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-% Note:   I have included the Phyzzx macros on the CMS distribution
-% tape for TeX at the request of several TeX users who have heard of it
-% or used it. Some of the information herein is specific to facilities
-% or practices at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
-%                                     -- Alan Spragens 17 July 1986
-\input phyzzx
-\nopagenumbers
-\singlespace
-\def\leaderfill{\leaders\hbox to 1em{\hss.\hss}\hfill}
-\centerline{TABLE OF CONTENTS}
-\item{1.} INTRODUCTION\leaderfill 2
-\item{2.} BASICS\leaderfill 3
-\sitem{2.1} What is \TeX\ ?\leaderfill 3
-\sitem{2.2} What Is PHYZZX?\leaderfill 7
-\item{3.} STRUCTURING PREPRINTS\leaderfill 10
-\sitem{3.1} Chapters, Sections and Subsections\leaderfill 11
-\sitem{3.2} Other Subdivisions: Appendices
-and Acknowledgements\leaderfill 19
-\sitem{3.3} Controlling the Way Chapters
-are Numbered\leaderfill 21
-\item{4.} DISPLAYED EQUATIONS: NUMBERING
-AND NAMING THEM\leaderfill 23
-\sitem{4.1} A Simple Solution to Numbering
-Equations\leaderfill 25
-\sitem{4.2} Naming Equations: A Powerful Tool\leaderfill  28
-\sitem{4.3} Other Macros For Naming Equations\leaderfill  30
-\item{5.} REFERENCES, FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE \hfil\break CAPTIONS:
-THEIR NAMING AND NUMBERING \leaderfill  33
-\sitem{5.1} References: Stuff Which Comes
-at the Back\leaderfill 33
-\sitem{5.2} Figures and Tables\leaderfill 45
-\item{6.} FOOTNOTES: THINGS WHICH
-COME AT THE BOTTOM\leaderfill 47
-\item{7.} ITEMIZED LISTS: POINTS,
-ITEMS AND OTHER STUFF\leaderfill 49
-\sitem{7.1} Fixed Format Lists:
-Points, Subpoints, Subsubpoints\leaderfill 50
-\sitem{7.2} For Less
-Structure Consider Items\leaderfill 53
-\sitem{7.3} Having Your
-Cake and Eating It Too! -- Making Your Own Points
-\leaderfill 54
-\item{8.} MISCELLANEOUS
-STUFF ABOUT PAPERS\leaderfill 56
-\sitem{8.1} Page Numbers\leaderfill 56
-\sitem{8.2} Spacing\leaderfill 57
-\sitem{8.3} Commands Which Break
-Lines and Pages\leaderfill 58
-\sitem{8.4} Some Remarks About Penalties\leaderfill 59
-\sitem{8.5} The Titlepage\leaderfill 59
-\item{9.} MEMOS\leaderfill 66
-\eject
-\item{10.} TYPING LETTERS AUTOMATICALLY\leaderfill 71
-\sitem{10.1} Multiple Letters\leaderfill 74
-\item{11.} MISCELLANEOUS MACROS
-WHICH PHYZZX DEFINES\leaderfill 76
-\item{12.} GOODBYE\leaderfill 78
-\sitem{12.1} Using Your MYPHYX File\leaderfill 78
-\endpage
- 
- 
-\pagenumbers
-\FRONTPAGE
-\Pubnum={$\caps SLAC - TN - 84 - \the\pubnum $}
-\pubnum{7}
-\date{October 1984}
-\pubtype={\ }
-\titlepage
-\vfil
-\title{EVERYTHING YOU WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT\ \
-{\bf
-PHYZZX}\ \ BUT DIDN'T KNOW TO ASK}
-\vskip .50in
-\author{M. Weinstein\doeack}
-\SLAC
-\vfil
-\endpage
- 
-\Pubnum={$\caps SLAC - PUB - \the\pubnum $}
-\def\hbreak{\hfil \break}
-\def\tc#1{\nextline \hskip 2.5\itemsize {\bf #1 }\nextline }
-\def\tcon#1{\hskip 2.5\itemsize {\bf #1 }\nextline }
-\newcount\tempchap  \tempchap=0
-\newcount\tempsec   \tempsec=0
-\def\storechap{\tempchap=\chapternumber}
-\def\recallchap{\chapternumber=\tempchap \advance\chapternumber by -1}
-\def\storesec{\tempsec=\sectionnumber }
-\def\recallsec{\sectionnumber=\tempsec }
-\chapterminspace=1pt
-\sectionminspace=1pt
- 
-\chapter{INTRODUCTION}
- 
-Hi \TeX\  fans, the time has come to document the new
-version of the macro package, PHYZZX.
-Vadim Kaplunovsky has updated it to
-run under \TeX 1.
-Since we envision this to be the penultimate version
-of PHYZZX, except for minor corrections to remove heretofore
-undiscovered bugs, it now pays to explain what PHYZZX is
-and how to use its various features in some detail.
-For those of you who are familiar with the old version of
-PHYZZX you can rest easy, this version has been designed to be
-as upward compatible as possible.
-Unfortunately, there are a few minor changes in the way some
-macros work simply because Knuth changed \TeX\  and made it
-impossible for us to keep some of the old commands.
-In general the changes make things easier to use and any file
-written for \TeX 97 will, with very few changes, run on \TeX  1.
-For this reason the adventurous user can begin by ignoring this
-writeup completely and try to run his old files.
-If luck is with you, you will not have to change anything;
-if luck deserts you, then either PHYZZX will help you along
-(only somewhat likely) or you will have to do a little reading.
- 
-Our present incarnation of PHYZZX resides in two places.
-The FMT file (a term designed to strike terror into the hearts of
-those who have not been initiated into the high mysteries)
-is on the T--disk, and this is the version you really want to use.
-One uses the FMT file because it loads much faster and so you don't
-have the interminable wait for something to happen while the computer
-is reading all of the definitions contained in PHYZZX TEX.
-To use the FMT file all you have to do is make the first command
-to \TeX\  say {\tt\&phyzzx} instead of putting
-\tc{\\input phyzzx} in the file.
- 
-For the curious we try to keep an updated version of the
-file PHYZZX TEX on the theory group disk.
-People interested in mucking around in the guts of this file
-in order to see how things were done and what goodies, not described
-in this writeup (and there are many),  are available
-can access this disk by
-saying
-\tc{GIME PUB\$TH }
-If you wish to use this file to convince yourself how much better it
-is to use an FMT file, you can do this by accessing the PUB\$TH disk
-and starting your file with
-\tc{\\input phyzzx}
-{\it For cognoscenti\/}:
-as in earlier incarnations you can tailor much of PHYZZX to
-your liking by having a file MYPHYX TEX on your A disk.
-Each time you run PHYZZX it loads this file.
-Any definitions which are in this file then take precedence over
-those specified in PHYZZX.
-So much for generalities, now on to specifics.
- 
-\chapter{BASICS}
- 
-\section{What is \TeX\ ?}
- 
-In order to make this as simple as possible for the first time
-user, we will say a few words about what \TeX\ is, before going on
-to talk about what PHYZZX does.
- 
-\TeX\ is the baby of Donald~E.~Knuth of Stanford University and
-it is our choice for the best available text processor for
-use at SLAC.
-{\it Clear as mud!} you say. {\it What the hell is a
-text processor ?}, you say.
-{\it How is it different from Xedit and Wylbur ?}, you say.
-Tell you what I'm gonna do, I'm going to tell you the answers to
-these questions even if you weren't perceptive enough to ask.
-A text processor is to Xedit and Wylbur what a publishing company
-(as embodied by editors and printers) is to
-a technical typist; namely, it is a thingamajig which takes a
-crudely typed manuscript and turns it into a book.
-Physicists and engineers all know that the
-nicer your paper looks before it goes out, the more your
-colleagues believe what is in it.
-Therefore we all want to use \TeX\
-to prepare our papers for journals, summer schools
-and conference proceedings.
-Some of us (hopefully that means some of you reading this
-introduction) will use \TeX\ to type our own papers, and some
-of us will rely on others for this task.
-In any event somewhere in that chain someone has to know how to
-use the thingamajig or beautiful manuscripts just won't come out the
-other end.
-In that case our colleagues won't know all of the wonderful things
-we have to say.
-To facilitate this process to some degree we wrote the macro package
-PHYZZX. In order
-to make PHYZZX and \TeX\ more accessible to people at the
-lab, we have generated this writeup.
- 
-As I said,
-to all intents and purposes you and Xedit (or you and Wylbur, if
-you insist on living in prehistoric times) make a typist.
-Actually, you make a pretty good typist for text, but you
-don't do too well as a technical typist because neither
-Xedit nor Wylbur does a very good job at typing equations.
-You plus Xedit plus \TeX\ make a stupendous technical typist
-and a remarkably good printing company.
-Pursuing this analogy the process for producing a beautiful
-book quality manuscript starts with somebody typing the
-first draft.
-This somebody is presumably you, the reader, and the
-tools you use are your trusty computer terminal and an editor like
-Xedit.
-Obviously I have no intention of explaining how to use Xedit
-since this is probably unnecessary and anyhow, everything you
-have to know for the purpose of typing a text file
-can be easily learned by reading the {\bf IBM Virtual Machine/
-System product: CMS Primer}.
-Hence, this writeup assumes that you know how to log on to the
-computer and use the editor.
- 
-To use the editor to start collecting a file which \TeX\ will
-turn into a beautiful paper, memo, or letter, you have to
-follow a simple procedure.
-First, in your incarnation as typist, you have log on
-and enter an editor (e.g., Xedit) by telling it you want to
-create a file whose name is {\bf CRAP} and whose filetype is {\bf TEX}.
-You accomplish this feat by typing something difficult like
-\tc{X {\rm (or XEDIT)} CRAP TEX A }
-whereupon the powers that be will throw you into the editor.
-At this point, since you are a person of discerning tastes,
-the very next line you enter is
-\tc{\\input phyzzx}.
-This command will make sure that when you tell the computer
-to print a version of the paper it will become an editor and instruct
-the typesetter to lay out the copy according to the criteria
-established by the macro package PHYZZX.
-The very next thing you do is skip a line (i.e., enter a blank line)
-in order to make your copy easy to read, and then
-start to enter your copy.
-So much for you as a typist.
- 
-\subsection{You As An Editor: Correcting a Mistaken Impression}
- 
-The preceding discussion indicates that you are to take your
-manuscript and type it into the editor in exactly the same way
-as you would at a typewriter.
-While this is a possible way of proceeding it is not really
-the best way to do things.
-In order to you to understand why this is true, you have to
-understand that once you have functioned as a typist, the
-next thing you have to be is an editor.
- 
-An editor's job is to make sure the text looks good and that
-the printer knows how he is supposed to layout the copy which
-he receives.
-For example, he has to know:
-how much space to put between lines of text,
-what font to set chapter headings in, how much space to skip
-before and after a chapter heading, which math symbols are
-exponents, greek letters etc.
-Since you are the editor and \TeX\ is going to be the printer,
-you have to mark up the copy so that \TeX\ and/or PHYZZX knows
-what to do with it.
-This feat is accomplished by including editor's comments (or marks)
-in the text.
-These comments (or commands to \TeX ) have to have a special
-character in front of them so that \TeX\ will recognize them
-for what they are; this character is the $\backslash$, and the
-combination of a \\ followed by a string of characters
-is called a control sequence.
-One example of a control sequence is {\bf \\par} which tells
-\TeX\ to begin a new paragraph.
-Note that this is not a trivial thing since \TeX\ has to know
-to skip some extra space between the text in different paragraphs,
-indent the first line by some amount, etc.
-The basic version of \TeX\ has lots of control sequences
-which tell \TeX\ to do lots of wonderful things.
-To learn about these things (probably more than you initially
-want to know about how \TeX\ operates) you have to read
-{\it selectively} in the \TeX book written by Knuth.
-Since this discussion is between friends, let me warn you
-this book stinks as a reference manual and ain't so hot
-as an introduction to \TeX .
-Knuth has a philosophy of learning by ever increasing levels of
-mistakes which I (and many of my acquaintances) find
-at best distracting and at worst impenetrable.
-Unfortunately, this book is all that is
-available as an in depth introduction
-to the basic version of \TeX .
-If you want to know how to do sophisticated things which lie
-outside of the purview of PHYZZX you will have to read quite a
-lot of it.\foot{To get a feeling for \TeX\
-it is advisable to browse through the first three
-chapters and read about boxes and modes.
-If you just wish to type papers in the most straightforward way
-you can defer this reading until you are more experienced so long as
-you use PHYZZX.
-However, in any event, you must
-read the sections on typing math formulas,
-typing displayed equations and a little bit about making boxes
-since I have neither the time nor inclination to go into those things
-in this writeup, and you must have a basic idea of how this stuff
-works in order to proceed.
-After all, ostensibly this writeup is about how to use PHYZZX
-and is not a primer on \TeX .}
-A really good thing to read to get an idea of the basic
-things you can do with \TeX\ and to learn about the important control
-sequences is a primer entitled {\bf First Grade \TeX\ \bf A Beginner's
-\TeX\ Manual \rm by \it Arthur L. Samuel}.
-This is short, readable and contains everything you need to
-supplement this discussion of PHYZZX.
-You can request a copy of this manual from the SLAC Library \hbreak
-\vskip .10in
-\vbox{\kern 3\lineskip
-\centerline{ \bf First Grade Tex -- A Beginner's \TeX\ Manual}
-\centerline{by}
-\centerline{\it Arthur L. Samuel}
-\centerline{ STAN--CS--83--985}}
- 
-Since you are going to be both typist and editor it pays for
-you to combine these jobs and mark up the manuscript at the
-same time that you type it.
-To be precise, this means that you want to type in equations
-so that superscripts, \break \eject \noindent
-subscripts, etc., are clearly indicated.
-You also want to type chapter headings, subchapter headings, etc.,
-in such a way that the font to be used, the space to be skipped
-above and below the heading, etc. are all clearly indicated.
-In general you want to tell the printer how to lay out the
-resulting copy as you type it in.
-This of course requires that you make many formatting decisions
-and then use the basic \TeX\ control sequences in order to tell
-it what to do.
-It will come as no surprise to you that this can get very
-complicated very quickly.
-That's where PHYZZX comes in.
- 
-\section{What Is PHYZZX?}
- 
-PHYZZX is a {\it macropackage} which is designed to make typing papers
-destined for Physical Review or Nuclear Physics as simple as possible.
-In addition it allows you to type letters and produce memos without
-knowing much about the way \TeX\ works.
- 
-The first question which arises at this point is {\it What is a
-macropackage ?}, or for that matter {\it What is a macro?}.
-Despite the name a {\it macro} is not something eaten on a
-macrobiotic diet.
-It is a name for a simple thing.
-Unfortunately, this name has
-been carefully designed by computerniks
-to strike terror into the heart of occasional users and keep them
-in their place.  (There is nothing more annoying than an
-uppity occasional user.)
-Basically a macro is a way of defining an entry in a dictionary
-which is kept in the guts of the computer.
-The computer uses this dictionary to
-find the meaning of words which have been defined
-using the control sequence {\bf \\def}.
-A macropackage is, as the name implies, a package of macros (or
-definitions of commands) which we can use to give complicated
-formatting instructions to \TeX\ without having to go
-to the trouble of typing everything out each time we want to
-give the same instruction.
- 
-It follows from this discussion that PHYZZX is just a collection
-of definitions which tell \TeX\ to do a well defined set of things
-to make the text which follows look just the way you want it to look.
-The best thing about a macropackage is that once it is written
-you only have to know what happens when you
-issue a given instruction;
-you don't have to know how it is made to happen.
-Although each of the commands which appear in the macropackage
-cause apparently simple things to happen, making them happen can
-get quite involved if you try to use the PLAIN version of \TeX .
- 
-\subsection{Why Create A Macropackage like PHYZZX ?}
- 
-Finally we get down to brass tacks.
-We already pointed out that you, the person preparing the
-manuscript, must to play the role of typist and editor.
-As editor you have the job of telling the printer how large to
-make chapter titles, what typeface to use for chapter titles,
-how much space to skip above and below a chapter title, etc.
-Having to give this set of instructions every time you want to
-type a chapter title can get to be a pain in the neck.
-Not only that, but imagine the problem of remembering exactly what
-format you want for chapter titles, section titles, subsection
-titles, etc., if -- as is the case with PHYZZX -- you use a different
-format for each one.
-Clearly, if one had to type all of this each time and keep all this
-information in one's head one would probably choose not to use
-\TeX\ at all.
