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+This is the file README for xyling.sty.  For full documentation, read
+xyli-doc.pdf.
+
+xyling.sty is a set of macros based on xypic.sty, considered to make
+it easier to draw the kind of graphical objects that are frequently
+used in linguistics, such as, first of all, phrase structure trees,
+but also phonological structures. It is highly flexible and can easily
+be extended to any kind of schematic object that combines text with
+lines, boxes etc.
+
+Requirements: xypic
+
+Licensing of this package is covered by LPPL.
+
+Send your comments, suggestions, and bug reports to
+	rvogel@ling.uni-potsdam.de
+
+Ralf Vogel
\ No newline at end of file
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+\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
+\usepackage{avm}
+\usepackage{xyling}
+\usepackage{textcomp}
+\usepackage{mflogo}
+\usepackage{wasysym}
+
+
+\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
+\setlength{\parskip}{1.5ex}
+
+\title{\texttt{xyling} -- \LaTeX\ macros for linguistic graphics using the
+  \texttt{xypic} module\\ version 1.1, July 31, 2006}
+
+\author{Ralf Vogel\\Institut f\"ur Linguistik, Universit\"at Potsdam\\\tt
+  rvogel@ling.uni-potsdam.de\\\tt http://www.ling.uni-potsdam.de/\~{}rvogel/xyling
+} \date{December 31, 2004}
+\frenchspacing\raggedbottom
+
+
+\begin{document}\maketitle
+
+This file explains the usage of the tree drawing macros in
+\texttt{xyling.sty}. Please also inspect the style file which contains detailed
+comments of the macros. These macros build on the \texttt{xypic} package by
+Kristoffer H. Rose, version 3.7. 
+
+\fbox{\parbox{.975\textwidth}{ \texttt{xypic} is loaded by \texttt{xyling.sty}
+    with the \texttt{dvips} option in order to be able to produce coloured
+    branches. This has a bad side effect: The use of the dvips option might
+    cause branches to disappear when you produce a pdf file with
+    \texttt{pdflatex}. Likewise, other packages that use postscript, like
+    \texttt{pstricks}, might have such side effects. If you experience this,
+    there are two ways of overcoming it:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item erase the dvips option in the \texttt{xypic} call in line 57 of
+  \texttt{xyling.sty}, i.e., use: \texttt{\textbackslash
+    RequirePackage[color,all]\{xy\}}.  You will no longer be able to use
+  coloured branches now, however. Similarly, you might have to avoid using
+  other postscript packages, too.
+ \item create the pdf file via dvips and ps2pdf conversion. This is how this
+   documentation pdf file is created.
+\end{enumerate} }}
+ 
+Load \texttt{xyling} with \verb|\usepackage{xyling}|.
+
+The macros in this package model the construction of syntactic tree structures
+as a genuinely graphical problem: they contain three types of objects:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the \emph{grid}
+\item the \emph{node labels}
+\item the \emph{branches}
+\end{itemize}
+
+The branches and nodes are positioned relative to the grid. It is
+essential that each of these three elements is constructed independent of the
+other two. They can be modified without unwanted side effects. This
+is, to my mind, the most important difference to other tree drawing macro
+packages, where, in particular, the label width often changes the angles of the
+branches. 
+
+A second major advantage to my mind lies in using the excellent \texttt{xypic}
+package.  \texttt{xypic} generates \MF\ code, so the drawing of trees is not
+dependent on postscript specials, as, e.g., in Wolfgang Sternefeld's
+\texttt{ps-trees}. Hence, no postprocessing is required. The trees generated by
+postscript specials can neither be seen in a dvi previewer (at least not in my
+current version of \texttt{xdvi} for linux), nor can they be taken over into a
+pdf file by \texttt{pdflatex} (but it works in dvi to pdf conversion with
+\texttt{dvipdf}, or ps to pdf conversion with \texttt{ps2pdf}).
+
+
+\section{The Grid}
+\label{sec:grid}
+
+A tree is a simple macro of the form \verb|\Tree{ ... }|. It is an \texttt{xymatrix}, with
+\verb|&| as column separator and \verb|\\| as row separator. You should be
+familiar with this structure from tabulars and similar structures.
+
+\verb|\Tree| has an optional argument that can be used for changing the space
+between columns. The default is 0, wich does not actually mean 0 space, but
+rather the default space. A negative value makes the tree smaller, a positive
+value makes it wider:
+
+\begin{minipage}{.5\linewidth}
+ \begin{tabular}{l@{~~=~~}l}
+    \Tree{A & B} & \verb|\Tree{A & B}|\\
+    \Tree[1]{A & B} & \verb|\Tree[1]{A & B}|\\
+    \Tree[-1]{A & B} & \verb|\Tree[-1]{A & B}|
+ \end{tabular}  
+\end{minipage}
+
+
+The distance between rows can also be controlled using the ``k''ontrolled version of
+\verb|\Tree|, \verb|\Treek|, which has one more obligatory argument, the distance
+between rows, which is defaulted to 2pc in \verb|\Tree|. Check the examples in table
+\ref{tab:treek}.
+
+ \begin{table}[htbp]
+   \begin{center}
+     \begin{tabular}{|l@{~~=~~}p{.5\linewidth}|}\hline
+       \Tree{ & VP \\ V && NP } & \verb|\Tree{ & VP \\ Vzero && NP }|\\\hline
+       \Treek{1}{ & VP \\ V && NP } & \verb|\Treek{1}{ & VP \\ V && NP }|\\\hline
+       \Treek{3}{ & VP \\ V && NP } & \verb|\Treek{3}{ & VP \\ V && NP }|\\\hline
+       \Treek{4}{ & VP \\ V && NP } & \verb|\Treek{4}{ & VP \\ V && NP }|\\\hline
+     \end{tabular}\\\medskip
+     \caption{Effects of the first argument of \textbackslash \texttt{Treek}}
+     \label{tab:treek}
+   \end{center}
+ \end{table}
+ \section{The Nodes}
+ \label{sec:nodes}
+
+A node is introduced with the command \verb|\K{...}|. Text is centered, both
+horizontally and vertically! This means that text boxes might not be aligned on
+the same baseline in \texttt{xypic}, using its standard command for text
+insertion, \verb|\txt|. You can see this here:
+
+\underline{\Tree{\txt{muss~~} \txt{musg~~} \txt{must~~} \txt{Muss~~} \txt{Musg~~}}}
+
+The code:\\
+\verb|\Tree{\txt{muss~~}| \verb|\txt{musg~~}| \verb|\txt{must~~}| \newline
+\verb|\txt{Muss~~}| \verb|\txt{Musg~~}}| 
+
+The command \verb|\K| contains a strut of 18pt to prevent this. This is perfect
+for up to 12pt fonts:
+
+\underline{\Tree{\K{muss~~} & \K{musg~~} & \K{must~~} &\K{Muss~~} & \K{Musg~~}}}
+
+The code:\\ \verb|\Tree{\K{muss~~}&| \verb|\K{musg~~}&| \verb|\K{must~~}&|
+  \verb|\K{Muss~~}&| \verb|\K{Musg~~}}| 
+
+Node labels have the width 2pc, which is fine, because most node labels consist
+of two upright letters, like NP, VP etc. Extremely wide labels do not affect the
+matrix, because the node width is determined independently of the content of the
+node -- by the value \verb|@W=2pc| in the definition of \verb|\Tree| and
+\verb|\Treek|. 
