, it is typeset
-in Monotype Times. As most authors do not have this font, it is likely that
-the make-up will change with the change of font. For this reason, we ask
-you to ignore details such as slightly long lines, page stretching, or
-figures falling out of synchronization, because these details can be dealt with at a later stage.
-
-
-\subsection{General style issues}
-
-For general style issues, authors are referred to the `Instructions for
-Authors' on the inside back cover of Monthly Notices. Authors who are
-interested in the details of style are referred to Butcher (1992) and
-The Chicago Manual (1982). The language of the journal is British
-English and spelling should conform to this.
-
-
-\subsection{Submission of \TeX\ articles to the journal}
-
-Authors are urged to state that electronic submission is intended when
-first submitting their paper. Papers should initially be submitted in the
-usual way to the Executive Secretary, Royal Astronomical Society, Burlington
-House, London W1V~0NL, as set out on the inside front cover of each issue
-of Monthly Notices. Three hard copies should be supplied. One of these
-copies should be single-sided and double-spaced throughout, while the other
-two should be weight-reduced, by being either single-spaced or double-sided.
-Note that articles, or revised versions thereof, may not be submitted by
-electronic mail.  Appropriate gaps should be left for figures, original
-versions and copies of which should also be supplied.  Authors should ensure
-that their figures are suitable (in terms of lettering, size, etc.) for the
-reduction they intend.
-
-Authors who wish to include PostScript artwork dir\-ectly into their
-articles can do so, by using either Tomas Rokicki's {\sf EPSF} macros
-or Trevor Darrell's {\sf PSFIG} macros (both of which are supplied with
-the DVIPS PostScript driver). Please remember to supply any additional
-figure macros you use with your article.
-Please also supply hard copies of your figures, for the use of production
-editors and as a back-up.
-Authors should not attempt to
-use implementation specific |\special|'s directly.
-
-The correct Monthly Notices House
-Style should be used -- details are given in the Instructions for Authors,
-in the Style Guide published in the 1~January 1993 issue (\hbox{MNRAS},
-260,~1), and in Appendix C of this guide.
-No disk should be submitted at this initial stage. When the paper has been
-accepted, the double-spaced copy will be marked up by the subeditors at
-Blackwell Science (BS) and returned to you for correction.
-When the requested corrections have been made, you should send the following
-material to BS:
-\beginlist
-\item (i) a 3.5-inch or 5.25-inch disk for PC (double or high density or
-Apple Mac), containing the {\em corrected\/} version of the paper; the file
-for the final version should be text-only, with no source-dependent control
-codes (i.e. an ASCII file);
-
-\item (ii) two hard copies of the corrected version, plus the original
-marked up copy of the article; {\em any further author corrections should
-be clearly indicated on the latter\/};
-
-\item (iii) a signed statement that the revised hard copy and the disk do
-indeed correspond.
-\endlist
-In addition, you should submit the following information concerning the disk
-and its contents:
-\beginlist
-\item (i) the disk format (e.g. PC 360k);
-
-\item (ii) how many files the disk contains, their names, a description of
-the file contents and the number of pages each file will produce when
-printed; details of any user-defined macros;
-
-\item (iii) the computer system and implementation of \TeX\ used (e.g.
-IBM~PC-386, PC\TeX~v3.14).
-\endlist
-Unless the layout of the paper has to be significantly changed by the
-typesetter (for example, if the gaps left for figures are not suitable), it
-will not be necessary to send you a typeset proof to check, as the paper
-will be set directly from your submitted disk.  However, you should note
-that, if serious problems are encountered with the coding of your paper
-(missing author-defined macros, for example), it may prove necessary to
-divert the paper to conventional typesetting.
-
-
-\section{General instructions for installation}
-
-The simplest way to use this macro package is to copy the above files into a
-suitable directory or work area on your computer.  Write your
-article using the macros described below (or use the sample article as a 
-template) and ensure that the following is included at the very beginning of your input file:
-\beginlines
-|\ifx\mnmacrosloaded\undefined \input mn\fi|
-\endlines
-
-When you typeset your article using |tex <article file name>| the macro
-definitions will be loaded automatically before your text is processed.
-This will happen rather slowly on a small computer and you may find it much
-faster to work with the \TeX\ format file for the MN macros.
-This can be created by using the program INITEX:
-\beginlines
-|initex &plain mn|
-\endlines
-This usage of this command will vary from one installation of \TeX\ to
-another. In {\sc Unix} implementations of \TeX\ the `|&|' character must
-be `escaped' with a `|\|` because it is a magic character,
-e.g. |initex \&plain mn|.
-In PC\TeX\ you type the following (seek local advice if you
-are not sure how to use INITEX on your system):
-\beginlines
-|tex &plain mn /i|
-\endlines
-
-When the process is complete type |\dump| at the \TeX\ prompt.
-This creates the format file |MN.FMT|.  Type the following command to
-typeset your article:
-\beginlines
-|tex &mn <article file name>|
-\endlines
-\TeX\ will process your article at high speed.
-
-
-\subsection{The font test and sample pages}
-
-Once you have installed the MN macros, run the following test.  The file
-|FONTTEST.TEX| produces a sample of each font size used in the MN design.
-To use this do |tex FONTTEST| or |tex &mn FONTTEST| (after creating the
-|MN.FMT| format file).
-Preview the resulting |DVI| file on-screen and generate hard copy output on
-your facilities.  It will show you whether any of the fonts selected by the
-Monthly Notices design are going to cause problems on your system.
-
-As a final test of the installation, typeset the sample article, using
-|tex MNSAMPLE| or |tex &mn MNSAMPLE|.
-Use this article in conjunction with the instructions in this guide to
-work out how to typeset an article for Monthly Notices.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Page margins}
-
-Some \TeX\ sites may find that pages from the MN design are positioned
-incorrectly on the paper from local laserprinters. This can be corrected by the
-use of the |\pageoffset| macro. It takes two parameters, the first being
-the horizontal offset, the second the vertical offset, e.g.
-\beginlines
-|\pageoffset{-1pc}{2pc}|
-\endlines
-The above example will shift the output one pica to the left, and two picas
-down the page. Usually there is no need to use this macro; only use it if
-required.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Author macro names}
-
-For efficiency, some authors may wish to write their own macros. Those who
-intend to do this will be aware of the problem of creating unique
-identifiers (macro names). The most common way around this problem has been
-to include |@| somewhere in the identifier, e.g. |\@utput| or |\sec@tion|.
-Knuth, the creator of \TeX, has adopted this method in the plain \TeX\
-definitions and it can also be found in other format packages such as
-\LaTeX.
-
-However, use of this method can cause problems if the internals of plain
-\TeX\ or the MN macros get `over-ridden'. There is a simpler method which is
-much safer. Simply prefix your macro names with your initials,
-e.g.\ |\MARmacro|.
-
-
-\section{The design macros}
-
-Refer to the source code of the sample pages for examples of the following
-design macros in use. It is very important that the article should end
-with a |\bye| as this typesets `This paper$\ldots$' at the very end.
-
-
-\subsection{Article opening}
-
-There are certain macros that should appear near the top of your input file.
-The following is the recommended way to begin your article.
-%
-\beginexhang{begintopmatter}
-\item{onecolumn} Selects single-column output (default = two-column).
-  The |\onecolumn| command {\em must\/} be used before |\begintopmatter|
-  for the article opening to work correctly.
-
-  You should not use |\onecolumn| unless your article has a high
-  mathematical content which won't fit into the two-column measure easily.
-  Selection of one-column output also affects the actions of other macros,
-  particularly those controlling figures and tables.
-
-\item {Referee} This selects referee mode (double spaced) if required
-  (default = not selected). Figure captions and Tables are not double
-  spaced by this option.
-
-\item {authorcomment} This creates a catchline at the bottom of the page
-  which authors may wish to use to keep track of the versions of their
-  article.
-
-\item {begintopmatter} This macro should be used just before defining the
-  article title and author names.  If you omit this macro \TeX\ will
-  complain loudly when it reaches the |\maketitle| macro.
-
-\item {title} Set the article title, e.g.
-\beginlines
-|\title{Dust envelopes around RV Tauri stars}|
-\endlines
-
-\item {author} Set the article author(s), e.g.
-\beginlines
-|\author{A. V. Raveendran}|
-\endlines
-
-\item {affiliation} Set the author affiliation(s), e.g.
-\beginlines
-|\affiliation{Indian Institute of Astrophysics..}|
-\endlines
-Multiple author names should be set as follows.  Do not use
-`\&' between names, always use `and'.  Each author name is
-listed, followed by a reference mark (usually a superscripted
-number).  The reference mark refers to each author's
-respective affiliations in a list which follows afterwards.
-For example,
-\beginlines
-\vbox{%
-|\author{A.~Moorhouse,$^{1,2}$|
-|        P.~W.~J.~L.~Brand,$^1$|
-|        T.~R.~Geballe$^3$ and M.~G.~Burton$^4$}|
-|\affiliation{$^1$ Department of Astronomy, ...}|
-|\affiliation{$^2$ Present address: Dublin|
-|                  Institute for ...}|
-|\affiliation{$^3$ Joint Astronomy Centre ...}|
-|\affiliation{$^4$ NASA Ames Research Center ...}|
-}%
-\endlines
-Note that the `present address' in
-the above example is treated as though it were an affiliation.  Similarly,
-fellowships or other posts, for example `Visiting Observer, Mount John
-University Observatory \dots' should be listed in the acknowledgments.
-
-\item {shortauthor} Define the even-page running head.
-\beginlines
-|\shortauthor{R. A. Stathakis and E. M. Sadler}|
-\endlines
-Initials only should be used in running heads; use `and',
-not~`\&', to separate the final two names.  When there is a
-long list of authors (four or more) use the form
-\beginlines
-|\shortauthor{D.~T.~Wickramasinghe et al.}|
-\endlines
-
-\item {shorttitle} Define the odd-page running head.
-\beginlines
-|\shorttitle{The H\,{\eightit I} spectra}|
-\endlines
-Notice the use of the |\,| (thinspace) after the `H' in the above example.
-The |\eightit| simulates the effect of an italic small-caps.
-If you require roman (upright) text in the short-title, say for `IRAS',
-you would use:
-\beginlines
-|\shorttitle{...{\rm IRAS}...}|
-\endlines
-It may also be necessary to add an italic correction |\/| before the |\rm|
-to improve the spacing.
-
-\item {abstract} Set the abstract information, e.g.
-\beginlines
-|\abstract {This is the text of the abstract ...}|
-\endlines
-This design macro requires that the text (which can be
-longer than one paragraph) is enclosed in braces.
-The abstract must fit on to the
-first page of the article when typeset.
-
-\item {keywords} Set any article key words,  e.g.
-\beginlines
-|\keywords {circumstellar matter|
-|           -- infrared: stars.}|
-\endlines
-The same applies for |\keywords| as for the |\abstract| macro.
-
-\item {maketitle} This macro must be used just before the first section
-  or the first text paragraph.
-\endexhang
-
-
-\subsection{Headings}
-
-Some headings are capitalized. Where this is true the design macro will
-automatically capitalize whatever you key. As a rule, it is advisable to
-capitalize the first letter, and any words that normally start with a capital,
-i.e. proper nouns, abbreviations, but key all other words in lower case.
-
-The |\section|, |\subsection| and |\subsubsection| mac\-ros are
-automatically numbered. To produce unnumbered headings, `star' forms of
-these macros exist, e.g. |\section*|.
-%
-\beginexhang{subsubsection}
-\item {section} Start a new section, e.g.
-\beginlines
-|\section{Introduction}|
-\endlines
-For main section headings such as `Acknowledgments' and
-`References' use the |\section*| macro, e.g.
-\beginlines
-|\section*{Acknowledgments}|
-\endlines
-The |\section| command is also used to produce appendices
-(see Subsection~3.11 for more information).%%
-
-\item {subsection} Start a new subsection, e.g.
-\beginlines
-|\subsection{Colour--colour diagram}|
-\endlines
-
-\item {subsubsection} Start a new subsubsection, e.g.
-\beginlines
-|\subsubsection{Correlation with subgroups}|
-\endlines
-
-\item {paragraph} Start a new subsubsubsection, e.g.
-\beginlines
-|\paragraph{Correlation with subgroups.} Text|
-| runs on after heading...|
-\endlines
-It is important to note that text runs on after a
-|\paragraph|. There should be no break between this heading
-and the next paragraph.
-\endexhang
-
-\noindent The macro |\section| forces the text of the heading into upper
-case, and |\subsection| emboldens the text.  When headings contain names
-with lowercase or small capital letters, place these letters in the
-argument of |\lowercase|, e.g.
-\beginlines
-|N\lowercase{a}\,{\sixbf I}/%|
-|C\lowercase{a}\,{\sixbf II}|
-\endlines
-to get `\dots\ {\bf Na\,{\sixbf I}/Ca\,{\sixbf II}}\ \dots' in a section
-heading. The |\sixbf| commands produce a simulated bold small-caps.
-This technique can also be applied to the running heads; see the example in
-|\shorttitle|.
-
-The paragraph indent on any text following a |\section|, |\subsection|
-or |\subsubsection| is automatically removed by the macros.
-
-
-\subsection{Lists}
-\subsubsection{Numbered lists}
-
-Numbered lists are keyed in a simple and straightforward way. They begin
-with a |\beginlist| command. Each item is marked with |\item| with its
-number (in round braces) followed by the text for the item. The number
-should be in lower case roman numerals. The list is ended with |\endlist|.
-For example,
-\beginlines
-|\beginlist|
-|\item (i) the attenuated and diluted stellar|
-|  radiation;|
-|\item (ii) scattered radiation, and|
-|\item (iii) reradiation from other grains.|
-|\endlist|
-\endlines
-
-\Notes
-
-\beginlist
-\item (i) Extra white space is automatically added above and below the list.
-\item (ii) Outside the scope of the |\beginlist| and |\endlist| commands the
-  |\item| command reverts to its plain \TeX\ definition. Don't use the
-  plain \TeX\ |\item| command on its own, as the spacing and indents will
-  be incorrect.