- 
-This discussion raises another point, namely that if one did
-not have a predefined set of macros to tell \TeX\ what to
-do at a certain point then you would have one more job dumped upon
-your shoulders.
-In addition to being typist and editor you would have to be a book
-designer.
-That means that you would have to make all of the esthetic decisions
-about the most attractive print to use for a given paper, the spacing
-to use between lines, the best way to number equations and
-the rest of that crap.
-This can be an onerous task which the average user doesn't want to
-have to deal with.
-Moreover, everybody has his own esthetic criteria (even though some
-people have more taste than others), so without
-a macropackage, to
-set the formats into predefined molds, there would be little
-or no uniformity in the layout of papers coming out of SLAC.
-While this would be no great tragedy, it could get confusing.
- 
-Okay, so PHYZZX is a macropackage which provides a dictionary
-of editor's commands which allow one to easily format a
-document for the printer.
-It makes a set of esthetic choices for how these documents should
-look and, in the interests of simplicity, doesn't make it trivial
-for the casual user to mess around with these choices.
-(Actually, this is not really true since there are many
-ways in which PHYZZX can be tailored to your personal preferences,
-but we will discuss that as we go along.)
-The obvious question which comes up at this point is {\it Who
-made all of these esthetic decisions?\/}.
-In the interests of preserving the lives of the parties involved,
-anonymity must be preserved.
-Rest assured, however, it was a consultative process
-and many people had an input into the final result.
-Despite the fact that PHYZZX is an animal put together
-by a committee, we think it does its job fairly well.
- 
-\subsection{ So, what does it do?}
- 
-The main job which PHYZZX is designed to do is to make
-it easy to format SLAC preprints destined for submission to
-Physical Review or Nuclear Physics.
-Since these journals require different ways of handling line spacing,
-footnotes, references, etc., PHYZZX you need to specify the journal
-to which the preprint is to be submitted.
-Actually, you only have to tell if the journal is going to be
-Physical Review, since the default format is that for
-Nuclear Physics.
-This is because we, with our usual impeccable good taste,
-decided that the Nuclear Physics format was a better
-general purpose format.
-If you don't like our decision write your own macropackage.
- 
-All kidding aside,
-changing to Physical Review format is easy, all you have to
-do is start your typing with
-\tc{\\input phyzzx}
-\tcon{\\PHYSREV}
-Note, when you are typing a control sequence everything counts; i.e.,
-\TeX\ cares about capital letters, small letters, spaces, etc.
-Be careful to copy just what you see typed here or it won't work;
-worse yet, it might work in an unexpected way.
- 
-In addition to formatting papers PHYZZX does a great job of
-producing letters and memos.
-In each of these cases it produces, by itself, the appropriate
-letterhead and formats the text in a way appropriate to the
-document at hand.
-Since, however, we consider the preprint formatting capabilities
-of PHYZZX to be of paramount importance, we will discuss them first
-and turn to letters and memos when we have finished.
- 
- 
-\chapter{STRUCTURING PREPRINTS}
- 
-A preprint is a document which eventually
-will be submitted to a journal for publication.
-In setting up PHYZZX we assumed that format of a preprint
-is essentially fixed.
-The size type to be used in the body of
-the preprint is chosen so that when run off on the laser printer
-and reduced for distribution it will be easily readable.
-In addition, normally we skip
-one and a half lines between lines of text.
-We think this looks most attractive with the size type we are using
-and makes the preprints a little shorter, saving paper.
-To satisfy the requirements of journals like Phys.Rev. Letters
-which specify the number of lines per inch which a
-manuscript must have, you must use double spacing;
-the command {\bf \\PHYSREV} automatically
-takes care of this, as well as
-a number of other things.
- 
-Concerning spacing and other parameters you may well ask
-{\it How fixed is fixed ?\/}.
-The answer varies.
-For example,
-since we realize that people like to play around with line spacing
-to some degree, we have provided commands which we hope will
-enable you to change the average interline spacing to
-something closer to your heart's desire.
-The commands which perform this wondrous feat are
-\tc{\\singlespace}
-\tcon{\\doublespace}
-and
-\tc{\\normalspace}
-Obviously, {\bf \\doublespace} means twice {\bf \\singlespace};
-but {\it What is the meaning of \bf \\normalspace \it ?\/}.
-The answer to this question is that {\bf \\normalspace}
-corresponds to a spacing between single and doublespace.
- 
-You might think, having read a little in the \TeX\ book,
-that you can achieve the same thing by changing {\bf \\baselineskip}
-and {\bf \\lineskip}.
-In a sense you would be correct.
-However, you should know that the commands {\bf \\doublespace}, etc.,
-do more; this is because
-they do different things depending upon the font and
-format you are using.
-If you want to do the same thing you will have to modify
-a lot of basic \TeX\ parameters or the esthetic impact of the
-document which emerges just won't be the same.
- 
-All of this is by way of a parenthetical comment since it won't
-do you any good unless you know how to use the simplest version
-of PHYZZX first.
- 
-\section{Chapters, Sections and Subsections}
- 
-\subsection{Chapters}
- 
-Most longer papers are divided into several parts in order
-to make them easier to read.
-These parts usually are preceded by headings or titles
-which indicate the subject to be covered in discussion which follows.
-Stylistically, several decisions have to be made about how
-these headings are to be set in type.
-You, as editor, have to tell the printer what to do.
- 
-We will refer to the major divisions of a paper as chapters.
-In general each chapter has a heading.
-Our choice as book designers has been to set this heading in
-larger type and preface the text of the heading with a number.
-The number is automatically increased each time you declare a
-new chapter.
-In addition, some extra space is skipped both above and below
-each chapter heading.
-All of this magic is at your disposal if you simply use the
-{\bf \\chapter} command to indicate that the text you are
-about to type is the heading of a chapter.
-\storechap \storesec
-To be precise, the way you use this command is to type
-\tc{ \\chapter $\{$ {\it text} $\}$ }
-where $\{$ {\it text} $\}$ stands
-for the chapter name which you have to make
-up and insert.
-For example, the chapter title for this chapter was generated by
-typing
-\tc{\\chapter$\{$ {\it STRUCTURING PREPRINTS} $\}$}
- 
-Note, I chose to type the heading in capitals.
-That's because I like the way it looks.
-You certainly don't have to do that.
-If you don't, but instead type
-\tc{\\chapter$\{$ {\it Structuring Preprints} $\}$}
-then you obtain \recallchap
-\chapter{Structuring Preprints}
- 
-One thing to notice is the curly braces surrounding the text.
-These braces are absolutely necessary.
-They are grouping symbols which tell \TeX\ how much of the
-text to follow is to be considered part of the chapter heading
-and if they are omitted you will get a disastrous error message
-saying something like \TeX 's capacity is exhausted.
-Unfortunately, on the screen of a computer terminal,
-these symbols are easy to confuse with ( \
-and so you will have to be careful.
-If you are in {\bf XEDIT}
-you will be able to issue the command {\bf balance}.
-This is an {\bf XEDIT} command defined by an exec file on the U
-disk which counts matching pairs of curly braces.
-It is helpful in that it tells you there is a problem, but
-unfortunately it doesn't find the problem for you.
- 
-In general you won't want to play around with the choice of font
-inside of a chapter heading and so, by default, you will
-get a roman font.
-However, you can play with it if you wish.
-We have provided a series of control sequences, or editors marks,
-which allow you to change between different fonts all of which
-have essentially the same size.
-Hence, if you type {\bf \\rm} you get the current roman font,
-if you type {\bf \\bf} you get the bold face version of the current font,
-if you type {\bf \\sl} you get a slanted version of the current font,
-if you type {\bf \\it} you get an italic font, and if
-you type {\bf \\tt} you usually get a typewriter font.
-I say that you usually get a typewriter font because we do not
-have typewriter available in all sizes of print.
-When we don't PHYZZX makes a substitution of the same font at a different
-size.
-Another font for which this happens is {\bf \\caps} which is
-a font \endpage \noindent which is made up of only capital letters.
-This font distinguishes between upper and lowercase letters only by size.
-As an example of switching fonts let us see what happens if we change
-font inside the command chapter.
- 
-If you type \recallchap
-\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\bf{ \it Formatting Text}$\}$ }
-you get
-\chapter{\bf Formatting Text}
-If you type \recallchap
-\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\sl {\it Formatting Text}$\}$ }
-you get
-\chapter{\sl Formatting Text}
-If you type \recallchap
-\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\it {\it Formatting Text}$\}$ }
-you get
-\chapter{\it Formatting Text}
-\endpage
-If you type \recallchap
-\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\caps {\it Formatting Text}$\}$ }
-you get
-\chapter{\caps Formatting Text}
-Finally, if you type \recallchap
-\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\tt {\it Formatting Text} $\}$ }
-you get
-\chapter{\tt Formatting Text}
- 
-While all of this is very nice you should note that the font
-used to set the chapter number does not change with the text.
-This illustrates something about \TeX 's grouping symbols.
-Since we put the control sequences for changing fonts inside the
-braces, only the text inside the braces is affected.
-That is, the change only occurs {\it locally}.
-In general any change you make inside a pair of curly braces only
-affects the material inside the braces, unless you force
-the effect to persist.
-(If you want to know how to do this look up the {\bf \\global}
-command in the \TeX\ book.)
-It follows, therefore, that if we want the number to change
-we have to change the font before we give the {\bf \\chapter}
-command.
- 
-\medbreak
-If you type \recallchap
-\tc{$\{$ \\bf \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text}$\} \}$}
-you get
-{\bf \chapter{Formatting Text}}
-\endpage
-If you type \recallchap
-\tc{$\{$ \\sl \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$}
-you get
-{\sl \chapter{ Formatting Text}}
-\medbreak
-If you type \recallchap
-\tc{$\{$ \\it \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$ }
-you get
-{\it \chapter{ Formatting Text}}
-\goodbreak
-If you type \recallchap
-\tc{$\{$ \\caps \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$ }
-you get
-{\caps \chapter{ Formatting Text}}
-\medbreak
-Finally, if you type \recallchap
-\tc{$\{$ \\tt \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$ }
-you get
-{\tt \chapter{ Formatting Text}}
-\noindent Much better, no?
- 
-We have already mentioned that PHYZZX put extra space
-above and below a chapter heading.
-Since all of the chapter headings for this writeup
-were generated using
-the command {\bf \\chapter}, you only have to examine them
-to see how \TeX\ handles these extra spaces.
- 
-Another remark worth making is that in the current incarnation
-of PHYZZX you do not have to worry about chapter titles which
-are too long.
-The chapter macro is set up to split your line when necessary
-and automatically center each line.
-To accomplish this feat PHYZZX makes use of a control sequence
-called {\bf \\titlestyle}.
-The command {\bf \\titlestyle} is worth knowing about because
-sometimes you want to be able to type in a longish amount of
-material and want the various lines to be centered, not left or
-right adjusted after each break.
-Typing {\bf \\titlestyle$\{$ {\it text} $\}$} will accomplish this feat.
-In addition,
-if you don't like the way PHYZZX chooses to break the lines
-you can force your desires upon the machine by inserting: the
-command {\bf \\break}.
-This command forces the line to break at the point where the command is
-given.
-The command {\bf \\nobreak} will stop the line from
-breaking at an undesirable place, and the symbol \~ \ will
-insert some unbreakable space between words.
-This stuff is covered in the basic books on \TeX\ and we refer you to
-there for details.
-Combining these control sequences with the control sequence
-{\bf \\titlestyle} allows you to {\it easily}
-achieve many interesting effects.
-For example, you can generate an invitation by typing \hbreak
-{\bf \\titlestyle $\{$ \\it \it You are cordially invited \bf \\break
-\hbreak
-\it to the coming out party for \bf \\break \hbreak
-\it the new macro package \bf \\break \hbreak
-\\rm \it PHYZZX \bf \\break $\}$ } \hbreak
-and obtain
-\titlestyle {\it You are cordially invited \break
-to the coming out party for \break
-the new macro package \break
-\rm  PHYZZX \break }
- 
-If you are really sharp, and I assume that you are, you will
-have noticed that the type in which the invitation is set is larger
-than the normal type.
-Remember that I already told you that titles are set in larger
-type than the basic text.
-I also told you that the commands {\bf \\rm}, {\bf \\bf}, {\bf \\it},
-etc., change the style of the font but leave it the same size.
-What we have not discussed is how you change the size of the font
-the way {\bf \\titlestyle} does with impunity.
-Well, all things come to he who waits!
-Now's the time to discuss this point.
- 
-Font sizes, as you learn from reading the \TeX book come in sizes
-measured in a mysterious printer's unit call {\it points}.
-You don't have to know what a point is, you only have to know that
-most of the text in this writeup is twelve point type, the titles
-are in fourteen point type and the footnotes are in ten point type.
-It is possible for you to force \TeX\ to use a particular size
-of type by saying {\bf \\tenpoint},{\bf \\twelvepoint} or
-{\bf \\fourteenpoint}; in which case the obvious thing happens.
-Thus, for example, if you change the typed instructions for generating
-the invitation to read \hbreak
-{\bf \\titlestyle $\{$ \\twelvepoint
-\\it \it You are cordially invited \bf \\break
-\hbreak
-\it to the coming out party for \bf \\break \hbreak
-\it the new macro package \bf \\break \hbreak
-\\rm \it PHYZZX \bf \\break $\}$ }  \hbreak
-you get
-\vskip -\parskip
-\titlestyle {\twelvepoint \it You are cordially invited \break
-to the coming out party for \break
-the new macro package \break
-\rm  PHYZZX \break }
-\endpage
-\noindent and if you type \hbreak
-{\bf \\titlestyle $\{$ \\tenpoint
-\\it \it You are cordially invited \bf \\break
-\hbreak
-\it to the coming out party for \bf \\break \hbreak
-\it the new macro package \bf \\break \hbreak
-\\rm \it PHYZZX \bf \\break $\}$ }\hbreak
-the result is
-\titlestyle {\tenpoint \it You are cordially invited \break
-to the coming out party for \break
-the new macro package \break
-\rm  PHYZZX \break }
- 
-\subsection{Sections}
- 
-Now that we know everything about generating chapters, we turn
-to the problem of generating smaller subdivisions; namely,
-sections and subsections.
- 
-\recallchap \recallsec
-The numbering is done as $\{ chapter number\}.\{section number\}$ .
-Each time you start a new chapter, the section numbers restart from
-1.
-You have already seen many examples of the results produced by
-the section macro in this writeup.
-As in the case of the chapter macro all of the numbering is taken
-care of automatically.
-To accomplish the feat of generating a new section heading you type
-\tc{\\section $\{$ {\it section heading} $\}$ }
-For example, if you type
-\tc{ \\section $\{$ {\it New Section} $\}$ }
-you get
-\advance\sectionnumber by -1 \section{ New Section }
-As in the case of chapter headings you can play with the
-fonts if you insist; however, remember that the space above and
-below chapter and section headings have been carefully matched
-to our choices of fonts.
-If you play too much, the esthetic balance of the final copy
-won't be the same.
- 
-\subsection{Subsections}
- 
-The smallest subdivision for which we have a formal macro
-defined is a subsection.
-Our choice has been to make subsections unnumbered and underlined.
-When you type the command {\bf \\subsection
-$\{$ {\it subsec.heading} $\}$ }
-you get the sort of heading which introduces this paragraph.
-All of the control sequences, {\bf \\chapter}, {\bf \\section} and
-{\bf \\subsection} force the start of a new paragraph, so in principle
-you do not have to skip lines as you type in text.
-However, from the point of being able to proofread your
-typed copy in order to make corrections, not skipping lines
-can be a disaster.
- 
-The underlining of the text in the section macro is accomplished using
-the control sequence
-\tc{\\undertext $\{$ {\it text} $\}$ }
-This is a command worth knowing about, but in general using italics
-is a better way to emphasize text.
- 
-This completes our discussion of the macros which handle the
-generation of titles for the major subdivisions of the usual paper.
- 
-\section{Other Subdivisions: Appendices and Acknowledgements}
- 
-In addition to chapters, sections and subsections, papers tend
-to have auxiliary junk attached.
-This extra junk is usually called either
-acknowledgements or appendices.
-To save you the bother of figuring out which font sizes and spacing
-choices are necessary to make these appendages
-consistent with the rest of the paper we also have
-control sequences to generate headings for them.
-Typing the command
-\tc{ \\ack }
-generates the line
-\ack
-Note the beauty of the typeface and the precisely chosen amounts of
-extra space which gracefully offset the title generated with this
-simple command.
