diff options
| author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2010-09-09 23:09:53 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2010-09-09 23:09:53 +0000 |
| commit | 7e94657b4fbe4a7e911d606b41f233f7b67187b9 (patch) | |
| tree | 91333c063abb4d0b7adb3a7c321dd2597e0198b2 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo | |
| parent | df704b3d8e32bc446bcb9ceceebeb7db33bf9fc6 (diff) | |
latex2e-help-texinfo 2010/09/06 (8sep10)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@19633 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo')
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog | 13 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile | 22 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk | 10556 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html | 15815 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf | bin | 976998 -> 977098 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi | 47 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt | 2279 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml | 14942 |
10 files changed, 22221 insertions, 21457 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog index b1309af1baa..7150bc8880f 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/ChangeLog @@ -1,3 +1,16 @@ +2010-09-03 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> + + * latex2e-es.texi: translation to Spanish, from Nacho Pacheco, + 27 Aug 2010 19:15:47. + * Makefile: also build the Spanish. + +2010-09-03 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> + + * latex2e.texi: update TUGboat sample. + + * Makefile (%.html): use new perl makeinfo (texi2html), so no need + for g_t kludge. + 2010-07-12 Karl Berry <karl@gnu.org> * July 2010 release for TL 2010. diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile index 3dd2c4baaa0..a872dd54621 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/Makefile @@ -19,8 +19,6 @@ texi2xml = $(makeinfo) --xml $(texi2docbook) -o $@ $< %.html: %.texi $(texi2html) $< -# kludge in fix for missing g_t prefix in toc entries in makeinfo 4.13. - perl -pi -e 's/href="#_/href="#g_t_/' $@ || rm $@ %.info: %.texi $(texi2info) $< %.txt: %.texi @@ -28,8 +26,16 @@ texi2xml = $(makeinfo) --xml %.xml: %.texi $(texi2xml) $< -tex_output = latex2e.dvi latex2e.pdf -makeinfo_output = latex2e.info latex2e.html latex2e.txt latex2e.xml latex2e.dbk +en_tex_output = latex2e.dvi latex2e.pdf +es_tex_output = latex2e-es.dvi latex2e-es.pdf +tex_output = $(en_tex_output) $(es_tex_output) +# +en_makeinfo_output = latex2e.info latex2e.html latex2e.txt \ + latex2e.xml latex2e.dbk +es_makeinfo_output = latex2e-es.info latex2e-es.html latex2e-es.txt \ + latex2e-es.xml latex2e-es.dbk +makeinfo_output = $(en_makeinfo_output) $(es_makeinfo_output) + all: makeinfo_output tex_output makeinfo_output: $(makeinfo_output) tex_output: $(tex_output) @@ -41,8 +47,10 @@ realclean distclean: clean rm -f $(all) dist: all + rm -f spanish; ln -s . spanish tar cvzf latex2e-help-texinfo.tgz \ - ChangeLog Makefile NEWS README \ - latex2e.texi ltx-help.el \ - $(tex_output) $(makeinfo_output) + ChangeLog Makefile NEWS README ltx-help.el \ + latex2e.texi $(en_makeinfo_output) latex2e.pdf \ + $(addprefix spanish/, latex2e-es.texi $(es_makeinfo_output) latex2e-es.pdf) + rm -f spanish @ls -l latex2e-help-texinfo.tgz diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS index 73e507e8cb5..ce72bbb94c2 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/NEWS @@ -1,6 +1,8 @@ NEWS for latex2e.texi, aka the latex2e-help-texinfo package. Public domain. Originally written 1995, Torsten Martinsen. +Spanish translation from Nacho Pacheco. + ---------------------------------------------------------------- Changes in July 2010 release: diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README index d3d0c243be8..976eef789b6 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/README @@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ http://home.gna.org/latexrefman (the project home page) has more information, including links to the current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other infrastructure. -Help is most definitely wanted. (Search for "xx" in the source for just +Help is most definitely wanted. (Search for "xx" in the source for only a few of the known deficiencies.) Please email any bug reports, new material, general discussion, whatever, to latexrefman-discuss@gna.org. diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk index 6b6d3154370..a528d109381 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk @@ -3,1635 +3,1413 @@ <!ENTITY tex "TeX"> <!ENTITY latex "LaTeX"> ]> -<book id="latex2e.dbk" lang="en"> - <title>&latex;2e reference manual (July 2010)</title> +<book id="latex2e.xml" lang="en"> +<title>@LaTeX{}2e reference manual (July 2010)</title> <!-- %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> + <!-- xx latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, --> <!-- xx but latex2e stuff is missing. --> +<!-- --> <!-- xx mention \mathring --> <!-- xx mention usrguide --> <!-- xx mention ! float placement, p.15 of usrguide --> <!-- xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ --> +<!-- --> <!-- xx The typeset source2e will have an index with all kernel --> <!-- xx commands, which would be a good start. classes.dtx et al. --> <!-- xx define additional commands, and some of the kernel commands are --> <!-- xx internal and so shouldn't be included here. --> +<!-- --> <!-- xx packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek ... --> <!-- xx fonts - latexsys --> - <bookinfo> - <legalnotice> - <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of July 2010.</para> - <para>This was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS + +<bookinfo> +<legalnotice> +<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a +document preparation system, version of July 2010. +</para> +<para>This was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by -George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The -&latex; 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The +George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The +&latex; 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The &latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and the -<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway -and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as +<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway +and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as <citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (text was not -directly copied).</para> - <para>Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry. +directly copied). +</para> +<para>Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry. + Copyright © 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. -Copyright © 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.</para> - <para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of + +Copyright © 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. +</para> +<para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice -are preserved on all copies.</para> - <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +are preserved on all copies. +</para> + +<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission -notice identical to this one.</para> - <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual -into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.</para> - </legalnotice> +notice identical to this one. +</para> +<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. +</para></legalnotice> </bookinfo> - <chapter label="" xreflabel="LaTeX2e" id="Top"> - <title>&latex;2e</title> - <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a + +* Menu: +* LaTeX2e: (latex2e). Unofficial LaTeX reference manual. + + + + + +<chapter label="" xreflabel="&latex;2e" id="Top"> +<title>&latex;2e</title> + +<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a document preparation system, version as of July 2010. It is intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of -&latex; for many years.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm>&latex; is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's +&latex; for many years. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm><para>&latex; is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's &tex; typesetting program. &latex; was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers (<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). The official documentation written by the &latex; project is available there. Again, the present document is unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex; -maintainers.</para> - </chapter> +maintainers. +</para> + - <chapter label="1" id="Overview"> - <title>Overview of &latex;</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm> -The &latex; command typesets a file of text using the &tex; program +</chapter> +<chapter label="1" id="Overview"> +<title>Overview of &latex;</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm> +<para>The &latex; command typesets a file of text using the &tex; program and the &latex; “macro package” for &tex;. To be more specific, it processes an input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted. -It produces at least three files as output:</para> - <orderedlist numeration="arabic"> - <listitem> - <para>A main output file, which is one of:</para> - <orderedlist numeration="arabic"> - <listitem> - <para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a “Device Independent” (<filename>.dvi</filename>) +It produces at least three files as output: +</para> +<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem> +<para>A main output file, which is one of: +</para> +<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem> +<para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a “Device Independent” (<filename>.dvi</filename>) file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for a variety of output devices. You can view such <filename>.dvi</filename> output of &latex; by using a program such as <command>xdvi</command> (display directly) -or <command>dvips</command> (convert to PostScript).</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a “Portable Document Format” +or <command>dvips</command> (convert to PostScript). +</para> +</listitem> +<listitem> +<para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a “Portable Document Format” (<filename>.pdf</filename>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does make the output much larger than the <filename>.dvi</filename> produced from the -same document.</para> - </listitem> - </orderedlist> - <para>There are other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) as well, -which can produce HTML, XML, and other things.</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>A “transcript” or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary information and -diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>An “auxiliary” or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself, for -things such as sectioning.</para> - </listitem> - </orderedlist> - <para>A &latex; command begins with the command name, which consists of a -<literal>\</literal> followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a +same document. +</para></listitem> +</orderedlist> +<para>There are other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) as well, +which can produce HTML, XML, and other things. +</para> +</listitem> +<listitem> +<para>A “transcript” or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary information and +diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. +</para> +</listitem> +<listitem> +<para>An “auxiliary” or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself, for +things such as sectioning. +</para></listitem> +</orderedlist> +<para>A &latex; command begins with the command name, which consists of a +<literal>\</literal> followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <literal>[]</literal>, are optional while arguments contained in braces, <literal>{}</literal>, are -required.</para> - <para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless -explicitly directed to do otherwise.</para> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="2" id="Starting-&-ending"> - <title>Starting & ending</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting & ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending & starting</primary></indexterm> -A minimal input file looks like the following:</para> - <screen> -\documentclass{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} +required. +</para> +<para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless +explicitly directed to do otherwise. +</para> + +</chapter> +<chapter label="2" id="Starting-&-ending"> +<title>Starting & ending</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting & ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending & starting</primary></indexterm> +<para>A minimal input file looks like the following: +</para> +<screen>\documentclass{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} \begin{document} <replaceable>your text</replaceable> \end{document} </screen> - <para role="continues">where the <replaceable>class</replaceable> is a valid document class for &latex;. +<para>where the <replaceable>class</replaceable> is a valid document class for &latex;. See <xref linkend="Document-classes"></xref>, for details of the various document classes -available locally.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm>You may include other &latex; commands between the <literal>\documentclass</literal> +available locally. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm><para>You may include other &latex; commands between the <literal>\documentclass</literal> and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands (this area is called the -<firstterm>preamble</firstterm>).</para> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="3" id="Document-classes"> - <title>Document classes</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm> -The class of a given document is defined with the command:</para> - <screen> -\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} +<firstterm>preamble</firstterm>). +</para> + +</chapter> +<chapter label="3" id="Document-classes"> +<title>Document classes</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm> +<para>The class of a given document is defined with the command: +</para> +<screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} </screen> - <para role="continues">The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command must be the first command in a -&latex; source file.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>article class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>report class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>book class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>slides class</primary></indexterm>Built-in &latex; document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are (many other document -classes are available as add-ons; see <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>):</para> - <screen> -article report book letter slides +<para>The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command must be the first command in a +&latex; source file. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>article class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>report class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>book class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>slides class</primary></indexterm><para>Built-in &latex; document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are (many other document +classes are available as add-ons; see <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>): +</para> +<screen>article report book letter slides </screen> <!-- xx briefly describe each one --> - <para>Standard <replaceable>options</replaceable> are described below.</para> - <sect1 label="3.1" id="Document-class-options"> - <title>Document class options</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, document class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm> -You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm> +<para>Standard <replaceable>options</replaceable> are described below. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="3.1" id="Document-class-options"> +<title>Document class options</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, document class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm> +<para>You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm> to the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual. To specify more than one <replaceable>option</replaceable>, separate -them with a comma:</para> - <screen> -\documentclass[<replaceable>option1</replaceable>,<replaceable>option2</replaceable>,...]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} +them with a comma: +</para> +<screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>option1</replaceable>,<replaceable>option2</replaceable>,...]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>Here is the list of the standard class options.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>10pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>11pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>12pt option</primary></indexterm>All of the standard classes except <literal>slides</literal> accept the following -options for selecting the typeface size (default is <literal>10pt</literal>):</para> - <screen> -10pt 11pt 12pt +<para>Here is the list of the standard class options. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>10pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>11pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>12pt option</primary></indexterm><para>All of the standard classes except <literal>slides</literal> accept the following +options for selecting the typeface size (default is <literal>10pt</literal>): +</para> +<screen>10pt 11pt 12pt </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>a4paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>a5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>b5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>executivepaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>legalpaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letterpaper option</primary></indexterm>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper -size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>):</para> - <screen> -a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>a4paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>a5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>b5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>executivepaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>legalpaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letterpaper option</primary></indexterm><para>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper +size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>): +</para> +<screen>a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>draft option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>final option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>fleqn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>landscape option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>leqno option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openbib option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>notitlepage option</primary></indexterm>Miscellaneous other options:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>draft, final</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>black boxes, omitting</primary></indexterm>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <literal>final</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>fleqn</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>landscape</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>leqno</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>openbib</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Use “open” bibliography format.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>titlepage, notitlepage</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>These options are not available with the slides class:</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>onecolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twocolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>oneside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twoside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openright option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openany option</primary></indexterm></para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>onecolumn</literal></term> - <term><literal>twocolumn</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <literal>onecolumn</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>oneside</literal></term> - <term><literal>twoside</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\evensidemargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oddsidemargin</primary></indexterm>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <literal>oneside</literal>, except -for the <literal>book</literal> class.</para> - <para>The <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> parameter determines +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>draft option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>final option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>fleqn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>landscape option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>leqno option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openbib option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>notitlepage option</primary></indexterm><para>Miscellaneous other options: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>draft, final</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>black boxes, omitting</primary></indexterm><para>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <literal>final</literal>. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fleqn</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>landscape</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>leqno</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openbib</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Use “open” bibliography format. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>titlepage, notitlepage</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>These options are not available with the slides class: +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>onecolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twocolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>oneside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twoside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openright option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openany option</primary></indexterm><variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>onecolumn</literal></term> +<term><literal>twocolumn</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <literal>onecolumn</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>oneside</literal></term> +<term><literal>twoside</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\evensidemargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oddsidemargin</primary></indexterm><para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <literal>oneside</literal>, except +for the <literal>book</literal> class. +</para> +<para>The <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> is 40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and <literal>\textwidth</literal> -with <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> the remainder.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>openright</literal></term> - <term><literal>openany</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Determines if a chapter should start on a -right-hand page; default is <literal>openright</literal> for book.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>The <literal>slides</literal> class offers the option <literal>clock</literal> for printing -the time at the bottom of each note.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>loading additional packages</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usepackage</primary></indexterm>Additional packages are loaded like this:</para> - <screen> -\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkg</replaceable>} +with <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> the remainder. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openright</literal></term> +<term><literal>openany</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a +right-hand page; default is <literal>openright</literal> for book. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>The <literal>slides</literal> class offers the option <literal>clock</literal> for printing +the time at the bottom of each note. +</para> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>loading additional packages</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usepackage</primary></indexterm><para>Additional packages are loaded like this: +</para> +<screen>\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkg</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>To specify more than one <replaceable>pkg</replaceable>, you can separate them with a -comma, or use multiple <literal>\usepackage</literal> commands.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global</primary></indexterm>Any options given in the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command that are unknown +<para>To specify more than one <replaceable>pkg</replaceable>, you can separate them with a +comma, or use multiple <literal>\usepackage</literal> commands. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global</primary></indexterm><para>Any options given in the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with -<literal>\usepackage</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="4" id="Typefaces"> - <title>Typefaces</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typefaces</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts</primary></indexterm> -Two important aspects of selecting a <firstterm>font</firstterm> are specifying a size -and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.</para> - - <sect1 label="4.1" id="Font-styles"> - <title>Font styles</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles of text</primary></indexterm> -The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.</para> - <para>These commands are used like <literal>\textit{italic text}</literal>. The +<literal>\usepackage</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="4" id="Typefaces"> +<title>Typefaces</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>typefaces</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts</primary></indexterm> +<para>Two important aspects of selecting a <firstterm>font</firstterm> are specifying a size +and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="4.1" id="Font-styles"> +<title>Font styles</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles of text</primary></indexterm> +<para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;. +</para> +<para>These commands are used like <literal>\textit{italic text}</literal>. The corresponding command in parenthesis is the “declaration form”, which takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the -next type style command or the end of the current group.</para> - <para>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either +next type style command or the end of the current group. +</para> +<para>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either <literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or <literal>\bfseries\sffamily</literal> to get bold -sans serif.</para> - <para>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance, -<literal>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</literal>.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textrm (\rmfamily)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textrm</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rmfamily</primary></indexterm>Roman.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textit (\itshape)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textit</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\itshape</primary></indexterm>Italics.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\emph</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\emph</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm>Emphasis (switches between <literal>\textit</literal> and <literal>\textrm</literal>).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textmd (\mdseries)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textmd</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mdseries</primary></indexterm>Medium weight (default).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textbf (\bfseries)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bfseries</primary></indexterm>Boldface.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textup (\upshape)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textup</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\upshape</primary></indexterm>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textsl (\slshape)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\slshape</primary></indexterm>Slanted.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textsf (\sffamily)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sffamily</primary></indexterm>Sans serif.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textsc (\scshape)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scshape</primary></indexterm>Small caps.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\texttt (\ttfamily)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\texttt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ttfamily</primary></indexterm>Typewriter.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textnormal (\normalfont)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textnormal</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalfont</primary></indexterm>Main document font.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mathrm</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathrm</primary></indexterm>Roman, for use in math mode.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mathbf</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathbf</primary></indexterm>Boldface, for use in math mode.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mathsf</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathsf</primary></indexterm>Sans serif, for use in math mode.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mathtt</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathtt</primary></indexterm>Typewriter, for use in math mode.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mathit</literal></term> - <term><literal>(\mit)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Italics, for use in math mode.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mathnormal</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathnormal</primary></indexterm>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mathcal</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathcal</primary></indexterm>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>In addition, the command +sans serif. +</para> +<para>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance, +<literal>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</literal>. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\textrm (\rmfamily)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textrm</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rmfamily</primary></indexterm><para>Roman. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textit (\itshape)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textit</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\itshape</primary></indexterm><para>Italics. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\emph</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\emph</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm><para>Emphasis (switches between <literal>\textit</literal> and <literal>\textrm</literal>). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textmd (\mdseries)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textmd</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mdseries</primary></indexterm><para>Medium weight (default). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbf (\bfseries)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bfseries</primary></indexterm><para>Boldface. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textup (\upshape)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textup</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\upshape</primary></indexterm><para>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsl (\slshape)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\slshape</primary></indexterm><para>Slanted. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsf (\sffamily)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sffamily</primary></indexterm><para>Sans serif. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textsc (\scshape)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scshape</primary></indexterm><para>Small caps. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texttt (\ttfamily)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\texttt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ttfamily</primary></indexterm><para>Typewriter. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textnormal (\normalfont)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textnormal</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalfont</primary></indexterm><para>Main document font. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathrm</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathrm</primary></indexterm><para>Roman, for use in math mode. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathbf</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathbf</primary></indexterm><para>Boldface, for use in math mode. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathsf</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathsf</primary></indexterm><para>Sans serif, for use in math mode. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathtt</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathtt</primary></indexterm><para>Typewriter, for use in math mode. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathit</literal></term> +<term><literal>(\mit)</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathnormal</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathnormal</primary></indexterm><para>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mathcal</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathcal</primary></indexterm><para>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>In addition, the command <literal>\mathversion{bold}</literal> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathversion</primary></indexterm>can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in -formulas. <literal>\mathversion{normal}</literal> restores the default.</para> - <para>&latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to +formulas. <literal>\mathversion{normal}</literal> restores the default. +</para> +<para>&latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are <emphasis>not</emphasis> cumulative. They are used differently than the above commands, too: <literal>{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> ...}</literal> instead of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>{...}</literal>. These are two very different -things.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bf</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold font</primary></indexterm>Switch to <emphasis role="bold">bold face</emphasis>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\cal</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>script letters for math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>calligraphic letters for math</primary></indexterm>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\em</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\it</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>italic font</primary></indexterm>Italics.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rm</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>roman font</primary></indexterm>Roman.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sc</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>small caps font</primary></indexterm>Small caps.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sf</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sans serif font</primary></indexterm>Sans serif.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sl</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>slanted font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oblique font</primary></indexterm>Slanted (oblique).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\tt</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>monospace font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fixed-width font</primary></indexterm>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="4.2" id="Font-sizes"> - <title>Font sizes</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sizes of text</primary></indexterm> -The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;. +things. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\bf</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold font</primary></indexterm><para>Switch to <emphasis role="bold">bold face</emphasis>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cal</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>script letters for math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>calligraphic letters for math</primary></indexterm><para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\em</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm><para>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\it</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>italic font</primary></indexterm><para>Italics. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rm</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>roman font</primary></indexterm><para>Roman. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sc</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>small caps font</primary></indexterm><para>Small caps. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sf</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sans serif font</primary></indexterm><para>Sans serif. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sl</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>slanted font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oblique font</primary></indexterm><para>Slanted (oblique). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tt</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>monospace font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fixed-width font</primary></indexterm><para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="4.2" id="Font-sizes"> +<title>Font sizes</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sizes of text</primary></indexterm> +<para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used (in points) with the ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’, ‘<literal>11pt</literal>’, and -‘<literal>12pt</literal>’ document size options, respectively (see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>).</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tiny</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scriptsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotesize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\small</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LARGE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\huge</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Huge</primary></indexterm></para> - <informaltable> - <tgroup cols="4"> - <colspec colwidth="42*"></colspec> - <colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec> - <colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec> - <colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec> - <thead> - <row> - <entry>Command</entry> - <entry><literal>10pt</literal></entry> - <entry><literal>11pt</literal></entry> - <entry><literal>12pt</literal></entry> - </row> - </thead> - <tbody> - <row> - <entry><literal>\tiny</literal></entry> - <entry>5</entry> - <entry>6</entry> - <entry>6</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><literal>\scriptsize</literal></entry> - <entry>7</entry> - <entry>8</entry> - <entry>8</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><literal>\footnotesize</literal></entry> - <entry>8</entry> - <entry>9</entry> - <entry>10</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><literal>\small</literal></entry> - <entry>9</entry> - <entry>10</entry> - <entry>10.95</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><literal>\normalsize</literal> (default)</entry> - <entry>10</entry> - <entry>10.95</entry> - <entry>12</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><literal>\large</literal></entry> - <entry>12</entry> - <entry>12</entry> - <entry>14.4</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><literal>\Large</literal></entry> - <entry>14.4</entry> - <entry>14.4</entry> - <entry>17.28</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><literal>\LARGE</literal></entry> - <entry>17.28</entry> - <entry>17.28</entry> - <entry>20.74</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><literal>\huge</literal></entry> - <entry>20.74</entry> - <entry>20.74</entry> - <entry>24.88</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><literal>\Huge</literal></entry> - <entry>24.88</entry> - <entry>24.88</entry> - <entry>24.88</entry> - </row> - </tbody> - </tgroup> - </informaltable> - <para>The commands as listed here are “declaration forms”. The scope of +‘<literal>12pt</literal>’ document size options, respectively (see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>). +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tiny</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scriptsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotesize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\small</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LARGE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\huge</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Huge</primary></indexterm> +<informaltable><tgroup cols="4"><colspec colwidth="42*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec><colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec><thead><row><entry> Command </entry><entry> <literal>10pt</literal> </entry><entry> <literal>11pt</literal> </entry><entry> <literal>12pt</literal> +</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry> <literal>\tiny</literal> +</entry><entry> 5 </entry><entry> 6 </entry><entry> 6 +</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\scriptsize</literal> +</entry><entry> 7 </entry><entry> 8 </entry><entry> 8 +</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\footnotesize</literal> +</entry><entry> 8 </entry><entry> 9 </entry><entry> 10 +</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\small</literal> +</entry><entry> 9 </entry><entry> 10 </entry><entry> 10.95 +</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\normalsize</literal> (default) +</entry><entry> 10 </entry><entry> 10.95 </entry><entry> 12 +</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\large</literal> +</entry><entry> 12 </entry><entry> 12 </entry><entry> 14.4 +</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\Large</literal> +</entry><entry> 14.4 </entry><entry> 14.4 </entry><entry> 17.28 +</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\LARGE</literal> +</entry><entry> 17.28 </entry><entry> 17.28 </entry><entry> 20.74 +</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\huge</literal> +</entry><entry> 20.74 </entry><entry> 20.74 </entry><entry> 24.88 +</entry></row><row><entry> <literal>\Huge</literal> +</entry><entry> 24.88 </entry><entry> 24.88 </entry><entry> 24.88 +</entry></row></tbody></tgroup></informaltable> +<para>The commands as listed here are “declaration forms”. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of -these commands; for instance, <literal>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="4.3" id="Low-level-font-commands"> - <title>Low-level font commands</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-level font commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font commands, low-level</primary></indexterm> -These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and +these commands; for instance, <literal>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="4.3" id="Low-level-font-commands"> +<title>Low-level font commands</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-level font commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font commands, low-level</primary></indexterm> +<para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available -ones.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\fontencoding{enc}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontencoding</primary></indexterm>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <literal>OT1</literal> and <literal>T1</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\fontfamily{family}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontfamily</primary></indexterm>Select font family. Valid families include:</para> - <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> - <listitem> - <para><literal>cmr</literal> for Computer Modern Roman</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><literal>cmss</literal> for Computer Modern Sans Serif</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><literal>cmtt</literal> for Computer Modern Typewriter</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - <para>and numerous others.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\fontseries{series}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontseries</primary></indexterm>Select font series. Valid series include:</para> - <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> - <listitem> - <para><literal>m</literal> Medium (normal)</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><literal>b</literal> Bold</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><literal>c</literal> Condensed</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><literal>bc</literal> Bold condensed</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><literal>bx</literal> Bold extended</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - <para>and various other combinations.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\fontshape{shape}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontshape</primary></indexterm>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:</para> - <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> - <listitem> - <para><literal>n</literal> Upright (normal)</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><literal>it</literal> Italic</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><literal>sl</literal> Slanted (oblique)</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><literal>sc</literal> Small caps</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><literal>ui</literal> Upright italics</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><literal>ol</literal> Outline</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - <para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\fontsize{size}{skip}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselineskip</primary></indexterm>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and +ones. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontencoding{enc}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontencoding</primary></indexterm><para>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <literal>OT1</literal> and <literal>T1</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontfamily{family}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontfamily</primary></indexterm><para>Select font family. Valid families include: +</para> +<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem><para> <literal>cmr</literal> for Computer Modern Roman +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <literal>cmss</literal> for Computer Modern Sans Serif +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <literal>cmtt</literal> for Computer Modern Typewriter +</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> +<para>and numerous others. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontseries{series}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontseries</primary></indexterm><para>Select font series. Valid series include: +</para> +<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem><para> <literal>m</literal> Medium (normal) +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <literal>b</literal> Bold +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <literal>c</literal> Condensed +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <literal>bc</literal> Bold condensed +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <literal>bx</literal> Bold extended +</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> +<para>and various other combinations. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontshape{shape}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontshape</primary></indexterm><para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are: +</para> +<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem><para> <literal>n</literal> Upright (normal) +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <literal>it</literal> Italic +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <literal>sl</literal> Slanted (oblique) +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <literal>sc</literal> Small caps +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <literal>ui</literal> Upright italics +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <literal>ol</literal> Outline +</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> +<para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fontsize{size}{skip}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselineskip</primary></indexterm><para>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter named <literal>\baselineskip</literal>. The unit of both parameters defaults to pt. The default <literal>\baselineskip</literal> for the Computer Modern typeface -is 1.2 times the <literal>\fontsize</literal>.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselinestretch</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>setspace</literal> package</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double spacing</primary></indexterm>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the +is 1.2 times the <literal>\fontsize</literal>. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselinestretch</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>setspace</literal> package</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double spacing</primary></indexterm><para>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the <literal>\baselinestretch</literal> parameter when the type size changes; the default is 1. However, the best way to “double space” a document, if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the <literal>setspace</literal> package; see -<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</ulink>.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linespread</primary></indexterm></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\linespread{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Equivalent to +<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</ulink>. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linespread</primary></indexterm></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\linespread{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Equivalent to <literal>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal>, and therefore must be followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal> to have any effect. Best specified in the preamble, or use the <literal>setspace</literal> package, as -described just above.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\selectfont</primary></indexterm>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do -not come into effect until <literal>\selectfont</literal> is called.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usefont</primary></indexterm>The same as invoking <literal>\fontencoding</literal>, <literal>\fontfamily</literal>, +described just above. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\selectfont</primary></indexterm><para>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do +not come into effect until <literal>\selectfont</literal> is called. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usefont</primary></indexterm><para>The same as invoking <literal>\fontencoding</literal>, <literal>\fontfamily</literal>, <literal>\fontseries</literal> and <literal>\fontshape</literal> with the given parameters, -followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="5" id="Layout"> - <title>Layout</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout commands</primary></indexterm> -Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.</para> - - <sect1 label="5.1" id="\onecolumn"> - <title><literal>\onecolumn</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\onecolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>one-column output</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\onecolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces -single-column output. This is the default.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="5.2" id="\twocolumn"> - <title><literal>\twocolumn</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\twocolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multicolumn text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>two-column output</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\twocolumn[<replaceable>text1col</replaceable>] +followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="5" id="Layout"> +<title>Layout</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout commands</primary></indexterm> +<para>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="5.1"> +<title><literal>\onecolumn</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\onecolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>one-column output</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\onecolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces +single-column output. This is the default. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="5.2"> +<title><literal>\twocolumn</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\twocolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multicolumn text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>two-column output</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\twocolumn[<replaceable>text1col</replaceable>] </screen> - <para>The <literal>\twocolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces +<para>The <literal>\twocolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output. If the optional <replaceable>text1col</replaceable> argument is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting -starts.</para> - <para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\columnsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>The distance between columns (35pt by default).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\columnseprule</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\columnwidth</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <literal>\textwidth</literal> in -single-column text.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\dbltopfraction</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied +starts. +</para> +<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\columnsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>The distance between columns (35pt by default). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\columnseprule</literal></term> +<listitem><para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\columnwidth</literal></term> +<listitem><para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <literal>\textwidth</literal> in +single-column text. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\dbltopfraction</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied by floats. Default ‘<literal>.7</literal>’, can be usefully redefined to (say) -‘<literal>.9</literal>’ to avoid going to float pages so soon.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\dblfloatpagefraction</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, -for a two-column float page. Default ‘<literal>.5</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\dblfloatsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float +‘<literal>.9</literal>’ to avoid going to float pages so soon. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dblfloatpagefraction</literal></term> +<listitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, +for a two-column float page. Default ‘<literal>.5</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dblfloatsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float page. Default ‘<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ and -‘<literal>11pt</literal>’ documents, ‘<literal>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\dbltextfloatsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page -and the main text. Default ‘<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="5.3" id="\flushbottom"> - <title><literal>\flushbottom</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\flushbottom</literal> declaration makes all text pages the same +‘<literal>11pt</literal>’ documents, ‘<literal>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dbltextfloatsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page +and the main text. Default ‘<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="5.3"> +<title><literal>\flushbottom</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\flushbottom</literal> declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the -page.</para> - <para>This is the default if <literal>twocolumn</literal> mode is selected -(see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>).</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="5.4" id="\raggedbottom"> - <title><literal>\raggedbottom</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedbottom</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, omitting vertical</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\raggedbottom</literal> declaration makes all pages the natural +page. +</para> +<para>This is the default if <literal>twocolumn</literal> mode is selected +(see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>). +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="5.4"> +<title><literal>\raggedbottom</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedbottom</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, omitting vertical</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\raggedbottom</literal> declaration makes all pages the natural height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be -stretched.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="5.5" id="Page-layout-parameters"> - <title>Page layout parameters</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page layout parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, page layout</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout, page parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer</primary></indexterm></para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\headheight</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is +stretched. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="5.5" id="Page-layout-parameters"> +<title>Page layout parameters</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page layout parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, page layout</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout, page parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer</primary></indexterm> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\headheight</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is ‘<literal>30pt</literal>’, except in the <literal>book</literal> class, where it varies with the -type size.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\headsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of +type size. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\headsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of the main text. Default is ‘<literal>25pt</literal>’, except in the <literal>book</literal> -class, where it varies with the type size.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\footskip</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of +class, where it varies with the type size. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\footskip</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of the page footer. Default is ‘<literal>30pt</literal>’, except in the <literal>book</literal> -class, where it varies with the type size.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\linewidth</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, +class, where it varies with the type size. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\linewidth</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an <literal>article</literal> document in ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’, it's set to ‘<literal>345pt</literal>’; in two-column mode, that -becomes ‘<literal>229.5pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textheight</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with +becomes ‘<literal>229.5pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textheight</literal></term> +<listitem><para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with the font size, document class, etc. For an <literal>article</literal> or <literal>report</literal> document in ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’, it's set to ‘<literal>43\baselineskip</literal>’; for <literal>book</literal>, it's ‘<literal>41\baselineskip</literal>’. For ‘<literal>11pt</literal>’, it's ‘<literal>38\baselineskip</literal>’ and for ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’, -‘<literal>36\baselineskip</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textwidth</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as +‘<literal>36\baselineskip</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textwidth</literal></term> +<listitem><para>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as usual. For an <literal>article</literal> or <literal>report</literal> document, it's ‘<literal>345pt</literal>’ at ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’, ‘<literal>360pt</literal>’ at ‘<literal>11pt</literal>’, and ‘<literal>390pt</literal>’ at ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’. For a <literal>book</literal> document, it's -‘<literal>4.5in</literal>’ at ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’, and ‘<literal>5in</literal>’ at ‘<literal>11pt</literal>’ or ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\topmargin</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the +‘<literal>4.5in</literal>’ at ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’, and ‘<literal>5in</literal>’ at ‘<literal>11pt</literal>’ or ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topmargin</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed based on many other parameters: <literal>\paperheight − 2in − \headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip</literal>, and -then divided by two.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\topskip</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of +then divided by two. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topskip</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the -same as the font size, e.g., ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ at ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="6" id="Sectioning"> - <title>Sectioning</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sectioning</primary></indexterm> -Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\part</literal></term> - <term><literal>\chapter</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>(report and book class only)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\section</literal></term> - <term><literal>\subsection</literal></term> - <term><literal>\subsubsection</literal></term> - <term><literal>\paragraph</literal></term> - <term><literal>\subparagraph</literal></term> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,</para> - <screen> -\chapter[<replaceable>toctitle</replaceable>]{<replaceable>title</replaceable>} +same as the font size, e.g., ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ at ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="6" id="Sectioning"> +<title>Sectioning</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>sectioning</primary></indexterm> +<para>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\part</literal></term> +<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\chapter</literal></term> +<listitem><para>(report and book class only) +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\section</literal></term> +<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subsection</literal></term> +<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subsubsection</literal></term> +<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\paragraph</literal></term> +<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subparagraph</literal></term> +<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., +</para> +<screen>\chapter[<replaceable>toctitle</replaceable>]{<replaceable>title</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>In addition to providing the heading <replaceable>title</replaceable> in the main text, the -section title can appear in two other places:</para> - <orderedlist numeration="arabic"> - <listitem> - <para>The table of contents.</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>The running head at the top of the page.</para> - </listitem> - </orderedlist> - <para>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. +<para>In addition to providing the heading <replaceable>title</replaceable> in the main text, the +section title can appear in two other places: +</para> +<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem> +<para>The table of contents. +</para></listitem> +<listitem> +<para>The running head at the top of the page. +</para></listitem> +</orderedlist> +<para>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument <replaceable>toctitle</replaceable> that, when given, specifies the text for these other -places.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form of sectioning commands</primary></indexterm>Also, all sectioning commands have <literal>*</literal>-forms that print +places. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form of sectioning commands</primary></indexterm><para>Also, all sectioning commands have <literal>*</literal>-forms that print <replaceable>title</replaceable> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an -entry in the table of contents. For instance:</para> - <screen> -\section*{Preamble} +entry in the table of contents. For instance: +</para> +<screen>\section*{Preamble} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\appendix</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>appendix, creating</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\appendix</literal> command changes the way following sectional units +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\appendix</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>appendix, creating</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\appendix</literal> command changes the way following sectional units are numbered. The <literal>\appendix</literal> command itself generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this -command is something like</para> - <screen> -\chapter{A Chapter} +command is something like +</para> +<screen>\chapter{A Chapter} … \appendix \chapter{The First Appendix} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>secnumdepth counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section numbers, printing</primary></indexterm>The <literal>secnumdepth</literal> counter controls printing of section numbers. -The setting</para> - <screen> -\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<replaceable>level</replaceable>} +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>secnumdepth counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section numbers, printing</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>secnumdepth</literal> counter controls printing of section numbers. +The setting +</para> +<screen>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<replaceable>level</replaceable>} </screen> - <para role="continues">suppresses heading numbers at any depth > <replaceable>level</replaceable>, where -<literal>chapter</literal> is level zero. (See <xref linkend="\setcounter"></xref>.)</para> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="7" id="Cross-references"> - <title>Cross references</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references</primary></indexterm> -One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer -the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.”</para> - - <sect1 label="7.1" id="\label"> - <title><literal>\label</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\label</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\label{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} +<para>suppresses heading numbers at any depth > <replaceable>level</replaceable>, where +<literal>chapter</literal> is level zero. (See <xref linkend="\setcounter"></xref>.) +</para> + +</chapter> +<chapter label="7" id="Cross-references"> +<title>Cross references</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references</primary></indexterm> +<para>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer +the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.” +</para> + + +<sect1 label="7.1"> +<title><literal>\label</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\label</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\label{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>A <literal>\label</literal> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to +<para>A <literal>\label</literal> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to <replaceable>key</replaceable> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing -inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <replaceable>key</replaceable>.</para> - <para>A <replaceable>key</replaceable> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or -punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.</para> - <para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is +inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <replaceable>key</replaceable>. +</para> +<para>A <replaceable>key</replaceable> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. +</para> +<para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by -a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>ch</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>for chapters</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>sec</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>for lower-level sectioning commands</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>fig</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>for figures</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>tab</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>for tables</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>eq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>for equations</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <literal>fig:snark</literal> or -<literal>fig.snark</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="7.2" id="\pageref"> - <title><literal>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pageref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing with page number</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} +a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>ch</literal></term> +<listitem><para>for chapters +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>sec</literal></term> +<listitem><para>for lower-level sectioning commands +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fig</literal></term> +<listitem><para>for figures +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>tab</literal></term> +<listitem><para>for tables +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>eq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>for equations +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <literal>fig:snark</literal> or +<literal>fig.snark</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="7.2"> +<title><literal>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pageref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing with page number</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\pageref</literal>{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} command produces the page number of +<para>The <literal>\pageref</literal>{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} command produces the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding -<literal>\label</literal>{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} command appears.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="7.3" id="\ref"> - <title><literal>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing, symbolic</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figure number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} +<literal>\label</literal>{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} command appears. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="7.3"> +<title><literal>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing, symbolic</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figure number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\ref</literal> command produces the number of the sectional unit, +<para>The <literal>\ref</literal> command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote, figure, …, of the corresponding <literal>\label</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\label"></xref>). It does not produce any text, -such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself.</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="8" id="Environments"> - <title>Environments</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments</primary></indexterm> +such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself. +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="8" id="Environments"> +<title>Environments</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\begin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\end</primary></indexterm> -&latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text. -Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:</para> - <screen> -\begin{<replaceable>envname</replaceable>} +<para>&latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text. +Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: +</para> +<screen>\begin{<replaceable>envname</replaceable>} ... \end{<replaceable>envname</replaceable>} </screen> - <sect1 label="8.1" id="abstract"> - <title><literal>abstract</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>abstract environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>abstracts</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{abstract} + + +<sect1 label="8.1"> +<title><literal>abstract</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>abstract environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>abstracts</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para><screen>\begin{abstract} ... \end{abstract} </screen> - <para>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.2" id="array"> - <title><literal>array</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>array environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrays, math</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{array}{<replaceable>template</replaceable>} +<para>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.2"> +<title><literal>array</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>array environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrays, math</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{array}{<replaceable>template</replaceable>} <replaceable>col1 text</replaceable>&<replaceable>col1 text</replaceable>&<replaceable>coln</replaceable>}\\ ... \end{array} </screen> - <para>Math arrays are produced with the <literal>array</literal> environment, normally +<para>Math arrays are produced with the <literal>array</literal> environment, normally within an <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="equation"></xref>). It has a single mandatory <replaceable>template</replaceable> argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column <replaceable>col</replaceable> is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should -be formatted, as follows:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>c</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>centered</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>l</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>flush left</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>r</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>flush right</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>array</literal>)</primary></indexterm>Column entries are separated by <literal>&</literal>. Column entries may include +be formatted, as follows: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term> +<listitem><para>centered +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term> +<listitem><para>flush left +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term> +<listitem><para>flush right +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>array</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>Column entries are separated by <literal>&</literal>. Column entries may include other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with -<literal>\\</literal>.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>@{...}</primary></indexterm>In the template, the construct <literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> puts <replaceable>text</replaceable> -between columns in each row.</para> - <para>Here's an example:</para> - <screen> -\begin{equation} +<literal>\\</literal>. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>@{...}</primary></indexterm><para>In the template, the construct <literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> puts <replaceable>text</replaceable> +between columns in each row. +</para> +<para>Here's an example: +</para> +<screen>\begin{equation} \begin{array}{lrc} left1 & right1 & centered1 \\ left2 & right2 & centered2 \\ \end{array} \end{equation} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arraycolsep</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\arraycolsep</literal> parameter defines half the width of the space +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arraycolsep</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\arraycolsep</literal> parameter defines half the width of the space separating columns; the default is ‘<literal>5pt</literal>’. See <xref linkend="tabular"></xref>, for other parameters which affect formatting in <literal>array</literal> environments, -namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>.</para> - <para>The <literal>array</literal> environment can only be used in math mode.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.3" id="center"> - <title><literal>center</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>center environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, environment for</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{center} +namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>. +</para> +<para>The <literal>array</literal> environment can only be used in math mode. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.3"> +<title><literal>center</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>center environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, environment for</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{center} <replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\ <replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\ \end{center} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>center</literal>)</primary></indexterm>The <literal>center</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>center</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>center</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the -string <literal>\\</literal>.</para> +string <literal>\\</literal>. +</para> + + +<sect2 label="8.3.1"> +<title><literal>\centering</literal></title> - <sect2 label="8.3.1" id="\centering"> - <title><literal>\centering</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\centering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, declaration for</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\centering</literal> declaration corresponds to the <literal>center</literal> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\centering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, declaration for</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\centering</literal> declaration corresponds to the <literal>center</literal> environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>. Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by putting a <literal>\centering</literal> -command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.</para> - <para>Unlike the <literal>center</literal> environment, the <literal>\centering</literal> command +command at the beginning of the figure or table environment. +</para> +<para>Unlike the <literal>center</literal> environment, the <literal>\centering</literal> command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how &latex; formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal> command (of -an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.</para> - <para>Here's an example:</para> - <screen> -\begin{quote} +an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. +</para> +<para>Here's an example: +</para> +<screen>\begin{quote} \centering first line \\ second line \\ \end{quote} </screen> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.4" id="description"> - <title><literal>description</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>description environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>labelled lists, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>description lists, creating</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{description} + +</sect2> +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.4"> +<title><literal>description</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>description environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>labelled lists, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>description lists, creating</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{description} \item [<replaceable>label1</replaceable>] <replaceable>item1</replaceable> \item [<replaceable>label2</replaceable>] <replaceable>item2</replaceable> ... \end{description} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm>The <literal>description</literal> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>description</literal> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each <replaceable>label</replaceable> is typeset in bold, flush right. The <replaceable>item</replaceable> text may -contain multiple paragraphs.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold typewriter, avoiding</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter labels in lists</primary></indexterm>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if +contain multiple paragraphs. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold typewriter, avoiding</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter labels in lists</primary></indexterm><para>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if you typeset a label in typewriter using <literal>\texttt</literal>, you'll get bold typewriter: <literal>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</literal>. This may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use <literal>\tt</literal>, which resets all other style variations: <literal>\item[{\tt -plain typewriter}]</literal>.</para> - <para>For details about list spacing, see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.5" id="displaymath"> - <title><literal>displaymath</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{displaymath} +plain typewriter}]</literal>. +</para> +<para>For details about list spacing, see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.5"> +<title><literal>displaymath</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{displaymath} <replaceable>math</replaceable> \end{displaymath} </screen> - <para role="continues">or</para> - <screen> -\[<replaceable>math</replaceable>\] +<para>or +</para> +<screen>\[<replaceable>math</replaceable>\] </screen> - <para>The <literal>displaymath</literal> environment (<literal>\[...\]</literal> is a synonym) +<para>The <literal>displaymath</literal> environment (<literal>\[...\]</literal> is a synonym) typesets the <replaceable>math</replaceable> text on its own line, centered by default. The global <literal>fleqn</literal> option makes equations flush left; see -<xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>.</para> - <para>No equation number is added to <literal>displaymath</literal> text; to get an -equation number, use the <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="equation"></xref>).</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.6" id="document"> - <title><literal>document</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>document environment</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>document</literal> environment encloses the body of a document. -It is required in every &latex; document. See <xref linkend="Starting-&-ending"></xref>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.7" id="enumerate"> - <title><literal>enumerate</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>enumerate environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, numbered</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{enumerate} +<xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>. +</para> +<para>No equation number is added to <literal>displaymath</literal> text; to get an +equation number, use the <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="equation"></xref>). +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.6"> +<title><literal>document</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>document environment</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>document</literal> environment encloses the body of a document. +It is required in every &latex; document. See <xref linkend="Starting-&-ending"></xref>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.7"> +<title><literal>enumerate</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>enumerate environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, numbered</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{enumerate} \item <replaceable>item1</replaceable> \item <replaceable>item2</replaceable> ... \end{enumerate} </screen> - <para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations +<para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as <literal>itemize</literal> (see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>) and <literal>description</literal> -(see <xref linkend="description"></xref>).</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command. -There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment.</para> - <para>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:</para> - <orderedlist numeration="arabic"> - <listitem> - <para>1., 2., …</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>(a), (b), …</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>i., ii., …</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>A., B., …</para> - </listitem> - </orderedlist> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiv</primary></indexterm>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the counters <literal>\enumi</literal> +(see <xref linkend="description"></xref>). +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><para>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command. +There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment. +</para> +<para>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this: +</para> +<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para> 1., 2., … +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> (a), (b), … +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> i., ii., … +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> A., B., … +</para></listitem> +</orderedlist> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiv</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the counters <literal>\enumi</literal> through <literal>\enumiv</literal> counters (see <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>). If the optional argument to <literal>\item</literal> is given, the counter is not incremented for -that item.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiv</primary></indexterm>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelenumi</literal> +that item. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiv</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelenumi</literal> through <literal>\labelenumiv</literal> to produce the default label. So, you can -use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> to change the labels (see <xref linkend="\newcommand-&-\renewcommand"></xref>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase -letters:</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Alph example</primary></indexterm></para> - <screen> -\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} +use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> to change the labels (see <xref linkend="\newcommand-&-\renewcommand"></xref>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase +letters: +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Alph example</primary></indexterm><screen>\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} </screen> - </sect1> - <sect1 label="8.8" id="eqnarray"> - <title><literal>eqnarray</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>eqnarray environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, aligning</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aligning Equations</primary></indexterm></para> - <screen> -\begin{eqnarray} <lineannotation>(or <literal>eqnarray*</literal>)</lineannotation> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.8"> +<title><literal>eqnarray</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>eqnarray environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, aligning</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aligning Equations</primary></indexterm> +<screen>\begin{eqnarray} <lineannotation>(or <literal>eqnarray*</literal>)</lineannotation> <replaceable>formula1</replaceable> \\ <replaceable>formula2</replaceable> \\ ... \end{eqnarray} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm>The <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment is used to display a sequence of +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment is used to display a sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column <literal>array</literal> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <literal>\\</literal> -and consecutive items within a row separated by an <literal>&</literal>.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\* (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm><literal>\\*</literal> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal -meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nonumber</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation numbers, omitting</primary></indexterm>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a +and consecutive items within a row separated by an <literal>&</literal>. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\* (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para><literal>\\*</literal> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal +meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nonumber</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation numbers, omitting</primary></indexterm><para>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a <literal>\nonumber</literal> command. Alternatively, The <literal>*</literal>-form of the environment (<literal>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</literal>) will omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as -<literal>eqnarray</literal>.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lefteqn</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\lefteqn</literal> is used for splitting long formulas across +<literal>eqnarray</literal>. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lefteqn</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\lefteqn</literal> is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of -zero width.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.9" id="equation"> - <title><literal>equation</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, environment for</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{equation} +zero width. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.9"> +<title><literal>equation</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, environment for</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{equation} <replaceable>math</replaceable> \end{equation} </screen> - <para>The <literal>equation</literal> environment starts a <literal>displaymath</literal> +<para>The <literal>equation</literal> environment starts a <literal>displaymath</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="displaymath"></xref>), e.g., centering the <replaceable>math</replaceable> text -on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.10" id="figure"> - <title><literal>figure</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>figure</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>inserting figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, inserting</primary></indexterm></para> - <screen> -\begin{figure[*]}[<replaceable>placement</replaceable>] +on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.10"> +<title><literal>figure</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>figure</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>inserting figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, inserting</primary></indexterm> +<screen>\begin{figure[*]}[<replaceable>placement</replaceable>] <replaceable>figbody</replaceable> \label{<replaceable>label}</replaceable> \caption[<replaceable>loftitle</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} \end{figure} </screen> - <para>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +<para>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are instead “floated” to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. -Figures will not be split between two pages.</para> - <para>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a -full-width figure (across both columns).</para> - <para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try +Figures will not be split between two pages. +</para> +<para>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a +full-width figure (across both columns). +</para> +<para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try to place your figure. There are four places where &latex; can possibly -put a float:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>t</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>(Top)—at the top of a text page.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>b</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. However, <literal>b</literal> is not +put a float: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term> +<listitem><para>(Top)—at the top of a text page. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term> +<listitem><para>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. However, <literal>b</literal> is not allowed for full-width floats (<literal>figure*</literal>) with double-column output. To ameliorate this, use the <literal>stfloats</literal> or <literal>dblfloatfix</literal> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the -FAQ: <ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</ulink>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>h</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>float</literal> package</primary></indexterm>(Here)—at the position in the text where the figure environment +FAQ: <ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</ulink>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>h</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>float</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>(Here)—at the position in the text where the figure environment appears. However, this is not allowed by itself, <literal>t</literal> is automatically added. To absolutely force a figure to appear “here”, use the <literal>float</literal> and use its <literal>H</literal> placement letter. (That -package also provides other options.)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>p</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>(Page of floats)—on a separate float page, which is a page -containing no text, only floats.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement -<literal>tbp</literal>.</para> - <para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc. -you wish.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\caption</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\caption</literal> command specifies caption <replaceable>text</replaceable> for the +package also provides other options.) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>p</literal></term> +<listitem><para>(Page of floats)—on a separate float page, which is a page +containing no text, only floats. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement +<literal>tbp</literal>. +</para> +<para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc. +you wish. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\caption</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\caption</literal> command specifies caption <replaceable>text</replaceable> for the figure. The caption is numbered by default. If <replaceable>loftitle</replaceable> is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <replaceable>text</replaceable> -(see <xref linkend="Tables-of-contents"></xref>).</para> +(see <xref linkend="Tables-of-contents"></xref>). +</para> <!-- xx float-placement, float-caption sections? --> - <variablelist> - <title><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomfraction</primary></indexterm>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats atthe bottom; default ‘<literal>.3</literal>’.</title> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\floatpagefraction</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; -default ‘<literal>.5</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\floatsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default -‘<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\intextsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default +<variablelist><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomfraction</primary></indexterm><para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at +the bottom; default ‘<literal>.3</literal>’. +</para> +<varlistentry><term><literal>\floatpagefraction</literal></term> +<listitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; +default ‘<literal>.5</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\floatsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default +‘<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\intextsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default ‘<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ and ‘<literal>11pt</literal>’ styles, -‘<literal>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textfloatsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; -default ‘<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textfraction</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too +‘<literal>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textfloatsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; +default ‘<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textfraction</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a -different page. The default is ‘<literal>.2</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\topfraction</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before -floats; default is ‘<literal>.7</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.11" id="flushleft"> - <title><literal>flushleft</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushleft environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text, environment for</primary></indexterm></para> - <screen> -\begin{flushleft} +different page. The default is ‘<literal>.2</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topfraction</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before +floats; default is ‘<literal>.7</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.11"> +<title><literal>flushleft</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushleft environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text, environment for</primary></indexterm> +<screen>\begin{flushleft} <replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\ <replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\ ... \end{flushleft} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>flushleft</literal></primary></indexterm>The <literal>flushleft</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>flushleft</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>flushleft</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged -right Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.</para> +right Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>. +</para> + - <sect2 label="8.11.1" id="\raggedright"> - <title><literal>\raggedright</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedright</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged right</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\raggedright</literal> declaration corresponds to the +<sect2 label="8.11.1"> +<title><literal>\raggedright</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedright</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged right</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\raggedright</literal> declaration corresponds to the <literal>flushleft</literal> environment. This declaration can be used inside an -environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>.</para> - <para>Unlike the <literal>flushleft</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedright</literal> +environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>. +</para> +<para>Unlike the <literal>flushleft</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedright</literal> command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex; formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal> -command that ends the paragraph unit.</para> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.12" id="flushright"> - <title><literal>flushright</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushright environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm></para> - <screen> -\begin{flushright} +command that ends the paragraph unit. +</para> + +</sect2> +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.12"> +<title><literal>flushright</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushright environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm> +<screen>\begin{flushright} <replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\ <replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\ ... \end{flushright} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>flushright</literal>)</primary></indexterm>The <literal>flushright</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>flushright</literal>)</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>flushright</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged -left. Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.</para> +left. Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>. +</para> + - <sect2 label="8.12.1" id="\raggedleft"> - <title><literal>\raggedleft</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedleft</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged left</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\raggedleft</literal> declaration corresponds to the +<sect2 label="8.12.1"> +<title><literal>\raggedleft</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedleft</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged left</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\raggedleft</literal> declaration corresponds to the <literal>flushright</literal> environment. This declaration can be used inside an -environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>.</para> - <para>Unlike the <literal>flushright</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedleft</literal> +environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>. +</para> +<para>Unlike the <literal>flushright</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedleft</literal> command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex; formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal> -command that ends the paragraph unit.</para> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.13" id="itemize"> - <title><literal>itemize</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>itemize environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>unordered lists</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bulleted lists</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{itemize} +command that ends the paragraph unit. +</para> + +</sect2> +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.13"> +<title><literal>itemize</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>itemize environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>unordered lists</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bulleted lists</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{itemize} \item <replaceable>item1</replaceable> \item <replaceable>item2</replaceable> ... \end{itemize} </screen> - <para>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted” +<para>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted” list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making -environments, such as <literal>enumerate</literal> (see <xref linkend="enumerate"></xref>).</para> - <para>Each item of an <literal>itemize</literal> list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command. -There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment.</para> - <para>By default, the marks at each level look like this:</para> - <orderedlist numeration="arabic"> - <listitem> - <para>• (bullet)</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para><emphasis role="bold">--<!-- /@w --></emphasis> (bold en-dash)</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>* (asterisk)</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period)</para> - </listitem> - </orderedlist> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiv</primary></indexterm>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelitemi</literal> +environments, such as <literal>enumerate</literal> (see <xref linkend="enumerate"></xref>). +</para> +<para>Each item of an <literal>itemize</literal> list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command. +There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment. +</para> +<para>By default, the marks at each level look like this: +</para> +<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para> • (bullet) +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> <emphasis role="bold">--<!-- /@w --></emphasis> (bold en-dash) +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> * (asterisk) +</para></listitem> +<listitem><para> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) +</para></listitem> +</orderedlist> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiv</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelitemi</literal> through <literal>\labelitemiv</literal> to produce the default label. So, you can use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> to change the labels. For instance, to have -the first level use diamonds:</para> - <screen> -\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} +the first level use diamonds: +</para> +<screen>\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargini</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginvi</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\leftmargini</literal> through <literal>\leftmarginvi</literal> parameters define +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargini</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginvi</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\leftmargini</literal> through <literal>\leftmarginvi</literal> parameters define the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the left margin of the list. By convention, <literal>\leftmargin</literal> is set to the appropriate <literal>\leftmargin<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal> when a new level of -nesting is entered.</para> - <para>The defaults vary from ‘<literal>.5em</literal>’ (highest levels of nesting) to +nesting is entered. +</para> +<para>The defaults vary from ‘<literal>.5em</literal>’ (highest levels of nesting) to ‘<literal>2.5em</literal>’ (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. -This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:</para> - <screen> -\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em +This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: +</para> +<screen>\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em </screen> <!-- xx should be in its own generic section --> - <para>Some parameters that affect list formatting:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\itemindent</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\labelsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Space between the label and text of an item; default ‘<literal>.5em</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\labelwidth</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Width of the label; default ‘<literal>2em</literal>’, or ‘<literal>1.5em</literal>’ in two-column mode.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\listparindent</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a -list item; default ‘<literal>0pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rightmargin</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the +<para>Some parameters that affect list formatting: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\itemindent</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\labelsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Space between the label and text of an item; default ‘<literal>.5em</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\labelwidth</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Width of the label; default ‘<literal>2em</literal>’, or ‘<literal>1.5em</literal>’ in two-column mode. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\listparindent</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a +list item; default ‘<literal>0pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightmargin</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the enclosing environment; default ‘<literal>0pt</literal>’, except in the <literal>quote</literal>, <literal>quotation</literal>, and <literal>verse</literal> environments, where it is set equal -to <literal>\leftmargin</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather -loose, by default).</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\itemsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Vertical space between items. The default is <literal>2pt plus1pt +to <literal>\leftmargin</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather +loose, by default). +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\itemsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Vertical space between items. The default is <literal>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, <literal>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</literal> for -<literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\parsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults -are the same as <literal>\itemsep</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\topsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. +<literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\parsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults +are the same as <literal>\itemsep</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. For top-level lists, the default is <literal>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, <literal>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</literal> for <literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>. These are reduced -for nested lists.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\partopsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Extra space added to <literal>\topsep</literal> when the list environment starts a +for nested lists. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\partopsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Extra space added to <literal>\topsep</literal> when the list environment starts a paragraph. The default is <literal>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, <literal>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>3pt -plus2pt minus2pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip example</primary></indexterm>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide +plus2pt minus2pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip example</primary></indexterm><para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an <literal>itemize*</literal> environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs within a single item (<literal>\parskip</literal> is not list-specific, -see <xref linkend="\parskip"></xref>):</para> - <screen> -\newenvironment{itemize*}% +see <xref linkend="\parskip"></xref>): +</para> +<screen>\newenvironment{itemize*}% {\begin{itemize}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% {\end{itemize}} </screen> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.14" id="letter"> - <title><literal>letter</literal> environment: writing letters</title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter</primary></indexterm> -This environment is used for creating letters. See <xref linkend="Letters"></xref>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.15" id="list"> - <title><literal>list</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>list</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, generic</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>list</literal> environment is a generic environment which is used for + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.14"> +<title><literal>letter</literal> environment: writing letters</title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter</primary></indexterm> +<para>This environment is used for creating letters. See <xref linkend="Letters"></xref>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.15"> +<title><literal>list</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>list</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, generic</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>list</literal> environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in -documents, but often in macros.</para> - <screen> -\begin{list}{<replaceable>labeling</replaceable>}{<replaceable>spacing</replaceable>} +documents, but often in macros. +</para> +<screen>\begin{list}{<replaceable>labeling</replaceable>}{<replaceable>spacing</replaceable>} \item <replaceable>item1</replaceable> \item <replaceable>item2</replaceable> ... \end{list} </screen> - <para>The mandatory <replaceable>labeling</replaceable> argument specifies how items should be +<para>The mandatory <replaceable>labeling</replaceable> argument specifies how items should be labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <literal>\item</literal>). This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the -label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands.</para> - <para>The mandatory <replaceable>spacing</replaceable> argument contains commands to change the +label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands. +</para> +<para>The mandatory <replaceable>spacing</replaceable> argument contains commands to change the spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be -empty, i.e., <literal>{}</literal>, which leaves the default spacing.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.16" id="math"> - <title><literal>math</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>in-line formulas</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{math} +empty, i.e., <literal>{}</literal>, which leaves the default spacing. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.16"> +<title><literal>math</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>in-line formulas</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{math} <replaceable>math</replaceable> \end{math} </screen> - <para>The <literal>math</literal> environment inserts the given <replaceable>math</replaceable> within the +<para>The <literal>math</literal> environment inserts the given <replaceable>math</replaceable> within the running text. <literal>\(...\))</literal> and <literal>$...$</literal> are synonyms. -See <xref linkend="Math-formulas"></xref>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.17" id="minipage"> - <title><literal>minipage</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>minipage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>minipage, creating a</primary></indexterm></para> - <screen> -\begin{minipage}[<replaceable>position</replaceable>][<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>} +See <xref linkend="Math-formulas"></xref>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.17"> +<title><literal>minipage</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>minipage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>minipage, creating a</primary></indexterm> +<screen>\begin{minipage}[<replaceable>position</replaceable>][<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>} <replaceable>text</replaceable> \end{minipage} </screen> - <para>The <literal>minipage</literal> environment typesets its body <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a +<para>The <literal>minipage</literal> environment typesets its body <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a block that will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the <literal>\parbox</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\parbox"></xref>), but unlike <literal>\parbox</literal>, -other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.</para> +other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage. +</para> <!-- (xxref positions) --> - <para>The arguments are the same as for <literal>\parbox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\parbox"></xref>).</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentation, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <literal>minipage</literal> +<para>The arguments are the same as for <literal>\parbox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\parbox"></xref>). +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentation, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm><para>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <literal>minipage</literal> environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as -<literal>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</literal> command.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes in figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, footnotes in</primary></indexterm>Footnotes in a <literal>minipage</literal> environment are handled in a way that is +<literal>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</literal> command. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes in figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, footnotes in</primary></indexterm><para>Footnotes in a <literal>minipage</literal> environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A <literal>\footnote</literal> or <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the <literal>\mpfootnote</literal> counter instead of the ordinary -<literal>footnote</literal> counter (see <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>).</para> - <para>However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using -footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.18" id="picture"> - <title><literal>picture</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>picture</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating pictures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pictures, creating</primary></indexterm></para> - <screen> -\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) +<literal>footnote</literal> counter (see <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>). +</para> +<para>However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using +footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.18"> +<title><literal>picture</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>picture</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating pictures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pictures, creating</primary></indexterm> +<screen>\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) … <replaceable>picture commands</replaceable> … \end{picture} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unitlength</primary></indexterm>The <literal>picture</literal> environment allows you to create just about any +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unitlength</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal @@ -1641,446 +1419,410 @@ unit length <literal>\unitlength</literal>, so if <literal>\unitlength</literal> to <literal>1cm</literal>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. You should only change the value of <literal>\unitlength</literal>, using the <literal>\setlength</literal> command, outside of a <literal>picture</literal> -environment.</para> - <para>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <literal>(2.4,-5)</literal>, specifying +environment. +</para> +<para>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <literal>(2.4,-5)</literal>, specifying the point with x-coordinate <literal>2.4</literal> and y-coordinate <literal>-5</literal>. Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; -the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.</para> - <para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a +the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. +</para> +<para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a <literal>position</literal>. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this -argument's x- and y-coordinates.</para> - <para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment also has an optional <literal>position</literal> +argument's x- and y-coordinates. +</para> +<para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment also has an optional <literal>position</literal> argument, following the <literal>size</literal> argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if <literal>\unitlength</literal> -has been set to <literal>1mm</literal>, the command</para> - <screen> -\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) +has been set to <literal>1mm</literal>, the command +</para> +<screen>\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) </screen> - <para role="continues">produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 +<para>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate -optional argument.</para> - <para>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the +optional argument. +</para> +<para>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; &latex; will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by &latex; in determining -how much room to leave for it.</para> - <para>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <literal>\put</literal> -command. The command</para> - <screen> -\put (11.3,-.3){...} +how much room to leave for it. +</para> +<para>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <literal>\put</literal> +command. The command +</para> +<screen>\put (11.3,-.3){...} </screen> - <para role="continues">puts the object specified by <literal>...</literal> in the +<para>puts the object specified by <literal>...</literal> in the picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). -The reference points for various objects will be described below.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lR box</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\put</literal> command creates an <firstterm>LR box</firstterm>. You can put anything +The reference points for various objects will be described below. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lR box</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\put</literal> command creates an <firstterm>LR box</firstterm>. You can put anything that can go in an <literal>\mbox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\mbox"></xref>) in the text argument of the <literal>\put</literal> command. When you do this, the reference point will -be the lower left corner of the box.</para> - <para>The <literal>picture</literal> commands are described in the following sections.</para> - - <sect2 label="8.18.1" id="\circle"> - <title><literal>\circle</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\circle</primary></indexterm></para> - <screen> -\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>} +be the lower left corner of the box. +</para> +<para>The <literal>picture</literal> commands are described in the following sections. +</para> + + +<sect2 label="8.18.1"> +<title><literal>\circle</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\circle</primary></indexterm> +<screen>\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\circle</literal> command produces a circle with a diameter as close +<para>The <literal>\circle</literal> command produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible. The <literal>*</literal>-form of the command -draws a solid circle.</para> - <para>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.2" id="\makebox-(picture)"> - <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (picture)</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</literal></para> - <para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command for the picture environment is similar to +draws a solid circle. +</para> +<para>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.2"> +<title><literal>\makebox</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (picture)</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</literal> +</para> +<para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command for the picture environment is similar to the normal <literal>\makebox</literal> command except that you must specify a -<literal>width</literal> and <literal>height</literal> in multiples of <literal>\unitlength</literal>.</para> - <para>The optional argument, <literal>[position]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that -your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>t</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>b</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Moves the item to the bottom.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>l</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Moves the item to the left.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>r</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Moves the item to the right.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>See <xref linkend="\makebox"></xref>.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.3" id="\framebox-(picture)"> - <title><literal>\framebox</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\framebox(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{...} +<literal>width</literal> and <literal>height</literal> in multiples of <literal>\unitlength</literal>. +</para> +<para>The optional argument, <literal>[position]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that +your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Moves the item to the bottom. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Moves the item to the left. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Moves the item to the right. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>See <xref linkend="\makebox"></xref>. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.3"> +<title><literal>\framebox</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\framebox(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{...} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command is like <literal>\makebox</literal> (see previous +<para>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command is like <literal>\makebox</literal> (see previous section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box -that it creates.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command produces a rule of thickness +that it creates. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command produces a rule of thickness <literal>\fboxrule</literal>, and leaves a space <literal>\fboxsep</literal> between the rule -and the contents of the box.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.4" id="\dashbox"> - <title><literal>\dashbox</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dashbox</primary></indexterm> -Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\dashbox{<replaceable>dlen</replaceable>}(<replaceable>rwidth</replaceable>,<replaceable>rheight</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +and the contents of the box. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.4"> +<title><literal>\dashbox</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dashbox</primary></indexterm> +<para>Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\dashbox{<replaceable>dlen</replaceable>}(<replaceable>rwidth</replaceable>,<replaceable>rheight</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} </screen> - <para><literal>\dashbox</literal> creates a dashed rectangle around <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a +<para><literal>\dashbox</literal> creates a dashed rectangle around <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a <literal>picture</literal> environment. Dashes are <replaceable>dlen</replaceable> units long, and the rectangle has overall width <replaceable>rwidth</replaceable> and height <replaceable>rheight</replaceable>. -The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is positioned at optional <replaceable>pos</replaceable>. -<!-- xxref positions. --> -A dashed box looks best when the <literal>rwidth</literal> and <literal>rheight</literal> are -multiples of the <literal>dlen</literal>.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.5" id="\frame"> - <title><literal>\frame</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frame</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\frame{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is positioned at optional <replaceable>pos</replaceable>. <!-- xxref positions. --> +</para> +<para>A dashed box looks best when the <literal>rwidth</literal> and <literal>rheight</literal> are +multiples of the <literal>dlen</literal>. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.5"> +<title><literal>\frame</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frame</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\frame{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\frame</literal> command puts a rectangular frame around <replaceable>text</replaceable>. +<para>The <literal>\frame</literal> command puts a rectangular frame around <replaceable>text</replaceable>. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra -space is put between the frame and the object.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.6" id="\line"> - <title><literal>\line</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\line</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\line(<replaceable>xslope</replaceable>,<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>} +space is put between the frame and the object. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.6"> +<title><literal>\line</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\line</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\line(<replaceable>xslope</replaceable>,<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\line</literal> command draws a line with the given <replaceable>length</replaceable> and -slope <replaceable>xslope</replaceable>/<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>.</para> - <para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <replaceable>slope</replaceable> = x/y, +<para>The <literal>\line</literal> command draws a line with the given <replaceable>length</replaceable> and +slope <replaceable>xslope</replaceable>/<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>. +</para> +<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <replaceable>slope</replaceable> = x/y, where x and y have integer values from −6 -through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, -see the <literal>curve2e</literal> and many many other packages on CTAN.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.7" id="\linethickness"> - <title><literal>\linethickness</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linethickness</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\linethickness{<replaceable>dim</replaceable>}</literal> command declares the thickness +through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, +see the <literal>curve2e</literal> and many many other packages on CTAN. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.7"> +<title><literal>\linethickness</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linethickness</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\linethickness{<replaceable>dim</replaceable>}</literal> command declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be -<replaceable>dim</replaceable>, which must be a positive length.</para> - <para><literal>\linethickness</literal> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, -circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <literal>\oval</literal>.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.8" id="\thicklines"> - <title><literal>\thicklines</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thicklines</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\thicklines</literal> command is an alternate line thickness for +<replaceable>dim</replaceable>, which must be a positive length. +</para> +<para><literal>\linethickness</literal> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, +circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <literal>\oval</literal>. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.8"> +<title><literal>\thicklines</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thicklines</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\thicklines</literal> command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; -cf. <xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thinlines"></xref>.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.9" id="\thinlines"> - <title><literal>\thinlines</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinlines</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\thinlines</literal> command is the default line thickness for +cf. <xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thinlines"></xref>. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.9"> +<title><literal>\thinlines</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinlines</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\thinlines</literal> command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; -cf. <xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thicklines"></xref>.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.10" id="\multiput"> - <title><literal>\multiput</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multiput</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\multiput(<replaceable>x</replaceable>,<replaceable>y</replaceable>)(<replaceable>delta_x</replaceable>,<replaceable>delta_y</replaceable>){<replaceable>n</replaceable>}{<replaceable>obj</replaceable>} +cf. <xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thicklines"></xref>. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.10"> +<title><literal>\multiput</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multiput</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para><screen>\multiput(<replaceable>x</replaceable>,<replaceable>y</replaceable>)(<replaceable>delta_x</replaceable>,<replaceable>delta_y</replaceable>){<replaceable>n</replaceable>}{<replaceable>obj</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\multiput</literal> command copies the object <replaceable>obj</replaceable> in a regular +<para>The <literal>\multiput</literal> command copies the object <replaceable>obj</replaceable> in a regular pattern across a picture. <replaceable>obj</replaceable> is first placed at position (x,y), then at (x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, -<replaceable>n</replaceable> times.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.11" id="\oval"> - <title><literal>\oval</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oval</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\oval(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>portion</replaceable>] +<replaceable>n</replaceable> times. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.11"> +<title><literal>\oval</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oval</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\oval(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>portion</replaceable>] </screen> - <para>The <literal>\oval</literal> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. +<para>The <literal>\oval</literal> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional argument <replaceable>portion</replaceable> allows you to select part of the -oval via the following:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>t</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>selects the top portion;</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>b</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>selects the bottom portion;</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>r</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>selects the right portion;</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>l</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>selects the left portion.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>The “corners” of the oval are made with quarter circles with a +oval via the following: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term> +<listitem><para>selects the top portion; +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term> +<listitem><para>selects the bottom portion; +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term> +<listitem><para>selects the right portion; +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term> +<listitem><para>selects the left portion. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>The “corners” of the oval are made with quarter circles with a maximum radius of 20pt, so large “ovals” will look more like -boxes with rounded corners.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.12" id="\put"> - <title><literal>\put</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\put</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</literal></para> - <para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the item specified by the mandatory -argument at the given coordinates.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.13" id="\shortstack"> - <title><literal>\shortstack</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\shortstack</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\shortstack[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{...\\...\\...} +boxes with rounded corners. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.12"> +<title><literal>\put</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\put</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</literal> +</para> +<para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the item specified by the mandatory +argument at the given coordinates. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.13"> +<title><literal>\shortstack</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\shortstack</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\shortstack[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{...\\...\\...} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\shortstack</literal> command produces a stack of objects. The valid -positions are:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>r</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Move the objects to the right of the stack.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>l</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Move the objects to the left of the stack</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>c</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>\shortstack</literal> objects)</primary></indexterm>Objects are separated with <literal>\\</literal>.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.18.14" id="\vector"> - <title><literal>\vector</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vector</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\vector(<replaceable>x-slope</replaceable>,<replaceable>y-slope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>} +<para>The <literal>\shortstack</literal> command produces a stack of objects. The valid +positions are: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Move the objects to the right of the stack. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Move the objects to the left of the stack +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>\shortstack</literal> objects)</primary></indexterm><para>Objects are separated with <literal>\\</literal>. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.18.14"> +<title><literal>\vector</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vector</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\vector(<replaceable>x-slope</replaceable>,<replaceable>y-slope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\vector</literal> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified +<para>The <literal>\vector</literal> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -−4 and +4, inclusive.</para> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.19" id="quotation"> - <title><literal>quotation</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>quotation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{quotation} +−4 and +4, inclusive. +</para> + +</sect2> +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.19"> +<title><literal>quotation</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>quotation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{quotation} <replaceable>text</replaceable> \end{quotation} </screen> - <para>The margins of the <literal>quotation</literal> environment are indented on both +<para>The margins of the <literal>quotation</literal> environment are indented on both the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. -Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.</para> - <para>Unlike the <literal>quote</literal> environment, each paragraph is indented -normally.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.20" id="quote"> - <title><literal>quote</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</primary></indexterm> -Snyopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{quote} +Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. +</para> +<para>Unlike the <literal>quote</literal> environment, each paragraph is indented +normally. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.20"> +<title><literal>quote</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</primary></indexterm> +<para>Snyopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{quote} <replaceable>text</replaceable> \end{quote} </screen> - <para>The margins of the <literal>quote</literal> environment are indented on both the +<para>The margins of the <literal>quote</literal> environment are indented on both the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a -blank line between text produces a new paragraph.</para> - <para>Unlike the <literal>quotation</literal> environment, paragraphs are not indented.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.21" id="tabbing"> - <title><literal>tabbing</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabbing environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tab stops, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in columns using tab stops</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>alignment via tabbing</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{tabbing} +blank line between text produces a new paragraph. +</para> +<para>Unlike the <literal>quotation</literal> environment, paragraphs are not indented. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.21"> +<title><literal>tabbing</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabbing environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tab stops, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in columns using tab stops</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>alignment via tabbing</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{tabbing} <replaceable>row1col1</replaceable> \= <replaceable>row1col2</replaceable> \= <replaceable>row1col3</replaceable> \= <replaceable>row1col4</replaceable> \\ <replaceable>row2col1</replaceable> \> \> <replaceable>row2col3</replaceable> \\ ... \end{tabbing} </screen> - <para>The <literal>tabbing</literal> environment provides a way to align text in +<para>The <literal>tabbing</literal> environment provides a way to align text in columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where -the width of each column is constant and known in advance.</para> - <para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <literal>tabular</literal> -environment.</para> - <para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> enviroment:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\\ tabbing</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>End a line.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\= (tabbing)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\> (tabbing)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\></primary></indexterm>Advances to the next tab stop.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\<</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing -the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\+</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the +the width of each column is constant and known in advance. +</para> +<para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <literal>tabular</literal> +environment. +</para> +<para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> enviroment: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\\ (tabbing)</literal></term> +<listitem><para>End a line. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\= (tabbing)</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\> (tabbing)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\></primary></indexterm><para>Advances to the next tab stop. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\<</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing +the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\+</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if -necessary.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\-</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the +necessary. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\-</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if -necessary.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\' (tabbing)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the +necessary. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\' (tabbing)</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <literal>\></literal>, <literal>\<</literal>, <literal>\'</literal>, <literal>\\</literal>, or <literal>\kill</literal> command, to the right -of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\` (tabbing)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab -stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column +of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\` (tabbing)</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab +stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The <literal>\`</literal> command moves all the text that follows it, up to the <literal>\\</literal> or <literal>\end{tabbing}</literal> command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no <literal>\></literal> or <literal>\'</literal> command between -the <literal>\`</literal> and the command that ends the line.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\a (tabbing)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a' (acute accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a` (grave accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a= (macron accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm>In a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment, the commands <literal>\=</literal>, <literal>\'</literal> and +the <literal>\`</literal> and the command that ends the line. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\a (tabbing)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a' (acute accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a` (grave accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a= (macron accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><para>In a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment, the commands <literal>\=</literal>, <literal>\'</literal> and <literal>\`</literal> do not produce accents as usual (see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>). Instead, -the commands <literal>\a=</literal>, <literal>\a'</literal> and <literal>\a`</literal> are used.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\kill</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <literal>\\</literal> +the commands <literal>\a=</literal>, <literal>\a'</literal> and <literal>\a`</literal> are used. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\kill</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <literal>\\</literal> except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any <literal>\=</literal>, <literal>\+</literal> or <literal>\-</literal> -commands in that line remain in effect.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\poptabs</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\poptabs</primary></indexterm>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <literal>\pushtabs</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\pushtabs</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing -tab stop positions in the middle of a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\tabbingsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <literal>\'</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:</para> - <screen> -\begin{tabbing} +commands in that line remain in effect. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\poptabs</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\poptabs</primary></indexterm><para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <literal>\pushtabs</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pushtabs</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing +tab stop positions in the middle of a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tabbingsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <literal>\'</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: +</para> +<screen>\begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ @@ -2090,121 +1832,98 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ end;\\ \end{tabbing} </screen> - </sect1> - <sect1 label="8.22" id="table"> - <title><literal>table</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>table</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tables, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating tables</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> - \begin{table}[placement] +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.22"> +<title><literal>table</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>table</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tables, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating tables</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen> \begin{table}[placement] body of the table \caption{table title} \end{table} </screen> - <para>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +<para>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually “floated” to a convenient place, like the top of a page. -Tables will not be split between two pages.</para> - <para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try +Tables will not be split between two pages. +</para> +<para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try to place your table. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put a float; these are the same as that used with the <literal>figure</literal> -environment, and described there (see <xref linkend="figure"></xref>).</para> - <para>The standard <literal>report</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes use the default -placement <literal>[tbp]</literal>.</para> - <para>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc., -you wish. The <literal>\caption</literal> command allows you to title your table.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.23" id="tabular"> - <title><literal>tabular</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabular environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lines in tables</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in tables</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} +environment, and described there (see <xref linkend="figure"></xref>). +</para> +<para>The standard <literal>report</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes use the default +placement <literal>[tbp]</literal>. +</para> +<para>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc., +you wish. The <literal>\caption</literal> command allows you to title your table. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.23"> +<title><literal>tabular</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabular environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lines in tables</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in tables</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ ... \end{tabular} -</screen> - <para>or</para> - <screen> -\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} +</screen> +<para> or +</para> +<screen>\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ ... \end{tabular*} </screen> - <para>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of -items, aligned vertically in columns.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>tabular</literal></primary></indexterm><literal>\\</literal> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, +<para>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of +items, aligned vertically in columns. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>tabular</literal></primary></indexterm><para><literal>\\</literal> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except for the last, where it is optional—unless an <literal>\hline</literal> -command (to put a rule below the table) follows.</para> - <para>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>width</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Specifies the width of the <literal>tabular*</literal> environment. There must be +command (to put a rule below the table) follows. +</para> +<para>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>width</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Specifies the width of the <literal>tabular*</literal> environment. There must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified -width.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>pos</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of -the environment.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>t</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>align on top row</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>b</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>align on bottom row</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>cols</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the +width. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>pos</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of +the environment. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term> +<listitem><para>align on top row +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term> +<listitem><para>align on bottom row +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>cols</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and -intercolumn material.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>l</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>A column of left-aligned items.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>r</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>A column of right-aligned items.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal></literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>A column of centred items.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>|</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>This inserts <replaceable>text</replaceable> in every row. An @-expression suppresses the +intercolumn material. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term> +<listitem><para>A column of left-aligned items. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term> +<listitem><para>A column of right-aligned items. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term> +<listitem><para>A column of centered items. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>|</literal></term> +<listitem><para>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>This inserts <replaceable>text</replaceable> in every row. An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in <replaceable>text</replaceable>. An <literal>\extracolsep{wd}</literal> command in an @-expression @@ -2212,2928 +1931,2120 @@ causes an extra space of width <literal>wd</literal> to appear to the left of al subsequent columns, until countermanded by another <literal>\extracolsep</literal> command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An <literal>\extracolsep</literal> command can be -used only in an @-expression in the <literal>cols</literal> argument.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>p{<replaceable>wd</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width +used only in an @-expression in the <literal>cols</literal> argument. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>p{<replaceable>wd</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width <replaceable>wd</replaceable>, as if it were the argument of a <literal>\parbox[t]{<replaceable>wd</replaceable>}</literal> command. However, a <literal>\\</literal> may not -appear in the item, except in the following situations:</para> - <orderedlist numeration="arabic"> - <listitem> - <para>inside an environment like <literal>minipage</literal>, <literal>array</literal>, or <literal>tabular</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>inside an explicit <literal>\parbox</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>in the scope of a <literal>\centering</literal>, <literal>\raggedright</literal>, or <literal>\raggedleft</literal> +appear in the item, except in the following situations: +</para> +<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem> +<para>inside an environment like <literal>minipage</literal>, <literal>array</literal>, or <literal>tabular</literal>. +</para></listitem> +<listitem> +<para>inside an explicit <literal>\parbox</literal>. +</para></listitem> +<listitem> +<para>in the scope of a <literal>\centering</literal>, <literal>\raggedright</literal>, or <literal>\raggedleft</literal> declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an -environment when used in a <literal>p</literal>-column element.</para> - </listitem> - </orderedlist> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>*{<replaceable>num</replaceable>}{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Equivalent to <replaceable>num</replaceable> copies of <replaceable>cols</replaceable>, where <replaceable>num</replaceable> is a +environment when used in a <literal>p</literal>-column element. +</para></listitem> +</orderedlist> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>*{<replaceable>num</replaceable>}{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Equivalent to <replaceable>num</replaceable> copies of <replaceable>cols</replaceable>, where <replaceable>num</replaceable> is a positive integer and <replaceable>cols</replaceable> is any list of column-specifiers, -which may contain another <literal>*-expression</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>Parameters that control formatting: -<!-- xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? --></para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Thickness of the rule created by <literal>|</literal>, <literal>\hline</literal>, and +which may contain another <literal>*-expression</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>Parameters that control formatting: +<!-- xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? --> +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Thickness of the rule created by <literal>|</literal>, <literal>\hline</literal>, and <literal>\vline</literal> in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; the -default is ‘<literal>.4pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\arraystretch</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> -environments; default is ‘<literal>1</literal>’, for no scaling.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\doublerulesep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <literal>||</literal> -in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; default is ‘<literal>2pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\tabcolsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is ‘<literal>6pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>These commands can be used inside a <literal>tabular</literal> environment:</para> - - <sect2 label="8.23.1" id="\multicolumn"> - <title><literal>\multicolumn</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multicolumn</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\multicolumn{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pos</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +default is ‘<literal>.4pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arraystretch</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> +environments; default is ‘<literal>1</literal>’, for no scaling. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\doublerulesep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <literal>||</literal> +in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; default is ‘<literal>2pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tabcolsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is ‘<literal>6pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>These commands can be used inside a <literal>tabular</literal> environment: +</para> + + +<sect2 label="8.23.1"> +<title><literal>\multicolumn</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multicolumn</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para><screen>\multicolumn{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pos</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\multicolumn</literal> command makes an entry that spans several +<para>The <literal>\multicolumn</literal> command makes an entry that spans several columns. The first mandatory argument, <replaceable>cols</replaceable>, specifies the number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, <replaceable>pos</replaceable>, specifies the formatting of the entry; <literal>c</literal> for centered, <literal>l</literal> for flushleft, <literal>r</literal> for flushright. The third mandatory argument, -<replaceable>text</replaceable>, specifies what text to put in the entry.</para> - <para>Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; -<literal>\multicolumn</literal> is used for the heading:</para> - <screen> -\begin{tabular}{r@{--}l} +<replaceable>text</replaceable>, specifies what text to put in the entry. +</para> +<para>Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; +<literal>\multicolumn</literal> is used for the heading: +</para> +<screen>\begin{tabular}{r@{--}l} \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr 0x80&0x7FF \cr 0x800&0xFFFF \cr 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr \end{tabular} </screen> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.23.2" id="\cline"> - <title><literal>\cline</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cline</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\cline{<replaceable>i</replaceable>-<replaceable>j</replaceable>} + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.23.2"> +<title><literal>\cline</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cline</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\cline{<replaceable>i</replaceable>-<replaceable>j</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\cline</literal> command draws horizontal lines across the columns +<para>The <literal>\cline</literal> command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified, beginning in column <replaceable>i</replaceable> and ending in column <replaceable>j</replaceable>, -which are specified in the mandatory argument.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.23.3" id="\hline"> - <title><literal>\hline</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hline</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\hline</literal> command draws a horizontal line the width of the +which are specified in the mandatory argument. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.23.3"> +<title><literal>\hline</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hline</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\hline</literal> command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <literal>tabular</literal> or <literal>array</literal> environment. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows -of a table.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.23.4" id="\vline"> - <title><literal>\vline</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vline</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\vline</literal> command will draw a vertical line extending the full +of a table. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.23.4"> +<title><literal>\vline</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vline</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\vline</literal> command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An <literal>\hfill</literal> command can be used to move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an -@-expression.</para> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.24" id="thebibliography"> - <title><literal>thebibliography</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>thebibliography</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (manually)</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{thebibliography}{<replaceable>widest-label</replaceable>} +@-expression. +</para> + +</sect2> +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.24"> +<title><literal>thebibliography</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>thebibliography</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (manually)</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{thebibliography}{<replaceable>widest-label</replaceable>} \bibitem[<replaceable>label</replaceable>]{<replaceable>cite_key}</replaceable> ... \end{thebibliography} </screen> - <para>The <literal>thebibliography</literal> environment produces a bibliography or -reference list.</para> - <para>In the <literal>article</literal> class, this reference list is labelled +<para>The <literal>thebibliography</literal> environment produces a bibliography or +reference list. +</para> +<para>In the <literal>article</literal> class, this reference list is labelled “References”; in the <literal>report</literal> class, it is labelled “Bibliography”. You can change the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command <literal>\refname</literal>. For instance, this -eliminates it entirely:</para> - <screen> -\renewcommand{\refname}{} +eliminates it entirely: +</para> +<screen>\renewcommand{\refname}{} </screen> - <para>The mandatory <replaceable>widest-label</replaceable> argument is text that, when typeset, +<para>The mandatory <replaceable>widest-label</replaceable> argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <literal>\bibitem</literal> commands. It is typically given as <literal>9</literal> for bibliographies with -less than 10 references, <literal>99</literal> for ones with less than 100, etc.</para> - - <sect2 label="8.24.1" id="\bibitem"> - <title><literal>\bibitem</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibitem</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\bibitem[<replaceable>label</replaceable>]{<replaceable>cite_key</replaceable>} +less than 10 references, <literal>99</literal> for ones with less than 100, etc. +</para> + + +<sect2 label="8.24.1"> +<title><literal>\bibitem</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibitem</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para><screen>\bibitem[<replaceable>label</replaceable>]{<replaceable>cite_key</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\bibitem</literal> command generates an entry labelled by +<para>The <literal>\bibitem</literal> command generates an entry labelled by <replaceable>label</replaceable>. If the <replaceable>label</replaceable> argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the <literal>enumi</literal> counter. The <replaceable>cite_key</replaceable> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation -symbols not containing a comma.</para> - <para>This command writes an entry to the <filename>.aux</filename> file containing the +symbols not containing a comma. +</para> +<para>This command writes an entry to the <filename>.aux</filename> file containing the item's <replaceable>cite_key</replaceable> and label. When the <filename>.aux</filename> file is read by the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> command, the item's <literal>label</literal> is associated with <literal>cite_key</literal>, causing references to <replaceable>cite_key</replaceable> with a <literal>\cite</literal> command (see next section) to produce the -associated label.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.24.2" id="\cite"> - <title><literal>\cite</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cite</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\cite[<replaceable>subcite</replaceable>]{<replaceable>keys</replaceable> +associated label. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.24.2"> +<title><literal>\cite</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cite</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\cite[<replaceable>subcite</replaceable>]{<replaceable>keys</replaceable> </screen> - <para>The <replaceable>keys</replaceable> argument is a list of one or more citation keys, +<para>The <replaceable>keys</replaceable> argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the references associated with <replaceable>keys</replaceable> by entries in the -<filename>.aux</filename> file.</para> - <para>The text of the optional <replaceable>subcite</replaceable> argument appears after the +<filename>.aux</filename> file. +</para> +<para>The text of the optional <replaceable>subcite</replaceable> argument appears after the citation. For example, <literal>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</literal> might produce -`[Knuth, p. 314]'.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.24.3" id="\nocite"> - <title><literal>\nocite</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocite</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\nocite{key_list}</literal></para> - <para>The <literal>\nocite</literal> command produces no text, but writes <literal>key_list</literal>, -which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <filename>.aux</filename> file.</para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 label="8.24.4" id="Using-BibTeX"> - <title>Using Bib&tex;</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>using Bib&tex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bib&tex;, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (automatically)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliographystyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliography</primary></indexterm> -If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly +`[Knuth, p. 314]'. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.24.3"> +<title><literal>\nocite</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocite</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\nocite{key_list}</literal> +</para> +<para>The <literal>\nocite</literal> command produces no text, but writes <literal>key_list</literal>, +which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <filename>.aux</filename> file. +</para> + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="8.24.4" id="Using-BibTeX"> +<title>Using Bib&tex;</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>using Bib&tex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bib&tex;, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (automatically)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliographystyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliography</primary></indexterm> +<para>If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the <literal>thebibliography</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="thebibliography"></xref>). Instead, -you include the lines</para> - <screen> -\bibliographystyle{<replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable>} +you include the lines +</para> +<screen>\bibliographystyle{<replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable>} \bibliography{<replaceable>bibfile1</replaceable>,<replaceable>bibfile2</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\bibliographystyle</literal> command does not produce any output of +<para>The <literal>\bibliographystyle</literal> command does not produce any output of its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be produced: <replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable> refers to a file <replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable><filename>.bst</filename>, which defines how your citations will look. -The standard <replaceable>style</replaceable> names distributed with Bib&tex; are:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>alpha</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of -publication.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>plain</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>unsrt</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but entries are in order of citation.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>abbrv</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but more compact labels.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to +The standard <replaceable>style</replaceable> names distributed with Bib&tex; are: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>alpha</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of +publication. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>plain</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>unsrt</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but entries are in order of citation. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>abbrv</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but more compact labels. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See -<ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>.</para> - <para>The <literal>\bibliography</literal> command is what actually produces the +<ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>. +</para> +<para>The <literal>\bibliography</literal> command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to <literal>\bibliography</literal> refers to files named <filename><replaceable>bibfile</replaceable>.bib</filename>, which should contain your database in Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <literal>\cite</literal> and -<literal>\nocite</literal> will be listed in the bibliography.</para> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.25" id="theorem"> - <title><literal>theorem</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>theorem environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, typesetting</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{theorem} +<literal>\nocite</literal> will be listed in the bibliography. +</para> + +</sect2> +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.25"> +<title><literal>theorem</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>theorem environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, typesetting</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{theorem} <replaceable>theorem-text</replaceable> \end{theorem} </screen> - <para>The <literal>theorem</literal> environment produces “Theorem <replaceable>n</replaceable>” in +<para>The <literal>theorem</literal> environment produces “Theorem <replaceable>n</replaceable>” in boldface followed by <replaceable>theorem-text</replaceable>, where the numbering possibilities for <replaceable>n</replaceable> are described under <literal>\newtheorem</literal> -(see <xref linkend="\newtheorem"></xref>).</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.26" id="titlepage"> - <title><literal>titlepage</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>making a title page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title pages, creating</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{titlepage} +(see <xref linkend="\newtheorem"></xref>). +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.26"> +<title><literal>titlepage</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>making a title page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title pages, creating</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{titlepage} <replaceable>text</replaceable> \end{titlepage} </screen> - <para>The <literal>titlepage</literal> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page +<para>The <literal>titlepage</literal> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The <literal>\today</literal> command may be useful on title pages -(see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>).</para> - <para>You can use the <literal>\maketitle</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\maketitle"></xref>) to -produce a standard title page without a <literal>titlepage</literal> environment.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.27" id="verbatim"> - <title><literal>verbatim</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>verbatim environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>simulating typed text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typed text, simulating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>code, typesetting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>computer programs, typesetting</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{verbatim} +(see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>). +</para> +<para>You can use the <literal>\maketitle</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\maketitle"></xref>) to +produce a standard title page without a <literal>titlepage</literal> environment. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.27"> +<title><literal>verbatim</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>verbatim environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>simulating typed text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typed text, simulating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>code, typesetting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>computer programs, typesetting</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{verbatim} <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable> \end{verbatim} </screen> - <para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> environment is a paragraph-making environment in +<para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> environment is a paragraph-making environment in which &latex; produces exactly what you type in; for instance the <literal>\</literal> character produces a printed ‘<literal>\</literal>’. It turns &latex; into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same -effect that they would on a typewriter.</para> - <para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<literal>\tt</literal>).</para> - - <sect2 label="8.27.1" id="\verb"> - <title><literal>\verb</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text, inline</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\verb<replaceable>char</replaceable><replaceable>literal-text</replaceable><replaceable>char</replaceable> +effect that they would on a typewriter. +</para> +<para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<literal>\tt</literal>). +</para> + +<sect2 label="8.27.1"> +<title><literal>\verb</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text, inline</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\verb<replaceable>char</replaceable><replaceable>literal-text</replaceable><replaceable>char</replaceable> \verb*<replaceable>char</replaceable><replaceable>literal-text</replaceable><replaceable>char</replaceable> </screen> - <para>The <literal>\verb</literal> command typesets <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable> as it is input, +<para>The <literal>\verb</literal> command typesets <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable> as it is input, including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter (<literal>\tt</literal>) font. No spaces are allowed between <literal>\verb</literal> or <literal>\verb*</literal> and the delimiter <replaceable>char</replaceable>, which begins and ends the -verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable>.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space</primary></indexterm>The <literal>*</literal>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a -“visible space” character.</para> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="8.28" id="verse"> - <title><literal>verse</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>verse environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>poetry, an environment for</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\begin{verse} +verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable>. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>*</literal>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a +“visible space” character. +</para> + +</sect2> +</sect1> +<sect1 label="8.28"> +<title><literal>verse</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>verse environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>poetry, an environment for</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\begin{verse} <replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\ <replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\ ... \end{verse} </screen> - <para>The <literal>verse</literal> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find -other uses for it.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>verse</literal></primary></indexterm>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not +<para>The <literal>verse</literal> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find +other uses for it. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>verse</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each stanza with <literal>\\</literal>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the -stanzas.</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="9" id="Line-breaking"> - <title>Line breaking</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking lines</primary></indexterm> -The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to +stanzas. +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="9" id="Line-breaking"> +<title>Line breaking</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking lines</primary></indexterm> +<para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines -(and these lines must be broken into pages).</para> - <para>&latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in +(and these lines must be broken into pages). +</para> +<para>&latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the -<literal>\\</literal> command, and you can always manually force breaks.</para> +<literal>\\</literal> command, and you can always manually force breaks. +</para> + - <sect1 label="9.1" id="\\"> - <title><literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>]</title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line break, forcing</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\\</literal> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an +<sect1 label="9.1"> +<title><literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>]</title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line break, forcing</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\\</literal> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an optional argument, <replaceable>morespace</replaceable>, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a -negative amount.</para> - <para>The <literal>\\*</literal> command is the same as the ordinary <literal>\\</literal> command -except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="9.2" id="\obeycr-&-\restorecr"> - <title><literal>\obeycr</literal> & <literal>\restorecr</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, output as input</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\obeycr</literal> command makes a return in the input file +negative amount. +</para> +<para>The <literal>\\*</literal> command is the same as the ordinary <literal>\\</literal> command +except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="9.2"> +<title><literal>\obeycr</literal> & <literal>\restorecr</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, output as input</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\obeycr</literal> command makes a return in the input file (‘<literal>^^M</literal>’, internally) the same as <literal>\\</literal> (followed by <literal>\relax</literal>). So each new line in the input will also be a new line -in the output.</para> - <para><literal>\restorecr</literal> restores normal line-breaking behavior.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="9.3" id="\newline"> - <title><literal>\newline</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newline</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting (paragraph mode)</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\newline</literal> command breaks the line at the present point, with +in the output. +</para> +<para><literal>\restorecr</literal> restores normal line-breaking behavior. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="9.3"> +<title><literal>\newline</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newline</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting (paragraph mode)</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\newline</literal> command breaks the line at the present point, with no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph -mode.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="9.4" id="\--(hyphenation)"> - <title><literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen)</title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\- (hyphenation)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, forcing</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\-</literal> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at +mode. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="9.4"> +<title><literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen)</title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\- (hyphenation)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, forcing</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\-</literal> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an incorrect one. The <literal>\-</literal> command is used for the exceptional -cases.</para> - <para>When you insert <literal>\-</literal> commands in a word, the word will only be +cases. +</para> +<para>When you insert <literal>\-</literal> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points -that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.</para> - </sect1> +that &latex; might otherwise have chosen. +</para> + - <sect1 label="9.5" id="\fussy"> - <title><literal>\fussy</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm> -The declaration <literal>\fussy</literal> (which is the default) makes &tex; +</sect1> +<sect1 label="9.5"> +<title><literal>\fussy</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm> +<para>The declaration <literal>\fussy</literal> (which is the default) makes &tex; picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between -words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.</para> - <para>This command cancels the effect of a previous <literal>\sloppy</literal> command -(see <xref linkend="\sloppy"></xref>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="9.6" id="\sloppy"> - <title><literal>\sloppy</literal></title> - <para>The declaration <literal>\sloppy</literal> makes &tex; less fussy about line +words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. +</para> +<para>This command cancels the effect of a previous <literal>\sloppy</literal> command +(see <xref linkend="\sloppy"></xref>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="9.6"> +<title><literal>\sloppy</literal></title> + +<para>The declaration <literal>\sloppy</literal> makes &tex; less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose -interword spacing.</para> - <para>Lasts until a <literal>\fussy</literal> command is issued (see <xref linkend="\fussy"></xref>).</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="9.7" id="\hyphenation"> - <title><literal>\hyphenation</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, defining</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\hyphenation{<replaceable>word-one</replaceable> <replaceable>word-two</replaceable>} +interword spacing. +</para> +<para>Lasts until a <literal>\fussy</literal> command is issued (see <xref linkend="\fussy"></xref>). +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="9.7"> +<title><literal>\hyphenation</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, defining</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\hyphenation{<replaceable>word-one</replaceable> <replaceable>word-two</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\hyphenation</literal> command declares allowed hyphenation points +<para>The <literal>\hyphenation</literal> command declares allowed hyphenation points with a <literal>-</literal> character in the given words. The words are separated by spaces. &tex; will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <literal>\hyphenation</literal> commands accumulate. Some examples (the default &tex; hyphenation patterns -misses the hyphenations in these words):</para> - <screen> -\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} +misses the hyphenations in these words): +</para> +<screen>\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} </screen> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="9.8" id="\linebreak-&-\nolinebreak"> - <title><literal>\linebreak</literal> & <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, preventing</primary></indexterm> -Synopses:</para> - <screen> -\linebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>] + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="9.8"> +<title><literal>\linebreak</literal> & <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, preventing</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopses: +</para> +<screen>\linebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>] \nolinebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>] </screen> - <para>By default, the <literal>\linebreak</literal> (<literal>\nolinebreak</literal>) command forces +<para>By default, the <literal>\linebreak</literal> (<literal>\nolinebreak</literal>) command forces (prevents) a line break at the current position. For <literal>\linebreak</literal>, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it -extends to the right margin as usual.</para> - <para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the command +extends to the right margin as usual. +</para> +<para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the command from a demand to a request. The <replaceable>priority</replaceable> must be a number from -0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request.</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="10" id="Page-breaking"> - <title>Page breaking</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking pages</primary></indexterm> -&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has +0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="10" id="Page-breaking"> +<title>Page breaking</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking pages</primary></indexterm> +<para>&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, -but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.</para> +but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="10.1"> +<title><literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title> - <sect1 label="10.1" id="\cleardoublepage"> - <title><literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting on a right-hand page</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting on a right-hand page</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand -(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="10.2" id="\clearpage"> - <title><literal>\clearpage</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page and clearing floats</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\clearpage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all -figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="10.3" id="\newpage"> - <title><literal>\newpage</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new page, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\newpage</literal> command ends the current page, but does not clear -floats (see <literal>\clearpage</literal> above).</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="10.4" id="\enlargethispage"> - <title><literal>\enlargethispage</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enlargethispage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enlarge current page</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\enlargethispage{size}</literal></para> - <para><literal>\enlargethispage*{size}</literal></para> - <para>Enlarge the <literal>\textheight</literal> for the current page by the specified +(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="10.2"> +<title><literal>\clearpage</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page and clearing floats</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\clearpage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="10.3"> +<title><literal>\newpage</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new page, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\newpage</literal> command ends the current page, but does not clear +floats (see <literal>\clearpage</literal> above). +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="10.4"> +<title><literal>\enlargethispage</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enlargethispage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enlarge current page</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\enlargethispage{size}</literal> +</para> +<para><literal>\enlargethispage*{size}</literal> +</para> +<para>Enlarge the <literal>\textheight</literal> for the current page by the specified amount; e.g. <literal>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</literal> will allow one -additional line.</para> - <para>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as +additional line. +</para> +<para>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit -<literal>\pagebreak</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="10.5" id="\pagebreak-&-\nopagebreak"> - <title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> & <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, preventing</primary></indexterm> -Synopses:</para> - <screen> -\pagebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>] +<literal>\pagebreak</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="10.5"> +<title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> & <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, preventing</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopses: +</para> +<screen>\pagebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>] \nopagebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>] </screen> - <para>By default, the <literal>\pagebreak</literal> (<literal>\nopagebreak</literal>) command forces +<para>By default, the <literal>\pagebreak</literal> (<literal>\nopagebreak</literal>) command forces (prevents) a page break at the current position. For <literal>\linebreak</literal>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out -where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.</para> - <para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the +where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin. +</para> +<para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the <literal>\pagebreak</literal> command from a demand to a request. The number must -be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more -insistent the request is.</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="11" id="Footnotes"> - <title>Footnotes</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, creating</primary></indexterm> -Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced +be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more +insistent the request is. +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="11" id="Footnotes"> +<title>Footnotes</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, creating</primary></indexterm> +<para>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command, the <literal>\footnote</literal> command. They can also be produced with two commands, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> and the -<literal>\footnotetext</literal> commands.</para> - - <sect1 label="11.1" id="\footnote"> - <title><literal>\footnote</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnote</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\footnote[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +<literal>\footnotetext</literal> commands. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="11.1"> +<title><literal>\footnote</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnote</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\footnote[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\footnote</literal> command places the numbered footnote <replaceable>text</replaceable> +<para>The <literal>\footnote</literal> command places the numbered footnote <replaceable>text</replaceable> at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument <replaceable>number</replaceable> -changes the default footnote number.</para> - <para>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you +changes the default footnote number. +</para> +<para>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands like <literal>\chapter</literal>, in figures, tables or in a <literal>tabular</literal> environment. (See following sections.) -<!-- xx mention packages that fix this --></para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="11.2" id="\footnotemark"> - <title><literal>\footnotemark</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotemark</primary></indexterm> -With no optional argument, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> command puts the +<!-- xx mention packages that fix this --> +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="11.2"> +<title><literal>\footnotemark</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotemark</primary></indexterm> +<para>With no optional argument, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> command puts the current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, -with the <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command.</para> - <para>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote -markers referring to the same footnote with</para> - <screen> -\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] +with the <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command. +</para> +<para>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote +markers referring to the same footnote with +</para> +<screen>\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] </screen> - <para role="continues">after the first <literal>\footnote</literal> command.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="11.3" id="\footnotetext"> - <title><literal>\footnotetext</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotetext</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\footnotetext[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +<para>after the first <literal>\footnote</literal> command. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="11.3"> +<title><literal>\footnotetext</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotetext</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\footnotetext[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command places <replaceable>text</replaceable> at the bottom of +<para>The <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command places <replaceable>text</replaceable> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> command. The <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command must -appear in outer paragraph mode.</para> - <para>The optional argument <replaceable>number</replaceable> changes the default footnote number.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="11.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes"> - <title>Symbolic footnotes</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</primary></indexterm>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing -numbers, redefine <literal>\thefootnote</literal> like this:</para> - <screen> -\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}} +appear in outer paragraph mode. +</para> +<para>The optional argument <replaceable>number</replaceable> changes the default footnote number. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="11.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes"> +<title>Symbolic footnotes</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</primary></indexterm><para>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing +numbers, redefine <literal>\thefootnote</literal> like this: +</para> +<screen>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fnsymbol, and footnotes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@fnsymbol</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\fnsymbol</literal> command produces a predefined series of symbols +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fnsymbol, and footnotes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@fnsymbol</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\fnsymbol</literal> command produces a predefined series of symbols (see <xref linkend="\alph-\Alph-\arabic-\roman-\Roman-\fnsymbol"></xref>). If you want to use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also -redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="11.5" id="Footnote-parameters"> - <title>Footnote parameters</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, for footnotes</primary></indexterm></para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\footnoterule</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's +redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="11.5" id="Footnote-parameters"> +<title>Footnote parameters</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, for footnotes</primary></indexterm> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\footnoterule</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's footnotes. Default dimensions: <literal>0.4pt</literal> thick (or wide), and <literal>0.4\columnwidth</literal> long in the standard document classes (except -slides, where it does not appear).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\footnotesep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By +slides, where it does not appear). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\footnotesep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By default, this is set to the normal strut for <literal>\footnotesize</literal> fonts (see <xref linkend="Font-sizes"></xref>), therefore there is no extra space between footnotes. This is ‘<literal>6.65pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’, ‘<literal>7.7pt</literal>’ for -‘<literal>11pt</literal>’, and ‘<literal>8.4pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="12" id="Definitions"> - <title>Definitions</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>definitions</primary></indexterm> -&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.</para> +‘<literal>11pt</literal>’, and ‘<literal>8.4pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="12" id="Definitions"> +<title>Definitions</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>definitions</primary></indexterm> +<para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds. +</para> <!-- xx everything in this chapter needs examples. --> - <sect1 label="12.1" id="\newcommand-&-\renewcommand"> - <title><literal>\newcommand</literal> & <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining a new command</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new commands, defining</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\renewcommand</literal> define and redefine a -command, respectively. Synopses:</para> - <screen> - \newcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} + + + +<sect1 label="12.1"> +<title><literal>\newcommand</literal> & <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining a new command</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new commands, defining</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\renewcommand</literal> define and redefine a +command, respectively. Synopses: +</para> +<screen> \newcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} \renewcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} \newcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} \renewcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} </screen> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The command name beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it + +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The command name beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it must not be already defined and must not begin with <literal>\end</literal>; for -<literal>\renewcommand</literal>, it must already be defined.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments +<literal>\renewcommand</literal>, it must already be defined. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no -arguments.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's +arguments. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified -in the call) is the string ‘<literal>def</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>defn</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <literal>cmd</literal>; a +in the call) is the string ‘<literal>def</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>defn</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <literal>cmd</literal>; a construct of the form <literal>#<replaceable>n</replaceable></literal> in <replaceable>defn</replaceable> is replaced by the -text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="12.2" id="\newcounter"> - <title><literal>\newcounter</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, defining new</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\newcounter{<replaceable>cnt</replaceable>}[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>] +text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="12.2"> +<title><literal>\newcounter</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, defining new</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\newcounter{<replaceable>cnt</replaceable>}[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>] </screen> - <para>The <literal>\newcounter</literal> command defines a new counter named <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>. -The new counter is initialized to zero.</para> - <para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>cnt</replaceable> -will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented.</para> - <para>See <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>, for more information about counters.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="12.3" id="\newlength"> - <title><literal>\newlength</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining new</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\newlength{\<replaceable>arg</replaceable>} +<para>The <literal>\newcounter</literal> command defines a new counter named <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>. +The new counter is initialized to zero. +</para> +<para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>cnt</replaceable> +will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented. +</para> +<para>See <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>, for more information about counters. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="12.3"> +<title><literal>\newlength</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining new</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\newlength{\<replaceable>arg</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\newlength</literal> command defines the mandatory argument as a +<para>The <literal>\newlength</literal> command defines the mandatory argument as a <literal>length</literal> command with a value of <literal>0in</literal>. The argument must be a control sequence, as in <literal>\newlength{\foo}</literal>. An error -occurs if <literal>\foo</literal> is already defined.</para> - <para>See <xref linkend="Lengths"></xref>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and -for more information about lengths in general.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="12.4" id="\newsavebox"> - <title><literal>\newsavebox</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newsavebox</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\newsavebox{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>} +occurs if <literal>\foo</literal> is already defined. +</para> +<para>See <xref linkend="Lengths"></xref>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and +for more information about lengths in general. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="12.4"> +<title><literal>\newsavebox</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newsavebox</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\newsavebox{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>Defines <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>, which must be a command name not already -defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="12.5" id="\newenvironment-&-\renewenvironment"> - <title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> & <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new environments</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>redefining environments</primary></indexterm> -Synopses:</para> - <screen> - \newenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>} +<para>Defines <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>, which must be a command name not already +defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="12.5"> +<title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> & <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new environments</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>redefining environments</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopses: +</para> +<screen> \newenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>} \newenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>} \renewenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>These commands define or redefine an environment <replaceable>env</replaceable>, that is, -<literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>} … \end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>env</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The name of the environment. For <literal>\newenvironment</literal>, <replaceable>env</replaceable> +<para>These commands define or redefine an environment <replaceable>env</replaceable>, that is, +<literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>} … \end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>env</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The name of the environment. For <literal>\newenvironment</literal>, <replaceable>env</replaceable> must not be an existing environment, and the command <literal>\<replaceable>env</replaceable></literal> must be undefined. For <literal>\renewenvironment</literal>, <replaceable>env</replaceable> must be -the name of an existing environment.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of -the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <replaceable>default</replaceable> -gives the default value for that argument.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>begdef</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>; a +the name of an existing environment. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of +the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <replaceable>default</replaceable> +gives the default value for that argument. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>begdef</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>; a construct of the form <literal>#<replaceable>n</replaceable></literal> in <replaceable>begdef</replaceable> is replaced by -the text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>enddef</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>. It -may not contain any argument parameters.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="12.6" id="\newtheorem"> - <title><literal>\newtheorem</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtheorem</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new theorems</primary></indexterm></para> - <screen> -\newtheorem{<replaceable>newenv</replaceable>}{<replaceable>label</replaceable>}[<replaceable>within</replaceable>] +the text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>enddef</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>. It +may not contain any argument parameters. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="12.6"> +<title><literal>\newtheorem</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtheorem</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new theorems</primary></indexterm> +<screen>\newtheorem{<replaceable>newenv</replaceable>}{<replaceable>label</replaceable>}[<replaceable>within</replaceable>] \newtheorem{<replaceable>newenv</replaceable>}[<replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable>]{<replaceable>label</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>newenv</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an -existing environment or otherwise defined.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>label</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the -number. For example, ‘<literal>Theorem</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment; -the new environment will be numbered just like <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>within</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. +<para>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>newenv</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an +existing environment or otherwise defined. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>label</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the +number. For example, ‘<literal>Theorem</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment; +the new environment will be numbered just like <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>within</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the -<replaceable>within</replaceable> counter.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>At most one of <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable> and <replaceable>within</replaceable> can be specified, -not both.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="12.7" id="\newfont"> - <title><literal>\newfont</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newfont</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts, new commands for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new fonts</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\newfont{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>fontname</replaceable>} +<replaceable>within</replaceable> counter. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>At most one of <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable> and <replaceable>within</replaceable> can be specified, +not both. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="12.7"> +<title><literal>\newfont</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newfont</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts, new commands for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new fonts</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\newfont{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>fontname</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>Defines a control sequence <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>, which must not already +<para>Defines a control sequence <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>, which must not already be defined, to make <replaceable>fontname</replaceable> be the current font. The file -looked for on the system is named <filename><replaceable>fontname</replaceable>.tfm</filename>.</para> - <para>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. -More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <filename>.fd</filename> files.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="12.8" id="\protect"> - <title><literal>\protect</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\protect</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fragile commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>moving arguments</primary></indexterm>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and +looked for on the system is named <filename><replaceable>fontname</replaceable>.tfm</filename>. +</para> +<para>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. +More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <filename>.fd</filename> files. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="12.8"> +<title><literal>\protect</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\protect</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fragile commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>moving arguments</primary></indexterm><para>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more are so-called <firstterm>fragile</firstterm> commands. When a fragile command is used in certain contexts, called <firstterm>moving arguments</firstterm>, it must be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>. In addition, any fragile -commands within the arguments must have their own <literal>\protect</literal>.</para> - <para>Some examples of moving arguments are <literal>\caption</literal> +commands within the arguments must have their own <literal>\protect</literal>. +</para> +<para>Some examples of moving arguments are <literal>\caption</literal> (see <xref linkend="figure"></xref>), <literal>\thanks</literal> (see <xref linkend="\maketitle"></xref>), and expressions in <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments -(see <xref linkend="tabular"></xref>).</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>robust commands</primary></indexterm>Commands which are not fragile are called <firstterm>robust</firstterm>. They must not -be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>.</para> - <para>See also:</para> - <screen> -<lineannotation><ulink url="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</ulink></lineannotation> -<lineannotation><ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</ulink></lineannotation> +(see <xref linkend="tabular"></xref>). +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>robust commands</primary></indexterm><para>Commands which are not fragile are called <firstterm>robust</firstterm>. They must not +be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>. +</para> +<para>See also: +</para> +<screen><ulink url="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</ulink> +<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</ulink> </screen> <!-- xx really need examples. --> - </sect1> - </chapter> - <chapter label="13" id="Counters"> - <title>Counters</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, a list of</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>variables, a list of</primary></indexterm> -Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="13" id="Counters"> +<title>Counters</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, a list of</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>variables, a list of</primary></indexterm> +<para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or command that produces the number, except with no <literal>\</literal>. (<literal>enumi</literal>–<literal>enumiv</literal> are used for the nested enumerate environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;'s -standard document classes to control numbering.