-\item (iii) The paragraph indentation on the first paragraph following the
-  |\endlist| command is removed automatically if you leave no blank
-  line between the |\endlist| and the text.
-\endlist
-
-
-\subsubsection{Unnumbered lists}
-
-These should be keyed in the same way as numbered lists (described above),
-except that each item in the list has no number in round braces.
-
-
-\subsection{Illustrations (or figures)}
-
-Figures should be keyed as follows:
-\beginlines
-|\beginfigure{|{\em n\/}|}|
-|  \vskip 3cm|
-|  \caption{{\bf Figure |{\it f}|.} An example figure in|
-|    which space has been left for the artwork.}|
-|\endfigure|
-\endlines
-Figure captions should be below the figure itself, therefore
-the |\caption| command should appear after the figure or space
-left for an illustration.
-The {\em n\/} value is the logical figure number. This number determines
-the output order of the figure (in two-column mode).
-It must start at~1 and increase with each successive figure.
-\beginfigure{1}
-  \vskip 3cm
-  \caption{{\bf Figure 1.} An example figure in which space has been
-    left for the artwork.}
-\endfigure
-The |\caption| macro is only valid in the scope of
-|\beginfigure|$\ldots$|\endfigure|.
-
-The example above will produce a single-column figure in two-column mode.
-To produce a double-spanning figure use:
-\beginlines
-|\beginfigure*{|{\em n\/}|}|
-|  |$\ldots$
-|  \caption{|$\ldots$|}|
-|\endfigure|
-\endlines
-Notice that |\beginfigure*| ends with |\endfigure|. If the text in the
-caption is less than one line long it is centred automatically, otherwise
-it is set full-out.
-
-\Notes
-
-\beginlist
-\item (i) If there is more than one figure panel to a caption, the depth
-  value should increase by 13pt (4.5mm) for every extra figure (if they are
-  one above another). This allows for a gap between each figure panel.
-
-\item (ii) If a figure occupies one complete page, insert a depth that does
-  not completely fill the page, otherwise the figure may be output at the
-  end of the paper (or not at all)!
-\endlist
-
-See `Instructions for Authors' in Monthly Notices for submission of
-artwork.
-
-\subsubsection{Points to note for figures in one-column articles}
-
-\beginlist
-\item (i) All figures (and their captions) will be set to full width even
-  if they are keyed using |\beginfigure|$\ldots$|\endfigure|.
-  Captions shorter than one line will be centred as normal.
-
-\item (ii) The logical figure number is ignored in one-column mode.
-  Therefore the figures are output in the order in which they appear in
-  the source.
-
-\item (iii) If a figure is placed very early in the source code,
-  it is possible for it to float to the top of the first page
-  (above the title). In this case, move the figure one paragraph down and
-  try again. It may be necessary to do this with other figures to keep the
-  output order correct.
-\endlist
-
-
-\subsection{Tables}
-
-Tables should be keyed something like this:
-\beginlines
-|\begintable{|{\em n\/}|}|
-|  \caption{{\bf Table |{\em t\/}|.} |$\ldots$|}|
-|  \halign{| $<$alignment$>$ |}|
-|  \tabletext{| text below table, table footnotes, etc. |}|
-|\endtable|
-\endlines
-The {\em n\/} value is the logical table number, and {\em t\/} is the
-table number. The logical table number determines the output order of the
-table (in two-column mode).
-It must start at~1 and increase with each successive table.
-
-The table caption should appear before the body of the table.
-The |\tabletext| macro is provided for table notes, and table footnotes.
-It can contain more than one paragraph of text. Ten points of space are
-automatically added above |\tabletext|. Only one |\tabletext| is allowed
-per table. The usage of |\tabletext| is optional.
-
-If you wish to insert non-aligned text into the body of the alignment do
-not use |\noalign{|{\em text\/}|}| as this will make the table appear to
-be full width to the macros, resulting in the table being set flush left.
-In this case you can either use |\multispan| or use
-|\noalign{\hbox{|{\em text\/}|}}|.
-
-The caption, and any text below the table will be set to the table
-width, when the table is centred by the macros.
-The |\caption| and |\tabletext| macros are only valid in the scope of the
-|\begintable|$\ldots$|\endtable|.
-
-Table~1 is produced with the following code:
-\beginlines
-|\begintable{1}|
-|  \caption{{\bf Table 1.} Radio-band beaming|
-|    model parameters for FSRQs and BL Lacs.}|
-|  \halign{#\hfil & \quad \hfil#\hfil\quad &|
-|           \hfil#\hfil\quad & \hfil#\hfil\quad &|
-|           \hfil#\hfil\quad & \hfil#\hfil\quad &|
-|           \hfil#\hfil\cr|
-|  Class   & $\gamma_1$ & $\gamma_2$ & $\langle|
-|            \gamma \rangle$ & $G$ & $f$|
-|          & $\theta_{\rm c}$ \cr|
-|  BL Lacs & 5 & 36 & 7  & $-4.0$ & $1.0\times|
-|    10^{-2}$ & 10$^\circ$ \cr|
-|  FSRQs   & 5 & 40 & 11 & $-2.3$ & $0.5\times|
-|    10^{-2}$ & 14$^\circ$ \cr|
-|  }|
-|  \tabletext{{\em G} is the slope of the Lorentz|
-|    factor distribution, i.e. $n(\gamma)\propto|
-|    \gamma^G$, extending between $\gamma_1$|
-|    and $\gamma_2$, with mean value $\langle|
-|    \gamma\rangle$, {\em f\/} is the ratio|
-|    between the intrinsic jet luminosity and the|
-|    extended, unbeamed luminosity, while|
-|    $\theta_{{\rm c}}$ is the critical angle|
-|    separating the beamed class from the parent|
-|    population.}|
-|\endtable|
-\endlines
-
-\begintable{1}
-  \caption{{\bf Table 1.} Radio-band beaming model parameters
-           for FSRQs and BL Lacs.}
-  \halign{#\hfil&\quad \hfil#\hfil\quad& \hfil#\hfil\quad&
-          \hfil#\hfil\quad& \hfil#\hfil\quad& \hfil#\hfil\quad&
-          \hfil#\hfil\cr
-  Class   & $\gamma_1$ & $\gamma_2$ & $\langle \gamma \rangle$ & $G$ & $f$
-    & $\theta_{\rm c}$ \cr
-  BL Lacs & 5 & 36 & 7  & $-4.0$ & $1.0\times 10^{-2}$ & 10$^\circ$ \cr
-  FSRQs   & 5 & 40 & 11 & $-2.3$ & $0.5\times 10^{-2}$ & 14$^\circ$ \cr
-  }
-  \tabletext{{\em G} is the slope of the Lorentz factor distribution, i.e.
-    $n(\gamma)\propto \gamma ^G$, extending between $\gamma _1$ and
-    $\gamma_2$, with mean value $\langle \gamma \rangle$, {\em f\/} is the
-    ratio between the intrinsic jet luminosity and the extended, unbeamed
-    luminosity, while $\theta_{{\rm c}}$ is the critical angle separating
-    the beamed class from the parent population.}
-\endtable
-
-\noindent The example above will produce a single-column table in two-column
-mode. To produce a double-spanning table use:
-\beginlines
-|\begintable*{|{\em n\/}|}|
-|  \caption{|$\ldots$|}|
-|  \halign{|$\ldots$|}|
-|  \tabletext{|$\ldots$|}|
-|\endtable|
-\endlines
-Notice that |\begintable*| ends with |\endtable|.
-
-Tables are allowed to have single horizontal rules, at the head
-and foot only. Horizontal rules should have 3pt of space above and below
-them. Vertical rules should not be used.
-
-If a table occupies one complete page, you may find it necessary to reduce
-its depth slightly, so that it doesn't completely fill the page, otherwise
-the table may be output at the end of the paper (or not at all)!
-
-
-\subsubsection{Points to note for tables in one-column articles}
-
-\beginlist
-\item (i) Tables that will fit into a column in two-column mode will be
-  centred on the full page width in one-column mode.
-
-\item (ii) The logical table number is ignored in two-column mode.
-  Therefore the tables are output in the order in which they appear in
-  the source.
-
-\item (iii) If a table is placed very early in the source code,
-  it is possible for it to float to the top of the first page
-  (above the title). In this case, move the table one paragraph down and
-  try again. It may be necessary to do this with other tables to keep the
-  output order correct.
-\endlist
-
-
-\subsection{Captions for continued figures and tables}
-
-If a very large figure or table does not fit on one page,
-it must be split into two floats; the second float should use a
-continued caption in the form:
-\smallskip
-\centerline{{\bf Figure 6} -- {\it continued}}
-\smallskip
-\noindent The figure or table number in the continued caption should be
-the same as in the original caption. These captions should be keyed as
-follows:
-\beginlines
-|\begintable{|{\it n\/}|}|
-|  \caption{{\bf Table |{\it t\/}|} -- {\it continued}}|
-|  :|
-|\endtable|
-\endlines
-Notice that there is no full-point after the figure/table number.
-
-
-\subsection{Landscape pages}
-
-If a table or illustration is too wide to fit the standard measure, it
-must be turned, with its caption, through 90 degrees anticlockwise. 
-Landscape illustrations and/or tables cannot be produced directly
-using the MN macros because \TeX\ itself cannot turn the
-page, and not all device drivers provide such a facility.
-
-The first step is to produce blank pages (with a running head) in the
-output, so that the landscape material can be pasted in later. How
-this is done depends on whether your article is in one or two columns.
-
-For one-column articles use the following:
-\beginlines
-|\pageinsert|
-|  \vfil\centerline{{\bf Figure |{\em f\/}|.} Landscape|
-|    figure to go here.}\vfil|
-|\endinsert|
-\endlines
-otherwise use
-\beginlines
-|\beginfigure*{|{\em n\/}|}|
-|  \vbox to 646pt{\vfil \caption{{\bf Figure |{\em f\/}|.}|
-|    Landscape figure to go here.}\vfil}|
-|\endfigure|
-\endlines
-for two-column articles. You may find it necessary to move the above code
-up or down the source code until the blank page appears on the page after
-the first reference.
-
-Next create a separate document containing the command |\landscape| near
-the top (or use |mnland.tex| as a template).
-In this file include the complete tables and illustrations (with captions)
-using the figure and table macros provided, remembering to number the
-captions in the correct sequence, e.g.
-\ifCUPmtplainloaded \else \eject\fi %%
-\beginlines
-|\ifx\mnmacrosloaded\undefined \input mn\fi|
-\smallskip
-|% use the following if your driver supports it|
-|% \special{landscape}|
-\smallskip
-|% you may require \pageoffset for landscape|
-|% \pageoffset{0pc}{-1.5pc}|
-\smallskip
-|\landscape|
-|\authorcomment{Landscape material to be pasted|
-|  into the article.}|
-\smallskip
-|\begintopmatter|
-|\maketitle|
-\smallskip
-|\beginfigure{1}|
-|\caption{{\bf Figure 4.} Photometric|
-|  comparisons |$\ldots$|}|
-|\endfigure|
-\smallskip
-|:|
-\smallskip
-|\bye|
-\endlines
-Once you have successfully processed the new file with the MN macros, you
-can pass the resulting output through your dvi printer driver. Because the
-output of the MN macros is wider than it is deep, the page has to be printed
-landscape on your output device.
-
-Some dvi printer drivers will understand the `landscape' |\special| command
-and will automatically rotate the output, while others need to be told from
-the command line. Consult your local documentation if you don't know how to
-do this.
-
-
-\subsection{Plate pages}
-
-These are provided for tip-in plates, and should only be used for
-these. The plate page macros create a blank page with a special running
-head; its contents can be set using the |\plate| command. The text in the 
-head should be keyed as shown below. The {\em no\/} and {\em vol\/}
-numbers will be determined by the typesetter.
-\beginlines
-|\beginplatepage|
-|  \plate{Opposite p.~|{\em no\/}|, MNRAS, {\bf |{\em vol\/}|}}|
-|  \caption{{\bf Figure |{\em f\/}|.} |$\ldots$|}|
-|\endplatepage|
-\endlines
-If the plate is a `landscape' plate its caption (if any) should be set
-using a separate `landscape' file (as described above). If the plate is
-to be placed `portrait' its caption can be set by using the |\caption|
-command as shown above. The style of the caption should be the same as for
-normal figure captions. If the plate fills most of the page, it is advisable
-to place the caption at the very bottom of the page -- this can be achieved
-by using |\vfill| above the caption.
-
-Plate pages will always appear on the page following the one on which the
-|\endplatepage| command is encountered. At present it is impossible to have
-two plate pages side by side, since there must be at least one page between
-them. If a new plate page is started before a previous one is output the
-first plate page is lost.
-
-
-\subsection{Footnotes}
-
-Footnotes are only available in the one-column format. They should be
-keyed in the standard plain \TeX\ way using |\footnote|, e.g.
-\beginlines
-|text\footnote {|{\em symbol\/}|}{|{\em footnote text}$\ldots$|} text|
-\endlines
-where {\em symbol\/} should be in the sequence:
-$\star$ (|\star|), \dag, \ddag, \S, \P, $\|$, $\star\star$ (|\star\star|),
-\dag\dag, \ddag\ddag, \S\S, \P\P, $\|\|$.
-The |\footnote| command should only be used for footnotes in the main text.
-
-
-\subsection{Bibliography}
-
-References to published literature should be quoted in text by author
-and date: e.g.\ Draine (1978) or (Begelman, Blandford \& Rees 1984).
-Where more than one reference is cited having the same author(s) and date,
-the letters a,b,c, $\ldots$ should follow the date: e.g.\ Smith (1988a),
-Smith (1988b), etc. 
-
-
-\subsubsection{References in the text}
-
-References in the text are given by author and date, and, whichever
-method is used to produce the bibliography, the references in the text
-are done in the same way.
-When you introduce a three-author paper, you should list all 
-three authors at the first citation, and thereafter use et al.
