remove xymtex (again), it is nonfree

git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@3102 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751

8 files changed, 0 insertions, 5993 deletions

diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/readme2.doc b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/readme2.doc
deleted file mode 100644
index 90355a56c29..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/readme2.doc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-readme2.doc 
-Notes for XyMTeX
-Copyright (C) 1993, 1996, 1998 by Shinsaku Fujita, All rights reserved. 
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-(old) readme1.doc 
-Notes for XyMTeX
-Copyright (C) 1993, 1996 by Shinsaku Fujita, All rights reserved. 
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-Name: XyMTeX
-Description: Macro Package including LaTeX document-style options for 
-             typesetting chemical structural formulas
-Keywords: LaTeX, chemistry, structural formula
-Author: Shinsaku Fujita
-Supported: http://www.chem.kit.ac.jp/fujita/fujitas/fujita.html
-Latest Version: 2.00
-Archives: http://www.chem.kit.ac.jp/fujita/fujitas/fujita.html
-Note: Documentation in xymtx200.tex (xymtx200.dvi) 
-
-For Installment, see xymtex2.doc (xymtex2.jpn)
-
-
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/readme2.jpn b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/readme2.jpn
deleted file mode 100644
index 4144fe7a1b4..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/readme2.jpn
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-readme2.jpn 
-Notes for XyMTeX (in Japanese)
-Copyright (C) 1993, 1996, 1998 by Shinsaku Fujita. All rights reserved. 
-===========================================================================
-(旧)readme1.jpn 
-Notes for XyMTeX (in Japanese)
-Copyright (C) 1993, 1996 by Shinsaku Fujita. All rights reserved. 
-===========================================================================
-名  称: XyMTeX
-登録名: xymtex2.lzh for drawing chem. structures
-概  要: 化学構造式を描くためのマクロパッケージ
-　　　   (LaTeX用のオプションファイル類を含む)
-鍵  語: LaTeX, 化学, 構造式
-作  者: Shinsaku Fujita (藤田 眞作)
-登録者: 藤田 眞作
-最新版: 2.00
-本  籍: http://www.chem.kit.ac.jp/fujita/fujitas/fujita.html
-覚  書: ドキュメントは、xymtx200.tex (xymtx200.dvi)
-===========================================================================
-Name: XyMTeX
-Description: Macro Package including LaTeX document-style options for 
-             typesetting chemical structural formulas
-Keywords: LaTeX, chemistry, structural formula
-Author: Shinsaku Fujita
-Supported: http://www.chem.kit.ac.jp/fujita/fujitas/fujita.html
-Latest Version: 2.00
-Archives: http://www.chem.kit.ac.jp/fujita/fujitas/fujita.html
-Note: Documentation in xymtx200.tex (xymtx200.dvi) 
-===========================================================================
-
-＜説明＞
-　XyMTeXは、化学構造式を描くためののマクロパッケージです。 これは、
-LaTeX2e用のパッケージファイル群から成り立っています。各ファイルには
-化学構造式を描くためのコマンドのマクロコードが含まれています。各コマンドは、
-広範囲の化合物の構造が描けるように、新しい構想のもとに作成したものです。
-LaTeXのpicture環境を前提にして、その範囲内 (図形組版)で構造式が描けるように
-なっています。したがって、構造式出力のプリンターは (プリンタードライバーさえ
-あれば) 種類を選ばず、たとえば写植機でも出力が可能です。
-
-　約100ページのマニュアル (xymtx200.dvi) が付属しています。この中に、Version 
-2.00で追加した機能とコマンドの書式 (仕様) と描画例を多数記載しましたので、
-解凍後、まずどのようなことができるのかをご覧ください。
-
-　chemist.styやmathchem.sty (下記拙著に付録として付いているフロッピーディスク
-に収録)に含まれるコマンドを併用すれば、さらにいろいろな反応スキームなどを
-描くことができるようになります。XyMTeX(version1.01)から、chemist.styも同梱
-してあります。
-
-　　「化学者・生化学者のためのLaTeX---パソコンによる論文作成の手引」
-　　　藤田 眞作 著、東京化学同人 (1993) FD付
-
-基本的な使用法は、XyMTeX verion 2.00でも以前のバージョンでも同じです。
-このため、付属のマニュアル (xymtx200.dvi)では、基本的な使用法を記載
-してありません。これらは、次のレファレンスマニュアルを参照してください。
-
-     「XyMTeX--Typesetting Chemical Structural Formulas」
-      藤田眞作著、アジソン・ウェスレイ・ジャパン (1997) CD-DOM付
-
-＜ダウンロード・解凍＞
-(1) ファイル名xymtex2.lzhでダウンロードしてください
-(2) TeXのメインディレクトリー内でlhaで解凍してください。
-　　　a:\tex>lha x b:\xymtex2
-
-詳しいインストールの方法は、xymtex2.docをご覧下さい。
-
-
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymadd.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymadd.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index 10cfa37c649..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymadd.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2792 +0,0 @@
-%xymadd.tex 

-%Copyright (C) 1998, Shinsaku Fujita, All rights reserved. 

-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-%This file is a part of xymtx200.tex that is the manual of the macro 

-%package `XyMTeX' (Version 2.00) for drawing chemical structural formulas.  

-%This file is not permitted to be translated into Japanese and any other

-%languages. 

-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-\chapter{Added Commands}

-

-\section{Six-six Fused Carbocycles}

-\subsection{Vertical-Bottom Forms of Decaline Derivatives}

-

-The macro \verb/\decalinevb/ is used to draw 

-decaline derivatives of vertical-bottom 

-type (added to \textsf{carom.sty}), 

-where the numbering of atoms is given from the bottom 

-to the left-upper part. 

-The word ``vertical'' means that each benzene ring is a vertical type.  

-The word ``bottom'' means that the benzene ring with young 

-locant numbers is located at the bottom. 

-The format of this command is as follows: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \decalinevb[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}          

-\end{verbatim}

-% 

-% ***************************

-% * decaline derivatives    *

-% *  (vertical bottom type) *

-% ***************************

-% The following numbering is adopted in this macro. 

-%

-%          7 

-%          *  

-%     6  *   * 8

-%       |     |

-%       |     | 0G (4a)

-%     5  *   * *

-%  0F(4a)  *     * 1

-%          |     |

-%          |     |

-%        4  *   *  2

-%             *

-%             3

-%             ^

-%             |

-%            the original point

-%

-

-Locant numbers for designating substitution positions 

-and characters for showing bonds to be doubled 

-are represented by the following diagram: 

-{\origpttrue

-\begin{center}

-\begin{picture}(1000,1200)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\decalinevb{%

-1Sb==1Sb(r);1Sa==1Sa(r);2Sb==2Sb(r);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(l);3Sa==3Sa(r);4Sb==4Sb(l);4Sa==4Sa(l);%

-5Sb==5Sb(l);5Sa==5Sa(l);6Sb==6Sb(l);6Sa==6Sa(l);%

-7Sb==7Sb(l);7Sa==7Sa(r);8Sb==8Sb(r);8Sa==8Sb(r);%

-0F==0F;0G==0G}}

-{\footnotesize

-\put(171,0){\bdloocant{j}{a}{b}{c}{d}{k}}

-\put(0,303){\bdloocant{h}{i}{}{e}{f}{g}}}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (550,\the\shifti) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{center}

-}

-The handedness for each oriented or double-sided position 

-is shown with a character set in parentheses. 

-The option argument BONDLIST is based on the 

-assignment of characters (a--k) to respective bonds 

-as shown in the above diagram. 

-A bond modifier in the argument SUBSLIST for $n=1\mbox{--}8$ can be 

-one of bond modifiers shown in Table \ref{tt:200a}. 

-The substitution at the bridgehead positions is 

-designated as shown in Table 4.3 of \XyMTeX book. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decalinevb{1D==O;0FB==H;0GA==H} \qquad

-\decalinevb{1B==CH$_{2}$OSiR$_{3}$;3D==O;4A==CH$_{3}$OCO;%

-0FB==CH$_{3}$;0GA==H}

-\end{verbatim}

-These commands produce: 

-\begin{center}

-\decalinevb{1D==O;0FB==H;0GA==H} \qquad

-\decalinevb{1B==CH$_{2}$OSiR$_{3}$;3D==O;4A==CH$_{3}$OCO;%

-0FB==CH$_{3}$;0GA==H}

-\end{center}

-

-The related commands, \verb/\naphdrvb/ and \verb/\tetralinevb/, 

-have been defined on the basis of the command \verb/\decalinevb/. 

-

-\subsection{Vertical-Top Forms of Decaline Derivatives}

-

-The macro \verb/\decalinevt/ (added to \textsf{carom.sty}) 

-is used for drawing decaline derivatives 

-of vertical-bottom type (numbering from the top to the left-down part). 

-The word ``vertical'' means that each benzene ring is a vertical type.  

-The word ``top'' means that the benzene ring with young locant 

-numbers is located at the top. 

-% ************************

-% * decaline derivatives *

-% *  (vertical-top type) *

-% ************************

-% The following numbering is adopted in this macro. 

-%

-%                     2

-%                     *  

-%                1  *   * 3

-%                  |     |

-%                  |     | 

-%         0G (8a)   *   * 4

-%             8   *   * 0F(4a)

-%                |     | 

-%                |     |

-%              7  *   *  5

-%                   *

-%                   6

-%                   ^

-%                   |

-%                   the original point

-%

-The format of this command is as follows: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \decalinevt[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}          

-\end{verbatim}

-

-Locant numbers for designating substitution positions 

-and characters for showing bonds to be doubled 

-are represented by the following diagram: 

-{\origpttrue

-\begin{center}

-\begin{picture}(1000,1200)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\decalinevt{%

-1Sb==1Sb(l);1Sa==1Sa(l);2Sb==2Sb(l);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(r);3Sa==3Sa(r);4Sb==4Sb(r);4Sa==4Sa(r);%

-5Sb==5Sb(r);5Sa==5Sa(r);6Sb==6Sb(l);6Sa==6Sa(r);%

-7Sb==7Sb(l);7Sa==7Sa(l);8Sb==8Sb(l);8Sa==8Sb(l);%

-0F==0F;0G==0G}}

-{\footnotesize

-\put(171,303){\bdloocant{b}{c}{d}{k}{j}{a}}

-\put(0,0){\bdloocant{}{e}{f}{g}{h}{i}}}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (400,\the\shifti) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{center}

-}

-

-The handedness for each oriented or double-sided position 

-is shown with a character set in parentheses. 

-The option argument BONDLIST is based on the 

-assignment of characters (a--k) to respective bonds 

-as shown in the above diagram. 

-A bond modifier in the argument SUBSLIST for $n=1\mbox{--}8$ can be 

-one of bond modifiers shown in Table \ref{tt:200a}. 

-The substitution at the bridgehead positions is 

-designated as shown in Table 4.3 of \XyMTeX book. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decalinevt{1D==O;0FB==H;0GA==H} \qquad

-\decalinevt{1B==R$_{3}$SiOCH$_{2}$;3D==O;4A==COOHCH$_{3}$;%

-0FB==CH$_{3}$;0GA==H}

-\end{verbatim}

-These commands produce: 

-\begin{center}

-\decalinevt{1D==O;0FB==H;0GA==H} \qquad

-\decalinevt{1B==R$_{3}$SiOCH$_{2}$;3D==O;4A==COOHCH$_{3}$;%

-0FB==CH$_{3}$;0GA==H}

-\end{center}

-

-The related commands, \verb/\naphdrvt/ and \verb/\tetralinevt/, 

-have been defined on the basis of the command \verb/\decalinevt/. 

-

-

-\section{Six-six Fused Heterocycles}

-\subsection{Vertical-Bottom Forms}

-

-The macro \verb/\decaheterovb/ is generally used to draw 

-six-six-fused heterocycles of vertical-bottom type (\textsf{hetarom.sty}). 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \decaheterovb[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-% ***************************

-% * decahetro derivatives   *

-% *  (vertical bottom type) *

-% ***************************

-% The following numbering is adopted in this macro. 

-%

-%          7 

-%          *  

-%     6  *   * 8

-%       |     |

-%       |     | 0G (4a)

-%     5  *   * *

-%  0F(4a)  *     * 1

-%          |     |

-%          |     |

-%        4  *   *  2

-%             *

-%             3

-%             ^

-%             |

-%            the original point

-

-

-Locant numbers for designating substitution positions 

-as well as characters for setting double bonds 

-are shown in the following diagram: 

-{

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(1000,1200)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\decaheterovb[]{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;%

-6==6;7==7;8==8;9==9;{{10}}==10}{%

-1Sb==1Sb(r);1Sa==1Sa(r);2Sb==2Sb(r);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(l);3Sa==3Sa(r);4Sb==4Sb(l);4Sa==4Sa(l);%

-5Sb==5Sb(l);5Sa==5Sa(l);6Sb==6Sb(l);6Sa==6Sa(l);%

-7Sb==7Sb(l);7Sa==7Sa(r);8Sb==8Sb(r);8Sa==8Sa(r);%

-9==9;{{10}}==10}}

-{\footnotesize

-\put(171,0){\bdloocant{j}{a}{b}{c}{d}{k}}

-\put(0,303){\bdloocant{h}{i}{}{e}{f}{g}}}

-%\put(0,0){\bdloocant{i}{k}{e}{f}{g}{h}}

-%\put(342,0){\bdloocant{a}{b}{c}{d}{}{j}}}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (550,\the\shifti) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-}

-The handedness for each oriented or double-sided position 

-is shown with a character set in parentheses. 

-The optional argument BONDLIST is used to specify a bond pattern.  

-

-The argument ATOMLIST has a similar format concerning the positions of 

-$n$ = 1 to 8.  A hetero-atom on the 4a-position is 

-designated to be 4a==N or 9==N; 

-and a hetero-atom on the 8a-position is given as to be 

-8a==N or \{\{10\}\}==N.

-

-The argument SUBSLIST for this macro takes a general format, 

-in which the modifiers listed in Table \ref{tt:200a} are used. 

-Note that 9 and 10 should be used for designating 

-4a and 8a positions. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decaheterovb[]{7==O}{6D==O;9A==H;{{10}A}==CH=CH$_{2}$}

-\decaheterovb[]{5==O}{9==HO;{{10}}==OH}

-\decaheterovb[ch]{1==O}{9A==HOCH$_{2}$;{{10}A}==H;%

-4==CH$_{3}$;7==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-\decaheterovb[]{7==O}{6D==O;9A==H;{{10}A}==CH=CH$_{2}$}

-\decaheterovb[]{5==O}{9==HO;{{10}}==OH}

-\decaheterovb[ch]{1==O}{9A==HOCH$_{2}$;{{10}A}==H;%

-4==CH$_{3}$;7==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{center}

-

-Macros for drawing related fused heterocycles are also defined. 

-The formats of these commands are as follows: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \quinolinevb[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-   \isoquinolinevb[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-   \quinoxalinevb[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-   \quinazolinevb[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-   \cinnolinevb[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-   \pteridinevb[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-

-\subsection{Vertical-Top Forms}

-The macro \verb/\decaheterovt/ is generally used to draw 

-six-six-fused heterocycles of vertical-top type (\textsf{hetarom.sty}). 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \decaheterovt[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-% ****************************

-% * decaheterovt derivatives *

-% *  (vertical-top type)     *

-% ****************************

-% The following numbering is adopted in this macro. 

-%

-%                     2

-%                     *  

-%                1  *   * 3

-%                  |     |

-%                  |     | 

-%         0G (8a)   *   * 4

-%             8   *   * 0F(4a)

-%                |     | 

-%                |     |

-%              7  *   *  5

-%                   *

-%                   6

-%                   ^

-%                   |

-%                   the original point

-% \end{verbatim}

-

-Locant numbers for designating substitution positions 

-as well as characters for setting double bonds 

-are shown in the following diagram: 

-{

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(1000,1200)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\decaheterovt[]{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;%

-6==6;7==7;8==8;9==9;{{10}}==10}{%

-1Sb==1Sb(l);1Sa==1Sa(l);2Sb==2Sb(l);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(r);3Sa==3Sa(r);4Sb==4Sb(r);4Sa==4Sa(r);%

-5Sb==5Sb(r);5Sa==5Sa(r);6Sb==6Sb(l);6Sa==6Sa(r);%

-7Sb==7Sb(l);7Sa==7Sa(l);8Sb==8Sb(l);8Sa==8Sa(l);%

-9==9;{{10}}==10}}

-{\footnotesize

-\put(171,303){\bdloocant{b}{c}{d}{k}{j}{a}}

-\put(0,0){\bdloocant{}{e}{f}{g}{h}{i}}}

-%\put(171,0){\bdloocant{j}{a}{b}{c}{d}{k}}

-%\put(0,303){\bdloocant{h}{i}{}{e}{f}{g}}}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (400,\the\shifti) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-}

-The handedness for each oriented or double-sided position 

-is shown with a character set in parentheses. 

-The optional argument BONDLIST is used to specify a bond pattern.  

-

-The argument ATOMLIST has a similar format concerning the positions of 

-$n$ = 1 to 8.  A hetero-atom on the 4a-position is 

-designated to be 4a==N or 9==N; 

-and a hetero-atom on the 8a-position is given as to be 

-8a==N or \{\{10\}\}==N.

-

-The argument SUBSLIST for this macro takes a general format, 

-in which the modifiers listed in Table \ref{tt:200a} are used. 

-Note that 9 and 10 should be used for designating 

-4a and 8a positions. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decaheterovt[]{7==O}{6D==O;9A==H;{{10}A}==CH$_{2}$=CH}

-\decaheterovt[]{5==O}{9==OH;{{10}}==HO}

-\decaheterovt[ch]{1==O}{9A==CH$_{2}$OH;{{10}A}==H;%

-4==CH$_{3}$;7==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\decaheterovt[]{7==O}{6D==O;9A==H;{{10}A}==CH$_{2}$=CH}

-\decaheterovt[]{5==O}{9==OH;{{10}}==HO}

-\decaheterovt[ch]{1==O}{9A==CH$_{2}$OH;{{10}A}==H;%

-4==CH$_{3}$;7==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{center}

-

-Macros for drawing related fused heterocycles are also defined. 

-The formats of these commands are as follows: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \quinolinevt[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-   \isoquinolinevt[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-   \quinoxalinevt[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-   \quinazolinevt[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-   \cinnolinevt[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-   \pteridinevt[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-

-\section{Three-Membered Carbocycles}

-

-The macro \verb/\cyclopropanev/ (the same command 

-as \verb/\cyclopropane/) 

-for drawing three-membered carbocycles 

-has the following format (\textsf{lowcycle.sty}) 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \cyclopropanev[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-% ****************************

-% * cyclopropane derivatives *

-% *  (vertical type)         *

-% ****************************

-% The following numbering is adopted in this macro. 

-%

-%         b

-%     3--------2

-%    c `     / a

-%        `1/ <===== the original point

-%

-%

-%

-The locant numbering (1--3) 

-and the bond description (a--c) are common as 

-shown in the following diagram:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(1000,600)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\cyclopropanev[]{%

-1Sb==1Sb(l);1Sa==1Sa(r);2Sb==2Sb(r);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(l);3Sa==3Sa(l)}}

-\put(0,0){\circle{80}}

-\put(400,240){\circle{80}}

-\put(500,250){a}

-\put(300,250){c}

-\put(380,460){b}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (\the\shiftii,\the\shifti) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-For the arguments, BONDLIST and SUBSLIST, see \XyMTeX book. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \cyclopropanev{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \cyclopropanev{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \cyclopropanev{3Sa==H$_{3}$C;3Sb==H$_{3}$C}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-   \cyclopropanev{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \cyclopropanev{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \cyclopropanev{3Sa==H$_{3}$C;3Sb==H$_{3}$C}

-\end{center}

-

-The macro \verb/\cyclopropanevi/ 

-(the same command as \verb/\cyclopropanei/) 

-for drawing three-membered carbocycles of inverse type 

-has the following format (\textsf{lowcycle.sty}) 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \cyclopropanevi[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-% ****************************

-% * cyclopropane derivatives *

-% *  (inverse vertical type) *

-% ****************************

-% The following numbering is adopted in this macro. 

-%

-%        /1` <===== the original point

-%    c /    ` a

-%     3--------2

-%         b

-%

-%   \cyclopropanei[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-%   \cyclopropanevi[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-

-The following diagram shows 

-The locant numbering (1--3) 

-and the bond description (a--c): 

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(1000,600)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\cyclopropanevi[]{%

-1Sb==1Sb(l);1Sa==1Sa(r);2Sb==2Sb(r);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(l);3Sa==3Sa(l)}}

-\put(0,0){\circle{80}}

-\put(400,340){\circle{80}}

-\put(500,250){a}

-\put(250,250){c}

-\put(380,50){b}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (\the\shiftii,340) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-For the arguments, BONDLIST and SUBSLIST, see the counterparts 

-of \verb/\cyclopropane/ described in \XyMTeX book. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \cyclopropanevi{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \cyclopropanevi{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \cyclopropanevi{3Sa==H$_{3}$C;3Sb==H$_{3}$C}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-   \cyclopropanevi{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \cyclopropanevi{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \cyclopropanevi{3Sa==H$_{3}$C;3Sb==H$_{3}$C}

-\end{center}

-

-The macro \verb/\cyclopropaneh/ 

-for drawing three-membered carbocycles of horizontal type 

-has the following format (\textsf{lowcycle.sty}) 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \cyclopropaneh[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-% ****************************

-% * cyclopropane derivatives *

-% *  (horizontal type)       *

-% ****************************

-%

-%   aaa fff

-%    3

-%    | ` c

-%  b |    1 bbb ccc

-%    |  / a

-%    2/

-%    ddd eee

-%

-

-The locant numbering (1--3) 

-and the bond description (a--c) are common as 

-shown in the following diagram:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(600,1000)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\cyclopropaneh[]{%

-1Sb==1Sb(r);1Sa==1Sa(r);2Sb==2Sb(l);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(l);3Sa==3Sa(r)}}

-\put(0,0){\circle{80}}

-\put(200,240){\circle{80}}

-\put(300,150){a}

-\put(100,320){b}

-\put(300,450){c}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,240) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-For the arguments, BONDLIST and SUBSLIST, see \XyMTeX book. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \cyclopropaneh{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==CH$_{3}$OCO}\qquad

-   \cyclopropaneh{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==HOCO}\qquad\qquad

-   \cyclopropaneh{3Sa==CH$_{3}$;3Sb==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-   \cyclopropaneh{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==CH$_{3}$OCO}\qquad

-   \cyclopropaneh{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==HOCO}\qquad\qquad

-   \cyclopropaneh{3Sa==CH$_{3}$;3Sb==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{center}

-

-The macro \verb/\cyclopropanehi/ 

-for drawing three-membered carbocycles of inverse horizontal type 

-has the following format (\textsf{lowcycle.sty}) 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \cyclopropanehi[BONDLIST]{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-% ****************************

-% * cyclopropane derivatives *

-% * (inverse horizontal type)*

-% ****************************

-%

-%          aaa bbb

-%     c    3

-%       /  |

-% eee  1   | b

-% fff   a` |

-%          2 <---original point

-%          ccc ddd

-

-The locant numbering (1--3) 

-and the bond description (a--c) are common as 

-shown in the following diagram:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(600,1000)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\cyclopropanehi[]{%

-1Sb==1Sb(l);1Sa==1Sa(l);2Sb==2Sb(r);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(r);3Sa==3Sa(r)}}

-\put(0,0){\circle{80}}

-\put(400,240){\circle{80}}

-\put(300,150){a}

-\put(450,320){b}

-\put(300,450){c}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (400,240) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-For the arguments, BONDLIST and SUBSLIST, see \XyMTeX book. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \cyclopropanehi{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \cyclopropanehi{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \cyclopropanehi{3Sa==CH$_{3}$;3Sb==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-   \cyclopropanehi{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \cyclopropanehi{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \cyclopropanehi{3Sa==CH$_{3}$;3Sb==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Three-Membered Heterocycles}

-

-The macro \verb/\threeheterov/ 

-(the same command as \verb/\threehetero/) 

-for drawing three-membered heterocycles 

-has the following format (\textsf{hetarom.sty}) 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \threeheterov[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-% ****************************

-% * threeheterov derivatives *

-% *  (vertical type)         *

-% ****************************

-% The following numbering is adopted in this macro. 

-%

-%         b

-%     3--------2

-%    c `     / a

-%        `1/ <===== the original point

-%

-%

-%

-The locant numbering (1--3) 

-and the bond description (a--c) are common as 

-shown in the following diagram:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(1000,600)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\threeheterov[]{1==1;2==2;3==3}{%

-1Sb==1Sb(l);1Sa==1Sa(r);2Sb==2Sb(r);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(l);3Sa==3Sa(l)}}

-\put(0,0){\circle{80}}

-\put(400,240){\circle{80}}

-\put(500,250){a}

-\put(300,250){c}

-\put(380,460){b}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (\the\shiftii,\the\shifti) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-For the arguments, BONDLIST and SUBSLIST, see \XyMTeX book. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \threeheterov{1==O}{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \threeheterov{1==O}{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \threeheterov{2==O}{3Sa==H$_{3}$C;3Sb==H$_{3}$C}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-   \threeheterov{1==O}{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \threeheterov{1==O}{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \threeheterov{2==O}{3Sa==H$_{3}$C;3Sb==H$_{3}$C}

-\end{center}

-

-The macro \verb/\threeheterovi/ 

-(the same command as \verb/\threeheteroi/) 

-for drawing three-membered heterocycles of inverse type 

-has the following format (\textsf{hetarom.sty}) 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \threeheterovi[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-% ****************************

-% * threehetero derivatives *

-% *  (inverse vertical type) *

-% ****************************

-% The following numbering is adopted in this macro. 