</para> - <screen> -part paragraph figure enumi +standard document classes to control numbering. +</para> +<screen>part paragraph figure enumi chapter subparagraph table enumii section page footnote enumiii subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection </screen> - <sect1 label="13.1" id="\alph-\Alph-\arabic-\roman-\Roman-\fnsymbol"> - <title><literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters</title> - <para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for -instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\alph</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>prints <replaceable>counter</replaceable> using lowercase letters: `a', `b', ….</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Alph</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', ….</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\arabic</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', ….</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\roman</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', ….</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\roman</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', ….</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\fnsymbol</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>prints the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> in a specific sequence of nine + + +<sect1 label="13.1"> +<title><literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters</title> + +<para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for +instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\alph</literal></term> +<listitem><para>prints <replaceable>counter</replaceable> using lowercase letters: `a', `b', …. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Alph</literal></term> +<listitem><para>uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', …. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arabic</literal></term> +<listitem><para>uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', …. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\roman</literal></term> +<listitem><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', …. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\roman</literal></term> +<listitem><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', …. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\fnsymbol</literal></term> +<listitem><para>prints the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> in a specific sequence of nine symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of -<replaceable>counter</replaceable> must be between 1 and 9, inclusive.</para> - <para>The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names:<literallayout> -asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel +<replaceable>counter</replaceable> must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. +</para> +<para>The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names: +</para><literallayout>asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger -</literallayout></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="13.2" id="\usecounter"> - <title><literal>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usecounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>list items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>numbered items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>} +</literallayout> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="13.2"> +<title><literal>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usecounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>list items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>numbered items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\usecounter</literal> command is used in the second argument of the +<para>The <literal>\usecounter</literal> command is used in the second argument of the <literal>list</literal> environment to specify <replaceable>counter</replaceable> to be used to number -the list items.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="13.3" id="\value"> - <title><literal>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\value</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, getting value of</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>} +the list items. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="13.3"> +<title><literal>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\value</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, getting value of</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\value</literal> command produces the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable>. It can -be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:</para> - <screen> -\setcounter{myctr}{3} +<para>The <literal>\value</literal> command produces the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable>. It can +be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: +</para> +<screen>\setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1} \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} </screen> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="13.4" id="\setcounter"> - <title><literal>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, setting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>setting counters</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\setcounter{<replaceable>\counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>} + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="13.4"> +<title><literal>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, setting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>setting counters</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\setcounter{<replaceable>\counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\setcounter</literal> command sets the value of <replaceable>\counter</replaceable> to the -<replaceable>value</replaceable> argument.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="13.5" id="\addtocounter"> - <title><literal>\addtocounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocounter</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\addtocounter</literal> command increments <replaceable>counter</replaceable> by the -amount specified by the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument, which may be negative.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="13.6" id="\refstepcounter"> - <title><literal>\refstepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\refstepcounter</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\refstepcounter</literal> command works in the same way as +<para>The <literal>\setcounter</literal> command sets the value of <replaceable>\counter</replaceable> to the +<replaceable>value</replaceable> argument. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="13.5"> +<title><literal>\addtocounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocounter</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\addtocounter</literal> command increments <replaceable>counter</replaceable> by the +amount specified by the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument, which may be negative. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="13.6"> +<title><literal>\refstepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\refstepcounter</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\refstepcounter</literal> command works in the same way as <literal>\stepcounter</literal> See <xref linkend="\stepcounter"></xref>, except it also defines the -current <literal>\ref</literal> value to be the result of <literal>\thecounter</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="13.7" id="\stepcounter"> - <title><literal>\stepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stepcounter</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\stepcounter</literal> command adds one to <replaceable>counter</replaceable> and -resets all subsidiary counters.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="13.8" id="\day-\month-\year"> - <title><literal>\day \month \year</literal>: Predefined counters</title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\year</primary></indexterm> -&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<literal>\day</literal>, +current <literal>\ref</literal> value to be the result of <literal>\thecounter</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="13.7"> +<title><literal>\stepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stepcounter</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\stepcounter</literal> command adds one to <replaceable>counter</replaceable> and +resets all subsidiary counters. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="13.8"> +<title><literal>\day \month \year</literal>: Predefined counters</title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\year</primary></indexterm> +<para>&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<literal>\day</literal>, 1–31), month of the year (<literal>\month</literal>, 1–12), and year (<literal>\year</literal>, Common Era). When &tex; starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where &tex; is running. They -are not updated as the job progresses.</para> - <para>The related command <literal>\today</literal> produces a string representing the -current day (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>).</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="14" id="Lengths"> - <title>Lengths</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining and using</primary></indexterm> -A <literal>length</literal> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a -length as an argument.</para> - - <sect1 label="14.1" id="\setlength"> - <title><literal>\setlength{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, setting</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\setlength</literal> sets the value of <replaceable>\len</replaceable> to the <replaceable>value</replaceable> +are not updated as the job progresses. +</para> +<para>The related command <literal>\today</literal> produces a string representing the +current day (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>). +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="14" id="Lengths"> +<title>Lengths</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining and using</primary></indexterm> +<para>A <literal>length</literal> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a +length as an argument. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="14.1"> +<title><literal>\setlength{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, setting</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\setlength</literal> sets the value of <replaceable>\len</replaceable> to the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex; understands, i.e., inches (<literal>in</literal>), millimeters (<literal>mm</literal>), points -(<literal>pt</literal>), big points (<literal>bp</literal>, etc.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="14.2" id="\addtolength"> - <title>\addtolength{<replaceable>\len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>amount</replaceable>}</title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtolength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, adding to</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\addtolength</literal> command increments a “length command” +(<literal>pt</literal>), big points (<literal>bp</literal>, etc. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="14.2"> +<title>\addtolength{<replaceable>\len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>amount</replaceable>}</title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtolength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, adding to</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\addtolength</literal> command increments a “length command” <replaceable>\len</replaceable> by the amount specified in the <replaceable>amount</replaceable> argument, which -may be negative.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="14.3" id="\settodepth"> - <title><literal>\settodepth</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settodepth</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</literal></para> - <para>The <literal>\settodepth</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command -equal to the depth of the <literal>text</literal> argument.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="14.4" id="\settoheight"> - <title><literal>\settoheight</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settoheight</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</literal></para> - <para>The <literal>\settoheight</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command -equal to the height of the <literal>text</literal> argument.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="14.5" id="\settowidth"> - <title><literal>\settowidth{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settowidth</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\settowidth</literal> command sets the value of the command <replaceable>\len</replaceable> -to the width of the <replaceable>text</replaceable> argument.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="14.6" id="Predefined-lengths"> - <title>Predefined lengths</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, predefined</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>predefined lengths</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\width</literal> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\width</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\height</literal> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\height</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\depth</literal> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\depth</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\totalheight</literal> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\totalheight</primary></indexterm> -These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making +may be negative. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="14.3"> +<title><literal>\settodepth</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settodepth</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</literal> +</para> +<para>The <literal>\settodepth</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command +equal to the depth of the <literal>text</literal> argument. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="14.4"> +<title><literal>\settoheight</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settoheight</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</literal> +</para> +<para>The <literal>\settoheight</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command +equal to the height of the <literal>text</literal> argument. +</para> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="14.5"> +<title><literal>\settowidth{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settowidth</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\settowidth</literal> command sets the value of the command <replaceable>\len</replaceable> +to the width of the <replaceable>text</replaceable> argument. +</para> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="14.6" id="Predefined-lengths"> +<title>Predefined lengths</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, predefined</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>predefined lengths</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\width</literal> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\width</primary></indexterm></para> +<para><literal>\height</literal> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\height</primary></indexterm></para> +<para><literal>\depth</literal> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\depth</primary></indexterm></para> +<para><literal>\totalheight</literal> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\totalheight</primary></indexterm></para> +<para>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands (see <xref linkend="Boxes"></xref>). They specify the natural width etc. of the text in the box. <literal>\totalheight</literal> equals <literal>\height</literal> + <literal>\depth</literal>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the -natural size, e.g., say</para> - <para><literal>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</literal></para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="15" id="Making-paragraphs"> - <title>Making paragraphs</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>making paragraphs</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraphs</primary></indexterm> -A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines—lines not +natural size, e.g., say +</para> +<para><literal>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</literal> +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="15" id="Making-paragraphs"> +<title>Making paragraphs</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>making paragraphs</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraphs</primary></indexterm> +<para>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines—lines not containing even a <literal>%</literal>. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of -a sectioning command.</para> +a sectioning command. +</para> + - <sect1 label="15.1" id="\indent"> - <title><literal>\indent</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, forcing</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\indent</literal> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the +<sect1 label="15.1"> +<title><literal>\indent</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, forcing</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\indent</literal> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the <literal>\parindent</literal> length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would -otherwise be suppressed.</para> - <para>The default value for <literal>\parindent</literal> is <literal>1em</literal> in two-column +otherwise be suppressed. +</para> +<para>The default value for <literal>\parindent</literal> is <literal>1em</literal> in two-column mode, otherwise <literal>15pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, <literal>17pt</literal> for -<literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>1.5em</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="15.2" id="\noindent"> - <title><literal>\noindent</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, suppressing</primary></indexterm> -When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <literal>\noindent</literal> +<literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>1.5em</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="15.2"> +<title><literal>\noindent</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, suppressing</primary></indexterm> +<para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <literal>\noindent</literal> suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in -the middle of a paragraph.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="15.3" id="\parskip"> - <title><literal>\parskip</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space before paragraphs</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\parskip</literal> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added -before each paragraph. The default is <literal>0pt plus1pt</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="15.4" id="Marginal-notes"> - <title>Marginal notes</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>marginal notes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>notes in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>remarks in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\marginpar</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\marginpar[<replaceable>left</replaceable>]{<replaceable>right</replaceable>} +the middle of a paragraph. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="15.3"> +<title><literal>\parskip</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space before paragraphs</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\parskip</literal> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added +before each paragraph. The default is <literal>0pt plus1pt</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="15.4" id="Marginal-notes"> +<title>Marginal notes</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>marginal notes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>notes in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>remarks in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\marginpar</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\marginpar[<replaceable>left</replaceable>]{<replaceable>right</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\marginpar</literal> command creates a note in the margin. The first +<para>The <literal>\marginpar</literal> command creates a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text -where the <literal>\marginpar</literal> occurs.</para> - <para>When you only specify the mandatory argument <replaceable>right</replaceable>, the text -will be placed</para> - <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> - <listitem> - <para>in the right margin for one-sided layout;</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout;</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\reversemarginpar</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalmarginpar</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\reversemarginpar</literal> places subsequent marginal notes +where the <literal>\marginpar</literal> occurs. +</para> +<para>When you only specify the mandatory argument <replaceable>right</replaceable>, the text +will be placed +</para> +<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem> +<para>in the right margin for one-sided layout; +</para></listitem> +<listitem> +<para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout; +</para></listitem> +<listitem> +<para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout. +</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\reversemarginpar</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalmarginpar</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\reversemarginpar</literal> places subsequent marginal notes in the opposite (inside) margin. <literal>\normalmarginpar</literal> places them -in the default position.</para> - <para>When you specify both arguments, <replaceable>left</replaceable> is used for the left -margin, and <replaceable>right</replaceable> is used for the right margin.</para> - <para>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable -hyphenation there by beginning the node with <literal>\hspace{0pt}</literal>.</para> - <para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\marginparpush</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<literal>7pt</literal>’ for -‘<literal>12pt</literal>’ documents, ‘<literal>5pt</literal>’ else.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\marginparsep</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default -‘<literal>11pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ documents, ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ else.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\marginparwidth</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ document +in the default position. +</para> +<para>When you specify both arguments, <replaceable>left</replaceable> is used for the left +margin, and <replaceable>right</replaceable> is used for the right margin. +</para> +<para>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable +hyphenation there by beginning the node with <literal>\hspace{0pt}</literal>. +</para> +<para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\marginparpush</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<literal>7pt</literal>’ for +‘<literal>12pt</literal>’ documents, ‘<literal>5pt</literal>’ else. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\marginparsep</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default +‘<literal>11pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ documents, ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ else. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\marginparwidth</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ document is ‘<literal>90pt</literal>’, ‘<literal>83pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>11pt</literal>’, and ‘<literal>68pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’; ‘<literal>17pt</literal>’ more in each case for a two-sided document. -In two column mode, the default is ‘<literal>48pt</literal>’.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="16" id="Math-formulas"> - <title>Math formulas</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math formulas</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, entering</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>math</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>For formulas that appear right in the text.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>displaymath</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>For formulas that appear on their own line.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>equation</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation -number in the right margin.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\(</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\[</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\]</primary></indexterm>The <literal>math</literal> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, +In two column mode, the default is ‘<literal>48pt</literal>’. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>The standard &latex; routine for marginal notes does not prevent +notes from falling off the bottom of the page. +<!-- @TeX{} FAQ entry on this topic (xx when there): --> +<!-- @url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=marginparside}. --> +<!-- (+marginfix) --> +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="16" id="Math-formulas"> +<title>Math formulas</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math formulas</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, entering</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm><para>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>math</literal></term> +<listitem><para>For formulas that appear right in the text. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>displaymath</literal></term> +<listitem><para>For formulas that appear on their own line. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>equation</literal></term> +<listitem><para>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation +number in the right margin. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\(</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\[</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\]</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>math</literal> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the <literal>displaymath</literal> and <literal>equation</literal> environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The <literal>math</literal> and <literal>displaymath</literal> -environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:</para> - <screen> -\(...\) <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \begin{math}...\end{math} +environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: +</para> +<screen>\(...\) <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \begin{math}...\end{math} \[...\] <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>$</primary></indexterm>In fact, the <literal>math</literal> environment is so common that it has an even -shorter form:</para> - <screen> -$ ... $ <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \(...\) +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>$</primary></indexterm><para>In fact, the <literal>math</literal> environment is so common that it has an even +shorter form: +</para> +<screen>$ ... $ <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \(...\) </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\boldmath</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unboldmath</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\boldmath</literal> command changes math letters and symbols to be in +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\boldmath</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unboldmath</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\boldmath</literal> command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is used <emphasis>outside</emphasis> of math mode. Conversely, the <literal>\unboldmath</literal> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; -it too is used <emphasis>outside</emphasis> of math mode.</para> +it too is used <emphasis>outside</emphasis> of math mode. +</para> <!-- xx own section? Math fonts? --> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\displaystyle</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\displaystyle</literal> declaration forces the size and style of the +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\displaystyle</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\displaystyle</literal> declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of <literal>displaymath</literal>, e.g., with limits above and -below summations. For example</para> - <screen> -$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ +below summations. For example +</para><screen>$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ </screen> <!-- xx see also \cal, \mathcal --> - <sect1 label="16.1" id="Subscripts-&-superscripts"> - <title>Subscripts & superscripts</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exponent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>^</primary></indexterm> -To get an expression <wordasword>exp</wordasword> to appear as a subscript, you just type + + + +<sect1 label="16.1" id="Subscripts-&-superscripts"> +<title>Subscripts & superscripts</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exponent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>^</primary></indexterm> +<para>To get an expression <wordasword>exp</wordasword> to appear as a subscript, you just type <literal>_{</literal><wordasword>exp</wordasword><literal>}</literal>. To get <wordasword>exp</wordasword> to appear as a superscript, you type <literal>^{</literal><wordasword>exp</wordasword><literal>}</literal>. &latex; handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a -superscript.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="16.2" id="Math-symbols"> - <title>Math symbols</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greek letters</primary></indexterm> -&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to +superscript. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="16.2" id="Math-symbols"> +<title>Math symbols</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greek letters</primary></indexterm> +<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if you include <literal>$\pi$</literal> in your source, you will get -the pi symbol (\pi) in your output.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\|</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\|</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\aleph</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\aleph</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\alpha</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\alpha</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\amalg</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\amalg (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\angle</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\angle</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\approx</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\approx (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ast</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\ast (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\asymp</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\asymp (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\backslash</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\ (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\beta</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\beta</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bigcap</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigcirc</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bigcirc (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigcup</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bigcup</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigodot</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bigodot</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigoplus</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bigoplus</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigotimes</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bigotimes</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigtriangledown</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bigtriangledown (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigtriangleup</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bigtriangleup (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigsqcup</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bigsqcup</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\biguplus</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\biguplus</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bigvee</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigwedge</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bigwedge</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bot</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bot</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bowtie</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\bowtie (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Box</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>(square open box symbol) -<!-- xx not in plain --></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bullet</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet symbol</primary></indexterm>\bullet (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\cap</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\cap (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\cdot</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\cdot (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\chi</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\chi</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\circ</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\circ (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\clubsuit</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\clubsuit</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\cong</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\cong (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\coprod</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\coprod</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\cup</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\cup (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\dagger</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\dagger (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\dashv</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\dashv (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ddagger</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\dagger (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Delta</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Delta</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\delta</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\delta</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Diamond</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>bigger \diamond -<!-- xx not in plain --></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\diamond</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\diamond (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\diamondsuit</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\diamondsuit</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\div</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\div (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\doteq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\doteq (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\downarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\downarrow (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Downarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Downarrow (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ell</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\ell</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\emptyset</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\emptyset</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\epsilon</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\epsilon</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\equiv</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\equiv (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\eta</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\eta</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\exists</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\exists</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\flat</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\flat</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\forall</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\forall</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\frown</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\frown (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Gamma</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Gamma</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\gamma</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\gamma</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ge</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\ge</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\geq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\geq (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\gets</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\gets</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\gg</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\gg (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\hbar</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\hbar</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\heartsuit</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\heartsuit</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\hookleftarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\hookleftarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\hookrightarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\hookrightarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\iff</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\iff</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Im</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Im</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\in</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\in (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\infty</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\infty</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\int</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\int</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\iota</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\iota</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Join</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) -<!-- xx not in plain --></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\kappa</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\kappa</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Lambda</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Lambda</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\lambda</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\lambda</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\land</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\land</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\langle</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\langle (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\lbrace</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\lbrace (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\lbrack</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\lbrack (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\lceil</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\lceil (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\le</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\le</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\leadsto</literal></term> -<!-- xx missing from plain --> - <listitem> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Leftarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Leftarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\leftarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\leftarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\leftharpoondown</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\leftharpoondown</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\leftharpoonup</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\leftharpoonup</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Leftrightarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Leftrightarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\leftrightarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\leftrightarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\leq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\leq (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\lfloor</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\lfloor (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\lhd</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>(left-pointing arrow head) -<!-- xx not in plain --></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ll</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\ll (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\lnot</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\lnot</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\longleftarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\longleftarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\longleftrightarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\longleftrightarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\longmapsto</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\longmapsto</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\longrightarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\longrightarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\lor</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\lor</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mapsto</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\mapsto</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mho</literal></term> -<!-- xx not in plain --> - <listitem> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mid</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\mid (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\models</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\models (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mp</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\mp (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\mu</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\mu</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\nabla</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\nabla</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\natural</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\natural</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ne</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\ne</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\nearrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\nearrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\neg</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\neg</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\neq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\neq (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ni</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\ni (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\not</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\notin</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\ni</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\nu</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\nu</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\nwarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\nwarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\odot</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\odot (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\oint</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\oint</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Omega</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Omega</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\omega</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\omega</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ominus</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\ominus (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\oplus</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\oplus (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\oslash</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\oslash (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\otimes</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\otimes (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\owns</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\owns</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\parallel</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\parallel (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\partial</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\partial</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\perp</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\perp (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\phi</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\phi</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Pi</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Pi</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\pi</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\pi</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\pm</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\pm (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\prec</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\prec (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\preceq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\preceq (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\prime</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\prime</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\prod</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\prod</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\propto</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\propto (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Psi</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Psi</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\psi</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\psi</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rangle</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\rangle (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rbrace</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\rbrace (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rbrack</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\rbrack (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rceil</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\rceil (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Re</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Re</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rfloor</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\rfloor</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rhd</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>(binary operation) -<!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} --></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rho</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\rho</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Rightarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Rightarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rightarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\rightarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rightharpoondown</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\rightharpoondown</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rightharpoonup</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\rightharpoonup</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rightleftharpoons</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\rightleftharpoons</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\searrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\searrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\setminus</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\setminus (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sharp</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sharp</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Sigma</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Sigma</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sigma</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sigma</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sim</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sim (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\simeq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\simeq (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\smallint</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\smallint</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\smile</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\smile (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\spadesuit</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\spadesuit</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sqcap</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sqcap (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sqcup</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sqcup (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sqsubset</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>(relation) -<!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) --></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sqsubseteq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sqsubseteq (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sqsupset</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>(relation) -<!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) --></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sqsupseteq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sqsupseteq (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\star</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\star (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\subset</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\subset (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\subseteq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\subseteq (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\succ</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\succ (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\succeq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\succeq (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sum</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sum</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\supset</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\supset (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\supseteq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\supseteq (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\surd</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\surd</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\swarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\swarrow</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\tau</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\tau</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\theta</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\theta</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\times</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\times (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\to</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\to</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\top</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\top</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\triangle</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\triangle</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\triangleleft</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\triangleleft (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\triangleright</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\triangleright (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\unlhd</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) -<!-- not in plain --></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\unrhd</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) -<!-- not in plain --></para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Uparrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Uparrow (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\uparrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\uparrow (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Updownarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Updownarrow (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\updownarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\updownarrow (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\uplus</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\uplus (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Upsilon</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Upsilon</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\upsilon</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\upsilon</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\varepsilon</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\varepsilon</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\varphi</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\varphi</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\varpi</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\varpi</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\varrho</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\varrho</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\varsigma</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\varsigma</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\vartheta</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\vartheta</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\vdash</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\vdash (relation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\vee</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\vee (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Vert</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Vert (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\vert</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\vert (delimiter)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\wedge</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\wedge (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\wp</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\wp</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\wr</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\wr (binary operation)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Xi</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Xi</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\xi</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\xi</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\zeta</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\zeta</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="16.3" id="Math-functions"> - <title>Math functions</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math functions</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>functions, math</primary></indexterm> -These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper -spacing.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\arccos</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\arccos</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\arcsin</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\arcsin</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\arctan</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\arctan</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\arg</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\arg</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bmod</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\cos</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\cos</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\cosh</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\cosh</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\cot</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\cos</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\coth</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\cosh</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\csc</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\csc</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\deg</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\deg</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\det</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\deg</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\dim</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\dim</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\exp</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\exp</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\gcd</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\gcd</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\hom</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\hom</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\inf</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\inf</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ker</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\ker</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\lg</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\lg</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\lim</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\lim</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\liminf</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\liminf</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\limsup</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\limsup</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ln</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\ln</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\log</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\log</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\max</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\max</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\min</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\min</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\pmod</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\Pr</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\Pr</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sec</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sec</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sin</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sin</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sinh</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sinh</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sup</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\sup</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\tan</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\tan</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\tanh</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>\tanh</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="16.4" id="Math-accents"> - <title>Math accents</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents, mathematical</primary></indexterm> -&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters +the pi symbol (\pi) in your output. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\|</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\| +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\aleph</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\aleph +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\alpha</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\alpha +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\amalg</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\amalg (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\angle</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\angle +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\approx</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\approx (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ast</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\ast (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\asymp</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\asymp (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\backslash</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\ (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\beta</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\beta +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bigcap +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcirc</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bigcirc (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcup</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bigcup +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigodot</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bigodot +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigoplus</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bigoplus +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigotimes</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bigotimes +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigtriangledown</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bigtriangledown (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigtriangleup</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bigtriangleup (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigsqcup</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bigsqcup +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\biguplus</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\biguplus +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bigvee +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigwedge</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bigwedge +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bot</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bot +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bowtie</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\bowtie (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Box</literal></term> +<listitem><para>(square open box symbol) <!-- xx not in plain --> +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bullet</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet symbol</primary></indexterm><para>\bullet (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cap</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\cap (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cdot</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\cdot (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\chi</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\chi +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\circ</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\circ (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\clubsuit</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\clubsuit +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cong</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\cong (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\coprod</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\coprod +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cup</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\cup (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dagger</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\dagger (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dashv</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\dashv (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddagger</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\dagger (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Delta</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Delta +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\delta</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\delta +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Diamond</literal></term> +<listitem><para>bigger \diamond <!-- xx not in plain --> +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\diamond</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\diamond (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\diamondsuit</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\diamondsuit +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\div</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\div (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\doteq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\doteq (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\downarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\downarrow (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Downarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Downarrow (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ell</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\ell +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\emptyset</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\emptyset +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\epsilon</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\epsilon +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\equiv</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\equiv (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\eta</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\eta +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\exists</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\exists +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\flat</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\flat +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\forall</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\forall +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\frown</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\frown (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Gamma</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Gamma +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gamma</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\gamma +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ge</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\ge +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\geq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\geq (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gets</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\gets +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gg</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\gg (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hbar</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\hbar +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\heartsuit</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\heartsuit +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hookleftarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\hookleftarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hookrightarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\hookrightarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\iff</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\iff +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Im</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Im +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\in</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\in (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\infty</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\infty +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\int</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\int +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\iota</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\iota +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Join</literal></term> +<listitem><para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) <!-- xx not in plain --> +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\kappa</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\kappa +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Lambda</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Lambda +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lambda</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\lambda +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\land</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\land +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\langle</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\langle (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lbrace</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\lbrace (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lbrack</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\lbrack (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lceil</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\lceil (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\le</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\le +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leadsto</literal></term> +<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><!-- xx missing from plain --> + +<literal>\Leftarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Leftarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\leftarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftharpoondown</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\leftharpoondown +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftharpoonup</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\leftharpoonup +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Leftrightarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Leftrightarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leftrightarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\leftrightarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\leq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\leq (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lfloor</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\lfloor (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lhd</literal></term> +<listitem><para>(left-pointing arrow head) <!-- xx not in plain --> +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ll</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\ll (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lnot</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\lnot +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longleftarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\longleftarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longleftrightarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\longleftrightarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longmapsto</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\longmapsto +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\longrightarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\longrightarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lor</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\lor +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mapsto</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\mapsto +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mho</literal></term> +<listitem><para><!-- empty table line --></para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><!-- xx not in plain --> + +<literal>\mid</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\mid (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\models</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\models (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mp</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\mp (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\mu</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\mu +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nabla</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\nabla +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\natural</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\natural +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ne</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\ne +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nearrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\nearrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\neg</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\neg +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\neq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\neq (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ni</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\ni (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\not</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\notin</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\ni +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nu</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\nu +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\nwarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\nwarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\odot</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\odot (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oint</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\oint +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Omega</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Omega +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\omega</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\omega +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ominus</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\ominus (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oplus</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\oplus (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oslash</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\oslash (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\otimes</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\otimes (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\owns</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\owns +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\parallel</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\parallel (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\partial</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\partial +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\perp</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\perp (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\phi</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\phi +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Pi</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Pi +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pi</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\pi +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pm</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\pm (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\prec</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\prec (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\preceq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\preceq (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\prime</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\prime +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\prod</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\prod +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\propto</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\propto (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Psi</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Psi +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\psi</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\psi +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rangle</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\rangle (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rbrace</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\rbrace (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rbrack</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\rbrack (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rceil</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\rceil (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Re</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Re +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rfloor</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\rfloor +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rhd</literal></term> +<listitem><para>(binary operation) <!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} --> +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rho</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\rho +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Rightarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Rightarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\rightarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightharpoondown</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\rightharpoondown +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightharpoonup</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\rightharpoonup +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rightleftharpoons</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\rightleftharpoons +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\searrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\searrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\setminus</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\setminus (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sharp</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sharp +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Sigma</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Sigma +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sigma</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sigma +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sim</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sim (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\simeq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\simeq (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smallint</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\smallint +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smile</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\smile (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\spadesuit</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\spadesuit +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqcap</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sqcap (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqcup</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sqcup (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsubset</literal></term> +<listitem><para>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) --> +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsubseteq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sqsubseteq (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsupset</literal></term> +<listitem><para>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) --> +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqsupseteq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sqsupseteq (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\star</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\star (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subset</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\subset (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\subseteq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\subseteq (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\succ</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\succ (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\succeq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\succeq (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sum</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sum +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\supset</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\supset (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\supseteq</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\supseteq (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\surd</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\surd +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\swarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\swarrow +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tau</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\tau +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\theta</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\theta +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\times</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\times (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\to</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\to +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\top</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\top +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\triangle</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\triangle +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\triangleleft</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\triangleleft (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\triangleright</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\triangleright (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\unlhd</literal></term> +<listitem><para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain --> +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\unrhd</literal></term> +<listitem><para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain --> +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Uparrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Uparrow (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\uparrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\uparrow (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Updownarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Updownarrow (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\updownarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\updownarrow (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\uplus</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\uplus (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Upsilon</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Upsilon +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\upsilon</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\upsilon +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varepsilon</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\varepsilon +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varphi</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\varphi +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varpi</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\varpi +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varrho</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\varrho +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\varsigma</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\varsigma +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vartheta</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\vartheta +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vdash</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\vdash (relation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vee</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\vee (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Vert</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Vert (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vert</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\vert (delimiter) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\wedge</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\wedge (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\wp</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\wp +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\wr</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\wr (binary operation) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Xi</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Xi +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\xi</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\xi +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\zeta</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\zeta +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="16.3" id="Math-functions"> +<title>Math functions</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math functions</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>functions, math</primary></indexterm> +<para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper +spacing. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\arccos</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\arccos +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arcsin</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\arcsin +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arctan</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\arctan +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\arg</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\arg +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bmod</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cos</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\cos +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cosh</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\cosh +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cot</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\cos +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\coth</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\cosh +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\csc</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\csc +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\deg</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\deg +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\det</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\deg +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dim</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\dim +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\exp</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\exp +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\gcd</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\gcd +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hom</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\hom +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\inf</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\inf +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ker</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\ker +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lg</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\lg +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lim</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\lim +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\liminf</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\liminf +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\limsup</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\limsup +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ln</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\ln +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\log</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\log +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\max</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\max +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\min</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\min +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pmod</literal></term> +<listitem><para>parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1) +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\Pr</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\Pr +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sec</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sec +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sin</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sin +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sinh</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sinh +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sup</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\sup +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tan</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\tan +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tanh</literal></term> +<listitem><para>\tanh +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="16.4" id="Math-accents"> +<title>Math accents</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents, mathematical</primary></indexterm> +<para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text -(see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>).</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\acute</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math acute accent: \acutex.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bar</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math bar-over accent: \barx.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\breve</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math breve accent: \brevex.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\check</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hác<ek accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math hác<ek (check) accent: \checkx.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ddot</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dot accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math dieresis accent: \ddotx.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\dot</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overdot accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot over accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math dot accent: \dotx.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\grave</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math grave accent: \gravex.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\hat</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\imath</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i, math</primary></indexterm>Math dotless i.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\jmath</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j, math</primary></indexterm>Math dotless j.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\tilde</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math tilde accent: \tildex.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\vec</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vector symbol, math</primary></indexterm>Math vector symbol: \vecx.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\widehat</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide hat accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\widehat</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide tile accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="16.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode"> - <title>Spacing in math mode</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing within math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, spacing</primary></indexterm> -In a <literal>math</literal> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and +(see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>). +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\acute</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math acute accent: \acute{x}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\bar</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\breve</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math breve accent: \breve{x}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\check</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hác<ek accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math hác<ek (check) accent: \check{x}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddot</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dot accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dot</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overdot accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot over accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dot accent: \dot{x}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\grave</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math grave accent: \grave{x}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\hat</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\imath</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dotless i. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\jmath</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math dotless j. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\tilde</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vec</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vector symbol, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math vector symbol: \vec{x}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\widehat</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide hat accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\widehat</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide tile accent, math</primary></indexterm><para>Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="16.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode"> +<title>Spacing in math mode</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing within math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, spacing</primary></indexterm> +<para>In a <literal>math</literal> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, &latex; provides the following -commands for use in math mode:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\;</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\;</primary></indexterm>A thick space (5\over18\,quad).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\:</literal></term> - <term><literal>\></literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\:</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\></primary></indexterm>Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\,</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\,</primary></indexterm>A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\!</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="16.6" id="Math-miscellany"> - <title>Math miscellany</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math miscellany</primary></indexterm></para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\*</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>discretionary multiplication</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</primary></indexterm>A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is -allowed.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\cdots</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ddots</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\frac{num}{den}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frac</primary></indexterm>Produces the fraction <literal>num</literal> divided by <literal>den</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\left <replaceable>delim1</replaceable> ... \right <replaceable>delim2</replaceable></literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\right</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>null delimiter</primary></indexterm>The two delimiters need not match; ‘<literal>.</literal>’ acts as a null delimiter, +commands for use in math mode: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\;</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\;</primary></indexterm><para>A thick space (5\over18\,quad). +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\:</literal></term> +<term><literal>\></literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\:</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\></primary></indexterm><para>Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\,</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\,</primary></indexterm><para>A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\!</literal></term> +<listitem><para>A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad). +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="16.6" id="Math-miscellany"> +<title>Math miscellany</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math miscellany</primary></indexterm> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\*</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>discretionary multiplication</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</primary></indexterm><para>A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is +allowed. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\cdots</literal></term> +<listitem><para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddots</literal></term> +<listitem><para>A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\frac{num}{den}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frac</primary></indexterm><para>Produces the fraction <literal>num</literal> divided by <literal>den</literal>. +</para> + +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\left <replaceable>delim1</replaceable> ... \right <replaceable>delim2</replaceable></literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\right</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>null delimiter</primary></indexterm><para>The two delimiters need not match; ‘<literal>.</literal>’ acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math -in between. Example: <literal>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\overbrace{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Generates a brace over <replaceable>text</replaceable>. -For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k \rm\;times.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Generates a horizontal line over <replaceable>tex</replaceable>. -For exampe, \overlinex+y.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Produces the representation of the square root of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The +in between. Example: <literal>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\overbrace{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Generates a brace over <replaceable>text</replaceable>. +For example, \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <replaceable>tex</replaceable>. +For exampe, \overline{x+y}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The optional argument <replaceable>root</replaceable> determines what root to produce. For example, the cube root of <literal>x+y</literal> would be typed as -<literal>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\stackrel{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>relation</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Puts <replaceable>text</replaceable> above <replaceable>relation</replaceable>. For example, -<literal>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\underbrace{math}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Generates <replaceable>math</replaceable> with a brace underneath.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\underline{text}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Causes <replaceable>text</replaceable>, which may be either math mode or not, to be +<literal>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\stackrel{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>relation</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Puts <replaceable>text</replaceable> above <replaceable>relation</replaceable>. For example, +<literal>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\underbrace{math}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Generates <replaceable>math</replaceable> with a brace underneath. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\underline{text}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Causes <replaceable>text</replaceable>, which may be either math mode or not, to be underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of -descenders.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\vdots</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vdots</primary></indexterm>Produces a vertical ellipsis.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="17" id="Modes"> - <title>Modes</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>modes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-to-right mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lR mode</primary></indexterm></para> - <para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three -modes:</para> - <itemizedlist mark="bullet"> - <listitem> - <para>Paragraph mode</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>Math mode</para> - </listitem> - <listitem> - <para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - <para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a +descenders. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\vdots</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vdots</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a vertical ellipsis. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="17" id="Modes"> +<title>Modes</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>modes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-to-right mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lR mode</primary></indexterm> + +<para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three +modes: +</para> +<itemizedlist mark="bullet"><listitem> +<para>Paragraph mode +</para></listitem> +<listitem> +<para>Math mode +</para></listitem> +<listitem> +<para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short +</para></listitem> +</itemizedlist> +<para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when -&latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.</para> - <para>“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it's the one &latex; is in +&latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. +</para> +<para>“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it's the one &latex; is in when processing ordinary text. In that mode, &latex; breaks your text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. &latex; is in “math mode” when it's generating a mathematical formula. In “LR @@ -5143,8 +4054,9 @@ unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an <literal>\mbox</literal>, &latex; would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting -box was too wide to fit on the line.</para> - <para>&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <literal>\mbox</literal> +box was too wide to fit on the line. +</para> +<para>&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <literal>\mbox</literal> command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are also several text-producing commands and environments for @@ -5152,1626 +4064,1394 @@ making a box that put &latex; in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or environments will be called a <literal>parbox</literal>. When &latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in “inner paragraph mode”. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out -in, is called “outer paragraph mode”.</para> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="18" id="Page-styles"> - <title>Page styles</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles, page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page styles</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command determines the size and position of -the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.</para> - - <sect1 label="18.1" id="\maketitle"> - <title><literal>\maketitle</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>titles, making</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\maketitle</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\maketitle</literal> command generates a title on a separate title +in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. +</para> + +</chapter> +<chapter label="18" id="Page-styles"> +<title>Page styles</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles, page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page styles</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command determines the size and position of +the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="18.1"> +<title><literal>\maketitle</literal></title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>titles, making</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\maketitle</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\maketitle</literal> command generates a title on a separate title page—except in the <literal>article</literal> class, where the title is placed at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title -is obtained from the following declarations:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\author{<replaceable>name</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>author, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\and for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm>The <literal>\author</literal> command declares the document author(s), where the +is obtained from the following declarations: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\author{<replaceable>name</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>author, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\and for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\author</literal> command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors separated by <literal>\and</literal> commands. Use <literal>\\</literal> to separate lines within a single author's entry—for -example, to give the author's institution or address.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\date{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>date, for titlepage</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\date</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the document's +example, to give the author's institution or address. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\date{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>date, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\date</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the document's date. With no <literal>\date</literal> command, the current date (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>) -is used.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\thanks{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thanks, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>credit footnote</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\thanks</literal> command produces a <literal>\footnote</literal> to the title, -usually used for credit acknowledgements.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\title</literal></primary></indexterm>The <literal>\title</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the title of the -document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="18.2" id="\pagenumbering"> - <title><literal>\pagenumbering</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagenumbering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page numbering style</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\pagenumbering{<replaceable>style</replaceable>} +is used. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\thanks{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thanks, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>credit footnote</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\thanks</literal> command produces a <literal>\footnote</literal> to the title, +usually used for credit acknowledgements. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\title</literal></primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\title</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the title of the +document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="18.2"> +<title><literal>\pagenumbering</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagenumbering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page numbering style</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\pagenumbering{<replaceable>style</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>arabic</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>arabic numerals</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>roman</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>lowercase Roman numerals</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>Roman</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>uppercase Roman numerals</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>alph</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>lowercase letters</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>Alph</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>uppercase letters</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="18.3" id="\pagestyle"> - <title><literal>\pagestyle</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagestyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer style</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\pagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>} +<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>arabic</literal></term> +<listitem><para>arabic numerals +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>roman</literal></term> +<listitem><para>lowercase Roman numerals +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>Roman</literal></term> +<listitem><para>uppercase Roman numerals +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>alph</literal></term> +<listitem><para>lowercase letters +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>Alph</literal></term> +<listitem><para>uppercase letters +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="18.3"> +<title><literal>\pagestyle</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagestyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer style</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\pagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\pagestyle</literal> command specifies how the headers and footers -are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for <replaceable>style</replaceable>:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>plain</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Just a plain page number.