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+% listbib.doc
+% listbib.bst
+%
+% This file was generated by Volker Kuhlmann on 10 Mar 2000
+% from the file btxbst.doc version 0.99b by Oren Patashnik
+%    [ 3/23/88   (OP)    Version 0.99b for BibTeX 0.99c ]
+% with the command "/lib/cpp -P -DUNSRT btxbst.doc listbib.doc".
+%
+% Then comments at the beginning of the file were edited,
+% and the essence of biblist version 1.3 by Joachim Schrod were worked in.
+% Oh yes, and some improvements were added too...
+%
+% To obtain listbib.bst, a fast-load no-comment version for bibtex, run
+% listbib.doc through the command
+%	sed -e '/^%/d' -e '/^[ 	]*$/d'
+% or simply install listbib.doc as listbib.bst (recommended).
+% On contemporary computers the speed increase is very negligible and the loss
+% of documentation weighs much more.
+%
+% Volker Kuhlmann
+%   10, 14, 15, 16, 19 Mar; 28 Aug 2000
+% 19 Mar 2000:
+%   Inheritance check for volume (result of check is still ignored),
+%   month, totalpages, URL
+% 28 Aug 2000:
+%   Now not printing totalpages and URL if inherited.
+%   If undefined, defining \url which takes 1 arg and expands to its arg. Load
+%   package url instead!
+%
+
+% unsrt style (unsorted numbers)
+
+%
+% The ENTRY declaration
+%   Like Scribe's (according to pages 231-2 of the April '84 edition),
+%   but no fullauthor or editors fields because BibTeX does name handling.
+%   The annote field is commented out here because this family doesn't
+%   include an annotated bibliography style.  And in addition to the fields
+%   listed here, BibTeX has a built-in crossref field, explained later.
+
+ENTRY
+% Fields:
+  { address
+%	    Usually the address of a publisher or other type of organization.
+%	    Put information in this field only if it helps the reader find the
+%	    thing---for example you should omit the address of a major
+%	    publisher entirely.  For a PROCEEDINGS or an INPROCEEDINGS,
+%	    however, it's the address of the conference; for those two entry
+%	    types, include the publisher's or organization's address, if
+%	    necessary, in the publisher or organization field.
+%    annote
+%	    Long annotation---for annotated bibliographies (begins sentence).
+    annote
+%           Used by listbib. Not used by the 4 standard styles, and probably
+%           not used by too many other styles either.
+%           Useful for storing comments about bibliographic items which are
+%           not meant to end up in documents.
+    author
+%	    Name(s) of author(s), in BibTeX name format.
+    booktitle
+%	    Book title when the thing being referenced isn't the whole book.
+%	    For book entries, the title field should be used instead.
+    chapter
+%	    Chapter (or section or whatever) number.
+    edition
+%	    Edition of a book---should be an ordinal (e.g., "Second").
+    editor
+%	    Name(s) of editor(s), in BibTeX name format.
+%	    If there is also an author field, then the editor field should be
+%	    for the book or collection that the work appears in.
+    howpublished
+%	     How something strange has been published (begins sentence).
+    institution
+%	    Sponsoring institution of a technical report.
+    isbn
+    issn
+%           The obvious purpose...
+    journal
+%	    Journal name (macros are provided for many).
+    key
+%	    Alphabetizing, labeling, and cross-referencing key
+%	    (needed when an entry has no author or editor).
+    library
+%           Location of the bibliographic item. This is useful for noting where
+%           in a library a book is. This is not meant to be printed in
+%           documents of course.
+    month
+%	    Month (macros are provided).
+    note
+%	    To help the reader find a reference (begins sentence).
+    number
+%	    Number of a journal or technical report, or of a work in a series.
+    organization
+%	    Organization sponsoring a conference (or publishing a manual); if
+%	    the editor (or author) is empty, and if the organization produces
+%	    an awkward label or cross reference, you should put appropriately
+%	    condensed organization information in the key field as well.
+    pages
+%	    Page number or numbers (use `--' to separate a range, use `+'
+%	    to indicate pages following that don't form a simple range).
+    publisher
+%	    Publisher name.
+    school
+%	    School name (for theses).
+    series
+%	    The name of a series or set of books.
+%	    An individual book will will also have it's own title.
+    title
+%	    The title of the thing you're referred to.
+    totalpages
+%	    Total number of pages of the work.
+%	    Is this what custom-bib uses it for?
+    type
+%	    Type of a Techreport (e.g., "Research Note") to be used instead of
+%	    the default "Technical Report"; or, similarly, the type of a
+%	    thesis; or of a part of a book.
+    url
+%	    The URL of an entry which is an electronic document.
+%	    Is this what custom-bib uses it for?
+    volume
+%	    The volume number of a journal or multivolume work.
+    year
+%	    The year should contain only numerals (technically, it should end
+%	    with four numerals, after purification; doesn't a begin sentence).
+  }
+%
+% Integer entry variables
+  {
+    num.entry
+%	    The cardinal number of the entry in the data base.
+%	    Checking for inheritance requires a resort; this number can be used
+%	    to restore the original sort order.
+    inherited.note
+    inherited.annote
+    inherited.isbn
+    inherited.issn
+    inherited.library
+    inherited.volume
+    inherited.month
+    inherited.totalpages
+    inherited.url
+%	    Flags which, when set, indicate that the respective field is 
+%	    inherited from another crossref'ed entry.
+  }
+%
+% String entry variables
+  {
+    label
+    sort.label
+  }
+
+
+% These three functions pop one or two (integer) arguments from the stack
+% and push a single one, either 0 or 1.
+% The 'skip$ in the `and' and `or' functions are used because
+% the corresponding if$ would be idempotent
+
+FUNCTION {not}
+{   { #0 }
+    { #1 }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {and}
+{   'skip$
+    { pop$ #0 }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {or}
+{   { pop$ #1 }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+% Each entry function starts by calling output.bibitem, to write the
+% \bibitem and its arguments to the .BBL file.  Then the various fields
+% are formatted and printed by output or output.check.  Those functions
+% handle the writing of separators (commas, periods, \newblock's),
+% taking care not to do so when they are passed a null string.
+% Finally, fin.entry is called to add the final period and finish the
+% entry.
+%
+% A bibliographic reference is formatted into a number of `blocks':
+% in the open format, a block begins on a new line and subsequent
+% lines of the block are indented.  A block may contain more than
+% one sentence (well, not a grammatical sentence, but something to
+% be ended with a sentence ending period).  The entry functions should
+% call new.block whenever a block other than the first is about to be
+% started.  They should call new.sentence whenever a new sentence is
+% to be started.  The output functions will ensure that if two
+% new.sentence's occur without any non-null string being output between
+% them then there won't be two periods output.  Similarly for two
+% successive new.block's.
+%
+% The output routines don't write their argument immediately.
+% Instead, by convention, that argument is saved on the stack to be
+% output next time (when we'll know what separator needs to come
+% after it).  Meanwhile, the output routine has to pop the pending
+% output off the stack, append any needed separator, and write it.
+%
+% To tell which separator is needed, we maintain an output.state.
+% It will be one of these values:
+%	before.all		just after the \bibitem
+%	mid.sentence		in the middle of a sentence: comma needed
+%					if more sentence is output
+%	after.sentence		just after a sentence: period needed
+%	after.block		just after a block (and sentence):
+%					period and \newblock needed.