-Once again, for the Philistines among you, you can play with
-the fonts using the commands {\bf \\bf}, {\bf \\sl}, etc.;
-however, let the esthetic violence you do to the manuscript
-be on your own head.
- 
-Generating appendices presents us with a slightly more complex
-situation and so you get more choices as to how to proceed.
-The questions which arise at this juncture are
-{\it How many appendices will there be ?\/} and
-{\it How do you want them numbered ?\/}.
-Clearly, if there is to be only one appendix then the choice is
-simple.
-In that event you generate a lovely heading by simply typing
-\tc{ \\appendix }
-which causes \TeX\ to generate the line
-\appendix
-If there are to be many appendices and you want to number them
-in any way which suits you, you only need type
-\tc{\\Appendix$\{$ {\it text} $\}$ }
-note the capital letter appearing as the first letter of this control
-sequence.
-Remember, \TeX\ cares about upper and lowercase, so this is a
-different command from { \bf \\appendix}.
- 
-Typing
-\tc{\\Appendix$\{$ {\it A} $\}$ }
-generates
-\Appendix{A}
-\noindent Typing
-\tc{ \\Appendix$\{$ {\it I} $\}$ }
-generates
-\Appendix{I}
-\endpage
-\noindent and typing
-\tc{ \\Appendix$\{$ {\it 1} $\}$ }
-generates
-\Appendix{1}
- 
-\recallchap \recallsec \advance\chapternumber by 1
-\def\chapterlabel{3.}
-\advance\sectionnumber by 1
-\def\sectionlabel{\number\sectionnumber \quad}
- 
-This completes the discussion of the basic commands which generate
-division headings.
-Now we turn to a discussion of the special commands which
-PHYZZX has included to allow you to tailor the way in which
-these macros handle numbering conventions.
- 
-\section{Controlling the Way Chapters are Numbered}
- 
-The discussion to follow is really not necessary if what you want to
-learn is how to use PHYZZX to type a paper.
-This section is devoted to making PHYZZX do something out of
-the ordinary; i.e., something it ordinarily doesn't want to do.
- 
-\subsection{Playing With Numbers}
- 
-There will be times when you want to print out just a
-piece of a paper either because it is long, or because (as I
-understand is the case for that strange group of people called
-{\it experimental physicists}) many people are working on different
-chapters (perhaps even sections) of the same paper.
-In this event you probably want the chapter and section numbers to
-print correctly when you are proof reading so that you don't get
-confused.
-Rest easy, this can be done.
-PHYZZX defines two quantities which it updates and refers to when
-it needs chapter and section numbers.
-These quantities are called {\bf \\chapternumber} and
-{\bf \\sectionnumber} (big surprise!).
-You, as the editor, can tell PHYZZX to set these numbers to a
-specific value, say 7, by typing
-\tc{\\chapternumber$=$7}
-or
-\tc{\\sectionnumber$=$7}
-Note that for the first time you have encountered an $=$
-sign occurring in a statement to \TeX .
-You will encounter this sort of syntax many times,
-in general when it occurs it will be because it is the natural
-way to write something.
- 
-Once you get involved in fooling with chapter and section numbers
-there are a few things you have to know.
-Both the {\bf \\chapter} and {\bf \\section} macros increase
-the respective chapter or section number by 1 before they print
-anything.
-Thus, if you want to get a chapternumber like 7 you set
-\tc{\\chapternumber$=$6}
-The same is true for setting the section number.
-If you are so perverse as to start in the middle of a chapter, then
-when you set the section number you must also set
-the chapter number, since it appears as part of the section
-heading.
-Actually, the quantity which appears in the section heading is
-called {\\bf \\chapterlabel} and to set it you have to say
-\tc{\\let\\chapterlabel={\it 6}}
-or whatever label you want instead of 6.
-This extra step is required because we really don't think its
-such a great idea to start in the middle of a chapter  and
-so didn't bother to make it too trivial to do so.
-If you are starting a chapter, then you don't have to worry
-about setting the section number since the command {\bf \\chapter}
-automatically resets the section number to 0.
- 
-\subsection{Changing Styles}
- 
-Another way you might want to modify the way PHYZZX handles divisions
-is to have it number chapters using letters, or roman numerals,
-instead of arabic numerals.
-Although this defeats the purpose of establishing some sort
-of uniformity of style for preprints, etc., it is possible to do.
-This feature was added to PHYZZX because we recognize that some
-folks, particularly experimentalists, just can't leave well
-enough alone.
-The mood of people like this begins to verge upon hysteria if
-they don't have knobs to twiddle and buttons to push.
-For this small number of benighted souls there exists the
-special command called {\bf \\chapterstyle}.
-You change the way in which PHYZZX numbers chapters by saying
-\settabs 2 \columns
-\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\alphabetic$\}$}& to get
-the l.c. letters a,b,c,$\ldots$ \cr
-\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\Alphabetic$\}$}& to get
-the u.c. letters A,B,C,$\ldots$ \cr
-\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\roman$\}$} & to get
-the l.c. roman numerals i,ii,iii,$\ldots$ \cr
-\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\Roman$\}$} & to get
-the u.c. roman numerals I,II,III,$\ldots$ \cr
- 
-There is one more option open to you, that is to have all
-chapters, sections and subsections unnumbered.\foot{Note that
-this implies that all equations will automatically be sequentially
-numbered}
-To select this option you begin your file with the command
-\tc{\\unnumberedchapters}
-This is not too difficult, but it is long to type.
- 
-One final remark.
-We have not made it possible, other than shutting it off
-completely, for you to change the style used when numbering subsections.
-All you get is {$ chapterlabel.section number $} no matter what you
-do.
-Moreover, the section number is always an arabic numeral.
-If you don't like this, write your own section macro.
-(This isn't as bad as it sounds.  We'll discuss doing this sort of
-thing at the end of this writeup.)
- 
-\chapter{DISPLAYED EQUATIONS: NUMBERING AND NAMING THEM}
- 
-We have now discussed the macros available for defining the basic
-parts of a paper and appropriately titling them.
-Now let us turn to the most important
-stuff -- other than text -- which appears in each section; namely
-equations.
-If you've done your homework and read Knuth or {\bf First Grade
-\TeX\ } you know that equations are typed in {\it math mode}
-and that you let \TeX\ know that you are in math mode by
-typing either \$ or \$\$ .
-Enclosing an equation inside a pair of single \$  signs
-puts it in ordinary mode; enclosing the same equation between
-matching pairs of \$\$ signs puts it in display mode.
-Regular math mode is used for inserting equations into a line of
-text.
-Since you have done your homework we don't have to say
-anything about this, since PHYZZX doesn't play with ordinary math mode
-at all.
-Display mode is used for generating equations which are to stand out
-from the ordinary text.
-It allows you to type  \hbreak
-{\bf \$\$} {\it (x+y)(x-y) = x\^\ 2 - y\^\ 2 }{\bf\$\$ } \hbreak
-in order to get
-$$ (x+y)(x-y) = x^2 -y^2 $$
-This is called a displayed equation.
- 
-Displayed equations are used in all journals and are usually
-numbered.
-In PLAIN \TeX\ there is a built in
-capability for allowing you to generate
-equation numbers; it is the macro {\bf \\eqno}.
-If you type \hbreak
-{\bf \$\$ \it  (x+y)(x-y) = x\^\ 2 - y\^\ 2 \bf \\eqno({\it 13}) \$\$ }
-you get
-$$ (x+y)(x-y) = x^2 -y^2 \eqno(13) $$
-This example shows what the command {\bf \\eqno} does. It makes
-the material appearing to the right of this command into
-a label for the displayed equation and sticks it in the right hand
-side of the line.
-There is also the PLAIN \TeX\ command {\bf \\leqno} which does the same
-thing but puts the equation number on the left.
-For example, typing \hbreak
-{\bf \$\$ \it 7x+12 = 24 \bf \\leqno ({\it 13}) \bf \$\$ } \hbreak
-produces
-$$ 7x + 12 = 24 \leqno(13) $$
- 
-{\it So}, you ask, {\it what does PHYZZX have to do with this?}
-Well the answer to that question depends upon who you are.
-If you are typing someone else's handwritten manuscript which is
-in final proofread form, then these macros for putting in
-equation numbers are all you need.
-If, however, you are the author of the paper, typing it in yourself,
-either from a rough copy or composing it directly at the
-terminal, then these two commands leave a great deal to be desired.
- 
-To begin with, if you are anything like me, when composing
-at the typewriter you usually forget the number of the last
-equation you have typed.
-Of course you can always go back and look it up, but this is time
-consuming and sometimes difficult to do.
-In addition if, as is usually the case, you expect the manuscript
-to be changed after it is typed, then it is highly likely
-that equations will be added, deleted and moved around.
-In that case, if you have used {\bf \\eqno} or {\bf \\leqno}
-you will have to go through the text and change all of the
-equation numbers and all references to those numbers each time
-there is a revision.
-Clearly this can get to be a big nuisance.
-Wouldn't it be nice if \TeX\ would just take care of numbering
-all of the equations properly each time it prints the manuscript
-taking into account all of the revisions automatically.\hbreak
-\centerline{{\it Joy of joys} it can be done!}
- 
-\section{A Simple Solution to Numbering Equations}
- 
-PHYZZX has a macro {\bf \\eq} which can take care of this chore for
-you automatically.
-All you have to do is type \hbreak
-\tc{ \$\$ \it x + y = {\bf $\{$} 2 {\bf \\over} (x - y) {\bf $\}$}
-\bf  \\eqno\\eq \$\$}
-to get \hbreak
-$$ x + y =  {2 \over (x-y)} \eqno\eq $$
-and you will have automatically generated an equation number.
-The question is, {\it What sort of equation
-number will you generate ?\/}.
-Once again, this is a question of style.
-If you are in the Phys.Rev. format, or in the default Nuclear Physics
-format then the equation label is of the form
-{ \it chapterlabel.equation number}.
-Equations are numbered sequentially within each chapter, but
-when you change chapters the chapter number is increased by
-1 and the equation number is reset to 1.
-If you have chosen the format with unnumbered chapters and sections,
-then {\\eq } will automatically generate sequential equation numbers.
-As far as we are concerned this is the most satisfactory way of
-numbering things.
-For short papers, i.e. those with only one chapter, choose the unnumbered
-chapter format and all of your equations will be numbered sequentially;
-for longer papers, i.e. those which call for dividing them into
-chapters, numbering the equations by their chapter and number within
-the chapter makes it easier to refer to them.
-Sometimes, however, either out of perversity or because a paper
-has many chapters but very few equations, an author wishes to
-choose the format with numbered chapters but sequential equation numbers.
-This will happen if, before entering the first equation in your paper
-you type the command {\bf \\sequentialequations}
-Hence, in the default mode, typing
-\tc{ \$\$ \it 7x + 11x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 50 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
-\tcon{ \$\$ \it 3x +   x\bf \^\ \it 3 = 85 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
-\tcon{ \$\$ \it 4x +  8x\bf \^\ \it 7 = 12 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
-\tcon{ \$\$ \it 7x + 4x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 0 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
-\tcon{ \$\$ \it  x + 21x\bf \^\ \it 5 = -5 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
-yields
-\equanumber=0
-$$  7x + 11x^2 = 50 \eqno\eq $$
-$$  3x +   x^3 = 85 \eqno\eq $$
-$$  4x +  8x^7 = 12 \eqno\eq $$
-$$  7x +  4x^2 = 0  \eqno\eq $$
-$$   x + 21x^5 = -5 \eqno\eq $$
-If, however, you first type {\bf \\sequentialequations};
-then typing \hbreak
-\tc{ \$\$ \it 7x + 11x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 50 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
-\tcon{ \$\$ \it 3x +   x\bf \^\ \it 3 = 85 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
-\tcon{ \$\$ \it 4x +  8x\bf \^\ \it 7 = 12 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
-\tcon{ \$\$ \it 7x + 4x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 0 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
-\tcon{ \$\$ \it  x + 21x\bf \^\ \it 5 = -5 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
-yields
-\sequentialequations
-$$  7x + 11x^2 = 50 \eqno\eq $$
-$$  3x +   x^3 = 85 \eqno\eq $$
-$$  4x +  8x^7 = 12 \eqno\eq $$
-$$  7x +  4x^2 = 0  \eqno\eq $$
-$$   x + 21x^5 = -5 \eqno\eq $$
- 
-Since you are an astute reader you have no doubt noticed
-that what I have told you to this point only solves half of the
-problem.
-While {\bf \\eq} automatically generates equation numbers
-which, each time you run the paper through \TeX\ ,
-are automatically updated to conform to the order in which
-they appear in the text, we have no a priori way of knowing what these
-numbers are.
-The question is, {\it How do we get hold of these numbers so that
-we can refer to them in the text?\/}
-Well, {\bf \\eq} provides a partial solution to this problem by
-definiing the control sequence {\bf \\?} a synonym for that
-number each time it is invoked.
-Hence, typing {\bf \\?} at any point in the text causes \TeX\ to
-print the number of the last equation in which you used the
-command {\bf \\eq}.
-For example by typing {\it equation \bf \\?} we cause \TeX\ to print
-equation \? , which is the number of the last equation
-appearing in our examples.
-The only thing wrong with this solution is that the meaning of
-the symbol {\bf \\?} changes each time you invoke {\bf \\eq},
-so what happens if you want to refer back to an equation
-at several different points in the text?
- 
-\section{Naming Equations: A Powerful Tool}
- 
-In order to make it possible to refer back to a specific equation
-without knowing its number, PHYZZX has a way of giving the equation
-a symbolic name, like {\bf \\?}, which will always stand for the
-number of that equation.
-The macro which accomplishes this feat does this at the same time
-it generates (and prints) the number associated with this
-equation.
-Since this command does just one more thing than the command
-{\bf \\eq} does, we have given it a name which is just one
-letter longer; the name is {\bf \\eqn}.
-To use {\bf \\eqn} you type
-\tc{ \\eqn\\{\it equation\_name}}
-\equanumber=6
-Note carefully the \\ appearing before the equation name inside the
-braces.
-This backslash must always precede the name itself because you
-are using {\bf \\eqn} to define a new control sequence and, as
-we have already noted, control sequences always start with a \\ .
-Also note the grouping symbols.
-They tell \TeX\ to include everything in the braces as the
-equation name and they are necessary.
-To use this command you type something like \nextline
-{\bf {\it the value of} \$ \\pi \$ {\it is}} \nextline
-\tc{ \$\$ \\pi \\approx {\it 3.14159 } \\eqn\\{\it valueofpi}  \$\$ }
-to obtain \nextline
- 
-the value of $\pi$ is
-$$ \pi \approx 3.14159 \eqn\valueofpi $$
-If you now type       \nextline
-{\it the circumference of a circle is given by} \nextline
-{\bf \$\$ {\it 2} \\pi {\it r}
-\^\  {\it 2} \\eqn\\{\it circumference} \$\$ }\nextline
-you define a new equation number and a new name.
-The result of this is  \nextline
- 
-\noindent the circumference of a circle is given by
-$$  2\pi r^2 \eqn\circumference $$
-If we now type {\bf \\valueofpi} we get \valueofpi ,
-if we type {\bf \\circumference} we get \circumference .
- 
-A little thought will convince you that this ability to name
-equations is a very powerful time saving tool.
-By giving names to equations you are able to refer to them
-at will without ever giving a thought to the number they
-will be assigned when the paper is printed.
-If you use the command {\bf \\eqn\\{\it name}} to
-deal with the numbering problem, then the number assigned to the
-equation and all references to the equation will always be correct.
-It won't matter if you delete equations, add equations, move
-equations around, or decide to switch from the normal conventions
-for numbering equations to sequential numbering, etc.
- 
-\subsection{Restrictions on Equation Names}
- 
-There are only a few simple rules you should observe when giving
-names to equations using the command {\bf \\eq}
-\pointbegin
-First, the name has to be proceeded by a \\ as we already noted
-\point
-Second, the rest of the name has to be all letters.
-{\it No numbers are allowed\/}.
-You may however use upper and lowercase letters, and names can
-be arbitrarily long.
-Everyone seems to have his own favorite way of naming equations
-in order to facilitate referring back to them later.
-I invite you to play around with this until you find a scheme
-which makes you comfortable.
-\point
-Third, try to remember to always use a different name for each
-equation.
-Neither \TeX\ nor PHYZZX will warn you if you give two equations
-the same name.
-They will quite happily change the meaning of the
-previously defined name to mean the number of the last equation
-to which you have given that name.
-If you wish this to happen, o.k., however be sure that is what you
-want or you will be in for some surprises later.