+
+\verb|\K| has an optional argument to move text freely horizontally -- measured
+in pc. Positive values move the label to the right, negative values to the 
+left. 1pc is about 0.5 em in a 12pt font. Horizontal adjustments are necessary
+for wide nodes:
+
+\Tree{
+  & \K{VP}    \B{dl}\B{dr}    \\
+  \K{\emph{very very very wide node}} & & \K{V$^0$} }
+
+The code:\vspace{-2ex}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\Tree{                  & \K{VP}    \B{dl}\B{dr}    \\
+  \K{\emph{very very very wide node}} & & \K{V$^0$}  }
+\end{verbatim}
+
+We have two solutions to this problem. The global one is widen the inter-column
+space with the optional argument of \verb|\Tree|:
+
+\Tree[1]{                               
+                                    & \K{VP}  \B{dr}\B{dl} \\  
+\K{\emph{very very very wide node}} &        & \K{V$^0$} \\
+}
+
+The code:\vspace{-2ex}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\Tree[1]{                         & \K{VP}  \B{dr}\B{dl} \\  
+\K{\emph{very very very wide node}} &        & \K{V$^0$} }
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The second solution is moving the wide node a bit to the left, using the
+optional argument of \verb|\K|:
+
+ \Tree{
+                                     & \K{VP}       \B{dl}\B{dr}  \\
+ \K[-5]{\emph{very very very wide node}} &        & \K{V$^0$}  }
+
+The code:\vspace{-2ex}
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \Tree{                         & \K{VP} \B{dr}\B{dl}  \\
+ \K[-5]{\emph{very very very wide node}} & & \K{V$^0$}  }
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\verb|\Kk| offers full control over the vertical and horizontal dimension.  The
+optional argument of \verb|\Kk| is the same as that of \verb|\K|, but there is
+an additional obligatory argument denoting the vertical adjustment. So the
+syntax is: \verb|\Kk[horizontal adjustment]{vertical adjustment}{node label}|.
+The command \verb|\Kk[1]{1}{VP}| places the node VP 1pc right of and 1pc higher
+than the standard position. This in fact allows you to put anything anywhere in
+the tree.  You can add comments to the side of the tree etc. 
+
+Often, especially in the terminal nodes, you might need more than one line of  
+text. Use the command \verb|\Below| for putting text below text inserted by  
+\verb|\K|. Check the following example:  
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{2cm}  
+  \Tree{\K{NP}\B{d} \\ \K{the}\Below{little}\Below{dog}} 
+\end{minipage} 
+\begin{minipage}[t]{10cm} 
+\begin{verbatim}   
+\Tree{\K{NP}\B{d} \\    
+\K{the}\Below{little}\Below{dog}}    \end{verbatim}   
+\end{minipage}  
+
+\verb|\Below|  has an optional argument for the vertical adjustment, negative  
+value lowers the text, positive value raises it. There also exists a kontrolled 
+version, \verb|Belowk|, which has the horizontal adjustment as its first  
+obligatory argument in addition. 
+
+
+\section{The Branches} 
+\label{sec:branches} 
+
+Branch commands are inserted in the same field as their dominating node. The 
+simplest command is \verb|\B|. It has one obligatory argument, the description
+of the target field. It is given in the steps it takes to reach it. For 
+instance, \verb|\B{dl}| draws a branch to the field one step down and one step
+left from the current field. Use \texttt{u} and \texttt{r} for upwards and 
+rightwards steps. Upwards branches will strike through the label, however, so
+this is not very useful. Branches should always go downwards. 
+ 
+We are now ready to draw our first tree: 
+
+\begin{center} \label{firsttree}
+  \Tree{          & \K{VP}\B{dl}\B{dr} \\ 
+    \K{NP}\B{d} &                  & \K{V$'$}\B{dl}\B{dr} \\ 
+    \K{\emph{John}}& \K{V$^{0}$}\B{d} &   & \K{NP}\B{d}      \\ 
+    & \K{\emph{loves}} & & \K{\emph{Mary}} } 
+\end{center} 
+This is the code:
+
+\begin{verbatim}  
+\Tree{          & \K{VP}\B{dl}\B{dr}                      \\  
+    \K{NP}\B{d} &                  & \K{V$'$}\B{dl}\B{dr} \\ 
+ \K{\emph{John}}& \K{V$^{0}$}\B{d} &   & \K{NP}\B{d}      \\ 
+                & \K{\emph{loves}} &   &  \K{\emph{Mary}}   }\end{verbatim}  
+
+\verb|\B| has an optional argument, the vertical adjustment of the starting  
+position of the branch, negative value, e.g. \verb|\B[-1]{d}|, lowers the
+starting position, positive value raises it.
+
+Some grammar formalisms, require labels on branches -- like HPSG, where head
+and complement are explicitly denoted with the labels $H$ and $C$. This is
+quite easy to integrate. The command \verb|\B| is based on the \texttt{xypic}
+command \verb|\ar| which has the option of putting a label on a line. It uses
+the syntax of subscripting and superscripting, i.e., \verb|^{}| and
+\verb|_{}|. If you put these commands right behind a branch command, you will
+get labels on the branch, \verb|_{}| puts it on the branches left side, and
+\verb|^{}| on its right. The label is written in math mode, i.e., slanted,
+unless you specify it to be in normal text font with, e.g.