+% Note: These styles don't use after.sentence
+%
+% VAR: output.state : INTEGER		-- state variable for output
+%
+% The output.nonnull function saves its argument (assumed to be nonnull)
+% on the stack, and writes the old saved value followed by any needed
+% separator.  The ordering of the tests is decreasing frequency of
+% occurrence.
+%
+% output.nonnull(s) ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	s := argument on stack
+%	if output.state = mid.sentence then
+%	    write$(pop() * ", ")
+%		  -- "pop" isn't a function: just use stack top
+%	else
+%	    if output.state = after.block then
+%		write$(add.period$(pop()))
+%		newline$
+%		write$("\newblock ")
+%	    else
+%		if output.state = before.all then
+%		    write$(pop())
+%		else	    -- output.state should be after.sentence
+%		    write$(add.period$(pop()) * " ")
+%		fi
+%	    fi
+%	    output.state := mid.sentence
+%	fi
+%	push s on stack
+%  END
+%
+% The output function calls output.nonnull if its argument is non-empty;
+% its argument may be a missing field (thus, not necessarily a string)
+%
+% output(s) ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if not empty$(s) then output.nonnull(s)
+%	fi
+%  END
+%
+% The output.check function is the same as the output function except that, if
+% necessary, output.check warns the user that the t field shouldn't be empty
+% (this is because it probably won't be a good reference without the field;
+% the entry functions try to make the formatting look reasonable even when
+% such fields are empty).
+%
+% output.check(s,t) ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if empty$(s) then
+%	    warning$("empty " * t * " in " * cite$)
+%	else output.nonnull(s)
+%	fi
+%  END
+%
+% The output.bibitem function writes the \bibitem for the current entry
+% (the label should already have been set up), and sets up the separator
+% state for the output functions.  And, it leaves a string on the stack
+% as per the output convention.
+%
+% output.bibitem ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	newline$
+%	write$("\bibitem[")	% for alphabetic labels,
+%	write$(label)		% these three lines
+%	write$("]{")		% are used
+%	write$("\bibitem{")		% this line for numeric labels
+%	write$(cite$)
+%	write$("}")
+%	push "" on stack
+%	output.state := before.all
+%  END
+%
+% The fin.entry function finishes off an entry by adding a period to the
+% string remaining on the stack.  If the state is still before.all
+% then nothing was produced for this entry, so the result will look bad,
+% but the user deserves it. (We don't omit the whole entry because the
+% entry was cited, and a bibitem is needed to define the citation label.)
+%
+% fin.entry ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	write$(add.period$(pop()))
+%	newline$
+%  END
+%
+% The new.block function prepares for a new block to be output, and
+% new.sentence prepares for a new sentence.
+%
+% new.block ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if output.state <> before.all then
+%	    output.state := after.block
+%	fi
+%  END
+%
+% new.sentence ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if output.state <> after.block then
+%	    if output.state <> before.all then
+%		output.state :=  after.sentence
+%	    fi
+%	fi
+%  END
+%
+
+INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }
+
+FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
+{ #0 'before.all :=
+  #1 'mid.sentence :=
+  #2 'after.sentence :=
+  #3 'after.block :=
+}
+
+% the variables s and t are temporary string holders
+
+STRINGS { s t }
+
+FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
+{ 's :=
+  output.state mid.sentence =
+    { ", " * write$ }
+    { output.state after.block =
+	{ add.period$ write$
+	  newline$
+	  "\newblock " write$
+	}
+	{ output.state before.all =
+	    'write$
+	    { add.period$ " " * write$ }
+	  if$
+	}
+      if$
+      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
+    }
+  if$
+  s
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    'pop$
+    'output.nonnull
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.check}
+{ 't :=
+  duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+    'output.nonnull
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
+{ newline$
+
+  "\bibitem{" write$
+
+  cite$ write$
+  "}" write$
+  newline$
+  ""
+  before.all 'output.state :=
+}
+
+% This function finishes all entries.
+
+FUNCTION {fin.entry}
+{ add.period$
+  write$
+  newline$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.block}
+{ output.state before.all =
+    'skip$
+    { after.block 'output.state := }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.sentence}
+{ output.state after.block =
+    'skip$
+    { output.state before.all =
+	'skip$
+	{ after.sentence 'output.state := }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% Sometimes we begin a new block only if the block will be big enough.  The
+% new.block.checka function issues a new.block if its argument is nonempty;
+% new.block.checkb does the same if either of its TWO arguments is nonempty.
+
+FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
+{ empty$
+    'skip$
+    'new.block
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
+{ empty$
+  swap$ empty$
+  and
+    'skip$
+    'new.block
+  if$
+}
+
+% The new.sentence.check functions are analogous.
+
+FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}
+{ empty$
+    'skip$
+    'new.sentence
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}
+{ empty$
+  swap$ empty$
+  and
+    'skip$
+    'new.sentence
+  if$
+}
+
+% Here are some functions for formatting chunks of an entry.
+% By convention they either produce a string that can be followed by
+% a comma or period (using add.period$, so it is OK to end in a period),
+% or they produce the null string.
+%
+% A useful utility is the field.or.null function, which checks if the
+% argument is the result of pushing a `missing' field (one for which no
+% assignment was made when the current entry was read in from the database)
+% or the result of pushing a string having no non-white-space characters.
+% It returns the null string if so, otherwise it returns the field string.
+% Its main (but not only) purpose is to guarantee that what's left on the
+% stack is a string rather than a missing field.
+%
+% field.or.null(s) ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if empty$(s) then return ""
+%	else return s
+%  END
+%
+% Another helper function is emphasize, which returns the argument emphazised,
+% if that is non-empty, otherwise it returns the null string.  Italic
+% corrections aren't used, so this function should be used when punctation
+% will follow the result.
+% LaTeX's \emph{} will take care of italic correction.
+%
+% emphasize(s) ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if empty$(s) then return ""
+%	%else return "{\em " * s * "}"
+%	else return "\emph{" * s * "}"
+%
+% The format.names function formats the argument (which should be in
+% BibTeX name format) into "First Von Last, Junior", separated by commas
+% and with an "and" before the last (but ending with "et~al." if the last
+% of multiple authors is "others").  This function's argument should always
+% contain at least one name.
+%
+% VAR: nameptr, namesleft, numnames: INTEGER
+% pseudoVAR: nameresult: STRING		(it's what's accumulated on the stack)
+%
+% format.names(s) ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	nameptr := 1
+%	numnames := num.names$(s)
+%	namesleft := numnames
+%	while namesleft > 0
+%	  do
+%				% for full names:
+%	    t := format.name$(s, nameptr, "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}")
+%				% for abbreviated first names:
+%	    t := format.name$(s, nameptr, "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}")
+%	    if nameptr > 1 then
+%		if namesleft > 1 then nameresult := nameresult * ", " * t
+%		else if numnames > 2
+%		       then nameresult := nameresult * ","
+%		     fi
+%		     if t = "others"
+%		       then nameresult := nameresult * " et~al."
+%		       else nameresult := nameresult * " and " * t
+%		     fi
+%		fi
+%	    else nameresult := t
+%	    fi
+%	    nameptr := nameptr + 1
+%	    namesleft := namesleft - 1
+%	  od
+%	return nameresult
+%  END
+%
+% The format.authors function returns the result of format.names(author)
+% if the author is present, or else it returns the null string
+%
+% format.authors ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if empty$(author) then return ""
+%	else return format.names(author)
+%	fi
+%  END
+%
+% Format.editors is like format.authors, but it uses the editor field,
+% and appends ", editor" or ", editors"
+%
+% format.editors ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if empty$(editor) then return ""
+%	else
+%	    if num.names$(editor) > 1 then
+%		return format.names(editor) * ", editors"
+%	    else
+%		return format.names(editor) * ", editor"
+%	    fi
+%	fi
+%  END
+%
+% Other formatting functions are similar, so no "comment version" will be
+% given for them.