-\point
-Finally, {\it never use the name of any macro for an equation name},
-this road surely leads to disaster.
-For example, if you accidentally type {\bf \\eqn\\bf}
-you not only change the previous meaning of {\bf \\bf} but you
-also mess up any macro which uses that control sequence.
- 
-As an example of this I note that the names {\bf \\herman},
-{\bf \\Suzanne}, {\bf \\duMMy } are all good names; however,
-{\bf \\jerk3}, {\bf \\don't} and {\bf \\sl} are not.
-There is one exception to this rule, you can give the name {\bf \\?}
-to an equation, which is what the macro {\bf \\eq} does.
-This is useful only if you intend to use it as a temporary name
-for an equation that will be referred to once or twice before
-the name is redefined.
-If you really want to give use numbers for you equation names
-roman numerals are all right.
-You can name equations {\bf \\eqi},{\bf \\eqii},$\ldots$,
-{\bf \\eqix }, etc.
- 
-\section{Other Macros For Naming Equations}
- 
-We have already noted that \TeX\ allows you to put equations
-on the left hand side of a line using the macro {\bf \\leqno}.
-For this reason, we too need a version of the naming macros
-which do the same thing.
-The obvious name for such a macro would be {\bf \\leqn}
-and it is invoked by typing
-\tc{\\leqn\\{\it equation.name}}
-If you include this in an equation the number comes out on the left.
- 
-In addition to this obvious addition to the macro set
-there are macros meant to be used for the automatic numbering of
-aligned equations.
-To learn about aligned equations you should read in the \TeX book
-or in {\bf First Grade \TeX }.
-Assuming that you have done so, let me remind you how about how
-aligned equations are generated, in order to set the stage for
-explaining how the macros {\bf \\eqinsert}, {\bf \\leqinsert},
-{\bf \\mideqn} and {\bf \\midleqn} work.
- 
-Aligned equations are, as the name implies, a set of equations
-which appear one after the other.
-In order to make the spacing between these equations look nice
-and in order to make them line up so as not to look messy
-PLAIN \TeX\ introduces the macro {\bf \\eqalign}.
-This macro produces a list of equations which are aligned with
-respect to some common feature of each equation, for example
-an $=$ sign.
-As with single displayed equations \TeX\ allows you to number these
-sets of equations as if they are a single equation by using the
-commands {\bf \\eqno}, {\bf \\leqno}.
-PHYZZX, too, is kind and permits exactly the same thing; to do this you
-use the commands {\bf \\eqn} and {\bf \\leqn}.
-Since {\bf \\eqalign} is a macro whose argument is the text of the
-equations, the way to use {\bf \\eqn}, etc. is to type them
-{\it after} the right $\}$ which closes the {\bf \\eqalign}    %{
-command.
-For example, typing \nextline
-{\bf \$\$ \\eqalign$\{$ \\cos $\{$ \\pi \\over {\it 6} $\}$\\ = \& \\
-\\sqrt$\{${\it 3/4}$\}$ \\cr \nextline
-\\cos$\{$\\pi\\over{\it 4}$\}$\\ =\&\\ \\sqrt$\{${\it 1/2}$\}$ \\cr
-\nextline
-\\cos$\{$\\pi\\over{\it 3}$\}$\\ =\&\\ \\sqrt$\{${\it 8}$\}$ \\cr $\}$
-\\eqn\\trig \$\$ }\nextline
-yields
-$$ \eqalign{\cos{\pi \over 6}\ = &\ \sqrt{3/4} \cr
-\cos{\pi\over 4}\ = &\ \sqrt{1/2} \cr
-\cos{\pi \over 3}\ =&\ \sqrt{8} \cr} \eqn\trig $$
- 
-\subsection{Things to Remember About {\bf \\eqalign}}
- 
-\pointbegin
-The entire argument of {\bf \\eqalign} must be enclosed in braces.
-Successive rows of the equation must be separated by the control
-symbol {\bf \\cr} to tell \TeX\ to make a carriage return.
-\point
-Every row contains two parts (or {\it templates}) separated
-by the special tabulation symbol \&.
-This symbol tells \TeX\ what character you want to line up in each
-line of the set of equations.
-If you want half of some of the lines to be empty that is all right,
-but the symbol \& must always appear.
-Left and right braces within a {\it template} must balance separately.
-\point
-PLAIN \TeX\ sometimes puts aligned equations too close together.
-If you want to force {\bf \\eqalign} to spread the lines apart
-somewhat there is a special control symbol for doing this.
-All you have to do is type {\bf \\cropen$\{${\it space}$\}$}
-instead of {\bf \\cr} at the end of each line.
-For example, {\bf \\cropen$\{${\it 12pt}$\}$ } will force
-the lines 12pt further apart.
-The control sequence {\bf \\crr} is an abbreviation for
-{\bf \\cropen$\{${\it 10pt}$\}$}.
- 
-Although it is not obvious from the previous example, {\bf \\eqalign}
-won't always put the equation number where you would like it.
-For example, if one of the equation lines is very long and
-pushes into the right hand margin, then {\bf \\eqalign} will
-put the equation number on a separate line below the last equation
-in the set.
-If, as often happens, there is only one or two long lines and
-there is room on one of the other lines for an equation number
-you can force \TeX\ to put it there if you wish.
-The way to do this is to use the PLAIN \TeX\ control sequence
-{\bf \\eqinsert} immediately following the {\bf \\cr} or
-{\bf \\cropen} ending the line you wish to have the equation on.
-If you type \nextline
-{\bf \$\$} $\ldots$ {\bf =\&} $\ldots$ {\bf \\cr \\eqinsert$\{$
-{\it equation.number}$\}$ \$\$ } \nextline
-then you get the equation number you specify on the line
-indicated.
-The corresponding PHYZZX macros which allow you to do this
-while at the same time automatically generating a name and number
-for the aligned set of equations are
-\tc{\\mideqn\\{\it name}}
-If you don't want to name the equation at the same time that
-you automatically generate a number for it you can simply use
-\tc{\\eqinsert\\eq}
- 
-\subsection{Numbering Aligned Equations Independently}
- 
-Sometimes you will wish to generate a set of aligned equations
-but refer to each of them individually.
-In this case you will wish to be able to number them independently.
-PLAIN \TeX\ provides the control sequence {\bf \\eqaligno}
-to handle this eventuality.
-The command {\bf \\eqaligno} works like {\bf \\eqalign}
-except that each equation line consists of three
-parts (or {\it templates\/}) separated by the character \&.
-The third template is where you put the appropriate label for
-that line of the set of equations.
-If you wish to number each equation line sequentially without
-generating a name, then all you have to do is type \nextline
-{\bf \$\$  \\eqaligno $\{$ {\it junk} \& {\it more junk} \&
-\\eq \\cr $\}$ \$\$ }\nextline
-If, however, you wish to name each line separately
-you {\it may not} use the macro {\bf \\eqn}.
-It will not work and will give you a peculiar message of the form
-{\it you cannot use {\bf \\eqno} inside {\bf \\eqalign}}.
-To name individual lines of aligned equations the correct macro
-to use is {\bf \\eqnalign $\{$ \\{\it name} $\}$ } as the
-entry for the third template followed by the command {\bf \\cr}.
-The same command will work in {\bf \\leqaligno} which works
-in exactly the same way as {\bf \\eqalign} but puts the contents
-of the third template to the left of each equation instead of to
-the right.
-In general, {\bf \\leqaligno} causes more difficulties than
-{\bf \\eqaligno} and you should read about it in the \TeX book
-before using it.
- 
-\chapter{REFERENCES, FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE CAPTIONS:
-THEIR NAMING AND NUMBERING }
- 
-\section{References: Stuff Which Comes at the Back}
- 
-To this point we have discussed the partitioning of a document
-into it's major parts, and the automatic numbering and naming
-of equations.
-We now come to the question of generating references.
-In general a reference is signaled by attaching a
-label or reference mark, i.e.
-either a superscripted number or a superscripted number
-enclosed in delimiters (e.g., braces, brackets or parentheses),
-to a specified word in the text.
-This number indicates that in the back of the document, on a page
-(or pages) labelled REFERENCES, one will find a corresponding
-chunk of text prefaced by the same number.
-This text will usually be
-a reference to work published in some journal
-or some comment which is only marginally relevant to the subject
-being discussed.
-Your problem as typist and editor is to generate the appropriate
-number, attach it to the desired word and then type the desired
-text into a separate file of text at the same time numbering it
-with the corresponding number.
-You therefore are faced with several formatting decisions;
-namely, how to attach the reference number to the word in
-the text, and how to format the references when they are typed
-in the back of the paper.
-Clearly, there is a real need for a macro
-to help you handle this dull and repetitive chore.
- 
-\subsection{What features should such a macro possess ?}
- 
-First it should handle the task of
-attaching the desired number to the designated word, and
-then it should file away the pertinent text in a form which will
-allow it to be printed at the end of the paper.
-In addition to the mechanical act of attaching the reference mark and
-sending the text to another page, we would also like it
-to automatically generate the number for us; so that we don't have to
-constantly refer back to the number of the last reference
-inserted.
-As in the case of equations, this would be nice, since then
-the numbering will automatically come out correct even if we
-add, delete or move references around.
-Finally, since one often cites the same reference
-in many places in the text, it would be nice for the macro to
-allow us to name a reference (in the same way we named equations)
-so that we can cite it without ever knowing exactly
-what number PHYZZX has assigned to it.\nextline
- 
-\centerline{PHYZZX \it has the macro capability to do all of this
-and more.}
- 
-Since, however,
-there are may different ways in which people like to
-generate and cite references we had to make the commands for
-carrying out these tasks more flexible than those which we
-have been discussing to now.
-For this reason there are more of them to learn about
-and their syntax is a little more complicated.
-We will take them one at a time in increasing order of
-generality.
- 
-\subsection{Single References}
- 
-Let us deal with the simplest case first.
-Suppose you wish to generate a reference, mark the appropriate word
-and save the indicated text for printing in the back of the paper.
-The command used to accomplish this feat is
-{\bf \\ref}.
-The syntax of this command is
-\tc{ \\ref$\{$\it text$\}$}
-where the indicated text is the material which you wish to have
-appear in the back of the paper.
-For example if you type\ref{This is the place you want to put a
-reference}{\bf \\ref$\{$ \it This is the place you want to put a
-reference \bf $\}$}; then PHYZZX will, as you see, generate a
-reference number, attach it to the word immediately preceding
-the macro command and store the text in a file on your A disk.
-Each time you invoke the macro {\bf \\ref} it increases the
-reference number by 1 and adds the next reference to the file on
-your A disk.
-Anytime that you wish to print this file all you have to do is
-type the command {\bf \\refout}.
-Normally, you would wait to do this until the end of the document;
-however, to see what happens we will now type {\bf \\refout} to
-obtain
-\nobreak
-\refout
- 
-\referencecount=0
-Note, that the simple command {\bf \\ref} is like the command {\bf \\eq}:
-it automatically numbers the reference and stores it away,
-however it does not allow you the freedom of naming it.
-It is like {\bf \\eq} in another way;
-like {\bf \\eq} it automatically
-gives the reference the name {\bf \\?}.
-This allows you to refer to the last reference until
-you do something to redefine {\bf \\?}.
-Clearly, this command has only
-limited flexibility and one needs a more sophisticated command
-to allow you to individually name each reference.
-The command which does this is {\bf \\Ref}; the syntax for this
-command is
-\tc{\\Ref\\{\it name}$\{${\it text of reference}$\}$}
-where {\it name} is the name you wish to assign to this
-reference and {\it text} is the material which you wish to have
-appear on the page of references at the back of the document.
-To use the command {\bf \\Ref} you simply begin typing the
-appropriate reference immediately following the word to which
-the reference number is to be attached.
-For example if you type \nextline
-$ \ldots $ {\it this is the result obtained by Banks and
-Kaplunovsky{\bf \\Ref\\}junkname{\bf $\{$}T.\~\ Banks
-and V.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf $\}$}
-you get \nextline
-$\ldots$ this is the result
-obtained by Banks and Kaplnovsky\Ref{\junkname}{T.~Banks
-and V.~Kaplunovsky}\nextline
-Note that the word Kaplunovsky has a superscripted version of the
-current reference number attached to it and the text has disappeared.
-The text is stored away in a file called
-{\bf referenc.texauxil}.
-This file is automatically stored on your A disk
-when the \TeX\ file is processed.
-Once again, to print this stuff we type {\bf \\refout}
- 
-\refout
- 
-\noindent If we wish to refer to this reference we need only type
-{\it Ref. {\bf \\junkname}} to obtain Ref.\junkname .
-Note that when you type {\bf \\junkname} you do not automatically
-get a space after the number generated, even if you typed one.
-This is because \TeX\ eats a space which appears after a control
-sequence.
-If you want a space to follow the number you should type
-{\bf \\junkname\\ \quad }; i.e., {\bf \\junkname} followed
-by a {\bf \\ \it (space)}, which is \TeX 's control sequence for an
-extra space.
- 
-\subsection{Gaining Ultimate Control of Referencing}
- 
-Recapping, we see that
-the command {\bf \\Ref} basically does for references what {\bf \\eqn}
-does for equations.
-Ordinarily, {\bf \\Ref} is the most convenient version of the
-reference command and will be the one you will use most
-often.
-There will be situations, however, where you wish to generate a named
-reference without generating its reference mark.
-For example, you may be typing a formula, or a footnote and wish
-to put the superscripted reference mark inside the footnote or formula
-(or for that matter, inside some {\bf \\hbox} which you are
-defining).
-You must be careful because the command
-{\bf \\Ref} cannot be used in these situations.
-This has to do with the way in which it goes about doing its job.
-You really don't have to know the reasons why it won't work,
-you just have to know it won't.
-This problem is easily solved if you know how to use the most
-flexible form of the reference command; namely, the command
-\tc{\\REF\\{\it junkname}$\{$ {\it text }$\}$}
-As you see the syntax of this command is identical to {\bf \\Ref}
-and in fact, it does almost exactly the same thing.
-It generates a dummy name ({\bf \\junkname}) and writes the text
-material into the file {\bf referenc.texauxil}.
-The difference is that when {\bf \\REF} is finished it does not
-attach the reference mark to the preceding word.
-To attach the reference mark to a specific word you type the command
-{\bf \\refend} immediately following that word.
-Basically, what {\bf \\Ref} does is invoke the command {\bf \\REF}
-immediately followed by the command {\bf \\refend}.
-Dividing the reference generating command from the
-command which attaches the reference mark
-solves all of the aforementioned problems.
-If you wish to put a reference in a forbidden place, like a footnote,
-or hbox, or formula, all you have to do is use {\bf \\REF}
-somewhere before you enter the forbidden territory and then use
-{\bf \\refend} immediately following the place where you want the
-reference mark.
- 
-\subsection{Generating Your Own Reference Marks}
- 
-Since the referencing commands are the ones which are
-most often played with (because
-so many people have their own styles for referencing things) it
-is worth spending a few moments giving you a better understanding
-of the various subcommands which go into their construction.
-First, you should know that the current value of the number
-assigned to the last reference
-is filed away under the name
-{\bf \\referencecount}.
-To get hold of this number you type
-\tc{\\number\\referencecount}
-and then \TeX\ will type out the current value of this number.
-PHYZZX attaches this number to a word by invoking
-the command {\bf \\refmark}.
-The syntax of the control sequence {\bf \\refmark} is
-\tc{\\refmark$\{$ {\it number or name of reference}$\}$ }
-When this command is issued PHYZZX tells \TeX\ to generate a
-superscripted version of the material appearing inside the braces
-and attach it to the word immediately preceding the place where you
-typed this control sequence.
-It is not advisable to leave spaces between the word
-and the command {\bf \\refmark} (or for that matter {\bf \\ref, \\Ref}
-and {\bf \\refend}),
-because if space is left it might creep into the text.
-The command {\bf \\refmark} does one more thing, it changes the
-appearance of the reference mark depending upon whether the paper
-is in Nuclear Physics or Physical Review format.
- 
-Since I have referred to {\bf \\refmark} as a subcommand
-it is only fair to give an example of how it is used.
-One place is in the definition of the command {\bf \\refend}.
-PHYZZX defines the command {\bf \\refend} to mean
-\tc{\\refmark$\{$\\number\\referencecount$\}$}
-Using {\bf \\REF} to define a reference outside
-of a forbidden region and using {\bf \\refend} inside this region
-to generate the reference mark provides only a partial solution to the
-problem we have been discussing.
-This is because {\bf \\refend} causes the current value
-of {\bf \\referencecount} to be printed.