-%

-%        /1` <===== the original point

-%    c /    ` a

-%     3--------2

-%         b

-%

-%   \threeheteroi[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-%   \threeheterovi[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-

-The following diagram shows 

-The locant numbering (1--3) 

-and the bond description (a--c): 

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(1000,600)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\threeheterovi[]{1==1;2==2;3==3}{%

-1Sb==1Sb(l);1Sa==1Sa(r);2Sb==2Sb(r);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(l);3Sa==3Sa(l)}}

-\put(0,0){\circle{80}}

-\put(400,340){\circle{80}}

-\put(500,250){a}

-\put(250,250){c}

-\put(380,50){b}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (\the\shiftii,340) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-For the arguments, BONDLIST and SUBSLIST, see the counterparts 

-of \verb/\threehetero/ described in \XyMTeX book. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \threeheterovi{1==O}{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \threeheterovi{1==O}{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \threeheterovi{1==O}{3Sa==H$_{3}$C;3Sb==H$_{3}$C}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-   \threeheterovi{1==O}{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \threeheterovi{1==O}{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \threeheterovi{1==O}{3Sa==H$_{3}$C;3Sb==H$_{3}$C}

-\end{center}

-

-The macro \verb/\threeheteroh/ 

-for drawing three-membered heterocycles of horizontal type 

-has the following format (\textsf{hetaromh.sty}) 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \threeheteroh[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-% ****************************

-% * threehetero derivatives *

-% *  (horizontal type)       *

-% ****************************

-%

-%   aaa fff

-%    3

-%    | ` c

-%  b |    1 bbb ccc

-%    |  / a

-%    2/

-%    ddd eee

-%

-

-The locant numbering (1--3) 

-and the bond description (a--c) are common as 

-shown in the following diagram:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(600,1000)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\threeheteroh[]{1==1;2==2;3==3}{%

-1Sb==1Sb(r);1Sa==1Sa(r);2Sb==2Sb(l);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(l);3Sa==3Sa(r)}}

-\put(0,0){\circle{80}}

-\put(200,240){\circle{80}}

-\put(300,150){a}

-\put(100,320){b}

-\put(300,450){c}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,240) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-For the arguments, BONDLIST and SUBSLIST, see \XyMTeX book. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \threeheteroh{1==O}{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==CH$_{3}$OCO}\qquad

-   \threeheteroh{1==O}{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==HOCO}\qquad\qquad

-   \threeheteroh{1==O}{3Sa==CH$_{3}$;3Sb==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-   \threeheteroh{1==O}{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==CH$_{3}$OCO}\qquad

-   \threeheteroh{1==O}{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==HOCO}\qquad\qquad

-   \threeheteroh{1==O}{3Sa==CH$_{3}$;3Sb==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{center}

-

-The macro \verb/\threeheterohi/ 

-for drawing three-membered heterocycles of inverse horizontal type 

-has the following format (\textsf{hetatomh.sty}) 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \threeheterohi[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-% ****************************

-% * threehetero derivatives *

-% * (inverse horizontal type)*

-% ****************************

-%

-%          aaa bbb

-%     c    3

-%       /  |

-% eee  1   | b

-% fff   a` |

-%          2 <---original point

-%          ccc ddd

-

-The locant numbering (1--3) 

-and the bond description (a--c) are common as 

-shown in the following diagram:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(600,1000)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\threeheterohi[]{1==1;2==2;3==3}{%

-1Sb==1Sb(l);1Sa==1Sa(l);2Sb==2Sb(r);2Sa==2Sa(r);%

-3Sb==3Sb(r);3Sa==3Sa(r)}}

-\put(0,0){\circle{80}}

-\put(400,240){\circle{80}}

-\put(300,150){a}

-\put(450,320){b}

-\put(300,450){c}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (400,240) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-For the arguments, BONDLIST and SUBSLIST, see \XyMTeX book. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \threeheterohi{1==O}{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \threeheterohi{1==O}{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \threeheterohi{1==O}{3Sa==CH$_{3}$;3Sb==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-   \threeheterohi{1==O}{2Sa==COOCH$_{3}$;2Sb==COOCH$_{3}$}\qquad

-   \threeheterohi{1==O}{2Sa==COOH;2Sb==COOH}\qquad\qquad

-   \threeheterohi{1==O}{3Sa==CH$_{3}$;3Sb==CH$_{3}$}

-\end{center}

-

-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-\section{Aliphatic Moieties}

-\subsection{Trigonal Units}

-

-In addition to the macros \verb/\rtrigonal/ and \verb/\ltrigonal/ 

-(see \XyMTeX book), macros for broader bond angles, 

-\verb/\Rtrigonal/ and \verb/\Ltrigonal/, are 

-added to the \textsf{aliphat} package (\textsf{aliphat.sty}). 

-The formats of these commands are as follows: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \Rtrigonal[AUXLIST]{SUBSLIST}          

-   \Ltrigonal[AUXLIST]{SUBSLIST}          

-\end{verbatim}

-% *************************

-% * trigonal unit (right) *

-% *************************

-%

-%                      3

-%                    /

-%                  /

-%         1  --- 0  120      0 <== the original point

-%                 `

-%                   `

-%                     2

-% ************************

-% * trigonal unit (left) *

-% ************************

-%

-%         2

-%           ` 

-%             `

-%         120   0 --- 1       0 <== the original point

-%             /

-%           /

-%         3

-

-The bond angles of 2--0--3 are 120$^{\circ}$ in the trigonal units 

-printed with these commands. The arguments AUXLIST and SUBSLIST are 

-the same as those of \verb/\tetrahedral/. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-\Rtrigonal{0==C;1D==O;2==Cl;3==F}\qquad

-\Ltrigonal{0==C;1D==O;2==Cl;3==F}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-\Rtrigonal{0==C;1D==O;2==Cl;3==F}\qquad

-\Ltrigonal{0==C;1D==O;2==Cl;3==F}

-\end{center}

-

-\subsection{Ethylenes}

-

-The macro \verb/\Ethyleneh/ or \verb/\Ethylene/ is 

-a braoder-angled counterpart of 

-the macro \verb/\ethyleneh/ or \verb/\ethylene/ (see \XyMTeX book), 

-which is used to draw ethylene derivatives with angles 120$^{\circ}$ 

-(\textsf{aliphat.sty}). 

-The format of this command is as follows: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-   \Ethyleneh[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}          

-   \Ethylene[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}          

-\end{verbatim}

-% *****************

-% * ethylene unit *

-% *****************

-%

-% The following numbering is adopted in this macro. 

-%

-%         1                4

-%           `            /

-%             `        /

-%         120  (1)===(2) 120     (1) <== the original point

-%             /        `

-%           /            `

-%         2                3

-%

-%

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(800,880)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\Ethyleneh{1==1;2==2}{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;0==0}}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (300,300) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-The argument BONSLIST is used for giving the C--C bond. 

-The argument ATOMLIST is used for giving central atoms. 

-The argument SUBSLIST is 

-the same as that of \verb/\tetrahedral/. 

-

-\medskip

-\noindent

-Example:

-\begin{verbatim}

-\Ethyleneh{1==C;2==C}{1==F;2==Cl;3==H;4==Br}\qquad

-\Ethyleneh{1==C;2==C}{1==CH$_{3}$;2==H;3==CH$_{2}$OH;4==H}\par

-\Ethyleneh{1==C;2==N}{1==Ph;2==Ph;3==OH}\qquad

-\Ethyleneh[t{2+}]{1==C;2==N}{1==CH$_{3}$;2==CH$_{3}$;3==H}

-\end{verbatim}

-produce the following structures: 

-\begin{center}

-\Ethyleneh{1==C;2==C}{1==F;2==Cl;3==H;4==Br}\qquad

-\Ethyleneh{1==C;2==C}{1==CH$_{3}$;2==H;3==CH$_{2}$OH;4==H}\par

-\Ethyleneh{1==C;2==N}{1==Ph;2==Ph;3==OH}\qquad

-\Ethyleneh[t{2+}]{1==C;2==N}{1==CH$_{3}$;2==CH$_{3}$;3==H}

-\end{center}

-

-A butadiene derivative, 

-\begin{center}

-\Ethyleneh{1==C;2==C}{1==F;2==Cl;4==Br;%

-3==\Ethyleneh{1==C;2==C}{1==(yl);2==H;3==H;4==H}}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-can be drawn by the code, 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\Ethyleneh{1==C;2==C}{1==F;2==Cl;4==Br;%

-3==\Ethyleneh{1==C;2==C}{1==(yl);2==H;3==H;4==H}}

-\end{verbatim}

-

-

-\chapter{Zigzag Polymethylene Skeletons}

-

-\section{Dimethylenes}

-

-The macro \verb/\dimethylene/ has two arguments ATOMLIST and SUBSLIST

-as well as an optional argument BONDLIST (\textsf{methylen.sty}): 

-%

-% \begin{verbatim}

-%

-%       bbb

-%        2

-%     a /      (or uppercase letters)

-%      /

-%     1

-%    aaa 

-% \end{verbatim}

-%

-\begin{verbatim}

-  \dimethylene[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-The BONDLIST argument contains one character a or A, 

-each of which indicates the presence of an inner (endo-chain) double 

-bond on the corresponding position.  A lowercase letter is used 

-to typeset a double bond at a lower-side of an outer skeletal bond, 

-while an uppercase letter typesets a double bond at a upper-side of 

-an outer skeletal bond 

-(Note that the option `A' represents an aromatic circle in 

- commands \verb/\sixheterov/ etc. ). 

-The ATOMLIST and SUBSLIST arguments follow 

-the conventions of the \XyMTeX{} system. 

-

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(500,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\dimethylene{1==1;2==2}{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb}}

-\put(100,250){a}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (50,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-Lowercase vs. uppercase letters (`a' vs. `A') in the BONDLIST of 

-the \verb/\dimethylene/ command designate the position of 

-an bond added to the bond `a', as shown in the code, 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\dimethylene[a]{}{1W==\bzdrv{3==(yl)};1==Cl;2W==H;2==F}

-\hskip2cm

-\bzdrv{3==\dimethylene[A]{}{1W==(yl);1==Cl;2W==H;2==F}}

-\end{verbatim}

-which typesets the following formulas: 

-\begin{center}

-\dimethylene[a]{}{1W==\bzdrv{3==(yl)};1==Cl;2W==H;2==F}

-\hskip2cm

-\bzdrv{3==\dimethylene[A]{}{1W==(yl);1==Cl;2W==H;2==F}}

-\end{center}

-

-In addition to the standard bond modifiers 

-listed in Table \ref{tt:200a}, 

-the terminal positions of the \verb/\dimethylene/ command 

-can take a bond modifier `W'.  

-For example, the code, 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\dimethylene{1==S;2==S}{1W==H;2W==H}

-\hskip4cm

-\dimethylene{1==S;2==S}{1W==\bzdrv{3==(yl)};2W==H}

-\hskip1cm

-\bzdrv{3==\dimethylene{1==S;2==S}{1W==(yl);2W==H}}

-\end{verbatim}

-generates the following formulas: 

-\begin{center}

-\dimethylene{1==S;2==S}{1W==H;2W==H}

-\hskip4cm

-\dimethylene{1==S;2==S}{1W==\bzdrv{3==(yl)};2W==H}

-\hskip1cm

-\bzdrv{3==\dimethylene{1==S;2==S}{1W==(yl);2W==H}}

-\end{center}

-where the ATOMLIST is used to set two sulfur atoms in 

-the dimethylene chain. 

-

-The macro \verb/\dimethylenei/ is the inverse counterpart of 

-\verb/\dimethylene/, where arguments ATOMLIST, SUBSLIST, and 

-BONDLIST take such common formats as found in the 

-definition of the latter (\textsf{methylen.sty}): 

-\begin{verbatim}

-  \dimethylenei[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(500,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\dimethylenei{1==1;2==2}{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb}}

-\put(150,280){a}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (50,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-Note that the coodinate of position no.~1 is (50, 283), 

-where 180 + 103 = 283. 

-The following example shows a specification of the SUBSLIST. 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\dimethylenei{}{1W==R$^{\prime}$;2W==R$^{\prime}$;1D==O;2==OH}

-\hskip3cm

-\dimethylenei{}{1W==R$^{\prime}$;%

-2Sa==R$^{\prime}$;2Sb==R$^{\prime\prime}$;1D==O;2W==OH}

-\end{verbatim}

-

-\begin{center}

-\dimethylenei{}{1W==R$^{\prime}$;2W==R$^{\prime}$;1D==O;2==OH}

-\hskip3cm

-\dimethylenei{}{1W==R$^{\prime}$;%

-2Sa==R$^{\prime}$;2Sb==R$^{\prime\prime}$;1D==O;2W==OH}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Trimethylenes}

-

-The macros \verb/\trimethylene/ and \verb/\trimethylenei/ 

-and have two arguments ATOMLIST and SUBSLIST 

-as well as an optional argument BONDLIST (\textsf{methylen.sty}).  

-%

-% \begin{verbatim}

-%

-%       bbb

-%        2

-%     a /  ` b  (or uppercase letters)

-%      /    `

-%     1      3

-%    aaa    ccc

-% \end{verbatim}

-%

-%

-\begin{verbatim}

- \trimethylene[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

- \trimethylenei[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\begin{picture}(600,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\trimethylene{1==1;2==2;3==3}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa}}

-\put(100,250){a}

-\put(300,250){b}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (50,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\hskip2cm

-\begin{picture}(600,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\trimethylenei{1==1;2==2;3==3}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa}}

-\put(150,250){a}

-\put(250,250){b}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (50,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\trimethylene[b]{}{1W==R$^{1}$;1==OH;2==R$^{2}$}

-\hskip2cm

-\trimethylene[a]{}{1W==R$^{1}$;2==R$^{2}$;3W==CHO}

-\hskip2cm

-\trimethylene[B]{}{2==\null;3W==COOEt;3==Br}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\trimethylene[b]{}{1W==R$^{1}$;1==OH;2==R$^{2}$}

-\hskip2cm

-\trimethylene[a]{}{1W==R$^{1}$;2==R$^{2}$;3W==CHO}

-\hskip2cm

-\trimethylene[B]{}{2==\null;3W==COOEt;3==Br}

-\end{center}

-

-\vskip1cm

-\begin{verbatim}

-\trimethylenei{}{1W==\bzdrv{2==(yl);1==COOH;5==HO;6==HO};%

-3W==CHO;3SA==H;3SB==Me}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\trimethylenei{}{1W==\bzdrv{2==(yl);1==COOH;5==HO;6==HO};%

-3W==CHO;3SA==H;3SB==Me}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Tetramethylenes}

-

-The macros \verb/\tetramethylene/ and \verb/\tetramethylenei/ 

-have two arguments ATOMLIST and SUBSLIST 

-as well as an optional argument BONDLIST (\textsf{methylen.sty}).  

-\begin{verbatim}

- \tetramethylene[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

- \tetramethylenei[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\begin{picture}(600,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\tetramethylene{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;4Sa==4Sa;%

-4Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{4Sb}}}

-\put(250,250){a}

-\put(450,250){b}

-\put(600,250){c}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\hskip3cm

-\begin{picture}(600,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\tetramethylenei{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;4Sa==4Sa;%

-4Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{4Sb}}}

-\put(280,250){a}

-\put(400,250){b}

-\put(650,250){c}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\tetramethylenei{}{1W==Cl;1D==O;2B==Br;4W==Cl}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\tetramethylenei{}{1W==Cl;1D==O;2B==Br;4W==Cl}

-

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\tetramethylene{}{1W==TBDMS-O;2D==\null;3B==OH;%

-4W==\cyclohexanev[e]{6==(yl);3B==\null}}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\tetramethylene{}{1W==TBDMS-O;2D==\null;3B==OH;%

-4W==\cyclohexanev[e]{6==(yl);3B==\null}}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\tetramethylene[b]{}{1W==\bzdrv{5==\null;3==(yl)};4W==OH}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\tetramethylene[b]{}{1W==\bzdrv{5==\null;3==(yl)};4W==OH}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Pentamethylenes}

-

-The macros \verb/\pentamethylene/ and \verb/\pentamethylenei/ 

-have two arguments ATOMLIST and SUBSLIST 

-as well as an optional argument BONDLIST (\textsf{methylen.sty}).  

-\begin{verbatim}

- \pentamethylene[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

- \pentamethylenei[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\begin{picture}(600,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\pentamethylene{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{5Sb}%

-}}

-\put(250,250){a}

-\put(450,250){b}

-\put(600,250){c}

-\put(800,250){d}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\hskip2cm

-\begin{picture}(600,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\pentamethylenei{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{5Sb}%

-}}

-\put(280,250){a}

-\put(400,250){b}

-\put(650,250){c}

-\put(750,250){d}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples:\nobreak

-\begin{verbatim}

-\pentamethylene{}{1W==AcO;2B==\null;4B==\null;5W==OH}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\pentamethylene{}{1W==AcO;2B==\null;4B==\null;5W==OH}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\pentamethylenei{}{1W==\fiveheterovi{2==N;5==O}{1D==O;2==(yl);3B==Bn};%

-1D==O;2A==OMe;3A==OH;5W==OTBDMS}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\pentamethylenei{}{1W==\fiveheterovi{2==N;5==O}{1D==O;2==(yl);3B==Bn};%

-1D==O;2A==OMe;3A==OH;5W==OTBDMS}

-

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\pentamethylenei{1==S}{1W==\bzdrv{2==(yl);5==O$_{2}$N};%

-1D==O;3==Cl;5==COO$^{-}$;5W==NH$_{3}^{+}$}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\pentamethylenei{1==S}{1W==\bzdrv{2==(yl);5==O$_{2}$N};%

-1D==O;3==Cl;5==COO$^{-}$;5W==NH$_{3}^{+}$}

-

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Hexamethylenes}

-

-The macros \verb/\hexamethylene/ and \verb/\hexamethylenei/ 

-have two arguments ATOMLIST and SUBSLIST 

-as well as an optional argument BONDLIST (\textsf{methylen.sty}).  

-\begin{verbatim}

- \hexamethylene[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

- \hexamethylenei[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\begin{picture}(800,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\hexamethylene{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;6==6}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{5Sb};%

-6Sa==6Sa;6Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{6Sb}%

-}}

-\put(250,250){a}

-\put(450,250){b}

-\put(600,250){c}

-\put(800,250){d}

-\put(950,250){e}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\hskip1cm

-\begin{picture}(850,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\hexamethylenei{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;6==6}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{5Sb};%

-6Sa==6Sa;6Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{6Sb}%

-}}

-\put(280,250){a}

-\put(400,250){b}

-\put(650,250){c}

-\put(750,250){d}

-\put(1000,250){e}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples:\nobreak

-\begin{verbatim}

-\hexamethylene{}{2==\null;4D==O;6D==O;6W==OEt}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\hexamethylene{}{2==\null;4D==O;6D==O;6W==OEt}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\hexamethylene[a]{}{4B==OH;5B==NHBoc;6W==OTBDPS}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\hexamethylene[a]{}{4B==OH;5B==NHBoc;6W==OTBDPS}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\hexamethylene{}{1W==PhSO$_{2}$;1B==OMe;2A==OH;5D==\null;6W==SiMe$_{3}$}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\hexamethylene{}{1W==PhSO$_{2}$;1B==OMe;2A==OH;5D==\null;6W==SiMe$_{3}$}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\hexamethylenei[a]{}{1W==Ph;3B==\null;4A==OTBS;6D==O;6W==H}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\hexamethylenei[a]{}{1W==Ph;3B==\null;4A==OTBS;6D==O;6W==H}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Heptamethylenes}

-

-The macros \verb/\heptamethylene/ and \verb/\heptamethylenei/ 

-have two arguments ATOMLIST and SUBSLIST 

-as well as an optional argument BONDLIST (\textsf{methylen.sty}).  

-\begin{verbatim}

- \heptamethylene[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

- \heptamethylenei[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\begin{picture}(1000,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\heptamethylene{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;6==6;7==7}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{5Sb};%

-6Sa==6Sa;6Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{6Sb};%

-7Sa==7Sa;7Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{7Sb}%

-}}

-\put(250,250){a}

-\put(450,250){b}

-\put(600,250){c}

-\put(800,250){d}

-\put(950,250){e}

-\put(1150,250){f}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\hskip1cm

-\begin{picture}(1050,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\heptamethylenei{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;6==6;7==7}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{5Sb};%

-6Sa==6Sa;6Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{6Sb};%

-7Sa==7Sa;7Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{7Sb}%

-}}

-\put(280,250){a}

-\put(400,250){b}

-\put(650,250){c}

-\put(750,250){d}

-\put(1000,250){e}

-\put(1100,250){f}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples:\nobreak

-\begin{verbatim}

-\heptamethylene[a]{}{1W==\cyclopentanevi[b]{3==(yl);5Sa==\null;5Sb==\null};%

-5D==O;6D==N$_{2}$}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\heptamethylene[a]{}{1W==\cyclopentanevi[b]{3==(yl);5Sa==\null;5Sb==\null};%

-5D==O;6D==N$_{2}$}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\heptamethylenei{}{1W==\bzdrv{1==COOH;2==(yl);5==HO;6==HO};%

-3B==Me;4B==OH;5A==Me;6D==O;7A==Et;%

-7W==\fiveheterov{1==O}{5==(yl);5SB==H;4GB==Me;2GA==Et;%

-2Su==\sixheterovi{1==O}{6==(yl);6FA==H;3SB==OH;3SA==Et;2A==Me}}}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\heptamethylenei{}{1W==\bzdrv{1==COOH;2==(yl);5==HO;6==HO};%

-3B==Me;4B==OH;5A==Me;6D==O;7A==Et;%

-7W==\fiveheterov{1==O}{5==(yl);5SB==H;4GB==Me;2GA==Et;%

-2Su==\sixheterovi{1==O}{6==(yl);6FA==H;3SB==OH;3SA==Et;2A==Me}}}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\section{Octamethylenes}

-

-The macros \verb/\octamethylene/ and \verb/\octamethylenei/ 

-have two arguments ATOMLIST and SUBSLIST 

-as well as an optional argument BONDLIST (\textsf{methylen.sty}).  

-\begin{verbatim}

- \octamethylene[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

- \octamethylenei[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\begin{picture}(1300,700)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\octamethylene{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;6==6;7==7;8==8}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{5Sb};%

-6Sa==6Sa;6Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{6Sb};%

-7Sa==7Sa;7Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{7Sb};%

-8Sa==8Sa;8Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{8Sb}%

-}}

-\put(250,250){a}

-\put(450,250){b}

-\put(600,250){c}

-\put(800,250){d}

-\put(950,250){e}

-\put(1150,250){f}

-\put(1250,250){g}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\par

-\begin{picture}(1300,700)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\octamethylenei{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;6==6;7==7;8==8}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{5Sb};%

-6Sa==6Sa;6Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{6Sb};%

-7Sa==7Sa;7Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{7Sb};%

-8Sa==8Sa;8Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{8Sb}%

-}}

-\put(280,250){a}

-\put(400,250){b}

-\put(650,250){c}

-\put(750,250){d}

-\put(1000,250){e}

-\put(1100,250){f}

-\put(1300,250){g}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples:\nobreak

-\begin{verbatim}

-\octamethylene[eg]{}{1W==HOHN;1D==O;4B==OBn}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\octamethylene[eg]{}{1W==HOHN;1D==O;4B==OBn}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\octamethylenei[af]{}{1W==Ph;3B==\null;4A==OH;8D==O;%

-8W==\ryl(4==NH){%

-5==\tetramethylene{3==O}{1==(yl);2D==O;4W==CCl$_{3}$;%

-1SA==\ryl{8==\bzdrv{1==(yl);3==Cl;4==OMe}}}}}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\octamethylenei[af]{}{1W==Ph;3B==\null;4A==OH;8D==O;%

-8W==\ryl(4==NH){%

-5==\tetramethylene{3==O}{1==(yl);2D==O;4W==CCl$_{3}$;%

-1SA==\ryl{8==\bzdrv{1==(yl);3==Cl;4==OMe}}}}}

-

-\vspace*{2cm}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\section{Nonamethylenes}

-

-The macros \verb/\nonamethylene/ and \verb/\nonamethylenei/ 

-have two arguments ATOMLIST and SUBSLIST 

-as well as an optional argument BONDLIST (\textsf{methylen.sty}).  

-\begin{verbatim}

- \nonamethylene[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

- \nonamethylenei[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\begin{picture}(1500,700)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\nonamethylene{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;6==6;7==7;8==8;9==9}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{5Sb};%

-6Sa==6Sa;6Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{6Sb};%

-7Sa==7Sa;7Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{7Sb};%

-8Sa==8Sa;8Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{8Sb};%

-9Sa==9Sa;9Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{9Sb}%

-}}

-\put(250,250){a}

-\put(450,250){b}

-\put(600,250){c}

-\put(800,250){d}

-\put(950,250){e}

-\put(1150,250){f}

-\put(1250,250){g}

-\put(1450,250){h}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\par

-\begin{picture}(1500,700)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\nonamethylenei{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;6==6;7==7;8==8;9==9}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{5Sb};%

-6Sa==6Sa;6Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{6Sb};%

-7Sa==7Sa;7Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{7Sb};%

-8Sa==8Sa;8Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{8Sb};%

-9Sa==9Sa;9Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{9Sb}%

-}}

-\put(280,250){a}

-\put(400,250){b}

-\put(650,250){c}

-\put(750,250){d}

-\put(1000,250){e}

-\put(1100,250){f}

-\put(1300,250){g}

-\put(1450,250){h}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples:\nobreak

-\begin{verbatim}

-\nonamethylene[a]{}{6D==O;9W==COOEt;9==COOEt}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\nonamethylene[a]{}{6D==O;9W==COOEt;9==COOEt}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\nonamethylenei[a]{}{1W==Ph;4SB==\null;4SA==H;8==\null}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\nonamethylenei[a]{}{1W==Ph;4SB==\null;4SA==H;8==\null}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\section{Decamethylenes}

-

-The macros \verb/\decamethylene/ and \verb/\decamethylenei/ 

-have two arguments ATOMLIST and SUBSLIST 

-as well as an optional argument BONDLIST (\textsf{methylen.sty}).  