-
-\subsubsection{The list of references}
-
-The following listing shows how references should be keyed in the style of
-the journal.
-\beginlines
-|\section*{References}|
-\smallskip
-|\beginrefs|
-|\bibitem Butcher J., 1992, Copy-editing:|
-|    The Cambridge Handbook, 3rd edn.|
-|    Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge|
-|\bibitem The Chicago Manual of Style, 1982.|
-|    Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago|
-|\bibitem Blanco P., 1991, PhD thesis,|
-|    Edinburgh University|
-|\bibitem Brown A. B., Jones C. D., 1989,|
-|    in Robinson E. F., Smith G. H., eds,|
-|    Proc. IAU Symp. 345, Black Dwarfs.|
-|    Kluwer, Dordrecht, p. 210|
-|\bibitem Edelson R. A., 1987, ApJ, 313, 651|
-|\bibitem Lamport L., 1986, \LaTeX: A Document|
-|    Preparation System. Addison--Wesley,|
-|    New York|
-|\bibitem Mirabel I. F., Sanders D. B., 1989,|
-|    ApJ, 340, L53|
-|\bibitem Misner C. W., Thorne K. S.,|
-|    Wheeler J. A., 1973, Gravitation.|
-|    Freeman, San Francisco|
-|\bibitem Sopp H. M., Alexander P., 1991,|
-|    MNRAS, 251, 112|
-|\bibitem Stella L., Campana S., 1991, in|
-|    Treves A., Perola G. C., Stella L., eds,|
-|    Iron Line Diagnostic in X-ray Sources.|
-|    Springer--Verlag, Berlin, p. 230|
-|\endrefs|
-\endlines
-The following rules apply for the ordering of your references:
-\beginlist
-\item (i) if an author has written several papers, some with other authors,
-      the rule is that the single-author papers precede the two-author
-      papers, which, in turn, precede the multi-author papers;
-\item (ii) within the two-author paper citations, the order is determined
-      by the second author's surname, regardless of date;
-\item (iii) within the multi-author paper citations, the order is
-      chronological, regardless of author surnames.
-\endlist
-
-\Notes
-
-\beginlist
-\item (i) The |\bibitem| command is undefined unless it is used in the
-  scope of the |\beginrefs|$\ldots$|\endrefs|.
-\item (ii) Bibliographical items can be longer than one paragraph.
-\item (iii) The paragraph indentation on the first paragraph following the
-  |\endrefs| command is removed automatically if you leave no blank
-  line between the |\endrefs| and the text.
-\endlist
-
-
-\subsection{Appendices}
-
-The appendices section of your article should start with a |\appendix|,
-after which each |\section| starts a new appendix. For example,
-\beginlines
-|\appendix|
-|\section{for authors}|
-\endlines
-will yield:\par
-\smallskip
-\centerline{\bf APPENDIX A:\enskip FOR AUTHORS}\par
-\smallskip
-\noindent The |\appendix| macro should only be used once.
-
-If the appendix has no subtitle, the parameter to the |\section| command
-should be left empty. For example,
-\beginlines
-|\section{}|
-\endlines
-will produce:\par
-\smallskip
-\centerline{\bf APPENDIX B}\par
-\smallskip
-\noindent Any subsections or subsubsections in the appendix are
-automatically numbered.
-You should also note that displayed equations in appendices should be
-numbered (A1), (A2) for Appendix A, and (B1), (B2) for Appendix B, etc.
-
-The numbering for displayed equations can be made automatic by using the
-|\stepeq| macros described in Subsubsection~3.13.2.%%
-
-Figures and Tables should also be numbered in a similar way,
-e.g. Fig. A1, A2, Table A1, A2 in appendices.
-
-
-\subsection{Typeface selection}
-
-The normal plain \TeX\ typeface conventions apply. The following faces
-are available as normal: |\rm|, |\it|, |\bf|, |\sl|, |\sf|, |\sc|,
-|\tt|, |\mit|, |\cal| and |\oldstyle|.
-
-Bold versions of |\cal| and |\oldstyle| can be produced in
-combination with |\bmath|. Use of |\bmath| on its own will provide bold
-math italic letters.
-
-A new |\em| command provides {\em emphasis\/} for important words.
-The |\em| command will automatically switch the face of the emphasized
-words to make them stand out. So,
-\beginlines
-|\rm this is an {\em emphasized\/} word.|
-|\it this is an {\em emphasized} word.|
-\endlines
-gives\par
-\centerline{\rm  this is an {\em emphasized\/} word.}
-\centerline{\it this is an {\em emphasized\/} word.}
-\Half
-\noindent Notice the use of the italic correction command (|\/|) in the
-above example.
-
-The following are fully loaded in text, script and scriptscript sizes:
-|\rm|, |\bf|, math italic, math symbol, bold math italic and bold symbol.
-The faces |\it|, |\sl|, |\tt|, |\sc| and |\sf| are loaded at text size only.
-See |fonttest.tex| for a better idea of how these work.
-
-
-\subsection{Typesetting mathematics}
-\subsubsection{Displayed mathematics}
-
-Equations should be keyed using normal plain \TeX\ macros.
-Display mathematics are automatically set flush left by the macros.
-The standard plain \TeX\ math commands |\eqalign|, |\eqalignno| will
-work as before. The |\leqalignno| command is switched automatically
-to |\eqalignno| to prevent the equation number from crashing into the
-equation. If you wish to use |\displaylines|, this has to be handled
-in a slightly different way. For example,
-$$
-\displaylines{%
-  \hbox to \hsize{}\cr
-  [\nu_1]-[\nu_2]=-2.5\log [f(\nu_1)/f(\nu_2)],\hfill\stepeq\cr
-  \alpha=-(1+Q)\beta-3,\hfill\stepeq\cr
-  q=2+\gamma -Q.\hfill\stepeq\cr}
-$$
-was produced with:
-\beginlines
-|$$|
-|\displaylines{%|
-|  \hbox to \hsize{}\cr|
-|  [\nu_1]-[\nu_2]=-2.5\log [f(\nu_1)/f(\nu_2)],|
-|    \hfill\stepeq\cr|
-|  \alpha=-(1+Q)\beta-3,\hfill\stepeq\cr|
-|  q=2+\gamma -Q.\hfill\stepeq\cr}|
-|$$|
-\endlines
-Notice the |\hbox to \hsize{}| to ensure that the equation is set to the
-full width. The |\hfill|'s ensure that the equations are set flush left
-and the equation numbers are set flush right.
-
-If the equations in |\displaylines| are unnumbered, you still need the
-|\hfill|'s to ensure the equations are set flush left.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Automatic equation numbering}
-
-Displayed equations can be numbered automatically by the use of |\stepeq|.
-For example,
-\beginlines
-|$$|
-| \alpha=-(1+Q)\beta-3,\eqno\stepeq|
-|$$|
-\endlines
-which produces:
-$$
-\alpha=-(1+Q)\beta-3,\eqno\stepeq
-$$
-The |\stepeq| macro can be used in any of the places where a equation
-number is normally expected. Sub-equation numbering is also provided,
-allowing equation numbers in the form (2a) to be produced. For example,
-$$
-\eqalignno{%
-           \alpha & =-(1+Q)\beta-3, & \startsubeq\cr
-                q & =2+\gamma -Q. & \stepsubeq\cr
-  [\nu_1]-[\nu_2] & =-2.5\log [f(\nu_1)/f(\nu_2)] & \stepsubeq\cr}
-$$
-was produced by:
-\ifCUPmtplainloaded \else \eject\fi %%
-\beginlines
-|$$|
-|\eqalignno{%|
-|  \alpha & =-(1+Q)\beta-3, & \startsubeq\cr|
-|       q & =2+\gamma -Q.   & \stepsubeq\cr|
-| [\nu_1]-[\nu_2] & =-2.5\log [f(\nu_1)/f(\nu_2)]|
-|                 & \stepsubeq\cr}|
-|$$|
-\endlines
-The sub-equation number is reset each time a |\stepeq| is used. Equation
-numbering is automatically reset to `(A1)' when a |\appendix| is used.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Bold math italic}
-
-To obtain bold math italic, you should use |\bmath|.
-So to obtain:
-$$
-  d(\bmath{s_{t_u}}) = \langle [RM(\bmath{X_y}
-  + \bmath{s_t}) - RM(\bmath{x_y})]^2 \rangle
-$$
-you would key:
-\beginlines
-|$$|
-|  d(\bmath{s_{t_u}}) = \langle [RM(\bmath{X_y}|
-|  + \bmath{s_t}) - RM(\bmath{x_y})]^2 \rangle|
-|$$|
-\endlines
-This facility is available in all typesizes.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Bold Greek and other bold symbols}
-
-Bold lowercase Greek characters can be obtained by prefixing
-the normal (unbold) symbol name with a `b', e.g.\ |\bgamma| gives $\bgamma$.
-This rule does not apply to bold |\eta|, as this would lead to a name
-clash with |\beta|. Instead use |\boldeta| for bold eta. Note that there
-is no |\omicron| (so there is no |\bomicron|), just use `o' in math mode
-for omicron and `|\bmath{o}|' for bold omicron.
-
-Bold versions of most of the other symbols in appendix~F in the \TeX book
-can be obtained in the same way.
-
-For bold uppercase Greek, prefix the unbold character name with |\bf|,
-e.g.\ |\bf\Gamma| gives $\bf\Gamma$.
-Upper and lowercase Greek characters are available in all typesizes.
-
-You can then use these definitions in math mode, as you would normal Greek
-characters:
-%
-\beginlines
-|$$|
-|  \balpha_{\bmu} = {\bf\Theta} \alpha.|
-|$$|
-\endlines
-%
-will produce
-%
-$$
-  \balpha_{\bmu} = {\bf\Theta} \alpha.
-$$
-To save \TeX's valuable memory the symbol names for the bold math
-characters are not loaded automatically. To load them simply type
-\beginlines
-|  \loadboldmathnames|
-\endlines
-in the document. Alternatively, if you only need one or two of them,
-simply copy the appropriate definitions from |mn.tex|
-to your document. For a complete list of the bold math symbols
-supplied, see the file |mn.tex|.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Upright Greek characters}
-
-You can obtain upright Greek characters if you have access to the
-American Maths Society Euler fonts (version 2.0), but you may not
-have these. In this case, you will have to use the normal math italic
-symbols and the typesetter will substitute the corresponding upright
-characters. You will make this easier if you can use the macros |\upi|,
-|\umu| and |\upartial| etc.\ in your text to indicate the need for upright
-characters, together with the following definitions in the preamble
-(before |\begintopmatter|):
-
-\subsubsection*{Authors with AMS fonts}
-
-\beginlines
-|\ifCUPmtplainloaded \else|
-|  \NewSymbolFont{upmath} {eurm10}|
-|  \NewMathSymbol{\upi}     {0}{upmath}{19}|
-|  \NewMathSymbol{\umu}     {0}{upmath}{16}|
-|  \NewMathSymbol{\upartial}{0}{upmath}{40}|
-|\fi|
-\endlines
-
-\subsubsection*{Authors without AMS fonts}
-
-\beginlines
-|\ifCUPmtplainloaded \else|
-|  \def\umu{\mu}|
-|  \def\upi{\pi}|
-|  \def\upartial{\partial}|
-|\fi|
-\endlines
-Wether you have AMS fonts or not, the |\if..| and |\fi| are required in the
-above examples to ensure that when your article is typeset in Monotype
-Times, the correct definitions for these symbols are used.
-
-The sample pages, guide and fonttest can be made to use AMS fonts if you
-have them. To use them, just uncomment the following line in the preamble
-of |mnguide.tex|, |mnsample.tex| and |fonttest.tex|:
-%
-\beginlines
-|%\AMStwofontstrue|
-\endlines
-%
-If you do this, the following upright symbols are used in the
-sample pages, guide and fonttest: |\upi|, |\umu| and |\upartial|.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Special symbols}
-
-The macros for the special symbols in Tables~2 and~3 have been taken from
-the Springer Verlag `Astronomy and Astrophysics' design, with their
-permission. They are directly compatible and use the same macro names.
-These symbols will work in all text sizes, but are only guaranteed to work
-in text and displaystyles. Some of the symbols will not get any smaller
-when they are used in sub- or superscripts, and will therefore be displayed
-at the wrong size. Don't worry about this as the typesetter will be able to
-sort it out.