-If, for some reason you wish to delay the printing of
-several reference names; or, if you wish to mix and match various
-references and stick them in a single reference mark, you can
-do this by typing {\bf \\refmark$\{$ \\junkname} $\ldots$ {\bf $\}$}
-In this way you can gain all but stylistic control
-of your reference marks.
-It is still true that {\bf \\refmark} changes the form of the
-reference mark depending upon whether the paper is headed for
-Phys.Rev. or Nucl.Phys.
- 
-To gain total control of your reference marks
-you need to use the command {\bf \\attach}.
-The syntax of this command is
-\tc{\\attach$\{$ \it stuff \bf $\}$}
-What {\bf \\attach} does is put {\it stuff} into math mode,
-make a superscript out of it and attach it to the word that
-comes before.
-It also spaces from that word so as to make the attached
-quantity look most natural.
-The {\bf \\attach} command does nothing at all to the reference
-mark and it is independent of the format of the paper.
- 
-\subsection{Multiple References}
- 
-You have now learned all you should know about generating
-single references and taking complete control of the way in which
-they generate reference marks.
-However, you still do not know everything about the
-way in which PHYZZX can handle references.
-This is because we have not yet discussed the question of
-multiple references.
- 
-{\it What is a multiple reference?} and {\it Why should I care about
-multiple references?} you ask.
-Good question!
-In principle you don't need to care about them at all.
-You already have the basic tools for handling any referencing problem
-should the need arise, all you need to do is
-use the commands {\bf \\REF} and {\bf \\refmark}.
-Nevertheless, since multiple references occur frequently, especially
-in experimental papers, they merit a special
-construct to make them simpler to handle.
- 
-The problem of generating multiple references comes up
-when you reach a point in the text where you wish to
-add a reference to several authors and at the same time
-you do not wish to have this saved as a single reference.
-This may happen for several reasons, the principal reason
-being that you may wish to refer to some of these references
-individually at a later point in the text.
-In this case there exists a set of commands which allow you
-to do this.
-These commands allow you to tell \TeX\ that the material to
-follow will define and name several references.
-They assign a number to each of these references,
-store them away individually and then attach the reference mark \nextline
-$\{$ {\it number of first ref. in set -- number of last ref. in set}$\}$
-\nextline
-The presence or absence of delimiters (in the form of brackets) depends
-upon whether or not you have typed {\bf \\PHYSREV}.
-The commands which perform this service are
-\tc{\\REFS\\{\it name}\bf$\{$ \it text \bf$\}$}
-\tcon{\\REFSCON\\{\it name}\bf $\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
-and
-\tc{\\refsend  .}
- 
-To use these commands to generate multiple references you invoke
-them sequentially.
-For example, suppose you wish the next three references to form
-a single multiple reference.
-Begin by selecting the word to which you wish to attach the
-reference mark.
-After the word to which you wish to attach the appropriate
-reference mark, you type in the first reference
-\referencecount=0
-\REFS\first{This is the first reference of a series.}
-\REFSCON\second{The papers just mentioned are unimaginative,
-stupid, incorrect and besides I did it first.}
-\REFSCON\third{I am running out of references.}
-by typing \nextline
-{\bf \\REFS\\{\it first}\bf $\{$ \it
-This is the first reference of a series. \bf $\}$} \nextline
-You then type the next reference using the command {\bf \\REFSCON}
-as follows \nextline
-{\bf \\REFSCON\\{\it second}\bf $\}\{$ \it
-The papers just mentioned are unimaginative,
-stupid, incorrect and besides I did it first.\bf $\}$} \nextline
-In the same way you continue with {\bf \\REFSCON} to generate
-all succeeding references.
-Hence, to input the third reference you type \nextline
-{\bf \\REFSCON\\{\it third}\bf $\{$ \it
-I am running out of references. \bf $\}$ } \nextline
-You finally cause PHYZZX to generate the reference mark by
-typing\refsend
-\tc{\\refsend}
-after the closing brace of the last reference.
-As you see, this set of macros has kept track of the numbers
-of the references, filed the text for
-each reference away and finally combined the number of the first
-and last reference in the set into a single reference mark and
-attached it to the word {\it typing}.
-To see what has been filed away we type {\bf \\refout}
-and obtain
- 
-\refout
- 
-If you wish to generate an automatically numbered multiple
-reference but have no need to name the individual references
-then we provide the commands {\bf \\refs} and {\bf \\refscon}.
-The syntax of these commands are
-\tc{\\refs$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ }
-and
-\tc{\\refscon$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ }
-The command {\bf \\refs$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$} is equivalent
-to {\bf \\REFS\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ }
-and the command {\bf \\refscon$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
-is equivalent to {\bf \\REFSCON\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}.
-The fact that the name {\bf \\?} is assigned
-to each reference in turn makes it less useful than in the command
-{\bf \\ref} and so you would not tend to use this command unless
-you are typing an already finalized manuscript.
- 
-\subsection{The Problem of Long References }
- 
-First, you we should observe that there is no problem combining
-many citations in a single reference.
-Obviously, this can be done by typing them in as the argument
-of any one of the reference commands.
-If, however, you wish to have a series of citations all appear
-under the same number, but wish to have them appear on
-individual lines all you have to do is follow each one by the
-command {\bf \\nextline}.
-What {\bf \\nextline} does is generate a neat break and starts
-\TeX\ off printing the material which follows at the beginning of
-a new line.
-The important fact about {\bf \\nextline} is that it preserves
-the indentation of the text established by the reference macro.
- 
-This brings us to the second point.
-{\it What happens if you wish to have a reference which consists
-of several paragraphs ?\/}
-Here you have to be careful, since if you use the command {\bf \\par}
-or leave a blank line (which amounts to the same thing)
-you will spoil the indentation of the text material.
-To avoid this a special macro exists called {\bf \\subpar}.
-To get vertical space between text in a single reference
-type the command {\bf \\subpar}
-whenever you would ordinarily insert
-the command {\bf \\par} or leave a blank line.
-It will accomplish the same feat as {\bf \\par \\noindent}
-but it will not mess up the formatting of the reference page.
- 
-Having discussed the way to properly generate long references, we
-now come to the problems this will cause.
-The fact is, \TeX\ has trouble writing long lines to
-an external file.
-Since, as far as \TeX\ is concerned the argument of any one of
-the reference macros is just one long line, there will come the
-time when \TeX\ will complain in a mysterious way.
-If you are running interactively it will issue a horrible looking
-PASCAL error message (sending the unforwarned into a case of
-cardiac arrest) and then continue with its processing.
-Since \TeX\ will resume processing after this frightening hiatus
-you will promptly recover, shake your head and say {\it Ain't
-computers peculiar?\/}.
-You will also, in all probability, ignore the fact that it happened.
-This will be a mistake.
-If you look in {\bf referenc.texauxil} on your A disk, you will find
-that \TeX\ has found one of the references is too long
-and has chopped it off, replacing most of the text by
-{\bf \\ETC}.
-I presume that in general this will not be what you intended.
-\nextline
-\titlestyle{\twelvepoint \it Have no fear, PHYZZX is here !}\nextline
-There is a control sequence which solves this problem; unfortunately,
-it is not a really neat solution.
-The solution is to go back into the reference and type
-{\bf \\splitout} at various places in the text.
-This command tells \TeX\ to begin sending a new line to the
-file.
-As I said, this is a solution but not an elegant one.
-We are saddened that the elegant solution has escaped us and
-hope that a \TeX pert out there will tell us a better way to proceed.
- 
-\subsection{Questions of Style}
- 
-Sometimes you will wish to attach a reference mark to a word
-which is immediately followed by a comma.
-This presents you with two choices neither of which produce
-truly satisfactory text.
-If you type \nextline
-\ $\ldots $ {\it this is the place,}{\bf \\refend} \nextline
-you get \nextline
-$\ldots $ this is the place,\refend \nextline
-and if you type  \nextline
-$\ldots $ {\it this is the place}{\bf \\refend}, \nextline
-you get
-$\ldots $ this is the place\refend , \nextline
-In the first case the reference mark is really attached to the
-comma, causing an unsightly extra amount of space;
-in the second case the reference mark separates the word from
-the comma, which is even worse.
-The way out of this predicament is to make use of Knuth's
-command {\bf \\rlap}
-If you type \nextline
-$\ldots $ {\it this is the place}{\bf \\rlap},{\bf \\refend} \nextline
-you get \nextline
-$\ldots $ this is the place\rlap,\refend \nextline
-which is much better.
-Obviously the same trick applies to the macros
-{\bf \\refsend}, {\bf \\refmark}, {\bf \\ref}, {\bf \\Ref} and
-{\bf \\attach}.
- 
-Because of the way references work you always get a single
-space after an attached reference.
-Basically this means that if you attach the reference mark to
-the last word in a sentence, the next sentence will start too
-close.
-There is a way out of this dilemma.
-Type  \nextline
-{\it the  end of the world}{\bf \\rlap}.{\bf \\refend\\ \quad}
-The next\nextline
-which will produce \nextline
-the end of the world\rlap .\refend\   The next \nextline
-The {\bf \\ \quad} forces more space between the sentences.
- 
-Finally, if you need a reference followed by a colon and want
-to get rid of the extra space that the reference macro puts in
-simply type {\bf \\refend\\unskip}.
-The command {\bf \\unskip} is a Knuth construct which eats
-the last extra space you entered.
-(Actually, it eats the last bit of glue that
-was inserted into the text, but that is a matter for \TeX perts.)
- 
-\subsection{Typing Journal Entries: A Convenient Macro }
- 
-Since many of the references which appear in a paper are
-citations of articles appearing in various physics journals
-we have a special macro to handle this problem.
-The reason one uses a macro to do this is that \TeX perts
-are expected to typeset such references with the journal name
-in as slanted ({\bf \\sl}) font, the volume number in boldface
-({\bf \\bf}) font and the remaining text in roman ({\bf \\rm}) font.
-You can either remember to do all of this or you can use the
-command {\bf \\journal}.
-The syntax of this command is
-\tc{\\journal{\it journal name}{\bf \&}{\it volume number}%
-{\bf (}{\it year}\bf )}
-This command is used inside any
-one of the reference commands as follows:
-if you want to obtain the same result as typing \nextline
-{\bf \\ref$\{$ \it T.\~\ Banks and V.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf \\sl
-\it Nucl. Phys. \bf \~\
-\\bf \it B211 \bf \\rm \it (1983) 529 \bf $\}$} \nextline
-you need only type \nextline
-{\bf \\ref$\{$ \it T.\~\ Banks and V.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf
-\\journal \it Nucl.Phys.\bf \& \it B211 (83) 529 $\}$}
-This will produce a reference entry of the form \nextline
-\refitem{1.} T.~Banks and V.~Kaplunovsky \journal Nucl.Phys. & B211 (83)
-529
- 
-Note, the blanks before {\bf \\journal}, before and after the
-character {\bf \&} and before and after the {\it (year)} are
-optional.
-If everything is working as it should they will have no effect
-on the final result.
-On the other hand, be careful about blanks within the parentheses;
-if you put them in they will appear.
-Thus, typing ( 83 ) produces a different result from typing (83).
-The first will result in the journal year being typed as 19 83
-and not 1983 which is, presumably, the desired result.
- 
-\section{Figures and Tables}
- 
-There are two other things which tend to appear at the end
-of a paper and to which one refers in the text.
-These are Figure Captions and Table Captions.
-In general these things come up as you are typing
-in some text and decide {\it Aha! This is a good place for a figure
-(or table)}.
-As with equations and references, it is convenient to be able
-to generate a number for this figure(table), name it and file
-away the text of the figure caption (or something which will remind
-you what figure you wanted to put there) in a file called
-{\bf figures.texauxil} (or {\bf tables.texauxil}) to be printed
-at the end of the paper.
-The commands which accomplish this feat are
-\tc{\\FIG\\{\it name}\bf$\{$ \it text $\}$}
-and
-\tc{\\TABLE\\{\it name}\bf $\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
-As in all other variants of this naming convention,
-{\bf \\name} will be the name of the figure (or table)
-generated, and {\it text} is the material to be stored away
-in a file on your A disk.
-These commands work like the reference or equation commands
-in that the numbering is automatic and
-will always be correct no matter how you subsequently modify the
-text.
-The commands, analagous to {\bf \\refout}, which print the
-list of figure or table captions are
-\tc{\\figout}
-and
-\tc{\\tabout}
-which should come as no big surprise.
- 
-There is a fundamental way in which the figure and table caption
-macros differ from the reference macros; namely, they do not
-automatically generate a reference mark.
-This is because you normally want to say something like \nextline
-$\ldots$ {\it as you can see from Fig. 7 } \nextline
-or something like that.
-The basic macros, i.e. {\bf \\FIG} or {\bf \\TABLE} permit
-you to type this in as you please.
-For example, one way to have \TeX\ generate the line above
-is to type \nextline \figurecount=7
-{$\ldots $ \it as you can see from \bf \\FIG\\?$\{$ \it text
-\bf $\}$} Fig.{\bf \~\ \\?} \nextline
-which will produce  \nextline
-$\ldots $ as you can see in \FIG{\?}{this is the picture of the Mona
-Lisa generated as a fractile} Fig.~\? \nextline
-Obviously, using this form of the command (either for a figure or
-a table) you have total control of what follows.
-Moreover, for simplicity I chose to name the figure {\bf \\?}
-since I only intended to refer to it this one time.
-It is clear that I could have given it any name.
- 
-For those of you who are happy to use the command exactly in this
-way, i.e. to name the figure {\bf \\?}, file away the caption
-and then type either {\it Fig.\~\ \\?} or {\it fig.\~\ \\?}
-there are two macros, named {\bf \\Fig} and {\bf \\fig}
-respectively.
-The syntax of these commands is somewhat simpler; namely,
-\tc{\\Fig$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
-and
-\tc{\\fig$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ }
-They are the analogues of the set of reference macros which
-automatically generate a reference mark whose name is {\bf \\?}
-after filing away the text of the figure caption.
-What they do is first execute the command \nextline
-\tc{\\FIG\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
-and then follow this by either Fig.\~\ or fig.\~\ .
-The analagous macro for tables is
-\tc{\\Table$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
-which performs the same task as typing
-\tc{\\TABLE\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ \rm Table\bf \~\ \\?}
- 
-This completes our discussion of macros associated with {\it things
-which come at the back}.
- 
-\chapter{FOOTNOTES: THINGS WHICH COME AT THE BOTTOM}
- 
-Everybody knows what a footnote is and you have already seen an
-example of a footnote appearing on page~5.
-Basically what a footnote macro has to do is
-attach a footnote mark to a specified word and then
-file away material to be put at the bottom of the page
-(in ten point type).
-The macro has to decide what to do if the footnote is too long,
-or if many footnotes appear on the same page.
-In addition, it has to decide what footnote mark to generate.
-PHYZZX has two macros which carry out this feat.
- 
-The first macro, {\bf \\foot}, has the syntax
-\tc{\\foot$\{$ \it text $\}$}
-where the text of the footnote is to be inserted between the
-braces.
-When you invoke this command immediately following the word
-to which you want to attach a footnote mark it does several
-things.
-First it generates the footnote mark and attaches it to the
-preceding word.
-If you are in the Nucl.Phys. format, this symbol will automatically
-be chosen from the set of symbols $\star$, $\dagger$, $\ast$,
-$\ddagger$, $\natural$, $\diamond$, $\bullet$ and $\nabla$.
-The macro will continually cycle through this table, according
-to a specified algorithm, in such a way that the same symbol
-will not (except in truly extraordinary circumstances) appear twice
-on a single page.
-If you are in PHYSREV mode, then the footnote mark will be a
-superscripted $\sharp$ sign followed by the current value of
-{\bf \\number\\footsymbolcount}.
-This is a truly ugly convention, however it is included only
-to provide something for people who insist on numbering footnotes.
-Actually, Phys.Rev. does not like footnotes and preferes this
-material be included in with the references as endnotes.
- 
-Note, that as with references, the text of a footnote is
-indented using the \TeX\ command {\bf \\hangindent},
-hence to insert multi-paragraph footnotes one cannot use the {\bf \\par}
-command but must use instead the {\bf \\subpar} command.
-If you don't do this, but use {\bf \\par} (or equivalently insert a
-blank line) then \TeX\ will, obligingly, turn off the {\bf \\hangindent}.
-This will, of course, mess up the footnote considerably.
- 
-\subsection{Hints and Warnings}
- 
-Since footnotes use \TeX 's basic {\bf \\insert} command,
-they are meant to be used in {\it unrestricted horizontal mode}.