-\begin{verbatim}

- \decamethylene[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

- \decamethylenei[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\begin{picture}(1700,700)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\decamethylene{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;6==6;7==7;%

-8==8;9==9;{{10}}==10}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{5Sb};%

-6Sa==6Sa;6Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{6Sb};%

-7Sa==7Sa;7Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{7Sb};%

-8Sa==8Sa;8Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{8Sb};%

-9Sa==9Sa;9Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{9Sb};%

-{10}Sa==10Sa;{10}Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{10Sb}%

-}}

-\put(250,250){a}

-\put(450,250){b}

-\put(600,250){c}

-\put(800,250){d}

-\put(950,250){e}

-\put(1150,250){f}

-\put(1250,250){g}

-\put(1450,250){h}

-\put(1650,250){i}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\par

-\begin{picture}(1700,700)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\decamethylenei{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4;5==5;6==6;7==7;%

-8==8;9==9;{{10}}==10}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;%

-4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{4Sb};%

-5Sa==5Sa;5Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{5Sb};%

-6Sa==6Sa;6Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{6Sb};%

-7Sa==7Sa;7Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{7Sb};%

-8Sa==8Sa;8Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{8Sb};%

-9Sa==9Sa;9Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{9Sb};%

-{10}Sa==10Sa;{10}Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{10Sb}%

-}}

-\put(280,250){a}

-\put(400,250){b}

-\put(650,250){c}

-\put(750,250){d}

-\put(1000,250){e}

-\put(1100,250){f}

-\put(1300,250){g}

-\put(1450,250){h}

-\put(1650,250){i}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples:\nobreak

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decamethylene[acf]{}{9==OH}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\decamethylene[acf]{}{9==OH}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decamethylenei[b]{}{1==\lmoiety{TBMSO};3==\null;4A==MeO;6A==OTBDMS;%

-9B==\null;{10}D==O;%

-{10}W==\ryl(4==O){5==\dimethylene{}{1==(yl);2D==O;2W==OMe}}}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\decamethylenei[b]{}{1==\lmoiety{TBMSO};3==\null;4A==MeO;6A==OTBDMS;%

-9B==\null;{10}D==O;%

-{10}W==\ryl(4==O){5==\dimethylene{}{1==(yl);2D==O;2W==OMe}}}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decamethylenei[b]{}{1==\lmoiety{TBMSO};3==\null;4A==MeO;6A==OTBDMS;%

-9B==\null;{10}D==O;%

-{10}W==\trimethylenei{1==O}{1==(yl);3D==O;3W==OMe}}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\decamethylenei[b]{}{1==\lmoiety{TBMSO};3==\null;4A==MeO;6A==OTBDMS;%

-9B==\null;{10}D==O;%

-{10}W==\trimethylenei{1==O}{1==(yl);3D==O;3W==OMe}}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Longer Polymethylene Chains}

-

-A polymethylene chain longer than ten carbons 

-should be written by combining two or more units 

-selected from the above-mentioned di- to deca-methylenes.

-

-To do this task, we regard one unit 

-as a substituent of another unit.  In this method, 

-the code for the former unit is written in the 

-SUBSLIST of the code for the latter. For example, the code, 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decamethylene{}{9D==\null;%

-{10}W==\pentamethylene{}{1==(yl);3==\null;4==OBz}}

-\end{verbatim}

-generates the following formula: 

-\begin{center}

-\decamethylene{}{9D==\null;%

-{10}W==\pentamethylene{}{1==(yl);3==\null;4==OBz}}

-\end{center}

-Alternatively, we regard one unit as a 

-replacement part of another unit, where 

-the code for the former unit is written in the 

-BONDLIST of the code for the latter (see spiro compounds).  

-The same formula with slightly different appearance 

-can be typeset by the code, 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decamethylene{{10}s==\hexamethylenei{}{1==(yl);4==\null;5==OBz}%

-}{9D==\null}

-\end{verbatim}

-which gives

-\begin{center}

-\decamethylene{{10}s==\hexamethylenei{}{1==(yl);4==\null;5==OBz}%

-}{9D==\null}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Cisoid Tetramethylenes}

-

-The macros \verb/\tetramethylenecup/ and \verb/\tetramethylenecap/ 

-have two arguments ATOMLIST and SUBSLIST 

-as well as an optional argument BONDLIST (\textsf{methylen.sty}).  

-\begin{verbatim}

- \tetramethylenecup[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

- \tetramethylenecap[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-The following diagram shows the numbering 

-for designating substitution positions:

-\begin{xymspec}

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\begin{picture}(600,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\tetramethylenecup{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\lower10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==4Sb}}

-\put(300,250){a}

-\put(450,200){b}

-\put(600,250){c}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-\hskip3cm

-\begin{picture}(600,500)(0,0)

-\put(0,0){\tetramethylenecap{1==1;2==2;3==3;4==4}%

-{1Sa==1Sa;1Sb==1Sb;2Sa==2Sa;2Sb==2Sb;%

-3Sb==\raise10pt\hbox{3Sb};3Sa==3Sa;4Sa==4Sa;4Sb==4Sb}}

-\put(200,250){a}

-\put(500,150){b}

-\put(650,250){c}

-\end{picture}

-\qquad\qquad\fbox{\parbox{2cm}{$\circ$: (200,180) \\

-                   $\bullet$: (\the\noshift,\the\noshift)}}

-

-\vspace*{.5cm}

-\end{xymspec}

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples:\nobreak

-\begin{verbatim}

-\tetramethylenecap[b]{1s==\dimethylenei{}{1W==HO;2==(yl)};%

-4s==\trimethylene{}{3W==CN;1==(yl)}}{}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\tetramethylenecap[b]{1s==\dimethylenei{}{1W==HO;2==(yl)};%

-4s==\trimethylene{}{3W==CN;1==(yl)}}{}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\cyclopentanevi{1D==O;4A==HO;%

-2A==\tetramethylenecup[b]{%

-4s==\trimethylenei{}{1==(yl);3W==COOMe}}{1==(yl)};%

-3B==\trimethylene[a]{}{1==(yl);3A==OH;3W==C$_{5}$H$_{11}$}}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\cyclopentanevi{1D==O;4A==HO;%

-2A==\tetramethylenecup[b]{%

-4s==\trimethylenei{}{1==(yl);3W==COOMe}}{1==(yl)};%

-3B==\trimethylene[a]{}{1==(yl);3A==OH;3W==C$_{5}$H$_{11}$}}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Ring Fusion to Polymethylenes}

-

-The BONDLIST of each ``methylene'' command can accept bond fusion. 

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples:\nobreak

-\begin{verbatim}

-\nonamethylene[{h\threefusehi({cA}){3==O}{}{a}}]{}{1W==Me;1A==OH}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\nonamethylene[{h\threefusehi({cA}){3==O}{}{a}}]{}{1W==Me;1A==OH}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\tetramethylenecup[{b\threefusev({aB}{cB}){1==O}{}{B}}]%

-{}{1D==O;1W==H$_{2}$N;4D==O;4W==nC$_{8}$H$_{17}$}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\tetramethylenecup[{b\threefusev({aB}{cB}){1==O}{}{B}}]%

-{}{1D==O;1W==H$_{2}$N;4D==O;4W==nC$_{8}$H$_{17}$}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\pentamethylenei[{c\threefusehi({bA}{cA}){3==O}{}{a}}]{}{1W==Ph;5W==OH}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\pentamethylenei[{c\threefusehi({bA}{cA}){3==O}{}{a}}]{}{1W==Ph;5W==OH}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\section{Ring Replacement to Polymethylenes}

-

-

-The ATOMLIST of each ``methylene'' command can accept atom or 

-ring replacement. 

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples:\nobreak

-\begin{verbatim}

-\trimethylenei{3s==\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O}{1==(yl)}}{1W==PhSO$_{2}$;3W==R}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\trimethylenei{3s==\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O}{1==(yl)}}{1W==PhSO$_{2}$;3W==R}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\tetramethylenecup[b]{%

-1s==\nonamethylenei{3s==\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O}{1==(yl)}}{9==(yl)};%

-4s==\ryl{5A==\sixheterovi{1==N}{1==Bn;%

-2B==\ryl{8==OBn};3A==OBn;6==(yl)}}}{}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\tetramethylenecup[b]{%

-1s==\nonamethylenei{3s==\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O}{1==(yl)}}{9==(yl)};%

-4s==\ryl{5A==\sixheterovi{1==N}{1==Bn;%

-2B==\ryl{8==OBn};3A==OBn;6==(yl)}}}{}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\tetramethylene{%

-2s==\sixheterovi{2==O;6==O}{4Sa==\null;4Sb==\null;1==(yl)};%

-4s==\ryl{5B==\cyclohexanev[d]{6==(yl);1A==\null;%

-5==\Utrigonal{0==C;1D==O;2==(yl);3==H}}}}{}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\tetramethylene{%

-2s==\sixheterovi{2==O;6==O}{4Sa==\null;4Sb==\null;1==(yl)};%

-4s==\ryl{5B==\cyclohexanev[d]{6==(yl);1A==\null;%

-5==\Utrigonal{0==C;1D==O;2==(yl);3==H}}}}{}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Branched Chains}

-

-Branched chains can be drawn by using a ``methylene'' command 

-with the ``yl''-function. 

-

-\vskip1cm

-\noindent

-Examples:\nobreak

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decamethylene[bf]{}{%

-2==\dimethylene{}{1==(yl)};6==\dimethylene{}{1==(yl)};%

-{10}W==OH;{{10}}==\null}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\decamethylene[bf]{}{%

-2==\dimethylene{}{1==(yl)};6==\dimethylene{}{1==(yl)};%

-{10}W==OH;{{10}}==\null}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\tetramethylene{}{1W==BuO;1D==O;4W==OTBDPS;%

-2==\dimethylene{}{1==(yl);2D==O;2W==H}}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\tetramethylene{}{1W==BuO;1D==O;4W==OTBDPS;%

-2==\dimethylene{}{1==(yl);2D==O;2W==H}}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\octamethylene[bd]{}{1W==MEMO;%

-6==\tetramethylenei[a]{}{4==(yl);1W==EtOCO}}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\octamethylene[bd]{}{1W==MEMO;%

-6==\tetramethylenei[a]{}{4==(yl);1W==EtOCO}}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\chapter{Enhanced Functions of Commands for General Use}

-

-\section{Expanded Format}

-

-Commands for general use, e.g. \verb/\sixheterov/, have originally 

-taken a comman format: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\genCOM[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}

-\end{verbatim}

-where \verb/\genCOM/ represents a command name such as 

-\verb/\sixheterov/.  In \XyMTeX{} version 2.00, 

-we add a top optional argument SKBONDLIST 

-to treat stereochemical information as well as 

-an end optional argument OMIT to treat a bond-deleted skeleton. 

-Thus, the expanded format of each command for general use 

-is represented by 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\genCOM(SKBONDLIST)[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}[OMIT]

-\end{verbatim}

-The argument SKBONDLIST contains pairs of two alphabets in braces, 

-where each pair consists of a bond specifier (a lowercase letter) 

-and an uppercase letter (A or B). 

-The letter A represents an $\alpha$ (downward) bond, 

-while B represents a $\beta$ (upward) bond. For example, 

-an SKBONDLIST, \verb/({aA}{cB})/, represents that 

-bond `a' is an $\alpha$ bond in a dotted form and 

-that bond `c' is a $\beta$ bond in a boldfaced form. 

-The argument OMIT is a list of bond specifiers, each of 

-which designates a bond to be deleted.  As a matter of course, 

-SKBONDLIST and OMIT take no common bond specifiers. 

-

-\section{Boldfaced and Dotted Bonds}

-

-The following example shows that 

-the \verb/\sixheterov/ command takes an optional SKBONDLIST, 

-\verb/({eB})/, which typesets a boldfaced bond at `e' in 

-the resulting tetrahydropyran ring. 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov({eB}){6==O}{1D==O;2A==\null;4A==\null;%

-5==\tetramethylenei{}{1W==HO;1D==O;2B==\null;3B==OH;4B==\null;4==(yl)}}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\sixheterov({eB}){6==O}{1D==O;2A==\null;4A==\null;%

-5==\tetramethylenei{}{1W==HO;1D==O;2B==\null;3B==OH;4B==\null;4==(yl)}}

-\end{center}

-This is an example of the substitution technique in which 

-the side-chain is based on \verb/\tetramethylenei/ written in the 

-SUBSLIST of the outer \verb/\sixheterov/ command. 

-

-The same structural formula can alternatively drawn by 

-means of the replacement technique, in which 

-the BONDLIST of the \verb/\sixheterov/ command is used 

-for specifying the side-chain. Thus, the code, 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov({eB}){6==O;%

-5s==\pentamethylenei{}{1W==HO;1D==O;2B==\null;3B==OH;4B==\null;5==(yl)}%

-}{1D==O;2A==\null;4A==\null}

-\end{verbatim}

-generates the following formula: 

-\begin{center}

-\sixheterov({eB}){6==O;%

-5s==\pentamethylenei{}{1W==HO;1D==O;2B==\null;3B==OH;4B==\null;5==(yl)}%

-}{1D==O;2A==\null;4A==\null}

-\end{center}

-

-We have further examples in which the \verb/\sixheterov/ command 

-takes an optional SKBONDLIST. 

-The following two examples show the comparison between 

-the substitution and the replacement technique, 

-giving formulas of chemically equivalence with 

-slightly different bond lengthes. 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov({bA}{eB}){3==O;5==O}{1A==Me;4Sa==\null;4Sb==\null;%

-6==\hexamethylene{}{1W==MeS;1==Cl;3B==OMe;4B==Me;5A==OAc;6A==Me;6==(yl)};

-2==\hexamethylenei[bd]{}{1==(yl);1B==Me;5==COOMe}}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\sixheterov({bA}{eB}){3==O;5==O}{1A==Me;4Sa==\null;4Sb==\null;%

-6==\hexamethylene{}{1W==MeS;1==Cl;3B==OMe;4B==Me;5A==OAc;6A==Me;6==(yl)};

-2==\hexamethylenei[bd]{}{1==(yl);1B==Me;5==COOMe}}

-\end{center}

-

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov({bA}{eB}){3==O;5==O;%

-6s==\heptamethylene{}{1W==MeS;1==Cl;3B==OMe;4B==Me;5A==OAc;6A==Me;7==(yl)};

-2s==\heptamethylene[ce]{}{1==(yl);2B==Me;6==COOMe}%

-}{1A==Me;4Sa==\null;4Sb==\null}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\sixheterov({bA}{eB}){3==O;5==O;%

-6s==\heptamethylene{}{1W==MeS;1==Cl;3B==OMe;4B==Me;5A==OAc;6A==Me;7==(yl)};

-2s==\heptamethylene[ce]{}{1==(yl);2B==Me;6==COOMe}%

-}{1A==Me;4Sa==\null;4Sb==\null}

-\end{center}

-

-The following structure shows the use of SKBONDLIST in 

-drawing a spiro ring. 

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov[be]{%

-1s==\fiveheterov({aA}{eB}){4==N}%

-{4==PhCH$_{2}$OCO;3SB==H;3SA==COOCH$_{2}$Ph;5D==O;1==(yl)}%

-}{4D==O}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\sixheterov[be]{%

-1s==\fiveheterov({aA}{eB}){4==N}%

-{4==PhCH$_{2}$OCO;3SB==H;3SA==COOCH$_{2}$Ph;5D==O;1==(yl)}%

-}{4D==O}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Bond Deletion}

-

-The OMIT argument of each command for general use is used 

-to draw a large ring.  The following example is 

-a simple case in which one bond is deleted: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decaheterov{9==O}{4==O;8D==O;5==CH$_{3}$}[k]

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\decaheterov{9==O}{4==O;8D==O;5==CH$_{3}$}[k]

-\end{center}

-

-The absence and presence of the OMIT argument 

-give different formulas as follows. 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decaheterov[{k\threefuseh{}{}{b}}]{}{}

-\decaheterov[{k\threefuseh{}{}{b}}]{}{}[k]

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\decaheterov[{k\threefuseh{}{}{b}}]{}{}

-\decaheterov[{k\threefuseh{}{}{b}}]{}{}[k]

-\end{center}

-

-A complicated case contains a ring fusion as follows.  

-First, the code 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decaheterov[cegi]{2==\null}{6==MeO;8==OMe;1D==O}[b]

-\end{verbatim}

-generates the follwing formula: 

-\begin{center}

-\decaheterov[cegi]{2==\null}{6==MeO;8==OMe;1D==O}[b]

-\end{center}

-where \verb/[b]/ indicates the deletion of bond `b'. 

-A similar mechanism is also available in a fusing unit, 

-\verb/\sixunitv/. The code, 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixfusev{6==O}{}{E}[b]

-\end{verbatim}

-generates a formula: 

-\begin{center}

-\sixfusev{6==O}{}{E}[b]

-

-\vspace*{2cm}

-\end{center}

-where bond `e' is deleted by means of the FUSE argument (E) 

-and bond `b' is deleted by means of the OMIT argument (b). 

-Finally, we have the structural formula of zearalenone: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decaheterov[cegi%

-{b\sixfusev[%

-{b\sixfusev{}{3D==O}{E}}%

-]{6==O}{}{E}[b]}%

-]{2==\null%

-}{6==MeO;8==OMe;1D==O}[b]

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\decaheterov[cegi%

-{b\sixfusev[%

-{b\sixfusev{}{3D==O}{E}}%

-]{6==O}{}{E}[b]}%

-]{2==\null%

-}{6==MeO;8==OMe;1D==O}[b]

-\end{center}

-

-Intermediates for steroid synthesis via intermolecular 

-cycloadditions of $o$-quinodimethane derivatives 

-(Kametani, et al. {\em J. Org. Chem.}, 1980, {\bf 45}, 2204; 

-Grieco, et al. {\em J. Org. Chem.}, 1980, {\bf 45}, 2247) 

-can be drawn by the bond deletion of \verb/\decaheterov/ and 

-\verb/\nonaheterov/. 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decaheterov({jA}{dB}){%

-2s==\fourhetero[{b\sixfusev[ace]{}{2==OMe}{e}}]%

-{}{1==(yl)}%

-}{6B==HO;9A==H;{10}B==\null;1D==\null}[a]

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\decaheterov({jA}{dB}){%

-2s==\fourhetero[{b\sixfusev[ace]{}{2==OMe}{e}}]%

-{}{1==(yl)}%

-}{6B==HO;9A==H;{10}B==\null;1D==\null}[a]

-\end{center}

-

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\nonaheterov({dA}{hB}){%

-6s==\fourhetero[%

-{d\sixfusev[bdf]{}{5==MeO}{b}}]%

-{}{3==(yl)}%

-}{3B==OH;8B==\null;7D==\null;9A==H}[g]

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\nonaheterov({dA}{hB}){%

-6s==\fourhetero[%

-{d\sixfusev[bdf]{}{5==MeO}{b}}]%

-{}{3==(yl)}%

-}{3B==OH;8B==\null;7D==\null;9A==H}[g]

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-A remarkable merit of using a skeleton with deleted bonds 

-appears in drawing a starting compound with an acyclic part 

-along with the resulting product via cyclization, 

-since their codes are akin to each other. 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decaheterov[{4+}%

-{c\fivefusevi[e]{5==\null}{4D==O}{E}}%

-]{4==N}{1D==\null;9B==H;{10}B==H}[ab]

-\hskip2cm

-\decaheterov[%

-{c\fivefusevi{5==\null}{4D==O}{E}}%

-]{4==N}{1B==OCHO;9B==H;{10}B==H;3FA==H}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\decaheterov[{4+}%

-{c\fivefusevi[e]{5==\null}{4D==O}{E}}%

-]{4==N}{1D==\null;9B==H;{10}B==H}[ab]

-\hskip2cm

-\decaheterov[%

-{c\fivefusevi{5==\null}{4D==O}{E}}%

-]{4==N}{1B==OCHO;9B==H;{10}B==H;3FA==H}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-The latter compound was obtained by 

-the cyclization of the former 

-(D. J. Hart, et al., {\em J. Am. Chem. Soc.}, 1980, {\bf 102}, 

-397).

-

-Some polymethylene chains are drawn in a folded form. 

-The bond-deletion technique can be applied to 

-drawing such folded formulas. 

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov{%

-3s==\fiveheterovi{1==O;4==O}{5==(yl)};%

-6s==\dimethylenei{}{1D==\null;2==(yl)};%

-5s==\trimethylenei{}{1W==EtO;1D==O;3==(yl)}%

-}{}[e]

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\sixheterov{%

-3s==\fiveheterovi{1==O;4==O}{5==(yl)};%

-6s==\dimethylenei{}{1D==\null;2==(yl)};%

-5s==\trimethylenei{}{1W==EtO;1D==O;3==(yl)}%

-}{}[e]

-\end{center}

-

-The following formula, which is an intermediate for 

-synthesizing steroid skeletons, can also been 

-drawn by this technique.  

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decaheterov[k%

-{f\fivefusevi{2==\null;5==O}{}{A}}%

-{a\sixfusev[d%

-{b\fivefusevi[d%

-{a\sixfusev{%

-3s==\trimethylenei[a]{}{1==(yl);2==\null}%

-}{6==\null}{D}[c]}%

-]{}{}{D}}%

-]{}{3G==\null}{D}[c]}%

-]{5==O}{{10}Sb==\null;2G==\null}[ej]

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{2cm}

-\decaheterov[k%

-{f\fivefusevi{2==\null;5==O}{}{A}}%

-{a\sixfusev[d%

-{b\fivefusevi[d%

-{a\sixfusev{%

-3s==\trimethylenei[a]{}{1==(yl);2==\null}%

-}{6==\null}{D}[c]}%

-]{}{}{D}}%

-]{}{3G==\null}{D}[c]}%

-]{5==O}{{10}Sb==\null;2G==\null}[ej]

-\end{center}

-

-

-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-\chapter{Enhanced Functions of Commands for Ring Fusion}

-

-\section{Expanded Format}

-

-Commands for ring fusion, e.g. \verb/\sixfusev/, have originally 

-taken a comman format (version 1.02 not released): 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\fuseCOM[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}

-\end{verbatim}

-where \verb/\fuseCOM/ represents a command name such as 

-\verb/\sixfusev/.  In \XyMTeX{} version 2.00, 

-we add a top optional argument SKBONDLIST 

-to treat stereochemical information as well as 

-an end optional argument OMIT to treat a bond-deleted skeleton. 

-Thus, the expanded format of each command for general use 

-is represented by 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\fuseCOM(SKBONDLIST)[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}[OMIT]

-\end{verbatim}

-The argument SKBONDLIST contains pairs of two alphabets in braces, 

-where (1) each pair consists of a bond specifier (a lowercase letter) 

-and an uppercase letter (A or B); and (2) the letter A represents 

-an $\alpha$ (downward) bond, 

-while B represents a $\beta$ (upward) bond. 

-The argument OMIT is a list of bond specifiers, each of 

-which designates a bond to be deleted.  As a matter of course, 

-SKBONDLIST takes no common bond specifiers with FUSE and OMIT.  

-

-\section{Boldfaced and Dotted Bonds}

-

-The first example shows that the command 

-\verb/\fivefusev/ with a SKBONDLIST 

-generates a formula with dotted bonds at fused positions. 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\nonaheterov[%

-{e\fivefusev({bA}{eA}){5==O}{3B==\null;4D==O}{A}}%

-]{1==N}{1==COOMe;8A==H;9B==H;%

-6B==\trimethylene[a]{}{3==(yl)};%

-7A==\dimethylene{}{2==(yl);1==OH}}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\nonaheterov[%

-{e\fivefusev({bA}{eA}){5==O}{3B==\null;4D==O}{A}}%

-]{1==N}{1==COOMe;8A==H;9B==H;%

-6B==\trimethylene[a]{}{3==(yl)};%

-7A==\dimethylene{}{2==(yl);1==OH}}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-The next example shows the use of the SKBONDLISTS of 

-\verb/\threefuseh/ and \verb/\fivefusevi/ 

-to indicate stereochemical information. 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov[%

-{b\threefuseh({aA}{cA}){1==O}{}{B}}%

-{d\fivefusevi({bB}{eB}){3==N;5==O}{3==BOM;4D==O}{A}}%

-]{1==O}{6A==PMPO-CH$_{2}$}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\sixheterov[%

-{b\threefuseh({aA}{cA}){1==O}{}{B}}%

-{d\fivefusevi({bB}{eB}){3==N;5==O}{3==BOM;4D==O}{A}}%

-]{1==O}{6A==PMPO-CH$_{2}$}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Bond Deletion}

-\subsection{Larger Rings from Two or More Three-Membered Rings}

-To draw a fused four-membered ring, we can 

-use two \verb/\threefuseh(i)/ commands in a nested fashion. 