+\verb|\textnormal{}|. Here comes an example:\footnote{Thanks to Doug Arnold
+  for his suggestion to include this feature.}
+
+\begin{center}
+  \Tree{          & \K{VP}\B{dl}_{C}\B{dr}^{H}                      \\
+    \K{NP}\B{d} &                  & \K{V$'$}\B{dl}_H\B{dr}^C \\
+    \K{\emph{John}}& \K{V$^{0}$}\B{d} &   & \K{NP}\B{d}      \\
+    & \K{\emph{loves}} & & \K{\emph{Mary}} }
+            \end{center}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\Tree{          & \K{VP}\B{dl}_{C}\B{dr}^{H}               \\  
+    \K{NP}\B{d} &               & \K{V$'$}\B{dl}_H\B{dr}^C \\ 
+ \K{\emph{John}}& \K{V$^{0}$}\B{d} &   & \K{NP}\B{d}       \\ 
+                & \K{\emph{loves}} &   &  \K{\emph{Mary}}   }
+\end{verbatim}
+
+There is no limitation on the number of branches either:
+
+\Tree{    & \K{S} \B{dl}\B{d}\B{dr}\B{drr} \\
+\K{NP}\B{d} & \K{V}\B{d} & \K{NP}\B{d} & \K{NP}\B{d} &     \\ 
+      \K{John} & \K{gave} & \K{Mary} & \K[2]{cookies}  }
+\begin{verbatim}
+\Tree{      & \K{S} \B{dl}\B{d}\B{dr}\B{drr}             \\
+\K{NP}\B{d} & \K{V}\B{d} & \K{NP}\B{d} & \K{NP}\B{d}     \\ 
+   \K{John} & \K{gave}   & \K{Mary}    & \K[2]{cookies}  }
+\end{verbatim}
+    
+HPSG is also famous for crossing branches in cases where the linear order
+and the hierarchical structure do not match. You can, of course, also let
+branches cross. There are no system specific limits to what kinds of trees
+you might want to draw. An admittedly ugly looking example is the
+following German object initial sentence:
+
+\Tree[.5]{ & \K{VP}\B{dl}_{C}\B{dr}^{H} \\
+\K{Subject}\B{dddrr} && \K{V$'$}\B{dl}_{H}\B{dr}^{C} \\ 
+& \K{V$^{0}$}\B{dd} && \K{Object}\B{ddlll} \\ \\
+\K{B\"ucher}\Below{books} & \K{kaufte} \Below{bought} 
+& \K{Maria}\Below{Maria}
+}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\Tree[.5]{ & \K{VP}\B{dl}_{C}\B{dr}^{H}              \\
+\K{Subject}\B{dddrr} && \K{V$'$}\B{dl}_{H}\B{dr}^{C} \\ 
+& \K{V$^{0}$}\B{dd} && \K{Object}\B{ddlll}           \\ \\
+\K{B\"ucher}\Below{books} & \K{kaufte} \Below{bought} 
+& \K{Maria}\Below{Maria}                                }
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+We also have two kontrolled versions of the branching command, \verb|\Bkk| and
+\verb|\Bk|. Both adjust the starting and target positions of branches. They have
+three arguments, 1: adjustment of starting position, 2: adjustment of target
+position, 3: destination. \verb|\Bk| only allows for vertical adjustments and
+has numbers as its first two arguments. \verb|\Bkk| has comma-separated number
+pairs as its first two arguments, for horizontal and vertical adjustment of
+starting and target position. This gives you full control over the branches.
+Some examples:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{3cm}
+  \fbox{\Treek{3} {\K{DP}\Below{[+definite]}\B[-5]{d}\\
+      \K{\emph{the~bible}}}}
+           \end{minipage}
+           \begin{minipage}[t]{10cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \fbox{\Treek{3}{\K{DP}\Below{[+definite]}
+ \B[-5]{d}\\  \K{\emph{the~bible}} }} 
+\end{verbatim}
+ \end{minipage} 
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{3cm}
+ \Tree{ & \K{XP} \B{dl}\B{dr}\Bkk{2,0}{2,0}{dr} \\ 
+         \K{YP}    & & \K{ZP}}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{10cm}
+\begin{verbatim} 
+\Tree{ & \K{XP}\B{dl}\B{dr}\Bkk{2,0}{2,0}{dr} \\ 
+\K{YP}& & \K{ZP}}\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage} 
+
+
+\section{Abbreviations}
+\label{sec:abbreviations}
+
+The usage of branching commands can be made much easier by the definition of
+macros for most frequently used combinations. These are the ones defined in
+\texttt{xyling.sty}. Define new ones if you need them and/or change those given
+here: 
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+% \D goes to the position in the same column, one row below. 
+% The optional argument is the vertical adjustment of the 
+% starting position. 
+
+\newcommand{\D}[1][0]{\B[#1]{d}} 
+\newcommand{\Dk}[2]{\Bk{#1}{#2}{d}}
+
+% \Dk is the \Bk version, i.e., it has two obligatory arguments 
+% defining the vertical adjustments of starting position and 
+% target position.
+
+\newcommand{\DL}[1][0]{\B[#1]{dl}} 
+\newcommand{\DLL}[1][0]{\B[#1]{dll}} 
+\newcommand{\DLLL}[1][0]{\B[#1]{dlll}} 
+\newcommand{\DR}[1][0]{\B[#1]{dr}} 
+\newcommand{\DRR}[1][0]{\B[#1]{drr}} 
+\newcommand{\DRRR}[1][0]{\B[#1]{drrr}} 
+
+\newcommand{\DLk}[2][0]{\Bk{#1}{#2}{dl}} 
+\newcommand{\DLLk}[2][0]{\Bk{#1}{#2}{dll}} 
+\newcommand{\DLLLk}[2][0]{\Bk{#1}{#2}{dlll}} 
+\newcommand{\DRk}[2][0]{\Bk{#1}{#2}{dr}} 
+\newcommand{\DRRk}[2][0]{\Bk{#1}{#2}{drr}} 
+\newcommand{\DRRRk}[2][0]{\Bk{#1}{#2}{drrr}} 
+
+% Abbreviations for binary branches:
+
+\newcommand{\V}[1][0]{\DL[#1]\DR[#1]}
+\newcommand{\VV}[1][0]{\DLL[#1]\DRR[#1]}
+\newcommand{\VR}[1][0]{\DL[#1]\DRR[#1]}
+\newcommand{\VL}[1][0]{\DLL[#1]\DR[#1]}
+\newcommand{\VVV}[1][0]{\DLLL[#1]\DRRR[#1]}
+\newcommand{\VVR}[1][0]{\DLL[#1]\DRRR[#1]}
+\newcommand{\VVL}[1][0]{\DLLL[#1]\DRR[#1]}
+\newcommand{\VLL}[1][0]{\DLLL[#1]\DR[#1]}
+\newcommand{\VRR}[1][0]{\DL[#1]\DRRR[#1]}
+
+% Define more if you need them.
+
+% Let's make further abbreviations. A default VP has a 
+% \V branch. So let's define \VP accordingly, and likewise 
+% Vbar, IP, CP etc.:
+
+\newcommand{\VP}[1][]{\K{VP$_{#1}$}\V}
+\newcommand{\Vbar}{\K[.5]{V$'$}\V}
+
+\newcommand{\IP}[1][]{\K{IP$_{#1}$}\V}
+\newcommand{\Ibar}{\K[.5]{I$'$}\V}
+
+\newcommand{\CP}[1][]{\K{CP$_{#1}$}\V}
+\newcommand{\Cbar}{\K[.5]{C$'$}\V}
+\newcommand{\Nbar}{\K[.5]{N$'$}\V}
+
+\newcommand{\PP}[1][]{\K{PP$_{#1}$}\V}
+\newcommand{\DP}[1][]{\K{DP$_{#1}$}\V}
+
+\newcommand{\AuxP}[1][]{\K{IP$_{#1}$}\V}
+\newcommand{\Auxbar}{\K[.5]{I$'$}\V}
+
+% Nodes reasonably without branch:
+
+\newcommand{\NP}[1][]{\K{NP$_{#1}$}}
+\newcommand{\Nzero}[1][]{\K[1]{N$^{0}_{#1}$}}
+\newcommand{\Vzero}[1][]{\K[1]{V$^{0}_{#1}$}}
+\newcommand{\Izero}[1][]{\K{I$^{0}_{#1}$}}
+\newcommand{\Auxzero}[1][]{\K{I$^{0}_{#1}$}}
+\newcommand{\Czero}[1][]{\K{C$^{0}_{#1}$}}
+\newcommand{\Pzero}[1][]{\K{P$^{0}_{#1}$}}
+\newcommand{\Dzero}[1][]{\K{D$^{0}_{#1}$}}
+
+% Note that all of these commands, except for the 
+% Xbar nodes, have an optional argument for an index. 