-%
-\begintable*{2}
-\caption{{\bf Table 2.} Special symbols which can only be used in
-math mode.}
-\advance\baselineskip by 2pt
-\halign{#\hfil\quad&#\hfil\quad&#\hfil\qquad\qquad
-        &#\hfil\quad&#\hfil\quad&#\hfil\cr
-Input & Explanation & Output & Input & Explanation & Output\cr
-\noalign{\vskip 3pt\hrule\vskip 3pt}
-|\la|     & less or approx       & $\la$     &
-  |\ga|     & greater or approx    & $\ga$\cr
-|\getsto| & gets over to         & $\getsto$ &
-  |\cor|    & corresponds to       & $\cor$\cr
-|\lid|    & less or equal        & $\lid$    &
-  |\gid|    & greater or equal     & $\gid$\cr
-|\sol|    & similar over less    & $\sol$    &
-  |\sog|    & similar over greater & $\sog$\cr
-|\lse|    & less over simeq      & $\lse$    &
-  |\gse|    & greater over simeq   & $\gse$\cr
-|\grole|  & greater over less    & $\grole$  &
-  |\leogr|  & less over greater    & $\leogr$\cr
-|\loa|    & less over approx     & $\loa$    &
-  |\goa|    & greater over approx  & $\goa$\cr
-|\bbbr| & Blackboard bold R & $\bbbr$ &
-  |\bbbm|   & Blackboard bold M & $\bbbm$ \cr
-|\bbbn| & Blackboard bold N & $\bbbn$ &
-  |\bbbf|   & Blackboard bold F & $\bbbf$ \cr
-|\bbbh| & Blackboard bold H & $\bbbh$ &
-  |\bbbk|   & Blackboard bold K & $\bbbk$ \cr
-|\bbbp| & Blackboard bold P & $\bbbp$ &
-  |\bbbone| & Blackboard bold 1 & $\bbbone$ \cr
-|\bbbc| & Blackboard bold C & $\bbbc$ &
-  |\bbbq|   & Blackboard bold Q & $\bbbq$ \cr
-|\bbbt| & Blackboard bold T & $\bbbt$ &
-  |\bbbs|   & Blackboard bold S & $\bbbs$ \cr
-|\bbbz| & Blackboard bold Z & $\bbbz$ \cr
-%
-\noalign{\vskip 3pt\hrule}
-}
-\endtable
-
-\begintable*{3}
-\caption{{\bf Table 3.} Special symbols which don't have to be
-used in math mode.}
-\advance\baselineskip by 2pt
-\halign{#\hfil\quad&#\hfil\quad&#\hfil\qquad\qquad
-        &#\hfil\quad&#\hfil\quad&#\hfil\cr
-Input & Explanation & Output & Input & Explanation & Output\cr
-\noalign{\vskip 3pt\hrule\vskip 3pt}
-|\sun|      & sun symbol            & $\sun$     &
-  |\degr|     & degree                & $\degr$\cr
-|\diameter| & diameter              & \diameter  &
-  |\sq|       & square                & $\sq$\cr
-|\fd|       & fraction of day       & \fd        &
-  |\fh|       & fraction of hour      & \fh\cr
-|\fm|       & fraction of minute    & \fm        &
-  |\fs|       & fraction of second    & \fs\cr
-|\fdg|      & fraction of degree    & \fdg       &
-  |\fp|       & fraction of period    & \fp\cr
-|\farcs|    & fraction of arcsecond & \farcs     &
-  |\farcm|    & fraction of arcmin    & \farcm\cr
-|\arcsec|   & arcsecond             & \arcsec    &
-  |\arcmin|   & arcminute             & \arcmin\cr
-\noalign{\vskip 3pt\hrule}
-}
-\endtable
-
-\ifCUPmtplainloaded
-\subsubsection{Extra features in the Monotype Times version}
-
-This section of the guide will only be included if the guide is \TeX ed
-with the Times version of the MN macros (mtmn.tex). The following features
-are only available in the Times version:
-\beginlist
-\item (i) All of the type sizes available are fully loaded.
-\item (ii) Most of the symbols in Table~2 will be substituted
-  with symbols from the |mtxm| font. Only |\sq| is substituted in Table~3.
-\item (iii) All of the symbols in the |mtxm| and |mtym| fonts can be used,
-  at any size (using the normal AMS names).
-  If the author has used |mssymb.tex| then this can be removed, as most
-  of this file is now included in MN. If the author has used the new AMS
-  symbol fonts |msam| and |msbm| -- check the log file for missing
-  characters (once you've removed |msam| and |msbm|).
-  You have to do this because |msam| and |msbm| contain a few extra
-  characters NOT in |mtxm| and |mtym|. If you find missing characters get
-  help!
-\item (iv) Uppercase blackboard bold is available in all sizes. e.g.
-  \beginlines
-  |$\Bbb{A}\ldots\Bbb{Z}$|\qquad gives\qquad $\Bbb{A}\ldots\Bbb{Z}$
-  \endlines
-  If the author has made-up their own uppercase blackboard bold characters
-  you can safely use |\Bbb| instead.
-\item (v) If the author has used the simulated Blackboard bold symbols
-  these are automatically substituted for the real characters, except for
-  |\bbbone| which is redefined to work better with Times fonts.
-\endlist
-\fi
-
-\section{Example of section heading with
-  S{\sevenbf MALL} C{\sevenbf APS},
-  \lowercase{lowercase}, \textbfit{italic}, and bold
-  Greek such as $\bmu^{\bkappa}$}
-
-The above heading was produced with:
-\beginlines
-|\section{Example of section heading with|
-|  S{\sevenbf MALL} C{\sevenbf APS},|
-|  \lowercase{lowercase}, \textbfit{italic},|
-|  and bold Greek such as $\bmu^{\bkappa}$}|
-\endlines
-
-\appendix
-\section{for authors}
-
-Table~A1 is a list of design macros which are unique to |mn.tex|. The list
-displays each macro's name and description.
-%
-\begintable*{4}
-\caption{{\bf Table A1.} Authors' notes.}
-\vbox to 630pt{%
-\halign{#\hfil&\quad #\hfil\cr
-Macro name and syntax        & Description\cr
-\noalign{\vskip 3pt\hrule\vskip 3pt}
-|\pageoffset {h-off}{v-off}| & Adjust positioning of text area on paper.\cr
-|\Referee|                   & Enable double-spaced referee mode.\cr
-|\onecolumn|                 & Enable one-column mode (default =
-                               two-column).\cr
-|\landscape| & Enable landscape mode (default = portrait).\cr
-             & The |\landscape| command automatically calls |\onecolumn|.\cr
-|\loadboldmathnames|  & Enable the use of bold symbols, e.g. |\bgamma|\cr
-|\authorcomment|             & Catchline for draft version/date.\cr
-\noalign{\Half}
-|\begintopmatter|            & Start the two-spanning topmatter.\cr
-|\title {<text>}|            & Article title.\cr
-|\author {<text>}|           & Author(s).\cr
-|\affiliation {<text>}|      & Author affiliation(s).\cr
-|\shortauthor {<text>}|      & Set the even-page running head.\cr
-|\shorttitle {<text>}|       & Set the odd-page running head.\cr
-|\abstract {<text>}|         & Abstract.\cr
-|\keywords {<text>}|         & Key words.\cr
-|\maketitle|                 & End the two-spanning topmatter.\cr
-\noalign{\Half}
-|\section {<text>}|          & Heading level A.\cr
-|\section* {<text>}|         & Unnumbered A-heading.\cr
-|\subsection {<text>}|       & Heading level B.\cr
-|\subsubsection {<text>}|    & Heading level C.\cr
-|\paragraph {<text>}|        & Heading level D.\cr
-|\appendix|                  & Start the articles appendix section.
-                               The |\section| command starts\cr
-                             & a new appendix.\cr
-\noalign{\Half}
-|\stepeq|, |\startsubeq|, |\stepsubeq| & Automatic equation numbering.\cr
-\noalign{\Half}
-|\beginlist|                 & Numbered list:\cr
-|  \item (i) <text>|         & Omit the number and round braces from
-                               each |\item| for an unnumbered list.\cr
-|  \item (ii) <text>|\cr
-\noalign{\vskip-.25\baselineskip}
-|   |$\ldots$\cr
-\noalign{\vskip-.2\baselineskip}
-|\endlist|\cr
-\noalign{\Half}
-|\beginrefs|                  & Bibliography.\cr
-|  \bibitem <text>|\cr
-\noalign{\vskip-.25\baselineskip}
-|   |$\ldots$\cr
-\noalign{\vskip-.2\baselineskip}
-|\endrefs|\cr
-\noalign{\Half}
-|\beginfigure{n}|                          & Figures:\cr
-|  <figure space>|            & Use the |\beginfigure*| form for a
-                                double-spanning figure\cr
-|  \caption{{\bf Figure n.} caption}|      & in two-column mode.\cr
-|\endfigure|\cr
-\noalign{\Half}
-|\begintable{n}|                           & Tables:\cr
-|  \caption{{\bf Table n.} caption}|
-            & Use the |\begintable*| form for a double-spanning table\cr
-|  <alignment>|                            & in two-column mode.\cr
-|  \tabletext{<text>}|\cr
-|\endtable|\cr
-\noalign{\Half}
-|\caption{{\bf Figure n} -- {\it continued}}| & Continued captions.\cr
-|\caption{{\bf Table n} -- {\it continued}}|\cr
-\noalign{\Half}
-|\beginplatepage| & Plate pages.\cr
-|  \plate{Opposite p.\ n, MNRAS, {\bf n}}|\cr
-|  <figure space>|\cr
-|  \caption{{\bf Figure n.} caption}|\cr
-|\endplatepage|\cr
-\noalign{\Half}
-|\Two, \OneHalf, \One, \Half| & Extra vertical space: These macros insert
-                                white space, in multiples\cr
-    & of the linefeed, between paragraphs. Use during page make-up in \cr
-    & preference to plain \TeX's |\smallskip|, |\medskip| and |\bigskip|.\cr
-\noalign{\Half}
-|\bmath{math text}|, |\em| & Bold math and emphasized text.\cr
-|\textbfit{text}|, |\mathbfit{text}| & Bold text italic (defined in
-                                       the preamble of |mnsample.tex|).\cr
-|\textbfss{text}|, |\mathbfss{text}|& Bold text sans serif (defined in
-                                       the preamble of |mnsample.tex|).\cr
-|\umu|, |\upi|, |\upartial| & Upright math characters. These will only
-                              appear upright if you have\cr
-                            & AMS v2.0 fonts. See ``upright greek
-                              characters" for further information.\cr
-\noalign{\vskip 3pt\hrule\vskip 3pt}
-}}
-\endtable
-
-
-\section{for editors}
-
-The additional features shown in Table~B1 may be used for production
-purposes only.
-%
-\begintable*{5}
-\caption{{\bf Table B1.} Editors' notes.}
-\halign{#\hfil&\quad #\hfil\cr
-Macro name and syntax  & Description\cr
-\noalign{\vskip 3pt\hrule\vskip 3pt}
-|\pageno=000|          & to set pagination; default = 1.\cr
-|\pagerange{000--000}| & note the use of the en-rule\cr
-|\letters|             & for short communications (adds L to folios)\cr
-|\pagerange{L00--L00}| & for short communications\cr
-|\microfiche{MN000/0}| & for articles accompanied by microfiche\cr
-|\pubyear{0000}|       & catchline date\cr
-|\volume{000}|         & catchline volume\cr
-|\acceptedline{text}|  & acceptance date\cr
-|\nofloat|             & Position a figure or table at the current position
-                         (one-column only).\cr
-  & The |\nofloat| macro should be positioned directly after the\cr
-  & |\beginfigure|/|table|, and will cause the macros to use |\midinsert|\cr
-  & (remember that |\midinsert| will turn into a |\topinsert| if there\cr
-  & is not enough space).\cr
-\noalign{\vskip 3pt\hrule\vskip 3pt}
-}
-\endtable
-
-
-\section{Monthly Notices journal style}
-        
-Authors  submitting  \TeX\ or \LaTeX\ papers to Monthly  Notices  
-may wish to note the following points regarding journal style. 
-Adherence to correct style from the start will obviously save time
-and effort later on, in terms of fewer requested subeditorial 
-corrections.  The notes given here relate to common style errors found 
-in Monthly Notices manuscripts, and are {\it not\/} intended to  be  
-exhaustive. Please see the editorials in issues 257/2 and 260/1, as 
-well as any recent issue of the journal, for more details. As far 
-as  possible, the subeditor will indicate which of  your  changes 
-would be best done globally, thus saving you time.
-        
-\subsection{Punctuation}
-
-When deciding where to add commas, it may be helpful to read 
- through the sentence and note where the natural `pauses' occur.
-The needs of readers for whom English is not a first language 
-should be borne in mind when punctuating long sentences.
-\ifCUPmtplainloaded \else \vadjust{\eject}\fi %%
-For example, consider the following sentence as it
-appeared in Monthly Notices:
-`When we do not limit ourselves by constraints arising 
-from the choice of an initial fluctuation spectrum, structures in 
-an open universe, including the peculiar velocity structure, can 
-be reproduced in a flat Lema\^{\i}tre universe for a large part of 
-their evolution.' Now consider the same sentence without commas: 
-`When we do not limit ourselves by constraints arising
-from the choice of an initial fluctuation spectrum structures in
-an open universe including the peculiar velocity structure can be
-reproduced in a flat Lema\^{\i}tre universe for a large part of their
-evolution.'
-
-
-\subsection{Spelling}
-
-Please  use British spelling -- e.g.\ centre not center,  labelled 
-not  labeled. The following style regarding -ise and -ize  spellings  is
-followed.  -ise: devise,  surprise,  comprise,  revise, 
-exercise,  analyse. -ize: recognize, criticize, minimize,  emphasize, organize.
-
-        
-\subsection{Titles and section/subsection headings}
-
-With the exception of section headings (e.g.\
-{\bf INTRO\-DUC\-TION}$\ldots$),
-capital letters should be used only where they occur in a normal
-sentence -- e.g.\ 
-`\textbfit{ROSAT\/} {\bf observations of the unusual star}$\ldots$', not
-`\textbfit{ROSAT\/} {\bf Observations of the Unusual Star}$\ldots$'.
-
-\subsection{Key words}
-
-The  list of Monthly Notices key words is published with the  4th 
-issue  of each volume. No other key words should be used.  Please 
-use the correct layout for key words: 
-\smallskip        
-
-\noindent {\bf Key words:} galaxies: active -- galaxies: Seyfert -- 
-radio continuum: galaxies.
-        
-\subsection{Hyphens and N-rules}
-
-\beginlist
-\item (i) Hyphens (one dash in \TeX/\LaTeX). Monthly Notices uses hyphens 
-for compound adjectives (e.g.\ low-density gas, least-squares fit, 
-two-component  model).  This also applies to simple  units  (e.g.\ 
-1.5-m  telescope,  284.5-nm line), but not to  complex  units  or 
-ranges,  which could become cumbersome (e.g.\ 15 km  s$^{-1}$  feature, 
-100--200 $\umu$m observations).
-
-\item (ii) N-rules (two dashes in \TeX/\LaTeX). These are used  (a)  to 
-separate  key  words, (b) as parentheses (e.g.\  `the  results  -- 
-assuming no temperature gradient -- are indicative of$\ldots$), (c) to 
-denote a range (e.g.\ 1.6--2.2 $\umu$m), and (d) to denote the  joining 
-of   two  words  (e.g.\  Kolmogorov--Smirnov  test,   Herbig--Haro 
-object).