-Four example, the code 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\threefusehi[{b\threefuseh{1==O}{}{b}}]{}{}{c}[b]%

-\end{verbatim}

-generates a four-membered unit: 

-\begin{center}

-\threefusehi[{b\threefuseh{1==O}{}{b}}]{}{}{c}[b]%

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-The resulting unit is used to draw a four-membered 

-fused ring, as shown below: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov[%

-{c\threefusehi[{b\threefuseh{1==O}{}{b}}%

-]{}{}{c}[b]}%

-]{}{}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\sixheterov[%

-{c\threefusehi[{b\threefuseh{1==O}{}{b}}%

-]{}{}{c}[b]}%

-]{}{}

-\end{center}

-

-In a similar way, 

-a five-membered fusing usit can be drawn 

-by combining three \verb/\threefuseh(i)/ commands, 

-as shown in the following example: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\decaheterov[%

-{d\threefuseh[%

-{a\threefusehi[%

-{a\threefuseh{1==\null;3==\null}{2D==O}{c}}%

-]{2==O;1==\null}{}{c}[a]}%

-]{2==O}{}{C}[a]}%

-]{}{}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\decaheterov[%

-{d\threefuseh[%

-{a\threefusehi[%

-{a\threefuseh{1==\null;3==\null}{2D==O}{c}}%

-]{2==O;1==\null}{}{c}[a]}%

-]{2==O}{}{C}[a]}%

-]{}{}

-

-\vspace*{1cm}

-\end{center}

-

-\subsection{Further Rings}

-

-A six-membered ring fused by a four-membered unit 

-gives an eight-membered ring as follows: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse{}{}{d}}]{}{}[b]

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse{}{}{d}}]{}{}[b]

-\end{center}

-The bond `b' of the four-membered unit in 

-the resulting ring is deleted and used 

-as an acceptor ring of a six-membered fusing 

-unit. Then, we have a twelve-membered ring: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse[{b\sixfusev{}{}{e}}]{}{}{d}[b]}]{}{}[b]

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse[{b\sixfusev{}{}{e}}]{}{}{d}[b]}]{}{}[b]

-\end{center}

-After applying the bond-deletion technique to the 

-twelve-membered ring, this is used as an acceptor of 

-a five-membered fusing unit. Then we have a 

-fifteen-membered ring: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse[{b\sixfusev[%

-{b\fivefusev{}{}{d}}%

-]{}{}{e}[b]}]{}{}{d}[b]}]{}{}[b]

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse[{b\sixfusev[%

-{b\fivefusev{}{}{d}}%

-]{}{}{e}[b]}]{}{}{d}[b]}]{}{}[b]

-\end{center}

-A further fusion of a six-membered unit gives 

-a ninteen-membered ring: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse[{b\sixfusev[%

-{b\fivefusev[%

-{a\sixfusev{}{}{f}}%

-]{}{}{d}[a]}%

-]{}{}{e}[b]}]{}{}{d}[b]}]{}{}[b]

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse[{b\sixfusev[%

-{b\fivefusev[%

-{a\sixfusev{}{}{f}}%

-]{}{}{d}[a]}%

-]{}{}{e}[b]}]{}{}{d}[b]}]{}{}[b]

-\end{center}

-

-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-

-\chapter{Reaction Schemes}

-\section{Compound Numbers}

-

-\begingroup

-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-\makeatletter

-\def\DeclareMathVersion#1{}
-\def\SetSymbolFont#1#2#3#4#5#6{}

-\@@input chemist.sty

-\makeatother

-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-

-The XyMcompd environment has two functions: 

-\begin{enumerate}

-\itemsep=0pt \parskip=0pt

-\item for giving a compound number and specifying a reference key and

-\item for specifyin the size of a domain to draw a structural formula.

-\end{enumerate}

-For example, the code: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){cPhCL}{}

-\bzdrv{1==Cl}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\end{verbatim}

-produces the following formula, 

-\begin{center}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){cPhCL}{}

-\bzdrv{1==Cl}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\end{center}

-The compound number (\cref{cPhCL}) can be referred to 

-by designating \verb/\cref{cPhCL}/. 

-The code \verb/(400,750)/ specifies the size of 

-the drawing domain and the code \verb/(220,200)/ represents 

-x- and y-shift values. 

-When the XyMcompd environment is 

-surrounded by a frame generated by the \verb/\fbox/ command, 

-we obtain the following diagram: 

-\begin{center}

-\fbox{%

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){c1PhCL}{}

-\bzdrv{1==Cl}

-\end{XyMcompd}}

-\end{center}

-The original \verb/\bzdrv/ command 

-has a domain to accomodate substituents as follows: 

-\begin{center}

-\fbox{\bzdrv{1==Cl}}

-\end{center}

-If such adjustment and cross-reference are unnecessary, 

-we write the code: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(,)(,){}{}

-\sixheterov{1==S;4==S}{}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\end{verbatim}

-Thereby, we obtain the formula of the original 

-specification: 

-\begin{center}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(,)(,){}{}

-\sixheterov{1==S;4==S}{}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\end{center}

-which is the same formula generated by the code: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\sixheterov{1==S;4==S}{}

-\end{verbatim}

-The last argument of the XyMcompd environment is 

-to specify the subnumber of a compound number. 

-For example, the code: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){PhF}{a}

-\bzdrv{1==F}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\end{verbatim}

-produces the following formula, 

-\begin{center}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){PhF}{a}

-\bzdrv{1==F}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\end{center}

-

-Derivatives of a compound 

-numbered in the XyMderiv environment 

-are designated by 

-subnumbering using a \verb/\derivlist/ command 

-in the XyMderiv environment. 

-For example,  the code: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\begin{XyMderiv}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){PhX}{}

-\bzdrv{1==X}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\derivlist{X = Cl;X = NO$_{2}$;X = F}

-\end{XyMderiv}

-\end{verbatim}

-produces the following formula: 

-\begin{center}

-\begin{XyMderiv}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){PhX}{}

-\bzdrv{1==X}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\derivlist{X = Cl;X = NO$_{2}$;X = F}

-\end{XyMderiv}

-\end{center}

-

-\section{Reaction Arrows}

-

-In addition of the reaction arrows described in 

-Ref.\ \cite{fujita2}, we have added 

-further reaction arrows shown in Fig.\ \ref{FFA1KKKR}. 

-They are defined in the package {\sf chemist.sty}. 

-Each arrow command is the following format: 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\ARROWNAME[xshift]{yshift}{length}{itemover}{itemunder}

-\end{verbatim}

-where \verb/\ARROWNAME/ represents a command name; 

-\verb/xshift/ is an optional argument to show a 

-horizontal adjustment value; 

-\verb/yshift/ is an argument to show a vertical adjustment value; 

-\verb/length/ is an argument to desiginate the length of the arrow; 

-and the arguments 

-\verb/itemover/ and \verb/itemunder/ 

-represent items placed over and under the arrow. 

-The name (\verb/\ARROWNAME/) of each reaction arrow take the format of 

-\verb/\react/$\ldots$\verb/arrow/ in which $\ldots$ 

-is selected from the following list: 

-r = right arrow, l = left arrow, lr = leftright arrow, 

-d = down arrow, u = up arrow, du = down up arrow, 

-eq = equilibium arrow, veq = vertical equiliblium arrow, 

-deq = down equiliblium arrow, leq = up equilibium arrow, 

-dlr = down leftright arrow, ulr = up leftright arrow, 

-sw = southwest arrow, se = southeast arrow,

-nw = northwest arrow, and  ne = northeast arrow. 

-

-\begin{figure}

-\begin{center}

-\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{ccccccccc}

-(r) &

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactrarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(l) &

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactlarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(d) &

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactdarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(u) &

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactuarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&\\(sw) &

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactswarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(se)&

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactsearrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(nw) &

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactnwarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(ne) &

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactnearrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&\\(du)&

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactduarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(lr) &

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactlrarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(ulr)&

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactulrarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(dlr)&

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactdlrarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&\\(eq) &

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reacteqarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(ueq) &

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactueqarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(deq)&

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactdeqarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&(veq) &

-\hskip0\unitlength

-\reactveqarrow{0\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HCl\\}{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}&\\\end{tabular}\end{center}\end{center}

-\def\tblref{FFA1KKKR}

-\caption{Reaction arrows of various types}

-\label{\expandafter\tblref}

-\end{figure}

-

-\section{Display Formulas and Tabular Schemes}

-

-Display formulas containing structural formulas and 

-reaction arrows are 

-drawn by using the equation environment of \LaTeX{} or 

-the chemeqn environment of the {\sf chemist} package. 

-For example, the code, 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\begin{equation}\label{EQ1}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){BPHOH}{}

-\bzdrv{1==OH}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\reactrarrow[10\unitlength]{60\unitlength}{500\unitlength}

-{CH\mbox{$_{3}$}OH\\}{HCl\\}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){PHOME}{}

-\bzdrv{1==OCH\mbox{$_{3}$}}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\end{equation}

-\end{verbatim}

-produces the following display formula: 

-\begin{equation}\label{EQ1}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){AAPHOH}{}

-\bzdrv{1==OH}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\reactrarrow[10\unitlength]{60\unitlength}{500\unitlength}

-{CH\mbox{$_{3}$}OH\\}{HCl\\}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){PHOME}{}

-\bzdrv{1==OCH\mbox{$_{3}$}}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-\end{equation}

-

-Tabular schemes containing structural formulas and 

-reaction arrows are drawn by using 

-the XyMtab environment of the {\sf chemist} package. 

-For example, the code, 

-\begin{verbatim}

-\begin{XyMtab}{cccccc}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){AAPHCL}{}

-\bzdrv{{1}==Cl;}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-&

-\reactrarrow[10\unitlength]{60\unitlength}{600\unitlength}

-{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}{\strut{}High press.\\}&

-%

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){AAPHOH}{}

-\bzdrv{{1}==OH;}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-&

-\reactrarrow[10\unitlength]{60\unitlength}{500\unitlength}

-{\strut{}CH\mbox{$_{3}$}I\\}{\strut{}NaOH\\}&

-%

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){AAPHOME}{}

-\bzdrv{{1}==OCH\mbox{$_{3}$};}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-%

-&\\&&&

-\reactswarrow[0\unitlength]{300\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HNO\mbox{$_{3}$}\\}{\strut{}}&

-%

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,850)(220,0){APHNO2}{}

-\bzdrv{{1}==OH;{4}==NO\mbox{$_{2}$};}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-&\\

-\end{XyMtab}

-\end{verbatim}

-generates a tabular scheme as follows: 

-\begin{XyMtab}{cccccc}

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){AAPHCL}{}

-\bzdrv{{1}==Cl;}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-&

-\reactrarrow[10\unitlength]{60\unitlength}{600\unitlength}

-{\strut{}H\mbox{$_{2}$}O\\}{\strut{}High press.\\}&

-%

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){AAPHOH}{}

-\bzdrv{{1}==OH;}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-&

-\reactrarrow[10\unitlength]{60\unitlength}{500\unitlength}

-{\strut{}CH\mbox{$_{3}$}I\\}{\strut{}NaOH\\}&

-%

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,750)(220,200){AAPHOME}{}

-\bzdrv{{1}==OCH\mbox{$_{3}$};}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-%

-&\\&&&

-\reactswarrow[0\unitlength]{300\unitlength}{400\unitlength}

-{\strut{}HNO\mbox{$_{3}$}\\}{\strut{}}&

-%

-\begin{XyMcompd}(400,850)(220,0){APHNO2}{}

-\bzdrv{{1}==OH;{4}==NO\mbox{$_{2}$};}

-\end{XyMcompd}

-&\\

-\end{XyMtab}

-

-

-\endgroup

-

-

-

-

-\begin{thebibliography}{99}

-

-\bibitem{fujita2a} NIFTY-Serve achives, 

-FPRINT library No. 7, Item Nos. 201, 202, 204. 

-\bibitem{fujita2b} CTAN, 

-tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/xymtex/. 

-\bibitem{fujita1} Fujita S., ``Typesetting structural formulas with 

-the text formatter \TeX{}/\LaTeX{}'', 

-{\em Comput. Chem.}, {\bf 18}, 109 (1994).

-\bibitem{fujita1a} Fujita S., ``\XyMTeX{} for Drawing Chemical 

-Structural Formulas'', 

-{\em TUGboat}, {\bf 16} (1), 80 (1995). 

-\bibitem{lamport2}

-Lamport L., {\em \LaTeX{}. A document Preparation System}, 

-2nd ed. for \LaTeXe{}, Addison-Wesley, Reading (1994). 

-See also 

-Lamport L., {\em \LaTeX{}. A document Preparation System}, 

-Addison-Wesley, Reading  (1986). 

-\bibitem{goossens} 

-Goossens, M., Mittelbach, F., \& Samarin, A., 

-{\em The \LaTeX{} Companion}, 

-Addison-Wesley, Reading (1994). 

-\bibitem{fujita2c} NIFTY-Serve achives, 

-FPRINT library No. 7, Item Nos. 385, 386.  

-\bibitem{fujita2d}

-http://www.chem.kit.ac.jp/fujita/fujitas/fujita.html

-\bibitem{XyMTeXbook}

-Fujita, S., {\em \XyMTeX{}---Typesetting Chemical Structural 

-Formulas}, Addison-Wesley, Tokyo (1997). 

-The book title is abbreviated as ``\XyMTeX book'' in 

-the present manual.  

-\bibitem{knuth}

-For the \TeX{} system, see 

- Knuth D. E., {\em The \TeX{}book}, 

-Addison-Wesley, Reading (1984). 

-\bibitem{haas} 

-For the Chem\TeX{} macros, see 

- Haas R. T. \& O'Kane K. C., {\em Comput. Chem.}, {\bf 11}, 251 (1987). 

-\bibitem{ramek}

-For drawing chemical formulas by \TeX{}, see 

-Ramek, M., in Clark, M. (ed), \TeX: Applications, Uses, Methods, 

-Ellis Horwood, London (1990), p. 277. 

-\bibitem{fujita2} 

-For chemical application of the \LaTeX{} system, see 

-Fujita S., {\em Kagakusha-Seikagakusha no tame no 

-\LaTeX{} (\LaTeX{} for Chemists and Biochemists)}, 

-Tokyo Kagaku Dozin, Tokyo (1993). 

-\bibitem{podar} 

-For epic macros, see 

-Podar S., ``Enhancements to the picture environment 

-of \LaTeX{}'', Manual for Version 1.2 dated July 14, 1986.

-\bibitem{graphic}

-For graphic applications of \TeX{}, \LaTeX{} and relevant systems, 

-see Goossens, M., Rahtz, S., \& Mittelbach, F., 

-{\em \LaTeX{} Graphics Companion}, 

-Addison Wesley Longman, Reading (1997). 

-\end{thebibliography}

-

-\endinput

-

-\begin{verbatim}

-\end{verbatim}

-\begin{center}

-\end{center}

-

-
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymman.sty b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymman.sty
deleted file mode 100644
index efe164c419e..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymman.sty
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-% xymman.sty  23-Nov-93 Shinsaku Fujita
-% For XyMTeX document 
-% Copyright (C) 1993 by Shinsaku Fujita, all rights reserved.
-% This style file is created for submitting a manuscript to 
-%       Journal of the American Chemical Society.
-% This style file is to be contained in the ``chemist'' directory 
-% which is an input directory for TeX. 
-% Copying of this file is authorized only if either
-% (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name and 
-%     directory name 
-% (2) if you do make changes, 
-%     (a) you name it something other than the names included in the 
-%         ``chemist'' directory and 
-%     (b) you acknowledge the original name. 
-% This restriction ensures that all standard styles are identical.
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\def\j@urnalname{xymman}
-\def\versi@ndate{November 24, 1993}
-\def\versi@nno{ver1.00}
-\def\copyrighth@lder{SF} % Shinsaku Fujita
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\typeout{Option Style `\j@urnalname' (\versi@nno) <\versi@ndate>\space 
-[\copyrighth@lder]}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\textwidth=16cm
-\textheight=22cm
-\topmargin-.3in
-\oddsidemargin=-0.1cm
-\evensidemargin=-0.1cm
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\def\markleft#1{{\let\protect\noexpand
-     \let\label\relax \let\index\relax 
-     \expandafter\@markleft\@themark
-     {#1}\mark{\@themark}}%
-  \if@nobreak\ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi}
-\def\@markleft#1#2#3{\gdef\@themark{{#3}{#2}}}
-\def\LEFTmark{\expandafter\@leftmark\botmark}
-%
-\def\ps@headings{\let\@mkboth\markboth
-\def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}
-\def\@evenhead{\underline{%
-\hbox to\textwidth{\rm \thepage\hfil \sl\LEFTmark}}}%
-\def\@oddhead{\underline{\hbox to\textwidth{%
-\vphantom{\TeX}\sl\rightmark\hfil\rm\thepage}}}%
-\def\chaptermark##1{\markboth {FUJITA S.: \protect\XyMTeX{}}%
-{\uppercase{\ifnum \c@secnumdepth>\m@ne%
- \@chapapp\ \thechapter. \ \fi ##1}}}%
-\def\sectionmark##1{\markleft{FUJITA Shinsaku: \protect\XyMTeX{}}}}
-\ps@headings
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\@ifundefined{XyMTeX}{\def\UPSILON{\char'7}%
-\def\XyM{X\kern-.30em\smash{\raise.50ex\hbox{\UPSILON}}\kern-.30em{M}}%
-\def\XyMTeX{\XyM\kern-.1em\TeX}}{}%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\newenvironment{xymspec}{\begin{center}\begingroup\origpttrue}%
-{\endgroup\end{center}}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\@ifundefined{shiftii}{%
-\newcount\shiftii
-\newcount\shifti
-\newcount\noshift
-\noshift=0 \shiftii=400 \shifti=240\relax}{}
-
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymtex2.doc b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymtex2.doc
deleted file mode 100644
index 91a2b797172..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymtex2.doc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-xymtex2.doc

-On-line document for XyMTeX in English

-Copyright (C) 1993, 1996, 1998 by Shinsak Fujita. All rights reserved. 

-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-renamed and revised: xymtex1.doc

-Copyright (C) 1993, 1996 by Shinsak Fujita. All rights reserved. 

-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-`XyMTeX' is a macro package for drawing chemical structural formulas. 

-

-(1) Setting up 

-

-    This package has been frozen with LHA.  Let the frozen package 

-  (xymtex2.lzh) be placed in the b: directory.  To melt the frozen package 

-  in the a:\tex directory, please input the following statement in the 

-  command line of your display. 

-

-     a:\tex>lha x b:\xymtex2

-

-  Thereby, the directory <\xymtex> is automatically created as the 

-  subdirectory of the a:\tex directory; and the following hierarchy of 

-  directories and files is generated. 

-

-  a---\tex---\xymtex --- hetaromh.sty, hetarom.sty, ccycle.sty, 

-    |      |          |   chemstr.sty, carom.sty, lowcycl.sty, aliphat.sty, 

-                      |   hcycle.sty, locant.sty, polymers.sty, chemist.sty

-                      |   methylen.sty, fusering.sty

-                      |

-                      |   (dtx files)

-                      |

-                      |--\drvdvi---drv files, dvi files

-                      |

-                      |--\doc200--- xymtx200.tex, xymtx200.dvi,

-                      |    xymyl.tex, xymadd.tex 

-                      |    (other files for the document preparation)

-                      |

-                      |---xymtex2.doc (this document)

-                      |

-                      |---xymtex2.jpn (on-line document in Japanes)

-                      |

-                      |---readme2.doc (notes in English)

-                      |

-                      |---readme2.jpn (notes in Japanese)

-

-   The package (sty) files in the \xymtex directory contains the macro 

-  codes of XymTeX commands. The specification of XyMTeX commands and 

-  examples of using these commands are included in the xymtex.dvi file of 

-  the \doc directory. 

-

-   The xymtx200.dvi file is a dvi file that is a manual for utilizing 

-  XyMTeX (about 100 pages). The processed dvi file can be obtained in the same 

-  directory of this distribution.  It can be printed with an appropriate 

-  printer driver (lips3dvi, dviprt, or others) and can be displayed with an 

-  appropriate previewer (dviout, etc.). 

-

-   The xymtx200.tex is the main file of the manuscript for creating the 

-  xymtx200.dvi. The other tex files in the \doc200 directory are input files 

-  which are read by the main file. 

-

-(2) Designating a serach path 

-

-  In order to set a search path for using XyMTeX, please add the directory 

-  name to the TEXINPUTS line in \texmf.cnf, which is stored in the 

-  \tex\texmf\web2c directory (for a standard distribution of LaTeX2e). 

-  For example, you add 

-

-   platex2e_inputs = .;$TEXMF/tex/platex2e//;$TEXMF/tex/latex2e//;

-    $TEXMF/tex//;a:/tex/inputs//;

-    a:/tex/chem//;a:/tex/xymtex//;a:/tex/opsty//

-                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <---- to be added 

-

-(3) Writing your manuscript 

-

-   Each command of XyMTeX can be used if you add the name of the 

-   corresponding style file to the option list at the top of your 

-   manuscript file, e.g. 

-

-    \documentclass{article}

-    \usepackage{epic,hetarom,hetaromh}

-    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-  where the underlined names are XyMTeX package files containing your 

-  requisite commands. If all of the XyMTeX commands are required, 

-  the short-cut declaration 

-

-    \documentclass{article}

-    \usepackage{xymtex}

- 

-  can be used for simplicity. 

-

-(4) Running LaTeX2e or pLaTeX2e

-

-   You should use XyMTeX commands within LaTeX. 

-

-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%(END) 