+% If you use indices longer than one letter, you might
+% need to do horizontal adjustment and have to use 
+% \K instead.
+
+% This default system only needs new nodes for the 
+% terminals. Let's define \T parallel to \K. 
+% \T has a vertical branch to the upper node, text is
+% italicised. The optional argument, as before, 
+% allows for horizontal adjustment of the text:
+
+\newcommand{\T}[2][0]{\POS[]\POS+(0,2) 
+\ar@{-}[u]-(0,4) \POS[]\K[#1]{\textit{#2}}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The code for the tree on page \pageref{firsttree} can now be reduced
+dramatically: 
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\Tree {            &    \VP                       \\ 
+          \NP      &           & \Vbar            \\ 
+       \T{John}    &  \Vzero   &        &  \NP    \\  
+                   & \T{loves} &        & \T{Mary}
+      }
+\end{verbatim}  
+
+Here is the tree, just to assure you:
+
+\begin{center}
+  \Tree {   & \VP                   \\
+    \NP &       & \Vbar         \\
+    \T{John}&\Vzero &    & \NP      \\
+    &\T{loves} & & \T{Mary} }
+    \end{center}
+
+Chomskyan syntacticians like movement traces, here is one:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\Trace}[1][i]{\K[0.5]{t$_{#1}$}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The optional argument, as with the \verb|\XP|, \verb|\Xzero| commands above, is
+the index, here defaulted to `\texttt{i}'. 
+
+
+
+\section{Triangles}
+\label{sec:triangles}
+
+Phrase structure trees often use triangles as abbreviations for larger
+structures which shall not be fledged out in full detail. The command
+\verb|\TRi| can be used instead of branching commands, introducing a
+triangle:\footnote{Notice that the top node in this tree, S, is inserted exactly
+  in the middle between two columns -- due to the horizontal adjustment of
+  5.2pc. The horizontal distance between the centers of two neighbour fields is
+  10.4pc. The command \texttt{\textbackslash Bkk} is then used to get symmetric
+  branches from this position, by adjusting the starting position horizontally
+  by 5.2pc. You see that the label and branch placement are not limited to the
+  possibilities specified by the grid. It only provides a usually satisfactory
+  default.}
+
+\begin{center}
+  \Tree{ && \K[5.2]{S}\Bkk{5.2,0}{0,0}{dl}\Bkk{5.2,0}{0,0}{drr}\\ 
+         &\NP\TRi &&& \VP \\
+& \K{\emph{my beloved}}\Below{\emph{wife}} &&\Vzero && \NP\TRi[2] \\ 
+&   && \T{likes}&&\K{\emph{our old house}}
+       }
+\end{center}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \Tree{ && \K[5.2]{S}\Bkk{5.2,0}{0,0}{dl}
+                      \Bkk{5.2,0}{0,0}{drr}           \\ 
+         &\NP\TRi &&      &    \VP                    \\
+& \K{\emph{my beloved}}\Below{\emph{wife}} &&
+                  \Vzero  &&            \NP\TRi[2]    \\ 
+            &&& \T{likes} && \K{\emph{our old house}} 
+       }
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Triangles need the nodes they refer to in the next lower row, in particular,
+don't forget the node [d] from the insertion point of the triangle. You will
+get an error message otherwise. The text below the triangle is inserted in the
+field [d] from the insertion point
+
+Notice also that the first column in the tree is empty. It's only purpose is
+providing a field for the left bottom edge of the left triangle.
+
+\verb|\TRi| is a symmetric triangle. It has an optional argument, the horizontal
+adjustment, negative value makes it narrower, positive value makes it wider, as
+exemplified in the triangle for `\emph{our old house}' in the tree above.
+
+
+\verb|\DTRi| and \verb|\TRiD| are rectangles, \verb|\DTRi| has a [d] branch on
+the left, \verb|\TRiD| on the right, the optional argument allows for horizontal
+adjustment.
+
+The kontrolled version of the triangle, \verb|\Trik|, has two obligatory
+arguments for the left and right horizontal adjustment, which can be specified
+separately here. This potentially leads to asymmetric triangles. The syntax
+is:\newline \verb|\TRik{left}{right}|, where \verb|\TRik{0}{0} = \TRi[0] = \TRi|.
+
+
+
+\section{Links}
+\label{sec:links}
+
+It occurs very frequently that relations between elements of a tree shall be
+indicated with linking arrows, for instance to illustrate syntactic movement.
+Links are inserted with the commands \verb|\Link| and \verb|Linkk|. Both have as
+optional argument the line style, which could be one of
+\verb|-,->,<-,.,.>,<.,--,|\linebreak \verb|-->,<--,| a.o. \verb|\Linkk| has as
+its first argument the curving specification. It is defaulted to 1.33pc in
+\verb|\Link|. This might not be sufficient in many cases. The second obligatory
+argument of \verb|\Linkk| and the first obligatory argument of \verb|\Link| is
+the destination field specification.
+
+\begin{center}
+  \Tree{    & \CP \\
+    \NP[j] && \Cbar \\
+    \T{What}& \Czero[i] && \IP \\
+    &\T{did} & \NP && \Ibar \\
+    &      &\T{John}&\Trace\Linkk[-->]{2.5}{llu}&&\VP \\
+    &      &        &&\Vzero && \Trace[j]\Linkk[.>]{4.5}{-3,-6}\\
+    & & &&\T{say}&& }
+\end{center}
+
+The code is as follows:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\Tree{    & \CP \\ 
+       \NP[j] && \Cbar \\
+       \T{What}& \Czero[i] && \IP \\
+              &\T{did} & \NP && \Ibar \\
+              &      &\T{John}&\Trace
+                           \Linkk[-->]{2.5}{llu}&&\VP \\
+              &      &        &&\Vzero && \Trace[j]
+                            \Linkk[.>]{4.5}{-3,-6}\\ 
+              &      &        &&\T{say}&&               }
+
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Note that it is possible to specify the target location in terms of the number
+of `hops', as done for the long link here: \verb|\Linkk[.>]{4.5}{-3,-6}| states
+that the target of the link is 3 fields up and 6 fields left of the current
+field. This is shorter than specifying it with ``\texttt{uuullllll}''. 