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>empty</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>headings</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what -goes in the headers.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>myheadings</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Custom headers, specified via the <literal>\markboth</literal> or the -<literal>\markright</literal> commands.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>Here are the descriptions of <literal>\markboth</literal> and <literal>\markright</literal>:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\markboth{<replaceable>left</replaceable>}{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A “left-hand heading” +<para>The <literal>\pagestyle</literal> command specifies how the headers and footers +are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for <replaceable>style</replaceable>: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>plain</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Just a plain page number. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>empty</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>headings</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what +goes in the headers. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>myheadings</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Custom headers, specified via the <literal>\markboth</literal> or the +<literal>\markright</literal> commands. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>Here are the descriptions of <literal>\markboth</literal> and <literal>\markright</literal>: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\markboth{<replaceable>left</replaceable>}{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A “left-hand heading” (<replaceable>left</replaceable>) is generated by the last <literal>\markboth</literal> command before the end of the page, while a “right-hand heading” (<replaceable>right</replaceable> is generated by the first <literal>\markboth</literal> or <literal>\markright</literal> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before -the page.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="18.4" id="\thispagestyle"> - <title><literal>\thispagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thispagestyle</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\thispagestyle</literal> command works in the same manner as the +the page. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="18.4"> +<title><literal>\thispagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thispagestyle</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\thispagestyle</literal> command works in the same manner as the <literal>\pagestyle</literal> command (see previous section) except that it -changes to <replaceable>style</replaceable> for the current page only.</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="19" id="Spaces"> - <title>Spaces</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces</primary></indexterm> -&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.</para> - <para>Another space-producing command is <literal>\,</literal> to produce a “thin” +changes to <replaceable>style</replaceable> for the current page only. +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="19" id="Spaces"> +<title>Spaces</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces</primary></indexterm> +<para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. +</para> +<para>Another space-producing command is <literal>\,</literal> to produce a “thin” space (usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is -more often useful in math mode (see <xref linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode"></xref>).</para> - - <sect1 label="19.1" id="\hspace"> - <title><literal>\hspace</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hspace</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\hspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>} +more often useful in math mode (see <xref linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode"></xref>). +</para> + + +<sect1 label="19.1"> +<title><literal>\hspace</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hspace</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\hspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\hspace</literal> command adds horizontal space. The <replaceable>length</replaceable> +<para>The <literal>\hspace</literal> command adds horizontal space. The <replaceable>length</replaceable> argument can be expressed in any terms that &latex; understands: points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both negative and positive space with an <literal>\hspace</literal> command; adding -negative space is like backspacing.</para> - <para>&latex; normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning +negative space is like backspacing. +</para> +<para>&latex; normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional <literal>*</literal> -form.</para> - </sect1> +form. +</para> - <sect1 label="19.2" id="\hfill"> - <title><literal>\hfill</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hfill</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\hfill</literal> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has +</sect1> +<sect1 label="19.2"> +<title><literal>\hfill</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hfill</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\hfill</literal> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as -needed.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fill</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\fill</literal> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, +needed. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fill</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\fill</literal> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the glue value ‘<literal>0pt plus1fill</literal>’); thus, <literal>\hspace\fill</literal> is -equivalent to <literal>\hfill</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="19.3" id="\SPACE"> - <title><literal>\SPACE</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SPACE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TAB</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NEWLINE</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\ </literal> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's +equivalent to <literal>\hfill</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="19.3"> +<title><literal>\SPACE</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SPACE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TAB</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NEWLINE</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\ </literal> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example <literal>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</literal>. It is also often used after control sequences, as in <literal>\TeX\ is a -nice system.</literal></para> - <para>In normal circumstances, <literal>\</literal><keycap>tab</keycap> and <literal>\</literal><keycap>newline</keycap> -are equivalent to <literal>\ </literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="19.4" id="\AT"> - <title><literal>\@</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\@</literal> command makes the following punctuation character end a +nice system.</literal> +</para> +<para>In normal circumstances, <literal>\</literal><keycap>tab</keycap> and <literal>\</literal><keycap>newline</keycap> +are equivalent to <literal>\ </literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="19.4"> +<title><literal>\@</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\@</literal> command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without -<literal>\@</literal>:</para> - <screen> -… in C\@. Pascal, though … +<literal>\@</literal>: +</para> +<screen>… in C\@. Pascal, though … … in C. Pascal, though … </screen> - <para role="continues">produces</para> +<para>produces +</para> <!-- Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. --> - <blockquote> - <para>… in C. Pascal, though … -… in C. Pascal, though …</para> - </blockquote> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="19.5" id="\thinspace"> - <title><literal>\thinspace</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\thinspace</literal> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that -is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as -in '”.</para> - </sect1> +<blockquote><para>… in C. Pascal, though … +… in C. Pascal, though … +</para></blockquote> + - <sect1 label="19.6" id="\/"> - <title><literal>\/</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\/</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\/</literal> command produces an <firstterm>italic correction</firstterm>. This is a +</sect1> +<sect1 label="19.5"> +<title><literal>\thinspace</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\thinspace</literal> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that +is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as +in '”. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="19.6"> +<title><literal>\/</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\/</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\/</literal> command produces an <firstterm>italic correction</firstterm>. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic -<wordasword>f</wordasword> character typically has a large italic correction value.</para> - <para>If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to +<wordasword>f</wordasword> character typically has a large italic correction value. +</para> +<para>If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as normal letters, it can help. Compare <wordasword>f: f;</wordasword> (in the &tex; output, the `f's are nicely separated) -with <wordasword>f: f;</wordasword>.</para> - <para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic +with <wordasword>f: f;</wordasword>. +</para> +<para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the `f') -with pdf&tex;.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="19.7" id="\hrulefill"> - <title><literal>\hrulefill</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\hrulefill</literal> fill command produces a “rubber length” which can +with pdf&tex;. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="19.7"> +<title><literal>\hrulefill</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\hrulefill</literal> fill command produces a “rubber length” which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal -rule.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="19.8" id="\dotfill"> - <title><literal>\dotfill</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\dotfill</literal> command produces a “rubber length” that fills -with dots instead of just white space.</para> -<!-- xx undone --> - </sect1> +rule. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="19.8"> +<title><literal>\dotfill</literal></title> - <sect1 label="19.9" id="\addvspace"> - <title><literal>\addvspace</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addvspace</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>space, inserting vertical</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\addvspace{length}</literal></para> - <para>The <literal>\addvspace</literal> command normally adds a vertical space of height +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\dotfill</literal> command produces a “rubber length” that fills +with dots instead of just white space. +</para> + +<!-- xx undone --> +</sect1> +<sect1 label="19.9"> +<title><literal>\addvspace</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addvspace</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>space, inserting vertical</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\addvspace{length}</literal> +</para> +<para>The <literal>\addvspace</literal> command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous <literal>\addvspace</literal> command, then this command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length -of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="19.10" id="\bigskip-\medskip-\smallskip"> - <title><literal>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</literal></title> - <para>These commands produce a given amount of space.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\bigskip</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskipamount</primary></indexterm>The same as <literal>\vspace{bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line -space (with stretch and shrink).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\medskip</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskipamount</primary></indexterm>The same as <literal>\vspace{medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily -about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\smallskip</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskipamount</primary></indexterm>The same as <literal>\vspace{smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a -quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>The <literal>\...amount</literal> parameters are determined by the document class.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="19.11" id="\vfill"> - <title><literal>\vfill</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vfill</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\vfill</literal> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which +of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="19.10"> +<title><literal>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</literal></title> + +<para>These commands produce a given amount of space. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigskip</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskipamount</primary></indexterm><para>The same as <literal>\vspace{bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line +space (with stretch and shrink). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\medskip</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskipamount</primary></indexterm><para>The same as <literal>\vspace{medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily +about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smallskip</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskipamount</primary></indexterm><para>The same as <literal>\vspace{smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a +quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>The <literal>\...amount</literal> parameters are determined by the document class. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="19.11"> +<title><literal>\vfill</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vfill</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\vfill</literal> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to -<literal>\vspace{\fill}</literal> (see <xref linkend="\hfill"></xref>).</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="19.12" id="\vspace"> - <title><literal>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vspace</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>} +<literal>\vspace{\fill}</literal> (see <xref linkend="\hfill"></xref>). +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="19.12"> +<title><literal>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vspace</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\vspace</literal> command adds the vertical space <replaceable>length</replaceable>, i.e., -a rubber length. <replaceable>length</replaceable> can be negative or positive.</para> - <para>Ordinarily, &latex; removes vertical space added by <literal>\vspace</literal> at +<para>The <literal>\vspace</literal> command adds the vertical space <replaceable>length</replaceable>, i.e., +a rubber length. <replaceable>length</replaceable> can be negative or positive. +</para> +<para>Ordinarily, &latex; removes vertical space added by <literal>\vspace</literal> at the top or bottom of a page. With the optional <literal>*</literal> argument, the -space is not removed.</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="20" id="Boxes"> - <title>Boxes</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>boxes</primary></indexterm> -All the predefined length parameters (see <xref linkend="Predefined-lengths"></xref>) can be -used in the arguments of the box-making commands.</para> - - <sect1 label="20.1" id="\mbox"> - <title><literal>\mbox{<replaceable>text}</replaceable></literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, preventing</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\mbox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the +space is not removed. +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="20" id="Boxes"> +<title>Boxes</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>boxes</primary></indexterm> +<para>All the predefined length parameters (see <xref linkend="Predefined-lengths"></xref>) can be +used in the arguments of the box-making commands. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="20.1"> +<title><literal>\mbox{<replaceable>text}</replaceable></literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, preventing</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\mbox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is not broken into -lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="20.2" id="\fbox-and-\framebox"> - <title><literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm> -Synopses:</para> - <screen> -\fbox{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="20.2"> +<title><literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopses: +</para> +<screen>\fbox{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} \framebox[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal> commands are like <literal>\mbox</literal>, -except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.</para> - <para>In addition, the <literal>\framebox</literal> command allows for explicit +<para>The <literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal> commands are like <literal>\mbox</literal>, +except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created. +</para> +<para>In addition, the <literal>\framebox</literal> command allows for explicit specification of the box width with the optional <replaceable>width</replaceable> argument (a dimension), and positioning with the optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> -argument. -<!-- xxref --> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <literal>\fboxrule</literal> (default +argument. <!-- xxref --> +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm><para>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <literal>\fboxrule</literal> (default ‘<literal>.4pt</literal>’), and leave a space of <literal>\fboxsep</literal> (default -‘<literal>3pt</literal>’) between the rule and the contents of the box.</para> - <para>See <xref linkend="\framebox-(picture)"></xref>, for the <literal>\framebox</literal> command in the -<literal>picture</literal> environment.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="20.3" id="lrbox"> - <title><literal>lrbox</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lrbox</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</literal></para> - <para>This is the environment form of <literal>\sbox</literal>.</para> - <para>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <literal>cmd</literal>, which -must have been declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="20.4" id="\makebox"> - <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\makebox[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +‘<literal>3pt</literal>’) between the rule and the contents of the box. +</para> +<para>See <xref linkend="\framebox-(picture)"></xref>, for the <literal>\framebox</literal> command in the +<literal>picture</literal> environment. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="20.3"> +<title><literal>lrbox</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lrbox</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</literal> +</para> +<para>This is the environment form of <literal>\sbox</literal>. +</para> +<para>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <literal>cmd</literal>, which +must have been declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="20.4"> +<title><literal>\makebox</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\makebox[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to contain +<para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to contain the <replaceable>text</replaceable> specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional <replaceable>width</replaceable> argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> argument, which may take -the following values:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>c</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Centered (default).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>l</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Flush left.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>r</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Flush right.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>s</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Stretch (justify) across entire <replaceable>width</replaceable>; <replaceable>text</replaceable> must contain -stretchable space for this to work.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para><literal>\makebox</literal> is also used within the picture environment -see <xref linkend="\makebox-(picture)"></xref>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="20.5" id="\parbox"> - <title><literal>\parbox</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parbox</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\parbox[<replaceable>position</replaceable>][<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +the following values: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Centered (default). +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>l</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Flush left. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>r</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Flush right. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>s</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Stretch (justify) across entire <replaceable>width</replaceable>; <replaceable>text</replaceable> must contain +stretchable space for this to work. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para><literal>\makebox</literal> is also used within the picture environment +see <xref linkend="\makebox-(picture)"></xref>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="20.5"> +<title><literal>\parbox</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parbox</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\parbox[<replaceable>position</replaceable>][<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\parbox</literal> command produces a box whose contents are created +<para>The <literal>\parbox</literal> command produces a box whose contents are created in <literal>paragraph</literal> mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a <literal>\parbox</literal> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a -<literal>minipage</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="minipage"></xref>).</para> - <para><literal>\parbox</literal> has two mandatory arguments:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>the width of the parbox;</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>the text that goes inside the parbox.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para>The optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> argument allows you to align either the +<literal>minipage</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="minipage"></xref>). +</para> +<para><literal>\parbox</literal> has two mandatory arguments: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>the width of the parbox; +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>the text that goes inside the parbox. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>The optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> argument allows you to align either the top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding -text (default is top).</para> - <para>The optional <replaceable>height</replaceable> argument overrides the natural height of the box.</para> - <para>The <replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable> argument controls the placement of the text inside -the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <replaceable>position</replaceable> is used.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>t</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>text is placed at the top of the box.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>c</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>text is centered in the box.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>b</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>text is placed at the bottom of the box.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>s</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space -for this to work.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="20.6" id="\raisebox"> - <title><literal>\raisebox</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raisebox</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\raisebox{distance}[<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>depth</replaceable>]{text} +text (default is top). +</para> +<para>The optional <replaceable>height</replaceable> argument overrides the natural height of the box. +</para> +<para>The <replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable> argument controls the placement of the text inside +the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <replaceable>position</replaceable> is used. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal></term> +<listitem><para>text is placed at the top of the box. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal></term> +<listitem><para>text is centered in the box. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>b</literal></term> +<listitem><para>text is placed at the bottom of the box. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>s</literal></term> +<listitem><para>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space +for this to work. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="20.6"> +<title><literal>\raisebox</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raisebox</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\raisebox{distance}[<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>depth</replaceable>]{text} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\raisebox</literal> command raises or lowers <replaceable>text</replaceable>. The first +<para>The <literal>\raisebox</literal> command raises or lowers <replaceable>text</replaceable>. The first mandatory argument specifies how high <replaceable>text</replaceable> is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). <replaceable>text</replaceable> itself is processed -in LR mode.</para> - <para>The optional arguments <replaceable>height</replaceable> and <replaceable>depth</replaceable> are dimensions. +in LR mode. +</para> +<para>The optional arguments <replaceable>height</replaceable> and <replaceable>depth</replaceable> are dimensions. If they are specified, &latex; treats <replaceable>text</replaceable> as extending a certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), -ignoring its natural height and depth.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="20.7" id="\savebox"> - <title><literal>\savebox</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\savebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +ignoring its natural height and depth. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="20.7"> +<title><literal>\savebox</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\savebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>This command typeset <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\makebox</literal> +<para>This command typeset <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\makebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\makebox"></xref>), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in the box labeled <replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>, which must have been -declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>).</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="20.8" id="\sbox"> - <title><literal>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>). +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="20.8"> +<title><literal>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} </screen> - <para><literal>\sbox</literal> types <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\mbox</literal> +<para><literal>\sbox</literal> types <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\mbox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\mbox"></xref>) except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled <replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>. <replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable> must have been previously declared with -<literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>).</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="20.9" id="\usebox"> - <title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable></literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usebox</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>} +<literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>). +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="20.9"> +<title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable></literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usebox</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>} </screen> - <para><literal>\usebox</literal> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin -<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable> by a <literal>\savebox</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\savebox"></xref>).</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="21" id="Special-insertions"> - <title>Special insertions</title> - <para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a -special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.</para> - - <sect1 label="21.1" id="Reserved-characters"> - <title>Reserved characters</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm> -The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called -“reserved characters” or “special characters”.</para> - <screen> -# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +<para><literal>\usebox</literal> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin +<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable> by a <literal>\savebox</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\savebox"></xref>). +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="21" id="Special-insertions"> +<title>Special insertions</title> + +<para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a +special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="21.1" id="Reserved-characters"> +<title>Reserved characters</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm> +<para>The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called +“reserved characters” or “special characters”. +</para> +<screen># $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } </screen> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\#</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\$</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\%</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\{</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\}</primary></indexterm>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex; +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\#</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\$</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\%</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\{</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\}</primary></indexterm><para>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex; will do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as itself, include a <literal>\</literal> in front of the character. For -example, <literal>\$</literal> will produce <literal>$</literal> in your output.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backslash</primary></indexterm>One exception to this rule is <literal>\</literal> itself, because <literal>\\</literal> has +example, <literal>\$</literal> will produce <literal>$</literal> in your output. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backslash</primary></indexterm><para>One exception to this rule is <literal>\</literal> itself, because <literal>\\</literal> has its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing <literal>$\backslash$</literal> in your file, and a typewriter <literal>\</literal> is -produced by using ‘<literal>\</literal>’ in a verbatim command (see <xref linkend="verbatim"></xref>).</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^</primary></indexterm>Also, <literal>\~</literal> and <literal>\^</literal> place tilde and circumflex accents over +produced by using ‘<literal>\</literal>’ in a verbatim command (see <xref linkend="verbatim"></xref>). +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^</primary></indexterm><para>Also, <literal>\~</literal> and <literal>\^</literal> place tilde and circumflex accents over the following letter, as in õ and ô (see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>); to get a standalone <literal>~</literal> or <literal>^</literal>, you can again use a verbatim -command.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accessing any character of a font</primary></indexterm> -Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you +command. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accessing any character of a font</primary></indexterm> +<para>Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you know its number by using the <literal>\symbol</literal> command. For example, the visible space character used in the <literal>\verb*</literal> command has the code -decimal 32, so it can be typed as <literal>\symbol{32}</literal>.</para> - <para>You can also specify octal numbers with <literal>'</literal> or hexadecimal numbers -with <literal>"</literal>, so the previous example could also be written as -<literal>\symbol{'40}</literal> or <literal>\symbol{"20}</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="21.2" id="Text-symbols"> - <title>Text symbols</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>textcomp package</primary></indexterm>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols +decimal 32, so it can be typed as <literal>\symbol{32}</literal>. +</para> +<para>You can also specify octal numbers with <literal>'</literal> or hexadecimal numbers +with <literal>"</literal>, so the previous example could also be written as +<literal>\symbol{'40}</literal> or <literal>\symbol{"20}</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="21.2" id="Text-symbols"> +<title>Text symbols</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>textcomp package</primary></indexterm><para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are -not available in OT1; you may need to load the <literal>textcomp</literal> package.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\copyright</literal></term> - <term><literal>\textcopyright</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>copyright symbol</primary></indexterm>The copyright symbol, ©.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\dag</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>The dagger symbol (in text).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ddag</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>The double dagger symbol (in text).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\LaTeX</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;</primary></indexterm>The &latex; logo.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\guillemotleft («)</literal></term> - <term><literal>\guillemotright (»)</literal></term> - <term><literal>\guilsinglleft (<)</literal></term> - <term><literal>\guilsinglright (>)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double guillemets</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single guillemets</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>French quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quotation marks, French</primary></indexterm>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: -«, », <, >.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ldots</literal></term> - <term><literal>\dots</literal></term> - <term><literal>\textellipsis</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `…'. <literal>\ldots</literal> -and <literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\lq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>opening quote</primary></indexterm>Left (opening) quote: `.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\P</literal></term> - <term><literal>\textparagraph</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pilcrow</primary></indexterm>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\pounds</literal></term> - <term><literal>\textsterling</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pounds symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sterling symbol</primary></indexterm>English pounds sterling: £.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\quotedblbase („)</literal></term> - <term><literal>\quotesinglbase (‚)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-9 quotation marks, single and double</primary></indexterm>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: -„ and ‚.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\rq</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing quote</primary></indexterm>Right (closing) quote: '.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\S</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section symbol</primary></indexterm>Section symbol.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\TeX</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&tex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &tex;</primary></indexterm>The &tex; logo.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textasciicircum</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII circumflex, in text</primary></indexterm>ASCII circumflex: ^.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textasciitilde</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII tilde, in text</primary></indexterm>ASCII tilde: ~.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textasteriskcentered</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>asterisk, centered, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered asterisk, in text</primary></indexterm>Centered asterisk: *.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textbackslash</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>backslash, in text</primary></indexterm>Backslash: \.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textbar</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, vertical, in text</primary></indexterm>Vertical bar: |.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textbardbl</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, double, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, double vertical, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm>Double vertical bar.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textbigcircle</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>big circle symbols, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circle symbol, big, in text</primary></indexterm>Big circle symbol.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textbraceleft</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left brace, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, left, in text</primary></indexterm>Left brace: {.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textbraceright</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right brace, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, right, in text</primary></indexterm>Right brace: }.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textbullet</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet, in text</primary></indexterm>Bullet: •.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textcircled{<replaceable>letter</replaceable>}</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circled letter, in text</primary></indexterm><replaceable>letter</replaceable> in a circle, as in ®.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textcompwordmark</literal></term> - <term><literal>\textcapitalwordmark</literal></term> - <term><literal>\textascenderwordmark</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>composite word mark, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cap height</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ascender height</primary></indexterm>Composite word mark (invisible). The <literal>\textcapital...</literal> form +not available in OT1; you may need to load the <literal>textcomp</literal> package. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\copyright</literal></term> +<term><literal>\textcopyright</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>copyright symbol</primary></indexterm><para>The copyright symbol, ©. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dag</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>The dagger symbol (in text). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ddag</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>The double dagger symbol (in text). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\LaTeX</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;</primary></indexterm><para>The &latex; logo. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\guillemotleft («)</literal></term> +<term><literal>\guillemotright (»)</literal></term> +<term><literal>\guilsinglleft (<)</literal></term> +<term><literal>\guilsinglright (>)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double guillemets</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single guillemets</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single angle quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>French quotation marks</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quotation marks, French</primary></indexterm><para>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: +«, », <, >. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ldots</literal></term> +<term><literal>\dots</literal></term> +<term><literal>\textellipsis</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm><para>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `…'. <literal>\ldots</literal> +and <literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\lq</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>opening quote</primary></indexterm><para>Left (opening) quote: `. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\P</literal></term> +<term><literal>\textparagraph</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pilcrow</primary></indexterm><para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\pounds</literal></term> +<term><literal>\textsterling</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pounds symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sterling symbol</primary></indexterm><para>English pounds sterling: £. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\quotedblbase („)</literal></term> +<term><literal>\quotesinglbase (‚)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-9 quotation marks, single and double</primary></indexterm><para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: +„ and ‚. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\rq</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing quote</primary></indexterm><para>Right (closing) quote: '. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\S</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Section symbol. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\TeX</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&tex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &tex;</primary></indexterm><para>The &tex; logo. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textasciicircum</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII circumflex, in text</primary></indexterm><para>ASCII circumflex: ^. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textasciitilde</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde, ASCII, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ASCII tilde, in text</primary></indexterm><para>ASCII tilde: ~. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textasteriskcentered</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>asterisk, centered, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered asterisk, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Centered asterisk: *. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbackslash</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>backslash, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Backslash: \. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbar</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, vertical, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Vertical bar: |. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbardbl</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, double, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, double vertical, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Double vertical bar. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbigcircle</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>big circle symbols, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circle symbol, big, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Big circle symbol. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbraceleft</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left brace, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, left, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Left brace: {. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbraceright</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right brace, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, right, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Right brace: }. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textbullet</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Bullet: •. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textcircled{<replaceable>letter</replaceable>}</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circled letter, in text</primary></indexterm><para><replaceable>letter</replaceable> in a circle, as in ®. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textcompwordmark</literal></term> +<term><literal>\textcapitalwordmark</literal></term> +<term><literal>\textascenderwordmark</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>composite word mark, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cap height</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ascender height</primary></indexterm><para>Composite word mark (invisible). The <literal>\textcapital...</literal> form has the cap height of the font, while the <literal>\textascender...</literal> form -has the ascender height.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textdagger</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>Dagger: \dag.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textdaggerdbl</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, double, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>Double dagger: \ddag.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textdollar (or <literal>$</literal>)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dollar sign</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, dollar</primary></indexterm>Dollar sign: $.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textemdash (or <literal>---</literal>)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash</primary></indexterm>Em-dash: — (for punctuation).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textendash (or <literal>--</literal>)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>e-dash</primary></indexterm>En-dash: — (for ranges).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\texteuro</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>euro symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, euro</primary></indexterm>The Euro symbol: €.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textexclamdown (or <literal>!`</literal>)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exclamation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm>Upside down exclamation point: ¡.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textgreater</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greater than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm>Greater than: >.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textless</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>less than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm>Less than: <.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textleftarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, left, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left arrow, in text</primary></indexterm>Left arrow.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textordfeminine</literal></term> - <term><literal>\textordmasculine</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>masculine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textordfeminine</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm>Feminine ordinal symbol: ®.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textperiodcentered</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>period, centered, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered period, in text</primary></indexterm>Centered period: \cdot.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textquestiondown (or <literal>?`</literal>)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>questionation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm>Upside down questionation point: ¿.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textquotedblleft (or <literal>``</literal>)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, double</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double left quote</primary></indexterm>Double left quote: “.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textquotedblright (or <literal>'</literal>)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, double</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double right quote</primary></indexterm>Double right quote: ”.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textquoteleft (or <literal>`</literal>)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, single</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single left quote</primary></indexterm>Single left quote: `.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textquoteright (or <literal>'</literal>)</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, single</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single right quote</primary></indexterm>Single right quote: '.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textquotestraightbase</literal></term> - <term><literal>\textquotestraightdblbase</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quote, straight base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight quote, base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double quote, straight base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight double quote, base</primary></indexterm>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textregistered</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>registered symbol</primary></indexterm>Registered symbol: ®.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textrightarrow</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, right, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right arrow, in text</primary></indexterm>Right arrow.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textthreequartersemdash</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>three-quarters em-dash</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash, three-quarters</primary></indexterm>“Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\texttrademark</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>trademark symbol</primary></indexterm>Trademark symbol: ^\hboxTM.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\texttwelveudash</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>Xx 12u-.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textunderscore</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underscore, in text</primary></indexterm>Underscore: _.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\textvisiblespace</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space symbol, in text</primary></indexterm>Visible space symbol.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="21.3" id="Accents"> - <title>Accents</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, accented</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, accented</primary></indexterm> -&latex; has wide support for many of the world's scripts and +has the ascender height. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textdagger</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Dagger: \dag. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textdaggerdbl</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, double, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Double dagger: \ddag. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textdollar (or <literal>$</literal>)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dollar sign</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, dollar</primary></indexterm><para>Dollar sign: $. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textemdash (or <literal>---</literal>)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash</primary></indexterm><para>Em-dash: — (for punctuation). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textendash (or <literal>--</literal>)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>e-dash</primary></indexterm><para>En-dash: — (for ranges). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texteuro</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>euro symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>currency, euro</primary></indexterm><para>The Euro symbol: €. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textexclamdown (or <literal>!`</literal>)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exclamation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm><para>Upside down exclamation point: ¡. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textgreater</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greater than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Greater than: >. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textless</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>less than symbol, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Less than: <. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textleftarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, left, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left arrow, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Left arrow. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textordfeminine</literal></term> +<term><literal>\textordmasculine</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>masculine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm><para>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textordfeminine</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Feminine ordinal symbol: ®. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textperiodcentered</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>period, centered, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered period, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Centered period: \cdot. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquestiondown (or <literal>?`</literal>)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>questionation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm><para>Upside down questionation point: ¿. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquotedblleft (or <literal>``</literal>)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, double</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double left quote</primary></indexterm><para>Double left quote: “. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquotedblright (or <literal>'</literal>)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, double</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double right quote</primary></indexterm><para>Double right quote: ”. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquoteleft (or <literal>`</literal>)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, single</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single left quote</primary></indexterm><para>Single left quote: `. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquoteright (or <literal>'</literal>)</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote, single</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>single right quote</primary></indexterm><para>Single right quote: '. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textquotestraightbase</literal></term> +<term><literal>\textquotestraightdblbase</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quote, straight base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight quote, base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double quote, straight base</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>straight double quote, base</primary></indexterm><para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textregistered</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>registered symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Registered symbol: ®. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textrightarrow</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrow, right, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right arrow, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Right arrow. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textthreequartersemdash</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>three-quarters em-dash</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash, three-quarters</primary></indexterm><para>“Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texttrademark</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>trademark symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texttwelveudash</literal></term> +<listitem><para>Xx 12u-. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textunderscore</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underscore, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Underscore: _. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textvisiblespace</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space symbol, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Visible space symbol. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="21.3" id="Accents"> +<title>Accents</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, accented</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, accented</primary></indexterm> +<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, through the <literal>babel</literal> package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists -the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters.</para> - <para>The <literal>\capital...</literal> commands produce alternative forms for use with -capital letters. These are not available with OT1.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\"</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitaldieresis</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\" (umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldieresis</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>umlaut accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dieresis accent</primary></indexterm>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in ö.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\'</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitalacute</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\' (acute accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalacute</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent</primary></indexterm>Produces an acute accent, as in ó. In the <literal>tabbing</literal> +the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters. +</para> +<para>The <literal>\capital...</literal> commands produce alternative forms for use with +capital letters. These are not available with OT1. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\"</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitaldieresis</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\" (umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldieresis</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>umlaut accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dieresis accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in ö. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\'</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitalacute</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\' (acute accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalacute</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces an acute accent, as in ó. In the <literal>tabbing</literal> environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column -(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\.</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\. (dot-over accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-over accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\=</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitalmacron</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\= (macron accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalmacron</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overbar accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o¯.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\^</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitalcircumflex</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^ (circumflex accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcircumflex</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in ô.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\`</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitalgrave</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\` (grave accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalgrave</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in ò. In the +(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\.</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\. (dot-over accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-over accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o.. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\=</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitalmacron</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\= (macron accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalmacron</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overbar accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o¯. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\^</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitalcircumflex</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^ (circumflex accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcircumflex</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in ô. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\`</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitalgrave</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\` (grave accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalgrave</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in ò. In the <literal>tabbing</literal> environment, move following text to the right margin -(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\~</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitaltilde</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~ (tilde accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltilde</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in ñ.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\b</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\b (bar-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-under accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\c</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitalcedilla</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\c (cedilla accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcedilla</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cedilla accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in ç.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\d</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitaldotaccent</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\d (dot-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldotaccent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-under accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\H</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitalhungarumlaut</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\H (Hungarian umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalhungarumlaut</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hungarian umlaut accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\i</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\i (dotless i)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i</primary></indexterm>Produces a dotless i, as in `i'.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\j</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\j (dotless j)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j</primary></indexterm>Produces a dotless j, as in `j'.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\k</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitalogonek</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\k (ogonek)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalogonek</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ogonek</primary></indexterm>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in `o'. Not available in -the OT1 encoding.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\r</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitalring</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\r (ring accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalring</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ring accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a ring accent, as in `o*'.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\t</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitaltie</literal></term> - <term><literal>\newtie</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitalnewtie</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\t (tie-after accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalnewtie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tie-after accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. The -<literal>\newtie</literal> form is centered in its box.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\u</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitalbreve</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\u (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalbreve</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a breve accent, as in `o('.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\underbar</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbar</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underbar</primary></indexterm>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. +(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\~</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitaltilde</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~ (tilde accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltilde</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in ñ. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\b</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\b (bar-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-under accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\c</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitalcedilla</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\c (cedilla accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcedilla</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cedilla accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in ç. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\d</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitaldotaccent</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\d (dot-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaldotaccent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-under accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\H</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitalhungarumlaut</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\H (Hungarian umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalhungarumlaut</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hungarian umlaut accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\i</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\i (dotless i)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dotless i, as in `i'. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\j</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\j (dotless j)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a dotless j, as in `j'. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\k</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitalogonek</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\k (ogonek)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalogonek</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ogonek</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in `o;'. Not available in +the OT1 encoding. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\r</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitalring</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\r (ring accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalring</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ring accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a ring accent, as in `o*'. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\t</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitaltie</literal></term> +<term><literal>\newtie</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitalnewtie</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\t (tie-after accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitaltie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalnewtie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tie-after accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. The +<literal>\newtie</literal> form is centered in its box. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\u</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitalbreve</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\u (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalbreve</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a breve accent, as in `o('. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\underbar</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbar</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underbar</primary></indexterm><para>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through -descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in <xref linkend="Math-miscellany"></xref>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\v</literal></term> - <term><literal>\capitalcaron</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\v (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcaron</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hacek accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>caron accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a hác<ek (check, caron) accent, as in `o<'.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="21.4" id="Non-English-characters"> - <title>Non-English characters</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>non-English characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, non-English</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, non-English</primary></indexterm> -Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly -used in languages other than English.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\aa</literal></term> - <term><literal>\AA</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\aa (å)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AA (Å)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aring</primary></indexterm>å and Å.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ae</literal></term> - <term><literal>\AE</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ae (æ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AE (Æ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ae ligature</primary></indexterm>æ and Æ.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\dh</literal></term> - <term><literal>\DH</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (æ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (Æ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic eth</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>eth, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm>Icelandic letter eth: and .</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\dj</literal></term> - <term><literal>\DJ</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dj</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DJ</primary></indexterm>xxxx</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ij</literal></term> - <term><literal>\IJ</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ij (ij)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\IJ (IJ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ij letter, Dutch</primary></indexterm>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\l</literal></term> - <term><literal>\L</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\l (/l)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\L (/L)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>polish l</primary></indexterm>/l and /L.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ng</literal></term> - <term><literal>\NG</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ng</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NG</primary></indexterm>xxxx</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\o</literal></term> - <term><literal>\O</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\o (ø)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\O (Ø)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oslash</primary></indexterm>ø and Ø.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\oe</literal></term> - <term><literal>\OE</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oe (œ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\OE (Œ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oe ligature</primary></indexterm>œ and Œ.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\ss</literal></term> - <term><literal>\SS</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ss (ß)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SS (SS)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>es-zet German letter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sharp S letters</primary></indexterm>ß and SS.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>\th</literal></term> - <term><literal>\TH</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\th ()</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TH ()</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic thorn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thorn, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm>Icelandic letter thorn: and .</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="21.5" id="\rule"> - <title><literal>\rule</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rule</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\rule[<replaceable>raise</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>thickness</replaceable>} +descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in <xref linkend="Math-miscellany"></xref>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\v</literal></term> +<term><literal>\capitalcaron</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\v (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalcaron</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hacek accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>caron accent</primary></indexterm><para>Produces a hác<ek (check, caron) accent, as in `o<'. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="21.4" id="Non-English-characters"> +<title>Non-English characters</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>non-English characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, non-English</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, non-English</primary></indexterm> +<para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly +used in languages other than English. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\aa</literal></term> +<term><literal>\AA</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\aa (å)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AA (Å)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aring</primary></indexterm><para>å and Å. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ae</literal></term> +<term><literal>\AE</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ae (æ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AE (Æ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ae ligature</primary></indexterm><para>æ and Æ. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dh</literal></term> +<term><literal>\DH</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (æ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (Æ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic eth</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>eth, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm><para>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dj</literal></term> +<term><literal>\DJ</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dj</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DJ</primary></indexterm><para>xxxx +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ij</literal></term> +<term><literal>\IJ</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ij (ij)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\IJ (IJ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ij letter, Dutch</primary></indexterm><para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\l</literal></term> +<term><literal>\L</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\l (/l)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\L (/L)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>polish l</primary></indexterm><para>/l and /L. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ng</literal></term> +<term><literal>\NG</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ng</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NG</primary></indexterm><para>xxxx +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\o</literal></term> +<term><literal>\O</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\o (ø)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\O (Ø)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oslash</primary></indexterm><para>ø and Ø. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\oe</literal></term> +<term><literal>\OE</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oe (œ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\OE (Œ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oe ligature</primary></indexterm><para>œ and Œ. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ss</literal></term> +<term><literal>\SS</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ss (ß)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SS (SS)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>es-zet German letter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sharp S letters</primary></indexterm><para>ß and SS. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\th</literal></term> +<term><literal>\TH</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\th (þ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TH (Þ)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic thorn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thorn, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm><para>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="21.5"> +<title><literal>\rule</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rule</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\rule[<replaceable>raise</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>thickness</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\rule</literal> command produces <firstterm>rules</firstterm>, that is, lines or -rectangles. The arguments are:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>raise</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>How high to raise the rule (optional).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The length of the rule (mandatory).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>thickness</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The thickness of the rule (mandatory).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="21.6" id="\today"> - <title><literal>\today</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\today</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\today</literal> command produces today's date, in the format +<para>The <literal>\rule</literal> command produces <firstterm>rules</firstterm>, that is, lines or +rectangles. The arguments are: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>raise</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>How high to raise the rule (optional). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The length of the rule (mandatory). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>thickness</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The thickness of the rule (mandatory). +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="21.6"> +<title><literal>\today</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\today</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\today</literal> command produces today's date, in the format ‘<literal><replaceable>month</replaceable> <replaceable>dd</replaceable>, <replaceable>yyyy</replaceable></literal>’; for example, `July 4, 1976'. It uses the predefined counters <literal>\day</literal>, <literal>\month</literal>, and <literal>\year</literal> (see <xref linkend="\day-\month-\year"></xref>) to do this. It is not -updated as the program runs.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>datetime</literal> package</primary></indexterm>The <literal>datetime</literal> package, among others, can produce a wide variety -of other date formats.</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="22" id="Splitting-the-input"> - <title>Splitting the input</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>splitting the input file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>input file</primary></indexterm> -A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole +updated as the program runs. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>datetime</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>datetime</literal> package, among others, can produce a wide variety +of other date formats. +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="22" id="Splitting-the-input"> +<title>Splitting the input</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>splitting the input file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>input file</primary></indexterm> +<para>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type -when you run &latex;.</para> - - <sect1 label="22.1" id="\include"> - <title><literal>\include</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\include{<replaceable>file</replaceable>} +when you run &latex;. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="22.1"> +<title><literal>\include</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\include{<replaceable>file</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>If no <literal>\includeonly</literal> command is present, the <literal>\include</literal> +<para>If no <literal>\includeonly</literal> command is present, the <literal>\include</literal> command executes <literal>\clearpage</literal> to start a new page (see <xref linkend="\clearpage"></xref>), then reads <replaceable>file</replaceable>, then does another -<literal>\clearpage</literal>.</para> - <para>Given an <literal>\includeonly</literal> command, the <literal>\include</literal> actions are +<literal>\clearpage</literal>. +</para> +<para>Given an <literal>\includeonly</literal> command, the <literal>\include</literal> actions are only run if <replaceable>file</replaceable> is listed as an argument to -<literal>\includeonly</literal>. See the next section.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>nested <literal>\include</literal>, not allowed</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\include</literal> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file -read by another <literal>\include</literal> command.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="22.2" id="\includeonly"> - <title>\<literal>includeonly</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\includeonly{<replaceable>file1</replaceable>,<replaceable>file2</replaceable>,...} +<literal>\includeonly</literal>. See the next section. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>nested <literal>\include</literal>, not allowed</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\include</literal> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file +read by another <literal>\include</literal> command. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="22.2"> +<title>\<literal>includeonly</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\includeonly{<replaceable>file1</replaceable>,<replaceable>file2</replaceable>,...} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\includeonly</literal> command controls which files will be read by +<para>The <literal>\includeonly</literal> command controls which files will be read by subsequent <literal>\include</literal> commands. The list of filenames is comma-separated. Each <replaceable>file</replaceable> must exactly match a filename specified in a <literal>\include</literal> command for the selection to be -effective.</para> - <para>This command can only appear in the preamble.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="22.3" id="\input"> - <title>\input</title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\input</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\input{<replaceable>file</replaceable>} +effective. +</para> +<para>This command can only appear in the preamble. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="22.3" id="\input"> +<title>\input</title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\input</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\input{<replaceable>file</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>The <literal>\input</literal> command causes the specified <replaceable>file</replaceable> to be read +<para>The <literal>\input</literal> command causes the specified <replaceable>file</replaceable> to be read and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current -file at that point.</para> - <para>If <replaceable>file</replaceable> does not end in ‘<literal>.tex</literal>’ (e.g., ‘<literal>foo</literal>’ or +file at that point. +</para> +<para>If <replaceable>file</replaceable> does not end in ‘<literal>.tex</literal>’ (e.g., ‘<literal>foo</literal>’ or ‘<literal>foo.bar</literal>’), it is first tried with that extension (‘<literal>foo.tex</literal>’ or ‘<literal>foo.bar.tex</literal>’). If that is not found, the original <replaceable>file</replaceable> -is tried (‘<literal>foo</literal>’ or ‘<literal>foo.bar</literal>’).</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="23" id="Front/back-matter"> - <title>Front/back matter</title> - <sect1 label="23.1" id="Tables-of-contents"> - <title>Tables of contents</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents, creating</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tableofcontents</primary></indexterm>A table of contents is produced with the <literal>\tableofcontents</literal> +is tried (‘<literal>foo</literal>’ or ‘<literal>foo.bar</literal>’). +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="23" id="Front/back-matter"> +<title>Front/back matter</title> + + + +<sect1 label="23.1" id="Tables-of-contents"> +<title>Tables of contents</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents, creating</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tableofcontents</primary></indexterm><para>A table of contents is produced with the <literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must -have generated a <filename>.toc</filename> file.</para> - <para>The <literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command produces a heading, but it does +have generated a <filename>.toc</filename> file. +</para> +<para>The <literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, write a <literal>\newpage</literal> command after the -<literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoffigures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoftables</primary></indexterm>The analogous commands <literal>\listoffigures</literal> and <literal>\listoftables</literal> +<literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoffigures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoftables</primary></indexterm><para>The analogous commands <literal>\listoffigures</literal> and <literal>\listoftables</literal> produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. -Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nofiles</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\nofiles</literal> overrides these commands, and -<emphasis>prevents</emphasis> any of these lists from being generated.</para> - - <sect2 label="23.1.1" id="\addcontentsline"> - <title>\addcontentsline</title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addcontentsline{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents entry, manually adding</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\addcontentsline</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} -command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nofiles</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\nofiles</literal> overrides these commands, and +<emphasis>prevents</emphasis> any of these lists from being generated. +</para> + + +<sect2 label="23.1.1" id="\addcontentsline"> +<title>\addcontentsline</title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addcontentsline{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents entry, manually adding</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\addcontentsline</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +command adds an entry to the specified list or table where: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written, typically one of: <literal>toc</literal> (table of contents), <literal>lof</literal> (list of -figures), or <literal>lot</literal> (list of tables).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>unit</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the -following, matching the value of the <replaceable>ext</replaceable> argument:</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>toc</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>The name of the sectional unit: <literal>part</literal>, <literal>chapter</literal>, -<literal>section</literal>, <literal>subsection</literal>, <literal>subsubsection</literal>.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>lof</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>For the list of figures.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><literal>lot</literal></term> - <listitem> - <para>For the list of tables.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>entry</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The actual text of the entry.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\contentsline</primary></indexterm>What is written to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file is the -command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}</literal>.</para> +figures), or <literal>lot</literal> (list of tables). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>unit</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the +following, matching the value of the <replaceable>ext</replaceable> argument: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>toc</literal></term> +<listitem><para>The name of the sectional unit: <literal>part</literal>, <literal>chapter</literal>, +<literal>section</literal>, <literal>subsection</literal>, <literal>subsubsection</literal>. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>lof</literal></term> +<listitem><para>For the list of figures. +</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>lot</literal></term> +<listitem><para>For the list of tables. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>entry</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The actual text of the entry. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\contentsline</primary></indexterm><para>What is written to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file is the +command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}</literal>. +</para> <!-- ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? --> - </sect2> - <sect2 label="23.1.2" id="\addtocontents"> - <title>\addtocontents</title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocontents{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\addtocontents</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} command adds text + +</sect2> +<sect2 label="23.1.2" id="\addtocontents"> +<title>\addtocontents</title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocontents{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\addtocontents</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file that -generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.</para> - <variablelist> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written: +generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written: <filename>toc</filename> (table of contents), <filename>lof</filename> (list of figures), or -<filename>lot</filename> (list of tables).</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - <varlistentry> - <term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term> - <listitem> - <para>The text to be written.</para> - </listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - </sect2> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="23.2" id="Glossaries"> - <title>Glossaries</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossaries</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeglossary</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\makeglossary</literal> enables creating glossaries.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossary</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.glo</filename> file</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\glossary{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes a glossary entry for -<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.glo</filename> extension.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossaryentry</primary></indexterm>Specifically, what gets written is the command +<filename>lot</filename> (list of tables). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term> +<listitem><para>The text to be written. +</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + + +</sect2> +</sect1> +<sect1 label="23.2" id="Glossaries"> +<title>Glossaries</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossaries</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeglossary</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\makeglossary</literal> enables creating glossaries. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossary</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.glo</filename> file</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\glossary{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes a glossary entry for +<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.glo</filename> extension. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossaryentry</primary></indexterm><para>Specifically, what gets written is the command <literal>\glossaryentry{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pageno</replaceable>}</literal>, where -<replaceable>pageno</replaceable> is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.</para> - <para>The <literal>glossary</literal> package on CTAN provides support for fancier -glossaries.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="23.3" id="Indexes"> - <title>Indexes</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indexes</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeindex</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\makeindex</literal> enables creating indexes. Put this in -the preamble.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\index</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.idx</filename> file</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\index{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes an index entry for -<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.idx</filename> extension.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indexentry</primary></indexterm>Specifically, what gets written is the command +<replaceable>pageno</replaceable> is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value. +</para> +<para>The <literal>glossary</literal> package on CTAN provides support for fancier +glossaries. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="23.3" id="Indexes"> +<title>Indexes</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indexes</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeindex</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\makeindex</literal> enables creating indexes. Put this in +the preamble. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\index</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.idx</filename> file</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\index{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes an index entry for +<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.idx</filename> extension. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indexentry</primary></indexterm><para>Specifically, what gets written is the command <literal>\indexentry{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pageno</replaceable>}</literal>, where <replaceable>pageno</replaceable> -is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>`see' and `see also' index entries</primary></indexterm>To generate a index entry for `bar' that says `See foo', use a +is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>`see' and `see also' index entries</primary></indexterm><para>To generate a index entry for `bar' that says `See foo', use a vertical bar: <literal>\index{bar|see{foo}}</literal>. Use <literal>seealso</literal> -instead of <literal>see</literal> to make a `See also' entry.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\seename</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\alsoname</primary></indexterm>The text `See' is defined by the macro <literal>\seename</literal>, and `See also' +instead of <literal>see</literal> to make a `See also' entry. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\seename</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\alsoname</primary></indexterm><para>The text `See' is defined by the macro <literal>\seename</literal>, and `See also' by the macro <literal>\alsoname</literal>. These can be redefined for other -languages.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>makeindex</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>xindy</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.ind</filename> file</primary></indexterm>The generated <filename>.idx</filename> file is then sorted with an external +languages. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>makeindex</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>xindy</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.ind</filename> file</primary></indexterm><para>The generated <filename>.idx</filename> file is then sorted with an external command, usually either <command>makeindex</command> (<ulink url="http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex">http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</ulink>) or (the multi-lingual) <command>xindy</command> (<ulink url="http://xindy.sourceforge.net">http://xindy.sourceforge.net</ulink>). This results in a <filename>.ind</filename> file, which can then be read to typeset -the index.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>printindex</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>makeidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm>The index is usually generated with the <literal>\printindex</literal> command. +the index. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>printindex</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>makeidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The index is usually generated with the <literal>\printindex</literal> command. This is defined in the <literal>makeidx</literal> package, so -<literal>\usepackage{makeidx}</literal> needs to be in the preamble.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>indexspace</primary></indexterm>The rubber length <literal>\indexspace</literal> is inserted before each new +<literal>\usepackage{makeidx}</literal> needs to be in the preamble. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>indexspace</primary></indexterm><para>The rubber length <literal>\indexspace</literal> is inserted before each new letter in the printed index; its default value is ‘<literal>10pt plus5pt -minus3pt</literal>’.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>showidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm>The <literal>showidx</literal> package causes each index entries to be shown in +minus3pt</literal>’. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>showidx</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>showidx</literal> package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in -preparing the index.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>multind</literal> package</primary></indexterm>The <literal>multind</literal> package supports multiple indexes. See also the +preparing the index. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>multind</literal> package</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>multind</literal> package supports multiple indexes. See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic, -<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</ulink>.</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="24" id="Letters"> - <title>Letters</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating letters</primary></indexterm> -You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The +<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</ulink>. +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="24" id="Letters"> +<title>Letters</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating letters</primary></indexterm> +<para>You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The <literal>letter</literal> document class is designed to make a number of letters at -once, although you can make just one if you so desire.</para> - <para>Your <filename>.tex</filename> source file has the same minimum commands as the other +once, although you can make just one if you so desire. +</para> +<para>Your <filename>.tex</filename> source file has the same minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a -minimum:</para> - <screen> - \documentclass{letter} +minimum: +</para> +<screen> \documentclass{letter} \begin{document} ... letters ... \end{document} </screen> - <para>Each letter is a <literal>letter</literal> environment, whose argument is the name -and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:</para> - <screen> - \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. +<para>Each letter is a <literal>letter</literal> environment, whose argument is the name +and address of the recipient. For example, you might have: +</para> +<screen> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} ... \end{letter} </screen> - <para>The letter itself begins with the <literal>\opening</literal> command. The text of +<para>The letter itself begins with the <literal>\opening</literal> command. The text of the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary &latex; input. Commands that make no sense in a letter, like <literal>\chapter</literal>, do not work. The letter -closes with a <literal>\closing</literal> command.</para> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for letters</primary></indexterm>After the <literal>closing</literal>, you can have additional material. The +closes with a <literal>\closing</literal> command. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for letters</primary></indexterm><para>After the <literal>closing</literal>, you can have additional material. The <literal>\cc</literal> command produces the usual “cc: …”. There's also a similar <literal>\encl</literal> command for a list of enclosures. With both these -commands, use <literal>\\</literal> to separate the items.</para> - <para>These commands are used with the <literal>letter</literal> class.</para> +commands, use <literal>\\</literal> to separate the items. +</para> +<para>These commands are used with the <literal>letter</literal> class. +</para> + - <sect1 label="24.1" id="\address"> - <title>\address{<replaceable>return-address}</replaceable></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\address</primary></indexterm> -The <literal>\address</literal> specifies the return address of a letter, as it +<sect1 label="24.1"> +<title>\address{<replaceable>return-address}</replaceable></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\address</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>\address</literal> specifies the return address of a letter, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the -address should be separated by <literal>\\</literal> commands.</para> - <para>If you do not make an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the letter +address should be separated by <literal>\\</literal> commands. +</para> +<para>If you do not make an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the letter will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. (See <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>, for details on your local implementation). If you give an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the -letter will be formatted as a personal letter.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.2" id="\cc"> - <title><literal>\cc</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cc list, in letters</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\cc{<replaceable>name1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>name2</replaceable>} +letter will be formatted as a personal letter. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.2"> +<title><literal>\cc</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cc list, in letters</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\cc{<replaceable>name1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>name2</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>Produce a list of <replaceable>name</replaceable>s the letter was copied to. Each name is -printed on a separate line.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.3" id="\closing"> - <title><literal>\closing</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing letters</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\closing{text} +<para>Produce a list of <replaceable>name</replaceable>s the letter was copied to. Each name is +printed on a separate line. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.3"> +<title><literal>\closing</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing letters</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\closing{text} </screen> - <para>A letter closes with a <literal>\closing</literal> command, for example,</para> - <screen> -\closing{Best Regards,} +<para>A letter closes with a <literal>\closing</literal> command, for example, +</para><screen>\closing{Best Regards,} </screen> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.4" id="\encl"> - <title><literal>\encl</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\encl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enclosure list</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\encl{<replaceable>line1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>line2</replaceable>} + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.4"> +<title><literal>\encl</literal></title> + +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\encl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enclosure list</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\encl{<replaceable>line1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>line2</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>Declare a list of one more enclosures.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.5" id="\location"> - <title><literal>\location</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\location</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\location{address}</literal></para> - <para>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears -if the <literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.6" id="\makelabels"> - <title><literal>\makelabels</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makelabels</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\makelabels{number}</literal></para> - <para>If you issue this command in the preamble, &latex; will create a sheet of -address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.7" id="\name"> - <title><literal>\name</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\name</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\name{June Davenport}</literal></para> - <para>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return -address.