-
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymtx200.dvi b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymtx200.dvi
deleted file mode 100644
index c9b596e907e..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymtx200.dvi
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymtx200.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymtx200.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index fd7de31385c..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymtx200.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-%xymtx200.tex 
-%Copyright (C) 1998, Shinsaku Fujita, All rights reserved. 
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%This file is a part of xymtx200.tex that is the manual of the macro 
-%package `XyMTeX' for drawing chemical structural formulas.  
-%This file is not permitted to be translated into Japanese and any other
-%languages. 
-\typeout{``xymtx200.tex''---
-This file is a part of xymtex.tex that is the manual of the macro %
-package `XyMTeX'. 1998/12/25 S. Fujita}
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\documentclass{book}
-%\usepackage{xymtex}
-\usepackage{carom}
-\usepackage{hetaromh}
-\usepackage{aliphat}
-\usepackage{hcycle}
-\usepackage{fusering}
-\usepackage{methylen}
-\usepackage{locant}
-\usepackage{lowcycle}
-\usepackage{epic}
-\usepackage{xymman}
-%
-\begin{document}
-\mbox{}
-\thispagestyle{empty}
-\vfill
-\begin{center}
-{\LARGE\bfseries \protect\XyMTeX{} for 
-Typesetting Chemical Structural Formulas. 
-Enhanced Functions for Version 2.00}
-
-\vspace*{2cm}
-{\Large\bfseries Shinsaku Fujita} 
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, \\
-Kyoto Institute of Technology, \\
-Matsugasaki, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606 Japan
-\par\vspace*{1cm}
-December 25, 1998 (Version 2.00) \\
-(revised March 20, 1999)
-\end{center}
-\vfill\mbox{}
-%
-\newpage
-\tableofcontents
-%
-\input{xymyl}
-\input{xymadd}
-
-\end{document}
-
-
-
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymyl.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymyl.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index daae2314c7d..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/xymtex/xymyl.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2900 +0,0 @@
-%xymyl.tex 
-%Copyright (C) 1998, Shinsaku Fujita, All rights reserved. 
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%This file is a part of xymtx200.tex that is the manual of the macro 
-%package `XyMTeX' (version 2.00) for drawing chemical structural formulas.  
-%This file is not permitted to be translated into Japanese and any other
-%languages. 
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\chapter{Introduction}
-
-\section{History}
-\subsection{Version 1.00 (1993)}
-
-The first version of the \XyMTeX{} system (version 1.00, 1993) 
-with a detailed on-line manual 
-has been depositted to NIFTY-Serve archives (FPRINT library No.\ 7) 
-by the author\cite{fujita2a} and to the CTAN by volunteers\cite{fujita2b}. 
-The articles on the construction and usage of \XyMTeX{} have appeared in 
-Ref. \cite{fujita1,fujita1a}. 
-Although the packages (style files) of the \XyMTeX{} system have 
-originally aimed at using under 
-the \LaTeX{}2.09 system, they also work effectively 
-under the \LaTeXe{} system \cite{lamport2,goossens} without any changes. Thus, 
-what you have to do is to rewrite a top statement for \LaTeX{}2.09 such as 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\documentstyle[epic,carom,hetarom]{article}
-\end{verbatim}
-into the counterpart for \LaTeXe{}, {\em e.g.}, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\documentclass{article}
-\usepackage{epic,carom,hetarom}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsection{Version 1.01 (1996)}
-
-The Version 1.01 of the \XyMTeX{} system has been released in 1996, 
-when the system with a detailed on-line manual 
-was depositted to NIFTY-Serve archives (FPRINT library No.\ 7) 
-by the author \cite{fujita2c}.  The system is now available  
-from Fujita's homepage \cite{fujita2d} via internet 
-or from a CD-ROM that is attached to the referece manual published 
-in 1997 \cite{XyMTeXbook}.\footnote{%
-The basic items described in the \XyMTeX book are 
-common and applied also in Version 2.00.  
-Please refer to the \XyMTeX book, when 
-they are used without explanations in this manual.} 
-
-The purpose of version 1.01 is 
-the updating of \XyMTeX{} to meet the \LaTeXe{} way of 
-preparing packages (option style files). 
-The following items have 
-been revised or added for encouraging the \XyMTeX{} users 
-to write articles of chemical fields. 
-
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item Each of the old sty files of \XyMTeX{} has been rewritten 
-into a dtx file, from which we have prepared a new sty file by using 
-the {\sf docstrip} utility of \LaTeXe. 
-If you want to obtain the document of each source 
-file, you may apply \LaTeXe{} to the corresponding drv file, which 
-has also been prepared from the dtx file by using the {\sf docstrip} 
-utility. 
-\item Macros for drawing chair-form cyclohexanes and 
-for drawing adamantanes of an alternative type have been added. 
-\item Macros for drawing polymers have been added. 
-\item The package {\sf chemist.sty}, which was originally 
-prepared for \cite{fujita2}, has been rewritten into a dtx file and 
-added to \XyMTeX{} as a new component. This package enables us 
-to use various functions such as 
- \begin{enumerate}
- \item the numbering and cross-reference 
-  of chemical compounds and derivatives, 
- \item various arrows of fixed and flexible length for chemical equations, 
- \item `chem' version and chemical environments for describing 
-  chemical equations, and 
- \item various box-preparing macros for chemical or general use.  
- \end{enumerate}
-\end{enumerate}
-
-\subsection{Version 1.02 (1998, not released)}
-
-The Version 1.02 of \XyMTeX{} has been devoted to the 
-development of the nested-substitution method, 
-which simplifies the coding of \XyMTeX{} commands.   
-In \XyMTeX{} version 1.01, each subsitituent is assumed to be rather small 
-so that it can be specified by means of a substitution list ``SUBSLIST''. 
-For example, 1-fluorobenzene, 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{4==F}
-\end{center}
-is drawn by the following code: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{4==F}
-\end{verbatim}
-To draw a substituent with a complicated structure, 
-a designation of the same line produces an insufficient result. 
-Thus, if we simply write the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{4==\bzdrh{}}
-\end{verbatim}
-to draw a biphenyl structure, 
-we have a separate structure as follows:
-
-\vskip1.5\baselineskip
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{4==\bzdrh{}}
-\end{center}
-
-Within the scope of \XyMTeX version 1.01, 
-such a substituent with a complicated structure 
-can be treated by three distinct methods  
-(see Chapters 14 and 15 of \XyMTeX book). 
-
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item(Method I)
-When we write a code \verb/\bzdrh{4==}\bzdrh{}/ 
-to draw a biphenyl structure, 
-we obtain an insufficient result such as 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{4==}\bzdrh{}
-\end{center}
-since each command has an area to draw its target sturucture. 
-To remedy this situation, we can write 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{4==}\kern-33pt\bzdrh{}
-\end{verbatim}
-Then, we obtain the following structure:
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{4==}\kern-33pt\bzdrh{}
-\end{center}
-However, a more complicated adjustment is 
-necessary to apply this method to a case in which 
-the components of a structual formula are not linearly aligned. 
-\item (Method II)
-We can carry out the same task by using 
-the \LaTeX{} picture einvironment. 
-The code
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{picture}(1400,700)(0,0)
-\put(0,0){\bzdrh{4==}}
-\put(546,0){\bzdrh{}}
-\end{picture}
-\end{verbatim}
-produces the following structure: 
-\begin{center}
-\begin{picture}(1400,700)(0,0)
-\put(0,0){\bzdrh{4==}}
-\put(546,0){\bzdrh{}}
-\end{picture}
-\end{center}
-This method realizes such a complicated adustment as mentioned above, 
-since the \verb/\put/ is capable of putting components at arbitrary positions. 
-\item (Method III) 
-In a further method of drawing the biphenyl structure, 
-one phenyl group is regarded as a substituent of the other phenyl.
-These two parts can be combined by writing a code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{4==\kern-25pt\lower37pt\hbox to0pt{\bzdrh{}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-in which the commands \verb/\kern/ (for horizontal adjustment) and 
-\verb/\lower/ (for vertical adjustment) are used to adjust the 
-substitution site. Thereby, we have
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{4==\kern-25pt\lower37pt\hbox to0pt{\bzdrh{}}}
-\end{center}
-This method has a disadvantage of calculating 
-adjustment values manually for every formula to be drawn.  
-\end{enumerate}
-
-These three methods are useful for drawing complicated structure. 
-However, they have an essential disadvantage: their codes give 
-no, or at most partial, connectivity data between parts to be combined, though 
-such parts appear to be combined as a picture. 
-For example, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{4==\kern-25pt\lower37pt\hbox to0pt{\bzdrh{3==Cl}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-producing 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{4==\kern-25pt\lower37pt\hbox to0pt{\bzdrh{3==Cl}}}
-\end{center}
-has no connectivity data at the meta position to the chlorine 
-atom of the scecond benzene ring. 
-
-As clarified by the discussion in the preceding paragraphs, 
-the \XyMTeX{} system should have a function to place 
-substituents at appropriate sites without complex designation, 
-where connectivity data are maintained during the process 
-of drawing. 
-The target of \XyMTeX{} Version 1.02 is to treat nested 
-substitution with the automatic adjustment of subsitution sites
-(named as the nested-substitution method). 
-Concretely speaking, for example, 
-such a code as 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{1==F;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==Cl}}
-\end{verbatim}
-directly produces 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{1==F;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==Cl}}
-\end{center}
-where the code shows that the second benzene ring is 
-linked to the para position of the first benzene ring 
-at the meta position to the chlorine atom. 
-Thus the target accomplished by the ``yl''-function, 
-as shown in this code. 
-
-\section{Version 2.00 (1998)}
-
-The ``yl''-function developed in \XyMTeX{} Version 1.02 
-is regarded as a modification  of SUSBLISTs. 
-As an extention of this mothodology, 
-BONDLISTs can be modified to treat ring fusion, 
-since each ring fusion is considered to be a kind of 
-substitution on a bond.  In addition, 
-ATOMLIST can also be used to 
-treat spiro rings, since each spiro ring 
-is a kind of atom replacement at an appropriate vertex. 
-
-To expand the scope of the \XyMTeX{} system, 
-we introduce several new functions as follows.  
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item Several bond modifiers are added to draw  
-alternative up- and down-bonds as well as 
-to treat ring fusion. 
-\item The ``yl''-function for SUBSLISTs is further improved. 
-The commands \verb/\ryl/ and \verb/\lyl/ are 
-prepared to typeset intervening moieties. 
-\item Ring fusion is treated by adding a fusing unit to 
-the BONDLIST of each command. 
-\item Several fusing units (three- to six-membered units) 
-are developed (fusering.sty). 
-\item A new function for typesetting a spiro ring is 
-introduced in each command for general use. 
-A spiro ring is treated by ring-replacement technique, 
-where the corresponding code is 
-written in the ATOMLIST of each command. 
-\item Commands for typeseting zigzag polymethylenes are 
-developed (methylen.sty). 
-\item Commands for drawing six-six fused carbocycles 
-and heterocycles are added. 
-\item An optional argument SKBONDLIST is added to 
-each command of general use for drawing  
-boldfaced and dotted skeletal bonds. 
-\item An optional argument OMIT is added to 
-each command of general use for drawing related 
-skeletons by bond deletion. 
-\end{enumerate}
-
-The \XyMTeX{} system (version 2.00) consists of package files 
-listed in Table \ref{tt:200a1}.  
-The package file `\textsf{chemstr.sty}' is the basic file 
-that is automatically read within any other package file of \XyMTeX{}. 
-It contains macros for internal use, {\em e.g.}, 
-common commands for bond-setting and atom-setting. 
-The other package files contain macros for users. 
-These files are designed to work not only as packages for \LaTeXe 
-but also as option style files for \LaTeX{}2.09 (native mode). 
-\begin{table}[hpbt]
-\caption{Package Files of \protect\XyMTeX{}}
-\label{tt:200a1}
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{lp{10cm}}
-\hline
-package name & \multicolumn{1}{c}{included functions} \\ 
-\hline
-\textsf{aliphat.sty}
-  & macros for drawing aliphatic compounds \\
-\textsf{carom.sty}
-  & macros for drawing vertical and horizontal types 
-    of carbocyclic compounds \\
-\textsf{lowcycle.sty}
-  & macros for drawing five-or-less-membered carbocyles. \\
-\textsf{ccycle.sty}
-  & macros for drawing bicyclic compounds etc. \\
-\textsf{hetarom.sty}
-  & macros for drawing vertical types of heterocyclic compounds \\
-\textsf{hetaromh.sty}
-  & macros for drawing horizontal types of heterocyclic compounds \\
-\textsf{hcycle.sty}
-  & macros for drawing pyranose and furanose derivatives \\
-\textsf{chemstr.sty}
-  & basic commands for atom- and bond-typesetting \\
-\textsf{locant.sty}
-  & commands for printing locant numeres \\
-\textsf{polymers.sty}
-  & commands for drawing polymers \\
-\textsf{fusering.sty}
-  & commands for drawing units for ring fusion \\ 
-\textsf{methylen.sty}
-  & commands for drawing zigzag polymethylene chains \\ 
-\textsf{xymtex.sty}
-  & a package for calling all package files \\
-\textsf{chemist.sty}
-  & commands for using `chem' version and chemical environments \\ 
-\hline
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-\end{table}
-
-The use of \textsf{xymtex.sty} calling all package files 
-may sometimes cause the ``\TeX{} capacity exceeded'' error.  
-In this case, you should call necessary packages distinctly 
-by using the \verb/\usepackage/ command.  
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\chapter{Bond Modifiers Added}
-
-\section{Alternative Bond Modifiers for Up and Down Bonds}
-
-In addition to the original bond modifiers (see the \XyMTeX book), 
-the present version of \XyMTeX{} 
-provides us with several bond modifiers that can be used  
-in the argument SUBSLIST of each \XyMTeX{} command.  
-These modifiers are listed in Table \ref{tt:200a} 
-along with the original bond modifiers. 
-
-\begin{table}
-\caption{Locant numbering and bond modifiers for SUBSLIST}
-\label{tt:200a}
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{lp{12cm}}
-\hline
-Bond Modifiers & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Printed structures} \\
-\hline
-\multicolumn{2}{l}{\bfseries Original Bond Modifiers} \\
-           $n$ or $n$S  &  exocyclic single bond at $n$-atom \\
-           $n$D         &  exocyclic double bond at $n$-atom \\
-           $n$A         &  alpha single bond at $n$-atom \\
-           $n$B         &  beta single bond at $n$-atom \\
-           $n$Sa        &  alpha (not specified) single bond at $n$-atom \\
-           $n$Sb        &  beta (not specified) single bond at $n$-atom \\
-           $n$SA        &  alpha single bond at $n$-atom (dotted line) \\
-           $n$SB        &  beta single bond at $n$-atom (boldface) \\
-\hline 
-\multicolumn{2}{l}{\bfseries Bond Modifiers Added} \\
-           $n$Sd        &  alpha single bond at $n$-atom (dotted line) 
-                           with an alternative direction to $n$SA \\
-           $n$Su        &  beta single bond at $n$-atom (boldface) 
-                           with an alternative direction to $n$SB \\
-           $n$FA        &  alpha single bond at $n$-atom (dotted line) 
-                           for ring fusion \\
-           $n$FB        &  beta single bond at $n$-atom (boldface) 
-                           for ring fusion \\
-           $n$GA        &  alpha single bond at $n$-atom (dotted line) 
-                           for the other ring fusion \\
-           $n$GB        &  beta single bond at $n$-atom (boldface) 
-                           for the other ring fusion \\
-\hline
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-\end{table}
-
-The added bond modifiers, `Sd' (d for down) and `Su' (u for up), designate 
-$\alpha$- and $\beta$-bonds in such an exchanged 
-manner as the original bond modifiers, `SA' and `SB' designate. 
-Figure \ref{ff:200a} shows the comparison between 
-the added bond modifiers and the original ones 
-by using a cyclohexane skeleton (\verb/\cyclohexanev/). 
-
-\begin{figure}[h]
-\begin{center}
-\cyclohexanev{1Sd==1Sd;1Su==1Su;%
-2Sd==2Sd;2Su==2Su;3Sd==3Sd;3Su==3Su;%
-4Sd==4Sd;4Su==4Su;5Sd==5Sd;5Su==5Su;%
-6Sd==6Sd;6Su==6Su} \qquad\qquad
-\cyclohexanev{1SA==1SA;1SB==1SB;%
-2SA==2SA;2SB==2SB;3SA==3SA;3SB==3SB;%
-4SA==4SA;4SB==4SB;5SA==5SA;5SB==5SB;%
-6SA==6SA;6SB==6SB}
-\caption{Bond Modifiers for $\alpha$- and $\beta$-Bonds}
-\label{ff:200a}
-\end{center}
-\end{figure}
-
-\section{Bond Modifiers for Ring Fusion}
-
-In the present verstion (2.00), we have added a new function for ring fusion. 
-Since the function requires bond modifiers 
-for desiginating substitution at such fused positions, 
-we have added the modifiers, `FA', `FB', `GA', and  `GB'. 
-These modifiers are illustrated in Figure \ref{ff:200b}
-
-
-\begin{figure}
-\begin{center}
-\cyclohexanev{1FA==1FA;1GB==1GB;3FA==3FA;3GB==3GB;5FA==5FA;5GB==5GB}
-\qquad\qquad
-\cyclohexanev{1FB==1FB;1GA==1GA;3FB==3FB;3GA==3GS;5FB==5FB;5GA==5GA}
-
-
-\cyclohexanev{2FA==2FA;2GB==2GB;4FA==4FA;4GB==4GB;6FA==6FA;6GB==6GB}
-\qquad\qquad
-\cyclohexanev{2FB==2FB;2GA==2GA;4FB==4FB;4GA==4GA;6FB==6FB;6GA==6GA}
-\caption{Bond Modifiers for Ring Fusion}
-\label{ff:200b}
-\end{center}
-\end{figure}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\chapter{Nested-Substituent Method}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-Chapter 14 (Combining Structures) 
-and Chapter 15 (Large Substituents) of the \XyMTeX book 
-have described several techniques to draw complicated formulas. 
-Among them, the nested-substituent method is most promising. 
-For example, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{1==Cl;4==\kern-25pt\lower37pt\hbox to0pt{\bzdrh{3==F}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-gives a combined structure, 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{1==Cl;4==\kern-25pt\lower37pt\hbox to0pt{\bzdrh{3==F}}}
-\end{center}
-Although the code shows the connectivity between the two phenyl 
-groups, the following disadvantages remain: 
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item The code contains no data indicating that the connection site 
-is the meta-position concerning the fluorine atom. 
-\item The commands \verb/\kern/ (for horizontal adjustment) and 
-\verb/\lower/ (for vertical adjustment) are necessary to adjust the 
-subsitutution site. 
-\end{enumerate} 
-
-As clarified by the above examples, the main target of \XyMTeX{} 
-Version 2.00 is to extend the nested-substituent method 
-so that it provides a function of indicating full connectivity data 
-as well as a function of 
-automatical adjustment without using such commands 
-as \verb/\kern/ and \verb/\lower/. 
-
-\section{``yl''-Functions}
-
-In \XyMTeX{} Version 2.00, the ``yl''-function is 
-added so as to improve the nested-subsituent method. 
-Thereby, any structure drawn by a \XyMTeX{} 
-command (except a few special commands) 
-can be converted into the corresponding substituent 
-by adding the code \verb/(yl)/ with a locant number. 
-The resulting code for the substituent can be added 
-to the SUBSLIST of any other command for 
-drawing a mother skeleton, where the final code 
-contains the full connectivity data of the combined structure. 
-For example, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{1==Cl;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==F}}
-\end{verbatim}
-typesets the following structure, 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{1==Cl;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==F}}
-\end{center}
-Thus, fluorobenzene produced by the command \verb/\bzdrh{3==F}/ 
-is converted into a subsituent, i.e. 3-fluorophenyl, 
-by adding the code \verb/(yl)/, as shown in the 
-code,  \verb/\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==F}/.  Then, the resulting code 
-is added to the SUBSLIST of another command \verb/\bzdrh/. 
-
-The connectivity at the meta-position is 
-represented by the statement \verb/1==(yl)/ of 
-the innner code \verb/\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==F}/. 
-Note that the inner code \verb/\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==F}/ produces 
-a substituent with no height and no width and that 
-the reference point of the substituent is shifted to 
-the point no.~1 by the (yl)-statement in order to 
-link to the mother structure (the phenyl group 
-produced by the code \verb/\bzdrh{1==Cl;4=={...}}/). 
-
-The shift of a reference point becomes clear when 
-we examine a formula,
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\bzdrh{1==Cl;3==\bzdrh{6==(yl);3==F}}
-\end{center}
-generated by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{1==Cl;3==\bzdrh{6==(yl);3==F}}
-\end{verbatim}
-The original structure of the substituent with no ``yl'' function 
-is found to be 
-\begin{center}
-\begin{picture}(700,800)(0,0)
-\put(0,0){\bzdrh{3==F}}
-\put(0,0){\circle*{50}}
-\end{picture}
-\end{center}
-as generated by the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{picture}(700,800)(0,0)
-\put(0,0){\bzdrh{3==F}}
-\put(0,0){\circle*{50}}
-\end{picture}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the solid circle is the reference point. 
-The picture shown above 
-indicates that the reference point 
-is different from any vertices of the benzene ring. 
-On the other hand, the code with a ``yl''-function, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{picture}(700,800)(0,-200)
-\put(0,0){\bzdrh{6==(yl);3==F}}
-\put(0,0){\circle*{50}}
-\end{picture}
-\end{verbatim}
-typesets the following structure, 
-\begin{center}
-\begin{picture}(700,800)(0,-200)
-\put(0,0){\bzdrh{6==(yl);3==F}}
-\put(0,0){\circle*{50}}
-\end{picture}
-\end{center} 
-The picture shown above 
-indicates that the reference point is shifted to the position 
-no.~6 of the benzene ring. 
-
-The code \verb/\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==F}/ producing the substituent 
-can be used in the argument of any structure-drawing command 
-of \XyMTeX{}. The following example is the one 
-in which it is placed in the argument of a command \verb/\bzdrv/. 
-Thus, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrv{1==Cl;3==\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==F}}
-\end{verbatim}
-typesets the following structure, 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrv{1==Cl;3==\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==F}}
-\end{center}
-
-The structural formula of 1-chloro-4-morphorinobenzene 
-can be drawn in two different ways. The codes, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{1==Cl;4==\sixheteroh[]{1==N;4==O}{1==(yl)}}
-\hskip 6cm
-\sixheteroh[]{1==N;4==O}{1==\bzdrh{1==Cl;4==(yl)}}
-\end{verbatim}
-produce the following formulas: 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{1==Cl;4==\sixheteroh[]{1==N;4==O}{1==(yl)}}
-\hskip 6cm
-\sixheteroh[]{1==N;4==O}{1==\bzdrh{1==Cl;4==(yl)}}
-\end{center}
-In the former code, 
-the morphorino group is regareded as a substituent, 
-as the name ``1-chloro-4-morphori\-nobenzene'' indicates. 
-On the other hand,  the chlorophenyl group 
-is considered to be a substituent in the latter code 
-so as to correspond to the name ``N-(4-chlorophenyl)morphorine''. 
-
-The ``yl''-function is quite versatile, as indicated by the code,  
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterov[]{4a==N}{4D==O;7B==HO;{{10}A}==H;%
-5==\bzdrv{3==OMe;4==OMe;6==Br;1==(yl)}}
-\end{verbatim}
-producing the following structure: 
-\begin{center}
-\decaheterov[]{4a==N}{4D==O;7B==HO;{{10}A}==H;%
-5==\bzdrv{3==OMe;4==OMe;6==Br;1==(yl)}}
-\end{center}
-\par\vskip2cm
-\noindent
-where the substituted phenyl group is regarded as a substituent. 
-An opposite view can be realized by the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrv{3==OMe;4==OMe;6==Br;%
-1==\decaheterov[]{4a==N}{4D==O;7B==HO;{{10}A}==H;5==(yl)}}
-\end{verbatim}
-which typesets the same structure: 
-\vskip2cm
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrv{3==OMe;4==OMe;6==Br;%
-1==\decaheterov[]{4a==N}{4D==O;7B==HO;{{10}A}==H;5==(yl)}}
-\end{center}
-where the moiety drawn by the command \verb/\decaheterov/ is 
-regarded as a substituent. 
-
-Two or more substituents generated by the ``yl''-function 
-can be introduced into an ATOMLIST. For example, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{1==\bzdrh{4==(yl)};4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==F}}
-\end{verbatim}
-typesets the following structure, 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{1==\bzdrh{4==(yl)};4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);3==F}}
-\end{center}
-
-The structural formula of hexaphenylbenzene can be 
-drawn by this technique.  Thus the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrv{1==\bzdrv{4==(yl)};%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl)};3==\bzdrv{6==(yl)};%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl)};5==\bzdrv{2==(yl)};%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl)}}
-\end{verbatim}
-generates the following formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\bzdrv{1==\bzdrv{4==(yl)};%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl)};3==\bzdrv{6==(yl)};%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl)};5==\bzdrv{2==(yl)};%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl)}}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-
-\section{Nested ``yl''-functions}
-
-Two or more ``yl''-functions can be nested. 
-For example, a structure 
-\begin{center}
-\tetrahedral{0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}
-\end{center}
-depicted by the code,
-\begin{verbatim} 
-\tetrahedral{0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}
-\end{verbatim}
-can be converted into a substituent by adding 
-``yl''-function, as shown in the following code: 
-\begin{verbatim} 
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}
-\end{verbatim}
-Then this substituent is nested in the SUBSLIST of 
-the command \verb/\cyclohexaneh/ to give a code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby we have the structural formula of 
-benzoylcyclohexane: 
-\begin{center}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{center}
-
-The resulting structure can be further converted into 
-a substituent by adding ``yl''-function. The 
-following example shows that the substituent is 
-linked to the 4-position of a naphthol ring:
-\begin{center}
-\naphdrh{1==HO;4==%
-\cyclohexaneh[]{1==(yl);4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}}
-\end{center}
-which is typeset by the triply nested code: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\naphdrh{1==HO;4==%
-\cyclohexaneh[]{1==(yl);4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-The same structural formula can be drawn by regarding 
-the 1-naphthol-4-yl group and the benzoyl group as 