+%
+% The `pop$' in this function gets rid of the duplicate `empty' value and
+% the `skip$' returns the duplicate field value
+
+FUNCTION {field.or.null}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "" }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {emphasize}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "" }
+    %%{ "{\em " swap$ * "}" * }
+    { "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * }
+  if$
+}
+
+INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }
+
+FUNCTION {format.names}
+{ 's :=
+  #1 'nameptr :=
+  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+  numnames 'namesleft :=
+    { namesleft #0 > }
+
+    { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
+
+      nameptr #1 >
+	{ namesleft #1 >
+	    { ", " * t * }
+	    { numnames #2 >
+		{ "," * }
+		'skip$
+	      if$
+	      t "others" =
+		{ " et~al." * }
+		{ " and " * t * }
+	      if$
+	    }
+	  if$
+	}
+	't
+      if$
+      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+    }
+  while$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.authors}
+{ author empty$
+    { "" }
+    { author format.names }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.editors}
+{ editor empty$
+    { "" }
+    { editor format.names
+      editor num.names$ #1 >
+	{ ", editors" * }
+	{ ", editor" * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% Format note.
+% Need to introduce this because we check whether it's inherited.
+
+FUNCTION {note.output}
+{ inherited.note
+    { }
+    { note output }
+  if$
+}
+
+% Format totalpages and URL.
+
+FUNCTION {format.totalpages}
+{ totalpages empty$
+    { "" }
+    { "Pages: " totalpages * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.url}
+{ url empty$
+    { "" }
+    { "URL: \url{" url * "}" * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {check.bullet}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    'skip$
+    { " \ensuremath{\bullet} " * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {check.par}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    'skip$
+    { "\par " * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.totalpages.url}
+{ totalpages missing$
+  inherited.totalpages
+  or
+    { "" }
+    { format.totalpages }
+  if$
+  url missing$
+  inherited.url
+  or
+    { }
+    { check.bullet
+      format.url * }
+  if$
+  %check.par
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.totalpages.url}
+{ new.block output
+  newline$ "\annote " write$
+  write$
+  %newline$
+  "\endannote"
+}
+
+% Deal with annote.
+% This will also output totalpages and URL.
+
+FUNCTION {output.annote}
+{ new.block "\annote " output
+  newline$ write$
+  annote add.period$ write$ newline$
+  "\endannote"
+}
+
+FUNCTION {annote.output}
+{ format.totalpages.url
+  duplicate$ empty$
+    'pop$
+    { output.totalpages.url }
+  if$
+  %
+  annote empty$
+  inherited.annote
+  or
+    'skip$
+    { output.annote }
+  if$
+}
+
+% Formatting + outputting ISBN and ISSN
+
+FUNCTION {format.isbn}
+{ isbn empty$
+    { "" }
+    { new.sentence "ISBN~" isbn * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.issn}
+{ issn empty$
+    { "" }
+    { new.sentence "ISSN~" issn * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {isbn.output}
+{ inherited.isbn
+    { "" }
+    { format.isbn }
+  if$
+  output
+}
+
+FUNCTION {issn.output}
+{ inherited.issn
+    { "" }
+    { format.issn }
+  if$
+  output
+}
+
+FUNCTION {isbn.issn.output}
+{ %% both isbn and issn, but not both inherited
+  isbn empty$ not
+  issn empty$ not
+  and
+  inherited.isbn
+  inherited.issn
+  and not and
+    { "used both ISBN and ISSN fields in " cite$ * warning$ }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  isbn.output
+  issn.output
+}
+
+% Formatting library
+% We need to check and possibly alter the output state to avoid a period
+% being output after the library part.
+% In fact, we can't call output (because it can never work in this case),
+% instead we write to the output buffer ourselves and set the output.state
+% to something useful.
+
+FUNCTION {format.library}
+{ library empty$
+    { "" }
+    { "\library{" library * "}" * }
+  if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {library.output}
+{ % "checking lib out stat" top$  %% debug
+  inherited.library
+    { "" }
+    { format.library }
+  if$
+  duplicate$ empty$
+    { output }
+    { "%" * write$ newline$
+      before.all 'output.state :=
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% The format.title function is used for non-book-like titles.
+% For most styles we convert to lowercase (except for the very first letter,
+% and except for the first one after a colon (followed by whitespace)),
+% and hope the user has brace-surrounded words that need to stay capitilized;
+% for some styles, however, we leave it as it is in the database.
+
+FUNCTION {format.title}
+{ title empty$
+    { "" }
+
+%    { title "t" change.case$ }
+    'title
+
+  if$
+}
+
+% By default, BibTeX sets the global integer variable global.max$ to the BibTeX
+% constant glob_str_size, the maximum length of a global string variable.
+% Analogously, BibTeX sets the global integer variable entry.max$ to
+% ent_str_size, the maximum length of an entry string variable.
+% The style designer may change these if necessary (but this is unlikely)
+
+% The n.dashify function makes each single `-' in a string a double `--'
+% if it's not already
+%
+% pseudoVAR: pageresult: STRING		(it's what's accumulated on the stack)
+%
+% n.dashify(s) ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	t := s
+%	pageresult := ""
+%	while (not empty$(t))
+%	  do
+%	    if (first character of t = "-")
+%	      then
+%		if (next character isn't)
+%		  then
+%		    pageresult := pageresult * "--"
+%		    t := t with the "-" removed
+%		  else
+%		    while (first character of t = "-")
+%		      do
+%			pageresult := pageresult * "-"
+%			t := t with the "-" removed
+%		      od
+%		fi
+%	      else
+%		pageresult := pageresult * the first character
+%		t := t with the first character removed
+%	    fi
+%	  od
+%	return pageresult
+%  END
+
+FUNCTION {n.dashify}
+{ 't :=
+  ""
+    { t empty$ not }
+    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
+	{ t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
+	    { "--" *
+	      t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+	    }
+	    {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
+		{ "-" *
+		  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+		}
+	      while$
+	    }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ t #1 #1 substring$ *
+	  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+  while$
+}
+
+% The format.date function is for the month and year, but we give a warning if
+% there's an empty year but the month is there, and we return the empty string
+% if they're both empty.
+
+FUNCTION {format.date}
+{ year empty$
+    { month empty$
+      inherited.month
+      or
+	{ "" }
+	{ "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
+	  month
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+    { month empty$
+      inherited.month
+      or
+	'year
+	{ month " " * year * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% The format.btitle is for formatting the title field when it is a book-like
+% entry---the style used here keeps it in uppers-and-lowers and emphasizes it.
+
+FUNCTION {format.btitle}
+{ title emphasize
+}
+
+% For several functions we'll need to connect two strings with a
+% tie (~) if the second one isn't very long (fewer than 3 characters).
+% The tie.or.space.connect function does that.  It concatenates the two
+% strings on top of the stack, along with either a tie or space between
+% them, and puts this concatenation back onto the stack:
+%
+% tie.or.space.connect(str1,str2) ==
+%    BEGIN
+%	if text.length$(str2) < 3
+%	  then return the concatenation of str1, "~", and str2
+%	  else return the concatenation of str1, " ", and str2
+%    END
+
+FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
+{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
+    { "~" }
+    { " " }
+  if$
+  swap$ * *
+}
+
+% The either.or.check function complains if both fields of an either-or pair
+% are nonempty.