+
+English affix hopping according to Chomsky (1981):
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{5cm}
+  \Tree{ & \IP \\ 
+    \NP  &  & \Ibar \\
+         &\Izero\D& & \VP \\
+         &\Trace  &\Vzero\D & & \NP \\ 
+         &        &\K[6]{V+INFL}\Link[<-]{-1,-1}
+       }
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{9cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \Tree{ & \IP                       \\ 
+   \NP  &  & \Ibar                  \\
+        &\Izero\D& & \VP            \\
+        &\Trace  &\Vzero\D & & \NP  \\ 
+        &   &\K[6]{V+INFL} \Link[<-]{ul}
+       }
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+Finally, the commands \verb|\Link| and \verb|\Linkk| link labels to the left of
+the tree. Links which are to the right of the tree, on its top, are specified
+with \verb|\UpLink| and \verb|\UpLinkk|:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{4cm}
+  \Tree{ & \IP \\ \NP &&\Ibar \\ & \Izero &&\K{VP} \UpLink{-2,-2}}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{8cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\Tree{ & \IP   \\ 
+ \NP &   &\Ibar \\ 
+     & \Izero &&\K{VP} \UpLink{-2,-2}}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+
+
+\section{Highlighting}
+\label{sec:highlighting}
+
+Node labels are often highlighted with surrounding circles or squares, and, in
+particular in presentations, with colours. Several ways of doing this are
+integrated in \texttt{xyling}. 
+
+
+\subsection{Highlighting sections of a tree with a rectangle}
+\label{sec:treesection}
+
+The command \verb|\QS| draws a rectangle around two fields of the tree specified
+by their absolute address. The syntax of the command is: \\
+\verb|\QS[line style]{top left corner}{bottom right corner}|. The absolute
+address of a field is a number pair. The field ``1,1'' is the top left field of
+the grid. The fields in the first row are 1,1 1,2 1,3 etc. Those in the second
+row are 2,1 2,2 2,3 etc. Because the field addresses are given in absolute
+terms, it makes no difference where within the \verb|\Tree| specification a
+\verb|\QS| command appears:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{4cm}
+  \Tree{ & \VP \\ \NP && \Vbar \\ & \Vzero && \NP \QS{1,1}{2,3}
+                                               \QS[.]{2,2}{3,4}
+       }
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{10cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \Tree{     & \VP            \\ 
+         \NP &    & \Vbar     \\ 
+             & \Vzero && \NP \QS{1,1}{2,3}
+                          \QS[.]{2,2}{3,4}
+       }
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+
+\subsection{Highlighting node labels with circles and squares}
+\label{sec:circles}
+
+The command \verb|\OO| draws a circle around the node label in the current
+field. The command \verb|\QQ| draws a square around it:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{4cm}
+  \Tree{     & \VP            \\
+    \NP\OO &    & \Vbar     \\
+    & \Vzero && \NP\QQ }
+     \end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{10cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \Tree{   & \VP               \\
+    \NP\OO &    & \Vbar        \\
+           & \Vzero && \NP\QQ    }
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+As you can see, the branches go inside the circles and squares. We need to define
+branches which start and/or end at circles or squares.  
+
+The following are branches that always work. Starting point for all branches is
+the same point on the circle. This makes branches rather short, and changes the
+angles of diagonal branches:
+
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\BoO}[1]{\Bk{-1.2}{1.2}{#1}} 
+% branch with circled start and target
+
+\newcommand{\Bo}[1]{\Bk{-1.2}{0}{#1}}    
+% branch with circled start
+
+\newcommand{\BO}[1]{\Bk{0}{1.2}{#1}}     
+% branch with circled target
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{4cm} 
+  \Tree{ & \K{VP}\OO\Bo{dl}\Bo{dr} \\
+    \NP  &    & \Vbar              \\
+    & \Vzero && \NP\QQ }
+     \end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{10cm} 
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \Tree{ & \K{VP}\OO\Bo{dl}\Bo{dr} \\
+    \NP  &    & \Vbar              \\
+    & \Vzero && \NP\QQ }
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+ 
+The two \texttt{[dl]} and \texttt{[dr]} branches are no longer parallel. To get
+this, the branches should start at different sides of the circle, as if they
+initiated at the old position within the circle:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\DRo}[1][dr]{\Bkk{1.6,-1}{0,0}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\DLo}[1][dl]{\Bkk{-1.6,-1.0}{0,0}{#1}}
+
+\newcommand{\DRoO}[1][dr]{\Bkk{1.6,-1}{-1.8,1}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\DLoO}[1][dl]{\Bkk{-1.6,-1}{1.8,1}{#1}}
+
+\newcommand{\DRO}[1][dr]{\Bkk{0,0}{-1.8,1}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\DLO}[1][dl]{\Bkk{0,0}{1.8,1}{#1}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+This helps:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{4cm} 
+  \Tree{ & \K{VP}\OO\DLo\DRo \\
+    \NP  &    & \Vbar              \\
+    & \Vzero && \NP\QQ }
+     \end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{10cm} 
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \Tree{ & \K{VP}\OO\DLo\DRo \\
+    \NP  &    & \Vbar        \\
+    & \Vzero && \NP\QQ }
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+The same has to be done with branches to and from squares:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\DRq}[1][dr]{\Bkk{1.5,-1}{0,0}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\DLq}[1][dl]{\Bkk{-1.5,-1}{0,0}{#1}}
+
+\newcommand{\DRQ}[1][dr]{\Bkk{0,0}{-2,1}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\DLQ}[1][dl]{\Bkk{0,0}{2,1}{#1}}
+
+\newcommand{\DRqQ}[1][dr]{\Bkk{1.5,-1}{-2,1}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\DLqQ}[1][dl]{\Bkk{1.5,-1}{2,1}{#1}}
+
+\newcommand{\DRoQ}[1][dr]{\Bkk{1.5,-1}{-2,1}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\DLoQ}[1][dl]{\Bkk{-1.5,-1}{2,1}{#1}}
+
+\newcommand{\DRqO}[1][dr]{\Bkk{1.6,-1}{-1.8,1}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\DLqO}[1][dl]{\Bkk{1.6,-1}{1.8,1}{#1}}
+
+\newcommand{\Dq}{\Dk{-1.1}{0}} 
+               % only squared starting node
+\newcommand{\DQ}{\Dk{0}{1}} 
+               % only squared target node
+\newcommand{\DqO}{\Dk{-1.1}{1.2}} 
+               % squared start and circled target
+\newcommand{\DoQ}{\Dk{-1.3}{1}} 
+               % circled start and squared target
+\newcommand{\DqQ}{\Dk{-1.1}{1}} 
+               % square start and squared target
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{4cm} 
+  \Tree{ & \K{VP}\OO\DLo\DRo       \\
+    \NP  &    & \K{V$'$}\DL\DRQ \\
+    & \Vzero && \NP\QQ }
+     \end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{10cm} 
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \Tree{ & \K{VP}\OO\DLo\DRo    \\
+    \NP  &    & \K{V$'$}\DL\DRQ \\
+         & \Vzero &&    \NP\QQ    }
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+The style file contains many abbreviations for the branch commands including
+circles and squares around node labels.