-In other words, you use them inside paragraphs, but outside
-of {\bf \\hbox}, {\bf \\centerline} or similar commands.
-If you don't understand the meaning of the phrase {\it unrestricted
-horizontal mode} you should read about it in the \TeX book,
-or in {\bf First Grade \TeX }.
-This fact means that one has to be careful in attempting combine
-certain other control sequences with the {\bf \\foot} command.
- 
-\pointbegin
-Do not define references, figure captions, table captions, etc.,
-inside the text of a footnote.
-If you must put a reference mark inside a footnote use the command
-{\bf \\REF} somewhere before you start the footnote and then
-use {\bf \\refend} inside the text of the footnote.
- 
-\point
-If you choose to invoke a footnote when you are in vertical mode
-between paragraphs, then the footnote, complete with its footnote
-mark, will be generated; however, since there is nothing to
-attach this mark to, no superscripted footnote mark will appear.
-Since the command will generate a footnote mark, the counter
-{\bf \\footsymbolcount} will be advanced and so, insofar as PHYZZX
-is concerned, the symbol is waiting around to be used.
-Hence, if you wish to attach this symbol to a word at a later point
-this can be accomplished by use of the subcommand {\bf \\footattach}.
-All you have to do to use {\bf \\footattach} is type it immediately
-following the word to which you wish to attach the footnote mark.
-This command works just like {\bf \\attach} or {\bf \\refmark}
-except that it attaches the current footnote mark and knows whether
-to use Nucl.Phys. or Phys.Rev. format.
- 
-\point
-We already noted that if you wish to attach a footnote
-inside of a box (either horizonatal or vertical)
-the way to do it is to use {\bf \\foot} after the previous paragraph
-has ended, but before you make the box in question.
-Then use the command {\bf \\footattach} inside the box.
-What happens if you need to attach the footnote mark
-to something inside a box which appears inside a paragraph?
-In this case you can use the PLAIN command {\bf \\vadjust}
-to accomplish this feat.
-Simply type
-\tc{\\vadjust$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$\\nobreak}
-immediately before the box and then use {\bf \\footattach} inside
-the box.
- 
-\subsection{Controlling Your Footnote Marks}
- 
-Once again, this section is for those who wish to go beyond
-the mundane and use unusual symbols for their footnotes.
-This can be done by using the PHYZZX command
-\tc{\\footnote$\{$ \it symbol \bf $\}\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ }
-which will generate a footnote using the {\it symbol} you have
-specified as the footnote mark.
-The symbol can be any math mode symbol, or any outr\'e thing
-that you can think up.
-The symbol does have to be in math mode, so if it is something
-you made up instead of a math mode control sequence, be sure to
-{\bf \\hbox} it and enclose it in \$ signs.
- 
-\chapter{ITEMIZED LISTS: POINTS, ITEMS AND OTHER STUFF}
- 
-You now have all of the necessary information to allow you
-to use PHYZZX to format a paper for the printer:  you can
-tell him to set up chapter, section and subsection headings;
-number equations; format the reference, figure caption and
-table caption page; format footnotes, keep track of how
-many are on a page and carry them over to succeeding pages if
-it is necessary.
-From a stylistic point of view there is nothing more for you
-to learn about papers.
-Using the basic commands defined in PLAIN \TeX\ and those
-PHYZZX macros which we have already discussed, you are now
-capable of generating a paper of the correct style to be
-the body of a SLAC preprint.
-What we have not discussed to this point are things like macros for
-title pages and macros which make typing special constructions
-simpler than they would be in PLAIN.
- 
-In this section we will discuss a set of
-macros which make the construction
-of {\it itemized lists} particularly easy to achieve.
-Itemized lists appear most often when one is outlining a paper
-and trying to arrange the material in some systematic fashion.
-This sort of outline shows up in memos and the introduction to a
-paper.
-Itemized lists also appear in the body of the text when one wants
-to make a series of points and, at the same time, clearly separate them
-from the format of the general body of the text.
- 
-Lists of this sort are conventionally set up as a series of indented
-paragraphs preceded by some sort of highlighting symbol.
-This symbol can be a number, letter, roman numberal or some math
-mode symbol such as a dot, star, diamond, etc.
-When used in writing outlines, etc., one indicates the major divisions of
-the outline by indenting the text associated with
-them some fixed amount and highlighting this text with a specific
-type of symbol.
-When itemizing the ideas which fall within each major division, one
-usually indents the text somewhat more than one did for the major
-divisions and highlights each of these sub-points with a symbol
-which differs in type from those used to highlight the major points.
-One then further subdivides each of these categories into smaller
-steps and indicates this fact by once again increasing the amount of
-indentation and once again changing the type of highlighting symbol used.
-So on ad-infinitum $\ldots$
- 
-Obviously, at least for those of you who have read the \TeX book,
-all of this can be done using the commands {\bf \\hangindent}
-and {\bf \\hangafter}.
-However, if one is creating long lists of points, subpoints,
-subsubpoints, etc., then keeping track of the symbols and
-appropriate levels of indentation can get to be a problem.
-For this reason PHYZZX provides a series of macros to make this as simple
-as possible.
-As in the previous cases, we will begin by discussing the
-fixed format versions of the macros, which are the ones which are easiest
-to use, and go on to discuss the ones which allow you greater flexibility.
- 
-\section{Fixed Format Lists: Points, Subpoints, Subsubpoints}
- 
-\subsection{Points}
- 
-The macros {\bf \\point},{\bf \\subpoint} and {\bf \\subsubpoint}
-exist to make it easy to deal with itemized
-lists having up to three levels
-of indentation.
-The first level of indentation is the smallest and is generated by
-typing the command {\bf \\point} followed by the text associated with that
-point.
-Note that unlike the reference or footnote macros,
-the text associated with
-a {\bf \\point} {\it does not} need to be enclosed in braces.
-Points, etc. are constructed using the {\bf \\hangindent} command
-and so \TeX\ accepts all of the text up to the next {\bf \\par} (or blank
-line) and formats it as you desire.
-For this reason, if a point is to consist of more than one paragraph
-{\it do not use the {\bf \\par} command to generate the second paragraph}
-but, instead, use the special command {\bf \\subpar}.
-In addition to indenting the material to follow, the command
-{\bf \\point} also generates a number for the point and attaches it
-to the left of the first line.
-You have seen examples of points in other parts of this writeup; go back
-and look at them if my sentences are confusing.
-Each time you type {\bf \\point}
-PHYZZX generates a new paragraph, increases
-the number of the last point by one and appends this to the left of the
-first line of the new point.
-Obviously, this works well until you finish with a given set of points
-and then decide you want to make a new list of points at a later point
-in the same paper.
-Except in unusual circumstances you would like the first item on this
-list to be labelled 1, and not start up from the number assigned to
-the last point in the previous list.
-To avoid this sort of calamity you use a special command to begin
-a new set of points namely, the command {\bf \\pointbegin}.
-(Clearly this choice of nomenclature is far
-from sprightly and imaginative,
-but it is easy to guess what the correct command is even if you
-have forgotten it.)
- 
-As an example suppose you type \nextline
-{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline
-This is the first point I wish to make.  \nextline
-{\bf \\point} \nextline
-This is the second point. \nextline
-{\bf \\point} \nextline
-I am not very imaginative, so this is the third point. \nextline
-You then obtain
-\pointbegin
-This is the first point I wish to make.
-\point
-This is the second point.
-\point
-I am not very imaginative, so this is the third point.
- 
-\noindent
-You then return to typing ordinary text by following the text of
-the last point in your list with a {\bf \\par} or blank line.
- 
-\subsection{Subpoints and Subsubpoints}
- 
-The format of a subpoint is that it is indented further and
-highlighted by lower case letters enclosed in parentheses.
-The command for generating a subpoint is {\bf \\subpoint}
-and, as with points, each time you type {\bf \\subpoint}
-you automatically generate the next letter in the alphabet
-as a highlight.
-As with points, in order to start the numbering over again
-you start each set of subpoints by typing
-{\bf \\subpointbegin} instead of {\bf \\subpoint}.
-For example, typing \nextline
-{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline
-This is the first point I wish to make.  \nextline
-{\bf \\subpointbegin} \nextline
-This is the first subpoint. \nextline
-{\bf \\subpoint} \nextline
-This is the second subpoint \nextline
-{\bf \\subpoint} \nextline
-Etc. \nextline
-{\bf \\point} \nextline
-This is the second point. \nextline
-will generate
-\pointbegin
-This is the first point I wish to make.
-\subpointbegin
-This is the first subpoint.
-\subpoint
-This is the second subpoint
-\subpoint
-Etc.
-\point
-This is the second point.
- 
-Subsubpoints are the last automatically provided subdivision
-and are generated using the commands {\bf \\subsubpointbegin}
-and {\bf \\subsubpoint}.
-They are indented still further and highlighted by lower case
-roman numerals enclosed in parentheses.
-I leave it to you to generate you own examples of subsubpoints,
-the syntax is completely similar to that of the previous examples.
- 
-The command {\bf \\spoint} is acceptable as an abbreviation
-for {\bf \\subpoint}.
-Abbreviations for the other commands are similar; i.e.,
-\settabs 3 \columns
-\+ {\bf \\spointbegin} & for &{\bf \\subpointbegin} \cr
-\+ {\bf \\sspoint} & for & {\bf \\subsubpoint} \cr
-and
-\+ {\bf \\sspointbegin} & for & {\bf \\subsubpointbegin} \cr
- 
-\section{For Less Structure Consider Items}
- 
-There will come the time, especially for those of you who learn
-to use \TeX\ to generate transparencies, when you want to be able
-generate itemized lists, but you don't want the highlighting
-to happen automatically.
-Instead you might like to generate stuff with a {\bf \\bullet}
-or an {\bf \\ast} as a highlight.
-For those among you who are left brain dominated and
-feel the need for a macro set which
-takes care of the boring details of indentation, but allows
-you to play fast and loose with the highlights,
-PHYZZX provides the macros
-\tc{\\item$\{$ \it symbol \bf $\}$}
-\tc{\\subitem$\{$ \it symbol \bf $\}$}
-and
-\tc{\\subsubitem$\{$ \it symbol $\}$}
-(The last two commands can be abbreviated as {\bf \\sitem} and
-{\bf \\ssitem} respectively.)
- 
-\item\bullet
-For example, this item was generated by typing {\bf \\item\\bullet}.
-Note that I did not put {\bf \\bullet} in braces since it
-is a single control sequence. If I had, however, it would have
-done no harm.
-Spaces and blank lines before {\bf \\item} are irrelevant,
-however, since {\bf \\bullet} is a control sequence and eats
-one space following it, you have to have at least one blank
-after {\it symbol}.
-Once again I caution you that if you put a blank line or {\bf \\par}
-after {\bf \\item} and before the text, or inside a multiparagraph
-{\bf \\item}, then you destroy the level of indentation.
-{\it Remember, indentation only holds for a single paragraph in \TeX .}
- 
-\item\ast
-As a second example consider this item which was generated by
-typing {\bf \\item\\ast}
- 
-\item\dash
-Or this, which was generated by typing {\bf \\item\\dash}.
- 
-At this point I have inserted a blank line in my text and have
-caused the item to terminate and the text reverts to its ordinary
-format.
- 
-\item\clubsuit
-This is item {\bf \\item\\clubsuit}
- 
-\sitem\diamondsuit
-And this is {\bf \\sitem\\diamondsuit}
- 
-\ssitem\dash
-Finally, this is a subsubitem; \nextline
-it was generated by typing
-{\bf \\ssitem\\dash}.
- 
-\section{Having Your Cake and Eating It Too!}
- 
-Clearly, the {\bf \\item},{\bf \\sitem} and {\bf \\ssitem}
-macros provide you with the ultimate in flexibility
-in the choice of highlighting conventions.
-With them alone you can choose your own format for numbered lists
-and never have to accept the format imposed by {\bf \\point}, etc.
-However, the total lack of structure of {\bf \\item}, etc.
-has a drawback; namely, if you use it to define your points, subpoints
-etc., you are responsible for keeping track of all of the numbering.
-This is certainly not too
-formidable a task, but it can get tedious. \nextline
-\centerline{\it  Fortunately,  there is a middle ground.}
- 
-\subsection{Levels of Indentation}
- 
-If all that you want to do is change the levels of indentation
-of points, subpoints and subsubpoints you only have to modify
-the parameter {\bf \\itemsize}.
-This parameter is a dimension stored away in \TeX 's memory
-and items are indented {\bf 1.0\\itemsize}, subitems are indented
-{\bf 1.75\\itemsize} and subsubitems are indented {\bf 2.5\\itemsize}.
-The current value of {\bf \\itemsize} is 30pt (30 points);
-however, you can change this by simply typing
-\tc{\\itemsize = \it 40pt}
-or whatever else strikes your fancy.
- 
-\subsection{Getting More Serious}
- 
-Let us suppose, although I cannot imagine that this could possibly
-be the case, that you have more serious problems with points, subpoints
-and subsubpoints.
-Perhaps you would prefer to define your own listing macros
-so that {\bf \\mypoint} generates a point whose highlight
-is a capital letter followed by a period; {\bf \\myspoint}
-generates a subpoint highlighted by a number square brackets;
-and {\bf \\mysspoint} generates a subsubpoint highlighted
-by a lowercase letter in parentheses.
-You have two options, you can write your own macro set
-or you can use the PHYZZX command {\bf \\newlist}.
- 
-The command {\bf \\newlist} allows you to define your own
-listing macros which format things in a manner which is closer
-to your heart's desire.
-All you have to decide is what sort of delimiters you want
-around the highlighting number and what you want the numbering
-convention for that level of point to be.
-Your available choices are the five defined when we discussed
-changing chapterstyle; namely, {\bf \\Number},
-{\bf Alphabetic}, {\bf \\alphabetic},
-{\bf \\Roman} or {\bf \\roman}.
- 
-The syntax of the newlist command is as follows
-\tc{\\newlist\\{\it name}= \it [left delim.][style]\& [right delim.] \&
-[dimen]; }
-(Note that the =, \& , and ; all count.)
-As an example of its application note that the {\bf \\point}
-command is defined by saying
-\tc{\\newlist\\point=\\Number\&.\&1.0\\itemsize;}
-This line tells PHYZZX to define a new command called
-{\bf \\point} and to have it generate a highlighting symbol
-which consists of no left delimiter, followed by a number,
-followed by a right delimiter which is a period and the indentation
-of a point is to be {\bf 1.0\\itemsize}.
-Similarly, subpoints are defined to be
-\tc{\\newlist\\subpoint=(\\alphabetic\&)\&1.75\\itemsize;}
-and subsubpoints are defined by saying
-\tc{\\newlist\\subsubpoint=(\\roman\&)\&2.5\\itemsize;}
-The abbreviations for {\bf \\subpoint} and {\bf \\subsubpoint}
-are obtained by following their definition with the
-statements
-\tc{\\let\\spoint=\\subpoint}
-\tcon{\\let\\sspoint=\\subsubpoint}
-Note, if you have chosen to redefine {\bf \\subpoint}
-and {\bf \\subsubpoint} using newlist, the commands {\bf \\spoint}
-and {\bf \\sspoint} will {\it not} be redefined unless you follow
-your newlist instructions with the two lines printed above.
- 
-To define the new set of listing macros mentioned earlier you would type
-\tc{\\newlist\\mypoint=\\Alphabetic\&.\&1.0\\itemsize;}
-\tcon{\\newlist\\myspoint=[\\number \& ]\& 1.75\\itemsize;}
-and
-\tc{\\newlist\\mysspoint=(\\alphabetic\& )\& \\2.5\\itemsize;}
-Note, while there are only five styles available for numbering
-things, delimiters are limited only by your imagination.
- 
-\chapter{MISCELLANEOUS STUFF ABOUT PAPERS}
- 
-\section{Page Numbers}
- 
-Page numbering is a totally automatic procedure
-and, in general, requires none of your attention.
-Normally, if you are not doing anything funny PHYZZX will
-produce a document whose pages are numbered consecutively
-starting from 1.
-In general the first page you get will be numbered, unless
-you have told PHYZZX not to do so.
-The macros {\bf \\FRONTPAGE}, {\bf \\MEMO}, {\bf \\letter}
-and {\bf \\titlepage} do issue such a command, and when
-invoked produce a document where all pages but the
-first page are numbered consecutively.
-If you type {\bf \\FRONTPAGE} then PHYZZX will complete the previous
-page (if there is any), set the current value of the page number to
-1 and then tells \TeX\ not to number this page.