+%
+% either.or.check(t,s) ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if not empty$(s) then
+%	    warning$(can't use both " * t * " fields in " * cite$)
+%	fi
+%  END
+
+FUNCTION {either.or.check}
+{ empty$
+    'pop$
+    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+  if$
+}
+
+% The format.bvolume function is for formatting the volume and perhaps
+% series name of a multivolume work.  If both a volume and a series field
+% are there, we assume the series field is the title of the whole multivolume
+% work (the title field should be the title of the thing being referred to),
+% and we add an "of <series>".  This function is called in mid-sentence.
+
+FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
+{ volume empty$
+    { "" }
+    { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
+      series empty$
+	'skip$
+	{ " of " * series emphasize * }
+      if$
+      "volume and number" number either.or.check
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% The format.number.series function is for formatting the series name
+% and perhaps number of a work in a series.  This function is similar to
+% format.bvolume, although for this one the series must exist (and the
+% volume must not exist).  If the number field is empty we output either
+% the series field unchanged if it exists or else the null string.
+% If both the number and series fields are there we assume the series field
+% gives the name of the whole series (the title field should be the title
+% of the work being one referred to), and we add an "in <series>".
+% We capitilize Number when this function is used at the beginning of a block.
+
+FUNCTION {format.number.series}
+{ volume empty$
+    { number empty$
+	{ series field.or.null }
+	{ output.state mid.sentence =
+	    { "number" }
+	    { "Number" }
+	  if$
+	  number tie.or.space.connect
+	  series empty$
+	    { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
+	    { " in " * series * }
+	  if$
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+    { "" }
+  if$
+}
+
+% The format.edition function appends " edition" to the edition, if present.
+% We lowercase the edition (it should be something like "Third"), because
+% this doesn't start a sentence.
+
+FUNCTION {format.edition}
+{ edition empty$
+    { "" }
+    { output.state mid.sentence =
+	{ edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * }
+	{ edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% The format.pages function is used for formatting a page range in a book
+% (and in rare circumstances, an article).
+%
+% The multi.page.check function examines the page field for a "-" or "," or "+"
+% so that format.pages can use "page" instead of "pages" if none exists.
+% Note: global.max$ here means "take the rest of the string"
+%
+% VAR: multiresult: INTEGER	(actually, a boolean)
+%
+% multi.page.check(s) ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	t := s
+%	multiresult := false
+%	while ((not multiresult) and (not empty$(t)))
+%	  do
+%	    if (first character of t = "-" or "," or "+")
+%	      then multiresult := true
+%	      else t := t with the first character removed
+%	    fi
+%	  od
+%	return multiresult
+%  END
+
+INTEGERS { multiresult }
+
+FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
+{ 't :=
+  #0 'multiresult :=
+    { multiresult not
+      t empty$ not
+      and
+    }
+    { t #1 #1 substring$
+      duplicate$ "-" =
+      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
+      swap$ "+" =
+      or or
+	{ #1 'multiresult := }
+	{ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
+      if$
+    }
+  while$
+  multiresult
+}
+
+% This function doesn't begin a sentence so "pages" isn't capitalized.
+% Other functions that use this should keep that in mind.
+
+FUNCTION {format.pages}
+{ pages empty$
+    { "" }
+    { pages multi.page.check
+	{ "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect }
+	{ "page" pages tie.or.space.connect }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% The format.vol.num.pages function is for the volume, number, and page range
+% of a journal article.  We use the format:  vol(number):pages, with some
+% variations for empty fields.  This doesn't begin a sentence.
+
+FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
+{ volume field.or.null
+  number empty$
+    'skip$
+    { "(" number * ")" * *
+      volume empty$
+	{ "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ }
+	'skip$
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  pages empty$
+    'skip$
+    { duplicate$ empty$
+	{ pop$ format.pages }
+	{ ":" * pages n.dashify * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+
+% The format.chapter.pages, if the chapter is present, puts whatever is in the
+% type field (or else "chapter" if type is empty) in front of a chapter number.
+% It then appends the pages, if present.  This doesn't begin a sentence.
+
+FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
+{ chapter empty$
+    'format.pages
+    { type empty$
+	{ "chapter" }
+	{ type "l" change.case$ }
+      if$
+      chapter tie.or.space.connect
+      pages empty$
+	'skip$
+	{ ", " * format.pages * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% The format.in.ed.booktitle function is used for starting out a sentence
+% that begins "In <booktitle>", putting an editor before the title if one
+% exists.
+
+FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
+{ booktitle empty$
+    { "" }
+    { editor empty$
+	{ "In " booktitle emphasize * }
+	{ "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle emphasize * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% The function empty.misc.check complains if all six fields are empty, and
+% if there's been no sorting or alphabetic-label complaint.
+
+FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
+{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
+  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
+  and and and and and
+
+
+
+    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+% The function format.thesis.type returns either the (case-changed) type field,
+% if it is defined, or else the default string already on the stack
+% (like "Master's thesis" or "PhD thesis").
+
+FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
+{ type empty$
+    'skip$
+    { pop$
+      type "t" change.case$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% The function format.tr.number makes a string starting with "Technical Report"
+% (or type, if that field is defined), followed by the number if there is one;
+% it returns the starting part (with a case change) even if there is no number.
+% This is used at the beginning of a sentence.
+
+FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
+{ type empty$
+    { "Technical Report" }
+    'type
+  if$
+  number empty$
+    { "t" change.case$ }
+    { number tie.or.space.connect }
+  if$
+}
+
+% Now come the cross-referencing functions (these are invoked because
+% one entry in the database file(s) cross-references another, by giving
+% the other entry's database key in a `crossref' field).  This feature
+% allows one or more titled things that are part of a larger titled
+% thing to cross-reference the larger thing.  These styles allow for
+% five posibilities: (1) an ARTICLE may cross-reference an ARTICLE;
+% (2) a BOOK, (3) INBOOK, or (4) INCOLLECTION may cross-reference a BOOK;
+% or (5) an INPROCEEDINGS may cross-reference a PROCEEDINGS.
+% Each of these is explained in more detail later.
+%
+% An ARTICLE entry type may cross reference another ARTICLE (this is
+% intended for when an entire journal is devoted to a single topic---
+% but since there is no JOURNAL entry type, the journal, too, should be
+% classified as an ARTICLE but without the author and title fields).
+% This will result in two warning messages for the journal's entry
+% if it's included in the reference list, but such is life.
+%
+% format.article.crossref ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if empty$(key) then
+%	    if empty$(journal) then
+%		warning$("need key or journal for " * cite$ *
+%						" to crossref " * crossref)
+%		return(" \cite{" * crossref * "}")
+%	    else
+%		return("In " * emphazise.correct (journal) *
+%						" \cite{" * crossref * "}")
+%		fi
+%	else
+%	    return("In " * key * " \cite{" * crossref * "}")
+%	fi
+%  END
+%
+% The other cross-referencing functions are similar, so no "comment version"
+% will be given for them.
+
+FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
+{ key empty$
+    { journal empty$
+	{ "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref *
+	  warning$
+	  ""
+	}
+	%{ "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * }
+	{ "In " journal emphasize * }
+      if$
+    }
+    { "In " key * }
+  if$
+  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+
+% We use just the last names of editors for a cross reference: either
+% "editor", or "editor1 and editor2", or "editor1 et~al." depending on
+% whether there are one, or two, or more than two editors.