-substituents, as shown in the following code: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{%
-1==\naphdrh{1==HO;4==(yl)};%
-4==\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-Accordingly, we have 
-\begin{center}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{%
-1==\naphdrh{1==HO;4==(yl)};%
-4==\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{center}
-
-\bigskip
-The structure of benzoylcyclohexane can also be drawn by considering 
-the \verb/\tetrahedral/ moiety as a mother skeleton, 
-as shown in the code:  
-\begin{verbatim}
-\tetrahedral{0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)};2==\cyclohexaneh[]{4==(yl)}}
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby, we have the formula, 
-\begin{center}
-\tetrahedral{0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)};2==\cyclohexaneh[]{4==(yl)}}
-\end{center}
-which shows that 
-two or more substituents produced by the ``yl''-function 
-can be written in a SUBSLIST. 
-This treatment corresponds to the alternative name of 
-benzoylcyclohexane, i.e., cyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 
-since the codes \verb/\cyclohexaneh{4==(yl)}/ and 
-\verb/\bzdrh{1==(yl)}/ represent 
-a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group, respectively. 
-
-Although 
-the resulting structure cannot be used as a substituent concerning 
-the cyclohexane ring, the SUBSLIST of the command \verb/\cyclohexaneh/ 
-is capable of accomodating the substituent \verb/\naphdrh{1==HO;4==(yl)}/ 
-to give 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\tetrahedral{0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)};%
-2==\cyclohexaneh[]{4==(yl);1==\naphdrh{1==HO;4==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-which typesets the same structural formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\tetrahedral{0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)};%
-2==\cyclohexaneh[]{4==(yl);1==\naphdrh{1==HO;4==(yl)}}}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-
-
-The formula, 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\bzdrv{%
-1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl)}};%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl)}};%
-3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl)}};%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl)}};%
-5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl)}};%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl)}}}
-
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\end{center}
-illustrates the more complicated structure of a code 
-with nested ``yl''-functions: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrv{%
-1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl)}};%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl)}};%
-3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl)}};%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl)}};%
-5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl)}};%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-To simplify the coding, we define a macro 
-drawing a biphenyl unit as follows: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\def\biph#1#2#3{\bzdrv{#1==(yl);#2==\bzdrv{#3==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-Then, this macro is used in the SUBSLIST of \verb/\bzdrv/ 
-to give the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrv{%
-1==\biph{4}{2}{5};%
-2==\biph{5}{3}{6};%
-3==\biph{6}{4}{1};%
-4==\biph{1}{5}{2};%
-5==\biph{2}{6}{3};%
-6==\biph{3}{1}{4}}
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby, we have
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\def\biph#1#2#3{\bzdrv{#1==(yl);#2==\bzdrv{#3==(yl)}}}
-\bzdrv{%
-1==\biph{4}{2}{5};%
-2==\biph{5}{3}{6};%
-3==\biph{6}{4}{1};%
-4==\biph{1}{5}{2};%
-5==\biph{2}{6}{3};%
-6==\biph{3}{1}{4}}
-
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\end{center}
-
-A more complex nested code, 
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\vspace*{8cm}
-\bzdrv{%
-1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);%
-3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);%
-5==\bzdrv{2==(yl)}}}}}}}}}};%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);%
-5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl)}}}}}}}}}};%
-3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);%
-5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);%
-1==\bzdrv{4==(yl)}}}}}}}}}};%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);%
-1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl)}}}}}}}}}};%
-5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);%
-1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);%
-3==\bzdrv{6==(yl)}}}}}}}}}};%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);%
-3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl)}}}}}}}}}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-produces the following formula:
-
-\clearpage%to avoid ! TeX capacity exceeded
-
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{8cm}
-\bzdrv{%
-1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);%
-3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);%
-5==\bzdrv{2==(yl)}%
-}}}%
-}}}%
-}}};%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);%
-5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl)}%
-}}}%
-}}}%
-}}};%
-3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);%
-5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);%
-1==\bzdrv{4==(yl)}%
-}}}%
-}}}%
-}}};%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);%
-1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl)}%
-}}}%
-}}}%
-}}};%
-5==\bzdrv{2==(yl);6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);%
-1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);%
-3==\bzdrv{6==(yl)}%
-}}}%
-}}}%
-}}};%
-6==\bzdrv{3==(yl);1==\bzdrv{4==(yl);2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);%
-2==\bzdrv{5==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);%
-3==\bzdrv{6==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);4==\bzdrv{1==(yl);%
-4==\bzdrv{1==(yl)}%
-}}}%
-}}}%
-}}}}
-\end{center}
-
-\clearpage
-
-The code to draw this structural formula is 
-too complicated to cause the ``\TeX{} capacity exceeded'' error.  
-To avoid the error, we use \verb/\clearpage/ commands before 
-and after the output of the formula.  
-In addition, we call only necessary packages 
-to treat this cocument without the use of \textsf{xymtex.sty} 
-calling all package files. 
-
-\section{Remarks}
-\subsection{Drawing Domains}
-Substituents produced by the ``yl''-function have no dimensions. 
-For example, benzoylcyclohexane 
-\begin{center}
-\fbox{%
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}%
-}
-\end{center}
-produced by the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-has a drawing domain around the cyclohexane mother skeleton, 
-as encircled by a frame.  Since the bezoyl moiety occupies no area, 
-it may be superimposed on other contexts 
-so as to require some space adjustments. 
-For example, the above code duplicated without 
-any space adjustment, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}%
-\end{verbatim}
-gives an insufficient result: 
-\begin{center}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}%
-\end{center}
-This superposition can be avoided by a horizontal spacing.  Thus 
-the code
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\hskip2cm
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}%
-\end{verbatim}
-typesets improved formulas: 
-\begin{center}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\hskip2cm
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}%
-\end{center}
-
-If a more thorough adjustment is required, 
-a formula should be placed in a \LaTeX{} picture environment
-as follows. 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{picture}(1600,900)(0,0)
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{picture}
-\end{verbatim}
-This code produces 
-\begin{center}
-\fbox{%
-\begin{picture}(1600,900)(0,0)
-\cyclohexaneh[]{4==%
-\tetrahedral{2==(yl);0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{picture}
-}
-\end{center}
-where a frame is added by means of a \verb/\fbox/ command. 
-
-A drawing domain around a formula depends upon a mother skeleton 
-selected. For example, the formula of benzoylcyclohexane at the top 
-of this section has a drawing domain shown by the frame, since 
-a \verb/\cyclohexaneh/ is selected as a mother skeleton. 
-On the other hand, the alternative formula 
-of benzoylcyclohexane depicted by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\tetrahedral{0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)};2==\cyclohexaneh[]{4==(yl)}}
-\end{verbatim}
-has a drawing domain due to the \verb/\tetrahedral/ skeleton. 
-Thus, the code gives the following output: 
-\begin{center}
-\fbox{%
-\tetrahedral{0==C;1D==O;4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)};2==\cyclohexaneh[]{4==(yl)}}
-}
-\end{center}
-where the frame indicates such a drawing domain, 
-when an \verb/\fbox/ command is used around 
-the \verb/\tetrahedral/ command. 
-The domain shown by the frame (due to \verb/\fbox/) is equal to 
-any domain based on the simple use of the \verb/\tetrahedral/ command 
-(without using the ``yl''-function). 
-For example, compare the above frame with the one 
-appearing in the formula, 
-\begin{center}
-\fbox{\tetrahedral{0==C;1D==O;4==Cl;2==Cl}}
-\end{center}
-depicted by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fbox{\tetrahedral{0==C;1D==O;4==Cl;2==Cl}}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsection{Reference Points}
-
-Each \XyMTeX{} command for drawing a mother skeleton 
-has its reference point and its inner reference point. 
-These points can be printed out by switching 
-\verb/\origpt/ on.  For example, the code
-\begin{verbatim}
-{
-\origpttrue
-\cyclohexanev{}
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-generates the diagram: 
-\begin{center}
-{
-\origpttrue
-\cyclohexanev{}
-}
-\end{center}
-where the solid circle indicates the reference point (0,0) and 
-the open circle indicates the inner reference point (400,240). 
-The values of cooridates are output on a display and in a log file: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-command `sixheterov' origin: (0,0) ---> (400,240)
-\end{verbatim}
-since \verb/\cyclohexanev/ is based on \verb/\sixheterov/. 
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\chapter{Linking Units}
-
-The commands \verb/\ryl/ and \verb/\lyl/ described 
-in this chapter are added to 
-the {\sf chemstr} package (file name: chemstr.sty). 
-The \verb/\divalenth/ command is added to 
-the {\sf aliphat} package (file name: aliphat.sty). 
-
-\section{$\backslash$ryl command}. 
-
-The ``yl''-function provides us with 
-a tool to generate a substituent that 
-is linked {\itshape directly} to a substitution site 
-of a mother skeleton.  There are, however, 
-many cases in which a substituent 
-is linked to a substitution site by an intervening unit 
-(e.g., O, SO$_{2}$ and NH).  
-The command \verb/\ryl/ is used to 
-generate a right-hand substituent with a linking unit. 
-For example, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\ryl(5==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}
-\end{verbatim}
-produces a benzenesulfonamido substituent, 
-\bigskip
-\begin{center}
-\ryl(5==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-The resulting unit is added to the SUBSLIST of 
-a command for drawing a skeletal command. 
-For example, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{3==\ryl(5==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-generates the following formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\bzdrh{3==\ryl(5==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{center}
-
-The \verb/\ryl/ command takes two arguments. 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\ryl(LINK){GROUP}
-\end{verbatim}
-The first argument LINK in the parentheses indicates 
-an intervening unit with an integer showing 
-the slope of a left incidental bond. 
-For example, the number 5 of the code \verb/5==NH--SO$_{2}$/ 
-shown above represents that the left terminal is to be linked 
-through $(-5,-3)$ bond, though the linking bond 
-is not typeset by the \verb/\ryl/ command only. 
-The slopes of the linking bonds are designated by 
-integers between 0 and 8: 
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{cc|cc|cc}
-0 & $(0,1)$    & 1 & $(-3,5)$  & 2 & $(-1,1)$  \\
-3 & $(-5,3)$   & 4 & $(-1,0)$  & 5 & $(-5,-3)$ \\
-6 & $(-1,-1)$  & 7 & $(-3,-5)$ & 8 & $(0,-1)$ \\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-The second argument GROUP of \verb/\ryl/ is 
-a substituent produced by a ``yl''-function, 
-where a number before a delimiter (==) indicates 
-the slope of a right incidental bond. 
-For example, the number 4 of the code 
-\verb/4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}/ shown above 
-represents that the right terminal is to be linked 
-through $(1,0)$ bond to the benzene ring generated by  
-the \verb/\bzdrh/ command. 
-The slopes of the linking bonds are designated by 
-integers between 0 and 8: 
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{cc|cc|cc}
-0 & $(0,1)$    & 1 & $(3,5)$  & 2 & $(1,1)$  \\
-3 & $(5,3)$   & 4 & $(1,0)$  & 5 & $(5,-3)$ \\
-6 & $(1,-1)$  & 7 & $(3,-5)$ & 8 & $(0,-1)$ \\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-To illustrate linking bonds with various slopes, 
-the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexanev[]{%
-1==\ryl(8==NH--SO$_{2}$){1==\bzdrh{6==(yl)}};
-2==\ryl(5==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}};
-3==\ryl(3==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}};%
-4==\ryl(0==NH--SO$_{2}$){7==\bzdrh{2==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-is written to give 
-
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\begin{center}
-\cyclohexanev[]{%
-1==\ryl(8==NH--SO$_{2}$){1==\bzdrh{6==(yl)}};
-2==\ryl(5==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}};
-3==\ryl(3==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}};%
-4==\ryl(0==NH--SO$_{2}$){7==\bzdrh{2==(yl)}}}
-\end{center}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-
-Other examples are drawn by the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{%
-3==\ryl(7==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}};
-5==\ryl(1==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}};%
-4==\ryl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-giving 
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\begin{center}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{%
-3==\ryl(7==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}};
-5==\ryl(1==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}};%
-4==\ryl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-
-The first argument in the parentheses of the 
-command \verb/\ryl/ contains a string of letters 
-after an intermediate delimiter ==, where 
-a left linking site is shifted according to the 
-length of the letter string. 
-The above formula shows such an example 
-as having NH--SO$_{2}$--NH. 
-
-
-The following examples compare the 
-``yl''-function with the \verb/\ryl/ command. 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexaneh{4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}
-\hskip2cm
-\cyclohexaneh{4==\ryl(4==O){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\begin{center}
-\cyclohexaneh{4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}
-\hskip2cm
-\cyclohexaneh{4==\ryl(4==O){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{center}
-
-The compound {\bfseries 21} 
-on page 299 of the \XyMTeX book 
-%``\XyMTeX{}---Typesetting Chemical 
-%Structural Formulas'' (Addison-Wesley Publishers Japan, 1997) 
-can be alternatively drawn by using 
-the \verb/\ryl/ command, as shown in the code: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fiveheterov[d]{1==N;5==N}{4==NC;1==\bzdrv{1==(yl)};2D==O;%
-3D==\ryl(5==N-NH){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);2==\lmoiety{MeO};5==SO$_{2}$Cl}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-which typeset the following formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\fiveheterov[d]{1==N;5==N}{4==NC;1==\bzdrv{1==(yl)};2D==O;%
-3D==\ryl(5==N-NH){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);2==\lmoiety{MeO};5==SO$_{2}$Cl}}}
-
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\end{center}
-
-The first argument of the \verb/\ryl/ is optional; i.e., it can be 
-omitted. Such an omitted case is useful to draw a methylene as 
-a vertex.  For example, a methylene is represented as 
-a character string ``CH$_{2}$'', as shown in the formula, 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov[d]{2==S}{5==\null;%
-3==\ryl(3==CH$_{2}$){3==\sixheterov[d]{2==S}{5==(yl)}}}
-\end{center}
-This formula is generated by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[d]{2==S}{5==\null;%
-3==\ryl(3==CH$_{2}$){3==\sixheterov[d]{2==S}{5==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the \verb/\ryl/ command takes an optional argument 
-in parentheses to draw CH$_{2}$ exciplicitly. 
-Such a methylene can alternatively be represented as a simple vertex, 
-as shown in the formula, 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov[d]{2==S}{5==\null;%
-3==\ryl{3==\sixheterov[d]{2==S}{5==(yl)}}}
-\end{center}
-This formula is generated by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[d]{2==S}{5==\null;%
-3==\ryl{3==\sixheterov[d]{2==S}{5==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the \verb/\ryl/ command takes no optional argument. 
-
-The second argument of the \verb/\ryl/ command can 
-accomodate substituents other than a substituent 
-generated by the ``yl'' function.  For example, 
-the inner code \verb/\ryl{0A==Me;...}/ in the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov({bB}{eA}){3==O;5==O}{1A==Me;4Sa==\null;4Sb==\null;%
-6==\pentamethylenei[a]{}{4B==OH;5B==Me;5==(yl)};%
-2==\ryl{0A==Me;5==\sixheterov({eA}){3==O;5==O}{6==(yl);1B==Me;%
-4Sa==\null;4Sb==\null}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-represents a methyl group on a vertex due to the command \verb/\ryl/. 
-Thereby, we have 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\sixheterov({bB}{eA}){3==O;5==O}{1A==Me;4Sa==\null;4Sb==\null;%
-6==\pentamethylenei[a]{}{4B==OH;5B==Me;5==(yl)};%
-2==\ryl{0A==Me;5==\sixheterov({eA}){3==O;5==O}{6==(yl);1B==Me;%
-4Sa==\null;4Sb==\null}}}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-
-
-
-\section{$\backslash$lyl command}
-
-The command \verb/\lyl/ is the left-hand 
-counterpart of the command \verb/\ryl/. 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\lyl(LINK){GROUP}
-\end{verbatim}
-The slopes of the linking bonds 
-concerning the right terminal are designated by 
-integers between 0 and 8: 
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{cc|cc|cc}
-0 & $(0,1)$    & 1 & $(3,5)$  & 2 & $(1,1)$  \\
-3 & $(5,3)$   & 4 & $(1,0)$  & 5 & $(5,-3)$ \\
-6 & $(1,-1)$  & 7 & $(3,-5)$ & 8 & $(0,-1)$ \\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-The slopes of the linking bonds concerning 
-the left terminal are designated by 
-integers between 0 and 8: 
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{cc|cc|cc}
-0 & $(0,1)$    & 1 & $(-3,5)$  & 2 & $(-1,1)$  \\
-3 & $(-5,3)$   & 4 & $(-1,0)$  & 5 & $(-5,-3)$ \\
-6 & $(-1,-1)$  & 7 & $(-3,-5)$ & 8 & $(0,-1)$ \\
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-
-To illustrate linking bonds with various slopes, 
-the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexanev[]{%
-1==\lyl(8==SO$_{2}$--HN){1==\bzdrh{5==(yl)}};%
-6==\lyl(5==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl)}};%
-5==\lyl(3==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl)}};%
-4==\lyl(0==SO$_{2}$--HN){7==\bzdrh{3==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-is written to give 
-
-
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\begin{center}
-\cyclohexanev[]{%
-1==\lyl(8==SO$_{2}$--HN){1==\bzdrh{5==(yl)}};%
-6==\lyl(5==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl)}};%
-5==\lyl(3==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl)}};%
-4==\lyl(0==SO$_{2}$--HN){7==\bzdrh{3==(yl)}}}
-\end{center}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-
-Other examples are drawn by the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{%
-2==\lyl(7==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl)}};
-6==\lyl(1==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl)}};%
-1==\lyl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$--HN){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-giving 
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\begin{center}
-\cyclohexaneh[]{%
-2==\lyl(7==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl)}};
-6==\lyl(1==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl)}};%
-1==\lyl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl)}}}
-\end{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-
-The first argument in the parentheses of the 
-command \verb/\lyl/ contains a string of letters 
-after an intermediate delimiter ==, where 
-a left linking site is shifted according to the 
-length of the letter string. 
-The above formula shows such an example 
-as having NH--SO$_{2}$--NH. 
-
-The structural formula of adonitoxin, 
-which has once been depicted in a different way 
-in Chapter 15 of the \XyMTeX book 
-%``\XyMTeX{}---Typesetting Chemical 
-%Structural Formulas'' (Addison-Wesley Publishers Japan, 1997) 
-can be obtained by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\steroid{{{10}}==\lmoiety{OHC};{{14}}==OH;%
-{{13}}==\lmoiety{H$_{3}$C};{{16}}==OH;%
-{{17}}==\fiveheterov[e]{3==O}{4D==O;1==(yl)};%
-3==\lyl(3==O){8==%
-\pyranose{1Sb==(yl);1Sa==H;2Sb==H;2Sa==OH;3Sb==H;3Sa==OH;4Sb==HO;%
-4Sa==H;5Sb==H;5Sa==CH$_{3}$}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\hspace*{4cm}
-\steroid{{{10}}==\lmoiety{OHC};{{14}}==OH;%
-{{13}}==\lmoiety{H$_{3}$C};{{16}}==OH;%
-{{17}}==\fiveheterov[e]{3==O}{4D==O;1==(yl)};%
-3==\lyl(3==O){8==%
-\pyranose{1Sb==(yl);1Sa==H;2Sb==H;2Sa==OH;3Sb==H;3Sa==OH;4Sb==HO;%
-4Sa==H;5Sb==H;5Sa==CH$_{3}$}}}
-\end{quotation}
-
-\vskip1cm
-
-
-\section{Nested $\backslash$ryl and $\backslash$lyl commands}
-
-Two or more \verb/\ryl/ and \verb/\lyl/ commands can be nested. 
-Let us illustrate nesting processes by drawing a cyan 
-dye releaser, which has once been depicted in different ways 
-(see Chapters 14 and 15 of the \XyMTeX book). 
-%in ``\XyMTeX{}---Typesetting Chemical 
-%Structural Formulas'' (Addison-Wesley Publishers Japan, 1997)). 
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\bzdrv{1==OH;5==CH$_{3}$;4==OC$_{16}$H$_{33}$;%
-2==\ryl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);2==OCH$_{2}$CH$_{2}$OCH$_{3}$;%
-5==\ryl(2==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);%
-5==\ryl(2==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\naphdrh{1==(yl);5==OH;%
-8==\lyl(4==N=N){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl);1==NO$_{2}$;5==SO$_{2}$CH$_{3}$}}}}}}}}}
-
-\vskip3cm
-First, the code
-\begin{verbatim}
-\ryl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);2==OCH$_{2}$CH$_{2}$OCH$_{3}$;%
-5==\null}}
-\end{verbatim}
-generates a substituent: 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\ryl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);2==OCH$_{2}$CH$_{2}$OCH$_{3}$;%
-5==\null}}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{quotation}
-in which the command \verb/\null/ is used to show a further 
-substitution site. The resulting substituent is 
-nested in the SUBSLIT of another \verb/\bzdrv/ command 
-as shown in the code: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrv{1==OH;5==CH$_{3}$;4==OC$_{16}$H$_{33}$;%
-2==\ryl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);2==OCH$_{2}$CH$_{2}$OCH$_{3}$;%
-5==\null}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby we have 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vskip1cm
-\bzdrv{1==OH;5==CH$_{3}$;4==OC$_{16}$H$_{33}$;%
-2==\ryl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);2==OCH$_{2}$CH$_{2}$OCH$_{3}$;%
-5==\null}}}
-\end{quotation}
-
-\vskip1cm \noindent
-The inner code \verb/5==\null/ is replaced by a further 
-code of substitution: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-5==\ryl(2==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);5==\null}}%
-\end{verbatim}
-to give a code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrv{1==OH;5==CH$_{3}$;4==OC$_{16}$H$_{33}$;%
-2==\ryl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);2==OCH$_{2}$CH$_{2}$OCH$_{3}$;%
-5==\ryl(2==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);5==\null}}%
-}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-This code generates the following structure (Formula A): 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vskip1cm
-\bzdrv{1==OH;5==CH$_{3}$;4==OC$_{16}$H$_{33}$;%
-2==\ryl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);2==OCH$_{2}$CH$_{2}$OCH$_{3}$;%
-5==\ryl(2==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);%
-5==\null}}}}}
-\end{quotation}
-
-\vskip1cm
-Another substituent is typeset by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\ryl(2==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\naphdrh{1==(yl);5==OH;%
-8==\lyl(4==N=N){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl);1==NO$_{2}$;5==SO$_{2}$CH$_{3}$}}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-Then, we have a substituent (Formula B): 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vskip1cm
-\hspace*{4cm}\ryl(2==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\naphdrh{1==(yl);5==OH;%
-8==\lyl(4==N=N){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl);1==NO$_{2}$;5==SO$_{2}$CH$_{3}$}}}}
-\end{quotation}
-
-\vspace{3cm}
-Finally, the inner code \verb/5==\null/ for Formula A is replaced 
-by the code for Formula B 
-in order to combine Formula A with Formula B. 
-Then we obtain a code represented by 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrv{1==OH;5==CH$_{3}$;4==OC$_{16}$H$_{33}$;%
-2==\ryl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);2==OCH$_{2}$CH$_{2}$OCH$_{3}$;%
-5==\ryl(2==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);%
-5==\ryl(2==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\naphdrh{1==(yl);5==OH;%
-8==\lyl(4==N=N){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl);1==NO$_{2}$;5==SO$_{2}$CH$_{3}$}}}}}}}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby, we have a target formula: 
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\bzdrv{1==OH;5==CH$_{3}$;4==OC$_{16}$H$_{33}$;%
-2==\ryl(4==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);2==OCH$_{2}$CH$_{2}$OCH$_{3}$;%
-5==\ryl(2==NH--SO$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);%
-5==\ryl(2==SO$_{2}$--NH){4==\naphdrh{1==(yl);5==OH;%
-8==\lyl(4==N=N){4==\bzdrh{4==(yl);1==NO$_{2}$;5==SO$_{2}$CH$_{3}$}}}}}}}}}
-
-\vskip3cm
-
-The structural formula of adonitoxin, 
-which has benn drawn by considering the steroid nucleus to be 
-a mother skeleton in the preceding subsection, 
-can be alternatively drawn by nesting 
-a ``yl''-function and a \verb/\ryl/ command. 
-In this case, the pyranose ring is regarded as a mother skeleton. 
-Thus, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\pyranose{1Sa==H;2Sb==H;2Sa==OH;3Sb==H;3Sa==OH;4Sb==HO;%
-4Sa==H;5Sb==H;5Sa==CH$_{3}$;%
-1Sb==\ryl(8==O){3==%
-\steroid{3==(yl);{{10}}==\lmoiety{OHC};{{14}}==OH;%
-{{13}}==\lmoiety{H$_{3}$C};{{16}}==OH;%
-{{17}}==\fiveheterov[e]{3==O}{4D==O;1==(yl)}}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-typesets the following formula: 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{4cm}
-\pyranose{1Sa==H;2Sb==H;2Sa==OH;3Sb==H;3Sa==OH;4Sb==HO;%
-4Sa==H;5Sb==H;5Sa==CH$_{3}$;%
-1Sb==\ryl(8==O){3==%
-\steroid{3==(yl);{{10}}==\lmoiety{OHC};{{14}}==OH;%
-{{13}}==\lmoiety{H$_{3}$C};{{16}}==OH;%
-{{17}}==\fiveheterov[e]{3==O}{4D==O;1==(yl)}}}}
-\end{quotation}
-