-Visible numbers appear at the bottom of all the pages which follow
-and the first visible number is 2.
-The command {\bf \\Frontpage} is a synonym for {\bf \\FRONTPAGE}.
-The {\bf \\letter} and {\bf \\MEMO} macros, which
-will be discussed later,
-and the {\bf \\titlepage} macro, which is invoked when you are about
-to type the title page of your latest magnum opus, all suppress
-the printing of the pagenumber at the bottom of the first page.
- 
-If you wish to start a document in the middle and set the pagenumber
-all you have to do is reset the counter called, of all things,
-{\bf \\pagenumber} by typing
-\tc{\\pagenumber= \it number}
-This will make the first page \TeX\ prints have this number.
-To make sure that the printing of this number is not suppressed
-you should also type {\bf \\frontpagefalse}.
-If you wish to have PHYZZX number the pages using roman numerals
-you can accomplish this by saying {\bf \\pagenumber=-1}
-(or {\bf \\pagenumber=-n} if you wish to start with the roman
-numeral equivalent to the number n).
- 
-\item\dash
-If you wish no pagenumbers type {\bf \\nopagenumbers}
-(be careful, its not easy to make them come back afterwards).
-\item\star
-If you want to suppress the page number on a particular page you
-can type {\bf \\frontpagetrue}, which will make PHYZZX
-think that this is the front page.
-You'll sometimes have to play to make this happen where you want.
- 
-\section{Spacing}
- 
-We have already talked about changing font sizes and selecting
-spacing, and have pointed out that three families of fonts are
-available.
-These are fonts which are fourteen points high, twelve points
-high and tenpoints high.
-The twelvepoint font is the font PHYZZX uses for normal text
-because it looks best when reduced.
-The fourteenpoint fonts are used for chapter titles, etc., and
-the tenpoint font sets, which are kind of small when reduced,
-are generally reserved for footnotes.
-To change font size at will you type either
-{\bf \\tenpoint}, or {\bf \\twelvepoint}, or
-{\bf \\fourteenpoint}.
-To change spacing conventions you use the commands
-{\bf \\singlespace}, or {\bf \\normalspace}
-or {\bf \\doublespace}.
-Note that all of these commands can be used inside the paper
-to temporarily change what is going on;
-however, you should only invoke the
-commands which change spacing when you are between paragraphs.
-If you violate this rule, eventually, you
-will be sorry.
- 
-\section{Commands Which Break Lines and Pages}
- 
-\TeX\ has its own way of breaking lines and pages and you can learn
-about them by reading the \TeX book.
-However, we have added three commands which are convenient.
-The first command {\bf \\nextline} allows you to generate and
-incomplete line.
-For example, typing {\it This is the way the world ends \bf \\nextline}
-produces \nextline
-This is the way the world ends \nextline
-Notice that \TeX\ has not tried to space the words out to fill
-the line the way it would have if you had typed {\bf \\break}.
-The command {\bf \\nextline} is essentially the same as typing
-{\bf \\hfil\\break}; it differs slightly in that it also
-does some things about glue, but you don't have to know about that.
- 
-The command which forces \TeX\ to break the page at will
-is {\bf \\endpage}.
-Typing this command forces \TeX\ to start a new page
-and at the same time it insures that even if the previous page
-is not completely full of text the material will be spaced correctly.
- 
-The command with which you finish a paper, memo, letter, etc.,
-is {\bf \\bye}.
-This command tells \TeX\ to complete the last page, print it and
-then turn itself off, returning you to CMS.
- 
-\section{Some Remarks About Penalties}
- 
-There are a few commands, which belong to PLAIN and not PHYZZX
-which you should know about.
-The basic command which allows you to tell \TeX\ that you
-would advise it that this is a good or bad place to break
-a page or line of text is {\bf \\penalty}.
-Penalties can be either positive or negative.
-If a penalty is positive it tells \TeX\ that this is not a good
-place to put in a break.
-The bigger the penalty is, the worse \TeX\ thinks it is to cause
-a break at this point.
-The biggest allowable penalty is {\bf \\penalty 10000}.
-If you type {\bf \\penalty 10000} at a specific point in the text
-than \TeX , as the printer, will assume that no matter what his
-judgement tells him, you insist that no break can occur at this
-point.
-\TeX\ defines a control sequence {\bf \\nobreak} which equivalent
-to typing {\bf \\penalty 10000}.
-If the penalty is negative, then \TeX\ is advised that you
-believe this point to be a good place to cause a break.
-The more negative the penalty, the better you think this place is.
-If the penalty is negative and greater than
--10000, then \TeX\ will
-use its own judgement to balance off your suggestion against its
-own esthetic criteria.
-If the penalty is -10000 (or less), then you are telling \TeX\
-that your judgement must carry the day.
-The abbreviation of {\bf \\penalty -10000} is {\bf \\break}.
- 
-Note that using the
-same commands inside paragraphs and between paragraphs
-tell \TeX\ to do different things.
-Inside of a paragraph {\bf \\break} tells \TeX\ to break the
-current line at this point, between paragraphs it tells \TeX\
-to break the page.
-If you wish to force \TeX\ to break the page inside a paragraph,
-without terminating the paragraph, you have to type
-\tc{\\vadjust\\break}
- 
- 
-\section{The Titlepage}
- 
-We have now finished with our discussion of macros which PHYZZX
-defines for simplifying the formatting of the body of a paper.
-To complete our discussion of the paper generating capabilities
-of PHYZZX we now have to turn to the question of generating
-the title page.
-A SLAC title page has several parts.
-\pointbegin
-First, in the upper right hand corner of the title page
-one has the publication number, date of submission and
-a line telling whether this paper is to be distributed as
-T, E or T/E .
-This chunk of text has to be set up as a block with the
-appropriate typeface chosen for each line and then the
-entire block is right adjusted.
-This block is referred to as the pub-block
-\point
-Next comes the title of the paper, which is set in fourteen point
-type and this is followed by the list of authors and the
-institutions they come from.
-\point
-After the title and author list you have a choice.
-If you have a short abstract it is included at this point
-and printed on the title page.
-If, however, the abstract is too long, it will not fit
-on the title page.
-In this event you skip it and put it on the next page of the paper.
-\point
-After the abstract, or after the title and author list if the abstract
-is too long, we have a line which tells the journal to which the
-preprint has been submitted.
-\point
-The next line ends the main body of the title page.
-After this line the remaining material, which are contract
-acknowledgements, etc., are put at the bottom page in footnote format.
- 
-As you can see from this discussion the problem of formatting
-the title page can get to be quite difficult if we don't have
-special macros to help out.
-For this reason a special set of macros for formatting title pages
-has been included in PHYZZX.
- 
-\subsection{The Publication Block or Pub-block}
- 
-The first commands which you use relate to setting up the
-block of type which gives the date, publication number, etc.
-If you do not want such a block, you type
-\tc{\\nopubblock}
-If, as will usually be the case you want a pub-block, then
-you have to specify what goes into it.
-To specify the publication number you type
-\tc{\\pubnum$\{$\it number \bf$\}$}
-This causes PHYZZX to put the quantity {\bf \\pubnum} into
-the publication number.
-When you start the quantity {\bf \\pubnum} is {\bf 0000}.
- 
-The next item which appears in the macro is the date.
-If you do nothing, then each time you run \TeX\ to produce a new
-copy of the file it will put the current date in this place.
-If you wish to set the date to printed by yourself, then you type
-\tc{ \\date = $\{$ \it month day, year \bf $\}$ }
-Note the braces around the entry because they have to be there.
- 
-Finally, the last thing that has to specified for the pub-block
-is the pubtype, which is either T, E, or T/E.
-To specify this quantity you type
-\tc{\\pubtype=$\{$ \it publication type \bf $\}$}
- 
-\subsection{Specifying the Titlepage}
- 
-The next macro which has to be invoked is
-\tc{\\titlepage}
-This is a single control sequence which you type in just before the
-titlepage. This command must follow the setting of the
-{\bf \\pubnum}, {\bf \\date} and {\bf \\pubtype}
-or you will only get the default values for these quantities.
-What this macro does is tell \TeX\ that this is the titlepage of the
-document and it should not be numbered.
- 
- 
-\subsection{Typesetting the Title}
- 
-The next item to be typed is the title of the paper.
-Since this is set in different size type and requires a certain
-amount of spacing above and below the text, you should use the
-macro {\bf \\title}.
-The syntax of this command is
-\tc{\\title$\{$ \it title \bf $\}$}
-You are now ready to type in the name and institution of the author (or
-authors) of the paper.
- 
-\subsection{Getting the Author(s) Right}
- 
-If there is a single author you type
-\tc{\\author$\{$ \it author's name \bf $\}$}
-This is, of course to be followed by his address.
-PHYZZX will set the name in upper and lower case capital letters
-and center it on the page.
-Then, if you use the macro {\bf \\address} PHYZZX will typeset the
-address in italics and center it
-directly below the author's name.
-The syntax of this macro is
-\tc{\\address$\{$ \it address \bf $\}$}
-In general PHYZZX will let \TeX\ decide how to break the address
-into several lines if it is too long.
-If you wish to force these breaks use the command {\bf \\break}.
-Note, this is a place where you do not want to use the command
-{\bf \\nextline} or you will force the address to come out
-without having been properly centered.
-For those lucky persons who live at SLAC, there is a special macro
-to save them typing.
-This macro has the name {\bf \\SLAC} and if you wish to tell PHYZZX
-that your address is SLAC all you have to type
-\tc{\\SLAC}
-If the author of the paper is a visitor, or is here on detached service,
-then you might want to give two addresses.
-To have \TeX\ print the second address below the first with the
-word {\it and} in between, all you have to do is type
-\tc{\\andaddress$\{$ \it second address \bf $\}$}
- 
-If the paper has more than one author you have two options.
-If the number of authors is small and they come from different
-institutions, then you use the macro {\bf \\andauthor}
-whose syntax is
-\tc{\\andauthor$\{$ \it author's name \bf $\}$}
-This does what the {\bf \\author} command does but it also
-precedes this name with a line which has the word {\it and}
-centered above the author's name.
-This command is then to be followed by {\bf \\address} in order to
-give the address of the second author.
-This can go on as long as you like.
- 
-All of this works well for theorists, however it does not work
-well for experimental papers.
-Experimantal collaborations tend to involve many authors from
-several different institutions.
-All we can do in this situation is to type the command
-{\bf \\authors} and then follow this with a list of authors
-and institutions.
-All this command does for you is put the correct amount of
-space between the list of authors and the material preceding it.
- 
-\subsection{Setting up the Abstract}
- 
-At this point you have to decide whether or not you want to
-include the abstract on the titlepage.
-If you wish to do so this is the time to type
-{\bf \\abstract}.
-This will cause \TeX\ to typeset the word ABSTRACT in the center
-of the next line of text, skip the appropriate amount of space
-and set you up in a new paragraph.
-The next thing you do is type in the body of the abstract.
-If you don't put the abstract on the titlepage then you
-carry out this sequence of commands after you have finished the
-titlepage with the command {\bf \\endpage}.
-After you type in the abstract on the second page you should force
-\TeX\ to print this as a separate page by once again typing
-{\bf \\endpage}.
-This will produce an abstract on its own page with white space
-above and below the text.
- 
-If you are in the situation of having an abstract which is too
-long for the title page but too short to fill the entire
-second page you will get ugly output if you type it in
-and follow it with the command {\bf \\endpage}.
-\TeX\ will simply shove everything to the top of the
-page because {\bf \\endpage} is the same as {\bf \\vfil\\break}.
-The way to force \TeX\ to center the title and material is to type
-\tc{\\vfil}
-\tcon{\\abstract}
-\tcon{\it text of abstract}
-\tcon{\\endpage}
- 
-\subsection{Where's The Paper Going?}
- 
-In order to specify the journal to which you have submitted the paper
-you type
-\tc{\\submit$\{$ \it journal \bf $\}$}
-For example, if it is going to Phys.Rev. D you would type
-\tc{\\submit$\{$ \it Physical Review \bf \\bf \it D \bf $\}$}
-which will produce the line \nextline
-\centerline{ Submitted to Physical Review \bf D}
- 
-\subsection{Acknowledgements}
- 
-It is customary to acknowledge the support of various grants or
-contracts somewhere on the titlepage.
-Generally this is done in the form of a footnote.
-The easiest way to get \TeX\ to typeset such acknowledgements is to
-use the macro {\bf \\foot}.
-You insert this footnote just after the last word of the title
-or author's name, depending upon the situation, and then continue
-setting the title page.
-The {\bf \\title}, {\bf \\author} and {\bf \\address} macros
-have been written in such a way that the {\bf \\foot} command
-can be used with these macros without any trouble.
-If you fool around with the title page and put things inside boxes
-using the PLAIN \TeX\ commands {\bf \\line} or {\bf \\centerline}
-this is not true.
-In this case the text will be put inside a box in restricted
-horizontal mode and you must use the commands {\bf \\footnote}
-and {\bf \\footmark} as explained in our discussion of footnotes.
- 
-For theory group users there is a special macro which generates
-the acknowledgement to the Department of Energy.
-the command is {\bf \\doeack}.
-To generate this acknowledgement you simply type
-{\bf \\doeack} immediately after the last word in the title.
-If other groups want to have their own {\bf \\doeack} macro
-they need generate a file called MYPHYX TEX
-and make sure it contains the lines  \nextline
-{\bf \\def\\doeack$\{$\\foot$\{$ \rm Work supported by the Department of
-Energy, contract \bf \$\\caps \rm DE-$\ldots$ \bf \$ $\}\}$ }
- 
-\subsection{Finishing the Title Page}
- 
-Close the title page with command {\bf \\endpage}.
-If you don't do this \TeX\ will make some stupid decision about
-adding extra material to this page.
-You won't be happy with the results.
- 
-\section{A Sample Titlepage}
- 
-Let us conclude this section by including a sample title page.
-If you type \nextline
-\newcount\lastpage \lastpage=\pagenumber
-\newcount\lastchap \lastchap=\chapternumber
-\newcount\lastsection \lastsection=\sectionnumber
-\let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel   \lastsection=\sectionnumber
- 
-\tc{\\pubnum=$\{$ \it  6666\bf $\}$}
-\tcon{\\date$\{$\it September 1984\bf $\}$}
-\tcon{\\pubtype$\{$CRAP$\}$}
-\tcon{\\titlepage }
-\tcon{\\title$\{$\it THE JOY OF TYPING PAPERS USING PHYZZX
-\bf \\doeack$\}$ }
-\tcon{\\author$\{$\it Marvin Weinstein
-\\footnote$\{$\\dag$\}\{$%
-\it another acknowledgement \bf $\}$
-$\}$}
-\tcon{\\SLAC}
-\tcon{\\andauthor$\{$\it V.\~\ K.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf $\}$ }
-\tcon{\\address$\{$ \it Princeton \bf $\}$ }
-\tcon{\\abstract}
-\tcon{\\centerline$\{$ \it This paper is a crock. \bf $\}$}
-\tcon{\\submit$\{$ \it Physical Review D \bf $\}$ }
-\tcon{\\endpage}
- 
-then you get
- 
-\endpage
- 
-\pubnum{6666}
-\date{September 1984}
-\pubtype{CRAP}
-\titlepage
-\title{THE JOY OF TYPING PAPERS USING PHYZZX\doeack}
-\author{Marvin Weinstein}
-\SLAC\footnote{\dag}{another acknowledgement}
-\andauthor{V.~K.~Kaplunovsky}
-\address{Princeton}
-\abstract
-\centerline{This paper is a crock}
-\submit{Physical Review D}
- 
-\endpage
- 
-\advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage
-\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel \chapternumber=\lastchap
-\sectionnumber=\lastsection
- 
-\chapter{MEMOS}
- 
-We have now finished discussing all of the macros which have to
-do with the formatting of papers.
-Now as promised we will turn to a discussion of the two other
-formats which PHYZZX supports.
-The first format is that of a SLAC memorandum.
-The second format is that of a letter.
- 
-A memorandum, as we have defined it, is a document meant for internal
-distribution, addressed to a specific group of people and
-designed to transmit information on a specific subject.
-This sort of document tends to have a heading which identifies it
-as a memorandum, gives the date, says to whom the memorandum is
-being sent, from whom the memorandum comes and briefly summarizes
-the topic being discussed.
-This heading is then separated from the body of the memorandum
-by some sort of ruled line and then one types in the text of
-the memorandum.
- 
-To type a memorandum you begin by typing the formatting instruction
-\tc{\\MEMO}
-which tells PHYZZX the document to follow is a memorandum.