+
+
+
+\subsection{Highlighting with Colours}
+\label{sec:colours}
+
+Especially in presentations,  colours are an option for highlighting
+parts of a tree. \texttt{xypic} uses the postscript extensions to make this
+possible. Check the \texttt{xypic} documentation for more on colours, especially
+for defining new colours. I defined blue, red, green and gray versions of the
+standard commands \verb|\Bkk| and \verb|\Kk| and the commands derived from
+them. So it is quite painless to integrate colour:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{5cm}
+  \Tree{               & \Kred{IP}\Vred \\
+    \Kblue{NP}\Bblue{d} &  & \Kred{I$'$}\Vred \\
+    \Tblue{John} & \Kred{I$^{0}$} && \Kgray{VP} \Vgray \\
+    && \Kgreen{t}\Linkblue{ull}&&\Kgray{V$'$}\Vgray\\
+    &&&\Kgray{V$^{0}$}&& \Kgray{NP} }
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{8cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\Tree{               
+      & \Kred{IP}\Vred \\
+      \Kblue{NP}\Bblue{d} && 
+             \Kred{I$'$}\Vred \\
+      \Tblue{John}& \Kred{I$^{0}$} && 
+                  \Kgray{VP} \Vgray \\
+      && \Kgreen{t}\Linkblue{ull}&&
+                  \Kgray{V$'$}\Vgray\\
+      &&&\Kgray{V$^{0}$}&& \Kgray{NP} }
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+There also are macros for coloured circles and squares around nodes. They are
+called \verb|\OOred, \QQred| etc. But they do not fully function yet. They have
+to be inserted as first element within a field, right after the \verb|&|, and
+must be followed by an empty group, \verb|{}|.
+
+\section{Other Structures}
+\label{sec:other}
+
+\subsection{Lexical Functional Grammar}
+
+On the basis of the general commands for grids, labels and branches, it is easy
+to define commands for other phrase structure formats, or any kind of graphical
+object that mixes text and lines. The following macros help drawing LFG trees:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\Treelfg}[2][0]{\Treek[#1]{3}{#2}}  
+\newcommand{\Klfg}[2][]{%
+ \K{$\uparrow _{\textsc{\scriptsize #1}}=\downarrow$}\Below{#2}}  
+\newcommand{\Blfg}[1]{\Bk{-5}{0}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\Vlfg}{\Blfg{dl}\Blfg{dr}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Note that \verb|\Klfg| produces two lines: The inheritance specification and the
+category label. The optional argument is the grammatical function, which, if
+available, is indexed to the \verb|$\uparrow$| in the first line. Here comes an
+example:  \vspace*{-3ex}
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{4.5cm}
+\Treelfg{             & \Kk{-5}{S}\Vlfg\\
+ \Klfg[su]{NP}\Blfg{d} &            &\Klfg{VP} \Vlfg\\
+ \Klfg{N$^{0}$}\Blfg{d}&\Klfg{V$^{0}$}\Blfg{d} && \Klfg[ob]{NP}\Blfg{d} \\
+ \K{\emph{John}} &\K{\emph{loves}}& & \K{\emph{Mary}}}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{9cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+
+\Treelfg{             
+            & \Kk{-5}{S}\Vlfg           \\ 
+\Klfg[su]{NP}\Blfg{d} &  &\Klfg{VP}\Vlfg\\
+\Klfg{N$^{0}$}\Blfg{d}&\Klfg{V$^{0}$}
+\Blfg{d}    && \Klfg[ob]{NP}\Blfg{d}    \\
+\K{\emph{John}} &\K{\emph{loves}}& & 
+                           \K{\emph{Mary}}
+        }
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+Much of this can be abbreviated in the manner exemplified above. Feel free to do
+so. Command names like \verb|\Klfg| etc. could, of course, also be shortened. 
+
+
+\subsection{Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar}
+
+The following structure is from the HPSG introduction book ``Syntactic
+Theory. A Formal Introduction'' (second edition, 2003) by Sag, Wasow \&\
+Bender, page 207:
+
+\newcommand{\AVMone}{\begin{avm}\@1NP$_{i}$\end{avm}}
+\newcommand{\AVMtwo}{\begin{avm} \[ SPR & \q< \@1 \q> \\ COMPS & \q<~ \q> \] \end{avm}}
+\newcommand{\AVMthree}{\begin{avm} \[ SPR & \q< \@1 \q> \\ COMPS & \q< \@2 \q> \\
+                                      ARG-ST & \q< \@1 , \@2 \q> \]            \end{avm}} 
+\newcommand{\AVMfour}{\begin{avm}\@2NP$_{i}$\end{avm}}
+
+ \Treek[3]{3}{ & \K{S}\V \\ \Kk{-1}{\AVMone}\D && \K{VP}
+   \Below[-4]{\AVMtwo}\B[-13]{ddl}\B[-13]{ddr}
+ \\\K{They} \\
+  & \K{V} \Below[-6]{\AVMthree} && \Kk{-1}{\AVMfour}\B{dd}\\ &\K{}\D[-1] \\ &\K{saw} && \K{themselves}}
+
+How did we draw the tree? First, we use Christopher Manning's avm.sty to define the AVM
+structures of each node separately:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\AVMone}{\begin{avm}\@1NP$_{i}$\end{avm}}
+\newcommand{\AVMtwo}{\begin{avm} 
+                      \[    SPR & \q< \@1 \q> \\ 
+                          COMPS & \q<~ \q> \] \end{avm}}
+\newcommand{\AVMthree}{\begin{avm} 
+               \[   SPR & \q< \@1 \q> \\ 
+                  COMPS & \q< \@2 \q> \\
+                 ARG-ST & \q< \@1 , \@2 \q> \] \end{avm}} 
+\newcommand{\AVMfour}{\begin{avm}\@2NP$_{i}$\end{avm}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Next, we make up the tree, and call the four AVM nodes within \verb|\K| or
+\verb|\Below|. The most tricky issue is the determination for the tree widths and how to
+deal with the unequal sizes of the nodes. As you see in the code below, I exploited
+three features of xyling: setting row and column distance to a new value, adjusting
+branches, and the huge nodes VP and V were extended over two rows!
+
+\footnotesize
+\begin{verbatim}
+   \Treek[3]{3}{   & \K{S}\V \\                                   % adjust grid!
+\Kk{-1}{\AVMone}\D && \K{VP}
+                    \Below[-4]{\AVMtwo}\B[-13]{ddl}\B[-13]{ddr}\\ % Branches go ddr/ddl!
+       \K{They}                                                \\ % skipped row for VP!
+                & \K{V} 
+               \Below[-6]{\AVMthree} && \Kk{-1}{\AVMfour}\B{dd}\\ % Branch goes dd!
+                &\K{}\D[-1]                                    \\ % Branch starts here!
+                &\K{saw}             && \K{themselves}}
+
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+
+Note an incompatibility of avm.sty: When I first experimented with xyling.sty and
+avm.sty, the linebraks in my avm's disappeared. It took me a while to figure out that
+this was not due to xyling, but caused by the tabularx package which I had loaded for
+another purpose. So, if you use avm.sty, don't use tabularx!
+
+\subsection{Arrows in Text}
+\label{sec:text}
+
+Even when we do not use trees, but only strings or bracketed notations, we
+sometimes want to express relations between elements within these notations by
+arrows. It is possible to use \texttt{xyling} macros for this, too. We first
+define a new grid, \verb|\TExt|. It has an obligatory argument -- the text,
+which can be split into several fields by the field separator \verb|&|. The
+distance between fields is set to 0, such that even parts of words can be put in
+subsequent fields without visible effect:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{3cm} 
+  \TExt{\textnormal{nood} & \textnormal{les}&\textnormal{~~}&
+    \textnormal{noodles}}
+\end{minipage}  
+\begin{minipage}[t]{8cm} 
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \TExt{\textnormal{nood} & \textnormal{les} & 
+        \textnormal{~~} & \textnormal{noodles}}\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+The fields within the \verb|\TExt| environment are inserted with \verb|\Txt| or 
+\verb|\TXT|. They mainly provide a strut to yield correct horizontal alignment. 