-\section{$\backslash$divalenth command}
-
-The command \verb/\divalenth/ generates a divalent skeleton 
-with variable length.  
-\begin{verbatim}
-\divalenth{GROUP}{SUBSLIST}
-\end{verbatim}
-The divalent skeleton is given by 
-a string of alphabets in the GROUP argument.  
-The locant number in the GROUP argument is fixed to be zero. 
-For example, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\divalenth{0==NHCONH}{1==CH$_{3}$;2==CH$_{3}$}
-\end{verbatim}
-generates a linear formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\divalenth{0==NHCONH}{1==CH$_{3}$;2==CH$_{3}$}
-\end{center}
-
-4,4$^{\prime}$-Methylenedibenzoic acid can be drawn in the same line. 
-The code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\divalenth{0==CH$_{2}$}{1==\bzdrh{4==(yl);1==HOOC};2==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}
-\end{verbatim}
-generates 
-\begin{center}
-\divalenth{0==CH$_{2}$}{1==\bzdrh{4==(yl);1==HOOC};2==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}
-\end{center}
-
-In place of the CH$_{2}$ unit described in the preceding example, 
-we introduce the O--CH$_{2}$--O unit so as to give 
-4,4$^{\prime}$-methylenedioxydibenzoic acid. The structurel formula 
-can be drawn to be 
-\begin{center}
-\divalenth{0==O--CH$_{2}$--O}%
-{1==\bzdrh{4==(yl);1==HOOC};2==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}
-\end{center}
-by means of the code: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\divalenth{0==O--CH$_{2}$--O}%
-{1==\bzdrh{4==(yl);1==HOOC};2==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}
-\end{verbatim}
-Note that the starting point of the moiety 
-generated by the code \verb/2==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}/ is 
-automatically shifted so as to accomodate the O--CH$_{2}$--O unit. 
-
-
-An additional example of the use of the \verb/\divalenth/ command 
-is the drawing of 
-1,6$^{\prime}$-ureylenedi-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{2cm}\hspace*{4cm}
-\divalenth{0==NH--CO--NH}%
-{1==\naphdrh{4==(yl);3==SO$_{3}$H};2==\naphdrv{6==(yl);2==SO$_{3}$H}}
-
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\end{quotation}
-by means of the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\divalenth{0==NH--CO--NH}%
-{1==\naphdrh{4==(yl);3==SO$_{3}$H};2==\naphdrv{6==(yl);2==SO$_{3}$H}}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-
-$p$-[2-($m$-Carboxyphenoxy)ethyl]benzoic acid is 
-drawn by the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\divalenth{0==O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$}%
-{1==\bzdrh{4==(yl);6==COOH};2==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}
-\end{verbatim}
-which generates a formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\divalenth{0==O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$}%
-{1==\bzdrh{4==(yl);6==COOH};2==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-The same structure can be depicted by applying 
-the ``yl''-function to the \verb/\divalenth/ command. 
-The code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{6==COOH;4==%
-\divalenth{0==O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$}{1==(yl);2==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-generates the same formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{6==COOH;4==%
-\divalenth{0==O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$}{1==(yl);2==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-This type of usage gives an equivalent function of 
-the command \verb/\ryl/ or \verb/\lyl/.  Compare this with 
-an example using the \verb/\ryl/ command: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrh{6==COOH;4==%
-\ryl(4==O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-This code gives the same formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrh{6==COOH;4==%
-\ryl(4==O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}}
-\end{center}
-
-\section{Remarks}
-
-The use of \verb/\divalenth/ with a ``yl''-function has 
-no means of adjusting the left-hand point of linking. 
-For example, the code,  
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrv{2==COOH;4==%
-\divalenth{0==O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$}{1==(yl);2==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-give an insufficient formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrv{2==COOH;4==%
-\divalenth{0==O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$}{1==(yl);2==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-where the left-hand point of linking should be shifted to 
-a more appropiate direction.  On the other hand, 
-the \verb/\ryl/ (or \verb/\lyl/) command can correctly 
-specify the left-hand point of linking. Thus the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\bzdrv{2==COOH;4==%
-\ryl(0==O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-typesets a formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\bzdrv{2==COOH;4==%
-\ryl(0==O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl);4==COOH}}}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-where the code \verb/0==O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$/ specifies 
-the left-hand terminal of the unit O--CH$_{2}$--CH$_{2}$ 
-is linked at the upper point of the oxygen atom. 
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\chapter{Ring Fusion}
-
-\section{Ring Fusion on Carbocyclic Compounds}
-\subsection{Designation of Fused Bonds}
-
-A unit to be fused is written in the BONDLIST of a command with 
-a bond specifier (a lowercase or uppercase alphabet). 
-For example, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\hanthracenev[{A\sixfusev{}{}{d}}]{}
-\end{verbatim}
-gives a perhydroanthracene with a fused six-membered ring 
-at the bond `a' of the perhydroanthracene nucleus: 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vskip1cm
-\hanthracenev[{A\sixfusev{}{}{d}}]{}
-\end{quotation}
-The letter `A' of the code 
-\verb/{A\sixfusev{}{}{d}}/ is a bond specifier that represents 
-the older terminal of the bond `a' of the 
-perhydroanthracene nucleus 
-(For the designation of the bonds of perhydroanthracene, 
-see Chapter 5 of the \XyMTeX book.%
-%``\XyMTeX{}---Typesetting Chemical 
-%Structural Formulas'' (Addison-Wesley Publishers Japan, 1997).%
-\footnote{% 
-The word `older' or `younger' is concerned with the order of numbering 
-of vertices.  For a six-membered ring, the numbering 
-1---2---3---4---5---6---1 shows that 
-the terminal 1 of the 
-bond `a' (1---2) is youger, while the terminal 2 of the bond 
-`a' is older.  It should be noted that the terminal 6 of the 
-bond `f' (6---1) is youger, while the terminal 1 of the bond 
-`f' is older.} 
-Note that the younger 
-terminal of the bond `a' is designated by the letter `a'. 
-On the other hand, 
-the code \verb/\sixfusev{}{}{d}/ of \verb/{A\sixfusev{}{}{d}}/ 
-in the BONDLIST represents the fused six-membered ring 
-with the bond `d' omitted.  The letter `d' indicates 
-that the fusing point of the unit is the youger terminal 
-of the omitted bond `d'.  If the the fusing point of the unit 
-is the other (older) terminal, the 
-corresponding uppercase letter `D' should be used. 
-
-Accordingly, the same formula can be drawn by the 
-code exchanging uppercase and lowercase letters, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\hanthracenev[{a\sixfusev{}{}{D}}]{}
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby, we have 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vskip1cm
-\hanthracenev[{a\sixfusev{}{}{D}}]{}
-\end{quotation}
-
-Two or more rings can be fused.  For example, 
-the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\hanthracenev[{A\sixfusev{}{}{d}}{C\sixfusev{}{}{f}}]{}
-\end{verbatim}
-generates a formula with two fused rings at the 
-bonds `a' and `c' of a perhydroanthracene nucleus. 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vskip1cm
-\hanthracenev[{A\sixfusev{}{}{d}}{C\sixfusev{}{}{f}}]{}
-
-\vskip1cm
-\end{quotation}
-
-The BONDLIST can accomodates usual bond specifiers without 
-a fusing unit in order to designate inner double bonds. 
-For example, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\hanthracenev[aco{A\sixfusev[a]{}{}{d}}]{}
-\end{verbatim}
-gives a hydroanthracene that have inner double bonds 
-as well as a fused six-membered ring:  
-\begin{quotation}
-\vskip1cm
-\hanthracenev[aco{A\sixfusev[a]{}{}{d}}]{}
-\end{quotation}
-Note that the command \verb/\sixfusev/ can take 
-an optional argument to designate inner double bonds, 
-as shown by the code \verb/\sixfusev[a]{}{}{d}/. 
-
-In order to specify substituents in addition, 
-we can use the SUBSLIST of the command \verb/\hanthracenev/ as well 
-as the one of the command \verb/\sixfusev/.  For example, the code
-\begin{verbatim}
-\hanthracenev[aco{A\sixfusev[a]{}{1==F;2==Cl}{d}}]{5==OH;6==HO}
-\end{verbatim}
-gives a hydroanthracene having additional substituents: 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\hanthracenev[aco{A\sixfusev[a]{}{1==F;2==Cl}{d}}]{5==OH;6==HO}
-\end{quotation}
-
-The compound {\bfseries 13} on page 294 
-(Chapter IV-4) of the \XyMTeX book 
-%``\XyMTeX{}---Typesetting Chemical 
-%Structural Formulas'' (Addison-Wesley Publishers Japan, 1997) 
-can alternatively be drawn by applying the 
-present technique.  Thus, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\hanthracenev[achjop{b\sixfusev{}{2==R}{E}}]{%
-1==OCH$_{3}$;4==OH;{10}D==O;%
-9==\lyl(8==C\rlap{O}){4==CH$_{3}$O}}
-\end{verbatim}
-gives the following formula: 
-\begin{quotation}
-\hanthracenev[achjop{b\sixfusev{}{2==R}{E}}]{%
-1==OCH$_{3}$;4==OH;{10}D==O;%
-9==\lyl(8==C\rlap{O}){4==CH$_{3}$O}}
-\end{quotation}
-
-
-\section{Ring Fusion on Heterocyclic Compounds}
-
-The methodology of ring fusion for heterocyclic compounds 
-is the same as described for carbocyclic compounds. 
-Thus, a unit to be fused is written in the BONDLIST of 
-a command with a bond specifier (a lowercase or uppercase alphabet). 
-For example, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\nonaheterov[begj{b\sixfusev[ac]{}{}{e}}]{1==N}{1==H}
-\end{verbatim}
-gives the structural formula of carbazole: 
-\begin{quotation}
-\nonaheterov[begj{b\sixfusev[ac]{}{}{e}}]{1==N}{1==H}
-\end{quotation}
-which is depicted by attaching a six-membered ring 
-(\verb/\sixfusev[ac]{}{}{e}}/) 
-to the bond `b' of an indole nucleus.    
-
-Let us consider the substitution of a carbon atom 
-with a nitrogen atom at one of the fused positions  
-in the above compound, as shown by the following formula: 
-\begin{quotation}
-\nonaheterov[begj{b\sixfusev[ac]{6==\null}{}{e}}]{1==N;3==N}{1==H}
-\end{quotation}
-This formula is obtained by writing the code: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\nonaheterov[begj{b\sixfusev[ac]{6==\null}{}{e}}]{1==N;3==N}{1==H}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the code \verb/6==\null/ in the ATOMLIST of 
-\verb/\sixfusev/ (for the fused six-membered ring) 
-and the code \verb/3==N/ in the ATOMLIST of 
-\verb/\nonaheterov/ produces the nitrogen 
-atom at the fused position. 
-The specification of the nitrogen atom 
-is also available by exchanging \verb/\null/ and \verb/N/. 
-Thus the code  
-\begin{verbatim}
-\nonaheterov[begj{b\sixfusev[ac]{6==N}{}{e}}]{1==N;3==\null}{1==H}
-\end{verbatim}
-gives the same structural formula: 
-\begin{quotation}
-\nonaheterov[begj{b\sixfusev[ac]{6==N}{}{e}}]{1==N;3==\null}{1==H}
-\end{quotation}
-
-The ring fusion at the bond `a' of perhydroindole 
-is represented by the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\nonaheterov[{a\sixfusev{6==\null}{}{f}}]{1==N}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-which gives a heterocycle: 
-\begin{quotation}
-\nonaheterov[{a\sixfusev{6==\null}{}{f}}]{1==N}{}
-\end{quotation}
-
-
-
-Benz[{\itshape h}]isoquinoline, 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\decaheterovt[acfhk{h\sixfusev[df]{}{}{B}}]{2==N}{}
-\end{quotation}
-can be typset by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterovt[acfhk{h\sixfusev[df]{}{}{B}}]{2==N}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-in which the bond specifier `h' corresponds to 
-the {\itshape h} of the IUPAC name. 
-Note that the IUPAC name regards the structure as 
-an isoquinoline (drawn by \verb/\decaheterovt/) fused by a benzo moiety. 
-The same structure 
-can be drawn by the alternative code: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterov[acfhk{a\sixfusev[bf]{1==N}{}{D}}]{}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-which regards the structure as a naphthalene (drawn by 
-\verb/\decaheterov/) with 
-a fused heterocycle.  Thereby, we have 
- \begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\decaheterov[acfhk{a\sixfusev[bf]{1==N}{}{D}}]{}{}
-\end{quotation}
-
-\section{Neted Ring Fusion}
-
-The \verb/\sixfusev/ command is capable of 
-accomodating another \verb/\sixfusev/ command in 
-a nested fashion.  By this technique, 
-the carbazole structure can take a further 
-fused ring so as to produce the structural formula 
-of 7{\itshape H}-pyrazino[2,3-{\itshape c}]carbaozole. 
-Thus, the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\nonaheterov[begj{b\sixfusev[%
-ac{a\sixfusev[bf]{6==N;3==N}{}{D}}]{}{}{e}}]{1==N}{1==H}
-\end{verbatim}
-gives the structural formula of the fused heterocycle: 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\nonaheterov[begj{b\sixfusev[%
-ac{a\sixfusev[bf]{6==N;3==N}{}{D}}]{}{}{e}}]{1==N}{1==H}
-\end{quotation}
-which is depicted by attaching a six-membered ring 
-(\verb/\sixfusev[ac]{}{}{e}}/) 
-to the bond `b' of an indole nucleus.    
-
-The structural formula of 
-pyrido[1$^{\prime}$,2$^{\prime}$:1,2]imidazo[4,5-{\itshape b}]quinoxaline, 
-\begin{center}
-\nonaheterov[adh%
-{b\sixfusev[ac]{6==\null}{}{e}}%
-{f\sixfusev[ace]{}{}{b}}]{1==N;3==N;4==N;7==N}{}
-\end{center}
-is generated by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\nonaheterov[adh%
-{b\sixfusev[ac]{6==\null}{}{e}}%
-{f\sixfusev[ace]{}{}{b}}]{1==N;3==N;4==N;7==N}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-Since this code is intended to contain no nested ring fusion, 
-the order of structure construction is different 
-from that of the IUPAC name. 
-
-The IUPAC name, 
-pyrido[1$^{\prime}$,2$^{\prime}$:1,2]imidazo[4,5-{\itshape b}]quinoxaline, 
-corresponds to a quinaxaline with a fused five-membered ring (an imidazo 
-moiety) which is in turn fused by a six-membered ring (a pyrido moiety). 
-The order of constructing the IUPAC name is realized in the code 
-with nested ring fusion, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterov[acegi%
-{b\fivefusev[a{b\sixfusev[ac]{6==\null}{}{e}}]{1==N;3==N}{}{d}}]
-{1==N;4==N}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-which produces the same structure, 
-\begin{center}
-\decaheterov[acegi%
-{b\fivefusev[a{b\sixfusev[ac]{6==\null}{}{e}}]{1==N;3==N}{}{d}}]
-{1==N;4==N}{}
-\end{center}
-
-Note that the indicators `1$^{\prime}$,2$^{\prime}$' and `1,2'of 
-the locant [1$^{\prime}$,2$^{\prime}$:1,2] in the IUPAC name 
-correspond respectively to the 
-bond specifiers , `E' and `b', appeared in  the code, 
-\verb/{b\sixfusev[ac]{6==\null}{}{E}}/. 
-On the other hand, the indicators, 
-`4,5' and `{\itshape b}' of of the locant [4,5-{\itshape b}] 
-are respectively associated with 
-the specifiers, `d' and `b',  appeared in the code, 
-\verb/{b\fivefusev[...]{1==N;3==N}{}{d}}/.
-
-An alkaloid with a coryanthe skeleton 
-(R. T. Brown and C. L. Chapple, {\itshape Chem. Commun.}, 
-1973, 887) can be typeset by the code with nested fusion, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\nonaheterov[begj{b\sixfusev[%
-{c\sixfusev{1==\null}{3SB==H;3SA==Et;%
-4GA==H;%
-4B==\dimethylenei[a]{}{1==(yl);2W==OMe;1W==MeOCO}}{F}}]%
-{3==N}{4GB==H;2B==COOMe}{e}}]{1==N}{1==H}
-\end{verbatim}
-where a six-five ring drawn by the command \verb/\nonaheterov/ 
-is regarded as a mother skeleton. Thus, we have 
-\begin{quotation}
-\nonaheterov[begj{b\sixfusev[%
-{c\sixfusev{1==\null}{3SB==H;3SA==Et;%
-4GA==H;%
-4B==\dimethylenei[a]{}{1==(yl);2W==OMe;1W==MeOCO}}{F}}]%
-{3==N}{4GB==H;2B==COOMe}{e}}]{1==N}{1==H}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\end{quotation}
-For the command \verb/\dimethylenei/, see the chapter at issue. 
-
-When a six-six ring drawn by the command \verb/\decaheterovb/ 
-is regarded as a mother skeleton, as shown in the code with 
-another nested ring fusion, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterovb[f{f\fivefusev[d{d\sixfusev[df]{}{}{b}}]%
-{1==N}{1==H}{b}}]{8a==N}{9B==H;2SA==Et;2SB==H;8B==COOMe;%
-3GA==H;%
-3B==\dimethylenei[a]{}{1==(yl);2W==OMe;1W==MeOCO}}
-\end{verbatim}
-we find another way of drawing the same structural formula, 
-\begin{center}
-\decaheterovb[f{f\fivefusev[d{d\sixfusev[df]{}{}{b}}]%
-{1==N}{1==H}{b}}]{8a==N}{9B==H;2SA==Et;2SB==H;8B==COOMe;%
-3GA==H;%
-3B==\dimethylenei[a]{}{1==(yl);2W==OMe;1W==MeOCO}}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-
-The following example shows a code with complicated 
-nested structure: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexanev[%
-{a\sixfusev[{b\sixfusev[{c\sixfusev[{c\sixfusev[%
-{d\sixfusev[{d\sixfusev[{d\sixfusev[%
-{e\sixfusev[{e\sixfusev[{e\sixfusev[{e\sixfusev[%
-{f\sixfusev[{f\sixfusev[]{}{}{C}}]{}{}{C}}%
-]{}{}{B}}]{}{}{B}}]{}{}{B}}]{}{}{B}}%
-]{}{}{A}}]{}{}{A}}]{}{}{A}}]{}{}{F}}%
-]{}{}{F}}]{}{}{E}}]{}{}{D}}%
-{c\sixfusev[{d\sixfusev[{e\sixfusev[{e\sixfusev[%
-{f\sixfusev[{f\sixfusev[{f\sixfusev[%
-{a\sixfusev[{a\sixfusev[{a\sixfusev[{a\sixfusev[%
-{b\sixfusev[{b\sixfusev[]{}{}{E}}]{}{}{E}}%
-]{}{}{D}}]{}{}{D}}]{}{}{D}}]{}{}{D}}%
-]{}{}{C}}]{}{}{C}}]{}{}{C}}]{}{}{B}}%
-]{}{}{B}}]{}{}{A}}]{}{}{F}}%
-{e\sixfusev[{f\sixfusev[{a\sixfusev[{a\sixfusev[%
-{b\sixfusev[{b\sixfusev[{b\sixfusev[%
-{c\sixfusev[{c\sixfusev[{c\sixfusev[{c\sixfusev[%
-{d\sixfusev[{d\sixfusev[]{}{}{A}}]{}{}{A}}%
-]{}{}{F}}]{}{}{F}}]{}{}{F}}]{}{}{F}}%
-]{}{}{E}}]{}{}{E}}]{}{}{E}}]{}{}{D}}%
-]{}{}{D}}]{}{}{C}}]{}{}{B}}%
-]{}
-\end{verbatim}
-This code generates a multiply fused formula: 
-
-\clearpage
-
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{8cm}
-\cyclohexanev[%
-{a\sixfusev[{b\sixfusev[{c\sixfusev[{c\sixfusev[%
-{d\sixfusev[{d\sixfusev[{d\sixfusev[%
-{e\sixfusev[{e\sixfusev[{e\sixfusev[{e\sixfusev[%
-{f\sixfusev[{f\sixfusev[]{}{}{C}}]{}{}{C}}%
-]{}{}{B}}]{}{}{B}}]{}{}{B}}]{}{}{B}}%
-]{}{}{A}}]{}{}{A}}]{}{}{A}}%
-]{}{}{F}}%
-]{}{}{F}}]{}{}{E}}]{}{}{D}}%
-{c\sixfusev[{d\sixfusev[{e\sixfusev[{e\sixfusev[%
-{f\sixfusev[{f\sixfusev[{f\sixfusev[%
-{a\sixfusev[{a\sixfusev[{a\sixfusev[{a\sixfusev[%
-{b\sixfusev[{b\sixfusev[]{}{}{E}}]{}{}{E}}%
-]{}{}{D}}]{}{}{D}}]{}{}{D}}]{}{}{D}}%
-]{}{}{C}}]{}{}{C}}]{}{}{C}}%
-]{}{}{B}}%
-]{}{}{B}}]{}{}{A}}]{}{}{F}}%
-{e\sixfusev[{f\sixfusev[{a\sixfusev[{a\sixfusev[%
-{b\sixfusev[{b\sixfusev[{b\sixfusev[%
-{c\sixfusev[{c\sixfusev[{c\sixfusev[{c\sixfusev[%
-{d\sixfusev[{d\sixfusev[]{}{}{A}}]{}{}{A}}%
-]{}{}{F}}]{}{}{F}}]{}{}{F}}]{}{}{F}}%
-]{}{}{E}}]{}{}{E}}]{}{}{E}}%
-]{}{}{D}}%
-]{}{}{D}}]{}{}{C}}]{}{}{B}}%
-]{}
-\end{center}
-
-
-
-\clearpage
-
-
-
-\section{Remarks}
-
-\subsection{OPT Arguments}
-
-It should be noted that the OPT arguments of 
-such commands as \verb/\bzdrv/, \verb/\naphdrv/, 
-and \verb/\anthracenev/ cannot be used 
-for the ring-fusion technique. In place of the OPT argument, 
-the BONDLIST argument of the corresponding general 
-command, e.g. \verb/\cyclohexanev/ or \verb/\sixheterov/ 
-correspoding to \verb/\bzdrv/, 
-should be used for the purpose of ring fusion. . 
-For example, a bezene ring of the formula,  
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\cyclohexanev[ace{a\sixfusev{}{}{D}}]{}
-\end{center}
-should be drawn by using the \verb/\cyclohexanev/ command, 
-as shown in the code: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\cyclohexanev[ace{a\sixfusev{}{}{D}}]{}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\subsection{\protect\XyMTeX{} Warning}
-
-An incorrect result due to 
-a wrong specification of a fused bond is 
-notified by a \XyMTeX{} warning. 
-For example, the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\hanthracenev[{a\sixfusev{}{}{d}}]{}
-\end{verbatim}
-gives a formula of wrong fusion: 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\hanthracenev[{a\sixfusev{}{}{d}}]{}
-\end{center}
-According to this wrong situation, 
-a \XyMTeX{} warning appears in a display or in a log file, e.g.,  
-\begin{verbatim}
- XyMTeX Warning: Mismatched fusion at bond `a, i, or other' 
- on input line 1904
-\end{verbatim}
-There are two ways to correct the wrong fusion and, 
-as a result, to avoid such a \XyMTeX{} warning. 
-First, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\hanthracenev[{A\sixfusev{}{}{d}}]{}
-\end{verbatim}
-in which the acceptor bond specifier `a' is changed into `A',  
-gives a correct result, as found in the top example of 
-this chapter.  Alternatively, 
-the donor bond specifier `d' can be changed into `D'.  
-Thus, the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\hanthracenev[{a\sixfusev{}{}{D}}]{}
-\end{verbatim}
-also typesets the second formula with correct fusion. 
- 
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\chapter{Fusing Units}
-
-The commands described in this chapter are stored in 
-the {\sf fusering} package (file name: fusering.sty). 
-
-\section{Six-membered Fusing Units}
-\subsection{Vertical Units of Normal and Inverse Types}
-In \XyMTeX{} version 1.01, we can use \verb/\sixunitv/ 
-and \verb/\fiveunitv/ as building blocks, where 
-one or more bonds can be omitted. 
-In the present version, we prepare 
-such commands as \verb/\sixfusev/ an \verb/\sixfusevi/, 
-producing building blocks with only one deleted bond. 
-These commands can be used in the BONDLIST of another 
-command so as to give a fused structural formula, 
-as described in the preceding chapter.  
-The commands \verb/\sixfusev/ and \verb/\sixfusevi/ have formats 
-represented by 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixfusev[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\sixfusevi[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the argument FUSE is an alphabetical character (a--f) 
-or the uppercase counterpart (A--F), 
-each of which is a bond specifier representing one bond to be omitted. 
-A lowercase character (a--f) represents the younger terminal of 
-the omitted bond. 
-The corresponding uppercase character (A--F) designates 
-the other terminal of the bond to be omitted. 
-The other arguments have the same formats as described 
-in the general conventions (see \XyMTeX book). 
-The locant numbers and the bond specifiers of 
-the command \verb/\sixfusev/ correspond to 
-those of the command \verb/\sixheterov/ (see \XyMTeX book). 
-The command \verb/\sixfusevi/ is the inverse counterpart 
-of \verb/\sixfusev/ and corresponds to the command \verb/\sixheterovi/. 
-Moreover, the BONDLIST is capbable of 
-accormodating the ring-fusion function described 
-in the preseding chapter, 
-the ATOMLIST can accomodate the spiro-ring function 
-described afterward, and 
-the SUBSLIST serves a method producing subsituents (``yl''-function) 
-describe previously. 
-
-For example, the last argument `F' of the \verb/\sixfusev/ 
-appearing in the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixfusev[]{1==\null}%
-{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==CH$_2$COOC$_2$H$_5$}{F}
-\end{verbatim}
-results in the deletion of the bond `f' between atom no.~6 (youger 
-teminal) and  atom no.~1 (older terminal) from a hexagon, 
-typesetting the following building block: 
-\begin{center}
-\sixfusev[]{1==\null}{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==CH$_2$COOC$_2$H$_5$}{F}
-
-\vspace*{3cm}
-\end{center}
-where the reference point for superposition is 
-the older terminal (i.e. atom no.~1) of the bond `f'. 
-The code \verb/1==\null/ gives a vacancy at the position of atom no.~1. 
-When the building block is used in the BONDLIST of 
-the \verb/\decaheterov/, as shown in the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterov[fhk%
-{c\sixfusev[]{1==\null}%
-{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==CH$_2$COOC$_2$H$_5$}{F}}]{3==N}{6==CH$_3$O;7==CH$_3$O}
-\end{verbatim}
-we have the following structure, 
-\begin{center}
-\decaheterov[fhk%
-{c\sixfusev[]{1==\null}%
-{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==CH$_2$COOC$_2$H$_5$}{F}}]{3==N}{6==CH$_3$O;7==CH$_3$O}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\end{center}
-
-The last argument `F' of the \verb/\sixfusev/ 
-can be changed into `f', as found in the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterovi[fhk%
-{a\sixfusev[]{1==\null}%
-{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==CH$_2$COOC$_2$H$_5$}{f}}]{2==N}{6==CH$_3$O;7==CH$_3$O}
-\end{verbatim}
-where we use \verb/\decaheterovi/ in place of 
-\verb/\decaheterov/ for drawing the bicyclic mother skeleton. 
-Thereby, we have the following structure, 
-\begin{center}
-\decaheterovi[fhk%
-{a\sixfusev[]{1==\null}%
-{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==CH$_2$COOC$_2$H$_5$}{f}}]{2==N}{6==CH$_3$O;7==CH$_3$O}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\end{center}
-
-The vertically opposite formula can be drawn by the combination of 
-\verb/\sixfusevi/ and \verb/\decaheterovi/ with no other changes 
-of designation (in comparison with the first code of this 
-section), i.e. 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterovi[fhk%
-{c\sixfusevi[]{1==\null}%
-{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==CH$_2$COOC$_2$H$_5$}{F}}]{3==N}{6==CH$_3$O;7==CH$_3$O}
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby we have 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\decaheterovi[fhk%
-{c\sixfusevi[]{1==\null}%
-{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==CH$_2$COOC$_2$H$_5$}{F}}]{3==N}{6==CH$_3$O;7==CH$_3$O}
-\end{center}
-
-\subsection{Horizontal Units of Normal and Inverse Types}
-
-For drawing horizontal fusing units, 
-we can use the commands \verb/\sixfuseh/ and \verb/\sixfusehi/, 
-which are represented by 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixfuseh[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\sixfusehi[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-The horizontal formula of normal type related to the tricyclic 
-formulas described in the preceding subsection 
-can be drawn by the combination of 
-\verb/\sixfuseh/ and \verb/\decaheteroh/ with few changes 
-of designation (CH$_{3}$O to OCH$_{3}$), i.e. 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheteroh[fhk%
-{c\sixfuseh[]{1==\null}%
-{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==CH$_2$COOC$_2$H$_5$}{F}}]{3==N}{6==OCH$_3$;7==OCH$_3$}
-\end{verbatim}
-which typsets the following structure, 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\decaheteroh[fhk%
-{c\sixfuseh[]{1==\null}%
-{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==CH$_2$COOC$_2$H$_5$}{F}}]{3==N}{6==OCH$_3$;7==OCH$_3$}
-\end{center}
-
-The horizontally opposite formula can be drawn by the combination of 
-\verb/\sixfusehi/ and \verb/\decaheterohi/ with 
-slight changes concerning the handedness of subsitutents, i.e. 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterohi[fhk%
-{c\sixfusehi[]{1==\null}%
-{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==C$_2$H$_5$OCOCH$_2$}{F}}]{3==N}{6==OCH$_3$;7==OCH$_3$}
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby we have 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\decaheterohi[fhk%
-{c\sixfusehi[]{1==\null}%
-{3==C$_2$H$_5$;4==C$_2$H$_5$OCOCH$_2$}{F}}]{3==N}{6==OCH$_3$;7==OCH$_3$}
-\end{center}
-
-\section{Five-membered Fusing Units}
-\subsection{Vertical Units of Normal and Inverse Types}
-To obtain a vertical five-membered building block, 
-we can use \verb/\fivefusev/ and \verb/\fivefusevi/: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fivefusev[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\fivefusevi[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the argument FUSE is an alphabetical character (a--e) 