-It also forces the document to be single spaced and generates
-the heading which identifies the document as a SLAC memo
-and gives the date at which the file was processed; \ie , the current
-date.
-If you wish to type a heading which has the date of your choice
-then use the command {\bf \\memodate} instead of {\bf \\MEMO}.
-The syntax of this command is
-\tc{\\memodate$\{$ \it date of your choice \bf $\}$}
- 
-Now you have to generate the remainder of the heading; i.e.,
-the to, from and topic (or subject) entries.
-The macros which do this are
-\tc{\\to \rm , \bf \\from \rm , and \bf \\topic \rm or \bf \\subject }
-The commands {\bf \\to}, {\bf \\from} and {\bf \\topic} or
-{\bf \\subject} work like points or items.
-Hence, they do not need braces.
- 
-Finally, after typing in these commands followed by the relevant
-text you need to generate a line to separate the heading from the
-body of the memorandum.
-This is done with the command {\bf \\rule}.
-Having done this you are now ready to type in the text of the memorandum.
- 
-Note, all of the itemized list macros which we have discussed
-in earlier sections work in the MEMO format too.
-Hence, you can use them with impunity.
-The same is true for footnotes, etc.
- 
-Finally, when you complete the memo, if you wish to indicate to whom
-copies are to be sent you type
-\tc{\\copies}
-This command works like {\bf \\point} or {\bf \\item}
-and so you would type
-\tc{\\copies}
-Mr. A. {\bf \\nextline} \nextline
-Mr. B. {\bf \\nextline} \nextline
-etc. \nextline
-in order to get what you want
- 
-Don't be surprised when you generate multipage memoranda.
-The way pages are numbered is going to be different from the
-numbering of papers.
-For a memorandum all but the first page are numbered with the numbers
-appearing at the top of the page.
- 
-A sample memorandum is generated as follows; \nextline
- 
-\vbox{\tc{\\MEMO}
-\tc{\\to}
-Whom it may concern
-\tc{\\from}
-Marvin Weinstein
-\tc{\\subject}
-Generating memos without tears.
-\tc{\\rule}
-{\it
-Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo.
-Even a baby can type something like this.
-If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably
-take what you have to say more seriously.
-(They shouldn't but they will!)
-You can even type points, for example: \nextline
-{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline
-Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only
-wind up with a disaster. \nextline
-{\bf \\point} \nextline
-Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds
-to take a Hawaiian vacation.  They're just a bunch of old stick in the
-muds. }
-\tc{\\copies}
-{\it Burton Richter \bf \\nextline} \nextline
-{\it Richard Taylor }
-\tc{\\endpage}
-Which generates something which looks like this}
- 
-\endpage
-\lastpage=\pagenumber \lastchap=\chapternumber
-\lastsection=\sectionnumber \let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel
- 
-\MEMO
-\to
-Whom it may concern
- 
-\from
-Marvin Weinstein
- 
-\subject
-Generating memos without tears.
- 
-\rule
- 
-Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo.
-Even a baby can type something like this.
-If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably
-take what you have to say more seriously.
-(They shouldn't but they will!)
-You can even type points, for example:
- 
-\pointbegin
-Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only
-wind up with a disaster.
- 
-\point
-Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds
-to take a Hawaiian vacation.  They're just a bunch of old stick in the
-muds.
- 
-\copies
-Burton Richter  \nextline
-Richard Taylor
- 
-\endpage
- 
-\papers \advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage
-\chapternumber=\lastchap \sectionnumber=\lastsection
-\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel
- 
-If we use the commands {\bf \\memodate} and
-we would obtain
- 
-\vbox{\tc{\\memodate$\{$ \it the fifth of octember \bf $\}$}
-\tc{\\to}
-Whom it may concern
-\tc{\\from}
-Marvin Weinstein
-\tc{\\topic}
-Generating memos without tears.
-\tc{\\rule}
-\noindent {\it
-Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo.
-Even a baby can type something like this.
-If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably
-take what you have to say more seriously.
-(They shouldn't but they will!)
-You can even type points, for example: \nextline
-{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline
-Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only
-wind up with a disaster. \nextline
-{\bf \\point} \nextline
-Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds
-to take a Hawaian vacation.  They're just a bunch of old stick in the
-muds.}
-\tc{\\copies}
-{\it Burton Richter \bf \\nextline} \nextline
-{\it Richard Taylor }
-\tc{\endpage}}
-\lastpage=\pagenumber
-\endpage
- 
-\memodate{fifth of octember}
- 
-\to
-Whom it may concern
- 
-\from
-Marvin Weinstein
- 
-\topic
-Generating memos without tears.
- 
-\rule
- 
-Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo.
-Even a baby can type something like this.
-If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably
-take what you have to say more seriously.
-(They shouldn't but they will!)
-You can even type points, for example:
- 
-\pointbegin
-Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only
-wind up with a disaster.
- 
-\point
-Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds
-to take a Hawaian vacation.  They're just a bunch of old stick in the
-muds.
- 
-\copies
-Burton Richter  \nextline
-Richard Taylor
- 
-\endpage
- 
-\papers \advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage
-\chapternumber=\lastchap \sectionnumber=\lastsection
-\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel
- 
-\chapter{TYPING LETTERS AUTOMATICALLY}
- 
-In addition to typing papers and memos PHYZZX supports a format
-for typing letters.
-To choose this format all you need to type the command
-\tc{\\letters}
-immediately following
-\tc{\\input phyzzx}
-This command will cause PHYZZX to switch over to a different page
-size, 8 inches long by 6.5 inches wide (this is a little
-wider than a preprint) and it automatically changes the linespacing
-to singlespace.
-In addition, the same command tells PHYZZX to put a SLAC letterhead
-at the top of the first page, and to change the way in which pages are
-are numbered.
- 
-Having switched over to this mode the very next thing you need to do
-is type in the date, followed by the name and address
-of the person to whom the letter is being sent.
-Getting the alignment of these various elements just right
-takes some doing and so we have a macro to do the job.
-The name of this macro is
-\tc{\\letter}
-Do not confuse this command with the initialization
-command {\bf \\letters}.
-Both statements must appear in your file and the command {\bf \\letters}
-must come first.
-I apologize for this construction but it is a leftover from
-previous incarnations of PHYZZX.
-Since we wanted this version of PHYZZX to be upward compatible we didn't
-change it.
-What the command {\bf \\letters} does is to tell PHYZZX that the
-text to follow is to be set in {\bf \\letterstyle} and then
-it makes PHYZZX print {\bf STANFORD UNIVERSITY} across the top of the
-first page.
-The command {\bf \\letter} tells PHYZZX that this is the first page
-of a letter, prints the rest of the SLAC letterhead,
-suppresses the printing of the pagenumber at the
-bottom of this page and then allows you to type in the
-name and address of the person to whom the letter is being sent.
-The syntax of this command is
-\tc{\\letter$\{$ \vtop{\hbox{\it Name \bf \\cr}
-                       \hbox{\it first line of address \bf \\cr}
-                       \hbox{$\ldots$  \\cr}
-                       \hbox{\it last line of address \bf \\cr $\}$}}}
-Note that any of the {\bf \\cr}'s can be replaced by the command
-\tc{\\cropen$\{$ \it extra space \bf $\}$}
-which will cause PHYZZX to leave the extra amount of space requested
-between the lines; or you can replace the {\bf \\cr} by {\bf \\crr}
-if what you want is 10 points of extra space.
- 
-The reason for typing the commands {\bf \\letters} and {\bf \\letter}
-separately is that {\bf \\letters} initializes the format for typing
-a letter and then {\bf \\letter} allows you to start several new letters
-in a single file.
-So long as you begin each letter with the {\bf \\letter} macro
-each letter will start on a new page, and the letters will not know
-about one another.
- 
-As with the titlepage macro, PHYZZX assumes that the date which is
-to appear above the name and address is the current date.
-If, however, you wish to fix the date appearing on the letter you
-can do so by typing
-\tc{\\date$\{$ \it your date \bf $\}$}
-The {\bf \\date} macro will then make {\it your date} appear on all
-of the letters in this file.
- 
-Once you have generated the letterhead, date and filled in the name
-and address of the person to whom the letter is being sent,
-you are ready to type in the body of the letter.
-This is to be done in the same manner as for a paper or memo,
-and all of the itemized list, etc., macros will work in this format
-too.
- 
-\subsection{Typing the Salutation}
- 
-Finally, having typed in the body of the letter we come to the
-problem of generating the signature.
-Once again, since placing this upon the space and leaving the
-correct space between the {\it Very truly yours,\/} and
-the typed version of your name can get to be hairy, we provide the
-macro {\bf \\signed}.
-The syntax of this command is
-\tc{\\signed$\{$
-\vtop{\hbox{ \it Very truly yours (or whatever) {\bf \\cr}}
-      \hbox{ \it Your name \bf \\cr $\}$ }}}
-If copies of the letter are to go to several people you type this
-at the bottom of the letter using the {\bf \\copies} command
-discussed in the section on memos.
- 
-You finish a letter with the command {\bf \\endletter}.
-This command insures that if there are several letters in the same
-file each one will be processed independently.
- 
-\lastpage=\pagenumber  \lastchap=\chapternumber
-\lastsection=\sectionnumber \let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel
- 
-A sample letter is generated as follows
-\tc{\\letters}
-\tcon{\\letter$\{$ \vtop{\hbox{\it Dr. Boris Kayser \bf \\cr }
-        \hbox{\it Program Director for Theoretical Physics \bf \\cr}
-        \hbox{\it National Science Foundation \bf \\cr}
-        \hbox{\it Washington, D. C.  20550 \bf \\cr $\}$ }}}
-\tcon{\it Dear Boris,}
- 
-{\it  Please send more money.}
- 
- 
- 
-\tc{\\signed$\{$ \vtop{\hbox{\it Sincerely, \bf \\cr}
-        \hbox{\it Michael E. Peskin \bf \\cr $\}$ }}}
-\tcon{\\endletter}
-\tcon{\\end}
-which produces
- 
-\lastpage=\pagenumber \lastchap=\chapternumber
-\lastsection=\sectionnumber \let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel
-\endpage
- 
-\letters
-\letter{Dr. Boris Kayser \cr
-        Program Director for Theoretical Physics \cr
-        National Science Foundation \cr
-        Washington, D. C.  20550\cr}
-Dear Boris,
- 
-     Please send more money.
- 
- 
- 
-\signed{Sincerely, \cr
-        Michael E. Peskin \cr  }
-\endletter
- 
- 
-\papers \advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage
-\chapternumber=\lastchap \sectionnumber=\lastsection
-\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel
- 
- 
-\section{Multiple Letters}
- 
-Very often you wish to send the same letter to many different
-people; hence, the text of each letter is the same but the
-salutations will be different.
-There are two ways to go about generating such a series of letters.
-The only difference between them is that the first is somewhat
-more conservative of computer time, but it can only be used for
-relatively short letters; the second is a bit more demanding of
-computer time, but it doen't care how long the letter is.
-By a short letter I mean one which is no more than
-one or two pages in length.
- 
-\subsection{Short Letters}
- 
-To type in short letters you begin by typing
-\tc{\\letters\\multiletter}
-This command is to be followed by the text of your letter.
-What {\bf \\multiletter} does is tell PHYZZX to file away the
-material to follow in the depths of its memory, to be used later.
-You let PHYZZX know to stop stuffing stuff away by typing
-\tc{\\letterend}
-when you have finished.
-Having now saved the body of the letter for future use you
-generate your letters by typing
-\tc{\\letter$\{$ \it Addressee  \bf $\}$}
-followed by
-\tc{\it Dear Mr. Soandso \bf \\par}
-followed by the commands
-\tc{\\lettertext\\endletter}
-As you will have guessed the command {\bf \\lettertext}
-is the name PHYZZX has assigned to the body of the
-letter.
- 
-\subsection{For Longer Letters}
- 
-The second method for generating many letters is slightly more wasteful
-of computer time, but to my mind it is simpler to use.
-I reccommend it over the command {\bf \\multiletter} and
-have included a brief discussion of the previous case only
-to keep the macro set upward compatible.
-Do us both a favor and forget I mentioned it.
- 
-This method takes a little longer because it requires \TeX\ to input the
-same file many times.
-It is simpler because it requires no change in syntax from
-the format used for a single letter.
-To use this method you create a file YOUR FILE A (the filetype
-doesn't have to be TEX here),
-which contains the body of your letter, including your signature.
-You then create a driver file (filename TEX A) of the form
-\tc{\\input phyzzx}
-\tcon{\\letters}
-\tcon{\it optional \quad \bf \\date$\{$ \it your date \bf $\}$}
-\tcon{\\letter$\{$ \it Addressee \bf $\}$}
-\tcon{\it Dear $\ldots$ \bf \\par}
-\tcon{\\input your.file}
-\tcon{\\endletter}
-\tcon{\it $\ldots$}
-\tcon{\\letter$\{$ \it Addressee \bf $\}$}
-\tcon{\it Dear $\ldots$ \bf \\par}
-\tcon{\\input your.file}
-\tcon{\\endletter}
-\tcon{\\end}
-Note, the period between the filename and filetype is crucial.
-What is being done in this method is that we are using \TeX 's
-ability to input an external file as often as you wish.
-This technique has the added advantage that you can even have the
-letters vary somewhat.
-To perform this trick you use the {\bf \\def} command.
-To begin you use the names of some undefined control sequences in
-the file YOUR FILE A, and then redefine these sequences
-in the main driver file after each {\bf \\endletter} and before
-the start of the next letter.
- 
- 
-\chapter{MISCELLANEOUS MACROS WHICH PHYZZX DEFINES}
- 
-We have now finished our discussion of all of the macros which
-pertain to the formatting of special documents.
-This section simply lists some special macros which we have
-included in PHYZZX simply because they simplify the task of
-typing things which occur frequently.
- 
-The commands will be listed giving the syntax of each command and
-an example of what it does.
- 
-\pointbegin
-\tc{\\ie \quad \rm generates  \ie}
-\point
-\tc{\\eg \quad \rm generates \eg}
-\point
-\tc{\\dash \quad \rm generates \dash}
-\point
-\tc{\\\\ \quad \rm generates \\}
- 
-In math mode we have the following useful commands
- 
-\point
-\tc{\\coeff$\{$ \it a \bf $\}\{$ \it b \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates}
-$$ \coeff{a}{b} $$
- 
-\endpage
- 
- 
-\point
-\tc{\\partder$\{$ \it f(x)
-\bf $\}\{$ \it x \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates}
-$$ \partder{f(x)}{x} $$
-\point
-\tc{\\bra$\{$ \it \\Psi \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates }
-$$ \bra{\Psi} $$
-\point
-\tc{\\ket$\{$ \it phi \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates }
-$$ \ket{\phi} $$
-\point
-\tc{\\VEV$\{$ \it H \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates }
-$$ \VEV{H} $$
-\point
-\tc{\\Tr$\{$ \it G \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates }
-$$ \Tr{G} $$
- 
-\endpage
- 
-\point
-\tc{\\int \rm generates }
-$$ \int $$
-\point
-\tc{\\prop \rm generates  $\prop $}
-\point
-\tc{\\lsim \rm generates $\lsim $}
-\point
-\tc{\\gsim \rm generates $\gsim $ }
- 
-\chapter{GOODBYE}
- 
-This completes the basic writeup of the capabilities of PHYZZX.
-As I indicated in the introduction, this is not the final version of
-the macro set, but is in fact the last but one version that I
-will have something to do with.
-The final version will appear one of these days and will include
-in the body of the FMT file several macros for creating wrap around
-figure inserts and simple tables.
-The macros already exist but
-have not yet been collected together and finalized in format.
-In addition, it will probably include a label making capability
-to generate mailing labels for letters.
-Don't hold your breath for this version, however, first I have
-to get over having typed this documentation.
- 
-\section{Using Your MYPHYX File}
- 
-I promised you a short discussion of tailoring PHYZZX
-into your own inimitable macro package.
-The simplest way to do this is to have a complicated
-file called MYPHYX TEX on your A disk.
-If there are a few features of PHYZZX which do almost what you
-want, but not quite, you can
-look at the file PHYZZX TEX.
-By reading Knuth and studying this file you will see how
-everything PHYZZX does is made to happen.
-The way to change something is to steal the relevant definition
-from this file and copy it to your MYPHYX file.
-Then, make the changes which you wish to make.
-Since PHYZZX inputs this file after it makes its own
-definitions, you desires will override the PHYZZX definitions.
- 
-\titlestyle{ \bf GOOD LUCK !!!!!}
- 
-\bye
-