+
+FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
+{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
+  editor num.names$ duplicate$
+  #2 >
+    { pop$ " et~al." * }
+    { #2 <
+	'skip$
+	{ editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
+	    { " et~al." * }
+	    { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
+	  if$
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+
+% A BOOK (or INBOOK) entry type (assumed to be for a single volume in a
+% multivolume work) may cross reference another BOOK (the entire multivolume).
+% Usually there will be an editor, in which case we use that to construct the
+% cross reference; otherwise we use a nonempty key field or else the series
+% field (since the series gives the title of the multivolume work).
+
+FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
+{ volume empty$
+    { % We have a problem here: this function is called from both book and
+      % inbook when there is a crossref. While it makes sense to warn about an
+      % empty volume for a book which crossreferences another book (e.g. when
+      % it is volume N of a multivolume work), this does not hold for inbook.
+      % An inbook is a part of a book; a volume doesn't make sense (even
+      % less warning about one).
+      % Solution: disable warning for inbook.   [VK Mar 2000]
+      %"empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
+      type$ "inbook" =
+        'skip$
+	{ "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$ }
+      if$
+      "In "
+    }
+    { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
+      " of " *
+    }
+  if$
+  editor empty$
+  editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
+  or
+    { key empty$
+	{ series empty$
+	    { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
+	      crossref * warning$
+	      "" *
+	    }
+	    %{ "{\em " * series * "\/}" * }
+	    { series emphasize * }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ key * }
+      if$
+    }
+    { format.crossref.editor * }
+  if$
+  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+
+% An INCOLLECTION entry type may cross reference a BOOK (assumed to be the
+% collection), or an INPROCEEDINGS may cross reference a PROCEEDINGS.
+% Often there will be an editor, in which case we use that to construct
+% the cross reference; otherwise we use a nonempty key field or else
+% the booktitle field (which gives the cross-referenced work's title).
+
+FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
+{ editor empty$
+  editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
+  or
+    { key empty$
+	{ booktitle empty$
+	    { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
+	      crossref * warning$
+	      ""
+	    }
+	    %{ "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * }
+	    { "In " booktitle emphasize * }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ "In " key * }
+      if$
+    }
+    { "In " format.crossref.editor * }
+  if$
+  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+
+% Now we define the type functions for all entry types that may appear
+% in the .BIB file---e.g., functions like `article' and `book'.  These
+% are the routines that actually generate the .BBL-file output for
+% the entry.  These must all precede the READ command.  In addition, the
+% style designer should have a function `default.type' for unknown types.
+% Note: The fields (within each list) are listed in order of appearance,
+% except as described for an `inbook' or a `proceedings'.
+%
+% The article function is for an article in a journal.  An article may
+% CROSSREF another article.
+%	Required fields: author, title, journal, year
+%	Optional fields: volume, number, pages, month, note
+%	Also optional: library, issn, annote
+%
+% article ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	output.bibitem
+%	output.check(format.authors,"author")
+%	new.block
+%	output.check(format.title,"title")
+%	new.block
+%	if missing$(crossref) then
+%	    output.check(emphasize(journal),"journal")
+%	    output(format.vol.num.pages)
+%	    output.check(format.date,"year")
+%       else
+%	    output.nonnull(format.article.crossref)
+%	    output(format.pages)
+%	fi
+%	new.block
+%	output(note)
+%	fin.entry
+%  END
+%
+% The book function is for a whole book.  A book may CROSSREF another book.
+%	Required fields: author or editor, title, publisher, year
+%	Optional fields: volume or number, series, address, edition, month,
+%			note
+%	Also optional: library, isbn, issn, annote
+%
+% book ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if empty$(author) then output.check(format.editors,"author and editor")
+%	else	output.check(format.authors,"author")
+%		if missing$(crossref) then
+%		    either.or.check("author and editor",editor)
+%		fi
+%	fi
+%	new.block
+%	output.check(format.btitle,"title")
+%	if missing$(crossref) then
+%	    output(format.bvolume)
+%	    new.block
+%	    output(format.number.series)
+%	    new.sentence
+%	    output.check(publisher,"publisher")
+%	    output(address)
+%       else
+%	    new.block
+%	    output.nonnull(format.book.crossref)
+%	fi
+%	output(format.edition)
+%	output.check(format.date,"year")
+%	new.block
+%	output(note)
+%	fin.entry
+%  END
+%
+% The other entry functions are all quite similar, so no "comment version"
+% will be given for them.
+
+FUNCTION {article}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  crossref missing$
+    { journal emphasize "journal" output.check
+      format.vol.num.pages output
+      format.date "year" output.check
+    }
+    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull
+      format.pages output
+    }
+  if$
+  issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {book}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  author empty$
+    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
+    { format.authors output.nonnull
+      crossref missing$
+	{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
+	'skip$
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  format.btitle "title" output.check
+  crossref missing$
+    { format.bvolume output
+      new.block
+      format.number.series output
+      new.sentence
+      publisher "publisher" output.check
+      address output
+    }
+    { new.block
+      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
+    }
+  if$
+  format.edition output
+  format.date "year" output.check
+  isbn.issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+% A booklet is a bound thing without a publisher or sponsoring institution.
+%	Required: title
+%	Optional: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note
+%	Also optional: library, isbn, issn, annote
+
+FUNCTION {booklet}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  format.authors output
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  howpublished address new.block.checkb
+  howpublished output
+  address output
+  format.date output
+  isbn.issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+% For the conference entry type, see inproceedings.
+
+% An inbook is a piece of a book: either a chapter and/or a page range.
+% It may CROSSREF a book.  If there's no volume field, the type field
+% will come before number and series.
+%	Required: author or editor, title, chapter and/or pages, publisher,year
+%	Optional: volume or number, series, type, address, edition, month, note
+%	Also optional: library, isbn, issn, annote
+
+FUNCTION {inbook}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  author empty$
+    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
+    { format.authors output.nonnull
+      crossref missing$
+	{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
+	'skip$
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  format.btitle "title" output.check
+  crossref missing$
+    { format.bvolume output
+      format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
+      new.block
+      format.number.series output
+      new.sentence
+      publisher "publisher" output.check
+      address output
+    }
+    { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
+      new.block
+      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
+    }
+  if$
+  format.edition output
+  format.date "year" output.check
+  isbn.issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+% An incollection is like inbook, but where there is a separate title
+% for the referenced thing (and perhaps an editor for the whole).
+% An incollection may CROSSREF a book.
+%	Required: author, title, booktitle, publisher, year
+%	Optional: editor, volume or number, series, type, chapter, pages,
+%			address, edition, month, note
+%	Also optional: library, isbn, issn, annote
+
+FUNCTION {incollection}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  crossref missing$
+    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
+      format.bvolume output
+      format.number.series output
+      format.chapter.pages output
+      new.sentence
+      publisher "publisher" output.check
+      address output
+      format.edition output
+      format.date "year" output.check
+    }
+    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
+      format.chapter.pages output
+    }
+  if$
+  isbn.issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+% An inproceedings is an article in a conference proceedings, and it may
+% CROSSREF a proceedings.  If there's no address field, the month (& year)
+% will appear just before note.