-or the uppercase counterpart (A--E), 
-each of which is a bond specifier representing one bond to be omitted. 
-The other specifications have the same formats 
-as found in the preceding section. 
-
-The following example (left) gives the use of the \verb/\fivefusevi/ 
-command by itself, where its SUBSLIST contains some substituents: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fivefusevi{4==O}{2D==;3D==O}{E} \hskip 3cm
-\fivefusevi{4==O}{1GA==H;5GB==H;2D==;3D==O}{E}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
-%\vspace*{1cm}
-\fivefusevi{4==O}{2D==;3D==O}{E} \hskip 3cm
-\fivefusevi{4==O}{1GA==H;5GB==H;2D==;3D==O}{E}
-
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\end{center}
-To show hydrogen substitution at the fused positions, we 
-add the designation of \verb/1GA==H;5GB==H/ to the 
-SUBSLIST of the \verb/\fivefusevi/ command (right above). 
-Then, the latter code is written in the BONDLIST of 
-a command \verb/\decalinev/, as found in the code:
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decalinev[h{c\fivefusevi{4==O}{1GA==H;5GB==H;2D==;3D==O}{E}}]%
-{6D==O;5A==;0FB==;0GA==H}
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby, we obtain 
-\begin{center}
-\decalinev[h{c\fivefusevi{4==O}{1GA==H;5GB==H;2D==;3D==O}{E}}]%
-{6D==O;5A==;0FB==;0GA==H}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-
-Fusing units such as \verb/\fivefusev/ 
-can be multiply nested in itself and in other types of fusing units. 
-The following example shows such a trebly-nested case.  
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterovi[AB%
-{b\fivefusev[{a\sixfusev[ce%
-{c\sixfusev{3==O}{4D==O;5SB==HO;5SA==Et}{F}}]{1==\null}{2D==O}{f}}]%
-{2==N}{}{D}}]{1==N}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{quotation}
-\decaheterovi[AB%
-{b\fivefusev[{a\sixfusev[ce%
-{c\sixfusev{3==O}{4D==O;5SB==HO;5SA==Et}{F}}]{1==\null}{2D==O}{f}}]%
-{2==N}{}{D}}]{1==N}{}
-
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\end{quotation}
-
-When all of the commands in the above code are 
-changed into the inverse counterparts 
-(\verb/\decaheterovi/ to \verb/\decaheterov/;
-\verb/\fivefusev/ and \verb/\fivefusevi/; and 
-\verb/\sixfusev/ to \verb/\sixfusevi/),  
-the code is transformed into another code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterov[AB%
-{b\fivefusevi[{a\sixfusevi[ce%
-{c\sixfusevi{3==O}{4D==O;5SB==HO;5SA==Et}{F}}]{1==\null}{2D==O}{f}}]%
-{2==N}{}{D}}]{1==N}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby, we can obtain the formula of vertically inverse type. 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\decaheterov[AB%
-{b\fivefusevi[{a\sixfusevi[ce%
-{c\sixfusevi{3==O}{4D==O;5SB==HO;5SA==Et}{F}}]{1==\null}{2D==O}{f}}]%
-{2==N}{}{D}}]{1==N}{}
-\end{quotation}
-
-\subsection{Horizontal Units of Normal and Inverse Types}
-Horizontal five-membered building block are 
-obtained by using \verb/\fivefuseh/ and \verb/\fivefusehi/: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fivefuseh[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\fivefusehi[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the argument FUSE is an alphabetical character (a--e) 
-or the uppercase counterpart (A--E), 
-each of which is a bond specifier representing one bond to be omitted. 
-The other specifications have the same formats 
-as found in the preceding section. 
-
-The example given for \verb/\fivefusevi/ is 
-changed into the one using the horizontal counterpart \verb/\fivefusehi/: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decalineh[h{c\fivefusehi{4==O}{1GA==H;5GB==H;2D==;3D==O}{E}}]{5A==;6D==O}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\decalineh[h{c\fivefusehi{4==O}{1GA==H;5GB==H;2D==;3D==O}{E}}]{5A==;6D==O}
-\end{center}
-Note that no changes of other designation are necessary except that 
-\verb/\decalineh/ and \verb/\fivefusehi/ are used 
-in place of the vertical counterpart described above. 
-
-The multiply nested example described above for drawing 
-a structure of vertical type can be changed into 
-the corresponding one of horizontal type, 
-if all of the commmands are changed into horizontal types 
-(\verb/\decaheterovi/ to \verb/\decaheterohi/;
-\verb/\fivefusev/ to \verb/\fivefuseh/; and 
-\verb/\sixfusev/ to \verb/\sixfuseh/). 
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterohi[AB%
-{b\fivefuseh[{a\sixfuseh[ce%
-{c\sixfuseh{3==O}{4D==O;5SB==OH;5SA==Et}{F}}]{1==\null}{2D==O}{f}}]%
-{2==N}{}{D}}]{1==N}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{2cm}\hspace*{4cm}
-\decaheterohi[AB%
-{b\fivefuseh[{a\sixfuseh[ce%
-{c\sixfuseh{3==O}{4D==O;5SB==OH;5SA==Et}{F}}]{1==\null}{2D==O}{f}}]%
-{2==N}{}{D}}]{1==N}{}
-\end{quotation}
-
-When all the commands in the above code are 
-changed into the inverse counterparts 
-(\verb/\decaheterohi/ to \verb/\decaheteroh/;
-\verb/\fivefuseh/ and \verb/\fivefusehi/; and 
-\verb/\sixfuseh/ to \verb/\sixfusehi/),  
-the code is transformed into another code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheteroh[AB%
-{b\fivefusehi[{a\sixfusehi[ce%
-{c\sixfusehi{3==O}{4D==O;5SB==HO;5SA==Et}{F}}]{1==\null}{2D==O}{f}}]%
-{2==N}{}{D}}]{1==N}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby, we can obtain the formula of horizontally inverse type. 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{2cm}\hspace*{4cm}
-\decaheteroh[AB%
-{b\fivefusehi[{a\sixfusehi[ce%
-{c\sixfusehi{3==O}{4D==O;5SB==HO;5SA==Et}{F}}]{1==\null}{2D==O}{f}}]%
-{2==N}{}{D}}]{1==N}{}
-\end{quotation}
-
-\section{Four-membered Fusing Units}
-
-To obtain a four-membered building block, 
-we can use \verb/\fourfuse/: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fourfuse[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the argument FUSE is an alphabetical character (a--d) 
-or the uppercase counterpart (A--D), 
-each of which is a bond specifier representing one bond to be omitted. 
-The assignment of characters (a to d) and locants (1 to 4) 
-for the command \verb/\fourhetero/ is applied 
-in the same way to this case. 
-The other specifications have the same formats 
-as those of the command \verb/\fourhetero/. 
-
-For example, the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[{e\fourfuse{}{}{b}}]{}{}
-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse{}{}{d}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{b\fourfuse{}{}{a}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{e\fourfuse{}{}{c}}]{}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-produces the following structural formulas. 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov[{e\fourfuse{}{}{b}}]{}{}
-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse{}{}{d}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{b\fourfuse{}{}{a}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{e\fourfuse{}{}{c}}]{}{}
-\end{center}
-
-A hetero atom at a fused position is designated in the ATOMLIST 
-of \verb/\fourfuse/, which is associated the code \verb/\null/ 
-in the ATOMLIST of a command for drawing a mother skeleton. 
-For example, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[{e\fourfuse{3==N}{}{b}}]{6==\null}{}
-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse{4==N}{}{d}}]{2==\null}{}
-\sixheteroh[{b\fourfuse{2==N}{}{a}}]{3==\null}{}
-\sixheteroh[{e\fourfuse{3==N}{}{c}}]{5==\null}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-produces the following structural formulas. 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov[{e\fourfuse{3==N}{}{b}}]{6==\null}{}
-\sixheterov[{b\fourfuse{4==N}{}{d}}]{2==\null}{}
-\sixheteroh[{b\fourfuse{2==N}{}{a}}]{3==\null}{}
-\sixheteroh[{e\fourfuse{3==N}{}{c}}]{5==\null}{}
-\end{center}
-
-Penicillin G can be drawn by using the \verb/\fourfuse/ command 
-in the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fiveheterovi[{d\fourfuse{2==\null}{1D==O;4Su==PhCH$_{2}$CONH;4Sd==H}{b}}]%
-{1==S;4==N}{2Sa==CH$_{3}$;2Sb==CH$_{3}$;3SA==COOH;3SB==H;5GA==H}
-\end{verbatim}
-which typeset the following formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\fiveheterovi[{d\fourfuse{2==\null}{1D==O;4Su==PhCH$_{2}$CONH;4Sd==H}{b}}]%
-{1==S;4==N}{2Sa==CH$_{3}$;2Sb==CH$_{3}$;3SA==COOH;3SB==H;5GA==H}
-\end{center}
-
-\section{Three-membered Fusing Units}
-\subsection{Vertical Units of Normal and Inverse Types}
-To obtain three-membered building blocks of 
-vertical type, we can use \verb/\threefusev/ and \verb/\threefusevi/: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\threefusev[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\threefusevi[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the argument FUSE is an alphabetical character (a--c) 
-or the uppercase counterpart (A--C), 
-each of which is a bond specifier representing one bond to be omitted. 
-The assignment of characters (a to c) and locants (1 to 3) 
-for the command \verb/\threeheterov/ or \verb/\threeheterovi/ is applied 
-in the same way to this case. 
-The other specifications have the same formats 
-as those of the command \verb/\threeheterov/ or \verb/\threeheterovi/. 
-
-For example, the code using \verb/\threefusev/, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheteroh[{a\threefusev{}{}{a}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{e\threefusev{}{}{b}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{c\threefusev{}{}{c}}]{}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-produces the following structural formulas. 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheteroh[{a\threefusev{}{}{a}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{e\threefusev{}{}{b}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{c\threefusev{}{}{c}}]{}{}
-\end{center}
-The use of the inverse type is shown in the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheteroh[{F\threefusevi{}{}{a}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{B\threefusevi{}{}{b}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{D\threefusevi{}{}{c}}]{}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-which produces the following structural formulas. 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheteroh[{F\threefusevi{}{}{a}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{B\threefusevi{}{}{b}}]{}{}
-\sixheteroh[{D\threefusevi{}{}{c}}]{}{}
-\end{center}
-
-Hetero-atoms at fused positions can be typeset by designating 
-ATOMLISTs. For example, the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheteroh[{a\threefusev{1==N}{}{a}}]{1==\null}{}
-\sixheteroh[{e\threefusev{2==N}{}{b}}]{5==\null}{}
-\sixheteroh[{c\threefusev{3==N}{}{c}}]{3==\null}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-produces the following structural formulas. 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheteroh[{a\threefusev{1==N}{}{a}}]{1==\null}{}
-\sixheteroh[{e\threefusev{2==N}{}{b}}]{5==\null}{}
-\sixheteroh[{c\threefusev{3==N}{}{c}}]{3==\null}{}
-\end{center}
-
-\subsection{Horizontal Units of Normal and Inverse Types}
-Three-membered building blocks of 
-horizontal type can be obtained by using 
-\verb/\threefuseh/ and \verb/\threefusehi/: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\threefuseh[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\threefusehi[BONDLIST]{ATOMLIST}{SUBSLIST}{FUSE}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the argument FUSE is an alphabetical character (a--c) 
-or the uppercase counterpart (A--C), 
-each of which is a bond specifier representing one bond to be omitted. 
-The assignment of characters (a to c) and locants (1 to 3) 
-for the command \verb/\threeheteroh/ or \verb/\threeheterohi/ is applied 
-in the same way to this case. 
-The other specifications have the same formats 
-as those of the command \verb/\threeheteroh/ or \verb/\threeheterohi/. 
-
-For example, the code using \verb/\threefuseh/, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[{F\threefuseh{}{}{a}}]{}{}
-\sixheterov[{B\threefuseh{}{}{b}}]{}{}
-\sixheterov[{D\threefuseh{}{}{c}}]{}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-produces the following structural formulas. 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov[{F\threefuseh{}{}{a}}]{}{}
-\sixheterov[{B\threefuseh{}{}{b}}]{}{}
-\sixheterov[{D\threefuseh{}{}{c}}]{}{}
-\end{center}
-The use of the inverse type is shown in the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[{a\threefusehi{}{}{a}}]{}{}
-\sixheterov[{e\threefusehi{}{}{b}}]{}{}
-\sixheterov[{c\threefusehi{}{}{c}}]{}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-which produces the following structural formulas. 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov[{a\threefusehi{}{}{a}}]{}{}
-\sixheterov[{e\threefusehi{}{}{b}}]{}{}
-\sixheterov[{c\threefusehi{}{}{c}}]{}{}
-\end{center}
-
-Hetero-atoms at fused positions can be typeset by designating 
-ATOMLISTs. For example, the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[{F\threefuseh{1==N}{}{a}}]{1==\null}{}
-\sixheterov[{B\threefuseh{2==N}{}{b}}]{3==\null}{}
-\sixheterov[{D\threefuseh{3==N}{}{c}}]{5==\null}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-produces the following structural formulas. 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov[{F\threefuseh{1==N}{}{a}}]{1==\null}{}
-\sixheterov[{B\threefuseh{2==N}{}{b}}]{3==\null}{}
-\sixheterov[{D\threefuseh{3==N}{}{c}}]{5==\null}{}
-\end{center}
-
-An aziridine derivative, 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov[{B\threefuseh{1==N}{1==COOC$_{2}$H$_{5}$}{b}}]{}{}
-\end{center}
-can be drawn by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[{B\threefuseh{1==N}{1==COOC$_{2}$H$_{5}$}{b}}]{}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-\chapter{Spiro Rings}
-\section{General Conventions for Spiro-Ring Attachment}
-
-There are several ways for naming spiro compounds 
-in the light of the IUPAC nomenclature. 
-Rule A-41.4 allows us to use such a name as 
-spiro[cyclopentane-1,1$^{\prime}$-indene] 
-for representing the following structure: 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\nonaheterovi[begj]{1s==\fiveheterov{}{1==(yl)}}{}
-\end{center}
-The same structure is named indene-1-spiro-1$^{\prime}$-cyclohexane 
-in terms of Rule A-42.1. 
-Spiro[5.5]undecane, the name due to Rule A-41.1 and A-41.2, 
-is alternatively referred to as 
-cyclohexanespirocyclohexane in terms of Rule A-42.1:   
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\sixheterov[]{1s==\sixheterov[]{}{4==(yl)}}{}
-\end{center}
-where the `cyclohexanespiro' shows the replacement of a 
-carbon atom in a cyclohexne by another cyclohexane ring. 
-These rules essentially have the same methodology as the 
-IUPAC replacement nomenclature, e.g., 
-oxacyclohexane (more formally, oxane or tetrahydropyran) 
-for the formula 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov[]{1==O}{}
-\end{center}
-generated by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[]{1==O}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the prefix `oxa' shows the replacement of a 
-carbon atom with an oxygen atom.  
-Obviously, the prefix `cyclohexanespiro' of the name 
-`cyclohexanespirocyclohexane' is akin to 
-the prefix `oxa' of the name `oxacyclohexane' or `oxane' 
-from the viewpoint of the construction of names.   
-Since the unit due to the latter prefix is designated by 
-the \verb/1==O/ involved in the ATOMLIST, 
-the former prefix can be treated in the same way. 
-Hence, spiro compounds are drawn as follows: 
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item 
-\XyMTeX{} regards a spiro ring 
-as a unit for the IUPAC replacement nomenclature, 
-which is generated from an appropriate structure by ``yl''-function. 
-\item the code of the unit due to the ``yl''-function is added to 
-the ATOMLIST of a mother skeleton. 
-\end{enumerate}
-
-Spiro[5.5]undecane is regarded as `cyclohexana'-cyclohexane 
-(more formally, `cyclohexanespiro'-cyclo\-hexane), 
-as found in the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[]{1s==\sixheterov[]{}{4==(yl)}}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-where the code 
-\verb/\sixheterov[]{}{4==(yl)}/ produced by the ``yl''-function 
-corresponds to the suffix `cyclohexana' and 
-is written in the ATOMLIST of the outer \verb/sixheterov/ command. 
-Thereby, we can obtain 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\sixheterov[]{1s==\sixheterov[]{}{4==(yl)}}{}
-\end{center}
-
-Note that the atom modifier `s' in the code 
-\verb/1s==\sixheterov[]{}{4==(yl)}/ represents no 
-hetero-atom at the spiro position. 
-When a hetero-atom is present at the spiro position, 
-an atom modifier `h' is used in place of `s'. 
-For example, the code 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[]{1h==\sixheterov[]{4==N}{4==(yl)}}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-typeset the following formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\sixheterov[]{1h==\sixheterov[]{4==N}{4==(yl)}}{}
-\end{center}
-
-It should be noted that the absence of such atom 
-modifiers represents a usual replacement by 
-a hetero atom, as found in the formula of 
-oxane shown above or in the one of 
-thiacyclohexane (tetrahydrothiane): 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov[]{1==S}{}
-\end{center}
-generated by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[]{1==S}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\section{Several Examples}
-
-Spiro[cyclopentane-1,1$^{\prime}$-indene] described above 
-can be drawn in two ways: 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\nonaheterovi[begj]{1s==\fiveheterov{}{1==(yl)}}{}
-\fiveheterov{1s==\nonaheterovi[begj]{}{1==(yl)}}{}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-where we use two different codes: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\nonaheterovi[begj]{1s==\fiveheterov{}{1==(yl)}}{}
-\fiveheterov{1s==\nonaheterovi[begj]{}{1==(yl)}}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-which correspond to 
-`cyclohexane-1-spiro-1$^{\prime}$-indene' and 
-`indene-1-spiro-1$^{\prime}$-cyclohexane' (formal), 
-respectively.   
-
-A spiro dienone
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\sixheterov[be]{%
-1s==\fiveheterov{4==N}{1==(yl);3SB==H;3SA==COOCH$_{2}$Ph;%
-4==PhCH$_{2}$OCO;5D==O}}{4D==O}
-\end{center}
-can be drawn by writing a code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[be]{%
-1s==\fiveheterov{4==N}{1==(yl);3SB==H;3SA==COOCH$_{2}$Ph;%
-4==PhCH$_{2}$OCO;5D==O}}{4D==O}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-1-Azaspiro[5.5]undecene 
-which is the skeleton present in histrionicotoxin 
-(Tetrahedron Lett., 1981, {\bf 22}, 2247) 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov[]{1==N;6s==\cyclohexanev[a]{3==(yl)}}{1==CH$_{2}$Ph}
-\end{center}
-can be drawn by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[]{1==N;6s==\cyclohexanev[a]{3==(yl)}}{1==CH$_{2}$Ph}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-The following example shows a case 
-to which both ring fusion and spiro attachment are applied. 
-The code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterov[fhk%
-{g\fivefusev{1==O;4==O}{}{b}}%
-]{1s==\cyclohexanev[be]{1D==O;4==(yl)}}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-gives the following formula: 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\decaheterov[fhk%
-{g\fivefusev{1==O;4==O}{}{b}}%
-]{1s==\cyclohexanev[be]{1D==O;4==(yl)}}{}
-\end{center}
-
-A 1,3-dioxolane derivative 
-\begin{center}
-\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O;%
-1s==\trimethylenei{}{3==(yl);1W==PhSO$_{2}$;3W==R}}{}%
-\end{center}
-can be drawn by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O;1s==\trimethylenei{}{3==(yl);1W==PhSO$_{2}$;3W==R}}{}%
-\end{verbatim}
-The same compound is also drawn by usual techniques 
-as follows: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O}{1Sb==\dimethylenei{}{2==(yl);1W==PhSO$_{2}$};1Sa==R}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
-\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O}{1Sb==\dimethylenei{}{2==(yl);1W==PhSO$_{2}$};1Sa==R}
-\end{center}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O}{1G==\dimethylenei{}{2==(yl);1W==PhSO$_{2}$};1F==R}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
-\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O}{1G==\dimethylenei{}{2==(yl);1W==PhSO$_{2}$};1F==R}
-\end{center}
-
-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinoline-4-spiro-4$^{\prime}$-piperidine, 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\decaheterovi[fhk]{1==N;4s==\sixheterov[]{1==N}{4==(yl);1==H}}{1==H}
-\end{quotation}
-can be drawn by writing a code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterovi[fhk]{1==N;4s==\sixheterov[]{1==N}{4==(yl);1==H}}{1==H}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-3,3$^{\prime}$-Spirobi[3{\it H}-indole], 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\nonaheterovi[begj]{3==N;%
-1s==\fiveheterov[bd{b\sixfusev[ac]{}{}{e}}]{4==N}{1==(yl)}}{}
-\end{quotation}
-is typeset by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\nonaheterovi[begj]{3==N;%
-1s==\fiveheterov[bd{b\sixfusev[ac]{}{}{e}}]{4==N}{1==(yl)}}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-The code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov[]{1s==\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O}{1==(yl)}}{%
-5==\threeheteroh{1==O}{3Sb==Me$_{3}$Si;3==(yl)}}
-\end{verbatim}
-typesets the following structure: 
-\begin{center}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\sixheterov[]{1s==\fiveheterov{2==O;5==O}{1==(yl)}}{%
-5==\threeheteroh{1==O}{3Sb==Me$_{3}$Si;3==(yl)}}
-\end{center}
-
-A spiro intermediate during spiro annelation 
-(T.\ S.\ T.\ Wang, {\em Tetrahedron Lett.}, 1975, 1637), 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\nonaheterov[aA]{1==N;%
-3s==\decaheterovb[B]{8==N}{5==(yl);8==\dimethylenei{}{1D==O;1==(yl)}}}{}
-\end{quotation}
-can be drawn by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\nonaheterov[aA]{1==N;%
-3s==\decaheterovb[B]{8==N}{5==(yl);8==\dimethylenei{}{1D==O;1==(yl)}}}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-A lactone intermediate containing a protected ketone 
-(A. Grieco and M. Nishizawa, {\em Chem. Commun.}, 1976, 582), 
-\begin{center}
-\decaheterov[h{c\fivefusevi{4==O}{1GA==H;5GB==H;2B==;3D==O}{E}}]{%
-6s==\fiveheterovi{1==O;3==O}{2==(yl)}}{5A==;{10}B==;9A==H}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-is drawn by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\decaheterov[h{c\fivefusevi{4==O}{1GA==H;5GB==H;2B==;3D==O}{E}}]{%
-6s==\fiveheterovi{1==O;3==O}{2==(yl)}}{5A==;{10}B==;9A==H}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\section{Multi-Spiro Derivatives}
-
-Multi-sipro derivatives are drawn by nesting spiro function. 
-For example, cyclohexanespirocyclopentane-3$^{\prime}$-%
-spirocyclohexane (Rule A-42.4), 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheteroh[]{4s==\fiveheterov{%
-2s==\sixheteroh[]{}{1==(yl)}}{5==(yl)}}{}
-\end{center}
-is typeset by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheteroh[]{4s==\fiveheterov{%
-2s==\sixheteroh[]{}{1==(yl)}}{5==(yl)}}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-When \verb/\fiveheterov/ is a mother skeleton, 
-such a nested command is unnecessary: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\fiveheterov{2s==\sixheteroh[]{}{1==(yl)};%
-5s==\sixheteroh[]{}{4==(yl)}}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
-\fiveheterov{2s==\sixheteroh[]{}{1==(yl)};%
-5s==\sixheteroh[]{}{4==(yl)}}{}
-\end{center}
-
-The name (Rule A-42.4), 
-fluorene-9-spiro-1$^{\prime}$-cyclohexane-4$^{\prime}$-%
-spiro-1$^{\prime}$-indene, corresponds to the code,  
-\begin{verbatim}
-\nonaheterovi[begj{b\sixfusev[ac]{}{}{E}}]{%
-1s==\sixheterov[]{1s==\nonaheterov[begj]{}{1==(yl)}}{4==(yl)}}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-which gives 
-\begin{quotation}
-\vspace*{2cm}
-\nonaheterovi[begj{b\sixfusev[ac]{}{}{E}}]{%
-1s==\sixheterov[]{1s==\nonaheterov[begj]{}{1==(yl)}}{4==(yl)}}{}
-\end{quotation}
-
-
-\section{Atom Replacement}
-
-The ATOMLIST of each command is capable of 
-accommodating a group if a sufficient space is available. 
-For example, compare two codes, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheteroh{4==NCOOEt}{}
-\hskip 2cm
-\sixheteroh{4==N}{4==COOEt}
-\end{verbatim}
-generating formulas equivalent chemically to each other: 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheteroh{4==NCOOEt}{}
-\hskip 2cm
-\sixheteroh{4==N}{4==COOEt}
-\end{center}
-Note that the former example uses an ATOMLIST and 
-the latter uses an SUBSLIST for describing substituents. 
-
-Even when no such space is available, the use of 
-a command, \verb/\upnobond/ or \verb/\downnobond/, 
-give a solution (see \XyMTeX book pages 259--260).  
-Compare the following formulas, 
-\begin{center}
-\sixheterov{4==\downnobond{N}{COOEt}}{}
-\sixheterov{4==N}{4==COOEt}
-\sixheterov{1==\upnobond{N}{COOEt}}{}
-\sixheterov{1==N}{1==COOEt}
-\end{center}
-generated by the code, 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheterov{4==\downnobond{N}{COOEt}}{}
-\sixheterov{4==N}{4==COOEt}
-\sixheterov{1==\upnobond{N}{COOEt}}{}
-\sixheterov{1==N}{1==COOEt}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-These examples show that a substituent (e.g. NCOOEt) can 
-be regarded as a component for atom replacement using a ATOMLIST. 
-This methodology can be applied to a case in which 
-such a substituent is generated by the ``yl''-function or 
-by such a linking command as \verb/\ryl/ or \verb/\lyl/. 
-The following example shows the use the \verb/\ryl/ command 
-in the ATOMLIST of \verb/\sixheteroh/. 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheteroh{4h==\ryl(4==NCOO){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}{}
-\hskip2cm
-\sixheterov{3h==\ryl(4==NCOO){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}{}
-\hskip2cm
-\sixheterov{4h==\ryl(0==N){8==\bzdrv{1==(yl)}}}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
-\sixheteroh{4h==\ryl(4==NCOO){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}{}
-\hskip2cm
-\sixheterov{3h==\ryl(4==NCOO){4==\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}{}
-\hskip2cm
-\sixheterov{4h==\ryl(0==N){8==\bzdrv{1==(yl)}}}{}
-
-\vspace*{1cm}
-\end{center}
-
-A bond bewtween a COO unit and a phenyl group is frequently  
-omitted. For this purpose,  we use command \verb/\ayl/ 
-defined as 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\makeatletter
-\def\ayl{\@ifnextchar({\@ayl@}{\@ayl@(10,40)}}
-\def\@ayl@(#1,#2)#3{%
-\begingroup\yl@xdiff=0 \yl@ydiff=0%
-\kern#1\unitlength\raise#2\unitlength\hbox to0pt{#3\hss}%
-\endgroup}
-\makeatother
-\end{verbatim}
-Thereby, we have the following examples. 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\sixheteroh{4==NCOO\ayl{\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}{}
-\hskip2cm
-\sixheterov{3==NCOO\ayl{\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}{}
-\hskip2cm
-\sixheterov{4==\downnobond{N}{COO\ayl{\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}}{}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
-\sixheteroh{4==NCOO\ayl{\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}{}
-\hskip2cm
-\sixheterov{3==NCOO\ayl{\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}{}
-\hskip2cm
-\sixheterov{4==\downnobond{N}{COO\ayl{\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}}{}
-\end{center}
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\tetramethylene[a]{3==\downnobond{N}{COO\ayl{\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}}{}
-\hskip2cm
-\tetramethylene[a]{3==N}{3==COO\ayl{\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
-\tetramethylene[a]{3==\downnobond{N}{COO\ayl{\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}}{}
-\hskip2cm
-\tetramethylene[a]{3==N}{3==COO\ayl{\bzdrh{1==(yl)}}}
-\end{center}
-
-
-\endinput
-
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{center}
-\end{center}
-
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\end{verbatim}
-\begin{quotation}
-\end{quotation}
-
-
\ No newline at end of file