-        
-\item (iii) The  M-rule (three dashes in \TeX/\LaTeX) is not used in
-Monthly Notices.
-\endlist
-
-        
-\subsection{References}
-
-It is important to use the correct reference style,  details  of 
-which  can be found in the editorials cited above, and  which  is 
-demonstrated in any recent issue of the journal. The main  points 
-are summarized below.
-%        
-\beginlist
-\item (i) In text -- for three-author papers, give all three  authors 
-at first mention, and `et al.' thereafter.
-
-\item (ii) In references list -- no bold or italic, no  commas  after 
-author surnames, and no ampersand between final two author names.
-Use  simplified abbreviations for frequently used journals  (e.g.\ 
-MNRAS,  ApJ,  A\&A, PASP -- see full list in  editorial  in  issue 
-260/1). List all authors if eight or less, otherwise `et al.' For 
-example,
-\endlist
-
-\beginrefs
-\bibitem Biggs J.D., Lyne A.G., 1992, MNRAS, 254, 257
-
-\bibitem Brown A.B., Jones C.D., 1989, in Robinson E.F.,
-Smith G.H.,  eds, Proc. IAU Symp. 345, Black Dwarfs. Kluwer, Dordrecht,
-p.~210
-
-\bibitem Felsteiner  J.,  Opher  R., 1991, in Treves A.,  ed.,
-Iron  Line Diagnostics in X-ray Sources. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p.~209
-
-\bibitem Gunn  J.E., Knapp G., 1993, in Soifer B.T., ed., ASP
-Conf.\ Ser.\ Vol.~43, Sky Surveys. Astron.\ Soc.\ Pac., San Francisco,
-p.~267
-
-\bibitem Peebles P.J.E., 1980, The Large-Scale Structure of the  Universe. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ
-
-\bibitem Pounds K.A. et al., 1993, MNRAS, 260, 77
-
-\bibitem Williams B.G., 1992, PhD thesis, Univ.\ Edinburgh
-\endrefs
-
-
-\subsection{Maths}
-
-Scalar  variables are italic; vectors are bold  italic;  matrices 
-are  `bold Univers' font (like bold sans serif). Differential  d, 
-complex  i, exponential e, sin, cos, tan, log, etc.,  are  roman. 
-Sub/superscripts  that are physical variables are  italic,  while 
-those  that are just labels are roman (e.g.\ $C_p$, but $T_{{\rm eff}}$).
-Equations should be punctuated as part of the sentence.
-
-
-\subsection{Miscellaneous}
-
-e.g., i.e., cf., etc., are roman.
-Single quotes `  ' not double quotes `` ".
-Take care to use correct units -- see recent \hbox{issues} for  details. 
-Use  superscript $-1$, not solidus /, for units -- e.g.\ km~s$^{-1}$ not 
-km/s. The unit of arcseconds is arcsec when used to denote  angular  
-size  or separation (e.g.\ `beamsize 12~arcsec',  `30~arcsec 
-west  of  the star'); use \arcsec\ for positions (e.g.\  
-Dec.~$-30^\circ$~29\arcmin~23\arcsec) (similarly for arcminutes). 
-The unit of magnitudes is  mag, 
-not superscript m. Percentages should be written `per cent',  not 
-\%. Use the degree symbol $^\circ$ (|$^\circ$|)  except to denote, e.g., areas,  where      
-`deg$^2$'  may be more appropriate (e.g.\ `a survey area of 3~deg$^2$').
-Degree symbols should be positioned above the decimal  point  if 
-there  is one -- i.e.\ 23\fdg 4 not 23.4$^\circ$ (similarly for
-\ifCUPmtplainloaded \vadjust{\eject}\else\fi %%
-superscript 
-h, m, s, and \arcmin, \arcsec\ symbols in coordinates). See guide for coding.
-Ionized  species  should be denoted by small caps,  with  a  thin 
-space -- e.g.\ \hbox{He\,{\sc ii}}, \hbox{C\,{\sc iv}}, 
-\hbox{[Fe\,{\sc ii}]} 465.8 nm, \hbox{N\,{\sc iii}} 463.4~nm.  If 
-lack  of the correct font at your site prevents this from  coming 
-out on your printout, it would be helpful if you were to indicate 
-as such on your manuscript so that the subeditor knows that there 
-is no need for correction.
-Computer software (e.g.\ {\sc figaro}) should be in small capitals.
-Satellite names should be italic (e.g.\ {\it Ginga, IRAS\/}).
-The correct bracket order is $\{[( )]\}$.
-
-
-\section{Trouble-shooting}
-
-Authors may from time to time encounter problems with the  preparation  
-of their papers in \TeX/\LaTeX. The appropriate  action  to 
-take will depend on the nature of the problem -- the following is 
-intended to act as a guide.
-%
-\beginlist
-\item (i) If a problem is with \TeX/\LaTeX\ itself, rather than with the 
-actual macros, \ifCUPmtplainloaded \else \vadjust{\eject}\fi %%
-please refer to the appropriate handbooks for 
-initial advice.\footnote{\dag}{\TeX : Knuth D., 1986, The \TeX book. 
-Addison Wesley; \LaTeX: Lamport L., 1985, \LaTeX\ User's Guide and 
-Reference Manual. Addison Wesley.} If the 
-solution cannot be found, and you suspect that the problem lies 
-with the macros, then please contact the RAS Journal Production
-team at Blackwell Science (BS), 23 Ainslie
-Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ, UK (Tel: 031 226 7232; Fax: 031 226 3803;
-omit the first zero if calling from outside the UK).
-The BS office will shortly be
-accessible by email -- please see the Instructions for Authors on 
-the inside back cover of Monthly Notices for details. Please 
-provide precise details of the problem (what you were trying to 
-do -- ideally, include examples of source code as well -- and 
-what exactly happened; what error message was received).
-        
-\item (ii) Problems with page make-up, particularly in the two-column 
-mode (e.g.\ large spaces between paragraphs, or under headings or 
-figures; uneven columns; figures/tables appearing out of order). 
-Please do {\it not\/} attempt to remedy these yourself using `hard' page 
-make-up commands -- the typesetters at Cambridge University Press 
-(CUP) will sort out problems when typesetting. (You may, if you 
-wish, draw attention to particular problems when submitting the 
-final version of your paper.)
-        
-\item (iii) If a required font is not available at your site, allow \TeX\
-to substitute the font and report the problem on your disk 
-documentation form. 
-\endlist
-
-
-\subsection{Fixes for coding problems}
-
-The new versions of the style files and macros have been designed
-to minimize the need for user-defined macros to create special
-symbols. Authors are urged, wherever possible, to use the following
-coding rather than create their own. This will minimize the
-danger of author-defined macros being accidentally `over-ridden'
-when the paper is typeset in Monotype Times (see Subsection~3.13, %%
-`Typesetting mathematics').
-%
-\beginlist
-\item (i) Fonts in sections and paper titles. The following are  examples
-of styles that sometimes prove difficult to code.
-\endlist
-
-
-\subsection*{\it P\lowercase{aper titles}}
-
-\boxit{\multi\seventeenpoint\bf
-  A survey of \textbfit{IRAS\/} galaxies\\
-  at $\bmath{\delta > {\bf 50}^\circ}$\endmulti}
-%
-is produced by:
-%
-\beginlines
-|\title{A survey of \textbfit{IRAS\/} galaxies|
-| \hfil\break at $\bmath{\delta>{\bf 50}^\circ}$}|
-\smallskip
-|\shorttitle{A survey of IRAS galaxies at $\delta|
-|  > 50^\circ$}|
-\endlines
-\bigskip
-
-\boxit{\multi\seventeenpoint\bf\noindent
-  Observations of compact\\
-  H\,{\elevenbf II} regions\endmulti}
-%
-is produced by:
-%
-\beginlines
-|\title{Observations of compact|
-|  H\,{\elevenbf II} regions}|
-\smallskip
-|\shorttitle{Observations of compact|
-|  H\,{\eightit II} regions}|
-\endlines
-
-
-\subsection*{\it S\lowercase{ection headings}}
-
-\boxit{\bf 1\quad THE \textbfit{IRAS\/} DATA FOR
-  $\bmath{\delta > {\bf 50}^\circ}$}
-%
-is produced by:
-%
-\beginlines
-|\section{The \textbfit{IRAS\/} data for|
-|  $\bmath{\delta>{\bf 50}^\circ}$}|
-\endlines
-\bigskip
-
-\boxit{\bf 2\quad H\,{\sevenbf II} GALAXIES AT
-  $\bmath{\lowercase{z} > {\bf 1.6}}$}
-%
-is produced by:
-%
-\beginlines
-|\section{H\,{\sevenbf II} galaxies at|
-|  $\bmath{\lowercase{z}>{\bf 1.6}}$}|
-\endlines
-
-
-\subsection*{\it S\lowercase{ubsection headings}}
-        
-\boxit{\multi\bf 2.1\quad The \textbfit{IRAS\/} data for
-  $\bmath{\delta > {\bf 50}^\circ}$: galaxies\\
-  at $\bmath{z > {\bf 1.5}}$\endmulti}
-%
-is produced by:
-%
-\beginlines
-|\subsection{The \textbfit{IRAS\/} data for|
-|  $\bmath{\delta > {\bf 50}^\circ}$: galaxies|
-|  \hfil\break at $\bmath{z > {\bf 1.5}}$}|
-\endlines
-\bigskip
-
-\boxit{\bf 2.2\quad Observations of compact H\,{\sevenbf II} regions}
-%
-is produced by:
-%
-\beginlines
-|\subsection{Observations of compact|
-|  H\,{\sevenbf II} regions}|
-\endlines
-\bigskip
-
-\boxit{\it 2.2.1\quad A survey of radio galaxies
-  for $\delta > {\it 50}^\circ$}
-%
-is produced by:
-%
-\beginlines
-|\subsubsection{A survey of radio galaxies|
-|  for $\delta > {\it 50}^\circ$}|
-\endlines
-\bigskip
-        
-\boxit{\it 2.2.2\quad Determination of T$_{eff}$ in compact
-  H\,{\sevenit II} regions}
-%
-is produced by:
-%
-\beginlines
-|\subsubsection{Determination of T$_{eff}$ in|
-|  compact H\,{\sevenit II} regions}|
-\endlines
-
-\beginlist
-\item (ii) Small capitals and other unusual fonts in table and figure
-captions:
-\par\smallskip
-\boxit{\eightpoint {\bf Figure 1.} Profiles of the H$\alpha$ and
-  N\,{\sc iii} lines observed.}
-%
-is produced by:
-%
-\beginlines
-|\caption{Profiles of the H$\alpha$ and|
-|  N\,{\sc iii} lines observed.}|
-\endlines
-        
-\item (iii) Multiple author lists (to get the correct vertical spacing 
-and wraparound on the title page of a multiple-author paper).
-\par\smallskip
-
-\boxit{\multi
-  \seventeenpoint\bf\noindent
-  The variation in the\\
-  strength of low-$\bmath{l}$ solar\\
-  $\bmath{p}$-modes: 1981--2
-  \medskip
-  \fourteenpoint\noindent
-  Y. Elsworth, R. Howe, G.R. Isaac,\\
-  C.P. McLeod, B.A. Miller, R. New,\\
-  C.C. Speake and S.J. Wheeler\endmulti
-}
-%
-is produced by:
-%
-\beginlines
-|\title{The variation in the\hfil\break|
-|  strength of low-$\bmath{l}$ solar\hfil\break|
-|  $\bmath{p}$-modes: 1981--2}|
-\smallskip
-|\shorttitle{The variation in the strength of|
-|  low-$l$ solar $p$-modes: 1981--2}|
-\smallskip
-|\author{Y. Elsworth, R. Howe, G.R. Isaac,|
-|  \hfil\break C.P. McLeod, B.A. Miller, R. New,|
-|  \hfil\break C.C. Speake and S.J. Wheeler}|
-\smallskip
-|\shortauthor{Y. Elsworth et al.}|
-\endlines
-        
-\item (iv) Ionized species (as used in the examples above). The correct 
-style calls for the use of small capitals and a thin space after 
-the symbol for the element: e.g.\ for \hbox{H\,{\sc ii}}, use the code 
-|\hbox{H\,{\sc ii}}|. The use of the |\hbox| will stop the 
-H and the {\sc ii} being separated.
-
-\item (v) Lower case greek pi ($\pi$), mu ($\mu$) and partial ($\partial$).
-In certain circumstances, the Monthly Notices style calls for these to be
-roman [when pi is used to denote the constant 3.1415$\ldots$, mu is
-used to denote `micro' in a unit (e.g.\ $\umu$m, $\umu$Jy), and partial
-is a differential symbol]. See Subsubsection~3.13.5 for instructions.
-
-\item (vi) Decimal degrees, arcmin, arcsec, hours, minutes and seconds. 
-The symbol needs to be placed vertically above the decimal point. 
-For example, the sentence
-%
-\beginquote
-The observations were made along position angle
-120\fdg 5, starting from the central coordinates
-${\rm RA}(1950)=19^{\rm h}~22^{\rm m}~18\fs 2$,
-${\rm Dec.}~(1950)=45^\circ~18'~36\farcs 4$
-\endquote
-%
-uses the following coding:
-%
-\beginlines
-|The observations were made along position angle|
-|120\fdg 5, starting from the central coordinates|
-|${\rm RA}(1950)=19^{\rm h}~22^{\rm m}~18\fs 2$,|
-|${\rm Dec.}~(1950)=45^\circ~18'~36\farcs 4$|
-\endlines
-
-\item (vii) The correct coding for the prime symbol \arcmin\ is 
-|\arcmin|, and that for \arcsec\ is |\arcsec|; see the two
-tables on special symbols.