+\verb|\Txt| has a blank before the text, \verb|\TXT| has none. I.e., if a word
+is split over two fields, the second part of the word should be introduced with 
+\verb|\TXT|.  Likewise, the first word of the whole string.
+
+The arrows differ in their depths, such that several arrows can be used within
+one \verb|\TExt| without overlapping. The narrowest connector is called
+\verb|SCOn|, we then have \verb|\COn, \COnn| and \verb|\COnnn|. They have an
+optional argument for the line style, \verb|-| for solid, \verb|--| for dashed,
+\verb|.| for dotted. The commands are inserted at the starting point of the
+arrow. The obligatory argument is the target field destination, e.g.
+\texttt{[ll]}, \texttt{[r]} etc. A simple example:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{5cm}
+  \TExt{\TXT{What} & \Txt{did you see} & \Txt{t}\COn{ll} & \Txt{?}}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{9cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\TExt{\TXT{What} & \Txt{did you see} & 
+\Txt{t}\COn{ll} & \Txt{?}}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+The command \verb|\COnk| allows for control of the link depth with its first
+obligatory argument. The other arguments are as before. 
+
+We also have connectors with labels, which can be above or below the arrow. This
+depends on whether the arrow goes from left to right or vice versa. \verb|\COnl|
+with right to left yields a label above the arrow:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{5cm}
+  \TExt{\TXT{What} & \Txt{did you see} & \Txt{t}\COnl{ll}{movement} & \Txt{?}}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{9cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\TExt{\TXT{What} & \Txt{did you see} & 
+\Txt{t}\COnl{ll}{movement} & \Txt{?}}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{5cm}
+  \TExt{\TXT{What} & \Txt{did you see} & \Txt{t}\COnr{ll}{movement} & \Txt{?}}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{9cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\TExt{\TXT{What} & \Txt{did you see} & 
+\Txt{t}\COnr{ll}{movement} & \Txt{?}}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+\subsection{Autosegmental Phonology}
+
+Not being an phonologist, I can only offer some beginner's applications, but I will
+gladly add macros that you might supply. Just send them to me. Here is one application
+that is based on the previously introduced \verb|\TExt| matrix. It is not limited to
+having just one row, and one application of this feature are the structures used in
+autosegmental phonology. Have a look at this:
+
+\TExtk[1]{1}{ 
+\Tname[5]{Root tier:}&
+\Sl{k}    &      & \Sl{t}   &      &\Sl{b}    &      \\
+\Tname[5]{Skeletal tier:}&
+\Sl{C}\Lnu&\Sl{V}&\Sl{C}\Lnu&\Sl{V}&\Sl{C}\Lnu&\Sl{V}\\
+\Tname[5]{Vocalic melody tier:}&
+          & \Sl{a}\Lnu\Lnd{urr}\Lnd{urrrr} 
+}
+
+The code uses the kontrolled matrix for text, \verb|\TExtk|, with inter-column
+space in pc as mandatory argument, and inter-row space in pc as optional argument. The
+command \verb|\Sl| provides the slots of the tier. At the beginning of each row, the
+tier's name is given with the macro \verb|\Tname| which has as optional argument the
+name width in cm. Links between slots are variants of our branch commands, \verb|\Ln|
+draws a solid line, and \verb|\Lnd| a dashed line. \verb|\Lnu| is an abbreviation for
+\verb|\Ln{u}|. Define more macros, if you need them. By the way, the example above is
+Arabic for `he/she wrote'. This is the code:\newpage
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\TExtk[1]{1}{ 
+\Tname[5]{Root tier:}&
+\Sl{k}    &      & \Sl{t}   &      &\Sl{b}    &      \\
+\Tname[5]{Skeletal tier:}&
+\Sl{C}\Lnu&\Sl{V}&\Sl{C}\Lnu&\Sl{V}&\Sl{C}\Lnu&\Sl{V}\\
+\Tname[5]{Vocalic melody tier:}&
+          & \Sl{a}\Lnu\Lnd{urr}\Lnd{urrrr} 
+}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\subsection{Graphical Schemata -- Arrows instead of lines}
+
+The branching command is based on the \texttt{xypic} arrow command
+\verb|\ar|. It can do a lot more than just drawing solid lines. It can, for
+instance, draw arrows. As this is sometimes useful, we integrate an arrow
+command, \verb|\AR|:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\ARkk}[3]{\POS[]-(0,4)+(#1)\ar@{->}[#3]+(0,2)+(#2)}
+\newcommand{\ARk}[3]{\ARkk{0,#1}{0,#2}{#3}}
+\newcommand{\AR}[2][0]{\ARk{#1}{0}{#2}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+This helps us draw the GB schema:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{4cm}
+\fbox{%
+  \Treek[.5]{3}{ & \K{D-Structure}\AR{d} \\
+    & \K{S-Structure} \AR{dl}\AR{dr}\\
+    \K{LF} & & \K{PF} }}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{10cm}
+  The code is rather small:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\fbox{
+  \Treek[.5]{3}{ 
+         & \K{D-Structure}\AR{d}         \\
+         & \K{S-Structure} \AR{dl}\AR{dr}\\
+    \K{LF} &          & \K{PF}           } 
+     }
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+We can also use alternative line styles, like dashes, dots, and waves:
+
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\Bdot}[2][0]{\POS[]-(0,4)\POS+(0,#1)%
+                         \ar@{.}[#2]+(0,2)}
+\newcommand{\ARdot}[2][0]{\POS[]\POS-(0,4)\POS+(0,#1)%
+                         \ar@{.>}[#2]+(0,2)}
+
+\newcommand{\Bdash}[2][0]{\POS[]-(0,4)\POS+(0,#1)%
+                         \ar@{--}[#2]+(0,2)}
+\newcommand{\ARdash}[2][0]{\POS[]\POS-(0,4)\POS+(0,#1)%
+                         \ar@{-->}[#2]+(0,2)}
+
+\newcommand{\Bwav}[2][0]{\POS[]-(0,4)\POS+(0,#1)%
+                         \ar@{~}[#2]+(0,2)}
+\newcommand{\ARwav}[2][0]{\POS[]\POS-(0,4)\POS+(0,#1)%
+                          \ar@{~>}[#2]+(0,2)}
+\end{verbatim}\enlargethispage{-2\baselineskip}
+
+Joost Kremers, University of Frankfurt/Main, $<$j.kremers@em.uni-frankfurt.de$>$, has
+kindfully defined a ``generalised branch'' command that I happily integrate here:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\GBkk}[4]{\POS[]-(0,4)+(#1)\ar@{#4}[#3]+(0,2)+(#2)}
+\newcommand{\GBk}[4]{\GBkk{0,#1}{0,#2}{#3}{#4}}
+\newcommand{\GB}[3][0]{\GBk{#1}{0}{#2}{#3}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The branch commands are the same as the \verb|\Bkk|, \verb|\Bk| and \verb|\B| commands,
+except that they have one more mandatory argument, and the final mandatory argument is
+the line style, which can be as follows:
+
+
+\begin{tabular}[t]{ll}
+  - &solid line \\
+ -- &dashed line \\
+ = &double line \\
+ == &dashed double line \\
+ . &dotted line \\
+ : &dotted double line \\
+ \texttildelow &wavy line \\
+ \texttildelow\texttildelow &dashed wavy line \\
+\end{tabular}
+
+To yield arrows, you only need to extend the line style with leading or final \verb|<|
+or \verb|>|, as e.g. in \verb|\GB{=>}{dl}|. 