+%	Required: author, title, booktitle, year
+%	Optional: editor, volume or number, series, pages, address, month,
+%			organization, publisher, note
+%	Also optional: library, isbn, issn, annote
+
+FUNCTION {inproceedings}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  crossref missing$
+    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
+      format.bvolume output
+      format.number.series output
+      format.pages output
+      address empty$
+	{ organization publisher new.sentence.checkb
+	  organization output
+	  publisher output
+	  format.date "year" output.check
+	}
+	{ address output.nonnull
+	  format.date "year" output.check
+	  new.sentence
+	  organization output
+	  publisher output
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
+      format.pages output
+    }
+  if$
+  isbn.issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+% The conference function is included for Scribe compatibility.
+
+FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }
+
+% A manual is technical documentation.
+%	Required: title
+%	Optional: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note
+%	Also optional: library, isbn, issn, annote
+
+FUNCTION {manual}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  author empty$
+    { organization empty$
+	'skip$
+	{ organization output.nonnull
+	  address output
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+    { format.authors output.nonnull }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  format.btitle "title" output.check
+  author empty$
+    { organization empty$
+	{ address new.block.checka
+	  address output
+	}
+	'skip$
+      if$
+    }
+    { organization address new.block.checkb
+      organization output
+      address output
+    }
+  if$
+  format.edition output
+  format.date output
+  isbn.issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+% A mastersthesis is a Master's thesis.
+%	Required: author, title, school, year
+%	Optional: type, address, month, note
+%	Also optional: library, isbn, issn, annote
+
+FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
+  school "school" output.check
+  address output
+  format.date "year" output.check
+  isbn.issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+% A misc is something that doesn't fit elsewhere.
+%	Required: at least one of the `optional' fields
+%	Optional: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note
+%	Also optional: library, isbn, issn, annote
+
+FUNCTION {misc}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  format.authors output
+  title howpublished new.block.checkb
+  format.title output
+  howpublished new.block.checka
+  howpublished output
+  format.date output
+  isbn.issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+  empty.misc.check
+}
+
+% A phdthesis is like a mastersthesis.
+%	Required: author, title, school, year
+%	Optional: type, address, month, note
+%	Also optional: library, isbn, issn, annote
+
+FUNCTION {phdthesis}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.btitle "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
+  school "school" output.check
+  address output
+  format.date "year" output.check
+  isbn.issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+% A proceedings is a conference proceedings.
+% If there is an organization but no editor field, the organization will
+% appear as the first optional field (we try to make the first block nonempty);
+% if there's no address field, the month (& year) will appear just before note.
+%	Required: title, year
+%	Optional: editor, volume or number, series, address, month,
+%			organization, publisher, note
+%	Also optional: library, isbn, issn, annote
+
+FUNCTION {proceedings}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  editor empty$
+    { organization output }
+    { format.editors output.nonnull }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  format.btitle "title" output.check
+  format.bvolume output
+  format.number.series output
+  address empty$
+    { editor empty$
+	{ publisher new.sentence.checka }
+	{ organization publisher new.sentence.checkb
+	  organization output
+	}
+      if$
+      publisher output
+      format.date "year" output.check
+    }
+    { address output.nonnull
+      format.date "year" output.check
+      new.sentence
+      editor empty$
+	'skip$
+	{ organization output }
+      if$
+      publisher output
+    }
+  if$
+  isbn.issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+% A techreport is a technical report.
+%	Required: author, title, institution, year
+%	Optional: type, number, address, month, note
+%	Also optional: library, isbn, issn, annote
+
+FUNCTION {techreport}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.tr.number output.nonnull
+  institution "institution" output.check
+  address output
+  format.date "year" output.check
+  isbn.issn.output
+  new.block
+  note.output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+% An unpublished is something that hasn't been published.
+%	Required: author, title, note
+%	Optional: month, year
+%	Also optional: library, annote
+
+FUNCTION {unpublished}
+{ output.bibitem
+  library.output
+  new.sentence
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  note "note" output.check
+  format.date output
+  annote.output
+  fin.entry
+}
+
+% We use entry type `misc' for an unknown type; BibTeX gives a warning.
+
+FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
+
+% Here are macros for common things that may vary from style to style.
+% Users are encouraged to use these macros.
+%
+% Months are either written out in full or abbreviated
+
+
+
+MACRO {jan} {"January"}
+
+MACRO {feb} {"February"}
+
+MACRO {mar} {"March"}
+
+MACRO {apr} {"April"}
+
+MACRO {may} {"May"}
+
+MACRO {jun} {"June"}
+
+MACRO {jul} {"July"}
+
+MACRO {aug} {"August"}
+
+MACRO {sep} {"September"}
+
+MACRO {oct} {"October"}
+
+MACRO {nov} {"November"}
+
+MACRO {dec} {"December"}
+
+
+
+% Journals are either written out in full or abbreviated;
+% the abbreviations are like those found in ACM publications.
+%
+% To get a completely different set of abbreviations, it may be best to make
+% a separate .bib file with nothing but those abbreviations; users could then
+% include that file name as the first argument to the \bibliography command
+
+
+
+MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"}
+
+MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"}
+
+MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"}
+
+MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"}
+
+MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"}
+
+MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"}
+
+MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"}
+
+MACRO {ieeetcad}
+ {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"}
+
+MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"}
+
+MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"}
+
+MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"}
+
+MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"}
+
+MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"}
+
+MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"}
+
+MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"}
+
+MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"}
+
+MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"}
+
+MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"}
+
+MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"}
+
+MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"}
+
+
+
+% Now we read in the .BIB entries.
+
+READ
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% The following part tries to establish whether fields in entries which
+%% crossreference another entry are inherited from that entry or not.
+%% Unfortunately BibTeX does not make that information available.
+%% The basic assumption is that if the fields are identical, they are
+%% assumed to be inherited.
+%% By Volker Kuhlmann <v.kuhlmann@elec.canterbury.ac.nz>
+%% with help from Oren Patashnik.
+%% 15, 16, 17 March 2000
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Display some debugging output (sort output on column 2 and check)
+INTEGERS { debug.inheritance }
+FUNCTION {debug.inheritance.disable} { #0 'debug.inheritance := }
+FUNCTION {debug.inheritance.enable} { #1 'debug.inheritance := }
+EXECUTE {debug.inheritance.disable}% do not uncomment this!
+%% uncomment if desired:
+%EXECUTE {debug.inheritance.enable}
+
+% We need a global string variable to hold field values between entries.
+% One per field checked for inheritance, plus cite.
+% Really, we should also save a flag "missing" for each field, but we
+% won't bother for now.
+STRINGS {
+    inh.cite
+    inh.note
+    inh.annote
+    inh.isbn
+    inh.issn
+    inh.library
+    inh.volume
+    inh.month
+    inh.totalpages
+    inh.url
+}
+
+% Adds leading "0" to integers to fill up a field width. Was there a printf$ ...