-        
-\item (viii) N-rules, hyphens and minus signs (see style guide for  
-correct usage). To create the correct symbols in the sentence
-%
-\beginquote
-The high-resolution observations were made along a
-line at an angle of $-15^\circ$ (east from north)
-from the axis of the jet, which runs north--south
-\endquote
-%
-you would use the following code:
-%
-\beginlines
-|The high-resolution observations were made along|
-|a line at an angle of $-15^\circ$ (east from|
-|north) from the axis of the jet, which runs|
-|north--south|
-\endlines
-
-\item (ix) Vectors and matrices should be bold italic and bold sans
-serif respectively. To create the correct fonts for the vector $\bmath{x}$
-and the matrix \textbfss{P}, you should use |$\bmath{x}$| and
-|\textbfss{P}| respectively; |\mathbfss| is for use in
-math mode. Bold face text italic can be obtained by using
-|\textbfit{..}| and |\mathbfit{..}| for math mode.
-\ifCUPmtplainloaded \else \vfil\eject\fi %%
-\item (x) Bold italic superscripts and subscripts. To get these
-to come out in the correct font and the right size, you need to use
-|\bmath|. You can create the output $\bmath{k_x}$ by typing |$\bmath{k_x}$|.
-Try to avoid using \TeX\ commands to determine script sizes that are
-already  defined in the macros. For example, macros such as
-%
-\beginlines
-|\def\th{^\hbox{\sevenrm th}}|
-\endlines
-%        
-are generating extra work;
-%
-\beginlines
-|\def\th{^{\rm th}}|
-\endlines
-%
-will do, and will get the size of the superscript right whether in main
-text, tables or captions (the use of |\sevenrm| over-rides the macros).
-Also, the |\hbox| is not necessary, as \TeX\ won't split a
-superscript/subscript from its variable at a line break.
-
-\item (xi) Calligraphic letters (uppercase only).
-%
-Normal uppercase calligraphic can be produced with |\cal| as
-normal (in math mode). Bold calligraphic can be produced with |\bmath|,
-e.g.\ |$\bmath{\cal A}$| gives $\bmath{\cal A}$.
-
-\item (xii) Automatic scaling of brackets. The codes |\left| and  
-|\right| should  be used to scale brackets automatically to
-fit the equation being set. For example, to get
-$$
-  v = x \left( {N+2}\over {N} \right)
-$$        
-use the code
-%
-\beginlines
-|$$|
-|  v = x \left( {N+2}\over {N} \right)|
-|$$|
-\endlines
-        
-\item (xiii) Roman font in equations. It is often necessary to make some 
-symbols roman in an equation (e.g.\ units, subscripts). For  example, 
-to get the following output:
-$$
-  \sigma \simeq (r/13~h^{-1}~{\rm Mpc})^{-0.9},
-  \qquad \omega = {{N-N_{\rm s}}\over {N_{\rm R}}},
-$$
-you should use:
-%
-\beginlines
-|$$|
-|  \sigma\simeq (r/13~h^{-1}~{\rm Mpc})^{-0.9},|
-|  \qquad\omega={{N-N_{\rm s}}\over {N_{\rm R}}},|
-|$$|
-\endlines
-
-\item (xiv) Continuation figure and table captions.
-See Subsection~3.6. %%
-\endlist
-
-
-\subsection{Springer-Verlag macro names}
-
-These have been incorporated from the Astronomy \& Astrophysics \LaTeX\ 
-style file, to aid in the creation of various commonly used
-astronomical symbols. Please see Subsubsection~3.13.6 for details. %%
-
-\bye
-
-% end of mnguide.tex
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnland.dvi b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnland.dvi
deleted file mode 100644
index 7214403ace3..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnland.dvi
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnland.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnland.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index 968077488f8..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnland.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-% MNLAND.TEX
-%
-% A landscape figure for the sample plain TeX Monthly Notices article.
-%
-% v1.1 --- released 25th August 1994 (M. Reed)
-% v1.0 --- first released 17th February 1994
-%
-% Copyright Cambridge University Press
-
-% The following line automatically loads the mn macros if you are not
-% using a format file.
-\ifx\mnmacrosloaded\undefined \input mn\fi
-
-% If your system has the AMS fonts version 2.0 installed, MN.tex can be
-% made to use them by uncommenting the line: %\AMStwofontstrue
-%
-% By doing this, you will be able to obtain upright Greek characters.
-% e.g. \umu, \upi etc.  See the section on "Upright Greek characters" in
-% this guide for further information.
-
-% !! AMS fonts are not used in this file. The following code is provided
-%    for your convenience !!
-\newif\ifAMStwofonts
-%\AMStwofontstrue 
-
-\ifCUPmtplainloaded \else
-  \NewTextAlphabet{textbfit} {cmbxti10} {}
-  \NewTextAlphabet{textbfss} {cmssbx10} {}
-  \NewMathAlphabet{mathbfit} {cmbxti10} {} % for math mode
-  \NewMathAlphabet{mathbfss} {cmssbx10} {} %  "   "    "
-  %
-  \ifAMStwofonts
-    %
-    \NewSymbolFont{upmath} {eurm10}
-    \NewSymbolFont{AMSa} {msam10}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\upi}     {0}{upmath}{19}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\umu}     {0}{upmath}{16}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\upartial}{0}{upmath}{40}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\leqslant}{3}{AMSa}{36}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\geqslant}{3}{AMSa}{3E}
-    \let\oldle=\le     \let\oldleq=\leq
-    \let\oldge=\ge     \let\oldgeq=\geq
-    \let\leq=\leqslant \let\le=\leqslant
-    \let\geq=\geqslant \let\ge=\geqslant
-  \else
-    \def\umu{\mu}
-    \def\upi{\pi}
-    \def\upartial{\partial}
-  \fi
-\fi
-
-
-%\special{landscape} % only use this if your driver supports it
-
-% Marginal adjustments using \pageoffset maybe required when printing
-% proofs on a Laserprinter (this is usually not needed).
-% Syntax: \pageoffset{ +/- hor. offset}{ +/- vert. offset}
-% e.g.    \pageoffset{-3pc}{-4pc}
-
-\pageoffset{0pc}{-1.5pc}
-
-\landscape
-\authorcomment{Landscape material to be pasted into the article.}
-
-\begintopmatter % these must be here
-\maketitle      %
-
-
-\beginfigure{1}
-\caption{{\bf Figure 4.} Photometric comparisons in the overlap areas
- between the fields. The differences between photometry of individual images
- from different fields for the overlapping fields 52--51, 50--51, 50--28 and
- 30--29 are shown for the $B_{\rm J}$ and $R$ wavebands. The axes are as
- follows. Left-hand panels: $\Delta B$ ($-1$ to 1) against
- $\langle B \rangle$ (13 to 21). Right-hand panels: $\Delta R$ ($-1$ to 1)
- against $\langle R \rangle$ (12 to 20).}
-\endfigure
-
-
-\bye
-
-% end of mnland.tex
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnsample.dvi b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnsample.dvi
deleted file mode 100644
index 757e63a9e2d..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnsample.dvi
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnsample.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnsample.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index b19ea01c605..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/mnsample.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,705 +0,0 @@
-% MNSAMPLE.TEX
-%
-% A sample plain TeX single/two column Monthly Notices article.
-%
-% v1.5  --- released 25th August 1994 (M. Reed)
-% v1.4  --- released 22nd February 1994
-% v1.3  --- released  8th December 1992
-%
-% Copyright Cambridge University Press
-
-% The following line automatically loads the mn macros if you are not
-% using a format file.
-\ifx\mnmacrosloaded\undefined \input mn\fi
-
-% If your system has the AMS fonts version 2.0 installed, MN.tex can be
-% made to use them by uncommenting the line: %\AMStwofontstrue
-%
-% By doing this, you will be able to obtain upright Greek characters.
-% e.g. \umu, \upi etc.  See the section on "Upright Greek characters" in
-% this guide for further information.
-
-\newif\ifAMStwofonts
-%\AMStwofontstrue
-
-\ifCUPmtplainloaded \else
-  \NewTextAlphabet{textbfit} {cmbxti10} {}
-  \NewTextAlphabet{textbfss} {cmssbx10} {}
-  \NewMathAlphabet{mathbfit} {cmbxti10} {} % for math mode
-  \NewMathAlphabet{mathbfss} {cmssbx10} {} %  "   "    "
-  %
-  \ifAMStwofonts
-    %
-    \NewSymbolFont{upmath} {eurm10}
-    \NewSymbolFont{AMSa} {msam10}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\upi}     {0}{upmath}{19}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\umu}     {0}{upmath}{16}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\upartial}{0}{upmath}{40}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\leqslant}{3}{AMSa}{36}
-    \NewMathSymbol{\geqslant}{3}{AMSa}{3E}
-    \let\oldle=\le     \let\oldleq=\leq
-    \let\oldge=\ge     \let\oldgeq=\geq
-    \let\leq=\leqslant \let\le=\leqslant
-    \let\geq=\geqslant \let\ge=\geqslant
-  \else
-    \def\umu{\mu}
-    \def\upi{\pi}
-    \def\upartial{\partial}
-  \fi
-\fi
-
-
-% Marginal adjustments using \pageoffset maybe required when printing
-% proofs on a Laserprinter (this is usually not needed).
-% Syntax: \pageoffset{ +/- hor. offset}{ +/- vert. offset}
-% e.g.    \pageoffset{-3pc}{-4pc}
-
-\pageoffset{-2.5pc}{0pc}
-
-\loadboldmathnames
-
-% \Referee   %  uncomment this for referee mode (double spaced)
-
-% \pagerange, \pubyear and \volume are defined at the Journals office and
-% not by an author.
-
-% \onecolumn        % enable one column mode
-% \letters          % for `letters' articles
-\pagerange{1--7}    % `letters' articles should use \pagerange{Ln--Ln}
-\pubyear{1989}
-\volume{226}
-% \microfiche{}     % for articles with microfiche
-% \authorcomment{}  % author comment for footline
-
-\begintopmatter  %  start the two spanning material
-
-\title{Dust envelopes around RV Tauri stars}
-\author{A. V. Raveendran}
-\affiliation{Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore 560034, India}
-
-\shortauthor{A. V. Raveendran}
-\shorttitle{Dust envelopes around RV Tauri stars}
-
-% \acceptedline is to be defined at the Journals office and not
-% by an author.
-
-\acceptedline{Accepted 1988 December 15. Received 1988 December 14;
-  in original form 1988 October 11}
-
-\abstract {In the {\it IRAS\/} [12]--[25], [25]--[60]
-colour--colour diagram, RV Tauri stars are found to populate
-cooler temperature regions $(T<600\,{\rm K})$, distinctly
-different from those occupied by  the oxygen and carbon Miras.
-The {\it IRAS\/} fluxes are  consistent with the dust density in
-the envelope varying as the inverse square of the radial
-distance, implying that the grain formation processes in these
-objects are most probably continuous and not sporadic. It is
-found that the spectroscopic subgroups A and B are
-well separated in the far-infrared two-colour diagram, with
-group B objects having systematically cooler dust envelopes. We
-interpret this as being due to a difference in the nature of
-grains, including the chemical composition, in the two cases.}
-
-\keywords {circumstellar matter -- infrared: stars.}
-
-\maketitle  %  finish the two spanning material
-
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-It has been well established that RV Tauri variables
-possess infrared emission far in excess of their expected
-blackbody continuum, arising from their extended cool dust
-envelopes (Gehrz \& Woolf 1970; Gehrz 1972; Gehrz \& Ney 1972).
-Recently, Lloyd Evans (1985) and Goldsmith et~al.\ (1987)
-have given detailed descriptions of the near-infrared
-properties of RV Tauri stars. In this paper we present an
-analysis of the {\it IRAS\/} data of RV Tauri stars with the help
-of the far-infrared two-colour diagram and a grid computed
-using a simple model of the dust envelope. Such two-colour plots
-have already been employed extensively by several investigators
-to study the circumstellar envelopes around oxygen-rich and
-carbon-rich objects which are in the late stages of stellar
-evolution (Hacking et~al.\ 1985; Zuckerman \& Dyck 1986;
-van der Veen \& Habing 1988; Willems \& de Jong 1988).
-
-Table~1 summarizes the basic data on the 17 objects
-detected at 60$\,\umu$m. Apart from the {\it IRAS\/} identification
-and the flux densities at 12-, 25-, 60- and 100-$\umu$m wavebands,
-it gives the spectroscopic groups of Preston et~al.\ (1963),
-the light-curve classes of Kukarkin et~al.\ (1969) and the periods of
-light variation. The list, which
-contains  about 20 per cent of all the known RV Tauri stars,
-is essentially the same as that given by Jura (1986). The
-spectroscopic subgroups are from either Preston et~al.\ (1963) or
-Lloyd Evans (1985).