+
+\Tree{ & \K{VP}\GB{dl}{=}\GB{dr}{=}\\ && }
+\begin{minipage}{.5\linewidth}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\Tree{ & \K{VP}\GB{dl}{=}\GB{dr}{=}\\ && }
+\end{verbatim}
+  \end{minipage}
+  
+The minimalist syntax model is often schematised with a dashed arrow to PF:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{3.5cm}
+  \fbox{
+    \Treek{2.5}{ \K{\emph{Lexicon}}\AR{dd}  \\
+      \ARdash[3]{dr} & \K{\emph{Spell-out}}\\
+      \K{LF} & \K{PF} } }
+   \end{minipage}
+   \begin{minipage}[t]{10cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\fbox{
+ \Treek{2.5}{ 
+ \K{\emph{Lexicon}}\AR{dd}  \\
+    \ARdash[3]{dr} & \K{\emph{Spell-out}}\\
+         \K{LF}    & \K{PF} } }\end{verbatim}
+   \end{minipage}
+
+It might sometimes be useful to have branches and arrows to the field on the
+right in the same row. The command \verb|\R| makes this possible. The syntax is:
+\verb|\R[line style]{destination}|. If you want to, you can write phrase
+structure rules that way {\ldots} {\large\smiley} {\ldots} :
+
+\Tree[-1]{\K{S}\R[->]{rr} && \K[5]{NP~~VP}} 
+
+\verb|\Tree[-1]{\K{S}\R[->]{rr} && \K[5]{NP~~VP}}| 
+
+Versions of \verb|\R| that link circles and squares are also defined in
+\texttt{xyling.sty}. Another funny application are neural nets:
+\begin{center}
+\fbox{
+  \begin{minipage}[t]{.75\textwidth}~\\
+    \Treek[.5]{4}{\K[-2]{\emph{Layer 1}}&&& 
+      \OO \DLLoO\DLoO \DoO \DRoO\DRRoO\DRRRoO\DRoO[drrrr]& 
+      \OO \DLLLoO\DLLoO\DLoO \DoO \DRoO\DRRoO\DRRRoO & 
+      \OO \DLoO[dllll]\DLLLoO\DLLoO\DLoO \DoO \DRoO\DRRoO \\ 
+      \K[-2]{\emph{Layer 2}}& 
+      \OO \BoO{drr}\BoO{drrr}\BoO{drrrr} \RoO{r} & 
+      \OO \BoO{dr}\BoO{drr}\BoO{drrr} \RoO{r} & 
+      \OO \BoO{d}\BoO{dr}\BoO{drr} \RoO{r} & 
+      \OO \BoO{dl}\BoO{d}\BoO{dr} \RoO{r} & 
+      \OO \BoO{dll}\BoO{dl}\BoO{d} \RoO{r} &  
+      \OO \BoO{dlll}\BoO{dll}\BoO{dl} \RoO{r} & 
+      \OO \BoO{dllll}\BoO{dlll}\BoO{dll} \\
+      \K[-2]{\emph{Layer 3}} &&&\OO & \OO & \OO } 
+   \end{minipage}
+   }
+ \end{center}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \Treek[.5]{4}{
+   \K[-2]{\emph{Layer 1}}&&& 
+     \OO \DLLoO\DLoO \DoO \DRoO\DRRoO\DRRRoO\DRoO[drrrr]& 
+     \OO \DLLLoO\DLLoO\DLoO \DoO \DRoO\DRRoO\DRRRoO & 
+     \OO \DLoO[dllll]\DLLLoO\DLLoO\DLoO \DoO \DRoO\DRRoO \\ 
+   \K[-2]{\emph{Layer 2}}& 
+     \OO \BoO{drr}\BoO{drrr}\BoO{drrrr} \RoO{r} & 
+     \OO \BoO{dr}\BoO{drr}\BoO{drrr} \RoO{r} & 
+     \OO \BoO{d}\BoO{dr}\BoO{drr} \RoO{r} & 
+     \OO \BoO{dl}\BoO{d}\BoO{dr} \RoO{r} & 
+     \OO \BoO{dll}\BoO{dl}\BoO{d} \RoO{r} & 
+     \OO \BoO{dlll}\BoO{dll}\BoO{dl} \RoO{r} & 
+     \OO \BoO{dllll}\BoO{dlll}\BoO{dll} \\
+   \K[-2]{\emph{Layer 3}} &&&\OO & \OO & \OO } 
+\end{verbatim}
+ 
+Compare the two different connection styles between layers 1,2 and 2,3,
+respectively. 
+
+
+
+
+\section{Some Extras}
+\label{sec:extras}
+
+These are two handy macros for constructing metrical grids and glosses. They
+have nothing to do with \texttt{xypic}. I include them because I find them
+useful. 
+
+\paragraph{Metrical Grids}
+
+The command \verb|\PX| has one obligatory argument, the piece of text which is
+to receive grid marks, and, as optional argument, the number of grid marks,
+defaulted to 1:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{4cm}
+  \PX[2]{Fa}rah \PX{Faw}cett \PX[3]{Ma}jors
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{5cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \PX[2]{Fa}rah \PX{Faw}cett \PX[3]{Ma}jors
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+\verb|\PX| has center alignment of text and mark, for left and right alignment
+use \verb|\PXl| and \verb|PXr|. These macros require the \texttt{ifthen}
+package. 
+
+
+\paragraph{Glosses}
+For linguistic glosses, I normally use \texttt{cgloss4e.sty}. But when I want to
+gloss only one or two words within an example, \texttt{cgloss} is not that
+handy, as you must make as many glosses as there are words within an example,
+which leads to a sequence of empty groups. \verb|\PG| has two arguments for the
+word and its gloss:
+
+\begin{minipage}[t]{3cm}
+  \PG{John}{\textsc{nom}} loves \PG{Mary}{\textsc{acc}}
+\end{minipage}
+\begin{minipage}[t]{7cm}
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \PG{John}{\textsc{nom}} loves 
+  \PG{Mary}{\textsc{acc}}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{minipage}
+
+\verb|\PG| aligns word and gloss at the left edge, for center and right
+alignment use \verb|\PGc| and \verb|\PGr|. 
+
+
+\bigskip
+
+For bug reports, comments and suggestions, contact:\\
+\texttt{rvogel@ling.uni-potsdam.de}
+
+
+
+\end{document}  
+