+% pop: integer;  push: string
+FUNCTION {fillint3.to.str}%  (field width = 3)
+{
+  duplicate$ #100 <
+    { 
+      duplicate$ #10 <
+        { "00" }
+        { "0" }
+      if$
+    }
+    { "" }
+  if$
+  swap$ int.to.str$ *
+}
+% Field width = 5, i.e. works up to 99 999 (= 10^6 - 1)
+FUNCTION {fillint.to.str}
+{
+  duplicate$ #10000 <
+    { duplicate$ #1000 <
+        { duplicate$ #100 <
+            { duplicate$ #10 <
+                { "0000" }
+                { "000" }
+              if$
+            }
+            { "00" }
+          if$
+        }
+        { "0" }
+      if$
+    }
+    { "" }
+  if$
+  swap$ int.to.str$ *
+}
+
+FUNCTION {zero.inherited}
+{
+  #0 'inherited.note :=
+  #0 'inherited.annote :=
+  #0 'inherited.isbn :=
+  #0 'inherited.issn :=
+  #0 'inherited.library :=
+  #0 'inherited.volume :=
+  #0 'inherited.month :=
+  #0 'inherited.totalpages :=
+  #0 'inherited.url :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {debug.entry.dump.head}
+{ debug.inheritance
+    { "*** Dumping data base entries ... ***" top$ }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+% This is for debugging.  Dumps an entry with its cardinal number.
+FUNCTION {debug.entry.dump}
+{ debug.inheritance
+    { "entry " num.entry fillint.to.str * " > " * cite$ * top$ }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+% First, we number all entries through.
+% Later in the process of establishing field inheritance, we need to sort
+% all entries. Saving a cardinal entry number allows us to restore the
+% original order.
+% While we're at it, we also initialise the flags variables.
+
+INTEGERS { i }
+
+FUNCTION {number.entries.init}
+{ #1 'i :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {number.entries}
+{
+  i 'num.entry :=
+  i #1 + 'i :=
+  %zero.inherited
+}
+
+EXECUTE {number.entries.init}
+ITERATE {number.entries}
+
+EXECUTE {debug.entry.dump.head}  ITERATE {debug.entry.dump}  %% debug
+
+% Sort all entries such that the crossreferenced entry is first, then all
+% entries crossreferencing it are immediately following.
+% Entries which neither crossreference nor are crossreferenced are somewhere
+% in between.
+
+%{ crossref #127 int.to.chr$ * } % the DEL character is ignored by SORT
+% tilde is the highest character we get; it's also illegal in cite keys
+FUNCTION {generate.crossref.sortkeys}
+{
+  crossref missing$
+    { cite$ }
+    { crossref "~" * }
+  if$
+  'sort.key$ :=
+  %% debug:
+  %"entry " num.entry fillint.to.str * " sort key: '" * sort.key$ * "'" * top$
+}
+
+ITERATE {generate.crossref.sortkeys}
+SORT
+
+%EXECUTE {debug.entry.dump.head}  ITERATE {debug.entry.dump}  %% debug
+
+% Now go through and check for equal fields in consecutive entries.
+%   For each no-crossref entry: save fields
+%   For each crossref entry: any fields equal to a saved one is assumed
+%     to be inherited.
+
+% Print current values of inherited.* . For debugging.
+FUNCTION {debug.inheritance.dump}
+{ debug.inheritance
+    {
+      "entry " num.entry fillint.to.str * " inh:" *
+      " note " inherited.note int.to.str$ * *
+      ", annote " inherited.annote int.to.str$ * *
+      ", isbn " inherited.isbn int.to.str$ * *
+      ", issn " inherited.issn int.to.str$ * *
+      ", lib " inherited.library int.to.str$ * *
+      ", vol " inherited.volume int.to.str$ * *
+      ", mon " inherited.month int.to.str$ * *
+      ", tp " inherited.totalpages int.to.str$ * *
+      ", url " inherited.url int.to.str$ * *
+      top$
+    }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+% save possibly inherited fields in global variables
+% It is an error to save a missing field in a string variable, so we save
+% an empty string instead.
+FUNCTION {inheritance.save.fields}
+{
+  zero.inherited  % this entry has no crossref - therefore no inherited fields
+  cite$ 'inh.cite :=
+  note missing$
+    { "" } { note } if$
+    'inh.note :=
+  annote missing$
+    { "" } { annote } if$
+    'inh.annote :=
+  isbn missing$
+    { "" } { isbn } if$
+    'inh.isbn :=
+  issn missing$
+    { "" } { issn } if$
+    'inh.issn :=
+  library missing$
+    { "" } { library } if$
+    'inh.library :=
+  volume missing$
+    { "" } { volume } if$
+    'inh.volume :=
+  month missing$
+    { "" } { month } if$
+    'inh.month :=
+  totalpages missing$
+    { "" } { totalpages } if$
+    'inh.totalpages :=
+  url missing$
+    { "" } { url } if$
+    'inh.url :=
+}
+
+% Check for each non-missing field whether it is equal to the saved one.
+% Because we don't have any "field missing" information from the
+% crossreferenced entry, a field which is given in the corssreferencing
+% entry but is empty will be incorrectly detected as inherited if it is
+% missing in the crossreferenced entry.
+% Currently empty fields are not printed anyway, so we don't need to worry.
+FUNCTION {check.inheritance.fields}
+{
+  note missing$
+    { #0 } { note inh.note = } if$
+    'inherited.note :=
+  annote missing$
+    { #0 } { annote inh.annote = } if$
+    'inherited.annote :=
+  isbn missing$
+    { #0 } { isbn inh.isbn = } if$
+    'inherited.isbn :=
+  issn missing$
+    { #0 } { issn inh.issn = } if$
+    'inherited.issn :=
+  library missing$
+    { #0 } { library inh.library = } if$
+    'inherited.library :=
+  volume missing$
+    { #0 } { volume inh.volume = } if$
+    'inherited.volume :=
+  month missing$
+    { #0 } { month inh.month = } if$
+    'inherited.month :=
+  totalpages missing$
+    { #0 } { totalpages inh.totalpages = } if$
+    'inherited.totalpages :=
+  url missing$
+    { #0 } { url inh.url = } if$
+    'inherited.url :=
+}
+
+INTEGERS { check.inh.inited }
+
+FUNCTION {check.inheritance.init}
+{ #0 'check.inh.inited :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {check.inheritance}
+{ check.inh.inited #0 =
+    { #1 'check.inh.inited :=
+      inheritance.save.fields
+    }
+    { crossref missing$
+        { inheritance.save.fields }
+        { crossref inh.cite =
+            { check.inheritance.fields }
+            { zero.inherited
+	      "crossreferencing entry {" cite$ * "} out of order" * 
+	      " ****** contact listbib author ******" * warning$ }
+          if$
+        }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  %debug.inheritance.dump  %% debug
+}
+
+EXECUTE {check.inheritance.init}
+ITERATE {check.inheritance}
+
+% Finally, restore original entry order
+
+FUNCTION {generate.num.entry.sortkeys}
+{
+  num.entry fillint.to.str 'sort.key$ :=
+}
+
+ITERATE {generate.num.entry.sortkeys}
+SORT
+
+%EXECUTE {debug.entry.dump.head} ITERATE {debug.entry.dump}  %% debug
+ITERATE {debug.inheritance.dump}  %% debug
+
+%% End of part checking for inherited fields.
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% The sortify function converts to lower case after purify$ing; it's
+% used in sorting and in computing alphabetic labels after sorting
+%
+% The chop.word(w,len,s) function returns either s or, if the first len
+% letters of s equals w (this comparison is done in the third line of the
+% function's definition), it returns that part of s after w.
+
+
+
+
+
+% This long comment applies only to alphabetic labels
+%
+% The format.lab.names function makes a short label by using the initials of
+% the von and Last parts of the names (but if there are more than four names,
+% (i.e., people) it truncates after three and adds a superscripted "+";
+% it also adds such a "+" if the last of multiple authors is "others").