-%
-\begintable*{1}
-\caption{{\bf Table 1.} Data on the RV Tauri stars detected by {\it IRAS}.}
-\halign{%
-\rm#\hfil&\qquad\rm#\hfil&\qquad\rm\hfil#&\qquad\rm\hfil
-#&\qquad\rm\hfil#&\qquad\rm\hfil#&\qquad\rm#\hfil
-&\qquad\rm\hfil#&\qquad\rm#\hfil&\qquad\hfil\rm#\cr
-Name&&\multispan4\hskip23pt\hss Flux density (Jy)$^a$\hss \cr
-Variable&{\it IRAS}&12$\;\umu$m&25$\;\umu$m
-&60$\;\umu$m&100$\;\umu$m&Sp.&Period&Light-&$T_0({\rm K})$\cr
-&&&&&&group&(d)\hfill&curve\cr
-&&&&&&&&type\cr
-\noalign{\vskip 10pt}
-TW Cam&04166$+$5719&8.27&5.62&1.82&$<$1.73&A&85.6&a&555\cr
-RV Tau&04440$+$2605&22.53&18.08&6.40&2.52&A&78.9&b&460\cr
-DY Ori&06034$+$1354&12.44&14.93&4.12&$<$11.22&B&60.3&&295\cr
-CT Ori&06072$+$0953&6.16&5.57&1.22&$<$1.54&B&135.6&&330\cr
-SU Gem&06108$+$2734&7.90&5.69&2.16&$<$11.66&A&50.1&b&575\cr
-UY CMa&06160$-$1701&3.51&2.48&0.57&$<$1.00&B&113.9&a&420\cr
-U Mon&07284$-$0940&124.30&88.43&26.28&9.24&A&92.3&b&480\cr
-AR Pup&08011$-$3627&131.33&94.32&25.81&11.65&B&75.0&b&450\cr
-IW Car&09256$-$6324&101/06&96.24&34.19&13.07&B&67.5&b&395\cr
-GK Car&11118$-$5726&2.87&2.48&0.78&$<$12.13&B&55.6&&405\cr
-RU Cen&12067$-$4508&5.36&11.02&5.57&2.01&B&64.7&&255\cr
-SX Cen&12185$-$4856&5.95&3.62&1.09&$<$1.50&B&32.9&b&590\cr
-AI Sco&17530$-$3348&17.68&11.46&2.88&$<$45.62&A&71.0&b&480\cr
-AC Her&18281$+$2149&41.47&65.33&21.12&7.79&B&75.5&a&260\cr
-R Sct&18448$-$0545&20.88&9.30&8.10&$<$138.78&A&140.2&a\cr
-R Sge&20117$+$1634&10.63&7.57&2.10&$<$1.66&A&70.6&b&455\cr
-V Vul&20343$+$2625&12.39&5.72&1.29&$<$6.96&A&75.7&a&690\cr
-}
-\tabletext{\noindent $^a$Observed by {\it IRAS}.}
-\endtable
-
-
-\section{Description of the envelope model}
-
-If we assume that the dust grains in the envelope are
-predominantly of the same kind and are in thermal equilibrium,
-the luminosity at frequency $\nu$ in the infrared is given by
-$$
-   L(\nu)=\mskip-25mu\int\limits_{\rm envelope}\mskip-25mu
-   \rho(r)Q_{{\rm abs}}
-   (\nu)B[\nu,T_{\rm g}(r)]\exp [-\tau(\nu,r)]\> {\rm d}V, \eqno\stepeq
-$$
-where
-$Q_{{\rm abs}}(\nu)$ is the absorption efficiency at frequency $\nu$,
-$\rho(r)$ is the dust grain density,
-$T_{\rm g}(r)$ is the grain temperature,
-$B[\nu,T_{\rm g}(r)]$ is the Planck function and
-$\tau(\nu,r)$ is the optical depth at distance {\it r\/} from the
-centre of the star.
-
-The temperature $T_{\rm g}(r)$ is determined by the condition of
-energy balance: amount of energy radiated = amount of energy
-absorbed. The amount of energy absorbed at any point is
-proportional to the total available energy at that point, which
-consists of:
-\beginlist
-\item (i) the attenuated and diluted stellar radiation;
-\item (ii) scattered radiation, and
-\item (iii) reradiation from other grains.
-\endlist
-
-Detailed solutions of radiative transfer in circumstellar
-dust shells by Rowan-Robinson \& Harris (1983a,b) indicate that
-the effect of heating by other grains becomes significant only at
-large optical depths at the absorbing frequencies $[\tau({\rm
-UV})\gg 10]$, and at optical depths $\tau({\rm UV})<1$ the grains
-have approximately the same temperature that they would have if
-they were seeing the starlight unattenuated and no other
-radiation.
-
-The Planck mean optical depths of circumstellar envelopes
-around several RV Tauri stars, derived from the ratios of the
-luminosities of the dust shell (at infrared wavelengths) and
-the star, range from 0.07 to 0.63 (Goldsmith et~al.\ 1987).
-There is much uncertainty in the nature of the optical
-properties of dust grains in the envelope. The carbon-rich RV
-Tauri stars are also reported to show the 10-$\umu$m silicate
-emission feature typical of oxygen-rich objects (Gehrz \& Ney
-1972; Olnon \& Raimond 1986). The pure terrestrial silicates or
-lunar silicates are found to be completely unsuitable to account
-for the infrared emission from circumstellar dust shells around
-M-type stars (Rowan-Robinson \& Harris 1983a). We assume that
-the absorption efficiency $Q_{{\rm abs}} (\nu)$ in the infrared
-varies as $\nu^{\gamma}$. ${\gamma}=1$ appears to provide a
-reasonable fit in a variety of sources (Harvey, Thronson \&
-Gatley 1979; Jura 1986). Under these circumstances the
-condition of energy balance implies that the dust temperature
-$T_{\rm g}$ will vary as $r^{\beta}$.
-
-In view of the low value of the observed Planck mean  optical
-depth for the stellar radiation and the nature of the assumed
-frequency dependence of the absorption efficiency, the
-extinction of the infrared radiation by the dust envelope can
-be neglected. If we consider the envelope to be spherically
-symmetric, equation (1) reduces to
-$$
-   L(\nu)=\!\!\int_{r_{1}}^{r_{2}}\!\!4\upi r^2\rho(r)\> Q_{{\rm abs}}
-   (\nu)B[\nu,T_{\rm g}(r)]\> {\rm d}r, \eqno\stepeq
-$$
-where $r_1$ and $r_2$ are the inner and outer radii of the
-shell. For a dusty density distribution $\rho(r)\propto
-r^{\alpha}$ and $r_2\gg r_1$, equation (2) reduces to
-$$
-   L(\nu)\propto \nu^{2+\gamma-Q}
-   \int_{X_0}^{\infty}{{x^Q}\over{{\rm e}^x-1}}{\rm d}x, \eqno\stepeq
-$$
-where $Q=-(\alpha+\beta+3)/\beta$ and $X_0=(h\nu /kT_0)$.
-$T_0$ represents the temperature at the inner boundary of the
-dust shell where grains start condensing. In a steady radiation
-pressure driven mass outflow in the optically thin case, values of
-$\alpha$ lie near $-2$ (Gilman 1972). $\gamma$ and $\beta$ are
-related by $\beta=-2/(\gamma+4)$.
-
-In the {\it IRAS\/} Point Source Catalog (PSC, Beichman et~al.\ 1985a),
-the flux densities have been quoted at the effective
-wavelengths 12, 25, 60 and 100$\,\umu$m, assuming a flat energy
-spectrum $[\nu F(\nu)=1]$ for the observed sources. For each model
-given by equation (3), using the relative system response, the
-colour-correction factors (Beichman et~al.\ 1985b) in each
-of the {\it IRAS\/} passbands were calculated and the fluxes
-were converted into flux densities expected for a flat energy
-distribution, as assumed in the {\it IRAS\/} PSC, so that the
-computed colours can be directly compared with the colours
-determined from the catalogue quantities. Such a procedure
-is more appropriate than correcting the {\it IRAS\/}
-colours for the energy distribution given by a particular model
-and then comparing them with those computed by the model.
-
-
-\subsection{Colour--colour diagram}
-
-The IR colour is defined as
-$$
-   [\nu_1]-[\nu_2]=-2.5\log [f(\nu_1)/f(\nu_2)],
-$$
-where $\nu_1$ and $\nu_2$ are any two wavebands and
-$f(\nu_1)$ and $f(\nu_2)$ are the corresponding flux  densities
-assuming a flat energy spectrum for the source.
-%
-\beginfigure{1}
-\vskip 91mm
-\caption{{\bf Figure 1.} Plot of [25]--[60] colours of
-RV Tauri stars against their [12]--[25] colours after  normalizing
-as indicated in Beichman et~al.\ (1985b). Some of the objects
-are identified by their variable-star names. Typical error bars
-are shown in the bottom right-hand corner. The lines represent
-the loci for constant inner shell temperature and the quantity
-$Q$. Note the separation of group A and B stars at $T_0 \sim$
-460$\,$K. Positions occupied by a sample of carbon and oxygen
-Miras are also shown. The $Q=1.0$ line differs from the
-blackbody line by a maximum of $\sim 0.05$.}
-\endfigure
-
-In Fig.~1, we have plotted the [25]--[60] colours of
-RV Tauri stars against their corresponding [12]--[25]  colours
-derived from the {\it IRAS\/} data. Filled circles  represent
-stars of group A and open circles stars of group B. The two
-sets of near-parallel lines represent the loci of constant
-inner shell temperature $T_0$ and the quantity $Q$ defined
-above. The models correspond to the case of absorption
-efficiency $Q_{{\rm abs}}(\nu)$ varying as $\nu$ (with
-$\gamma=1$ and hence $\beta=-0.4$). We have omitted R Sct in
-Fig.~1 because it shows a large deviation from the average
-relation shown by all the other objects. R Sct has a
-comparatively large excess at 60$\,\umu$m, but the extent of a
-possible contamination by the infrared cirrus (Low et~al.\ 1984)
-is unknown. Goldsmith et~al.\ (1987) found no
-evidence of the presence of a dust envelope at near-IR
-wavelengths and the spectrum was consistent with a stellar
-continuum. This explains why R Sct lies well below the mean
-relation shown by stars of groups A and C between the
-[3.6]--[11.3] colour excess and the photometrically determined
-(Fe/H) (Dawson 1979). R Sct has the longest period of 140$\,$d
-among the RV Tauri stars detected at far-infrared wavelengths
-and does not have the 10-$\umu$m emission feature seen in other
-objects (Gehrz 1972; Olnon \& Raimond 1986).  R Sct is probably
-the most irregular RV Tauri star known (McLaughlin 1932).
-
-The inner shell temperatures $(T_0)$ derived for the various
-objects are also given in Table~1 and we find the majority of
-them to have temperatures in the narrow range 400--600$\,$K. If
-the dependences of $Q_{{\rm abs}}(\nu)$ on $\nu$ and $\rho(r)$ on
-$r$ are similar in all the objects considered, then in the
-colour--colour diagram they all should lie along a line
-corresponding to different values of $T_0$ and in Fig.~1 we find
-that this is essentially the  case. In view of the quoted
-uncertainties in the flux measurements, we cannot attach much
-significance to the scatter in Fig.~1.
-%
-\beginfigure*{2}
-\vskip 5.9cm
-\caption{{\bf Figure 2.} Plot of the [60]--[100] colours
-of RV Tauri stars against their [25]--[60] colours after normalizing
-as indicated in Beichman et~al.\ (1985b). The solid lines
-represent the loci for constant inner shell temperature and the
-quantity $Q$. The dashed line shows the locus for a blackbody
-distribution.}
-\endfigure
-
-At 100$\,\umu$m the infrared sky is characterized by emission,
-called infrared cirrus, from interstellar dust on all spatial
-scales (Low et~al.\ 1984), thereby impairing the
-measurements at far-infrared wavelengths. In Fig.~2, we have
-plotted the [60]--[100] colours of the six RV Tauri stars
-detected at 100$\,\umu$m against their [25]--[60] colours, along
-with the grid showing the regions of different values for inner
-shell temperature $T_0$ and the quantity $Q$, as in Fig.~1. The
-results indicated by Fig.~2 are consistent with those derived
-from Fig.~1. AR Pup shows a large excess at 100$\,\umu$m but, in
-view of the large values for the cirrus flags given in the
-catalogue, the intrinsic flux at 100$\,\umu$m is uncertain.
-
-
-\subsection{Radial distribution of dust}
-
-From Fig.~1, it is evident that all RV Tauri stars lie
-between the lines corresponding to $Q=1.5$ and $0.5$. With
-$$
-   \alpha=-(1+Q)\beta-3,
-$$
-these values suggest limits of $r^{-2.0}$ and $r^{-2.4}$
-for the dust density variation, indicating a near-constant
-mass-loss rate. Jura (1986) has suggested that the density in
-the circumstellar envelope around RV Tauri stars varies as
-$r^{-1}$, implying a mass-loss rate that was greater in the
-past than it is currently. By fitting a power law to the
-observed fluxes, such that $f(\nu)$ varies as $\nu^q$, values
-of $q$ determined by him for  the various objects given in
-Table~1 lie in the range  0.6--1.2, with a mean $\bar q=0.98$. The
-assumption of a power law corresponds to the case of $X_0=0$ in
-equation (3) and hence we get
-$$
-   q=2+\gamma -Q.
-$$
-Since we assume that $Q_{{\rm abs}}(\nu)$ varies as $\nu$,
-the resulting value for $Q$=2.0. None of the objects is found
-to lie in the corresponding region in the colour--colour
-diagram. Even this extreme value for $Q$ implies a density
-which varies as $r^{-1.8}$.