+% If there is only one name, and its von and Last parts combined have just
+% a single name-token ("Knuth" has a single token, "Brinch Hansen" has two),
+% we take the first three letters of the last name.  The boolean
+% et.al.char.used tells whether we've used a superscripted "+", so that we
+% know whether to include a LaTeX macro for it.
+%
+% format.lab.names(s) ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	numnames := num.names$(s)
+%	if numnames > 1 then
+%	    if numnames > 4 then
+%		namesleft := 3
+%	    else
+%		namesleft := numnames
+%	    nameptr := 1
+%	    nameresult := ""
+%	    while namesleft > 0
+%	      do
+%		if (name_ptr = numnames) and
+%		     format.name$(s, nameptr, "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}") = "others"
+%		   then nameresult := nameresult * "{\etalchar{+}}"
+%			et.al.char.used := true
+%		   else nameresult := nameresult *
+%				format.name$(s, nameptr, "{v{}}{l{}}")
+%		nameptr := nameptr + 1
+%		namesleft := namesleft - 1
+%	      od
+%	    if numnames > 4 then
+%		nameresult := nameresult * "{\etalchar{+}}"
+%		et.al.char.used := true
+%	else
+%	    t := format.name$(s, 1, "{v{}}{l{}}")
+%	    if text.length$(t) < 2 then	% there's just one name-token
+%		nameresult := text.prefix$(format.name$(s,1,"{ll}"),3)
+%	    else
+%		nameresult := t
+%	    fi
+%	fi
+%	return nameresult
+%  END
+%
+% Exactly what fields we look at in constructing the primary part of the label
+% depends on the entry type; this selectivity (as opposed to, say, always
+% looking at author, then editor, then key) helps ensure that "ignored" fields,
+% as described in the LaTeX book, really are ignored.  Note that MISC is part
+% of the deepest `else' clause in the nested part of calc.label; thus, any
+% unrecognized entry type in the database is handled correctly.
+%
+% There is one auxiliary function for each of the four different sequences of
+% fields we use.  The first of these functions looks at the author field, and
+% then, if necessary, the key field.  The other three functions, which might
+% look at two fields and the key field, are similar, except that the key field
+% takes precedence over the organization field (for labels---not for sorting).
+%
+% The calc.label function calculates the preliminary label of an entry, which
+% is formed by taking three letters of information from the author or editor or
+% key or organization field (depending on the entry type and on what's empty,
+% but ignoring a leading "The " in the organization), and appending the last
+% two characters (digits) of the year. It is an error if the appropriate fields
+% among author, editor, organization, and key are missing, and we use
+% the first three letters of the cite$ in desperation when this happens.
+% The resulting label has the year part, but not the name part, purify$ed
+% (purify$ing the year allows some sorting shenanigans by the user).
+%
+% This function also calculates the version of the label to be used in sorting.
+%
+% The final label may need a trailing 'a', 'b', etc., to distinguish it from
+% otherwise identical labels, but we can't calculated those "extra.label"s
+% until after sorting.
+%
+% calc.label ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if type$ = "book" or "inbook" then
+%	    author.editor.key.label
+%	else if type$ = "proceedings" then
+%	    editor.key.organization.label
+%	else if type$ = "manual" then
+%	    author.key.organization.label
+%	else
+%	    author.key.label
+%	fi fi fi
+%	label := label * substring$(purify$(field.or.null(year)), -1, 2)
+%		% assuming we will also sort, we calculate a sort.label
+%	sort.label := sortify(label), but use the last four, not two, digits
+%  END
+
+
+
+% When sorting, we compute the sortkey by executing "presort" on each entry.
+% The presort key contains a number of "sortify"ed strings, concatenated
+% with multiple blanks between them.  This makes things like "brinch  per"
+% come before "brinch hansen  per".
+%
+% The fields used here are: the sort.label for alphabetic labels (as set by
+% calc.label), followed by the author names (or editor names or organization
+% (with a leading "The " removed) or key field, depending on entry type and on
+% what's empty), followed by year, followed by the first bit of the title
+% (chopping off a leading "The ", "A ", or "An ").
+% Names are formatted: Von Last First Junior.
+% The names within a part will be separated by a single blank
+% (such as "brinch hansen"), two will separate the name parts themselves
+% (except the von and last), three will separate the names,
+% four will separate the names from year (and from label, if alphabetic),
+% and four will separate year from title.
+%
+% The sort.format.names function takes an argument that should be in
+% BibTeX name format, and returns a string containing "   "-separated
+% names in the format described above.  The function is almost the same
+% as format.names.
+
+
+
+% This long comment applies only to alphabetic labels, when sorted
+%
+% Now comes the final computation for alphabetic labels, putting in the 'a's
+% and 'b's and so forth if required.  This involves two passes: a forward
+% pass to put in the 'b's, 'c's and so on, and a backwards pass
+% to put in the 'a's (we don't want to put in 'a's unless we know there
+% are 'b's).
+% We have to keep track of the longest (in width$ terms) label, for use
+% by the "thebibliography" environment.
+%
+% VAR: longest.label, last.sort.label, next.extra: string
+%      longest.label.width, last.extra.num: integer
+%
+% initialize.longest.label ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	longest.label := ""
+%	last.sort.label := int.to.chr$(0)
+%	next.extra := ""
+%	longest.label.width := 0
+%	last.extra.num := 0
+%  END
+%
+% forward.pass ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if last.sort.label = sort.label then
+%	    last.extra.num := last.extra.num + 1
+%	    extra.label := int.to.chr$(last.extra.num)
+%	else
+%	    last.extra.num := chr.to.int$("a")
+%	    extra.label := ""
+%	    last.sort.label := sort.label
+%	fi
+%  END
+%
+% reverse.pass ==
+%  BEGIN
+%	if next.extra = "b" then
+%	    extra.label := "a"
+%	fi
+%	label := label * extra.label
+%	if width$(label) > longest.label.width then
+%	    longest.label := label
+%	    longest.label.width := width$(label)
+%	fi
+%	next.extra := extra.label
+%  END
+
+
+
+% Now comes the computation for numeric labels.
+% We use either the sorted order or original order.
+% We still have to keep track of the longest (in width$ terms) label, for use
+% by the "thebibliography" environment.
+
+STRINGS { longest.label }
+
+INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width }
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
+{ "" 'longest.label :=
+  #1 'number.label :=
+  #0 'longest.label.width :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
+{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
+  number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
+  label width$ longest.label.width >
+    { label 'longest.label :=
+      label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
+    }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+
+EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
+
+ITERATE {longest.label.pass}
+
+
+
+% Now we're ready to start writing the .BBL file.
+% We begin, if necessary, with a LaTeX macro for unnamed names in an alphabetic
+% label; next comes stuff from the `preamble' command in the database files.
+% Then we give an incantation containing the command
+%     \begin{thebibliography}{...}
+% where the `...' is the longest label.
+%
+% We also call init.state.consts, for use by the output routines.
+
+FUNCTION {begin.bib}
+{ preamble$ empty$
+    'skip$
+    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
+  if$
+  "\begin{thebibliography}{"  longest.label  * "}" * write$ newline$
+  "\providecommand\url[1]{#1}" write$ newline$
+}
+
+EXECUTE {begin.bib}
+
+EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
+
+% Now we produce the output for all the entries
+
+ITERATE {call.type$}
+
+% Finally, we finish up by writing the `\end{thebibliography}' command.
+
+FUNCTION {end.bib}
+{ newline$
+  "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
+}
+
+EXECUTE {end.bib}