-
-Goldsmith et~al.\ (1987) have reported that the
-simultaneous optical and near-IR data of AC Her can be fitted
-by a combination of two blackbodies at 5680 and 1800$\,$K,
-representing, respectively, the stellar and dust shell
-temperatures, and suggested that in RV Tauri stars the grain
-formation is a sporadic phenomenon and not a continuous
-process. Apparently, they have been influenced by the remark by
-Gehrz \& Woolf (1970) that their data in the 3.5--11$\,\umu$m
-region of AC Her indicated a dust temperature of $\sim300\,$K. We
-find that the {\it K--L\/} colours given by Gehrz (1972), Lloyd
-Evans (1985) and Goldsmith et~al.\ (1987) are all
-consistent with each other. Surely, hot dust ($\sim 1800\,$K), if
-present at the time of observations by Goldsmith et~al.\ (1987),
-would have affected the {\it K--L\/} colour
-significantly. AC Her, like other members of its class, is
-found to execute elongated loops in the ({\it U--B\/}), ({\it
-B--V\/}) plane (Preston et~al.\ 1963), indicating that
-significant departure of the stellar continuum from the
-blackbody is to be expected. Further, their data show only a
-marginal excess at the near-IR wavelengths. We feel that the
-case for the existence of hot dust around AC Her and hence for
-the sporadic grain formation around RV Tauri stars is not
-strong. In Fig.~3 we find that AC Her and
-RU Cen lie very close to R Sct which, according to Goldsmith
-et~al.\ (1987), shows no evidence for the presence of a hot
-dust envelope.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Comparison with oxygen and carbon Miras}
-
-In Fig.~1 we have also shown the positions of a sample of
-oxygen-rich and carbon-rich Miras. At the low temperatures
-characteristic of the Miras, a part of the emission at 12$\,\umu$m
-comes from the photosphere. For a blackbody at 2000$\,$K, the ratio
-of fluxes at wavelengths of 12 and 2$\,\umu$m $(f_{12}/f_{2})\sim
-0.18$. The Miras shown in Fig.~1 have $(f_{12}/f_{2})$
-ratios larger than twice the above value. It is clear that the
-three groups of objects populate three different regions of the
-diagram. Hacking et~al.\ (1985) have already noticed that
-there are distinct differences between the {\it IRAS\/} colours
-of oxygen-rich and carbon-rich objects. On the basis of an
-analysis, using a bigger sample of bright giant stars in the
-{\it IRAS\/} catalogue, this has been interpreted by Zuckerman \&
-Dyck (1986) as being due to a systematic difference in the dust
-grain emissivity index. U Mon shows the 10-$\umu$m silicate
-emission convincingly and, in most of the other objects for
-which low-resolution spectra in the near-infrared have been
-reported (Gehrz 1972; Olnon \& Raimond 1986), the 10-$\umu$m
-emission may be partly attributed to silicates. Hence it is
-reasonable to expect that, in the envelopes around at least some
-of the RV Tauri stars, the dust grains are predominantly of
-silicates, as in the case of oxygen Miras (Rowan-Robinson \&
-Harris 1983a). The fact that none of the RV Tauri stars is
-found in the region of the two-colour diagram occupied by the
-oxygen Miras indicates that the emissivity indices of the
-silicate grains in the two cases are different. Because of the
-higher temperatures and luminosities, the environment of grain
-formation will be different in RV Tauri stars.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Correlation with subgroups}
-
-Preston et~al.\ (1963) have identified three  spectroscopic
-subgroups, which are designated as groups A, B and C. Objects of
-group A are metal-rich; group C are metal-poor; group~B objects are
-also metal-poor, but  show carbon enhancements (Preston et~al.\ 1963;
-Lloyd Evans 1974; Dawson 1979; Baird 1981). It is interesting
-to see that Table~1 contains no group C objects and that in Fig.~1
-there is a clear separation of the two spectroscopic subgroups A
-and B, with the demarcation  occurring at an inner shell
-temperature of about 450$\,$K, group~B stars having lower
-temperatures than group A. SX Cen is the only exception. Lloyd
-Evans (1974) has reported that metal lines are stronger in SX Cen
-than in other group~B objects. It may be worth noting that SX Cen
-has the shortest period among the 100 or so objects with the RV
-Tauri classification. RU Cen has the coolest inner  shell
-temperature, as already suggested by the near-infrared spectrum
-(Gehrz \& Ney 1972).
-%
-\beginfigure{3}
-\vskip 59mm
-\caption{{\bf Figure 3.} Plot of $(K$--$L)$ colours of
-RV Tauri stars detected by {\it IRAS\/} against their corresponding
-$(J$--$K)$ colours.  The position of AR Pup is indicated.  The three
-objects lying close to the blackbody line are AC Her, RU Cen and R Sct.}
-\endfigure
-
-Group~B objects follow a different mean relationship from those
-of group~A, having systematically larger 11-$\umu$m excess for a
-given excess at 3$\,\umu$m (Lloyd Evans 1985). For a general
-sample of RV Tauri stars, the distinction between the
-oxygen-rich and carbon-rich objects is not that apparent in the
-{\it JHKL\/} bands. In Fig.~3 we have plotted the near-IR
-magnitudes of the objects given in Table~1 (except V Vul which
-has no available measurements) in the {\it J--K, K--L\/} plane.
-The colours,  taken from Lloyd Evans (1985) and Goldsmith
-et~al.\ (1987), are averaged if more than one observation
-exists, because the internal agreements are found to be often
-of the order of observational uncertainties, in accordance with
-the earlier finding by Gehrz (1972) that variability has
-relatively little effect on colours. Barring RU Cen and AC Her,
-it is evident that stars belonging to group~B show
-systematically larger excesses at {\it L\/}~band for a given
-excess at {\it K}. The low excesses at near-IR wavelengths for
-AC Her and RU Cen are consistent with the very low dust
-temperatures indicated by the far-infrared colours.
-%
-\ifsinglecol
-  \pageinsert
-    \vfil
-    \centerline{Landscape figure to go here. This figure was not
-      part of the original paper and is inserted here for illustrative
-      purposes.}
-    \centerline{See the author guide for details on how to handle landscape
-      figures or tables, and {\tt mnland.tex}.}
-    \centerline{{\bf Figure 4.}}
-    \vfil
-  \endinsert
-\else
-  \beginfigure*{4}
-    \vbox to 646pt{\vfil
-    \centerline{Landscape figure to go here. This figure was not
-      part of the original paper and is inserted here for illustrative
-      purposes.}
-    \centerline{See the author guide for details on how to handle landscape
-      figures or tables, and {\tt mnland.tex}.}
-    \caption{{\bf Figure 4.}}
-    \vfil}
-  \endfigure
-\fi
-
-It is already well established that from {\it UBV\/} photometry
-one can distinguish between groups A and~B,  members of group~A
-being significantly redder than those of group~B (Preston
-et~al.\ 1963). Similarly, Dawson (1979) has found that the two
-spectroscopic groups are well separated in the DDO
-colour--colour diagrams when mean colours are used for the
-individual objects.
-
-The clear separation of the spectroscopic subgroups A and~B in
-the IR two-colour diagram suggests that the natures of dust
-grains in the envelopes in the two cases are not  identical.
-This is to be expected because of the differences in the
-physical properties of the stars themselves. The average
-colours of group~B stars are bluer than group A, but the
-envelope dust temperatures of B are cooler than those of~A. The
-near-IR spectra of AC Her and RU Cen are extremely similar
-(Gehrz \& Ney 1972). The striking similarities in the optical
-spectra of AC Her and RU Cen have been pointed out by Bidelman
-(O'Connell 1961). We feel that the physical properties,
-including the chemical composition, of the grains  formed in
-the circumstellar envelope strongly depend on those of the
-embedded star. This, probably, explains the diversity of the
-energy distributions of RV Tauri stars in the near-infrared
-found by Gehrz \& Ney (1972). On the basis of the observed
-differences in chemical abundances and space distribution of RV
-Tauri stars, Lloyd Evans (1985) has already pointed out that
-there is no direct evolutionary connection between group~A and
-group~B objects, thus ruling out the possibility that group~B
-objects are the evolutionary successors of group~A, in which
-grain formation has stopped and the cooler temperatures for the
-former are caused by an envelope expansion.
-
-Kukarkin et~al.\ (1969) have subdivided RV Tauri  stars
-into two classes, RVa and RVb, on the basis of their light
-curves; the former shows a constant mean  brightness, whereas
-the latter shows a cyclically varying  mean brightness.
-Extensive observations in the near-infrared show that, on
-average, RVb stars are redder than RVa stars, and Lloyd Evans
-(1985) has suggested that in RVb stars dust shells are denser
-in the inner regions and hence radiate strongly in the
-1--3$\,\umu$m region. Fig.~3 confirms this; RVb objects show
-systematically larger ({\it J--K\/}) and ({\it K--L\/}) colours than RVa
-objects. Apparently, there is no distinction between objects of
-the two light-curve types at far-infrared wavelengths (Fig.~1).
-
-
-\section{Conclusions}
-
-In the [12]--[25], [25]--[60] colour diagram, RV Tauri
-stars populate cooler temperature regions $(T<600\,\rm {K})$,
-distinctly different from those occupied by the oxygen and
-carbon Miras. Using a simple model in which
-\beginlist
-\item (i) the envelope is spherically symmetric,
-\item (ii) the IR-emitting grains are predominantly of the same kind, and
-\item (iii) in the IR the absorption efficiency $Q_{{\rm abs}} (\nu)\propto\nu$,
-\endlist
-we find that the {\it IRAS\/} fluxes
-are consistent with the density in the envelope $\rho(r)\propto
-r^{-2}$, where {\it r\/} is the radial distance. Such a
-dependence for the dust density implies that the mass-loss
-rates in RV Tauri stars have not reduced considerably during
-the recent past, contrary to the suggestion by Jura (1986). In
-the two-colour diagram, the blackbody line and the line
-corresponding to $\rho(r)\propto r^{-2.2}$ nearly overlap and
-the present data are insufficient to resolve between the two
-cases. The latter case is more physically reasonable, however.
-
-The spectroscopic subgroups A and B are well separated in
-the {\it IRAS\/} two-colour diagram, with group B objects  having
-systematically cooler dust envelopes. If we consider only the
-objects detected by {\it IRAS}, we find that stars
-belonging to group B show systematically larger excess at {\it
-L\/}~band for a given excess at {\it K}. Apparently, there is no
-correlation between the light-curve types (RVa and RVb) and the
-far-infrared behaviour of these objects. It is fairly certain
-that the physical properties, including the chemical
-composition, of the embedded stars are directly reflected by
-those of the dust grains. Most probably, the grain formation
-process in RV Tauri stars is continuous and not sporadic as
-suggested by Goldsmith et~al.\ (1987).
-
-
-\section*{Acknowledgments}
-
-I thank Professor N. Kameswara Rao for some helpful
-suggestions, Dr H. C. Bhatt for a critical reading of the
-original version of the paper and an anonymous referee for
-very useful comments that improved the presentation of the paper.
-
-
-\section*{References}
-
-\beginrefs
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-\bibitem Beichman C.A., Neugebauer G., Habing H.J., Clegg P.E.,
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-  Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena
-\bibitem Beichman C.A., Neugebauer G., Habing H.J., Clegg P.E.,
-  Chester T.J., 1985b, {\it IRAS\/} Explanatory Supplement. Jet
-  Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena
-\bibitem Dawson D.W., 1979, ApJS, 41, 97
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-\bibitem Gerhz R.D., Ney E.P., 1972, PASP, 84, 768
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-
-
-\appendix
-
-\section{Large gaps in {$\bf L\lowercase{y}\balpha$} forests
-  due to fluctuations in line distribution}
-
-(This appendix was not part of the original paper by A.V.~Raveendran and is
-included here just for illustrative purposes.)
-
-Spectroscopic\looseness=1\ observations of bright quasars show that the mean number
-density of ${\rm Ly}\alpha$ forest lines, which satisfy certain criteria,
-evolves
-like ${\rm d}N/{\rm d}z=A(1+z)^\gamma$, where $A$ and~$\gamma$ are two
-constants. Given
-the above intrinsic line distribution we examine the probability of finding
-large gaps in the ${\rm Ly}\alpha$ forests.  We concentrate here only on
-the statistics and neglect all observational complications such as the line
-blending effect (see Ostriker, Bajtlik \&~Duncan 1988).
-
-Suppose we have observed a ${\rm Ly}\alpha$ forest between redshifts $z_1$
-and~$z_2$
-and found $N-1$ lines.  For high-redshift quasars $z_2$~is usually the emission
-redshift $z_{\rm em}$ and $z_1$ is set to $(\lambda_{\rm Ly\beta}/\lambda_{\rm
-Ly\alpha})(1+z_{\rm em})=0.844(1+z_{\rm em})$ to avoid contamination by
-Ly$\beta$ lines.  We want to know whether the largest gaps observed in the
-forest are significantly inconsistent with the above line distribution.  To do
-this we introduce a new variable~$x$:
-$$
-   x={(1+z)^{\gamma+1}-(1+z_1)^{\gamma+1} \over
-     (1+z_2)^{\gamma+1}-(1+z_1)^{\gamma+1}}. \eqno\stepeq
-$$
-$x$ varies from 0 to 1.  We then have ${\rm d}N/{\rm d}x=\lambda$,
-where $\lambda$ is the mean number of lines between $z_1$ and $z_2$ and is
-given by
-$$
-   \lambda\equiv{A[(1+z_2)^{\gamma+1}-(1+z_1)^{\gamma+1}]\over\gamma+1}.
-     \eqno\stepeq
-$$
-This means that the ${\rm Ly}\alpha$ forest lines are uniformly distributed
-in~$x$.
-The probability of finding $N-1$ lines between $z_1$ and~$z_2$, $P_{N-1}$, is
-assumed to be the Poisson distribution.
-%
-\beginfigure{5}
-\vskip 11pc
-\caption{{\bf Figure A1.} $P(>x_{\rm gap})$ as a function of
-$x_{\rm gap}$ for, from left to right, $N=160$, 150, 140, 110, 100, 90, 50,
-45 and~40.}
-\endfigure
-
-\subsection{Subsection title}
-
-We plot in Fig.~A1 $P(>x_{\rm gap})$ for several $N$ values.
-We see that, for $N=100$ and $x_{\rm gap}=0.06$, $P(>0.06)\approx 20$
-per cent. This means that the
-\ifsinglecol\else \vadjust{\vfill\eject}\fi
-probability of finding a gap with a size
-larger than six times the mean separation is not significantly small.
-When the mean number of lines is large, $\lambda\sim N>>1$, our
-$P(>x_{\rm gap})$ approaches the result obtained by Ostriker et~al.\ (1988)
-for small (but still very large if measured in units of the mean separation)
-$x_{\rm gap}$, i.e., $P(>x_{\rm gap})\sim N(1-x_{\rm gap})^{N-1}\sim N
-{\rm exp}(-\lambda x_{\rm gap})$.
-
-
-\bye
-
-% end of mnsample.tex
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/readme.txt b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/readme.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 167ae336a0c..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/mnras/readme.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-% readme.txt (v1.1 released 2nd September 1994)
-% for Monthly Notices (plain TeX)
-%
-% The files for MN are as follows:
-%
-% README.TXT        this file
-% FONTTEST.TEX      a file to test all of the fonts used in the MN design
-%                   with your output device
-% MN.TEX            the design macros
-% MNGUIDE.TEX       authors' instructions
-% MNSAMPLE.TEX      sample pages
-% MNLAND.TEX        landscape page for sample pages
-%
-% Typeset MNGUIDE.TEX, MNSAMPLE.TEX and MNLAND.TEX for instructions
-% and examples.