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.8" id="\opening"> - <title><literal>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\opening</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, starting</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +<para>Declare a list of one more enclosures. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.5"> +<title><literal>\location</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\location</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\location{address}</literal> +</para> +<para>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears +if the <literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.6"> +<title><literal>\makelabels</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makelabels</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\makelabels{number}</literal> +</para> +<para>If you issue this command in the preamble, &latex; will create a sheet of +address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. +</para> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.7"> +<title><literal>\name</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\name</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\name{June Davenport}</literal> +</para> +<para>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return +address. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.8"> +<title><literal>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\opening</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, starting</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>A letter begins with the <literal>\opening</literal> command. The mandatory +<para>A letter begins with the <literal>\opening</literal> command. The mandatory argument, <replaceable>text</replaceable>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. -For instance:</para> - <screen> -\opening{Dear Joe,} +For instance: +</para> +<screen>\opening{Dear Joe,} </screen> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.9" id="\ps"> - <title><literal>\ps</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ps</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>postscript, in letters</primary></indexterm> -Use the <literal>\ps</literal> command to start a postscript in a letter, after -<literal>\closing</literal>.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.10" id="\signature"> - <title><literal>\signature{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\signature</primary></indexterm> -Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.9"> +<title><literal>\ps</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ps</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>postscript, in letters</primary></indexterm> +<para>Use the <literal>\ps</literal> command to start a postscript in a letter, after +<literal>\closing</literal>. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.10"> +<title><literal>\signature{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\signature</primary></indexterm> +<para>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within -<replaceable>text</replaceable> as usual.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.11" id="\startbreaks"> - <title><literal>\startbreaks</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\startbreaks</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\startbreaks</literal></para> - <para>Used after a <literal>\stopbreaks</literal> command to allow page breaks again.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.12" id="\stopbreaks"> - <title><literal>\stopbreaks</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stopbreaks</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\stopbreaks</literal></para> - <para>Inhibit page breaks until a <literal>\startbreaks</literal> command occurs.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="24.13" id="\telephone"> - <title><literal>\telephone</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\telephone</primary></indexterm> -<literal>\telephone{number}</literal></para> - <para>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the -<literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected.</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="25" id="Terminal-input/output"> - <title>Terminal input/output</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>input/output</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>terminal input/output</primary></indexterm></para> - - <sect1 label="25.1" id="\typein"> - <title><literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typein</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\typein[<replaceable>\cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>} +<replaceable>text</replaceable> as usual. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.11"> +<title><literal>\startbreaks</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\startbreaks</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\startbreaks</literal> +</para> +<para>Used after a <literal>\stopbreaks</literal> command to allow page breaks again. +</para> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.12"> +<title><literal>\stopbreaks</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stopbreaks</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\stopbreaks</literal> +</para> +<para>Inhibit page breaks until a <literal>\startbreaks</literal> command occurs. +</para> + + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="24.13"> +<title><literal>\telephone</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\telephone</primary></indexterm> +<para><literal>\telephone{number}</literal> +</para> +<para>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the +<literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected. +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="25" id="Terminal-input/output"> +<title>Terminal input/output</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>input/output</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>terminal input/output</primary></indexterm> + + +<sect1 label="25.1"> +<title><literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typein</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\typein[<replaceable>\cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>} </screen> - <para><literal>\typein</literal> prints <replaceable>msg</replaceable> on the terminal and causes &latex; to +<para><literal>\typein</literal> prints <replaceable>msg</replaceable> on the terminal and causes &latex; to stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the optional <replaceable>\cmd</replaceable> argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the <literal>\typein</literal> command. If the <replaceable>\cmd</replaceable> argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or -redefined to be the typed input.</para> - </sect1> - - <sect1 label="25.2" id="\typeout"> - <title><literal>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title> - <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typeout</primary></indexterm> -Synopsis:</para> - <screen> -\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>} +redefined to be the typed input. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="25.2"> +<title><literal>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typeout</primary></indexterm> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<screen>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>} </screen> - <para>Prints <literal>msg</literal> on the terminal and in the <literal>log</literal> file. +<para>Prints <literal>msg</literal> on the terminal and in the <literal>log</literal> file. Commands in <literal>msg</literal> that are defined with <literal>\newcommand</literal> or <literal>\renewcommand</literal> (among others) are replaced by their definitions -before being printed.</para> - <para>&latex;'s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space +before being printed. +</para> +<para>&latex;'s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <literal>msg</literal>. A <literal>\space</literal> command in <literal>msg</literal> causes a single space to be printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <literal>^^J</literal> in -<literal>msg</literal> prints a newline.</para> - </sect1> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="26" id="Command-line"> - <title>Command line</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>command line</primary></indexterm> -The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; +<literal>msg</literal> prints a newline. +</para> + +</sect1> +</chapter> +<chapter label="26" id="Command-line"> +<title>Command line</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>command line</primary></indexterm> +<para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; &tex; uses <filename>.tex</filename> as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the -command; e.g.</para> - <screen> -latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' +command; e.g. +</para> +<screen>latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' </screen> - <para role="continues">will process <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every error.</para> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>‘<literal>*</literal>’ prompt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>prompt, ‘<literal>*</literal>’</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stop</primary></indexterm>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a +<para>will process <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every error. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>‘<literal>*</literal>’ prompt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>prompt, ‘<literal>*</literal>’</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stop</primary></indexterm><para>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a ‘<literal>*</literal>’ prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <literal>\stop</literal> -(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.</para> - </chapter> - - <appendix id="Document-templates"> - <title>Document templates</title> - <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>document templates</primary></indexterm> -Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will -be useful.</para> - - <sect1 id="book-template"> - <title><literal>book</literal> template</title> - <screen>\documentclass{book} +(and return) and it will prematurely end the document. +</para> + + +</chapter> +<appendix label="Appendix A" id="Document-templates"> +<title>Document templates</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document templates</primary></indexterm> +<para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will +be useful. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="A.1"> +<title><literal>book</literal> template</title> + +<screen>\documentclass{book} \title{Book Class Template} \author{Alex Author} @@ -6788,12 +5468,14 @@ Some other text. The end. \end{document} </screen> - </sect1> - <sect1 id="beamer-template"> - <title><literal>beamer</literal> template</title> - <para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates slides presentations.</para> - <screen>\documentclass{beamer} +</sect1> +<sect1 label="A.2"> +<title><literal>beamer</literal> template</title> + +<para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates slides presentations. +</para> +<screen>\documentclass{beamer} \title{Beamer Class template} \author{Alex Author} @@ -6816,14 +5498,15 @@ The end. \end{document} </screen> - </sect1> - <sect1 id="tugboat-template"> - <title><literal>tugboat</literal> template</title> - <para><citetitle>TUGboat</citetitle> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group, -<ulink url="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</ulink>.</para> - <screen>\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings +</sect1> +<sect1 label="A.3"> +<title><literal>tugboat</literal> template</title> +<para><citetitle>TUGboat</citetitle> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group, +<ulink url="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</ulink>. +</para> +<screen>\documentclass{ltugboat} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{ifpdf} \ifpdf @@ -6833,9 +5516,7 @@ The end. \usepackage{url} \fi -\begin{document} - -\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article} +\title{Example \TUB\ Article} % repeat info for each author. \author{First Last} @@ -6845,7 +5526,8 @@ The end. \maketitle -% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat. +\begin{document} + \begin{abstract} This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. \end{abstract} @@ -6855,26 +5537,26 @@ This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref -package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced -using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays. +We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the +hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others: {\small \begin{verbatim} \AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW -\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML -\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe -\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas +\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML +\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \LaTeXe +\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas \PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS -\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG -\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE +\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG \tug +\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE \Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag \careof \thinskip -\acro{FRED} -> {\sc fred} % please use! +\acro{FRED} -> {\small fred} % please use! \cs{fred} -> \fred \env{fred} -> \begin{fred} \meta{fred} -> <fred> @@ -6894,27 +5576,23 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. \nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty \bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX - -\makesignature % not in ltugproc +\makesignature \end{document} </screen> - </sect1> - </appendix> - <chapter label="" xreflabel="Concept Index" id="Concept-Index"> - <title>Concept Index</title> - <index></index> +</sect1> +</appendix> +<chapter label="" xreflabel="Concept Index" id="Concept-Index"> +<title>Concept Index</title> + +<index></index> + <!-- The name of the `Command Index' node must NOT be altered for ltx-help.el. --> - </chapter> - - <chapter label="" xreflabel="Command Index" id="Command-Index"> - <title>Command Index</title> - <index></index> - </chapter> -</book><!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file -Local variables: -mode: sgml -sgml-indent-step:1 -sgml-indent-data:nil -End: ---> +</chapter> +<chapter label="" xreflabel="Command Index" id="Command-Index"> +<title>Command Index</title> + +<index></index> + +</chapter> +</book> diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html index c0c9000736d..5c19874b4f1 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html @@ -1,25 +1,18 @@ -<html lang="en"> -<head> -<title>LaTeX2e reference manual (July 2010)</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html"> -<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e reference manual (July 2010)"> -<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.13"> -<link title="Top" rel="top" href="#Top"> -<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage"> -<!-- -This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> +<html> +<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document preparation system, version of July 2010. -This was originally translated from `LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the VMS +This was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by -George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The -LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The +George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The +LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges -using `Hypertext Help with LaTeX', by Sheldon Green, and the -`LaTeX Command Summary' (for LaTeX 2.09) by L. Botway -and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as -`TeXniques' number 10), as reference material (text was not +using Hypertext Help with LaTeX, by Sheldon Green, and the +LaTeX Command Summary (for LaTeX 2.09) by L. Botway +and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as +TeXniques number 10), as reference material (text was not directly copied). Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry. @@ -39,1934 +32,2584 @@ resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. 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+pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} +pre.smalldisplay {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} +pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} +pre.smallformat {font-family: serif; font-size: smaller} +pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} +span.nocodebreak {white-space:pre} +span.nolinebreak {white-space:pre} +span.roman {font-family:serif; font-weight:normal} +span.sansserif {font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal} +ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} +--> +</style> + + </head> -<body> -<h1 class="settitle">LaTeX2e reference manual (July 2010)</h1> + +<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000"> + +<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e reference manual (July 2010)</h1> + +<a name="SEC_Overview"></a> +<h1>Short Table of Contents</h1> + <div class="shortcontents"> -<h2>Short Contents</h2> -<ul> -<li><a href="#toc_Top">LaTeX2e</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Overview">1 Overview of LaTeX</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Starting-_0026-ending">2 Starting & ending</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Document-classes">3 Document classes</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Typefaces">4 Typefaces</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Layout">5 Layout</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Cross-references">7 Cross references</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Environments">8 Environments</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Line-breaking">9 Line breaking</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Definitions">12 Definitions</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Counters">13 Counters</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Lengths">14 Lengths</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Modes">17 Modes</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Page-styles">18 Page styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Spaces">19 Spaces</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Boxes">20 Boxes</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Letters">24 Letters</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Terminal-input_002foutput">25 Terminal input/output</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Command-line">26 Command line</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li> -<li><a href="#toc_Command-Index">Command Index</a></li> +<ul class="no-bullet"> +<li><a name="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">1 Overview of LaTeX</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Starting-_0026-ending-1" href="#toc-Starting-_0026-ending-1">2 Starting & ending</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Typefaces-1" href="#toc-Typefaces-1">4 Typefaces</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">12 Definitions</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">13 Counters</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">14 Lengths</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">17 Modes</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">21 Special insertions</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">22 Splitting the input</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">23 Front/back matter</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">24 Letters</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">25 Terminal input/output</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">26 Command line</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Concept-Index-1" href="#toc-Concept-Index-1">Concept Index</a></li> +<li><a name="stoc-Command-Index-1" href="#toc-Command-Index-1">Command Index</a></li> </ul> </div> - - - <div class="contents"> -<h2>Table of Contents</h2> -<ul> -<li><a name="toc_Top" href="#Top">LaTeX2e</a> -<li><a name="toc_Overview" href="#Overview">1 Overview of LaTeX</a> -<li><a name="toc_Starting-_0026-ending" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">2 Starting & ending</a> -<li><a name="toc_Document-classes" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Typefaces" href="#Typefaces">4 Typefaces</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#Font-styles">4.1 Font styles</a> -<li><a href="#Font-sizes">4.2 Font sizes</a> -<li><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.3 Low-level font commands</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Layout" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a> -<li><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Sectioning" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a> -<li><a name="toc_Cross-references" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Environments" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a> -<li><a href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a> -<li><a href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a> -<li><a href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a> -<li><a href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a> -<li><a href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a> -<li><a href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a> -<li><a href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a> -<li><a href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a> -<li><a href="#flushleft">8.11 <code>flushleft</code></a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.11.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a href="#flushright">8.12 <code>flushright</code></a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.12.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a href="#itemize">8.13 <code>itemize</code></a> -<li><a href="#letter">8.14 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a> -<li><a href="#list">8.15 <code>list</code></a> -<li><a href="#math">8.16 <code>math</code></a> -<li><a href="#minipage">8.17 <code>minipage</code></a> -<li><a href="#picture">8.18 <code>picture</code></a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.18.1 <code>\circle</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.18.2 <code>\makebox</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.18.3 <code>\framebox</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.18.4 <code>\dashbox</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cframe">8.18.5 <code>\frame</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cline">8.18.6 <code>\line</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.18.7 <code>\linethickness</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.18.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.18.9 <code>\thinlines</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.18.10 <code>\multiput</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005coval">8.18.11 <code>\oval</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cput">8.18.12 <code>\put</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.18.13 <code>\shortstack</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvector">8.18.14 <code>\vector</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a href="#quotation">8.19 <code>quotation</code></a> -<li><a href="#quote">8.20 <code>quote</code></a> -<li><a href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a> -<li><a href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a> -<li><a href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccline">8.23.2 <code>\cline</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005chline">8.23.3 <code>\hline</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvline">8.23.4 <code>\vline</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a> -<li><a href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a> -<li><a href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a> -<li><a href="#verbatim">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cverb">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a href="#verse">8.28 <code>verse</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Line-breaking" href="#Line-breaking">9 Line breaking</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfussy">9.5 <code>\fussy</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csloppy">9.6 <code>\sloppy</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Page-breaking" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">10.2 <code>\clearpage</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.3 <code>\newpage</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Footnotes" href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a> -<li><a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">11.4 Symbolic footnotes</a> -<li><a href="#Footnote-parameters">11.5 Footnote parameters</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Definitions" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.2 <code>\newcounter</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.3 <code>\newlength</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.7 <code>\newfont</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.8 <code>\protect</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Counters" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Lengths" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.1 <code>\setlength{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.3 <code>\settodepth</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.4 <code>\settoheight</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.5 <code>\settowidth{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#Predefined-lengths">14.6 Predefined lengths</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Making-paragraphs" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cindent">15.1 <code>\indent</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></a> -<li><a href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Math-formulas" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</a> -<li><a href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a> -<li><a href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a> -<li><a href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a> -<li><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.5 Spacing in math mode</a> -<li><a href="#Math-miscellany">16.6 Math miscellany</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Modes" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a> -<li><a name="toc_Page-styles" href="#Page-styles">18 Page styles</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{</code><var>style</var><code>}</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Spaces" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005chspace">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005chfill">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">19.3 <code>\SPACE</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cAT">19.4 <code>\@</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.6 <code>\/</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill">19.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cdotfill">19.8 <code>\dotfill</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.12 <code>\vspace[*]{</code><var>length</var><code>}</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Boxes" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">20.1 <code>\mbox{</code><var>text}</var></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></a> -<li><a href="#lrbox">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csavebox">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csbox">20.8 <code>\sbox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.9 <code>\usebox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Special-insertions" href="#Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#Reserved-characters">21.1 Reserved characters</a> -<li><a href="#Text-symbols">21.2 Text symbols</a> -<li><a href="#Accents">21.3 Accents</a> -<li><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">21.4 Non-English characters</a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005crule">21.5 <code>\rule</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">21.6 <code>\today</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Splitting-the-input" href="#Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">22.1 <code>\include</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cinput">22.3 \input</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Front_002fback-matter" href="#Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#Tables-of-contents">23.1 Tables of contents</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">23.1.1 \addcontentsline</a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">23.1.2 \addtocontents</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a href="#Glossaries">23.2 Glossaries</a> -<li><a href="#Indexes">23.3 Indexes</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Letters" href="#Letters">24 Letters</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005caddress">24.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ccc">24.2 <code>\cc</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">24.3 <code>\closing</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cencl">24.4 <code>\encl</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005clocation">24.5 <code>\location</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cname">24.7 <code>\name</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005copening">24.8 <code>\opening{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cps">24.9 <code>\ps</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005csignature">24.10 <code>\signature{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">24.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">24.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">24.13 <code>\telephone</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Terminal-input_002foutput" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">25 Terminal input/output</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">25.1 <code>\typein[</code><var>cmd</var><code>]{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></a> -<li><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">25.2 <code>\typeout{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Command-line" href="#Command-line">26 Command line</a> -<li><a name="toc_Document-templates" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a> -<ul> -<li><a href="#book-template">A.1 <code>book</code> template</a> -<li><a href="#beamer-template">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</a> -<li><a href="#tugboat-template">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</a> -</li></ul> -<li><a name="toc_Concept-Index" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a> -<li><a name="toc_Command-Index" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a> -</li></ul> +<a name="SEC_Contents"></a> +<h1>Table of Contents</h1> + +<div class="contents"> + +<ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#Overview">1 Overview of LaTeX</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Starting-_0026-ending-1" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">2 Starting & ending</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Typefaces-1" href="#Typefaces">4 Typefaces</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-Font-styles-1" href="#Font-styles">4.1 Font styles</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Font-sizes-1" href="#Font-sizes">4.2 Font sizes</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.3 Low-level font commands</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Layout-1" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cpageref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cref_007bkey_007d" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-center-1" href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">8.11 <code>flushleft</code></a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.11.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">8.12 <code>flushright</code></a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.12.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.13 <code>itemize</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.14 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.15 <code>list</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.16 <code>math</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.17 <code>minipage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.18 <code>picture</code></a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.18.1 <code>\circle</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.18.2 <code>\makebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cframebox" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.18.3 <code>\framebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.18.4 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.18.5 <code>\frame</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.18.6 <code>\line</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.18.7 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.18.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.18.9 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.18.10 <code>\multiput</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.18.11 <code>\oval</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.18.12 <code>\put</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.18.13 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.18.14 <code>\vector</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-quotation-1" href="#quotation">8.19 <code>quotation</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-quote-1" href="#quote">8.20 <code>quote</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">8.23.2 <code>\cline</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">8.23.3 <code>\hline</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">8.23.4 <code>\vline</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">8.28 <code>verse</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Line-breaking-1" href="#Line-breaking">9 Line breaking</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005c_005c_005b_002a_005d_005bmorespace_005d" href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cfussy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy">9.5 <code>\fussy</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005csloppy">9.6 <code>\sloppy</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cclearpage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">10.2 <code>\clearpage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.3 <code>\newpage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Symbolic-footnotes-1" href="#Symbolic-footnotes">11.4 Symbolic footnotes</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Footnote-parameters-1" href="#Footnote-parameters">11.5 Footnote parameters</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.2 <code>\newcounter</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.3 <code>\newlength</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.7 <code>\newfont</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.8 <code>\protect</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cusecounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvalue_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csetcounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005crefstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cstepcounter_007bcounter_007d" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear_003a-Predefined-counters" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005csetlength_007b_005clen_007d_007bvalue_007d" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.1 <code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddtolength_007b_005clen_007d_007bamount_007d" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.3 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.4 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.5 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Predefined-lengths-1" href="#Predefined-lengths">14.6 Predefined lengths</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent">15.1 <code>\indent</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.5 Spacing in math mode</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.6 Math miscellany</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">18 Page styles</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cthispagestyle_007bstyle_007d" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cSPACE-1" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">19.3 <code>\SPACE</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040" href="#g_t_005cAT">19.4 <code>\@</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.6 <code>\/</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">19.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">19.8 <code>\dotfill</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace_005b_002a_005d_007blength_007d" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.12 <code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmbox_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005cmbox">20.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-2" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csavebox">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csbox">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var></code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">21 Special insertions</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">21.1 Reserved characters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">21.2 Text symbols</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">21.3 Accents</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Non_002dEnglish-characters-1" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">21.4 Non-English characters</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">21.5 <code>\rule</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">21.6 <code>\today</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">22 Splitting the input</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">22.1 <code>\include</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">22.3 \input</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">23 Front/back matter</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-Tables-of-contents-1" href="#Tables-of-contents">23.1 Tables of contents</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">23.1.1 \addcontentsline</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">23.1.2 \addtocontents</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">23.2 Glossaries</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">23.3 Indexes</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">24 Letters</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005caddress_007breturn_002daddress_007d" href="#g_t_005caddress">24.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">24.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">24.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">24.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">24.5 <code>\location</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">24.7 <code>\name</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005copening_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005copening">24.8 <code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">24.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005csignature_007btext_007d" href="#g_t_005csignature">24.10 <code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cstartbreaks-1" href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">24.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005cstopbreaks-1" href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">24.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">24.13 <code>\telephone</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">25 Terminal input/output</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypein">25.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li> + <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">25.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">26 Command line</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a> + <ul class="no-bullet"> + <li><a name="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.1 <code>book</code> template</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-tugboat-template-1" href="#tugboat-template">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</a></li> + </ul></li> + <li><a name="toc-Concept-Index-1" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a></li> + <li><a name="toc-Command-Index-1" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a></li> +</ul> </div> -<div class="node"> -<a name="Top"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Overview">Overview</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#dir">(dir)</a> +<a name="Top"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="dir.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> - -<h2 class="unnumbered">LaTeX2e</h2> +<a name="LaTeX2e"></a> +<h1 class="top">LaTeX2e</h1> <p>This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document preparation system, version as of July 2010. It is intended to cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years. - - <p><a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1"></a><a name="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie-2"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-Project-team-3"></a>LaTeX is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's +</p> +<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a> +<a name="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></a> +<a name="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></a> +<p>LaTeX is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth’s TeX typesetting program. LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers (<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>). The official documentation written by the LaTeX project is available there. Again, the present document is unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Overview" accesskey="1">Overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> What is LaTeX? +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending" accesskey="2">Starting & ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The standard beginning and end of a document. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="3">Document classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Some of the various classes available. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="4">Typefaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> And fonts, such as bold, italics etc. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Layout" accesskey="5">Layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Controlling the page layout. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="6">Sectioning</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to section properly. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="7">Cross references</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Automatic referencing. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Environments" accesskey="8">Environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Such as enumerate & itemize. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="9">Line breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Influencing line breaks. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Influencing page breaks. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to produce footnotes. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Define your own commands etc. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Internal counters used by LaTeX. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The length commands. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Paragraph commands. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> How to create mathematical formulas. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Paragraph, Math or LR modes. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Various styles of page layout. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Horizontal and vertical space. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Making boxes. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Inserting reserved and special characters. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Dealing with big files by splitting. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The letter class. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> User interaction. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-line">Command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> System-independent command-line behavior. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Starter templates for various document classes. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> General index. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Alphabetical list of LaTeX commands. +</td></tr> +</table> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Overview">Overview</a>: What is LaTeX? -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a>: The standard beginning and end of a document. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>: Some of the various classes available. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>: And fonts, such as bold, italics etc. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Layout">Layout</a>: Controlling the page layout. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>: How to section properly. -<li><a accesskey="7" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>: Automatic referencing. -<li><a accesskey="8" href="#Environments">Environments</a>: Such as enumerate & itemize. -<li><a accesskey="9" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>: Influencing line breaks. -<li><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>: Influencing page breaks. -<li><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>: How to produce footnotes. -<li><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>: Define your own commands etc. -<li><a href="#Counters">Counters</a>: Internal counters used by LaTeX. -<li><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>: The length commands. -<li><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>: Paragraph commands. -<li><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>: How to create mathematical formulas. -<li><a href="#Modes">Modes</a>: Paragraph, Math or LR modes. -<li><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>: Various styles of page layout. -<li><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>: Horizontal and vertical space. -<li><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>: Making boxes. -<li><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>: Inserting reserved and special characters. -<li><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>: Dealing with big files by splitting. -<li><a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. -<li><a href="#Letters">Letters</a>: The letter class. -<li><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a>: User interaction. -<li><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a>: System-independent command-line behavior. -<li><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>: Starter templates for various document classes. -<li><a href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>: General index. -<li><a href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>: Alphabetical list of LaTeX commands. -</ul> -<div class="node"> <a name="Overview"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Top">Top</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending" accesskey="n" rel="next">Starting & ending</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Overview-of-LaTeX"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">1 Overview of LaTeX</h1> -<h2 class="chapter">1 Overview of LaTeX</h2> +<a name="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></a> +<a name="index-LaTeX-overview"></a> -<p><a name="index-overview-of-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-4"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-overview-5"></a> -The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program +<p>The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX “macro package” for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input file containing the text of a document with -interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted. +interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted. It produces at least three files as output: +</p> +<ol> +<li> +A main output file, which is one of: - <ol type=1 start=1> -<li>A main output file, which is one of: - - <ol type=1 start=1> -<li>If invoked as <samp><span class="command">latex</span></samp>, a “Device Independent” (<samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp>) +<ol> +<li> +If invoked as <code>latex</code>, a “Device Independent” (‘<tt>.dvi</tt>’) file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for -a variety of output devices. You can view such <samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp> output of -LaTeX by using a program such as <samp><span class="command">xdvi</span></samp> (display directly) -or <samp><span class="command">dvips</span></samp> (convert to PostScript). +a variety of output devices. You can view such ‘<tt>.dvi</tt>’ output of +LaTeX by using a program such as <code>xdvi</code> (display directly) +or <code>dvips</code> (convert to PostScript). - <li>If invoked as <samp><span class="command">pdflatex</span></samp>, a “Portable Document Format” -(<samp><span class="file">.pdf</span></samp>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with +</li><li> +If invoked as <code>pdflatex</code>, a “Portable Document Format” +(‘<tt>.pdf</tt>’) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does -make the output much larger than the <samp><span class="file">.dvi</span></samp> produced from the +make the output much larger than the ‘<tt>.dvi</tt>’ produced from the same document. - </ol> +</li></ol> - <p>There are other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) as well, +<p>There are other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) as well, which can produce HTML, XML, and other things. - - <li>A “transcript” or <samp><span class="file">.log</span></samp> file that contains summary information and +</p> +</li><li> +A “transcript” or ‘<tt>.log</tt>’ file that contains summary information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. - <li>An “auxiliary” or <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for +</li><li> +An “auxiliary” or ‘<tt>.aux</tt>’ file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for things such as sectioning. - </ol> +</li></ol> - <p>A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a +<p>A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a <code>\</code> followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <code>[]</code>, are optional while arguments contained in braces, <code>{}</code>, are required. - - <p>LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless +</p> +<p>LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="Starting-%26-ending"></a> +<hr> <a name="Starting-_0026-ending"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Overview">Overview</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Starting-_0026-ending-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">2 Starting & ending</h1> -<h2 class="chapter">2 Starting & ending</h2> +<a name="index-starting-_0026-ending"></a> +<a name="index-ending-_0026-starting"></a> -<p><a name="index-starting-_0026-ending-6"></a><a name="index-ending-_0026-starting-7"></a> -A minimal input file looks like the following: +<p>A minimal input file looks like the following: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\documentclass{<var>class</var>} +\begin{document} +<var>your text</var> +\end{document} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \documentclass{<var>class</var>} - \begin{document} - <var>your text</var> - \end{document} -</pre> - <p class="noindent">where the <var>class</var> is a valid document class for LaTeX. +<p>where the <var>class</var> is a valid document class for LaTeX. See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>, for details of the various document classes available locally. - - <p><a name="index-preamble_002c-defined-8"></a>You may include other LaTeX commands between the <code>\documentclass</code> +</p> +<a name="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a> +<p>You may include other LaTeX commands between the <code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands (this area is called the -<dfn>preamble</dfn>). +<em>preamble</em>). +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Document-classes"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Typefaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Starting & ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Document-classes-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h1> -<h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2> +<a name="index-document-classes"></a> +<a name="index-classes-of-documents"></a> +<a name="index-_005cdocumentclass"></a> -<p><a name="index-document-classes-9"></a><a name="index-classes-of-documents-10"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cdocumentclass-11"></a> -The class of a given document is defined with the command: +<p>The class of a given document is defined with the command: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>} -</pre> - <p class="noindent">The <code>\documentclass</code> command must be the first command in a +<p>The <code>\documentclass</code> command must be the first command in a LaTeX source file. - - <p><a name="index-article-_0040r_007bclass_007d-12"></a><a name="index-report-_0040r_007bclass_007d-13"></a><a name="index-book-_0040r_007bclass_007d-14"></a><a name="index-letter-_0040r_007bclass_007d-15"></a><a name="index-slides-_0040r_007bclass_007d-16"></a>Built-in LaTeX document <var>class</var> names are (many other document +</p> +<a name="index-article-class"></a> +<a name="index-report-class"></a> +<a name="index-book-class"></a> +<a name="index-letter-class"></a> +<a name="index-slides-class"></a> +<p>Built-in LaTeX document <var>class</var> names are (many other document classes are available as add-ons; see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>): +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">article report book letter slides +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> article report book letter slides -</pre> - <!-- xx briefly describe each one --> - <p>Standard <var>options</var> are described below. -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>: Global options. -</ul> +<p>Standard <var>options</var> are described below. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Global options. +</td></tr> +</table> -<div class="node"> -<a name="Document-class-options"></a> -<p><hr> -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a> +<hr> +<a name="Document-class-options"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Document-class-options-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h2> -<h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3> +<a name="index-document-class-options"></a> +<a name="index-options_002c-document-class"></a> +<a name="index-class-options"></a> +<a name="index-global-options"></a> -<p><a name="index-document-class-options-17"></a><a name="index-options_002c-document-class-18"></a><a name="index-class-options-19"></a><a name="index-global-options-20"></a> -You can specify so-called <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> +<p>You can specify so-called <em>global options</em> or <em>class options</em> to the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual. To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>} -</pre> - <p>Here is the list of the standard class options. - - <p><a name="index-g_t10pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-21"></a><a name="index-g_t11pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-22"></a><a name="index-g_t12pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-23"></a>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following +<p>Here is the list of the standard class options. +</p> +<a name="index-10pt-option"></a> +<a name="index-11pt-option"></a> +<a name="index-12pt-option"></a> +<p>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>): - -<pre class="example"> 10pt 11pt 12pt -</pre> - <p><a name="index-a4paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-24"></a><a name="index-a5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-25"></a><a name="index-b5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-26"></a><a name="index-executivepaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-27"></a><a name="index-legalpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-28"></a><a name="index-letterpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-29"></a>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">10pt 11pt 12pt +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-a4paper-option"></a> +<a name="index-a5paper-option"></a> +<a name="index-b5paper-option"></a> +<a name="index-executivepaper-option"></a> +<a name="index-legalpaper-option"></a> +<a name="index-letterpaper-option"></a> +<p>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>): - -<pre class="example"> a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper -</pre> - <p><a name="index-draft-_0040r_007boption_007d-30"></a><a name="index-final-_0040r_007boption_007d-31"></a><a name="index-fleqn-_0040r_007boption_007d-32"></a><a name="index-landscape-_0040r_007boption_007d-33"></a><a name="index-leqno-_0040r_007boption_007d-34"></a><a name="index-openbib-_0040r_007boption_007d-35"></a><a name="index-titlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-36"></a><a name="index-notitlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-37"></a>Miscellaneous other options: - - <dl> -<dt><code>draft, final</code><dd><a name="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting-38"></a>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <code>final</code>. -<br><dt><code>fleqn</code><dd>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. -<br><dt><code>landscape</code><dd>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. -<br><dt><code>leqno</code><dd>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. -<br><dt><code>openbib</code><dd>Use “open” bibliography format. -<br><dt><code>titlepage, notitlepage</code><dd>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-draft-option"></a> +<a name="index-final-option"></a> +<a name="index-fleqn-option"></a> +<a name="index-landscape-option"></a> +<a name="index-leqno-option"></a> +<a name="index-openbib-option"></a> +<a name="index-titlepage-option"></a> +<a name="index-notitlepage-option"></a> +<p>Miscellaneous other options: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>draft, final</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting"></a> +<p>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <code>final</code>. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>fleqn</code></dt> +<dd><p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>landscape</code></dt> +<dd><p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>leqno</code></dt> +<dd><p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>openbib</code></dt> +<dd><p>Use “open” bibliography format. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>titlepage, notitlepage</code></dt> +<dd><p>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. +</p></dd> </dl> - <p>These options are not available with the slides class: - - <p><a name="index-onecolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-39"></a><a name="index-twocolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-40"></a><a name="index-oneside-_0040r_007boption_007d-41"></a><a name="index-twoside-_0040r_007boption_007d-42"></a><a name="index-openright-_0040r_007boption_007d-43"></a><a name="index-openany-_0040r_007boption_007d-44"></a> - <dl> -<dt><code>onecolumn</code><dt><code>twocolumn</code><dd>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code>onecolumn</code>. - - <br><dt><code>oneside</code><dt><code>twoside</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cevensidemargin-45"></a><a name="index-g_t_005coddsidemargin-46"></a>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except +<p>These options are not available with the slides class: +</p> +<a name="index-onecolumn-option"></a> +<a name="index-twocolumn-option"></a> +<a name="index-oneside-option"></a> +<a name="index-twoside-option"></a> +<a name="index-openright-option"></a> +<a name="index-openany-option"></a> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>onecolumn</code></dt> +<dt><code>twocolumn</code></dt> +<dd><p>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code>onecolumn</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>oneside</code></dt> +<dt><code>twoside</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cevensidemargin"></a> +<a name="index-_005coddsidemargin"></a> +<p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except for the <code>book</code> class. - - <p>The <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code> parameter determines +</p> +<p>The <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code> parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the -page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper +page and the text’s left margin. The defaults vary with the paper size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code> with <code>\evensidemargin</code> the remainder. - - <br><dt><code>openright</code><dt><code>openany</code><dd>Determines if a chapter should start on a -right-hand page; default is <code>openright</code> for book. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>openright</code></dt> +<dt><code>openany</code></dt> +<dd><p>Determines if a chapter should start on a +right-hand page; default is <code>openright</code> for book. +</p></dd> </dl> - <p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing +<p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing the time at the bottom of each note. +</p> - <p><a name="index-packages_002c-loading-47"></a><a name="index-loading-additional-packages-48"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cusepackage-49"></a>Additional packages are loaded like this: +<a name="index-packages_002c-loading"></a> +<a name="index-loading-additional-packages"></a> +<a name="index-_005cusepackage"></a> +<p>Additional packages are loaded like this: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>} -</pre> - <p>To specify more than one <var>pkg</var>, you can separate them with a +<p>To specify more than one <var>pkg</var>, you can separate them with a comma, or use multiple <code>\usepackage</code> commands. - - <p><a name="index-global-options-50"></a><a name="index-options_002c-global-51"></a>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown +</p> +<a name="index-global-options-1"></a> +<a name="index-options_002c-global"></a> +<p>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with <code>\usepackage</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Typefaces"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Layout">Layout</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Typefaces-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">4 Typefaces</h1> -<h2 class="chapter">4 Typefaces</h2> +<a name="index-typefaces"></a> +<a name="index-fonts"></a> -<p><a name="index-typefaces-52"></a><a name="index-fonts-53"></a> -Two important aspects of selecting a <dfn>font</dfn> are specifying a size +<p>Two important aspects of selecting a <em>font</em> are specifying a size and a style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="1">Font styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Select roman, italics etc. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="2">Font sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Select point size. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="3">Low-level font commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Select encoding, family, series, shape. +</td></tr> +</table> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>: Select roman, italics etc. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>: Select point size. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a>: Select encoding, family, series, shape. -</ul> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Font-styles"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Typefaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Font-styles-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">4.1 Font styles</h2> -<h3 class="section">4.1 Font styles</h3> - -<p><a name="index-font-styles-54"></a><a name="index-typeface-styles-55"></a><a name="index-styles-of-text-56"></a> -The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. +<a name="index-font-styles"></a> +<a name="index-typeface-styles"></a> +<a name="index-styles-of-text"></a> - <p>These commands are used like <code>\textit{italic text}</code>. The +<p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. +</p> +<p>These commands are used like <code>\textit{italic text}</code>. The corresponding command in parenthesis is the “declaration form”, which takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. - - <p>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either +</p> +<p>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code> to get bold sans serif. - - <p>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance, +</p> +<p>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance, <code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>. - - <dl> -<dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextrm-57"></a><a name="index-g_t_005crmfamily-58"></a>Roman. - - <br><dt><code>\textit (\itshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextit-59"></a><a name="index-g_t_005citshape-60"></a>Italics. - - <br><dt><code>\emph</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cemph-61"></a><a name="index-emphasis-62"></a>Emphasis (switches between <code>\textit</code> and <code>\textrm</code>). - - <br><dt><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextmd-63"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmdseries-64"></a>Medium weight (default). - - <br><dt><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextbf-65"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbfseries-66"></a>Boldface. -<br><dt><code>\textup (\upshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextup-67"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cupshape-68"></a>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. -<br><dt><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextsl-69"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cslshape-70"></a>Slanted. -<br><dt><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextsf-71"></a><a name="index-g_t_005csffamily-72"></a>Sans serif. -<br><dt><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextsc-73"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cscshape-74"></a>Small caps. -<br><dt><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctexttt-75"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cttfamily-76"></a>Typewriter. -<br><dt><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ctextnormal-77"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnormalfont-78"></a>Main document font. -<br><dt><code>\mathrm</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathrm-79"></a>Roman, for use in math mode. -<br><dt><code>\mathbf</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathbf-80"></a>Boldface, for use in math mode. -<br><dt><code>\mathsf</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathsf-81"></a>Sans serif, for use in math mode. -<br><dt><code>\mathtt</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathtt-82"></a>Typewriter, for use in math mode. - - <br><dt><code>\mathit</code><dt><code>(\mit)</code><dd>Italics, for use in math mode. - - <br><dt><code>\mathnormal</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathnormal-83"></a>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. -<br><dt><code>\mathcal</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmathcal-84"></a>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ctextrm"></a> +<a name="index-_005crmfamily"></a> +<p>Roman. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textit (\itshape)</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ctextit"></a> +<a name="index-_005citshape"></a> +<p>Italics. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\emph</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cemph"></a> +<a name="index-emphasis"></a> +<p>Emphasis (switches between <code>\textit</code> and <code>\textrm</code>). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ctextmd"></a> +<a name="index-_005cmdseries"></a> +<p>Medium weight (default). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ctextbf"></a> +<a name="index-_005cbfseries"></a> +<p>Boldface. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\textup (\upshape)</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ctextup"></a> +<a name="index-_005cupshape"></a> +<p>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsl"></a> +<a name="index-_005cslshape"></a> +<p>Slanted. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsf"></a> +<a name="index-_005csffamily"></a> +<p>Sans serif. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsc"></a> +<a name="index-_005cscshape"></a> +<p>Small caps. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ctexttt"></a> +<a name="index-_005cttfamily"></a> +<p>Typewriter. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ctextnormal"></a> +<a name="index-_005cnormalfont"></a> +<p>Main document font. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\mathrm</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cmathrm"></a> +<p>Roman, for use in math mode. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\mathbf</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cmathbf"></a> +<p>Boldface, for use in math mode. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\mathsf</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cmathsf"></a> +<p>Sans serif, for use in math mode. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\mathtt</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cmathtt"></a> +<p>Typewriter, for use in math mode. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\mathit</code></dt> +<dt><code>(\mit)</code></dt> +<dd><p>Italics, for use in math mode. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\mathnormal</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cmathnormal"></a> +<p>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\mathcal</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cmathcal"></a> +<p>‘Calligraphic’ letters, for use in math mode. +</p></dd> </dl> - <p>In addition, the command +<p>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion{bold}</code> -<a name="index-g_t_005cmathversion-85"></a>can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in +<a name="index-_005cmathversion"></a> +can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default. - - <p>LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to +</p> +<p>LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are <em>not</em> cumulative. They are used -differently than the above commands, too: <code>{\</code><var>cmd</var><code> ...}</code> -instead of <code>\</code><var>cmd</var><code>{...}</code>. These are two very different +differently than the above commands, too: <code>{\<var>cmd</var> ...}</code> +instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. These are two very different things. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\bf</code> +<a name="index-_005cbf"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-bold-font"></a> +<p>Switch to <b>bold face</b>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\cal</code> +<a name="index-_005ccal"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-script-letters-for-math"></a> +<a name="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></a> +<p>Switch to calligraphic letters for math. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\em</code> +<a name="index-_005cem"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-emphasis-1"></a> +<p>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\it</code> +<a name="index-_005cit"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-italic-font"></a> +<p>Italics. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rm</code> +<a name="index-_005crm"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-roman-font"></a> +<p>Roman. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sc</code> +<a name="index-_005csc"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-small-caps-font"></a> +<p>Small caps. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sf</code> +<a name="index-_005csf"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-sans-serif-font"></a> +<p>Sans serif. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sl</code> +<a name="index-_005csl"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-slanted-font"></a> +<a name="index-oblique-font"></a> +<p>Slanted (oblique). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\tt</code> +<a name="index-_005ctt"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-typewriter-font"></a> +<a name="index-monospace-font"></a> +<a name="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></a> +<p>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - <dl> -<dt><code>\bf</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbf-86"></a><dd><a name="index-bold-font-87"></a>Switch to <b>bold face</b>. - - <br><dt><code>\cal</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccal-88"></a><dd><a name="index-script-letters-for-math-89"></a><a name="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math-90"></a>Switch to calligraphic letters for math. - - <br><dt><code>\em</code><a name="index-g_t_005cem-91"></a><dd><a name="index-emphasis-92"></a>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). - - <br><dt><code>\it</code><a name="index-g_t_005cit-93"></a><dd><a name="index-italic-font-94"></a>Italics. - - <br><dt><code>\rm</code><a name="index-g_t_005crm-95"></a><dd><a name="index-roman-font-96"></a>Roman. - - <br><dt><code>\sc</code><a name="index-g_t_005csc-97"></a><dd><a name="index-small-caps-font-98"></a>Small caps. - - <br><dt><code>\sf</code><a name="index-g_t_005csf-99"></a><dd><a name="index-sans-serif-font-100"></a>Sans serif. - - <br><dt><code>\sl</code><a name="index-g_t_005csl-101"></a><dd><a name="index-slanted-font-102"></a><a name="index-oblique-font-103"></a>Slanted (oblique). - - <br><dt><code>\tt</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctt-104"></a><dd><a name="index-typewriter-font-105"></a><a name="index-monospace-font-106"></a><a name="index-fixed_002dwidth-font-107"></a>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). - - </dl> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Font-sizes"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Typefaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Font-sizes-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">4.2 Font sizes</h2> +<a name="index-font-sizes"></a> +<a name="index-typeface-sizes"></a> +<a name="index-sizes-of-text"></a> -<h3 class="section">4.2 Font sizes</h3> - -<p><a name="index-font-sizes-108"></a><a name="index-typeface-sizes-109"></a><a name="index-sizes-of-text-110"></a> -The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. +<p>The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font -size used (in points) with the ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’, and -‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’ document size options, respectively (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005ctiny-111"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cscriptsize-112"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotesize-113"></a><a name="index-g_t_005csmall-114"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnormalsize-115"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clarge-116"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cLarge-117"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cLARGE-118"></a><a name="index-g_t_005chuge-119"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cHuge-120"></a> - <p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><th valign="top">Command </th><th valign="top"><code>10pt</code> </th><th valign="top"><code>11pt</code> </th><th valign="top"><code>12pt</code> -<br></th></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\tiny</code> -</td><td valign="top">5 </td><td valign="top">6 </td><td valign="top">6 -<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\scriptsize</code> -</td><td valign="top">7 </td><td valign="top">8 </td><td valign="top">8 -<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\footnotesize</code> -</td><td valign="top">8 </td><td valign="top">9 </td><td valign="top">10 -<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\small</code> -</td><td valign="top">9 </td><td valign="top">10 </td><td valign="top">10.95 -<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\normalsize</code> (default) -</td><td valign="top">10 </td><td valign="top">10.95 </td><td valign="top">12 -<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\large</code> -</td><td valign="top">12 </td><td valign="top">12 </td><td valign="top">14.4 -<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\Large</code> -</td><td valign="top">14.4 </td><td valign="top">14.4 </td><td valign="top">17.28 -<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\LARGE</code> -</td><td valign="top">17.28 </td><td valign="top">17.28 </td><td valign="top">20.74 -<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\huge</code> -</td><td valign="top">20.74 </td><td valign="top">20.74 </td><td valign="top">24.88 -<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><code>\Huge</code> -</td><td valign="top">24.88 </td><td valign="top">24.88 </td><td valign="top">24.88 - <br></td></tr></table> - - <p>The commands as listed here are “declaration forms”. The scope of +size used (in points) with the ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and +‘<samp>12pt</samp>’ document size options, respectively (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). +</p> +<a name="index-_005ctiny"></a> +<a name="index-_005cscriptsize"></a> +<a name="index-_005cfootnotesize"></a> +<a name="index-_005csmall"></a> +<a name="index-_005cnormalsize"></a> +<a name="index-_005clarge"></a> +<a name="index-_005cLarge"></a> +<a name="index-_005cLARGE"></a> +<a name="index-_005chuge"></a> +<a name="index-_005cHuge"></a> + +<table> +<thead><tr><th>Command</th><th><code>10pt</code></th><th><code>11pt</code></th><th><code>12pt</code></th></tr></thead> +<tr><td><code>\tiny</code></td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>6</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>\scriptsize</code></td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>8</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>\footnotesize</code></td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>\small</code></td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>\normalsize</code> (default)</td><td>10</td><td>10.95</td><td>12</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>\large</code></td><td>12</td><td>12</td><td>14.4</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>\Large</code></td><td>14.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>17.28</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>\LARGE</code></td><td>17.28</td><td>17.28</td><td>20.74</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>\huge</code></td><td>20.74</td><td>20.74</td><td>24.88</td></tr> +<tr><td><code>\Huge</code></td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The commands as listed here are “declaration forms”. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="Low-level-font-commands"></a> +<hr> <a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Typefaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">4.3 Low-level font commands</h2> +<a name="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a> +<a name="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></a> -<h3 class="section">4.3 Low-level font commands</h3> - -<p><a name="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands-121"></a><a name="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel-122"></a> -These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and +<p>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\fontencoding{enc}</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cfontencoding"></a> +<p>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <code>OT1</code> and <code>T1</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\fontfamily{family}</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cfontfamily"></a> +<p>Select font family. Valid families include: +</p> +<ul> +<li> <code>cmr</code> for Computer Modern Roman +</li><li> <code>cmss</code> for Computer Modern Sans Serif +</li><li> <code>cmtt</code> for Computer Modern Typewriter +</li></ul> - <dl> -<dt><code>\fontencoding{enc}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontencoding-123"></a>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <code>OT1</code> and <code>T1</code>. - - <br><dt><code>\fontfamily{family}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontfamily-124"></a>Select font family. Valid families include: - - <ul> -<li><code>cmr</code> for Computer Modern Roman -<li><code>cmss</code> for Computer Modern Sans Serif -<li><code>cmtt</code> for Computer Modern Typewriter -</ul> - - <p>and numerous others. - - <br><dt><code>\fontseries{series}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontseries-125"></a>Select font series. Valid series include: - - <ul> -<li><code>m</code> Medium (normal) -<li><code>b</code> Bold -<li><code>c</code> Condensed -<li><code>bc</code> Bold condensed -<li><code>bx</code> Bold extended -</ul> - - <p>and various other combinations. - - <br><dt><code>\fontshape{shape}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontshape-126"></a>Select font shape. Valid shapes are: - - <ul> -<li><code>n</code> Upright (normal) -<li><code>it</code> Italic -<li><code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique) -<li><code>sc</code> Small caps -<li><code>ui</code> Upright italics -<li><code>ol</code> Outline -</ul> +<p>and numerous others. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\fontseries{series}</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cfontseries"></a> +<p>Select font series. Valid series include: +</p> +<ul> +<li> <code>m</code> Medium (normal) +</li><li> <code>b</code> Bold +</li><li> <code>c</code> Condensed +</li><li> <code>bc</code> Bold condensed +</li><li> <code>bx</code> Bold extended +</li></ul> - <p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families. +<p>and various other combinations. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\fontshape{shape}</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cfontshape"></a> +<p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are: +</p> +<ul> +<li> <code>n</code> Upright (normal) +</li><li> <code>it</code> Italic +</li><li> <code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique) +</li><li> <code>sc</code> Small caps +</li><li> <code>ui</code> Upright italics +</li><li> <code>ol</code> Outline +</li></ul> - <br><dt><code>\fontsize{size}{skip}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfontsize-127"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbaselineskip-128"></a>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and +<p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\fontsize{size}{skip}</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cfontsize"></a> +<a name="index-_005cbaselineskip"></a> +<p>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter named <code>\baselineskip</code>. The unit of both parameters defaults to pt. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cbaselinestretch-129"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bsetspace_007d-package-130"></a><a name="index-double-spacing-131"></a>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the +</p> +<a name="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></a> +<a name="index-setspace-package"></a> +<a name="index-double-spacing"></a> +<p>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the <code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter when the type size changes; the default is 1. However, the best way to “double space” a document, if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the <code>setspace</code> package; see <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</a>. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005clinespread-132"></a><br><dt><code>\linespread{</code><var>factor</var><code>}</code><dd>Equivalent to -<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{</code><var>factor</var><code>}</code>, and -therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect. +</p> +<a name="index-_005clinespread"></a> +</dd> +<dt><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><p>Equivalent to +<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, and +therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect. Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as described just above. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cselectfont-133"></a>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do +</p> +<a name="index-_005cselectfont"></a> +<p>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do not come into effect until <code>\selectfont</code> is called. - - <br><dt><code>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cusefont-134"></a>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>, +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cusefont"></a> +<p>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>, <code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters, followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Layout"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Typefaces" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Typefaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Layout-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">5 Layout</h1> +<a name="index-layout-commands"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2> - -<p><a name="index-layout-commands-135"></a> -Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a>: Use one-column layout. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>: Use two-column layout. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>: Make all text pages the same height. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>: Allow text pages of differing height. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>: \headheight \footskip. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5conecolumn"></a> +<p>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1">\onecolumn</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Use one-column layout. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2">\twocolumn</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Use two-column layout. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3">\flushbottom</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Make all text pages the same height. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4">\raggedbottom</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Allow text pages of differing height. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> \headheight \footskip. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005conecolumn"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005conecolumn"></a> +<a name="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></a> -<h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005conecolumn-136"></a><a name="index-one_002dcolumn-output-137"></a> -The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces +<p>The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. This is the default. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5ctwocolumn"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\onecolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005ctwocolumn"></a> +<a name="index-multicolumn-text"></a> +<a name="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></a> -<h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctwocolumn-138"></a><a name="index-multicolumn-text-139"></a><a name="index-two_002dcolumn-output-140"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\twocolumn[<var>text1col</var>] +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \twocolumn[<var>text1col</var>] -</pre> - <p>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces +<p>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output. If the optional <var>text1col</var> argument is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. - - <p>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: - - <dl> -<dt><code>\columnsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccolumnsep-141"></a><dd>The distance between columns (35pt by default). - - <br><dt><code>\columnseprule</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccolumnseprule-142"></a><dd>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule. - - <br><dt><code>\columnwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccolumnwidth-143"></a><dd>The width of the current column; this is equal to <code>\textwidth</code> in +</p> +<p>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\columnsep</code> +<a name="index-_005ccolumnsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>The distance between columns (35pt by default). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\columnseprule</code> +<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\columnwidth</code> +<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>The width of the current column; this is equal to <code>\textwidth</code> in single-column text. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> - - <p>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: - - <dl> -<dt><code>\dbltopfraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdbltopfraction-144"></a><dd>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied -by floats. Default ‘<samp><span class="samp">.7</span></samp>’, can be usefully redefined to (say) -‘<samp><span class="samp">.9</span></samp>’ to avoid going to float pages so soon. - - <br><dt><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdblfloatpagefraction-145"></a><dd>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, -for a two-column float page. Default ‘<samp><span class="samp">.5</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\dblfloatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdblfloatsep-146"></a><dd>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float -page. Default ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ and -‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’ documents, ‘<samp><span class="samp">14pt plus2pt minus4pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdbltextfloatsep-147"></a><dd>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page -and the main text. Default ‘<samp><span class="samp">20pt plus2pt minus4pt</span></samp>’. +<p>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\dbltopfraction</code> +<a name="index-_005cdbltopfraction"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied +by floats. Default ‘<samp>.7</samp>’, can be usefully redefined to (say) +‘<samp>.9</samp>’ to avoid going to float pages so soon. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code> +<a name="index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, +for a two-column float page. Default ‘<samp>.5</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\dblfloatsep</code> +<a name="index-_005cdblfloatsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float +page. Default ‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ and +‘<samp>11pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code> +<a name="index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page +and the main text. Default ‘<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cflushbottom"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cflushbottom"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raggedbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cflushbottom"></a> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cflushbottom-148"></a> -The <code>\flushbottom</code> declaration makes all text pages the same +<p>The <code>\flushbottom</code> declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. - - <p>This is the default if <code>twocolumn</code> mode is selected +</p> +<p>This is the default if <code>twocolumn</code> mode is selected (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5craggedbottom"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005craggedbottom"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\flushbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005craggedbottom"></a> +<a name="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></a> -<h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005craggedbottom-149"></a><a name="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical-150"></a> -The <code>\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes all pages the natural +<p>The <code>\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes all pages the natural height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Page-layout-parameters"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Layout">Layout</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3> - -<p><a name="index-page-layout-parameters-151"></a><a name="index-parameters_002c-page-layout-152"></a><a name="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for-153"></a><a name="index-header_002c-parameters-for-154"></a><a name="index-footer_002c-parameters-for-155"></a><a name="index-running-header-and-footer-156"></a> - <dl> -<dt><code>\headheight</code><a name="index-g_t_005cheadheight-157"></a><dd>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is -‘<samp><span class="samp">30pt</span></samp>’, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\raggedbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Page-layout-parameters-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h2> + +<a name="index-page-layout-parameters"></a> +<a name="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></a> +<a name="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for"></a> +<a name="index-header_002c-parameters-for"></a> +<a name="index-footer_002c-parameters-for"></a> +<a name="index-running-header-and-footer"></a> + +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\headheight</code> +<a name="index-_005cheadheight"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is +‘<samp>30pt</samp>’, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the type size. - - <br><dt><code>\headsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cheadsep-158"></a><dd>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of -the main text. Default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">25pt</span></samp>’, except in the <code>book</code> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\headsep</code> +<a name="index-_005cheadsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of +the main text. Default is ‘<samp>25pt</samp>’, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the type size. - - <br><dt><code>\footskip</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfootskip-159"></a><dd>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of -the page footer. Default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">30pt</span></samp>’, except in the <code>book</code> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\footskip</code> +<a name="index-_005cfootskip"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of +the page footer. Default is ‘<samp>30pt</samp>’, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the type size. - - <br><dt><code>\linewidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005clinewidth-160"></a><dd>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\linewidth</code> +<a name="index-_005clinewidth"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an <code>article</code> document in -‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, it's set to ‘<samp><span class="samp">345pt</span></samp>’; in two-column mode, that -becomes ‘<samp><span class="samp">229.5pt</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\textheight</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextheight-161"></a><dd>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with +‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, it’s set to ‘<samp>345pt</samp>’; in two-column mode, that +becomes ‘<samp>229.5pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textheight</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextheight"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with the font size, document class, etc. For an <code>article</code> or -<code>report</code> document in ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, it's set to -‘<samp><span class="samp">43\baselineskip</span></samp>’; for <code>book</code>, it's ‘<samp><span class="samp">41\baselineskip</span></samp>’. -For ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’, it's ‘<samp><span class="samp">38\baselineskip</span></samp>’ and for ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’, -‘<samp><span class="samp">36\baselineskip</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\textwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextwidth-162"></a><dd>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as -usual. For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, it's -‘<samp><span class="samp">345pt</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">360pt</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’, and -‘<samp><span class="samp">390pt</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’. For a <code>book</code> document, it's -‘<samp><span class="samp">4.5in</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span class="samp">5in</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’ or ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\topmargin</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopmargin-163"></a><dd>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the +<code>report</code> document in ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, it’s set to +‘<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>’; for <code>book</code>, it’s ‘<samp>41\baselineskip</samp>’. +For ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, it’s ‘<samp>38\baselineskip</samp>’ and for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’, +‘<samp>36\baselineskip</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textwidth</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextwidth"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as +usual. For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, it’s +‘<samp>345pt</samp>’ at ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>360pt</samp>’ at ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and +‘<samp>390pt</samp>’ at ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’. For a <code>book</code> document, it’s +‘<samp>4.5in</samp>’ at ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp>5in</samp>’ at ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’ or ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\topmargin</code> +<a name="index-_005ctopmargin"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed -based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight − 2in − -\headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip</code>, and +based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight - 2in - +\headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip</code>, and then divided by two. - - <br><dt><code>\topskip</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopskip-164"></a><dd>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\topskip</code> +<a name="index-_005ctopskip"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the -same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ at ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’. +same as the font size, e.g., ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ at ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Sectioning"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Layout">Layout</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Sectioning-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h1> +<a name="index-sectioning"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2> - -<p><a name="index-sectioning-165"></a> -Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: - - <dl> -<dt><code>\part</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpart-166"></a><br><dt><code>\chapter</code><a name="index-g_t_005cchapter-167"></a><dd>(report and book class only) -<br><dt><code>\section</code><a name="index-g_t_005csection-168"></a><br><dt><code>\subsection</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubsection-169"></a><br><dt><code>\subsubsection</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubsubsection-170"></a><br><dt><code>\paragraph</code><a name="index-g_t_005cparagraph-171"></a><br><dt><code>\subparagraph</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubparagraph-172"></a><dd></dl> +<p>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\part</code> +<a name="index-_005cpart"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\chapter</code> +<a name="index-_005cchapter"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>(report and book class only) +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\section</code> +<a name="index-_005csection"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\subsection</code> +<a name="index-_005csubsection"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\subsubsection</code> +<a name="index-_005csubsubsection"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\paragraph</code> +<a name="index-_005cparagraph"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\subparagraph</code> +<a name="index-_005csubparagraph"></a> +</dt> +</dl> - <p>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., +<p>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\chapter[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \chapter[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} -</pre> - <p>In addition to providing the heading <var>title</var> in the main text, the +<p>In addition to providing the heading <var>title</var> in the main text, the section title can appear in two other places: - - <ol type=1 start=1> -<li>The table of contents. -<li>The running head at the top of the page. - </ol> - - <p>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. +</p> +<ol> +<li> +The table of contents. +</li><li> +The running head at the top of the page. +</li></ol> + +<p>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument <var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands-173"></a>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print +</p> +<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></a> +<p>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print <var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For instance: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\section*{Preamble} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \section*{Preamble} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cappendix-174"></a><a name="index-appendix_002c-creating-175"></a>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units +<a name="index-_005cappendix"></a> +<a name="index-appendix_002c-creating"></a> +<p>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units are numbered. The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is something like - -<pre class="example"> \chapter{A Chapter} - ... - \appendix - \chapter{The First Appendix} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-secnumdepth-_0040r_007bcounter_007d-176"></a><a name="index-section-numbers_002c-printing-177"></a>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\chapter{A Chapter} +… +\appendix +\chapter{The First Appendix} +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a> +<a name="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a> +<p>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers. The setting +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>} -</pre> - <p class="noindent">suppresses heading numbers at any depth > <var>level</var>, where +<p>suppresses heading numbers at any depth <em>> <var>level</var></em>, where <code>chapter</code> is level zero. (See <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>.) +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Cross-references"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Environments">Environments</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Cross-references-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h1> +<a name="index-cross-references"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2> - -<p><a name="index-cross-references-178"></a> -One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer +<p>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.” +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1">\label</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2">\pageref</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Refer to a page number. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3">\ref</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Refer to a section, figure or similar. +</td></tr> +</table> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>: Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a>: Refer to a page number. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>: Refer to a section, figure or similar. -</ul> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5clabel"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005clabel"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005clabel-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005clabel"></a> -<h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005clabel-179"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\label{<var>key</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \label{<var>key</var>} -</pre> - <p>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to +<p>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to <var>key</var> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>. - - <p>A <var>key</var> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or +</p> +<p>A <var>key</var> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. - - <p>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is +</p> +<p>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: - - <dl> -<dt><code>ch</code><dd>for chapters -<br><dt><code>sec</code><dd>for lower-level sectioning commands -<br><dt><code>fig</code><dd>for figures -<br><dt><code>tab</code><dd>for tables -<br><dt><code>eq</code><dd>for equations +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>ch</code></dt> +<dd><p>for chapters +</p></dd> +<dt><code>sec</code></dt> +<dd><p>for lower-level sectioning commands +</p></dd> +<dt><code>fig</code></dt> +<dd><p>for figures +</p></dd> +<dt><code>tab</code></dt> +<dd><p>for tables +</p></dd> +<dt><code>eq</code></dt> +<dd><p>for equations +</p></dd> </dl> - <p>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:snark</code> or +<p>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:snark</code> or <code>fig.snark</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cpageref"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cpageref"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ref</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\label</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cpageref_007bkey_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cpageref"></a> +<a name="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></a> +<a name="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> -<h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpageref-180"></a><a name="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number-181"></a><a name="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing-182"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\pageref{<var>key</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \pageref{<var>key</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\pageref</code>{<var>key</var>} command produces the page number of +<p>The <code>\pageref</code>{<var>key</var>} command produces the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding <code>\label</code>{<var>key</var>} command appears. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cref"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cref"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref{</code><var>key</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cref-183"></a><a name="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic-184"></a><a name="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing-185"></a><a name="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing-186"></a><a name="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing-187"></a><a name="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing-188"></a> -Synopsis: +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cref_007bkey_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cref"></a> +<a name="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></a> +<a name="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> +<a name="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> +<a name="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> +<a name="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a> + +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\ref{<var>key</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \ref{<var>key</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\ref</code> command produces the number of the sectional unit, -equation, footnote, figure, <small class="dots">...</small>, of the corresponding +<p>The <code>\ref</code> command produces the number of the sectional unit, +equation, footnote, figure, …, of the corresponding <code>\label</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a>). It does not produce any text, -such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself. +such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just the bare number itself. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Environments"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Environments-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">8 Environments</h1> +<a name="index-environments"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2> +<a name="index-_005cbegin"></a> +<a name="index-_005cend"></a> -<p><a name="index-environments-189"></a> -<a name="index-g_t_005cbegin-190"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cend-191"></a> -LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. +<p>LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{<var>envname</var>} - ... - \end{<var>envname</var>} -</pre> - <ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#abstract">abstract</a>: Produce an abstract. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#array">array</a>: Math arrays. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#center">center</a>: Centred lines. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#description">description</a>: Labelled lists. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>: Formulas that appear on their own line. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#document">document</a>: Enclose the whole document. -<li><a accesskey="7" href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>: Numbered lists. -<li><a accesskey="8" href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a>: Sequences of aligned equations. -<li><a accesskey="9" href="#equation">equation</a>: Displayed equation. -<li><a href="#figure">figure</a>: Floating figures. -<li><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>: Flushed left lines. -<li><a href="#flushright">flushright</a>: Flushed right lines. -<li><a href="#itemize">itemize</a>: Bulleted lists. -<li><a href="#letter">letter</a>: Letters. -<li><a href="#list">list</a>: Generic list environment. -<li><a href="#math">math</a>: In-line math. -<li><a href="#minipage">minipage</a>: Miniature page. -<li><a href="#picture">picture</a>: Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles. -<li><a href="#quotation">quotation</a>: Indented environment with paragraph indentation. -<li><a href="#quote">quote</a>: Indented environment with no paragraph indentation. -<li><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>: Align text arbitrarily. -<li><a href="#table">table</a>: Floating tables. -<li><a href="#tabular">tabular</a>: Align text in columns. -<li><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>: Bibliography or reference list. -<li><a href="#theorem">theorem</a>: Theorems, lemmas, etc. -<li><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>: For hand crafted title pages. -<li><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>: Simulating typed input. -<li><a href="#verse">verse</a>: For poetry and other things. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{<var>envname</var>} +... +\end{<var>envname</var>} +</pre></div> + +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#abstract" accesskey="1">abstract</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Produce an abstract. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#array" accesskey="2">array</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Math arrays. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#center" accesskey="3">center</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Centered lines. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#description" accesskey="4">description</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Labelled lists. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5">displaymath</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Formulas that appear on their own line. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#document" accesskey="6">document</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Enclose the whole document. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7">enumerate</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Numbered lists. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8">eqnarray</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Sequences of aligned equations. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#equation" accesskey="9">equation</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Displayed equation. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#figure">figure</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Floating figures. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Flushed left lines. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#flushright">flushright</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Flushed right lines. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Bulleted lists. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#letter">letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Letters. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#list">list</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Generic list environment. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#math">math</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> In-line math. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Miniature page. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#picture">picture</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#quotation">quotation</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indented environment with paragraph indentation. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#quote">quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indented environment with no paragraph indentation. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Align text arbitrarily. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#table">table</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Floating tables. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Align text in columns. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Bibliography or reference list. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#theorem">theorem</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Theorems, lemmas, etc. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> For hand crafted title pages. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Simulating typed input. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#verse">verse</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> For poetry and other things. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="abstract"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#array">array</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="abstract-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3> +<a name="index-abstract-environment"></a> +<a name="index-abstracts"></a> -<p><a name="index-abstract-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-192"></a><a name="index-abstracts-193"></a> -Synopsis: -<pre class="example"> \begin{abstract} - ... - \end{abstract} -</pre> - <p>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. +<p>Synopsis: +</p><div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{abstract} +... +\end{abstract} +</pre></div> -<div class="node"> -<a name="array"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#center">center</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#abstract">abstract</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> +<p>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. +</p> +<hr> +<a name="array"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="previous">abstract</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="array-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h2> +<a name="index-array-environment"></a> +<a name="index-arrays_002c-math"></a> -<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-array-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-194"></a><a name="index-arrays_002c-math-195"></a> -Synopsis: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{array}{<var>template</var>} - <var>col1 text</var>&<var>col1 text</var>&<var>coln</var>}\\ - ... - \end{array} -</pre> - <p>Math arrays are produced with the <code>array</code> environment, normally +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{array}{<var>template</var>} +<var>col1 text</var>&<var>col1 text</var>&<var>coln</var>}\\ +... +\end{array} +</pre></div> + +<p>Math arrays are produced with the <code>array</code> environment, normally within an <code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>). It has a single mandatory <var>template</var> argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column <var>col</var> is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows: - - <dl> -<dt><code>c</code><dd>centered -<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>flush left -<br><dt><code>r</code><dd>flush right +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>c</code></dt> +<dd><p>centered +</p></dd> +<dt><code>l</code></dt> +<dd><p>flush left +</p></dd> +<dt><code>r</code></dt> +<dd><p>flush right +</p></dd> </dl> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007barray_007d_0029-196"></a>Column entries are separated by <code>&</code>. Column entries may include +<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-array_0029"></a> +<p>Column entries are separated by <code>&</code>. Column entries may include other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array is terminated with <code>\\</code>. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_0040_0040_0040_007b_002e_002e_002e_0040_007d-197"></a>In the template, the construct <code>@{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code> puts <var>text</var> +</p> +<a name="index-_0040_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d"></a> +<p>In the template, the construct <code>@{<var>text</var>}</code> puts <var>text</var> between columns in each row. - - <p>Here's an example: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{equation} - \begin{array}{lrc} - left1 & right1 & centered1 \\ - left2 & right2 & centered2 \\ - \end{array} - \end{equation} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005carraycolsep-198"></a>The <code>\arraycolsep</code> parameter defines half the width of the space -separating columns; the default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">5pt</span></samp>’. See <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>, for other +</p> +<p>Here’s an example: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{equation} + \begin{array}{lrc} + left1 & right1 & centered1 \\ + left2 & right2 & centered2 \\ + \end{array} +\end{equation} +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-_005carraycolsep"></a> +<p>The <code>\arraycolsep</code> parameter defines half the width of the space +separating columns; the default is ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’. See <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>, for other parameters which affect formatting in <code>array</code> environments, namely <code>\arrayrulewidth</code> and <code>\arraystretch</code>. +</p> +<p>The <code>array</code> environment can only be used in math mode. +</p> - <p>The <code>array</code> environment can only be used in math mode. - -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="center"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#description">description</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#array">array</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="previous">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="center-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-center-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-199"></a><a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for-200"></a> -Synopsis: +<a name="index-center-environment"></a> +<a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></a> -<pre class="example"> \begin{center} - <var>line1</var> \\ - <var>line2</var> \\ - \end{center} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bcenter_007d_0029-201"></a>The <code>center</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{center} +<var>line1</var> \\ +<var>line2</var> \\ +\end{center} +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></a> +<p>The <code>center</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1">\centering</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment. +</td></tr> +</table> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a>: Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment. -</ul> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5ccentering"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005ccentering"></a> -<p><hr> -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#center">center</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up">center</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005ccentering-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h3> -<h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4> +<a name="index-_005ccentering"></a> +<a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccentering-202"></a><a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for-203"></a> -The <code>\centering</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>center</code> +<p>The <code>\centering</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>center</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by putting a <code>\centering</code> command at the beginning of the figure or table environment. - - <p>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command +</p> +<p>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats -paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of +paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command (of an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. +</p> +<p>Here’s an example: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{quote} +\centering +first line \\ +second line \\ +\end{quote} +</pre></div> - <p>Here's an example: -<pre class="example"> \begin{quote} - \centering - first line \\ - second line \\ - \end{quote} -</pre> - <div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="description"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#center">center</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="previous">center</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="description-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3> +<a name="index-description-environment"></a> +<a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></a> +<a name="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></a> -<p><a name="index-description-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-204"></a><a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating-205"></a><a name="index-description-lists_002c-creating-206"></a> -Synopsis: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{description} - \item [<var>label1</var>] <var>item1</var> - \item [<var>label2</var>] <var>item2</var> - ... - \end{description} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005citem-207"></a>The <code>description</code> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{description} +\item [<var>label1</var>] <var>item1</var> +\item [<var>label2</var>] <var>item2</var> +... +\end{description} +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-_005citem"></a> +<p>The <code>description</code> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each <var>label</var> is typeset in bold, flush right. The <var>item</var> text may contain multiple paragraphs. - - <p><a name="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding-208"></a><a name="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists-209"></a>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if -you typeset a label in typewriter using <code>\texttt</code>, you'll get +</p> +<a name="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></a> +<a name="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></a> +<p>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if +you typeset a label in typewriter using <code>\texttt</code>, you’ll get bold typewriter: <code>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</code>. This may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use <code>\tt</code>, which resets all other style variations: <code>\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]</code>. +</p> +<p>For details about list spacing, see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>. +</p> - <p>For details about list spacing, see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>. - -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="displaymath"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#document">document</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#description">description</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="previous">description</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="displaymath-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3> +<a name="index-displaymath-environment"></a> -<p><a name="index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-210"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} +<var>math</var> +\end{displaymath} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \begin{displaymath} - <var>math</var> - \end{displaymath} -</pre> - <p class="noindent">or +<p>or +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\[<var>math</var>\] +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \[<var>math</var>\] -</pre> - <p>The <code>displaymath</code> environment (<code>\[...\]</code> is a synonym) -typesets the <var>math</var> text on its own line, centered by default. +<p>The <code>displaymath</code> environment (<code>\[...\]</code> is a synonym) +typesets the <var>math</var> text on its own line, centered by default. The global <code>fleqn</code> option makes equations flush left; see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>. - - <p>No equation number is added to <code>displaymath</code> text; to get an +</p> +<p>No equation number is added to <code>displaymath</code> text; to get an equation number, use the <code>equation</code> environment (see <a href="#equation">equation</a>). +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="document"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="previous">displaymath</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="document-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3> +<a name="index-document-environment"></a> -<p><a name="index-document-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-211"></a> -The <code>document</code> environment encloses the body of a document. +<p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the body of a document. It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a>. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="enumerate"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#document">document</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="previous">document</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="enumerate-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3> +<a name="index-enumerate-environment"></a> +<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></a> -<p><a name="index-enumerate-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-212"></a><a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered-213"></a> -Synopsis: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{enumerate} - \item <var>item1</var> - \item <var>item2</var> - ... - \end{enumerate} -</pre> - <p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{enumerate} +\item <var>item1</var> +\item <var>item2</var> +... +\end{enumerate} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as <code>itemize</code> (see <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>) and <code>description</code> (see <a href="#description">description</a>). - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005citem-214"></a>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. +</p> +<a name="index-_005citem-1"></a> +<p>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. - - <p>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this: - - <ol type=1 start=1> -<li>1., 2., <small class="dots">...</small> -<li>(a), (b), <small class="dots">...</small> -<li>i., ii., <small class="dots">...</small> -<li>A., B., <small class="dots">...</small> - </ol> - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cenumi-215"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cenumii-216"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cenumiii-217"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cenumiv-218"></a>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> +</p> +<p>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this: +</p> +<ol> +<li> 1., 2., … +</li><li> (a), (b), … +</li><li> i., ii., … +</li><li> A., B., … +</li></ol> + +<a name="index-_005cenumi"></a> +<a name="index-_005cenumii"></a> +<a name="index-_005cenumiii"></a> +<a name="index-_005cenumiv"></a> +<p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through <code>\enumiv</code> counters (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>). If the optional argument to <code>\item</code> is given, the counter is not incremented for that item. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumi-219"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumii-220"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumiii-221"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelenumiv-222"></a>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelenumi</code> +</p> +<a name="index-_005clabelenumi"></a> +<a name="index-_005clabelenumii"></a> +<a name="index-_005clabelenumiii"></a> +<a name="index-_005clabelenumiv"></a> +<p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelenumi</code> through <code>\labelenumiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase letters: +</p> +<a name="index-_005cAlph-example"></a> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} +</pre></div> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cAlph-_0040r_007bexample_007d-223"></a> -<pre class="example"> \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} -</pre> - <div class="node"> -<a name="eqnarray"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#equation">equation</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> -</div> -<h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-eqnarray-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-224"></a><a name="index-equations_002c-aligning-225"></a><a name="index-aligning-Equations-226"></a> -<pre class="example"> \begin{eqnarray} <span class="roman">(or </span><code>eqnarray*</code><span class="roman">)</span> - <var>formula1</var> \\ - <var>formula2</var> \\ - ... - \end{eqnarray} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-227"></a>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a sequence of +<hr> +<a name="eqnarray"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="previous">enumerate</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="eqnarray-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h2> + +<a name="index-eqnarray-environment"></a> +<a name="index-equations_002c-aligning"></a> +<a name="index-aligning-Equations"></a> + +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{eqnarray} <span class="roman">(or <code>eqnarray*</code>)</span> +<var>formula1</var> \\ +<var>formula2</var> \\ +... +\end{eqnarray} +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a> +<p>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <code>\\</code> and consecutive items within a row separated by an <code>&</code>. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-228"></a><code>\\*</code> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal +</p> +<a name="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a> +<p><code>\\*</code> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cnonumber-229"></a><a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting-230"></a>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a +</p> +<a name="index-_005cnonumber"></a> +<a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></a> +<p>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a <code>\nonumber</code> command. Alternatively, The <code>*</code>-form of the environment (<code>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</code>) will omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as <code>eqnarray</code>. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005clefteqn-231"></a>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across +</p> +<a name="index-_005clefteqn"></a> +<p>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="equation"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#figure">figure</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="previous">eqnarray</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="equation-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3> +<a name="index-equation-environment"></a> +<a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></a> +<a name="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></a> -<p><a name="index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-232"></a><a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for-233"></a><a name="index-formulas_002c-environment-for-234"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{equation} +<var>math</var> +\end{equation} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \begin{equation} - <var>math</var> - \end{equation} -</pre> - <p>The <code>equation</code> environment starts a <code>displaymath</code> +<p>The <code>equation</code> environment starts a <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a>), e.g., centering the <var>math</var> text on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="figure"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#equation">equation</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-figure-235"></a><a name="index-inserting-figures-236"></a><a name="index-figures_002c-inserting-237"></a> -<pre class="example"> \begin{figure[*]}[<var>placement</var>] - <var>figbody</var> - \label{<var>label}</var> - \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>text</var>} - \end{figure} -</pre> - <p>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are -instead “floated” to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="previous">equation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="figure-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h2> +<a name="index-figure"></a> +<a name="index-inserting-figures"></a> +<a name="index-figures_002c-inserting"></a> + +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{figure[*]}[<var>placement</var>] +<var>figbody</var> +\label{<var>label}</var> +\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>text</var>} +\end{figure} +</pre></div> + +<p>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +instead “floated” to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. Figures will not be split between two pages. - - <p>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a +</p> +<p>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a full-width figure (across both columns). - - <p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where LaTeX will try +</p> +<p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where LaTeX will try to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float: - - <dl> -<dt><code>t</code><dd>(Top)—at the top of a text page. - - <br><dt><code>b</code><dd>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. However, <code>b</code> is not +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>t</code></dt> +<dd><p>(Top)—at the top of a text page. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>b</code></dt> +<dd><p>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. However, <code>b</code> is not allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column output. To ameliorate this, use the <code>stfloats</code> or <code>dblfloatfix</code> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</a>. - - <br><dt><code>h</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bfloat_007d-package-238"></a>(Here)—at the position in the text where the figure environment +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>h</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-float-package"></a> +<p>(Here)—at the position in the text where the figure environment appears. However, this is not allowed by itself, <code>t</code> is automatically added. To absolutely force a figure to appear “here”, use the <code>float</code> and use its <code>H</code> placement letter. (That package also provides other options.) - - <br><dt><code>p</code><dd>(Page of floats)—on a separate float page, which is a page +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>p</code></dt> +<dd><p>(Page of floats)—on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> - - <p>The standard report and article classes use the default placement +<p>The standard report and article classes use the default placement <code>tbp</code>. - - <p>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. +</p> +<p>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. you wish. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005ccaption-239"></a>The <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption <var>text</var> for the +</p> +<a name="index-_005ccaption"></a> +<p>The <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption <var>text</var> for the figure. The caption is numbered by default. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <var>text</var> (see <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>). - -<!-- xx float-placement, float-caption sections? --> - -<a name="index-g_t_005cbottomfraction-240"></a> -<dl>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at -the bottom; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">.3</span></samp>’. - - <dt><code>\floatpagefraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfloatpagefraction-241"></a><dd>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; -default ‘<samp><span class="samp">.5</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\floatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfloatsep-242"></a><dd>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default -‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\intextsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cintextsep-243"></a><dd>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default -‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ and ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’ styles, -‘<samp><span class="samp">14pt plus4pt minus4pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\textfloatsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextfloatsep-244"></a><dd>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; -default ‘<samp><span class="samp">20pt plus2pt minus4pt</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\textfraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextfraction-245"></a><dd>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dd><a name="index-_005cbottomfraction"></a> +<p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at +the bottom; default ‘<samp>.3</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\floatpagefraction</code> +<a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; +default ‘<samp>.5</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\floatsep</code> +<a name="index-_005cfloatsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default +‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\intextsep</code> +<a name="index-_005cintextsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default +‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ and ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’ styles, +‘<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textfloatsep</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; +default ‘<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textfraction</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextfraction"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a -different page. The default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">.2</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\topfraction</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopfraction-246"></a><dd>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before -floats; default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">.7</span></samp>’. +different page. The default is ‘<samp>.2</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\topfraction</code> +<a name="index-_005ctopfraction"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before +floats; default is ‘<samp>.7</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="flushleft"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#flushright">flushright</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#figure">figure</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">8.11 <code>flushleft</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-flushleft-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-247"></a><a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-248"></a><a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for-249"></a> -<pre class="example"> \begin{flushleft} - <var>line1</var> \\ - <var>line2</var> \\ - ... - \end{flushleft} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bflushleft_007d_007d-250"></a>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="previous">figure</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="flushleft-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.11 <code>flushleft</code></h2> +<a name="index-flushleft-environment"></a> +<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a> +<a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a> + +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{flushleft} +<var>line1</var> \\ +<var>line2</var> \\ +... +\end{flushleft} +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"></a> +<p>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1">\raggedright</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment. +</td></tr> +</table> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>: Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment. -</ul> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5craggedright"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005craggedright"></a> -<p><hr> -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#flushleft">flushleft</a> - -</div> - -<h4 class="subsection">8.11.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005craggedright-251"></a><a name="index-ragged-right-text-252"></a><a name="index-left_002djustifying-text-253"></a><a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-right-254"></a> -The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the +<div class="header"> +<p> +Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005craggedright-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.11.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005craggedright"></a> +<a name="index-ragged-right-text"></a> +<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text"></a> +<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></a> + +<p>The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. - - <p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code> +</p> +<p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code> command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX -formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the +formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command that ends the paragraph unit. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="flushright"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#itemize">itemize</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushright</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-flushright-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-255"></a><a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for-256"></a><a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-257"></a> -<pre class="example"> \begin{flushright} - <var>line1</var> \\ - <var>line2</var> \\ - ... - \end{flushright} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bflushright_007d_0029-258"></a>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="previous">flushleft</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="flushright-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.12 <code>flushright</code></h2> +<a name="index-flushright-environment"></a> +<a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></a> +<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a> + +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{flushright} +<var>line1</var> \\ +<var>line2</var> \\ +... +\end{flushright} +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></a> +<p>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1">\raggedleft</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment. +</td></tr> +</table> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a>: Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment. -</ul> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5craggedleft"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005craggedleft"></a> -<p><hr> -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#flushright">flushright</a> - -</div> - -<h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005craggedleft-259"></a><a name="index-ragged-left-text-260"></a><a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-left-261"></a><a name="index-right_002djustifying-text-262"></a> -The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the +<div class="header"> +<p> +Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005craggedleft"></a> +<a name="index-ragged-left-text"></a> +<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></a> +<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text"></a> + +<p>The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. - - <p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code> +</p> +<p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code> command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX -formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the +formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit’s format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command that ends the paragraph unit. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="itemize"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#letter">letter</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#flushright">flushright</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">8.13 <code>itemize</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-itemize-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-263"></a><a name="index-g_t_005citem-264"></a><a name="index-lists-of-items-265"></a><a name="index-unordered-lists-266"></a><a name="index-bulleted-lists-267"></a> -Synopsis: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{itemize} - \item <var>item1</var> - \item <var>item2</var> - ... - \end{itemize} -</pre> - <p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted” +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="previous">flushright</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="itemize-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.13 <code>itemize</code></h2> +<a name="index-itemize-environment"></a> +<a name="index-_005citem-2"></a> +<a name="index-lists-of-items"></a> +<a name="index-unordered-lists"></a> +<a name="index-bulleted-lists"></a> + +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{itemize} +\item <var>item1</var> +\item <var>item2</var> +... +\end{itemize} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted” list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>). - - <p>Each item of an <code>itemize</code> list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. +</p> +<p>Each item of an <code>itemize</code> list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. - - <p>By default, the marks at each level look like this: - - <ol type=1 start=1> -<li>• (bullet) -<li><b>--<!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash) -<li>* (asterisk) -<li>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period) - </ol> - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemi-268"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemii-269"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemiii-270"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clabelitemiv-271"></a>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> +</p> +<p>By default, the marks at each level look like this: +</p> +<ol> +<li> • (bullet) +</li><li> <b>-<span class="nolinebreak">-</span></b> (bold en-dash) +</li><li> * (asterisk) +</li><li> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) +</li></ol> + +<a name="index-_005clabelitemi"></a> +<a name="index-_005clabelitemii"></a> +<a name="index-_005clabelitemiii"></a> +<a name="index-_005clabelitemiv"></a> +<p>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels. For instance, to have the first level use diamonds: - -<pre class="example"> \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmargin-272"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmargini-273"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginii-274"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginiii-275"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginiv-276"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginv-277"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cleftmarginvi-278"></a>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-_005cleftmargin"></a> +<a name="index-_005cleftmargini"></a> +<a name="index-_005cleftmarginii"></a> +<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiii"></a> +<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></a> +<a name="index-_005cleftmarginv"></a> +<a name="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></a> +<p>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the left margin of the list. By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set -to the appropriate <code>\leftmargin</code><var>N</var> when a new level of +to the appropriate <code>\leftmargin<var>N</var></code> when a new level of nesting is entered. - - <p>The defaults vary from ‘<samp><span class="samp">.5em</span></samp>’ (highest levels of nesting) to -‘<samp><span class="samp">2.5em</span></samp>’ (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. +</p> +<p>The defaults vary from ‘<samp>.5em</samp>’ (highest levels of nesting) to +‘<samp>2.5em</samp>’ (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em -</pre> - <!-- xx should be in its own generic section --> - <p>Some parameters that affect list formatting: - - <dl> -<dt><code>\itemindent</code><a name="index-g_t_005citemindent-279"></a><dd>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. - - <br><dt><code>\labelsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005clabelsep-280"></a><dd>Space between the label and text of an item; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">.5em</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\labelwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005clabelwidth-281"></a><dd>Width of the label; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">2em</span></samp>’, or ‘<samp><span class="samp">1.5em</span></samp>’ in two-column mode. - - <br><dt><code>\listparindent</code><a name="index-g_t_005clistparindent-282"></a><dd>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a -list item; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">0pt</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\rightmargin</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightmargin-283"></a><dd>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the -enclosing environment; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">0pt</span></samp>’, except in the <code>quote</code>, +<p>Some parameters that affect list formatting: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\itemindent</code> +<a name="index-_005citemindent"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\labelsep</code> +<a name="index-_005clabelsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Space between the label and text of an item; default ‘<samp>.5em</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\labelwidth</code> +<a name="index-_005clabelwidth"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Width of the label; default ‘<samp>2em</samp>’, or ‘<samp>1.5em</samp>’ in two-column mode. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\listparindent</code> +<a name="index-_005clistparindent"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a +list item; default ‘<samp>0pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rightmargin</code> +<a name="index-_005crightmargin"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the +enclosing environment; default ‘<samp>0pt</samp>’, except in the <code>quote</code>, <code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal to <code>\leftmargin</code>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> - - <p>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather +<p>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather loose, by default). - - <dl> -<dt><code>\itemsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005citemsep-284"></a><dd>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\itemsep</code> +<a name="index-_005citemsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. - - <br><dt><code>\parsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cparsep-285"></a><dd>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\parsep</code> +<a name="index-_005cparsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>. - - <br><dt><code>\topsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctopsep-286"></a><dd>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\topsep</code> +<a name="index-_005ctopsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. These are reduced for nested lists. - - <br><dt><code>\partopsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpartopsep-287"></a><dd>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\partopsep</code> +<a name="index-_005cpartopsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a paragraph. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cparskip-_0040r_007bexample_007d-288"></a>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide +<a name="index-_005cparskip-example"></a> +<p>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code> environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific, see <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>): +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\newenvironment{itemize*}% + {\begin{itemize}% + \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% + \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}% + \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% + {\end{itemize}} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \newenvironment{itemize*}% - {\begin{itemize}% - \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% - \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}% - \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% - {\end{itemize}} -</pre> - <div class="node"> -<a name="letter"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#list">list</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#itemize">itemize</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> +<hr> +<a name="letter"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="previous">itemize</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.14 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h2> +<a name="index-letter"></a> -<h3 class="section">8.14 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3> - -<p><a name="index-letter-289"></a> -This environment is used for creating letters. See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>. +<p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="list"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#math">math</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#letter">letter</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">letter</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="list-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.15 <code>list</code></h2> +<a name="index-list"></a> +<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></a> -<h3 class="section">8.15 <code>list</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-list-290"></a><a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic-291"></a> -The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for +<p>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often in macros. - -<pre class="example"> \begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>} - \item <var>item1</var> - \item <var>item2</var> - ... - \end{list} -</pre> - <p>The mandatory <var>labeling</var> argument specifies how items should be -labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <code>\item</code>). +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>} +\item <var>item1</var> +\item <var>item2</var> +... +\end{list} +</pre></div> + +<p>The mandatory <var>labeling</var> argument specifies how items should be +labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <code>\item</code>). This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. - - <p>The mandatory <var>spacing</var> argument contains commands to change the +</p> +<p>The mandatory <var>spacing</var> argument contains commands to change the spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="math"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#minipage">minipage</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#list">list</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="previous">list</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="math-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.16 <code>math</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.16 <code>math</code></h3> +<a name="index-math-environment"></a> +<a name="index-in_002dline-formulas"></a> -<p><a name="index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-292"></a><a name="index-in_002dline-formulas-293"></a> -Synopsis: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{math} - <var>math</var> - \end{math} -</pre> - <p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the -running text. <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{math} +<var>math</var> +\end{math} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the +running text. <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="minipage"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#picture">picture</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#math">math</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="previous">math</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="minipage-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.17 <code>minipage</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.17 <code>minipage</code></h3> +<a name="index-minipage-environment"></a> +<a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a> -<p><a name="index-minipage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-294"></a><a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a-295"></a> -<pre class="example"> \begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>} - <var>text</var> - \end{minipage} -</pre> - <p>The <code>minipage</code> environment typesets its body <var>text</var> in a +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>} +<var>text</var> +\end{minipage} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>minipage</code> environment typesets its body <var>text</var> in a block that will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the <code>\parbox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>), but unlike <code>\parbox</code>, other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage. - -<!-- (xxref positions) --> - <p>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>). - - <p><a name="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage-296"></a><a name="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage-297"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cparindent-298"></a>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code> +</p> +<p>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>). +</p> +<a name="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></a> +<a name="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></a> +<a name="index-_005cparindent"></a> +<p>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code> environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as <code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> command. - - <p><a name="index-footnotes-in-figures-299"></a><a name="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in-300"></a>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is +</p> +<a name="index-footnotes-in-figures"></a> +<a name="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></a> +<p>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the <code>\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary <code>footnote</code> counter (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>). - - <p>However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using +</p> +<p>However, don’t put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="picture"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#quotation">quotation</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#minipage">minipage</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">8.18 <code>picture</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-picture-301"></a><a name="index-creating-pictures-302"></a><a name="index-pictures_002c-creating-303"></a> -<pre class="example"> \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) - ... <var>picture commands</var> ... - \end{picture} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cunitlength-304"></a>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any -kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#quotation" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation</a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">minipage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="picture-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.18 <code>picture</code></h2> + +<a name="index-picture"></a> +<a name="index-creating-pictures"></a> +<a name="index-pictures_002c-creating"></a> + +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) +… <var>picture commands</var> … +\end{picture} +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-_005cunitlength"></a> +<p>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any +kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign—a number like <code>5</code>, <code>0.3</code> or @@ -1976,638 +2619,777 @@ to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. You should only change the value of <code>\unitlength</code>, using the <code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> environment. - - <p>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying -the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>. +</p> +<p>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying +the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>. Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. - - <p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a +</p> +<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a <code>position</code>. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this -argument's x- and y-coordinates. - - <p>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional <code>position</code> +argument’s x- and y-coordinates. +</p> +<p>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional <code>position</code> argument, following the <code>size</code> argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the command +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) -</pre> - <p class="noindent">produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 +<p>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument. - - <p>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the +</p> +<p>The environment’s mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even -off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining +off the page. The picture’s nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it. - - <p>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <code>\put</code> +</p> +<p>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <code>\put</code> command. The command +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\put (11.3,-.3){...} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \put (11.3,-.3){...} -</pre> - <p class="noindent">puts the object specified by <code>...</code> in the -picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). +<p>puts the object specified by <code>...</code> in the +picture, with its reference point at coordinates <em>(11.3,-.3)</em>. The reference points for various objects will be described below. - - <p><a name="index-lR-box-305"></a>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn>. You can put anything +</p> +<a name="index-lR-box"></a> +<p>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em>. You can put anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left corner of the box. - - <p>The <code>picture</code> commands are described in the following sections. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a>: Draw a circle. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>: Draw a box of the specified size. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>: Draw a box with a frame around it. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>: Draw a dashed box. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>: Draw a frame around an object. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a>: Draw a straight line. -<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a>: Set the line thickness. -<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>: A heavier line thickness. -<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>: The default line thickness. -<li><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>: Draw multiple instances of an object. -<li><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>: Draw an ellipse. -<li><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>: Place an object at a specified place. -<li><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>: Make a pile of objects. -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>: Draw a line with an arrow. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5ccircle"></a> +</p> +<p>The <code>picture</code> commands are described in the following sections. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="1">\circle</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw a circle. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="2">\makebox (picture)</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw a box of the specified size. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="3">\framebox (picture)</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw a box with a frame around it. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="4">\dashbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw a dashed box. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="5">\frame</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw a frame around an object. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="6">\line</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw a straight line. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="7">\linethickness</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Set the line thickness. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8">\thicklines</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> A heavier line thickness. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="9">\thinlines</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The default line thickness. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw multiple instances of an object. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw an ellipse. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Place an object at a specified place. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Make a pile of objects. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw a line with an arrow. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005ccircle"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005ccircle-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.1 <code>\circle</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005ccircle"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.1 <code>\circle</code></h4> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>} +</pre></div> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccircle-306"></a> -<pre class="example"> \circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\circle</code> command produces a circle with a diameter as close +<p>The <code>\circle</code> command produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible. The <code>*</code>-form of the command draws a solid circle. +</p> +<p>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. +</p> - <p>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cmakebox-(picture)"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\framebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\circle</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.2 <code>\makebox</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.2 <code>\makebox</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-307"></a> -<code>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code> - - <p>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is similar to +<p><code>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code> +</p> +<p>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command except that you must specify a <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>. - - <p>The optional argument, <code>[position]</code>, specifies the quadrant that +</p> +<p>The optional argument, <code>[position]</code>, specifies the quadrant that your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>t</code></dt> +<dd><p>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>b</code></dt> +<dd><p>Moves the item to the bottom. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>l</code></dt> +<dd><p>Moves the item to the left. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>r</code></dt> +<dd><p>Moves the item to the right. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - <dl> -<dt><code>t</code><dd>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. - - <br><dt><code>b</code><dd>Moves the item to the bottom. - - <br><dt><code>l</code><dd>Moves the item to the left. - - <br><dt><code>r</code><dd>Moves the item to the right. - - </dl> - - <p>See <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>. +<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cframebox-(picture)"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dashbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cframebox"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.3 <code>\framebox</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cframebox"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.3 <code>\framebox</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cframebox-308"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\framebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{...} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \framebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{...} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\framebox</code> command is like <code>\makebox</code> (see previous +<p>The <code>\framebox</code> command is like <code>\makebox</code> (see previous section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxrule-309"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxsep-310"></a>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness +</p> +<a name="index-_005cfboxrule"></a> +<a name="index-_005cfboxsep"></a> +<p>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule and the contents of the box. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cdashbox"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cdashbox"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frame</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\framebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.4 <code>\dashbox</code></h3> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.4 <code>\dashbox</code></h4> +<a name="index-_005cdashbox"></a> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cdashbox-311"></a> -Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: +<p>Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\dashbox{<var>dlen</var>}(<var>rwidth</var>,<var>rheight</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \dashbox{<var>dlen</var>}(<var>rwidth</var>,<var>rheight</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>} -</pre> - <p><code>\dashbox</code> creates a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var> in a +<p><code>\dashbox</code> creates a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var> in a <code>picture</code> environment. Dashes are <var>dlen</var> units long, and the -rectangle has overall width <var>rwidth</var> and height <var>rheight</var>. -The <var>text</var> is positioned at optional <var>pos</var>. <!-- xxref positions. --> - - <p>A dashed box looks best when the <code>rwidth</code> and <code>rheight</code> are +rectangle has overall width <var>rwidth</var> and height <var>rheight</var>. +The <var>text</var> is positioned at optional <var>pos</var>. </p> +<p>A dashed box looks best when the <code>rwidth</code> and <code>rheight</code> are multiples of the <code>dlen</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cframe"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cframe"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\line</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\dashbox</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cframe-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.5 <code>\frame</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cframe"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.5 <code>\frame</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cframe-312"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\frame{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \frame{<var>text</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\frame</code> command puts a rectangular frame around <var>text</var>. +<p>The <code>\frame</code> command puts a rectangular frame around <var>text</var>. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cline"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cline"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\frame</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cline-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.6 <code>\line</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cline"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.6 <code>\line</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cline-313"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\line(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \line(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and +<p>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>. - - <p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with <var>slope</var> = x/y, -where x and y have integer values from −6 +</p> +<p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with <em><var>slope</var> = x/y</em>, +where <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, see the <code>curve2e</code> and many many other packages on CTAN. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5clinethickness"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005clinethickness"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thicklines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\line</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.7 <code>\linethickness</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005clinethickness"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.7 <code>\linethickness</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005clinethickness-314"></a> -The <code>\linethickness{</code><var>dim</var><code>}</code> command declares the thickness +<p>The <code>\linethickness{<var>dim</var>}</code> command declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be <var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length. - - <p><code>\linethickness</code> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, +</p> +<p><code>\linethickness</code> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cthicklines"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cthicklines"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinlines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\linethickness</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cthicklines"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthicklines-315"></a> -The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for +<p>The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cthinlines"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cthinlines"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\multiput</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\thicklines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.9 <code>\thinlines</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cthinlines"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.9 <code>\thinlines</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthinlines-316"></a> -The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for +<p>The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cmultiput"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cmultiput"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next">\oval</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\thinlines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.10 <code>\multiput</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cmultiput"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.10 <code>\multiput</code></h4> +<p>Synopsis: +</p><div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>n</var>}{<var>obj</var>} +</pre></div> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmultiput-317"></a> -Synopsis: -<pre class="example"> \multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>n</var>}{<var>obj</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\multiput</code> command copies the object <var>obj</var> in a regular +<p>The <code>\multiput</code> command copies the object <var>obj</var> in a regular pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position -(x,y), then at (x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, +<em>(x,y)</em>, then at <em>(x+\delta x,y+\delta y)</em>, and so on, <var>n</var> times. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5coval"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005coval"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\put</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005coval-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.11 <code>\oval</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005coval"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.11 <code>\oval</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005coval-318"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>] +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>] -</pre> - <p>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. +<p>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to select part of the oval via the following: - - <dl> -<dt><code>t</code><dd>selects the top portion; -<br><dt><code>b</code><dd>selects the bottom portion; -<br><dt><code>r</code><dd>selects the right portion; -<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>selects the left portion. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>t</code></dt> +<dd><p>selects the top portion; +</p></dd> +<dt><code>b</code></dt> +<dd><p>selects the bottom portion; +</p></dd> +<dt><code>r</code></dt> +<dd><p>selects the right portion; +</p></dd> +<dt><code>l</code></dt> +<dd><p>selects the left portion. +</p></dd> </dl> - <p>The “corners” of the oval are made with quarter circles with a -maximum radius of 20<span class="dmn">pt</span>, so large “ovals” will look more like +<p>The “corners” of the oval are made with quarter circles with a +maximum radius of 20pt, so large “ovals” will look more like boxes with rounded corners. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cput"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cput"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">\shortstack</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\oval</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cput-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.12 <code>\put</code></h3> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.12 <code>\put</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cput-319"></a> -<code>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</code> +<a name="index-_005cput"></a> - <p>The <code>\put</code> command places the item specified by the mandatory +<p><code>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</code> +</p> +<p>The <code>\put</code> command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the given coordinates. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cshortstack"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cshortstack"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vector</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\put</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.13 <code>\shortstack</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cshortstack"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.13 <code>\shortstack</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cshortstack-320"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\shortstack[<var>position</var>]{...\\...\\...} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \shortstack[<var>position</var>]{...\\...\\...} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\shortstack</code> command produces a stack of objects. The valid +<p>The <code>\shortstack</code> command produces a stack of objects. The valid positions are: - - <dl> -<dt><code>r</code><dd>Move the objects to the right of the stack. -<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>Move the objects to the left of the stack -<br><dt><code>c</code><dd>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>r</code></dt> +<dd><p>Move the objects to the right of the stack. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>l</code></dt> +<dd><p>Move the objects to the left of the stack +</p></dd> +<dt><code>c</code></dt> +<dd><p>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) +</p></dd> </dl> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007b_0028for-_0040code_007b_005cshortstack_007d-objects_0029_007d-321"></a>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>. +<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></a> +<p>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cvector"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cvector"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#picture">picture</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\shortstack</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cvector-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.18.14 <code>\vector</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cvector"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.18.14 <code>\vector</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvector-322"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\vector(<var>x-slope</var>,<var>y-slope</var>){<var>length</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \vector(<var>x-slope</var>,<var>y-slope</var>){<var>length</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified -length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -−4 and +4, inclusive. +<p>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified +length and slope. The <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> values must lie between +-4 and +4, inclusive. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="quotation"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#quote">quote</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#picture">picture</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quote</a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="previous">picture</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="quotation-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.19 <code>quotation</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.19 <code>quotation</code></h3> +<a name="index-quotation"></a> +<a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a> +<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></a> +<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></a> -<p><a name="index-quotation-323"></a><a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-324"></a><a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation-325"></a><a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text-326"></a> -Synopsis: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{quotation} - <var>text</var> - \end{quotation} -</pre> - <p>The margins of the <code>quotation</code> environment are indented on both -the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{quotation} +<var>text</var> +\end{quotation} +</pre></div> + +<p>The margins of the <code>quotation</code> environment are indented on both +the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. - - <p>Unlike the <code>quote</code> environment, each paragraph is indented +</p> +<p>Unlike the <code>quote</code> environment, each paragraph is indented normally. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="quote"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#quotation">quotation</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation" accesskey="p" rel="previous">quotation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="quote-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.20 <code>quote</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quote</code></h3> +<a name="index-quote"></a> +<a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a> +<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></a> +<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></a> -<p><a name="index-quote-327"></a><a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-328"></a><a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation-329"></a><a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting-330"></a> -Snyopsis: +<p>Snyopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{quote} +<var>text</var> +\end{quote} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \begin{quote} - <var>text</var> - \end{quote} -</pre> - <p>The margins of the <code>quote</code> environment are indented on both the +<p>The margins of the <code>quote</code> environment are indented on both the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. +</p> +<p>Unlike the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are not indented. +</p> - <p>Unlike the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are not indented. - -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="tabbing"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#table">table</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#quote">quote</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#quote" accesskey="p" rel="previous">quote</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="tabbing-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-tabbing-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-331"></a><a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using-332"></a><a name="index-lining-text-up-in-columns-using-tab-stops-333"></a><a name="index-alignment-via-tabbing-334"></a> -Synopsis: +<a name="index-tabbing-environment"></a> +<a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></a> +<a name="index-lining-text-up-in-columns-using-tab-stops"></a> +<a name="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></a> -<pre class="example"> \begin{tabbing} - <var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> \= <var>row1col3</var> \= <var>row1col4</var> \\ - <var>row2col1</var> \> \> <var>row2col3</var> \\ - ... - \end{tabbing} -</pre> - <p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align text in +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing} +<var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> \= <var>row1col3</var> \= <var>row1col4</var> \\ +<var>row2col1</var> \> \> <var>row2col3</var> \\ +... +\end{tabbing} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align text in columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance. - - <p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code> +</p> +<p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code> environment. - - <p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> enviroment: - - <dl> -<dt><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">tabbing</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007btabbing_007d-335"></a><dd>End a line. - - <br><dt><code>\= </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-336"></a><dd>Sets a tab stop at the current position. - - <br><dt><code>\> </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_003e-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-337"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003e-338"></a>Advances to the next tab stop. - - <br><dt><code>\<</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_003c-339"></a><dd>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing +</p> +<p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> enviroment: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>End a line. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Sets a tab stop at the current position. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\> <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005c_003e"></a> +<p>Advances to the next tab stop. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\<</code> +<a name="index-_005c_003c"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. - - <br><dt><code>\+</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_002b-340"></a><dd>Moves the left margin of the next and all the +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\+</code> +<a name="index-_005c_002b"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. - - <br><dt><code>\-</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_002d-341"></a><dd>Moves the left margin of the next and all the +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\-</code> +<a name="index-_005c_002d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. - - <br><dt><code>\' </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-342"></a><dd>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, <code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right -of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop. - - <br><dt><code>\` </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-343"></a><dd>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab -stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column -because there's no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the +of the previous column, flush against the current column’s tab stop. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab +stop 0. However, it can’t move text to the right of the last column +because there’s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no <code>\></code> or <code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line. - - <br><dt><code>\a </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ca-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-344"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ca_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-345"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ca_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-346"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ca_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-347"></a>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a> +<p>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and <code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>). Instead, the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used. - - <br><dt><code>\kill</code><a name="index-g_t_005ckill-348"></a><dd>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\kill</code> +<a name="index-_005ckill"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in effect. - - <br><dt><code>\poptabs</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpoptabs-349"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cpoptabs-350"></a>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>. - - <br><dt><code>\pushtabs</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpushtabs-351"></a><dd>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\poptabs</code> +<a name="index-_005cpoptabs"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></a> +<p>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\pushtabs</code> +<a name="index-_005cpushtabs"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\tabbingsep</code> +<a name="index-_005ctabbingsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - <br><dt><code>\tabbingsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctabbingsep-352"></a><dd>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>. - - </dl> - - <p>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{tabbing} - function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ - \> begin \= \+ \\ - \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ - fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ - else \+ \\ - fact := 1; \-\- \\ - end;\\ - \end{tabbing} -</pre> - <div class="node"> +<p>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing} +function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ + \> begin \= \+ \\ + \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ + else \+ \\ + fact := 1; \-\- \\ + end;\\ +\end{tabbing} +</pre></div> + + +<hr> <a name="table"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#tabular">tabular</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="previous">tabbing</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="table-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3> +<a name="index-table"></a> +<a name="index-tables_002c-creating"></a> +<a name="index-creating-tables"></a> -<p><a name="index-table-353"></a><a name="index-tables_002c-creating-354"></a><a name="index-creating-tables-355"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example"> \begin{table}[placement] -<pre class="example"> \begin{table}[placement] - - body of the table - - \caption{table title} - \end{table} -</pre> - <p>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are -usually “floated” to a convenient place, like the top of a page. -Tables will not be split between two pages. + body of the table + + \caption{table title} + \end{table} +</pre></div> - <p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where LaTeX will try +<p>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +usually “floated” to a convenient place, like the top of a page. +Tables will not be split between two pages. +</p> +<p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where LaTeX will try to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float; these are the same as that used with the <code>figure</code> environment, and described there (see <a href="#figure">figure</a>). - - <p>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default +</p> +<p>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default placement <code>[tbp]</code>. - - <p>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., +</p> +<p>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you wish. The <code>\caption</code> command allows you to title your table. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="tabular"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#table">table</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="previous">table</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="tabular-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h2> +<a name="index-tabular-environment"></a> +<a name="index-lines-in-tables"></a> +<a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></a> -<h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-tabular-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-356"></a><a name="index-lines-in-tables-357"></a><a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables-358"></a> -Synopsis: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} - column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ - ... - \end{tabular} -</pre> - <p>or - -<pre class="example"> \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} - column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ - ... - \end{tabular*} -</pre> - <p>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} +column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ +... +\end{tabular} +</pre></div> + +<p> or +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} +column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ +... +\end{tabular*} +</pre></div> + +<p>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007btabular_007d_007d-359"></a><code>\\</code> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, +</p> +<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></a> +<p><code>\\</code> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except for the last, where it is optional—unless an <code>\hline</code> command (to put a rule below the table) follows. - - <p>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: - - <dl> -<dt><code>width</code><dd>Specifies the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. There must be +</p> +<p>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>width</code></dt> +<dd><p>Specifies the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. There must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width. - - <br><dt><code>pos</code><dd>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>pos</code></dt> +<dd><p>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of the environment. - - <dl> -<dt><code>t</code><dd>align on top row -<br><dt><code>b</code><dd>align on bottom row +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>t</code></dt> +<dd><p>align on top row +</p></dd> +<dt><code>b</code></dt> +<dd><p>align on bottom row +</p></dd> </dl> - <br><dt><code>cols</code><dd>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the +</dd> +<dt><code>cols</code></dt> +<dd><p>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and intercolumn material. - - <dl> -<dt><code>l</code><dd>A column of left-aligned items. - - <br><dt><code>r</code><dd>A column of right-aligned items. - - <br><dt><dd>A column of centred items. - - <br><dt><code>|</code><dd>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. - - <br><dt><code>@{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><dd>This inserts <var>text</var> in every row. An @-expression suppresses the +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>l</code></dt> +<dd><p>A column of left-aligned items. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>r</code></dt> +<dd><p>A column of right-aligned items. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>c</code></dt> +<dd><p>A column of centered items. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>|</code></dt> +<dd><p>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>@{<var>text</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><p>This inserts <var>text</var> in every row. An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in <var>text</var>. An <code>\extracolsep{wd}</code> command in an @-expression @@ -2616,2402 +3398,3782 @@ subsequent columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code> command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an @-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument. - - <br><dt><code>p{</code><var>wd</var><code>}</code><dd>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>p{<var>wd</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><p>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>, as if it were the argument of a -<code>\parbox[t]{</code><var>wd</var><code>}</code> command. However, a <code>\\</code> may not +<code>\parbox[t]{<var>wd</var>}</code> command. However, a <code>\\</code> may not appear in the item, except in the following situations: - - <ol type=1 start=1> -<li>inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or <code>tabular</code>. -<li>inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>. -<li>in the scope of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code> +</p> +<ol> +<li> +inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or <code>tabular</code>. +</li><li> +inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>. +</li><li> +in the scope of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when used in a <code>p</code>-column element. - </ol> +</li></ol> - <br><dt><code>*{</code><var>num</var><code>}{</code><var>cols</var><code>}</code><dd>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a +</dd> +<dt><code>*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</code></dt> +<dd><p>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a positive integer and <var>cols</var> is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another <code>*-expression</code>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> - </dl> - - <p>Parameters that control formatting: -<!-- xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? --> - - <dl> -<dt><code>\arrayrulewidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005carrayrulewidth-360"></a><dd>Thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, <code>\hline</code>, and +<p>Parameters that control formatting: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\arrayrulewidth</code> +<a name="index-_005carrayrulewidth"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, <code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; the -default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">.4pt</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\arraystretch</code><a name="index-g_t_005carraystretch-361"></a><dd>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> -environments; default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>’, for no scaling. - - <br><dt><code>\doublerulesep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdoublerulesep-362"></a><dd>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <code>||</code> -in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">2pt</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><code>\tabcolsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctabcolsep-363"></a><dd>Half the width of the space between columns; default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">6pt</span></samp>’. - - </dl> - - <p>These commands can be used inside a <code>tabular</code> environment: - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a>: Make an item spanning several columns. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a>: Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a>: Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a>: Draw a vertical line. -</ul> +default is ‘<samp>.4pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\arraystretch</code> +<a name="index-_005carraystretch"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> +environments; default is ‘<samp>1</samp>’, for no scaling. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\doublerulesep</code> +<a name="index-_005cdoublerulesep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <code>||</code> +in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is ‘<samp>2pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\tabcolsep</code> +<a name="index-_005ctabcolsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Half the width of the space between columns; default is ‘<samp>6pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cmulticolumn"></a> +<p>These commands can be used inside a <code>tabular</code> environment: +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1">\multicolumn</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Make an item spanning several columns. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="2">\cline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="3">\hline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="4">\vline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Draw a vertical line. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cmulticolumn"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4> +<p>Synopsis: +</p><div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\multicolumn{<var>cols</var>}{<var>pos</var>}{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmulticolumn-364"></a> -Synopsis: -<pre class="example"> \multicolumn{<var>cols</var>}{<var>pos</var>}{<var>text</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\multicolumn</code> command makes an entry that spans several +<p>The <code>\multicolumn</code> command makes an entry that spans several columns. The first mandatory argument, <var>cols</var>, specifies the number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, <var>pos</var>, specifies the formatting of the entry; <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code> for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright. The third mandatory argument, <var>text</var>, specifies what text to put in the entry. - - <p>Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; +</p> +<p>Here’s an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; <code>\multicolumn</code> is used for the heading: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r@{--}l} +\multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr + 0x80&0x7FF \cr + 0x800&0xFFFF \cr +0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr +\end{tabular} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l} - \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr - 0x80&0x7FF \cr - 0x800&0xFFFF \cr - 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr - \end{tabular} -</pre> - <div class="node"> -<a name="%5ccline"></a> -<a name="g_t_005ccline"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a> +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005ccline"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\multicolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005ccline-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\cline</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005ccline"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\cline</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccline-365"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\cline</code> command draws horizontal lines across the columns +<p>The <code>\cline</code> command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified, beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>, which are specified in the mandatory argument. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5chline"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005chline"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005chline-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\hline</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005chline"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\hline</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005chline-366"></a> -The <code>\hline</code> command draws a horizontal line the width of the -enclosing <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment. It's most +<p>The <code>\hline</code> command draws a horizontal line the width of the +enclosing <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment. It’s most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cvline"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cvline"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#tabular">tabular</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\hline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cvline-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\vline</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cvline"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\vline</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvline-367"></a> -The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line extending the full +<p>The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An <code>\hfill</code> command can be used to move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="thebibliography"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#theorem">theorem</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#tabular">tabular</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="previous">tabular</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="thebibliography-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-thebibliography-368"></a><a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029-369"></a> -Synopsis: +<a name="index-thebibliography"></a> +<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></a> -<pre class="example"> \begin{thebibliography}{<var>widest-label</var>} - \bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key}</var> - ... - \end{thebibliography} -</pre> - <p>The <code>thebibliography</code> environment produces a bibliography or +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{thebibliography}{<var>widest-label</var>} +\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key}</var> +... +\end{thebibliography} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>thebibliography</code> environment produces a bibliography or reference list. - - <p>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled +</p> +<p>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled “References”; in the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled “Bibliography”. You can change the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command <code>\refname</code>. For instance, this eliminates it entirely: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\refname}{} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \renewcommand{\refname}{} -</pre> - <p>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset, +<p>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code> commands. It is typically given as <code>9</code> for bibliographies with less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>: Specify a bibliography item. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>: Refer to a bibliography item. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a>: Include an item in the bibliography. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>: Automatic generation of bibliographies. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cbibitem"></a> +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1">\bibitem</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Specify a bibliography item. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2">\cite</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Refer to a bibliography item. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3">\nocite</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Include an item in the bibliography. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="4">Using BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Automatic generation of bibliographies. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cbibitem"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h3> -<h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4> +<a name="index-_005cbibitem"></a> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cbibitem-370"></a> -Synopsis: -<pre class="example"> \bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by +<p>Synopsis: +</p><div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by <var>label</var>. If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <var>cite_key</var> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. - - <p>This command writes an entry to the <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file containing the -item's <var>cite_key</var> and label. When the <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file is read by -the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item's <code>label</code> is +</p> +<p>This command writes an entry to the ‘<tt>.aux</tt>’ file containing the +item’s <var>cite_key</var> and label. When the ‘<tt>.aux</tt>’ file is read by +the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item’s <code>label</code> is associated with <code>cite_key</code>, causing references to <var>cite_key</var> with a <code>\cite</code> command (see next section) to produce the associated label. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5ccite"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005ccite"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\bibitem</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005ccite-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h3> -<h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4> +<a name="index-_005ccite"></a> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccite-371"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var> +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var> -</pre> - <p>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys, +<p>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries in the -<samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file. - - <p>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the +‘<tt>.aux</tt>’ file. +</p> +<p>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might produce -`[Knuth, p. 314]'. +‘[Knuth, p. 314]’. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cnocite"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cnocite"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cnocite-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cnocite"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnocite-372"></a> -<code>\nocite{key_list}</code> - - <p>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <code>key_list</code>, -which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <samp><span class="file">.aux</span></samp> file. +<p><code>\nocite{key_list}</code> +</p> +<p>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <code>key_list</code>, +which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the ‘<tt>.aux</tt>’ file. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Using-BibTeX"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\nocite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Using-BibTeX-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h3> -<h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4> +<a name="index-using-BibTeX"></a> +<a name="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></a> +<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></a> +<a name="index-_005cbibliography"></a> -<p><a name="index-using-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-373"></a><a name="index-bib_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-using-374"></a><a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029-375"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-376"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbibliography-377"></a> -If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly +<p>If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of -titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the +titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don’t use the <code>thebibliography</code> environment (see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>). Instead, you include the lines +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>} +\bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>,<var>bibfile2</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>} - \bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>,<var>bibfile2</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\bibliographystyle</code> command does not produce any output of +<p>The <code>\bibliographystyle</code> command does not produce any output of its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be produced: <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file -<var>bibstyle</var><samp><span class="file">.bst</span></samp>, which defines how your citations will look. +<var>bibstyle</var>‘<tt>.bst</tt>’, which defines how your citations will look. The standard <var>style</var> names distributed with BibTeX are: - - <dl> -<dt><code>alpha</code><dd>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of -publication. -<br><dt><code>plain</code><dd>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. -<br><dt><code>unsrt</code><dd>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation. -<br><dt><code>abbrv</code><dd>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>alpha</code></dt> +<dd><p>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of +publication. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>plain</code></dt> +<dd><p>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>unsrt</code></dt> +<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>abbrv</code></dt> +<dd><p>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels. +</p></dd> </dl> - <p>In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to +<p>In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</a>. - - <p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the +</p> +<p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files -named <samp><var>bibfile</var><span class="file">.bib</span></samp>, which should contain your database in +named ‘<tt><var>bibfile</var>.bib</tt>’, which should contain your database in BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and <code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="theorem"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="previous">thebibliography</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="theorem-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3> +<a name="index-theorem-environment"></a> +<a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></a> -<p><a name="index-theorem-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-378"></a><a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting-379"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{theorem} +<var>theorem-text</var> +\end{theorem} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \begin{theorem} - <var>theorem-text</var> - \end{theorem} -</pre> - <p>The <code>theorem</code> environment produces “Theorem <var>n</var>” in +<p>The <code>theorem</code> environment produces “Theorem <var>n</var>” in boldface followed by <var>theorem-text</var>, where the numbering possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>). +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="titlepage"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#theorem">theorem</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="previous">theorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="titlepage-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3> +<a name="index-titlepage-environment"></a> +<a name="index-making-a-title-page"></a> +<a name="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></a> -<p><a name="index-titlepage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-380"></a><a name="index-making-a-title-page-381"></a><a name="index-title-pages_002c-creating-382"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{titlepage} +<var>text</var> +\end{titlepage} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \begin{titlepage} - <var>text</var> - \end{titlepage} -</pre> - <p>The <code>titlepage</code> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page +<p>The <code>titlepage</code> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The <code>\today</code> command may be useful on title pages (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>). - - <p>You can use the <code>\maketitle</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>) to +</p> +<p>You can use the <code>\maketitle</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>) to produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="verbatim"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#verse">verse</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">titlepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="verbatim-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3> +<a name="index-verbatim-environment"></a> +<a name="index-verbatim-text"></a> +<a name="index-simulating-typed-text"></a> +<a name="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></a> +<a name="index-code_002c-typesetting"></a> +<a name="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting"></a> -<p><a name="index-verbatim-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-383"></a><a name="index-verbatim-text-384"></a><a name="index-simulating-typed-text-385"></a><a name="index-typed-text_002c-simulating-386"></a><a name="index-code_002c-typesetting-387"></a><a name="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting-388"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{verbatim} +<var>literal-text</var> +\end{verbatim} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \begin{verbatim} - <var>literal-text</var> - \end{verbatim} -</pre> - <p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment is a paragraph-making environment in +<p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment is a paragraph-making environment in which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the -<code>\</code> character produces a printed ‘<samp><span class="samp">\</span></samp>’. It turns LaTeX +<code>\</code> character produces a printed ‘<samp>\</samp>’. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter. +</p> +<p>The <code>verbatim</code> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>). +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment. +</td></tr> +</table> - <p>The <code>verbatim</code> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>). - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a>: The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cverb"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cverb"></a> -<p><hr> -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#verbatim">verbatim</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up">verbatim</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cverb-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h3> -<h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4> +<a name="index-_005cverb"></a> +<a name="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></a> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cverb-389"></a><a name="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline-390"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\verb<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var> +\verb*<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var> +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \verb<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var> - \verb*<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var> -</pre> - <p>The <code>\verb</code> command typesets <var>literal-text</var> as it is input, +<p>The <code>\verb</code> command typesets <var>literal-text</var> as it is input, including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter (<code>\tt</code>) font. No spaces are allowed between <code>\verb</code> or <code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. - - <p><a name="index-visible-space-391"></a>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a +</p> +<a name="index-visible-space"></a> +<p>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a “visible space” character. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="verse"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Environments">Environments</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="previous">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="verse-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3> +<a name="index-verse-environment"></a> +<a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></a> -<p><a name="index-verse-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-392"></a><a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for-393"></a> -Synopsis: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{verse} - <var>line1</var> \\ - <var>line2</var> \\ - ... - \end{verse} -</pre> - <p>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\begin{verse} +<var>line1</var> \\ +<var>line2</var> \\ +... +\end{verse} +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bverse_007d_007d-394"></a>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not +</p> +<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-verse"></a> +<p>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Line-breaking"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Environments">Environments</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Line-breaking-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h1> +<a name="index-line-breaking"></a> +<a name="index-breaking-lines"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h2> - -<p><a name="index-line-breaking-395"></a><a name="index-breaking-lines-396"></a> -The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to +<p>The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines (and these lines must be broken into pages). - - <p>LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in +</p> +<p>LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the <code>\\</code> command, and you can always manually force breaks. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>: Start a new line. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>: Make each input line start a new output line. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>: Break the line -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a>: Insert explicit hyphenation. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>: Be fussy about line breaking. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>: Be sloppy about line breaking. -<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a>: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word. -<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a>: Forcing & avoiding line breaks. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5c%5c"></a> +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1">\\</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Start a new line. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Make each input line start a new output line. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3">\newline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Break the line +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4">\- (hyphenation)</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Insert explicit hyphenation. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="5">\fussy</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Be fussy about line breaking. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="6">\sloppy</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Be sloppy about line breaking. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7">\hyphenation</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Forcing & avoiding line breaks. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005c_005c"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005c_005c_005b_002a_005d_005bmorespace_005d"></a> +<h2 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</h2> +<a name="index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"></a> +<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting"></a> +<a name="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bforce-line-break_007d-397"></a><a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-398"></a><a name="index-line-break_002c-forcing-399"></a> -The <code>\\</code> command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an +<p>The <code>\\</code> command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional argument, <var>morespace</var>, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. - - <p>The <code>\\*</code> command is the same as the ordinary <code>\\</code> command +</p> +<p>The <code>\\*</code> command is the same as the ordinary <code>\\</code> command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cobeycr-%26-%5crestorecr"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cobeycr-400"></a><a name="index-g_t_005crestorecr-401"></a><a name="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input-402"></a> -The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file -(‘<samp><span class="samp">^^M</span></samp>’, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\\</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cobeycr"></a> +<a name="index-_005crestorecr"></a> +<a name="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></a> + +<p>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file +(‘<samp>^^M</samp>’, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by <code>\relax</code>). So each new line in the input will also be a new line in the output. +</p> +<p><code>\restorecr</code> restores normal line-breaking behavior. +</p> - <p><code>\restorecr</code> restores normal line-breaking behavior. - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cnewline"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cnewline"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\obeycr & \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cnewline-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cnewline"></a> +<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewline-403"></a><a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029-404"></a> -The <code>\newline</code> command breaks the line at the present point, with +<p>The <code>\newline</code> command breaks the line at the present point, with no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph mode. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5c--(hyphenation)"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newline</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></a> +<h2 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h2> +<a name="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a> +<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_002d-_0040r_007b_0028hyphenation_0029_007d-405"></a><a name="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing-406"></a> -The <code>\-</code> command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at +<p>The <code>\-</code> command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an incorrect one. The <code>\-</code> command is used for the exceptional cases. - - <p>When you insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be +</p> +<p>When you insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cfussy"></a> -<a name="g_t_005cfussy"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cfussy"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sloppy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cfussy-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">9.5 <code>\fussy</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cfussy"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\fussy</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfussy-407"></a> -The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes TeX +<p>The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes TeX picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. - - <p>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code>\sloppy</code> command +</p> +<p>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code>\sloppy</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5csloppy"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005csloppy"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\fussy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> - -<h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\sloppy</code></h3> +<a name="g_t_005csloppy-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">9.6 <code>\sloppy</code></h2> <p>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. +</p> +<p>Lasts until a <code>\fussy</code> command is issued (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>). +</p> - <p>Lasts until a <code>\fussy</code> command is issued (see <a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a>). - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5chyphenation"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005chyphenation"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csloppy">\sloppy</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\sloppy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005chyphenation"></a> +<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></a> -<h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005chyphenation-408"></a><a name="index-hyphenation_002c-defining-409"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\hyphenation{<var>word-one</var> <var>word-two</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \hyphenation{<var>word-one</var> <var>word-two</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\hyphenation</code> command declares allowed hyphenation points +<p>The <code>\hyphenation</code> command declares allowed hyphenation points with a <code>-</code> character in the given words. The words are separated by spaces. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands accumulate. Some examples (the default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these words): +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} -</pre> - <div class="node"> -<a name="%5clinebreak-%26-%5cnolinebreak"></a> -<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005clinebreak-410"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnolinebreak-411"></a><a name="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing-412"></a><a name="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing-413"></a> -Synopses: +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005clinebreak"></a> +<a name="index-_005cnolinebreak"></a> +<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></a> +<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></a> + +<p>Synopses: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\linebreak[<var>priority</var>] +\nolinebreak[<var>priority</var>] +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \linebreak[<var>priority</var>] - \nolinebreak[<var>priority</var>] -</pre> - <p>By default, the <code>\linebreak</code> (<code>\nolinebreak</code>) command forces +<p>By default, the <code>\linebreak</code> (<code>\nolinebreak</code>) command forces (prevents) a line break at the current position. For <code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right margin as usual. - - <p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the command +</p> +<p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the command from a demand to a request. The <var>priority</var> must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Page-breaking"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Page-breaking-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h1> +<a name="index-page-breaking"></a> +<a name="index-breaking-pages"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h2> - -<p><a name="index-page-breaking-414"></a><a name="index-breaking-pages-415"></a> -LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has +<p>LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a>: Start a new right-hand page. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>: Start a new page. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>: Start a new page. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>: Enlarge the current page a bit. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a>: Forcing & avoiding page breaks. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5ccleardoublepage"></a> +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1">\cleardoublepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Start a new right-hand page. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="2">\clearpage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Start a new page. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="3">\newpage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Start a new page. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="4">\enlargethispage</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Enlarge the current page a bit. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="5">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Forcing & avoiding page breaks. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005ccleardoublepage"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\clearpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005ccleardoublepage-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">10.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></a> +<a name="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></a> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccleardoublepage-416"></a><a name="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page-417"></a> -The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all -figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +<p>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cclearpage"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cclearpage"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newpage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\cleardoublepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cclearpage-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">10.2 <code>\clearpage</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cclearpage"></a> +<a name="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></a> +<a name="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></a> -<h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\clearpage</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cclearpage-418"></a><a name="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page-419"></a><a name="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats-420"></a> -The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all +<p>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cnewpage"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cnewpage"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\enlargethispage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\clearpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">10.3 <code>\newpage</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cnewpage"></a> +<a name="index-new-page_002c-starting"></a> +<a name="index-starting-a-new-page"></a> -<h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\newpage</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewpage-421"></a><a name="index-new-page_002c-starting-422"></a><a name="index-starting-a-new-page-423"></a> -The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear +<p>The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear floats (see <code>\clearpage</code> above). +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cenlargethispage"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">10.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cenlargethispage"></a> +<a name="index-enlarge-current-page"></a> -<h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cenlargethispage-424"></a><a name="index-enlarge-current-page-425"></a> -<code>\enlargethispage{size}</code> - - <p><code>\enlargethispage*{size}</code> - - <p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the specified +<p><code>\enlargethispage{size}</code> +</p> +<p><code>\enlargethispage*{size}</code> +</p> +<p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the specified amount; e.g. <code>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> will allow one additional line. - - <p>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as +</p> +<p>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cpagebreak-%26-%5cnopagebreak"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">10.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpagebreak-426"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnopagebreak-427"></a><a name="index-page-break_002c-forcing-428"></a><a name="index-page-break_002c-preventing-429"></a> -Synopses: +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\enlargethispage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">10.5 <code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cpagebreak"></a> +<a name="index-_005cnopagebreak"></a> +<a name="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></a> +<a name="index-page-break_002c-preventing"></a> + +<p>Synopses: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\pagebreak[<var>priority</var>] +\nopagebreak[<var>priority</var>] +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \pagebreak[<var>priority</var>] - \nopagebreak[<var>priority</var>] -</pre> - <p>By default, the <code>\pagebreak</code> (<code>\nopagebreak</code>) command forces +<p>By default, the <code>\pagebreak</code> (<code>\nopagebreak</code>) command forces (prevents) a page break at the current position. For <code>\linebreak</code>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin. - - <p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the +</p> +<p>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the <code>\pagebreak</code> command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Footnotes"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Footnotes-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h1> +<a name="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h2> - -<p><a name="index-footnotes_002c-creating-430"></a> -Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced +<p>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command, the <code>\footnote</code> command. They can also be produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the <code>\footnotetext</code> commands. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a>: Insert a footnote. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>: Insert footnote mark only. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>: Insert footnote text only. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a>: Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a>: Parameters for footnote formatting. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cfootnote"></a> +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1">\footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Insert a footnote. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2">\footnotemark</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Insert footnote mark only. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3">\footnotetext</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Insert footnote text only. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes" accesskey="4">Symbolic footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Footnote-parameters" accesskey="5">Footnote parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Parameters for footnote formatting. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cfootnote"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cfootnote"></a> -<h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnote-431"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\footnote</code> command places the numbered footnote <var>text</var> +<p>The <code>\footnote</code> command places the numbered footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the default footnote number. - - <p>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you +</p> +<p>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands like <code>\chapter</code>, in figures, -tables or in a <code>tabular</code> environment. (See following sections.) -<!-- xx mention packages that fix this --> +tables or in a <code>tabular</code> environment. (See following sections.) +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cfootnotemark"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotetext</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\footnote</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cfootnotemark"></a> -<h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotemark-432"></a> -With no optional argument, the <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the +<p>With no optional argument, the <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, with the <code>\footnotetext</code> command. - - <p>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote +</p> +<p>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote with +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \footnotemark[\value{footnote}] -</pre> - <p class="noindent">after the first <code>\footnote</code> command. +<p>after the first <code>\footnote</code> command. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cfootnotetext"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbolic footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cfootnotetext"></a> -<h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotetext-433"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\footnotetext</code> command places <var>text</var> at the bottom of +<p>The <code>\footnotetext</code> command places <var>text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the <code>\footnotemark</code> command. The <code>\footnotetext</code> command must appear in outer paragraph mode. +</p> +<p>The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the default footnote number. +</p> - <p>The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the default footnote number. - -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Symbolic-footnotes"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Footnote-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnote parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\footnotetext</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Symbolic-footnotes-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">11.4 Symbolic footnotes</h2> -<h3 class="section">11.4 Symbolic footnotes</h3> - -<p><a name="index-footnotes_002c-symbolic-instead-of-numbered-434"></a>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing +<a name="index-footnotes_002c-symbolic-instead-of-numbered"></a> +<p>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing numbers, redefine <code>\thefootnote</code> like this: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cfnsymbol_0040r_007b_002c-and-footnotes_007d-435"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0040_0040fnsymbol-436"></a>The <code>\fnsymbol</code> command produces a predefined series of symbols +<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></a> +<p>The <code>\fnsymbol</code> command produces a predefined series of symbols (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>). If you want to -use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also +use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you’ll need to also redefine <code>\@fnsymbol</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Footnote-parameters"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Symbolic footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Footnote-parameters-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">11.5 Footnote parameters</h2> -<h3 class="section">11.5 Footnote parameters</h3> +<a name="index-footnote-parameters"></a> +<a name="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></a> -<p><a name="index-footnote-parameters-437"></a><a name="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes-438"></a> - <dl> -<dt><code>\footnoterule</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnoterule-439"></a><dd>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\footnoterule</code> +<a name="index-_005cfootnoterule"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s footnotes. Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except slides, where it does not appear). - - <br><dt><code>\footnotesep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfootnotesep-440"></a><dd>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\footnotesep</code> +<a name="index-_005cfootnotesep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no extra space between -footnotes. This is ‘<samp><span class="samp">6.65pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">7.7pt</span></samp>’ for -‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span class="samp">8.4pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’. +footnotes. This is ‘<samp>6.65pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>7.7pt</samp>’ for +‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp>8.4pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>12pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Definitions"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Counters">Counters</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Definitions-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h1> +<a name="index-definitions"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h2> - -<p><a name="index-definitions-441"></a> -LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. - -<!-- xx everything in this chapter needs examples. --> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>: (Re)define a new command. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>: Define a new counter. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a>: Define a new length. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>: Define a new box. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>: Define a new environment. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>: Define a new theorem-like environment. -<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>: Define a new font name. -<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>: Using tricky commands. -</ul> +<p>LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cnewcommand-%26-%5crenewcommand"></a> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> (Re)define a new command. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="2">\newcounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Define a new counter. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="3">\newlength</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Define a new length. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="4">\newsavebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Define a new box. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="5">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Define a new environment. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="6">\newtheorem</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Define a new theorem-like environment. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="7">\newfont</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Define a new font name. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="8">\protect</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Using tricky commands. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewcommand-442"></a><a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-443"></a><a name="index-defining-a-new-command-444"></a><a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining-445"></a> -<code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cnewcommand"></a> +<a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></a> +<a name="index-defining-a-new-command"></a> +<a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></a> + +<p><code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example"> \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +\renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} + \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +\renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} - \renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} - \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>defn</var>} - \renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -</pre> - <dl> -<dt><var>cmd</var><dd>The command name beginning with <code>\</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it + +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><var>cmd</var></dt> +<dd><p>The command name beginning with <code>\</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>; for <code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined. - - <br><dt><var>nargs</var><dd>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>nargs</var></dt> +<dd><p>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. - - <br><dt><var>default</var><dd>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>default</var></dt> +<dd><p>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command’s first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified -in the call) is the string ‘<samp><span class="samp">def</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><var>defn</var><dd>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a -construct of the form <code>#</code><var>n</var> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by the +in the call) is the string ‘<samp>def</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>defn</var></dt> +<dd><p>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a +construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by the text of the <var>n</var>th argument. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cnewcounter"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cnewcounter"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">12.2 <code>\newcounter</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cnewcounter"></a> +<a name="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></a> -<h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\newcounter</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewcounter-446"></a><a name="index-counters_002c-defining-new-447"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\newcounter{<var>cnt</var>}[<var>countername</var>] +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \newcounter{<var>cnt</var>}[<var>countername</var>] -</pre> - <p>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>cnt</var>. +<p>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>cnt</var>. The new counter is initialized to zero. - - <p>Given the optional argument <code>[</code><var>countername</var><code>]</code>, <var>cnt</var> +</p> +<p>Given the optional argument <code>[<var>countername</var>]</code>, <var>cnt</var> will be reset whenever <var>countername</var> is incremented. +</p> +<p>See <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>, for more information about counters. +</p> - <p>See <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>, for more information about counters. - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cnewlength"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cnewlength"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">12.3 <code>\newlength</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cnewlength"></a> +<a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-new"></a> -<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\newlength</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewlength-448"></a><a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-new-449"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\newlength{\<var>arg</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \newlength{\<var>arg</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory argument as a +<p>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory argument as a <code>length</code> command with a value of <code>0in</code>. The argument must be a control sequence, as in <code>\newlength{\foo}</code>. An error occurs if <code>\foo</code> is already defined. - - <p>See <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and +</p> +<p>See <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and for more information about lengths in general. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cnewsavebox"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">12.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cnewsavebox"></a> -<h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewsavebox-450"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\newsavebox{<var>cmd</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \newsavebox{<var>cmd</var>} -</pre> - <p>Defines <code>\</code><var>cmd</var>, which must be a command name not already +<p>Defines <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must be a command name not already defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cnewenvironment-%26-%5crenewenvironment"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewenvironment-451"></a><a name="index-g_t_005crenewenvironment-452"></a><a name="index-environments_002c-defining-453"></a><a name="index-defining-new-environments-454"></a><a name="index-redefining-environments-455"></a> -Synopses: - -<pre class="example"> \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} - \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} - \renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -</pre> - <p>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is, -<code>\begin{</code><var>env</var><code>} ... \end{</code><var>env</var><code>}</code>. - - <dl> -<dt><var>env</var><dd>The name of the environment. For <code>\newenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> -must not be an existing environment, and the command <code>\</code><var>env</var> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newsavebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">12.5 <code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cnewenvironment"></a> +<a name="index-_005crenewenvironment"></a> +<a name="index-environments_002c-defining"></a> +<a name="index-defining-new-environments"></a> +<a name="index-redefining-environments"></a> + +<p>Synopses: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example"> \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} + \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} +\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is, +<code>\begin{<var>env</var>} … \end{<var>env</var>}</code>. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><var>env</var></dt> +<dd><p>The name of the environment. For <code>\newenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> +must not be an existing environment, and the command <code>\<var>env</var></code> must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be the name of an existing environment. - - <br><dt><var>nargs</var><dd>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>nargs</var></dt> +<dd><p>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. - - <br><dt><var>default</var><dd>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <var>default</var> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>default</var></dt> +<dd><p>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <var>default</var> gives the default value for that argument. - - <br><dt><var>begdef</var><dd>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\begin{</code><var>env</var><code>}</code>; a -construct of the form <code>#</code><var>n</var> in <var>begdef</var> is replaced by +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>begdef</var></dt> +<dd><p>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>; a +construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>begdef</var> is replaced by the text of the <var>n</var>th argument. - - <br><dt><var>enddef</var><dd>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\end{</code><var>env</var><code>}</code>. It +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>enddef</var></dt> +<dd><p>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. It may not contain any argument parameters. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cnewtheorem"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewtheorem-456"></a><a name="index-theorems_002c-defining-457"></a><a name="index-defining-new-theorems-458"></a> -<pre class="example"> \newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}{<var>label</var>}[<var>within</var>] - \newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>label</var>} -</pre> - <p>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments: - - <dl> -<dt><var>newenv</var><dd>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">12.6 <code>\newtheorem</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cnewtheorem"></a> +<a name="index-theorems_002c-defining"></a> +<a name="index-defining-new-theorems"></a> + +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}{<var>label</var>}[<var>within</var>] +\newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>label</var>} +</pre></div> + +<p>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><var>newenv</var></dt> +<dd><p>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an existing environment or otherwise defined. - - <br><dt><var>label</var><dd>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the -number. For example, ‘<samp><span class="samp">Theorem</span></samp>’. - - <br><dt><var>numbered_like</var><dd>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment; +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>label</var></dt> +<dd><p>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the +number. For example, ‘<samp>Theorem</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>numbered_like</var></dt> +<dd><p>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment; the new environment will be numbered just like <var>numbered_like</var>. - - <br><dt><var>within</var><dd>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>within</var></dt> +<dd><p>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the <var>within</var> counter. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> - - <p>At most one of <var>numbered_like</var> and <var>within</var> can be specified, +<p>At most one of <var>numbered_like</var> and <var>within</var> can be specified, not both. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cnewfont"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cnewfont"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next">\protect</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newtheorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">12.7 <code>\newfont</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cnewfont"></a> +<a name="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></a> +<a name="index-defining-new-fonts"></a> -<h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newfont</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnewfont-459"></a><a name="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for-460"></a><a name="index-defining-new-fonts-461"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\newfont{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>fontname</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \newfont{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>fontname</var>} -</pre> - <p>Defines a control sequence <code>\</code><var>cmd</var>, which must not already +<p>Defines a control sequence <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must not already be defined, to make <var>fontname</var> be the current font. The file -looked for on the system is named <samp><var>fontname</var><span class="file">.tfm</span></samp>. - - <p>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. -More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <samp><span class="file">.fd</span></samp> files. +looked for on the system is named ‘<tt><var>fontname</var>.tfm</tt>’. +</p> +<p>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. +More commonly, fonts are defined in families through ‘<tt>.fd</tt>’ files. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cprotect"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cprotect"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\protect</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cprotect-462"></a> -<a name="index-fragile-commands-463"></a><a name="index-moving-arguments-464"></a>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and -many more are so-called <dfn>fragile</dfn> commands. When a fragile -command is used in certain contexts, called <dfn>moving arguments</dfn>, it +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cprotect-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">12.8 <code>\protect</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cprotect"></a> + +<a name="index-fragile-commands"></a> +<a name="index-moving-arguments"></a> +<p>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and +many more are so-called <em>fragile</em> commands. When a fragile +command is used in certain contexts, called <em>moving arguments</em>, it must be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. In addition, any fragile commands within the arguments must have their own <code>\protect</code>. - - <p>Some examples of moving arguments are <code>\caption</code> +</p> +<p>Some examples of moving arguments are <code>\caption</code> (see <a href="#figure">figure</a>), <code>\thanks</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>), and expressions in <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments (see <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>). - - <p><a name="index-robust-commands-465"></a>Commands which are not fragile are called <dfn>robust</dfn>. They must not +</p> +<a name="index-robust-commands"></a> +<p>Commands which are not fragile are called <em>robust</em>. They must not be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. +</p> +<p>See also: +</p> +<div class="smallexample"> +<pre class="smallexample"><a href="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</a> +<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</a> +</pre></div> - <p>See also: -<pre class="smallexample"><br><a href="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</a><br> -<br><a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</a><br> -</pre> - <!-- xx really need examples. --> -<div class="node"> -<a name="Counters"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> +<hr> +<a name="Counters"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Counters-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">13 Counters</h1> +<a name="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></a> +<a name="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">13 Counters</h2> - -<p><a name="index-counters_002c-a-list-of-466"></a><a name="index-variables_002c-a-list-of-467"></a> -Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with +<p>Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment -or command that produces the number, except with no <code>\</code>. +or command that produces the number, except with no <code>\</code>. (<code>enumi</code>–<code>enumiv</code> are used for the nested enumerate -environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's +environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX’s standard document classes to control numbering. - -<pre class="example"> part paragraph figure enumi - chapter subparagraph table enumii - section page footnote enumiii - subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv - subsubsection -</pre> - <ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>: Print value of a counter. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>: Use a specified counter in a list environment. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a>: Use the value of a counter in an expression. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>: Set the value of a counter. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a>: Add a quantity to a counter. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. -<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. -<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>: Numeric date values. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5calph-%5cAlph-%5carabic-%5croman-%5cRoman-%5cfnsymbol"></a> +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">part paragraph figure enumi +chapter subparagraph table enumii +section page footnote enumiii +subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv +subsubsection +</pre></div> + +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Print value of a counter. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2">\usecounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Use a specified counter in a list environment. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3">\value</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Use the value of a counter in an expression. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4">\setcounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Set the value of a counter. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5">\addtocounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Add a quantity to a counter. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6">\refstepcounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7">\stepcounter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" accesskey="8">\day \month \year</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Numeric date values. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> - -<h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3> +<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></a> +<h2 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h2> <p>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. - - <dl> -<dt><code>\alph</code><a name="index-g_t_005calph-468"></a><dd>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: `a', `b', <small class="enddots">...</small> - - <br><dt><code>\Alph</code><a name="index-g_t_005cAlph-469"></a><dd>uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', <small class="enddots">...</small> - - <br><dt><code>\arabic</code><a name="index-g_t_005carabic-470"></a><dd>uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', <small class="enddots">...</small> - - <br><dt><code>\roman</code><a name="index-g_t_005croman-471"></a><dd>uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', <small class="enddots">...</small> - - <br><dt><code>\roman</code><a name="index-g_t_005croman-472"></a><dd>uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', <small class="enddots">...</small> - - <br><dt><code>\fnsymbol</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfnsymbol-473"></a><dd>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\alph</code> +<a name="index-_005calph"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: ‘a’, ‘b’, <small class="enddots">...</small> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Alph</code> +<a name="index-_005cAlph"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>uses uppercase letters: ‘A’, ‘B’, <small class="enddots">...</small> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\arabic</code> +<a name="index-_005carabic"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>uses Arabic numbers: ‘1’, ‘2’, <small class="enddots">...</small> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\roman</code> +<a name="index-_005croman"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>uses lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, <small class="enddots">...</small> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\roman</code> +<a name="index-_005croman-1"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>uses uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, <small class="enddots">...</small> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\fnsymbol</code> +<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of <var>counter</var> must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. +</p> +<p>The symbols mostly aren’t supported in Info, but here are the names: +</p><div class="display"> +<pre class="display">asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel +double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger +</pre></div> - <p>The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names: - <pre class="display"> asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel - double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger -</pre> - </dl> +</dd> +</dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cusecounter"></a> -<a name="g_t_005cusecounter"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cusecounter"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next">\value</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cusecounter_007bcounter_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cusecounter"></a> +<a name="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a> +<a name="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cusecounter-474"></a><a name="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter-475"></a><a name="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter-476"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\usecounter{<var>counter</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \usecounter{<var>counter</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\usecounter</code> command is used in the second argument of the +<p>The <code>\usecounter</code> command is used in the second argument of the <code>list</code> environment to specify <var>counter</var> to be used to number the list items. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cvalue"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cvalue"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cvalue_007bcounter_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">13.3 <code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cvalue"></a> +<a name="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvalue-477"></a><a name="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of-478"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\value{<var>counter</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \value{<var>counter</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\value</code> command produces the value of <var>counter</var>. It can +<p>The <code>\value</code> command produces the value of <var>counter</var>. It can be used anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\setcounter{myctr}{3} +\addtocounter{myctr}{1} +\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \setcounter{myctr}{3} - \addtocounter{myctr}{1} - \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} -</pre> - <div class="node"> -<a name="%5csetcounter"></a> -<a name="g_t_005csetcounter"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005csetcounter"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\value</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005csetcounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005csetcounter"></a> +<a name="index-counters_002c-setting"></a> +<a name="index-setting-counters"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005csetcounter-479"></a><a name="index-counters_002c-setting-480"></a><a name="index-setting-counters-481"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\setcounter{<var>\counter</var>}{<var>value</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \setcounter{<var>\counter</var>}{<var>value</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>\counter</var> to the +<p>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>\counter</var> to the <var>value</var> argument. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5caddtocounter"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005caddtocounter"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\refstepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\setcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter_007bcounter_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005caddtocounter"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddtocounter-482"></a> -The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments <var>counter</var> by the +<p>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments <var>counter</var> by the amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5crefstepcounter"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\addtocounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter_007bcounter_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005crefstepcounter"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005crefstepcounter-483"></a> -The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as +<p>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as <code>\stepcounter</code> See <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>, except it also defines the current <code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cstepcounter"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cstepcounter"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next">\day \month \year</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\refstepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter_007bcounter_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cstepcounter"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter{</code><var>counter</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cstepcounter-484"></a> -The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to <var>counter</var> and +<p>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to <var>counter</var> and resets all subsidiary counters. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cday-%5cmonth-%5cyear"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Counters">Counters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\stepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear_003a-Predefined-counters"></a> +<h2 class="section">13.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</h2> +<a name="index-_005cday"></a> +<a name="index-_005cmonth"></a> +<a name="index-_005cyear"></a> -<h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cday-485"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmonth-486"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cyear-487"></a> -LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>, +<p>LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>, 1–31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1–12), and year (<code>\year</code>, Common Era). When TeX starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX is running. They are not updated as the job progresses. - - <p>The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string representing the +</p> +<p>The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string representing the current day (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>). +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Lengths"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Counters">Counters</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Lengths-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h1> +<a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h2> - -<p><a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using-488"></a> -A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a +<p>A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>: Set the value of a length. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a>: Add a quantity to a length. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>: Set a length to the depth of something. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a>: Set a length to the height of something. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a>: Set a length to the width of something. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>: Lengths that are, like, predefined. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5csetlength"></a> +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="1">\setlength</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Set the value of a length. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="2">\addtolength</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Add a quantity to a length. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="3">\settodepth</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Set a length to the depth of something. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="4">\settoheight</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Set a length to the height of something. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="5">\settowidth</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Set a length to the width of something. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Predefined-lengths" accesskey="6">Predefined lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Lengths that are, like, predefined. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005csetlength"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005csetlength_007b_005clen_007d_007bvalue_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">14.1 <code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005csetlength"></a> +<a name="index-lengths_002c-setting"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.1 <code>\setlength{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>value</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005csetlength-489"></a><a name="index-lengths_002c-setting-490"></a> -The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var> +<p>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var> argument, which can be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), points (<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>, etc. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5caddtolength"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005caddtolength"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005caddtolength_007b_005clen_007d_007bamount_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">14.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</h2> +<a name="index-_005caddtolength"></a> +<a name="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.2 \addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddtolength-491"></a><a name="index-lengths_002c-adding-to-492"></a> -The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a “length command” +<p>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a “length command” <var>\len</var> by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which may be negative. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5csettodepth"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005csettodepth"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">14.3 <code>\settodepth</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005csettodepth"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\settodepth</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005csettodepth-493"></a> -<code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code> - - <p>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command +<p><code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code> +</p> +<p>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5csettoheight"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005csettoheight"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\settodepth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">14.4 <code>\settoheight</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005csettoheight"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\settoheight</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005csettoheight-494"></a> -<code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code> - - <p>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command +<p><code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code> +</p> +<p>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5csettowidth"></a> -<a name="g_t_005csettowidth"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005csettowidth"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Predefined-lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Predefined lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\settoheight</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005csettowidth_007b_005clen_007d_007btext_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">14.5 <code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005csettowidth"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\settowidth{\</code><var>len</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005csettowidth-495"></a> -The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var> +<p>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var> to the width of the <var>text</var> argument. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="Predefined-lengths"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a> +<hr> +<a name="Predefined-lengths"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\settowidth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Predefined-lengths-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">14.6 Predefined lengths</h2> +<a name="index-lengths_002c-predefined"></a> +<a name="index-predefined-lengths"></a> -<h3 class="section">14.6 Predefined lengths</h3> - -<p><a name="index-lengths_002c-predefined-496"></a><a name="index-predefined-lengths-497"></a> -<code>\width</code> -<a name="index-g_t_005cwidth-498"></a> -<code>\height</code> -<a name="index-g_t_005cheight-499"></a> -<code>\depth</code> -<a name="index-g_t_005cdepth-500"></a> -<code>\totalheight</code> -<a name="index-g_t_005ctotalheight-501"></a> -These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making +<p><code>\width</code> +<a name="index-_005cwidth"></a> +</p> +<p><code>\height</code> +<a name="index-_005cheight"></a> +</p> +<p><code>\depth</code> +<a name="index-_005cdepth"></a> +</p> +<p><code>\totalheight</code> +<a name="index-_005ctotalheight"></a> +</p> +<p>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). They specify the natural width etc. of the text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <code>\height</code> + <code>\depth</code>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size, e.g., say +</p> +<p><code>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</code> +</p> - <p><code>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</code> - -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Making-paragraphs"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Making-paragraphs-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h1> +<a name="index-making-paragraphs"></a> +<a name="index-paragraphs"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2> - -<p><a name="index-making-paragraphs-502"></a><a name="index-paragraphs-503"></a> -A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines—lines not +<p>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines—lines not containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a>: Indent this paragraph. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a>: Do not indent this paragraph. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>: Space added before paragraphs. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a>: Putting remarks in the margin. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cindent"></a> +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cindent" accesskey="1">\indent</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indent this paragraph. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\noindent</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Do not indent this paragraph. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parskip</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Space added before paragraphs. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Putting remarks in the margin. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cindent"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cindent-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">15.1 <code>\indent</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cindent"></a> +<a name="index-_005cparindent-1"></a> +<a name="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a> -<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\indent</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cindent-504"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cparindent-505"></a><a name="index-indent_002c-forcing-506"></a> -<code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the +<p><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the <code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed. - - <p>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column +</p> +<p>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cnoindent"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cnoindent"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\indent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cnoindent-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cnoindent"></a> +<a name="index-indent_002c-suppressing"></a> -<h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\noindent</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cnoindent-507"></a><a name="index-indent_002c-suppressing-508"></a> -When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <code>\noindent</code> +<p>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <code>\noindent</code> suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cparskip"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cparskip"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cparskip-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cparskip"></a> +<a name="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></a> -<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parskip</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cparskip-509"></a><a name="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs-510"></a> -<code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added +<p><code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Marginal-notes"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3> - -<p><a name="index-marginal-notes-511"></a><a name="index-notes-in-the-margin-512"></a><a name="index-remarks-in-the-margin-513"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginpar-514"></a> -Synopsis: +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\parskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Marginal-notes-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h2> +<a name="index-marginal-notes"></a> +<a name="index-notes-in-the-margin"></a> +<a name="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></a> +<a name="index-_005cmarginpar"></a> + +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\marginpar</code> command creates a note in the margin. The first +<p>The <code>\marginpar</code> command creates a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text where the <code>\marginpar</code> occurs. - - <p>When you only specify the mandatory argument <var>right</var>, the text +</p> +<p>When you only specify the mandatory argument <var>right</var>, the text will be placed +</p> +<ul> +<li> +in the right margin for one-sided layout; +</li><li> +in the outside margin for two-sided layout; +</li><li> +in the nearest margin for two-column layout. +</li></ul> - <ul> -<li>in the right margin for one-sided layout; -<li>in the outside margin for two-sided layout; -<li>in the nearest margin for two-column layout. -</ul> - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005creversemarginpar-515"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnormalmarginpar-516"></a>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes +<a name="index-_005creversemarginpar"></a> +<a name="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></a> +<p>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes in the opposite (inside) margin. <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them in the default position. - - <p>When you specify both arguments, <var>left</var> is used for the left +</p> +<p>When you specify both arguments, <var>left</var> is used for the left margin, and <var>right</var> is used for the right margin. - - <p>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable +</p> +<p>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace{0pt}</code>. +</p> +<p>These parameters affect the formatting of the note: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\marginparpush</code> +<a name="index-_005cmarginparpush"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<samp>7pt</samp>’ for +‘<samp>12pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp>5pt</samp>’ else. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\marginparsep</code> +<a name="index-_005cmarginparsep"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default +‘<samp>11pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ documents, ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ else. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\marginparwidth</code> +<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<samp>10pt</samp>’ document +is ‘<samp>90pt</samp>’, ‘<samp>83pt</samp>’ for ‘<samp>11pt</samp>’, and ‘<samp>68pt</samp>’ for +‘<samp>12pt</samp>’; ‘<samp>17pt</samp>’ more in each case for a two-sided document. +In two column mode, the default is ‘<samp>48pt</samp>’. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - <p>These parameters affect the formatting of the note: - - <dl> -<dt><code>\marginparpush</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginparpush-517"></a><dd>Minimum vertical space between notes; default ‘<samp><span class="samp">7pt</span></samp>’ for -‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’ documents, ‘<samp><span class="samp">5pt</span></samp>’ else. - - <br><dt><code>\marginparsep</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginparsep-518"></a><dd>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default -‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ documents, ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ else. - - <br><dt><code>\marginparwidth</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarginparwidth-519"></a><dd>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt</span></samp>’ document -is ‘<samp><span class="samp">90pt</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">83pt</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">11pt</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span class="samp">68pt</span></samp>’ for -‘<samp><span class="samp">12pt</span></samp>’; ‘<samp><span class="samp">17pt</span></samp>’ more in each case for a two-sided document. -In two column mode, the default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">48pt</span></samp>’. - - </dl> +<p>The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent +notes from falling off the bottom of the page. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Math-formulas"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Modes">Modes</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - -</div> - -<h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2> - -<p><a name="index-math-formulas-520"></a><a name="index-formulas_002c-math-521"></a><a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering-522"></a> -<a name="index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-523"></a><a name="index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-524"></a><a name="index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-525"></a>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: - - <dl> -<dt><code>math</code><dd>For formulas that appear right in the text. -<br><dt><code>displaymath</code><dd>For formulas that appear on their own line. -<br><dt><code>equation</code><dd>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation -number in the right margin. +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Math-formulas-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h1> +<a name="index-math-formulas"></a> +<a name="index-formulas_002c-math"></a> +<a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a> + +<a name="index-math-environment-1"></a> +<a name="index-displaymath-environment-1"></a> +<a name="index-equation-environment-1"></a> +<p>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>math</code></dt> +<dd><p>For formulas that appear right in the text. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>displaymath</code></dt> +<dd><p>For formulas that appear on their own line. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>equation</code></dt> +<dd><p>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation +number in the right margin. +</p></dd> </dl> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_0028-526"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0029-527"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005b-528"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005d-529"></a>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, +<a name="index-_005c_0028"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_005b"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_005d"></a> +<p>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code> environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\(...\) <span class="roman">instead of</span> \begin{math}...\end{math} +\[...\] <span class="roman">instead of</span> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \(...\) <span class="roman">instead of</span> \begin{math}...\end{math} - \[...\] <span class="roman">instead of</span> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_0024-530"></a>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even +<a name="index-_0024"></a> +<p>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">$ ... $ <span class="roman">instead of</span> \(...\) +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> $ ... $ <span class="roman">instead of</span> \(...\) -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cboldmath-531"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cunboldmath-532"></a>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in +<a name="index-_005cboldmath"></a> +<a name="index-_005cunboldmath"></a> +<p>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is used <em>outside</em> of math mode. Conversely, the <code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too is used <em>outside</em> of math mode. - -<!-- xx own section? Math fonts? --> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cdisplaystyle-533"></a>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the +</p> +<a name="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></a> +<p>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and below summations. For example -<pre class="example"> $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ -</pre> - <!-- xx see also \cal, \mathcal --> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a>: Also known as exponent or index. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>: Various mathematical squiggles. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a>: Math function names like sin and exp. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>: Accents in math. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a>: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="Subscripts-%26-superscripts"></a> +</p><div class="example"> +<pre class="example">$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ +</pre></div> + + +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts & superscripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Also known as exponent or index. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Various mathematical squiggles. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Math function names like sin and exp. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Accents in math. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="5">Spacing in math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="6">Math miscellany</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Stuff that doesn’t fit anywhere else. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</h3> - -<p><a name="index-superscript-534"></a><a name="index-subscript-535"></a><a name="index-exponent-536"></a><a name="index-g_t_005f-537"></a><a name="index-g_t_005e-538"></a> -To get an expression <i>exp</i> to appear as a subscript, you just type +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</h2> +<a name="index-superscript"></a> +<a name="index-subscript"></a> +<a name="index-exponent"></a> +<a name="index-_005f"></a> +<a name="index-_005e"></a> + +<p>To get an expression <i>exp</i> to appear as a subscript, you just type <code>_{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. To get <i>exp</i> to appear as a superscript, you type <code>^{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. LaTeX handles -superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. +superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Math-symbols"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3> - -<p><a name="index-math-symbols-539"></a><a name="index-symbols_002c-math-540"></a><a name="index-greek-letters-541"></a> -LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to -need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Subscripts & superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Math-symbols-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h2> +<a name="index-math-symbols"></a> +<a name="index-symbols_002c-math"></a> +<a name="index-greek-letters"></a> + +<p>LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you’re likely to +need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get -the pi symbol (\pi) in your output. - - <dl> -<dt><code>\|</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_007c-542"></a><dd>\| - - <br><dt><code>\aleph</code><a name="index-g_t_005caleph-543"></a><dd>\aleph - - <br><dt><code>\alpha</code><a name="index-g_t_005calpha-544"></a><dd>\alpha - - <br><dt><code>\amalg</code><a name="index-g_t_005camalg-545"></a><dd>\amalg (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\angle</code><a name="index-g_t_005cangle-546"></a><dd>\angle - - <br><dt><code>\approx</code><a name="index-g_t_005capprox-547"></a><dd>\approx (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\ast</code><a name="index-g_t_005cast-548"></a><dd>\ast (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\asymp</code><a name="index-g_t_005casymp-549"></a><dd>\asymp (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\backslash</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbackslash-550"></a><dd>\ (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\beta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbeta-551"></a><dd>\beta - - <br><dt><code>\bigcap</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcap-552"></a><dd>\bigcap - - <br><dt><code>\bigcirc</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcirc-553"></a><dd>\bigcirc (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\bigcup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcup-554"></a><dd>\bigcup - - <br><dt><code>\bigodot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigodot-555"></a><dd>\bigodot - - <br><dt><code>\bigoplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigoplus-556"></a><dd>\bigoplus - - <br><dt><code>\bigotimes</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigotimes-557"></a><dd>\bigotimes - - <br><dt><code>\bigtriangledown</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigtriangledown-558"></a><dd>\bigtriangledown (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\bigtriangleup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigtriangleup-559"></a><dd>\bigtriangleup (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\bigsqcup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigsqcup-560"></a><dd>\bigsqcup - - <br><dt><code>\biguplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbiguplus-561"></a><dd>\biguplus - - <br><dt><code>\bigcap</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigcap-562"></a><dd>\bigvee - - <br><dt><code>\bigwedge</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbigwedge-563"></a><dd>\bigwedge - - <br><dt><code>\bot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbot-564"></a><dd>\bot - - <br><dt><code>\bowtie</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbowtie-565"></a><dd>\bowtie (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\Box</code><a name="index-g_t_005cBox-566"></a><dd>(square open box symbol) <!-- xx not in plain --> - - <br><dt><code>\bullet</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbullet-567"></a><dd><a name="index-bullet-symbol-568"></a>\bullet (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\cap</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccap-569"></a><dd>\cap (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\cdot</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccdot-570"></a><dd>\cdot (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\chi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cchi-571"></a><dd>\chi - - <br><dt><code>\circ</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccirc-572"></a><dd>\circ (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\clubsuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cclubsuit-573"></a><dd>\clubsuit - - <br><dt><code>\cong</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccong-574"></a><dd>\cong (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\coprod</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccoprod-575"></a><dd>\coprod - - <br><dt><code>\cup</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccup-576"></a><dd>\cup (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\dagger</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdagger-577"></a><dd>\dagger (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\dashv</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdashv-578"></a><dd>\dashv (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\ddagger</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddagger-579"></a><dd>\dagger (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\Delta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cDelta-580"></a><dd>\Delta - - <br><dt><code>\delta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdelta-581"></a><dd>\delta - - <br><dt><code>\Diamond</code><a name="index-g_t_005cDiamond-582"></a><dd>bigger \diamond <!-- xx not in plain --> - - <br><dt><code>\diamond</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdiamond-583"></a><dd>\diamond (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\diamondsuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdiamondsuit-584"></a><dd>\diamondsuit - - <br><dt><code>\div</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdiv-585"></a><dd>\div (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\doteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdoteq-586"></a><dd>\doteq (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\downarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdownarrow-587"></a><dd>\downarrow (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\Downarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cDownarrow-588"></a><dd>\Downarrow (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\ell</code><a name="index-g_t_005cell-589"></a><dd>\ell - - <br><dt><code>\emptyset</code><a name="index-g_t_005cemptyset-590"></a><dd>\emptyset - - <br><dt><code>\epsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cepsilon-591"></a><dd>\epsilon - - <br><dt><code>\equiv</code><a name="index-g_t_005cequiv-592"></a><dd>\equiv (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\eta</code><a name="index-g_t_005ceta-593"></a><dd>\eta - - <br><dt><code>\exists</code><a name="index-g_t_005cexists-594"></a><dd>\exists - - <br><dt><code>\flat</code><a name="index-g_t_005cflat-595"></a><dd>\flat - - <br><dt><code>\forall</code><a name="index-g_t_005cforall-596"></a><dd>\forall - - <br><dt><code>\frown</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfrown-597"></a><dd>\frown (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\Gamma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cGamma-598"></a><dd>\Gamma - - <br><dt><code>\gamma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgamma-599"></a><dd>\gamma - - <br><dt><code>\ge</code><a name="index-g_t_005cge-600"></a><dd>\ge - - <br><dt><code>\geq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgeq-601"></a><dd>\geq (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\gets</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgets-602"></a><dd>\gets - - <br><dt><code>\gg</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgg-603"></a><dd>\gg (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\hbar</code><a name="index-g_t_005chbar-604"></a><dd>\hbar - - <br><dt><code>\heartsuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cheartsuit-605"></a><dd>\heartsuit - - <br><dt><code>\hookleftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005chookleftarrow-606"></a><dd>\hookleftarrow - - <br><dt><code>\hookrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005chookrightarrow-607"></a><dd>\hookrightarrow - - <br><dt><code>\iff</code><a name="index-g_t_005ciff-608"></a><dd>\iff - - <br><dt><code>\Im</code><a name="index-g_t_005cIm-609"></a><dd>\Im - - <br><dt><code>\in</code><a name="index-g_t_005cin-610"></a><dd>\in (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\infty</code><a name="index-g_t_005cinfty-611"></a><dd>\infty - - <br><dt><code>\int</code><a name="index-g_t_005cint-612"></a><dd>\int - - <br><dt><code>\iota</code><a name="index-g_t_005ciota-613"></a><dd>\iota - - <br><dt><code>\Join</code><a name="index-g_t_005cJoin-614"></a><dd>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) <!-- xx not in plain --> - - <br><dt><code>\kappa</code><a name="index-g_t_005ckappa-615"></a><dd>\kappa - - <br><dt><code>\Lambda</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLambda-616"></a><dd>\Lambda - - <br><dt><code>\lambda</code><a name="index-g_t_005clambda-617"></a><dd>\lambda - - <br><dt><code>\land</code><a name="index-g_t_005cland-618"></a><dd>\land - - <br><dt><code>\langle</code><a name="index-g_t_005clangle-619"></a><dd>\langle (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\lbrace</code><a name="index-g_t_005clbrace-620"></a><dd>\lbrace (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\lbrack</code><a name="index-g_t_005clbrack-621"></a><dd>\lbrack (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\lceil</code><a name="index-g_t_005clceil-622"></a><dd>\lceil (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\le</code><a name="index-g_t_005cle-623"></a><dd>\le - - <br><dt><code>\leadsto</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleadsto-624"></a><dd><!-- xx missing from plain --> - - <br><dt><code>\Leftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLeftarrow-625"></a><dd>\Leftarrow - - <br><dt><code>\leftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftarrow-626"></a><dd>\leftarrow - - <br><dt><code>\leftharpoondown</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftharpoondown-627"></a><dd>\leftharpoondown - - <br><dt><code>\leftharpoonup</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftharpoonup-628"></a><dd>\leftharpoonup - - <br><dt><code>\Leftrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLeftrightarrow-629"></a><dd>\Leftrightarrow - - <br><dt><code>\leftrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleftrightarrow-630"></a><dd>\leftrightarrow - - <br><dt><code>\leq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cleq-631"></a><dd>\leq (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\lfloor</code><a name="index-g_t_005clfloor-632"></a><dd>\lfloor (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\lhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005clhd-633"></a><dd>(left-pointing arrow head) <!-- xx not in plain --> - - <br><dt><code>\ll</code><a name="index-g_t_005cll-634"></a><dd>\ll (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\lnot</code><a name="index-g_t_005clnot-635"></a><dd>\lnot - - <br><dt><code>\longleftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongleftarrow-636"></a><dd>\longleftarrow - - <br><dt><code>\longleftrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongleftrightarrow-637"></a><dd>\longleftrightarrow - - <br><dt><code>\longmapsto</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongmapsto-638"></a><dd>\longmapsto - - <br><dt><code>\longrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005clongrightarrow-639"></a><dd>\longrightarrow - - <br><dt><code>\lor</code><a name="index-g_t_005clor-640"></a><dd>\lor - - <br><dt><code>\mapsto</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmapsto-641"></a><dd>\mapsto - - <br><dt><code>\mho</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmho-642"></a><dd><!-- xx not in plain --> - - <br><dt><code>\mid</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmid-643"></a><dd>\mid (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\models</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmodels-644"></a><dd>\models (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\mp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmp-645"></a><dd>\mp (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\mu</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmu-646"></a><dd>\mu - - <br><dt><code>\nabla</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnabla-647"></a><dd>\nabla - - <br><dt><code>\natural</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnatural-648"></a><dd>\natural - - <br><dt><code>\ne</code><a name="index-g_t_005cne-649"></a><dd>\ne - - <br><dt><code>\nearrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnearrow-650"></a><dd>\nearrow - - <br><dt><code>\neg</code><a name="index-g_t_005cneg-651"></a><dd>\neg - - <br><dt><code>\neq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cneq-652"></a><dd>\neq (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\ni</code><a name="index-g_t_005cni-653"></a><dd>\ni (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\not</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnot-654"></a><dd>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=. - - <br><dt><code>\notin</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnotin-655"></a><dd>\ni - - <br><dt><code>\nu</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnu-656"></a><dd>\nu - - <br><dt><code>\nwarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cnwarrow-657"></a><dd>\nwarrow - - <br><dt><code>\odot</code><a name="index-g_t_005codot-658"></a><dd>\odot (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\oint</code><a name="index-g_t_005coint-659"></a><dd>\oint - - <br><dt><code>\Omega</code><a name="index-g_t_005cOmega-660"></a><dd>\Omega - - <br><dt><code>\omega</code><a name="index-g_t_005comega-661"></a><dd>\omega - - <br><dt><code>\ominus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cominus-662"></a><dd>\ominus (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\oplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005coplus-663"></a><dd>\oplus (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\oslash</code><a name="index-g_t_005coslash-664"></a><dd>\oslash (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\otimes</code><a name="index-g_t_005cotimes-665"></a><dd>\otimes (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\owns</code><a name="index-g_t_005cowns-666"></a><dd>\owns - - <br><dt><code>\parallel</code><a name="index-g_t_005cparallel-667"></a><dd>\parallel (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\partial</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpartial-668"></a><dd>\partial - - <br><dt><code>\perp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cperp-669"></a><dd>\perp (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\phi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cphi-670"></a><dd>\phi - - <br><dt><code>\Pi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cPi-671"></a><dd>\Pi - - <br><dt><code>\pi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpi-672"></a><dd>\pi - - <br><dt><code>\pm</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpm-673"></a><dd>\pm (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\prec</code><a name="index-g_t_005cprec-674"></a><dd>\prec (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\preceq</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpreceq-675"></a><dd>\preceq (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\prime</code><a name="index-g_t_005cprime-676"></a><dd>\prime - - <br><dt><code>\prod</code><a name="index-g_t_005cprod-677"></a><dd>\prod - - <br><dt><code>\propto</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpropto-678"></a><dd>\propto (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\Psi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cPsi-679"></a><dd>\Psi - - <br><dt><code>\psi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpsi-680"></a><dd>\psi - - <br><dt><code>\rangle</code><a name="index-g_t_005crangle-681"></a><dd>\rangle (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\rbrace</code><a name="index-g_t_005crbrace-682"></a><dd>\rbrace (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\rbrack</code><a name="index-g_t_005crbrack-683"></a><dd>\rbrack (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\rceil</code><a name="index-g_t_005crceil-684"></a><dd>\rceil (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\Re</code><a name="index-g_t_005cRe-685"></a><dd>\Re - - <br><dt><code>\rfloor</code><a name="index-g_t_005crfloor-686"></a><dd>\rfloor - - <br><dt><code>\rhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005crhd-687"></a><dd>(binary operation) <!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} --> - - <br><dt><code>\rho</code><a name="index-g_t_005crho-688"></a><dd>\rho - - <br><dt><code>\Rightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cRightarrow-689"></a><dd>\Rightarrow - - <br><dt><code>\rightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightarrow-690"></a><dd>\rightarrow - - <br><dt><code>\rightharpoondown</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightharpoondown-691"></a><dd>\rightharpoondown - - <br><dt><code>\rightharpoonup</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightharpoonup-692"></a><dd>\rightharpoonup - - <br><dt><code>\rightleftharpoons</code><a name="index-g_t_005crightleftharpoons-693"></a><dd>\rightleftharpoons - - <br><dt><code>\searrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005csearrow-694"></a><dd>\searrow - - <br><dt><code>\setminus</code><a name="index-g_t_005csetminus-695"></a><dd>\setminus (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\sharp</code><a name="index-g_t_005csharp-696"></a><dd>\sharp - - <br><dt><code>\Sigma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cSigma-697"></a><dd>\Sigma - - <br><dt><code>\sigma</code><a name="index-g_t_005csigma-698"></a><dd>\sigma - - <br><dt><code>\sim</code><a name="index-g_t_005csim-699"></a><dd>\sim (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\simeq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csimeq-700"></a><dd>\simeq (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\smallint</code><a name="index-g_t_005csmallint-701"></a><dd>\smallint - - <br><dt><code>\smile</code><a name="index-g_t_005csmile-702"></a><dd>\smile (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\spadesuit</code><a name="index-g_t_005cspadesuit-703"></a><dd>\spadesuit - - <br><dt><code>\sqcap</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqcap-704"></a><dd>\sqcap (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\sqcup</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqcup-705"></a><dd>\sqcup (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\sqsubset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsubset-706"></a><dd>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) --> - - <br><dt><code>\sqsubseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsubseteq-707"></a><dd>\sqsubseteq (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\sqsupset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsupset-708"></a><dd>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) --> - - <br><dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqsupseteq-709"></a><dd>\sqsupseteq (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\star</code><a name="index-g_t_005cstar-710"></a><dd>\star (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\subset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubset-711"></a><dd>\subset (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\subseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csubseteq-712"></a><dd>\subseteq (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\succ</code><a name="index-g_t_005csucc-713"></a><dd>\succ (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\succeq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csucceq-714"></a><dd>\succeq (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\sum</code><a name="index-g_t_005csum-715"></a><dd>\sum - - <br><dt><code>\supset</code><a name="index-g_t_005csupset-716"></a><dd>\supset (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\supseteq</code><a name="index-g_t_005csupseteq-717"></a><dd>\supseteq (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\surd</code><a name="index-g_t_005csurd-718"></a><dd>\surd - - <br><dt><code>\swarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cswarrow-719"></a><dd>\swarrow - - <br><dt><code>\tau</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctau-720"></a><dd>\tau - - <br><dt><code>\theta</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctheta-721"></a><dd>\theta - - <br><dt><code>\times</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctimes-722"></a><dd>\times (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\to</code><a name="index-g_t_005cto-723"></a><dd>\to - - <br><dt><code>\top</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctop-724"></a><dd>\top - - <br><dt><code>\triangle</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctriangle-725"></a><dd>\triangle - - <br><dt><code>\triangleleft</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctriangleleft-726"></a><dd>\triangleleft (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\triangleright</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctriangleright-727"></a><dd>\triangleright (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\unlhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunlhd-728"></a><dd>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain --> - - <br><dt><code>\unrhd</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunrhd-729"></a><dd>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain --> - - <br><dt><code>\Uparrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cUparrow-730"></a><dd>\Uparrow (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\uparrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cuparrow-731"></a><dd>\uparrow (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\Updownarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cUpdownarrow-732"></a><dd>\Updownarrow (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\updownarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005cupdownarrow-733"></a><dd>\updownarrow (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\uplus</code><a name="index-g_t_005cuplus-734"></a><dd>\uplus (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\Upsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cUpsilon-735"></a><dd>\Upsilon - - <br><dt><code>\upsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cupsilon-736"></a><dd>\upsilon - - <br><dt><code>\varepsilon</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarepsilon-737"></a><dd>\varepsilon - - <br><dt><code>\varphi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarphi-738"></a><dd>\varphi - - <br><dt><code>\varpi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarpi-739"></a><dd>\varpi - - <br><dt><code>\varrho</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarrho-740"></a><dd>\varrho - - <br><dt><code>\varsigma</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvarsigma-741"></a><dd>\varsigma - - <br><dt><code>\vartheta</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvartheta-742"></a><dd>\vartheta - - <br><dt><code>\vdash</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvdash-743"></a><dd>\vdash (relation) - - <br><dt><code>\vee</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvee-744"></a><dd>\vee (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\Vert</code><a name="index-g_t_005cVert-745"></a><dd>\Vert (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\vert</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvert-746"></a><dd>\vert (delimiter) - - <br><dt><code>\wedge</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwedge-747"></a><dd>\wedge (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\wp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwp-748"></a><dd>\wp - - <br><dt><code>\wr</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwr-749"></a><dd>\wr (binary operation) - - <br><dt><code>\Xi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cXi-750"></a><dd>\Xi - - <br><dt><code>\xi</code><a name="index-g_t_005cxi-751"></a><dd>\xi - - <br><dt><code>\zeta</code><a name="index-g_t_005czeta-752"></a><dd>\zeta +the pi symbol (<em>\pi</em>) in your output. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\|</code> +<a name="index-_005c_007c"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\|</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\aleph</code> +<a name="index-_005caleph"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\aleph</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\alpha</code> +<a name="index-_005calpha"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\alpha</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\amalg</code> +<a name="index-_005camalg"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\amalg</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\angle</code> +<a name="index-_005cangle"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\angle</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\approx</code> +<a name="index-_005capprox"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\approx</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ast</code> +<a name="index-_005cast"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\ast</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\asymp</code> +<a name="index-_005casymp"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\asymp</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\backslash</code> +<a name="index-_005cbackslash"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>\ (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\beta</code> +<a name="index-_005cbeta"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\beta</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bigcap</code> +<a name="index-_005cbigcap"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bigcap</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bigcirc</code> +<a name="index-_005cbigcirc"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bigcirc</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bigcup</code> +<a name="index-_005cbigcup"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bigcup</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bigodot</code> +<a name="index-_005cbigodot"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bigodot</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bigoplus</code> +<a name="index-_005cbigoplus"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bigoplus</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bigotimes</code> +<a name="index-_005cbigotimes"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bigotimes</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bigtriangledown</code> +<a name="index-_005cbigtriangledown"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bigtriangledown</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bigtriangleup</code> +<a name="index-_005cbigtriangleup"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bigtriangleup</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bigsqcup</code> +<a name="index-_005cbigsqcup"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bigsqcup</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\biguplus</code> +<a name="index-_005cbiguplus"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\biguplus</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bigcap</code> +<a name="index-_005cbigcap-1"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bigvee</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bigwedge</code> +<a name="index-_005cbigwedge"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bigwedge</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bot</code> +<a name="index-_005cbot"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bot</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bowtie</code> +<a name="index-_005cbowtie"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\bowtie</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Box</code> +<a name="index-_005cBox"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>(square open box symbol) </p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bullet</code> +<a name="index-_005cbullet"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-bullet-symbol"></a> +<p><em>\bullet</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\cap</code> +<a name="index-_005ccap"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\cap</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\cdot</code> +<a name="index-_005ccdot"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\cdot</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\chi</code> +<a name="index-_005cchi"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\chi</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\circ</code> +<a name="index-_005ccirc"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\circ</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\clubsuit</code> +<a name="index-_005cclubsuit"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\clubsuit</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\cong</code> +<a name="index-_005ccong"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\cong</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\coprod</code> +<a name="index-_005ccoprod"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\coprod</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\cup</code> +<a name="index-_005ccup"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\cup</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\dagger</code> +<a name="index-_005cdagger"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\dagger</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\dashv</code> +<a name="index-_005cdashv"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\dashv</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ddagger</code> +<a name="index-_005cddagger"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\dagger</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Delta</code> +<a name="index-_005cDelta"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Delta</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\delta</code> +<a name="index-_005cdelta"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\delta</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Diamond</code> +<a name="index-_005cDiamond"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>bigger <em>\diamond</em> </p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\diamond</code> +<a name="index-_005cdiamond"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\diamond</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\diamondsuit</code> +<a name="index-_005cdiamondsuit"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\diamondsuit</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\div</code> +<a name="index-_005cdiv"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\div</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\doteq</code> +<a name="index-_005cdoteq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\doteq</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\downarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cdownarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\downarrow</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Downarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cDownarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Downarrow</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ell</code> +<a name="index-_005cell"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\ell</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\emptyset</code> +<a name="index-_005cemptyset"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\emptyset</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\epsilon</code> +<a name="index-_005cepsilon"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\epsilon</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\equiv</code> +<a name="index-_005cequiv"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\equiv</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\eta</code> +<a name="index-_005ceta"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\eta</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\exists</code> +<a name="index-_005cexists"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\exists</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\flat</code> +<a name="index-_005cflat"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\flat</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\forall</code> +<a name="index-_005cforall"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\forall</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\frown</code> +<a name="index-_005cfrown"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\frown</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Gamma</code> +<a name="index-_005cGamma"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Gamma</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\gamma</code> +<a name="index-_005cgamma"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\gamma</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ge</code> +<a name="index-_005cge"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\ge</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\geq</code> +<a name="index-_005cgeq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\geq</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\gets</code> +<a name="index-_005cgets"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\gets</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\gg</code> +<a name="index-_005cgg"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\gg</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\hbar</code> +<a name="index-_005chbar"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\hbar</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\heartsuit</code> +<a name="index-_005cheartsuit"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\heartsuit</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\hookleftarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005chookleftarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\hookleftarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\hookrightarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005chookrightarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\hookrightarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\iff</code> +<a name="index-_005ciff"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\iff</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Im</code> +<a name="index-_005cIm"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Im</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\in</code> +<a name="index-_005cin"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\in</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\infty</code> +<a name="index-_005cinfty"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\infty</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\int</code> +<a name="index-_005cint"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\int</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\iota</code> +<a name="index-_005ciota"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\iota</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Join</code> +<a name="index-_005cJoin"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) </p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\kappa</code> +<a name="index-_005ckappa"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\kappa</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Lambda</code> +<a name="index-_005cLambda"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Lambda</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\lambda</code> +<a name="index-_005clambda"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\lambda</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\land</code> +<a name="index-_005cland"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\land</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\langle</code> +<a name="index-_005clangle"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\langle</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\lbrace</code> +<a name="index-_005clbrace"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\lbrace</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\lbrack</code> +<a name="index-_005clbrack"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\lbrack</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\lceil</code> +<a name="index-_005clceil"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\lceil</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\le</code> +<a name="index-_005cle"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\le</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\leadsto</code> +<a name="index-_005cleadsto"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\Leftarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cLeftarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Leftarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\leftarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cleftarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\leftarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\leftharpoondown</code> +<a name="index-_005cleftharpoondown"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\leftharpoondown</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\leftharpoonup</code> +<a name="index-_005cleftharpoonup"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\leftharpoonup</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Leftrightarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cLeftrightarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Leftrightarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\leftrightarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cleftrightarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\leftrightarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\leq</code> +<a name="index-_005cleq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\leq</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\lfloor</code> +<a name="index-_005clfloor"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\lfloor</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\lhd</code> +<a name="index-_005clhd"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>(left-pointing arrow head) </p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ll</code> +<a name="index-_005cll"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\ll</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\lnot</code> +<a name="index-_005clnot"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\lnot</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\longleftarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005clongleftarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\longleftarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\longleftrightarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005clongleftrightarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\longleftrightarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\longmapsto</code> +<a name="index-_005clongmapsto"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\longmapsto</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\longrightarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005clongrightarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\longrightarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\lor</code> +<a name="index-_005clor"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\lor</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\mapsto</code> +<a name="index-_005cmapsto"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\mapsto</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\mho</code> +<a name="index-_005cmho"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\mid</code> +<a name="index-_005cmid"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\mid</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\models</code> +<a name="index-_005cmodels"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\models</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\mp</code> +<a name="index-_005cmp"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\mp</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\mu</code> +<a name="index-_005cmu"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\mu</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\nabla</code> +<a name="index-_005cnabla"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\nabla</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\natural</code> +<a name="index-_005cnatural"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\natural</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ne</code> +<a name="index-_005cne"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\ne</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\nearrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cnearrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\nearrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\neg</code> +<a name="index-_005cneg"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\neg</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\neq</code> +<a name="index-_005cneq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\neq</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ni</code> +<a name="index-_005cni"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\ni</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\not</code> +<a name="index-_005cnot"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in <em>\not=</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\notin</code> +<a name="index-_005cnotin"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\ni</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\nu</code> +<a name="index-_005cnu"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\nu</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\nwarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cnwarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\nwarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\odot</code> +<a name="index-_005codot"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\odot</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\oint</code> +<a name="index-_005coint"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\oint</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Omega</code> +<a name="index-_005cOmega"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Omega</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\omega</code> +<a name="index-_005comega"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\omega</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ominus</code> +<a name="index-_005cominus"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\ominus</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\oplus</code> +<a name="index-_005coplus"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\oplus</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\oslash</code> +<a name="index-_005coslash"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\oslash</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\otimes</code> +<a name="index-_005cotimes"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\otimes</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\owns</code> +<a name="index-_005cowns"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\owns</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\parallel</code> +<a name="index-_005cparallel"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\parallel</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\partial</code> +<a name="index-_005cpartial"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\partial</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\perp</code> +<a name="index-_005cperp"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\perp</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\phi</code> +<a name="index-_005cphi"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\phi</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Pi</code> +<a name="index-_005cPi"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Pi</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\pi</code> +<a name="index-_005cpi"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\pi</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\pm</code> +<a name="index-_005cpm"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\pm</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\prec</code> +<a name="index-_005cprec"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\prec</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\preceq</code> +<a name="index-_005cpreceq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\preceq</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\prime</code> +<a name="index-_005cprime"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\prime</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\prod</code> +<a name="index-_005cprod"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\prod</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\propto</code> +<a name="index-_005cpropto"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\propto</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Psi</code> +<a name="index-_005cPsi"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Psi</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\psi</code> +<a name="index-_005cpsi"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\psi</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rangle</code> +<a name="index-_005crangle"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\rangle</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rbrace</code> +<a name="index-_005crbrace"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\rbrace</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rbrack</code> +<a name="index-_005crbrack"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\rbrack</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rceil</code> +<a name="index-_005crceil"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\rceil</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Re</code> +<a name="index-_005cRe"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Re</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rfloor</code> +<a name="index-_005crfloor"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\rfloor</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rhd</code> +<a name="index-_005crhd"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>(binary operation) </p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rho</code> +<a name="index-_005crho"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\rho</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Rightarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cRightarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Rightarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rightarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005crightarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\rightarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rightharpoondown</code> +<a name="index-_005crightharpoondown"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\rightharpoondown</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rightharpoonup</code> +<a name="index-_005crightharpoonup"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\rightharpoonup</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rightleftharpoons</code> +<a name="index-_005crightleftharpoons"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\rightleftharpoons</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\searrow</code> +<a name="index-_005csearrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\searrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\setminus</code> +<a name="index-_005csetminus"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\setminus</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sharp</code> +<a name="index-_005csharp"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sharp</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Sigma</code> +<a name="index-_005cSigma"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Sigma</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sigma</code> +<a name="index-_005csigma"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sigma</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sim</code> +<a name="index-_005csim"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sim</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\simeq</code> +<a name="index-_005csimeq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\simeq</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\smallint</code> +<a name="index-_005csmallint"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\smallint</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\smile</code> +<a name="index-_005csmile"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\smile</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\spadesuit</code> +<a name="index-_005cspadesuit"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\spadesuit</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sqcap</code> +<a name="index-_005csqcap"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sqcap</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sqcup</code> +<a name="index-_005csqcup"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sqcup</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sqsubset</code> +<a name="index-_005csqsubset"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>(relation) </p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sqsubseteq</code> +<a name="index-_005csqsubseteq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sqsubseteq</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sqsupset</code> +<a name="index-_005csqsupset"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>(relation) </p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code> +<a name="index-_005csqsupseteq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sqsupseteq</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\star</code> +<a name="index-_005cstar"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\star</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\subset</code> +<a name="index-_005csubset"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\subset</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\subseteq</code> +<a name="index-_005csubseteq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\subseteq</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\succ</code> +<a name="index-_005csucc"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\succ</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\succeq</code> +<a name="index-_005csucceq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\succeq</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sum</code> +<a name="index-_005csum"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sum</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\supset</code> +<a name="index-_005csupset"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\supset</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\supseteq</code> +<a name="index-_005csupseteq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\supseteq</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\surd</code> +<a name="index-_005csurd"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\surd</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\swarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cswarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\swarrow</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\tau</code> +<a name="index-_005ctau"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\tau</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\theta</code> +<a name="index-_005ctheta"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\theta</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\times</code> +<a name="index-_005ctimes"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\times</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\to</code> +<a name="index-_005cto"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\to</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\top</code> +<a name="index-_005ctop"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\top</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\triangle</code> +<a name="index-_005ctriangle"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\triangle</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\triangleleft</code> +<a name="index-_005ctriangleleft"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\triangleleft</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\triangleright</code> +<a name="index-_005ctriangleright"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\triangleright</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\unlhd</code> +<a name="index-_005cunlhd"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) </p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\unrhd</code> +<a name="index-_005cunrhd"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) </p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Uparrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cUparrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Uparrow</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\uparrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cuparrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\uparrow</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Updownarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cUpdownarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Updownarrow</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\updownarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005cupdownarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\updownarrow</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\uplus</code> +<a name="index-_005cuplus"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\uplus</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Upsilon</code> +<a name="index-_005cUpsilon"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Upsilon</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\upsilon</code> +<a name="index-_005cupsilon"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\upsilon</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\varepsilon</code> +<a name="index-_005cvarepsilon"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\varepsilon</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\varphi</code> +<a name="index-_005cvarphi"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\varphi</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\varpi</code> +<a name="index-_005cvarpi"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\varpi</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\varrho</code> +<a name="index-_005cvarrho"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\varrho</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\varsigma</code> +<a name="index-_005cvarsigma"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\varsigma</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\vartheta</code> +<a name="index-_005cvartheta"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\vartheta</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\vdash</code> +<a name="index-_005cvdash"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\vdash</em> (relation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\vee</code> +<a name="index-_005cvee"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\vee</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Vert</code> +<a name="index-_005cVert"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Vert</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\vert</code> +<a name="index-_005cvert"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\vert</em> (delimiter) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\wedge</code> +<a name="index-_005cwedge"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\wedge</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\wp</code> +<a name="index-_005cwp"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\wp</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\wr</code> +<a name="index-_005cwr"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\wr</em> (binary operation) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Xi</code> +<a name="index-_005cXi"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Xi</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\xi</code> +<a name="index-_005cxi"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\xi</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\zeta</code> +<a name="index-_005czeta"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\zeta</em> +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Math-functions"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Math-functions-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h2> +<a name="index-math-functions"></a> +<a name="index-functions_002c-math"></a> -<h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3> - -<p><a name="index-math-functions-753"></a><a name="index-functions_002c-math-754"></a> -These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper +<p>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\arccos</code> +<a name="index-_005carccos"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\arccos</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\arcsin</code> +<a name="index-_005carcsin"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\arcsin</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\arctan</code> +<a name="index-_005carctan"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\arctan</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\arg</code> +<a name="index-_005carg"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\arg</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bmod</code> +<a name="index-_005cbmod"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Binary modulo operator (<em>x \bmod y</em>) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\cos</code> +<a name="index-_005ccos"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\cos</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\cosh</code> +<a name="index-_005ccosh"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\cosh</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\cot</code> +<a name="index-_005ccot"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\cos</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\coth</code> +<a name="index-_005ccoth"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\cosh</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\csc</code> +<a name="index-_005ccsc"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\csc</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\deg</code> +<a name="index-_005cdeg"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\deg</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\det</code> +<a name="index-_005cdet"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\deg</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\dim</code> +<a name="index-_005cdim"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\dim</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\exp</code> +<a name="index-_005cexp"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\exp</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\gcd</code> +<a name="index-_005cgcd"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\gcd</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\hom</code> +<a name="index-_005chom"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\hom</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\inf</code> +<a name="index-_005cinf"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\inf</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ker</code> +<a name="index-_005cker"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\ker</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\lg</code> +<a name="index-_005clg"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\lg</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\lim</code> +<a name="index-_005clim"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\lim</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\liminf</code> +<a name="index-_005climinf"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\liminf</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\limsup</code> +<a name="index-_005climsup"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\limsup</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ln</code> +<a name="index-_005cln"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\ln</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\log</code> +<a name="index-_005clog"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\log</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\max</code> +<a name="index-_005cmax"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\max</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\min</code> +<a name="index-_005cmin"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\min</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\pmod</code> +<a name="index-_005cpmod"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>parenthesized modulus, as in (<em>\pmod 2^n - 1</em>) +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\Pr</code> +<a name="index-_005cPr"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\Pr</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sec</code> +<a name="index-_005csec"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sec</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sin</code> +<a name="index-_005csin"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sin</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sinh</code> +<a name="index-_005csinh"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sinh</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sup</code> +<a name="index-_005csup"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\sup</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\tan</code> +<a name="index-_005ctan"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\tan</em> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\tanh</code> +<a name="index-_005ctanh"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p><em>\tanh</em> +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - <dl> -<dt><code>\arccos</code><a name="index-g_t_005carccos-755"></a><dd>\arccos - - <br><dt><code>\arcsin</code><a name="index-g_t_005carcsin-756"></a><dd>\arcsin - - <br><dt><code>\arctan</code><a name="index-g_t_005carctan-757"></a><dd>\arctan - - <br><dt><code>\arg</code><a name="index-g_t_005carg-758"></a><dd>\arg - - <br><dt><code>\bmod</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbmod-759"></a><dd>Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y) - - <br><dt><code>\cos</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccos-760"></a><dd>\cos - - <br><dt><code>\cosh</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccosh-761"></a><dd>\cosh - - <br><dt><code>\cot</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccot-762"></a><dd>\cos - - <br><dt><code>\coth</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccoth-763"></a><dd>\cosh - - <br><dt><code>\csc</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccsc-764"></a><dd>\csc - - <br><dt><code>\deg</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdeg-765"></a><dd>\deg - - <br><dt><code>\det</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdet-766"></a><dd>\deg - - <br><dt><code>\dim</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdim-767"></a><dd>\dim - - <br><dt><code>\exp</code><a name="index-g_t_005cexp-768"></a><dd>\exp - - <br><dt><code>\gcd</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgcd-769"></a><dd>\gcd - - <br><dt><code>\hom</code><a name="index-g_t_005chom-770"></a><dd>\hom - - <br><dt><code>\inf</code><a name="index-g_t_005cinf-771"></a><dd>\inf - - <br><dt><code>\ker</code><a name="index-g_t_005cker-772"></a><dd>\ker - - <br><dt><code>\lg</code><a name="index-g_t_005clg-773"></a><dd>\lg - - <br><dt><code>\lim</code><a name="index-g_t_005clim-774"></a><dd>\lim - - <br><dt><code>\liminf</code><a name="index-g_t_005climinf-775"></a><dd>\liminf - - <br><dt><code>\limsup</code><a name="index-g_t_005climsup-776"></a><dd>\limsup - - <br><dt><code>\ln</code><a name="index-g_t_005cln-777"></a><dd>\ln - - <br><dt><code>\log</code><a name="index-g_t_005clog-778"></a><dd>\log - - <br><dt><code>\max</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmax-779"></a><dd>\max - - <br><dt><code>\min</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmin-780"></a><dd>\min - - <br><dt><code>\pmod</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpmod-781"></a><dd>parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1) - - <br><dt><code>\Pr</code><a name="index-g_t_005cPr-782"></a><dd>\Pr - - <br><dt><code>\sec</code><a name="index-g_t_005csec-783"></a><dd>\sec - - <br><dt><code>\sin</code><a name="index-g_t_005csin-784"></a><dd>\sin - - <br><dt><code>\sinh</code><a name="index-g_t_005csinh-785"></a><dd>\sinh - - <br><dt><code>\sup</code><a name="index-g_t_005csup-786"></a><dd>\sup - - <br><dt><code>\tan</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctan-787"></a><dd>\tan - - <br><dt><code>\tanh</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctanh-788"></a><dd>\tanh - - </dl> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Math-accents"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Math-accents-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h2> +<a name="index-math-accents"></a> +<a name="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></a> -<h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3> - -<p><a name="index-math-accents-789"></a><a name="index-accents_002c-mathematical-790"></a> -LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters +<p>LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>). +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\acute</code> +<a name="index-_005cacute"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math acute accent: <em>\acute{x}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\bar</code> +<a name="index-_005cbar"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></a> +<a name="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math bar-over accent: <em>\bar{x}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\breve</code> +<a name="index-_005cbreve"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math breve accent: <em>\breve{x}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\check</code> +<a name="index-_005ccheck"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-check-accent_002c-math"></a> +<a name="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math hác<ek (check) accent: <em>\check{x}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ddot</code> +<a name="index-_005cddot"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math dieresis accent: <em>\ddot{x}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\dot</code> +<a name="index-_005cdot"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></a> +<a name="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math dot accent: <em>\dot{x}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\grave</code> +<a name="index-_005cgrave"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math grave accent: <em>\grave{x}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\hat</code> +<a name="index-_005chat"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></a> +<a name="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <em>\hat{x}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\imath</code> +<a name="index-_005cimath"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math dotless i. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\jmath</code> +<a name="index-_005cjmath"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math dotless j. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\tilde</code> +<a name="index-_005ctilde"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math tilde accent: <em>\tilde{x}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\vec</code> +<a name="index-_005cvec"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math vector symbol: <em>\vec{x}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\widehat</code> +<a name="index-_005cwidehat"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math wide hat accent: <em>\widehat{x+y}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\widehat</code> +<a name="index-_005cwidehat-1"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-wide-tile-accent_002c-math"></a> +<p>Math wide tilde accent: <em>\widetilde{x+y}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - <dl> -<dt><code>\acute</code><a name="index-g_t_005cacute-791"></a><dd><a name="index-acute-accent_002c-math-792"></a>Math acute accent: \acutex. - - <br><dt><code>\bar</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbar-793"></a><dd><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math-794"></a><a name="index-macron-accent_002c-math-795"></a>Math bar-over accent: \barx. - - <br><dt><code>\breve</code><a name="index-g_t_005cbreve-796"></a><dd><a name="index-breve-accent_002c-math-797"></a>Math breve accent: \brevex. - - <br><dt><code>\check</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccheck-798"></a><dd><a name="index-check-accent_002c-math-799"></a><a name="index-h_0040_0027a_0040v_007bc_007dek-accent_002c-math-800"></a>Math hác<ek (check) accent: \checkx. - - <br><dt><code>\ddot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddot-801"></a><dd><a name="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math-802"></a>Math dieresis accent: \ddotx. - - <br><dt><code>\dot</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdot-803"></a><dd><a name="index-overdot-accent_002c-math-804"></a><a name="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math-805"></a>Math dot accent: \dotx. - - <br><dt><code>\grave</code><a name="index-g_t_005cgrave-806"></a><dd><a name="index-grave-accent_002c-math-807"></a>Math grave accent: \gravex. - - <br><dt><code>\hat</code><a name="index-g_t_005chat-808"></a><dd><a name="index-hat-accent_002c-math-809"></a><a name="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math-810"></a>Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx. - - <br><dt><code>\imath</code><a name="index-g_t_005cimath-811"></a><dd><a name="index-dotless-i_002c-math-812"></a>Math dotless i. - - <br><dt><code>\jmath</code><a name="index-g_t_005cjmath-813"></a><dd><a name="index-dotless-j_002c-math-814"></a>Math dotless j. - - <br><dt><code>\tilde</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctilde-815"></a><dd><a name="index-tilde-accent_002c-math-816"></a>Math tilde accent: \tildex. - - <br><dt><code>\vec</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvec-817"></a><dd><a name="index-vector-symbol_002c-math-818"></a>Math vector symbol: \vecx. - - <br><dt><code>\widehat</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwidehat-819"></a><dd><a name="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math-820"></a>Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y. - - <br><dt><code>\widehat</code><a name="index-g_t_005cwidehat-821"></a><dd><a name="index-wide-tile-accent_002c-math-822"></a>Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y. - - </dl> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Spacing-in-math-mode"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">16.5 Spacing in math mode</h2> +<a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a> +<a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a> -<h3 class="section">16.5 Spacing in math mode</h3> - -<p><a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode-823"></a><a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-824"></a> -In a <code>math</code> environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and +<p>In a <code>math</code> environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for use in math mode: - - <dl> -<dt><code>\;</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003b-825"></a>A thick space (5\over18\,quad). -<br><dt><code>\:</code><dt><code>\></code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003a-826"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_003e-827"></a>Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). -<br><dt><code>\,</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_002c-828"></a>A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. -<br><dt><code>\!</code><dd>A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad). +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\;</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005c_003b"></a> +<p>A thick space (<em>5\over18\,</em>quad). +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\:</code></dt> +<dt><code>\></code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005c_003a"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_003e-1"></a> +<p>Both of these produce a medium space (<em>2\over9\,</em>quad). +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\,</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005c_002c"></a> +<p>A thin space (<em>1\over6\,</em>quad); not restricted to math mode. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>\!</code></dt> +<dd><p>A negative thin space (<em>-{1\over6}\,</em>quad). +</p></dd> </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="Math-miscellany"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a> -</div> - -<h3 class="section">16.6 Math miscellany</h3> - -<p><a name="index-math-miscellany-829"></a> - <dl> -<dt><code>\*</code><a name="index-g_t_005c_002a-830"></a><dd><a name="index-discretionary-multiplication-831"></a><a name="index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break-832"></a>A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is +<hr> +<a name="Math-miscellany"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Math-miscellany-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">16.6 Math miscellany</h2> +<a name="index-math-miscellany"></a> + +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\*</code> +<a name="index-_005c_002a"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-discretionary-multiplication"></a> +<a name="index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break"></a> +<p>A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is allowed. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\cdots</code> +<a name="index-_005ccdots"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ddots</code> +<a name="index-_005cddots"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>A diagonal ellipsis: <em>\ddots</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\frac{num}{den}</code> +<a name="index-_005cfrac_007bnum_007d_007bden_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cfrac"></a> +<p>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>. +</p> - <br><dt><code>\cdots</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccdots-833"></a><dd>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. - - <br><dt><code>\ddots</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddots-834"></a><dd>A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots. - - <br><dt><code>\frac{num}{den}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cfrac_0040_007bnum_0040_007d_0040_007bden_0040_007d-835"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cfrac-836"></a>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>. - - <br><dt><code>\left </code><var>delim1</var><code> ... \right </code><var>delim2</var><a name="index-g_t_005cleft-_0040var_007bdelim1_007d-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-_0040var_007bdelim2_007d-837"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cright-838"></a><a name="index-null-delimiter-839"></a>The two delimiters need not match; ‘<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>’ acts as a null delimiter, +</dd> +<dt><code>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></code> +<a name="index-_005cleft-delim1-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-delim2"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cright"></a> +<a name="index-null-delimiter"></a> +<p>The two delimiters need not match; ‘<samp>.</samp>’ acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</code>. - - <br><dt><code>\overbrace{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005coverbrace_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-840"></a><dd>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>. -For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k \rm\;times. - - <br><dt><code>\overline{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005coverline_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-841"></a><dd>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>. -For exampe, \overlinex+y. - - <br><dt><code>\sqrt[</code><var>root</var><code>]{arg}</code><a name="index-g_t_005csqrt_005b_0040var_007broot_007d_005d_0040_007barg_0040_007d-842"></a><dd>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</code> +<a name="index-_005coverbrace_007btext_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>. +For example, <em>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code> +<a name="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>. +For exampe, <em>\overline{x+y}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</code> +<a name="index-_005csqrt_005broot_005d_007barg_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce. For example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as <code>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</code>. - - <br><dt><code>\stackrel{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>relation</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cstackrel_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007brelation_007d_0040_007d-843"></a><dd>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. For example, +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code> +<a name="index-_005cstackrel_007btext_007d_007brelation_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. For example, <code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>. - - <br><dt><code>\underbrace{math}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunderbrace_0040_007bmath_0040_007d-844"></a><dd>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. - - <br><dt><code>\underline{text}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cunderline_0040_007btext_0040_007d-845"></a><dd>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\underbrace{math}</code> +<a name="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\underline{text}</code> +<a name="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of descenders. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\vdots</code> +<a name="index-_005cvdots"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cvdots-1"></a> +<p>Produces a vertical ellipsis. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - <br><dt><code>\vdots</code><a name="index-g_t_005cvdots-846"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cvdots-847"></a>Produces a vertical ellipsis. - - </dl> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Modes"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Modes-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">17 Modes</h1> +<a name="index-modes"></a> +<a name="index-paragraph-mode"></a> +<a name="index-math-mode"></a> +<a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a> +<a name="index-lR-mode"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2> -<p><a name="index-modes-848"></a><a name="index-paragraph-mode-849"></a><a name="index-math-mode-850"></a><a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode-851"></a><a name="index-lR-mode-852"></a> - - <p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three +<p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: +</p> +<ul> +<li> +Paragraph mode +</li><li> +Math mode +</li><li> +Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short +</li></ul> - <ul> -<li>Paragraph mode -<li>Math mode -<li>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short -</ul> - - <p>LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a -different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. +<p>LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a +different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. - - <p>“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in +</p> +<p>“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it’s the one LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in -“math mode” when it's generating a mathematical formula. In “LR +“math mode” when it’s generating a mathematical formula. In “LR mode”, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it @@ -5019,1808 +7181,2529 @@ never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an <code>\mbox</code>, LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. - - <p>LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> +</p> +<p>LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for -example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. +example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are also several text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>. When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in “inner paragraph mode”. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Page-styles"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Modes">Modes</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Page-styles-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h1> +<a name="index-styles_002c-page"></a> +<a name="index-page-styles"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h2> - -<p><a name="index-styles_002c-page-853"></a><a name="index-page-styles-854"></a> -The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of -the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>: Generate a title page. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a>: Set the style used for page numbers. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>: Change the headings/footings style. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a>: Change the headings/footings style for this page. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cmaketitle"></a> +<p>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of +the page’s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1">\maketitle</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Generate a title page. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2">\pagenumbering</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Set the style used for page numbers. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3">\pagestyle</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Change the headings/footings style. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4">\thispagestyle</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Change the headings/footings style for this page. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cmaketitle"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h2> +<a name="index-titles_002c-making"></a> +<a name="index-_005cmaketitle"></a> -<h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-titles_002c-making-855"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmaketitle-856"></a> -The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title +<p>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title page—except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations: - - <dl> -<dt><code>\author{</code><var>name</var><code> \and </code><var>name2</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cauthor_0040_007b_0040var_007bname_007d-_005cand-_0040var_007bname2_007d_0040_007d-857"></a><dd><a name="index-author_002c-for-titlepage-858"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-859"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cand-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-860"></a>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code> +<a name="index-_005cauthor_007bname-_005cand-name2_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></a> +<a name="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></a> +<p>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use -<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author's entry—for -example, to give the author's institution or address. - - <br><dt><code>\date{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdate_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-861"></a><dd><a name="index-date_002c-for-titlepage-862"></a>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document's +<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author’s entry—for +example, to give the author’s institution or address. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code> +<a name="index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></a> +<p>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document’s date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>) is used. - - <br><dt><code>\thanks{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cthanks_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-863"></a><dd><a name="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage-864"></a><a name="index-credit-footnote-865"></a>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title, +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code> +<a name="index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></a> +<a name="index-credit-footnote"></a> +<p>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title, usually used for credit acknowledgements. - - <br><dt><code>\title{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctitle_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-866"></a><dd><a name="index-title_002c-for-titlepage-867"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005ctitle_007d_007d-868"></a>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code> +<a name="index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></a> +<p>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cpagenumbering"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\maketitle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cpagenumbering"></a> +<a name="index-page-numbering-style"></a> -<h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpagenumbering-869"></a><a name="index-page-numbering-style-870"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\pagenumbering{<var>style</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \pagenumbering{<var>style</var>} -</pre> - <p>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>: - - <dl> -<dt><code>arabic</code><dd>arabic numerals -<br><dt><code>roman</code><dd>lowercase Roman numerals -<br><dt><code>Roman</code><dd>uppercase Roman numerals -<br><dt><code>alph</code><dd>lowercase letters -<br><dt><code>Alph</code><dd>uppercase letters +<p>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>arabic</code></dt> +<dd><p>arabic numerals +</p></dd> +<dt><code>roman</code></dt> +<dd><p>lowercase Roman numerals +</p></dd> +<dt><code>Roman</code></dt> +<dd><p>uppercase Roman numerals +</p></dd> +<dt><code>alph</code></dt> +<dd><p>lowercase letters +</p></dd> +<dt><code>Alph</code></dt> +<dd><p>uppercase letters +</p></dd> </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cpagestyle"></a> -<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cpagestyle-871"></a><a name="index-header-style-872"></a><a name="index-footer-style-873"></a><a name="index-running-header-and-footer-style-874"></a> -Synopsis: +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thispagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cpagestyle"></a> +<a name="index-header-style"></a> +<a name="index-footer-style"></a> +<a name="index-running-header-and-footer-style"></a> + +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\pagestyle{<var>style</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \pagestyle{<var>style</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\pagestyle</code> command specifies how the headers and footers +<p>The <code>\pagestyle</code> command specifies how the headers and footers are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for <var>style</var>: - - <dl> -<dt><code>plain</code><dd>Just a plain page number. - - <br><dt><code>empty</code><dd>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers. - - <br><dt><code>headings</code><dd>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>plain</code></dt> +<dd><p>Just a plain page number. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>empty</code></dt> +<dd><p>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>headings</code></dt> +<dd><p>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what goes in the headers. - - <br><dt><code>myheadings</code><dd>Custom headers, specified via the <code>\markboth</code> or the +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>myheadings</code></dt> +<dd><p>Custom headers, specified via the <code>\markboth</code> or the <code>\markright</code> commands. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> - - <p>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>: - - <dl> -<dt><code>\markboth{</code><var>left</var><code>}{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarkboth_0040_007b_0040var_007bleft_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-875"></a><dd>Sets both the left and the right heading. A “left-hand heading” +<p>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</code> +<a name="index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_007d_007bright_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Sets both the left and the right heading. A “left-hand heading” (<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before the end of the page, while a “right-hand heading” (<var>right</var> is generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code> +<a name="index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - <br><dt><code>\markright{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005cmarkright_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-876"></a><dd>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. - - </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cthispagestyle"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\pagestyle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle_007bstyle_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cthispagestyle"></a> -<h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle{</code><var>style</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthispagestyle-877"></a> -The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the +<p>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the <code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Spaces"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Spaces-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h1> +<a name="index-spaces"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2> - -<p><a name="index-spaces-878"></a> -LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. - - <p>Another space-producing command is <code>\,</code> to produce a “thin” -space (usually 1/6<span class="dmn">quad</span>). It can be used in text mode, but is +<p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. +</p> +<p>Another space-producing command is <code>\,</code> to produce a “thin” +space (usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is more often useful in math mode (see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>). - -</li></ul> -<p>Horizontal space -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>: Fixed horizontal space. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>: Stretchable horizontal space. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>: Normal interword space. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a>: Ending a sentence. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>: One-sixth of an em. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>: Per-character italic correction. -<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a>: Stretchable horizontal rule. -<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a>: Stretchable horizontal dots. - -</li></ul> -<p>Vertical space </p> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. -<li><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>: Fixed vertical spaces. -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>: Infinitely stretchable vertical space. -<li><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>: Add arbitrary vertical space. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5chspace"></a> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">Horizontal space +</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="1">\hspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Fixed horizontal space. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="2">\hfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Stretchable horizontal space. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE" accesskey="3">\SPACE</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Normal interword space. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cAT" accesskey="4">\AT</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Ending a sentence. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="5">\thinspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> One-sixth of an em. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="6">\/</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Per-character italic correction. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill" accesskey="7">\hrulefill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Stretchable horizontal rule. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cdotfill" accesskey="8">\dotfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Stretchable horizontal dots. +</td></tr> +<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment"> +Vertical space +</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="9">\addvspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Fixed vertical spaces. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Infinitely stretchable vertical space. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Add arbitrary vertical space. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005chspace"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005chspace-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005chspace"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\hspace</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005chspace-879"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\hspace[*]{<var>length</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \hspace[*]{<var>length</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\hspace</code> command adds horizontal space. The <var>length</var> +<p>The <code>\hspace</code> command adds horizontal space. The <var>length</var> argument can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both negative and positive space with an <code>\hspace</code> command; adding negative space is like backspacing. - - <p>LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning +</p> +<p>LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional <code>*</code> form. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5chfill"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005chfill"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE" accesskey="n" rel="next">\SPACE</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005chfill-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hfill</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005chfill-880"></a>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has +<a name="index-_005chfill"></a> +<p>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cfill-881"></a>The <code>\fill</code> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, -the glue value ‘<samp><span class="samp">0pt plus1fill</span></samp>’); thus, <code>\hspace\fill</code> is +</p> +<a name="index-_005cfill"></a> +<p>The <code>\fill</code> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, +the glue value ‘<samp>0pt plus1fill</samp>’); thus, <code>\hspace\fill</code> is equivalent to <code>\hfill</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cSPACE"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cSPACE"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - -</div> - -<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\SPACE</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cSPACE-882"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cTAB-883"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cNEWLINE-884"></a> -The <code>\ </code> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's -useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example -<code>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAT" accesskey="n" rel="next">\AT</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="g_t_005cSPACE-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.3 <code>\SPACE</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cSPACE"></a> +<a name="index-_005cTAB"></a> +<a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a> + +<p>The <code>\ </code> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It’s +useful after punctuation which shouldn’t end a sentence. For example +<code>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. It is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a nice system.</code> - - <p>In normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tab> and <code>\</code><newline> +</p> +<p>In normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tab> and <code>\</code><newline> are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cAT"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cAT"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\SPACE</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005c_0040"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.4 <code>\@</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005c_0040"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\@</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_0040_0040-885"></a> -The <code>\@</code> command makes the following punctuation character end a +<p>The <code>\@</code> command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without <code>\@</code>: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">… in C\@. Pascal, though … +… in C. Pascal, though … +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> ... in C\@. Pascal, though ... - ... in C. Pascal, though ... -</pre> - <p class="noindent">produces +<p>produces +</p> +<blockquote> +<p>… in C. Pascal, though … +… in C. Pascal, though … +</p></blockquote> -<!-- Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. --> - <blockquote> -<small class="dots">...</small> in C. Pascal, though <small class="dots">...</small> -<small class="dots">...</small> in C. Pascal, though <small class="dots">...</small> -</blockquote> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cthinspace"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cthinspace"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAT" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\AT</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cthinspace-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cthinspace"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\thinspace</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cthinspace-886"></a> -<code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that +<p><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as -in '<span class="dmn">”</span>. +in ’”. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5c%2f"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005c_002f"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\thinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005c_002f-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.6 <code>\/</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005c_002f"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.6 <code>\/</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005c_002f-887"></a> -The <code>\/</code> command produces an <dfn>italic correction</dfn>. This is a +<p>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <em>italic correction</em>. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic <i>f</i> character typically has a large italic correction value. - - <p>If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to +</p> +<p>If the following character is a period or comma, it’s not necessary to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as normal letters, it can help. Compare -<i>f: f;</i> (in the TeX output, the `f's are nicely separated) +<i>f: f;</i> (in the TeX output, the ‘f’s are nicely separated) with <i>f: f;</i>. - - <p>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic +</p> +<p>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare -pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the `f') +pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space after the ‘f’) with pdfTeX. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5chrulefill"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005chrulefill"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005chrulefill"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>\hrulefill</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005chrulefill-888"></a> -The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which can +<p>The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cdotfill"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cdotfill"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\hrulefill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cdotfill-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.8 <code>\dotfill</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\dotfill</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cdotfill"></a> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cdotfill-889"></a> -The <code>\dotfill</code> command produces a “rubber length” that fills +<p>The <code>\dotfill</code> command produces a “rubber length” that fills with dots instead of just white space. +</p> -<!-- xx undone --> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5caddvspace"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005caddvspace"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a> +<a name="index-vertical-space"></a> +<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\addvspace</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddvspace-890"></a><a name="index-vertical-space-891"></a><a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical-892"></a> -<code>\addvspace{length}</code> - - <p>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical space of height +<p><code>\addvspace{length}</code> +</p> +<p>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command, then this command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cbigskip-%5cmedskip-%5csmallskip"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\addvspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> - -<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h3> +<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.10 <code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></h2> <p>These commands produce a given amount of space. - - <dl> -<dt><code>\bigskip</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cbigskip-893"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cbigskipamount-894"></a>The same as <code>\vspace{bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\bigskip</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cbigskip"></a> +<a name="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a> +<p>The same as <code>\vspace{bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line space (with stretch and shrink). - - <br><dt><code>\medskip</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cmedskip-895"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cmedskipamount-896"></a>The same as <code>\vspace{medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\medskip</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cmedskip"></a> +<a name="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a> +<p>The same as <code>\vspace{medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). - - <br><dt><code>\smallskip</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005csmallskip-897"></a><a name="index-g_t_005csmallskipamount-898"></a>The same as <code>\vspace{smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\smallskip</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005csmallskip"></a> +<a name="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a> +<p>The same as <code>\vspace{smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - </dl> - - <p>The <code>\...amount</code> parameters are determined by the document class. +<p>The <code>\...amount</code> parameters are determined by the document class. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cvfill"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cvfill"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cvfill-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cvfill"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\vfill</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvfill-899"></a> -The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which -can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to +<p>The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which +can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It’s equivalent to <code>\vspace{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a>). +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cvspace"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cvspace"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cvspace_005b_002a_005d_007blength_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">19.12 <code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cvspace"></a> -<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\vspace[*]{</code><var>length</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cvspace-900"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \vspace[*]{<var>length</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\vspace</code> command adds the vertical space <var>length</var>, i.e., +<p>The <code>\vspace</code> command adds the vertical space <var>length</var>, i.e., a rubber length. <var>length</var> can be negative or positive. - - <p>Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by <code>\vspace</code> at +</p> +<p>Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by <code>\vspace</code> at the top or bottom of a page. With the optional <code>*</code> argument, the space is not removed. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Boxes"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Boxes-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h1> -<h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2> +<a name="index-boxes"></a> -<p><a name="index-boxes-901"></a> -All the predefined length parameters (see <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>) can be +<p>All the predefined length parameters (see <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a>) can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>: Horizontal boxes. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>: Put a frame around a box. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#lrbox">lrbox</a>: An environment like \sbox. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>: Box, adjustable position. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>: Box with text in paragraph mode. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a>: Raise or lower text. -<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. -<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. -<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a>: Print saved text. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cmbox"></a> +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmbox" accesskey="1">\mbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Horizontal boxes. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox and \framebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Put a frame around a box. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="3">lrbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> An environment like \sbox. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="4">\makebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Box, adjustable position. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="5">\parbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Box with text in paragraph mode. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="6">\raisebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Raise or lower text. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="7">\savebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="8">\sbox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="9">\usebox</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Print saved text. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cmbox"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cmbox_007btext_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cmbox"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox{</code><var>text}</var></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmbox-902"></a> -<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing-903"></a>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the +<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></a> +<p>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. The <var>text</var> is not broken into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cfbox-and-%5cframebox"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#lrbox">lrbox</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\mbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cfbox"></a> +<a name="index-_005cframebox-1"></a> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cfbox-904"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cframebox-905"></a> -Synopses: +<p>Synopses: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\fbox{<var>text</var>} +\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \fbox{<var>text</var>} - \framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code> commands are like <code>\mbox</code>, +<p>The <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code> commands are like <code>\mbox</code>, except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created. - - <p>In addition, the <code>\framebox</code> command allows for explicit +</p> +<p>In addition, the <code>\framebox</code> command allows for explicit specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument (a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var> -argument. <!-- xxref --> - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxrule-906"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cfboxsep-907"></a>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default -‘<samp><span class="samp">.4pt</span></samp>’), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default -‘<samp><span class="samp">3pt</span></samp>’) between the rule and the contents of the box. - - <p>See <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the +argument. </p> +<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a> +<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a> +<p>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default +‘<samp>.4pt</samp>’), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default +‘<samp>3pt</samp>’) between the rule and the contents of the box. +</p> +<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the <code>picture</code> environment. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="lrbox"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\fbox and \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="lrbox-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></h2> +<a name="index-lrbox"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>lrbox</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-lrbox-908"></a> -<code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code> - - <p>This is the environment form of <code>\sbox</code>. - - <p>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <code>cmd</code>, which +<p><code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code> +</p> +<p>This is the environment form of <code>\sbox</code>. +</p> +<p>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <code>cmd</code>, which must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cmakebox"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cmakebox"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#lrbox">lrbox</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-2"></a> +<h2 class="section">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cmakebox"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\makebox</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmakebox-909"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain +<p>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain the <var>text</var> specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional <var>width</var> argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional <var>position</var> argument, which may take the following values: - - <dl> -<dt><code>c</code><dd>Centered (default). -<br><dt><code>l</code><dd>Flush left. -<br><dt><code>r</code><dd>Flush right. -<br><dt><code>s</code><dd>Stretch (justify) across entire <var>width</var>; <var>text</var> must contain -stretchable space for this to work. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>c</code></dt> +<dd><p>Centered (default). +</p></dd> +<dt><code>l</code></dt> +<dd><p>Flush left. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>r</code></dt> +<dd><p>Flush right. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>s</code></dt> +<dd><p>Stretch (justify) across entire <var>width</var>; <var>text</var> must contain +stretchable space for this to work. +</p></dd> </dl> - <p><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the picture environment +<p><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the picture environment see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cparbox"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cparbox"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cparbox-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cparbox"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\parbox</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cparbox-910"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>text</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created +<p>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created in <code>paragraph</code> mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you -shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a +shouldn’t use any paragraph-making environments inside a <code>\parbox</code> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a <code>minipage</code> environment (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>). - - <p><code>\parbox</code> has two mandatory arguments: - - <dl> -<dt><var>width</var><dd>the width of the parbox; -<br><dt><var>text</var><dd>the text that goes inside the parbox. +</p> +<p><code>\parbox</code> has two mandatory arguments: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><var>width</var></dt> +<dd><p>the width of the parbox; +</p></dd> +<dt><var>text</var></dt> +<dd><p>the text that goes inside the parbox. +</p></dd> </dl> - <p>The optional <var>position</var> argument allows you to align either the +<p>The optional <var>position</var> argument allows you to align either the top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text (default is top). - - <p>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box. - - <p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument controls the placement of the text inside +</p> +<p>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box. +</p> +<p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument controls the placement of the text inside the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <var>position</var> is used. - - <dl> -<dt><code>t</code><dd>text is placed at the top of the box. -<br><dt><code>c</code><dd>text is centered in the box. -<br><dt><code>b</code><dd>text is placed at the bottom of the box. -<br><dt><code>s</code><dd>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space -for this to work. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>t</code></dt> +<dd><p>text is placed at the top of the box. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>c</code></dt> +<dd><p>text is centered in the box. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>b</code></dt> +<dd><p>text is placed at the bottom of the box. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>s</code></dt> +<dd><p>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space +for this to work. +</p></dd> </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5craisebox"></a> -<a name="g_t_005craisebox"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005craisebox"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\savebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\parbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005craisebox-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005craisebox"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>\raisebox</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005craisebox-911"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\raisebox{distance}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{text} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \raisebox{distance}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{text} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>. The first +<p>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>. The first mandatory argument specifies how high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). <var>text</var> itself is processed in LR mode. - - <p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. +</p> +<p>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. If they are specified, LaTeX treats <var>text</var> as extending a certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and depth. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5csavebox"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005csavebox"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\raisebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005csavebox-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005csavebox"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\savebox</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005csavebox-912"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\savebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \savebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>} -</pre> - <p>This command typeset <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\makebox</code> +<p>This command typeset <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a>), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>, which must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>). +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5csbox"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005csbox"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\savebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005csbox_007b_005cboxcmd_007d_007btext_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">20.8 <code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005csbox"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.8 <code>\sbox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005csbox-913"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>} -</pre> - <p><code>\sbox</code> types <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\mbox</code> +<p><code>\sbox</code> types <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a>) except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>. <var>\boxcmd</var> must have been previously declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>). +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cusebox"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cusebox"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\sbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cusebox_007b_005cboxcmd"></a> +<h2 class="section">20.9 <code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var></code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cusebox"></a> -<h3 class="section">20.9 <code>\usebox{</code><var>\boxcmd</var></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cusebox-914"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>} -</pre> - <p><code>\usebox</code> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin +<p><code>\usebox</code> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin <var>\boxcmd</var> by a <code>\savebox</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a>). +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Special-insertions"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> - -<h2 class="chapter">21 Special insertions</h2> +<a name="Special-insertions-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">21 Special insertions</h1> <p>LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>: Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a>: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Accents">Accents</a>: Inserting accents. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a>: Inserting other non-English characters. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>: Inserting lines and rectangles. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>: Inserting today's date. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="2">Text symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Accents" accesskey="3">Accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Inserting accents. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters" accesskey="4">Non-English characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Inserting other non-English characters. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="5">\rule</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Inserting lines and rectangles. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="6">\today</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Inserting today’s date. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="Reserved-characters"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Reserved-characters-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">21.1 Reserved characters</h2> +<a name="index-reserved-characters"></a> +<a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.1 Reserved characters</h3> - -<p><a name="index-reserved-characters-915"></a><a name="index-characters_002c-reserved-916"></a> -The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called +<p>The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called “reserved characters” or “special characters”. - -<pre class="example"> # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } -</pre> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_0023-917"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0024-918"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0025-919"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0026-920"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005f-921"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0040_007b-922"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_0040_007d-923"></a>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example"># $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +</pre></div> + +<a name="index-_005c_0023"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_0024"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_0025"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_0026"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_005f"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_007b"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_007d"></a> +<p>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX will do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as itself, include a <code>\</code> in front of the character. For example, <code>\$</code> will produce <code>$</code> in your output. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cbackslash-924"></a>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has +</p> +<a name="index-_005cbackslash-1"></a> +<p>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing <code>$\backslash$</code> in your file, and a typewriter <code>\</code> is -produced by using ‘<samp><span class="samp">\</span></samp>’ in a verbatim command (see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>). - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_007e-925"></a><a name="index-g_t_005c_005e-926"></a>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over +produced by using ‘<samp>\</samp>’ in a verbatim command (see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>). +</p> +<a name="index-_005c_007e"></a> +<a name="index-_005c_005e"></a> +<p>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over the following letter, as in õ and ô (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>); to get a standalone <code>~</code> or <code>^</code>, you can again use a verbatim command. +</p> +<a name="index-_005csymbol"></a> +<a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005csymbol-927"></a><a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font-928"></a> -Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you +<p>Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you know its number by using the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32, so it can be typed as <code>\symbol{32}</code>. +</p> +<p>You can also specify octal numbers with <code>'</code> or hexadecimal numbers +with <code>"</code>, so the previous example could also be written as +<code>\symbol{'40}</code> or <code>\symbol{"20}</code>. +</p> - <p>You can also specify octal numbers with <code>'</code> or hexadecimal numbers -with <code>"</code>, so the previous example could also be written as -<code>\symbol{'40}</code> or <code>\symbol{"20}</code>. - -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Text-symbols"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Accents">Accents</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Text-symbols-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">21.2 Text symbols</h2> -<h3 class="section">21.2 Text symbols</h3> - -<p><a name="index-text-symbols-929"></a><a name="index-textcomp-_0040r_007bpackage_007d-930"></a>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols +<a name="index-text-symbols"></a> +<a name="index-textcomp-package"></a> +<p>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package. - - <dl> -<dt><code>\copyright</code><a name="index-g_t_005ccopyright-931"></a><dt><code>\textcopyright</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextcopyright-932"></a><dd><a name="index-copyright-symbol-933"></a>The copyright symbol, ©. - - <br><dt><code>\dag</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdag-934"></a><dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text-935"></a>The dagger symbol (in text). - - <br><dt><code>\ddag</code><a name="index-g_t_005cddag-936"></a><dd><a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-937"></a>The double dagger symbol (in text). - - <br><dt><code>\LaTeX</code><a name="index-g_t_005cLaTeX-938"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-logo-939"></a><a name="index-logo_002c-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-940"></a>The LaTeX logo. - - <br><dt><code>\guillemotleft </code><span class="roman">(«)</span><a name="index-g_t_005cguillemotleft-_0040r_007b_0028_0040guillemotleft_007b_007d_0029_007d-941"></a><dt><code>\guillemotright </code><span class="roman">(»)</span><a name="index-g_t_005cguillemotright-_0040r_007b_0028_0040guillemotright_007b_007d_0029_007d-942"></a><dt><code>\guilsinglleft </code><span class="roman">(‹)</span><a name="index-g_t_005cguilsinglleft-_0040r_007b_0028_0040guilsinglleft_007b_007d_0029_007d-943"></a><dt><code>\guilsinglright </code><span class="roman">(›)</span><a name="index-g_t_005cguilsinglright-_0040r_007b_0028_0040guilsinglright_007b_007d_0029_007d-944"></a><dd><a name="index-double-guillemets-945"></a><a name="index-single-guillemets-946"></a><a name="index-left-angle-quotation-marks-947"></a><a name="index-right-angle-quotation-marks-948"></a><a name="index-double-angle-quotation-marks-949"></a><a name="index-single-angle-quotation-marks-950"></a><a name="index-French-quotation-marks-951"></a><a name="index-quotation-marks_002c-French-952"></a>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\copyright</code> +<a name="index-_005ccopyright"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\textcopyright</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextcopyright"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-copyright-symbol"></a> +<p>The copyright symbol, ©. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\dag</code> +<a name="index-_005cdag"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>The dagger symbol (in text). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ddag</code> +<a name="index-_005cddag"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>The double dagger symbol (in text). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\LaTeX</code> +<a name="index-_005cLaTeX"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-LaTeX-logo"></a> +<a name="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></a> +<p>The LaTeX logo. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(»)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(‹)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(›)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-double-guillemets"></a> +<a name="index-single-guillemets"></a> +<a name="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></a> +<a name="index-right-angle-quotation-marks"></a> +<a name="index-double-angle-quotation-marks"></a> +<a name="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></a> +<a name="index-French-quotation-marks"></a> +<a name="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></a> +<p>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: «, », ‹, ›. - - <br><dt><code>\ldots</code><a name="index-g_t_005cldots-953"></a><dt><code>\dots</code><a name="index-g_t_005cdots-954"></a><dt><code>\textellipsis</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextellipsis-955"></a><dd><a name="index-ellipsis-956"></a>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `<small class="dots">...</small>'. <code>\ldots</code> +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ldots</code> +<a name="index-_005cldots"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\dots</code> +<a name="index-_005cdots"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\textellipsis</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextellipsis"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-ellipsis"></a> +<p>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): ‘…’. <code>\ldots</code> and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode. - - <br><dt><code>\lq</code><a name="index-g_t_005clq-957"></a><dd><a name="index-left-quote-958"></a><a name="index-opening-quote-959"></a>Left (opening) quote: `. - - <br><dt><code>\P</code><a name="index-g_t_005cP-960"></a><dt><code>\textparagraph</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextparagraph-961"></a><dd><a name="index-paragraph-symbol-962"></a><a name="index-pilcrow-963"></a>Paragraph sign (pilcrow). - - <br><dt><code>\pounds</code><a name="index-g_t_005cpounds-964"></a><dt><code>\textsterling</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextsterling-965"></a><dd><a name="index-pounds-symbol-966"></a><a name="index-sterling-symbol-967"></a>English pounds sterling: £. - - <br><dt><code>\quotedblbase </code><span class="roman">(„)</span><a name="index-g_t_005cquotedblbase-_0040r_007b_0028_0040quotedblbase_007b_007d_0029_007d-968"></a><dt><code>\quotesinglbase </code><span class="roman">(‚)</span><a name="index-g_t_005cquotesinglbase-_0040r_007b_0028_0040quotesinglbase_007b_007d_0029_007d-969"></a><dd><a name="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark-970"></a><a name="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark-971"></a><a name="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double-972"></a>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\lq</code> +<a name="index-_005clq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-left-quote"></a> +<a name="index-opening-quote"></a> +<p>Left (opening) quote: ‘. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\P</code> +<a name="index-_005cP"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\textparagraph</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextparagraph"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-paragraph-symbol"></a> +<a name="index-pilcrow"></a> +<p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\pounds</code> +<a name="index-_005cpounds"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\textsterling</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextsterling"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-pounds-symbol"></a> +<a name="index-sterling-symbol"></a> +<p>English pounds sterling: £. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(„)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(‚)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a> +<a name="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a> +<a name="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></a> +<p>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚. - - <br><dt><code>\rq</code><a name="index-g_t_005crq-973"></a><dd><a name="index-right-quote-974"></a><a name="index-closing-quote-975"></a>Right (closing) quote: '. - - <br><dt><code>\S</code><a name="index-g_t_005cS-976"></a><dd><a name="index-section-symbol-977"></a>Section symbol. - - <br><dt><code>\TeX</code><a name="index-g_t_005cTeX-978"></a><dd><a name="index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-logo-979"></a><a name="index-logo_002c-_0040TeX_007b_007d-980"></a>The TeX logo. - - <br><dt><code>\textasciicircum</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextasciicircum-981"></a><dd><a name="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text-982"></a><a name="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text-983"></a>ASCII circumflex: ^. - - <br><dt><code>\textasciitilde</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextasciitilde-984"></a><dd><a name="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text-985"></a><a name="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text-986"></a>ASCII tilde: ~. - - <br><dt><code>\textasteriskcentered</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextasteriskcentered-987"></a><dd><a name="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text-988"></a><a name="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text-989"></a>Centered asterisk: *. - - <br><dt><code>\textbackslash</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextbackslash-990"></a><dd><a name="index-backslash_002c-in-text-991"></a>Backslash: \. - - <br><dt><code>\textbar</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextbar-992"></a><dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text-993"></a><a name="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text-994"></a>Vertical bar: |. - - <br><dt><code>\textbardbl</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextbardbl-995"></a><dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text-996"></a><a name="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text-997"></a><a name="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text-998"></a>Double vertical bar. - - <br><dt><code>\textbigcircle</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextbigcircle-999"></a><dd><a name="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text-1000"></a><a name="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text-1001"></a>Big circle symbol. - - <br><dt><code>\textbraceleft</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextbraceleft-1002"></a><dd><a name="index-left-brace_002c-in-text-1003"></a><a name="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text-1004"></a>Left brace: {. - - <br><dt><code>\textbraceright</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextbraceright-1005"></a><dd><a name="index-right-brace_002c-in-text-1006"></a><a name="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text-1007"></a>Right brace: }. - - <br><dt><code>\textbullet</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextbullet-1008"></a><dd><a name="index-bullet_002c-in-text-1009"></a>Bullet: •. - - <br><dt><code>\textcircled{</code><var>letter</var><code>}</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextcircled_0040_007b_0040var_007bletter_007d_0040_007d-1010"></a><dd><a name="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text-1011"></a><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in ®. - - <br><dt><code>\textcompwordmark</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextcompwordmark-1012"></a><dt><code>\textcapitalwordmark</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextcapitalwordmark-1013"></a><dt><code>\textascenderwordmark</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextascenderwordmark-1014"></a><dd><a name="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text-1015"></a><a name="index-cap-height-1016"></a><a name="index-ascender-height-1017"></a>Composite word mark (invisible). The <code>\textcapital...</code> form +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\rq</code> +<a name="index-_005crq"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-right-quote"></a> +<a name="index-closing-quote"></a> +<p>Right (closing) quote: ’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\S</code> +<a name="index-_005cS"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-section-symbol"></a> +<p>Section symbol. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\TeX</code> +<a name="index-_005cTeX"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-TeX-logo"></a> +<a name="index-logo_002c-TeX"></a> +<p>The TeX logo. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textasciicircum</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextasciicircum"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>ASCII circumflex: ^. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textasciitilde</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextasciitilde"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>ASCII tilde: ~. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textasteriskcentered</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Centered asterisk: *. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textbackslash</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Backslash: \. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textbar</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextbar"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Vertical bar: |. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textbardbl</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextbardbl"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Double vertical bar. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textbigcircle</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextbigcircle"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Big circle symbol. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textbraceleft</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextbraceleft"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Left brace: {. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textbraceright</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextbraceright"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Right brace: }. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textbullet</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextbullet"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Bullet: •. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></a> +<p><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in ®. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textcompwordmark</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextcompwordmark"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\textcapitalwordmark</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextcapitalwordmark"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\textascenderwordmark</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextascenderwordmark"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-cap-height"></a> +<a name="index-ascender-height"></a> +<p>Composite word mark (invisible). The <code>\textcapital...</code> form has the cap height of the font, while the <code>\textascender...</code> form has the ascender height. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textdagger</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextdagger"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a> +<p>Dagger: <em>\dag</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textdaggerdbl</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a> +<p>Double dagger: <em>\ddag</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>$</code>)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_0024_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-dollar-sign"></a> +<a name="index-currency_002c-dollar"></a> +<p>Dollar sign: $. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-em_002ddash"></a> +<p>Em-dash: — (for punctuation). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-e_002ddash"></a> +<p>En-dash: — (for ranges). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\texteuro</code> +<a name="index-_005ctexteuro"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-euro-symbol"></a> +<a name="index-currency_002c-euro"></a> +<p>The Euro symbol: €. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a> +<p>Upside down exclamation point: ¡. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textgreater</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextgreater"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Greater than: >. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textless</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextless"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Less than: <. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textleftarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextleftarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Left arrow. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textordfeminine</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextordfeminine"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\textordmasculine</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextordmasculine"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></a> +<a name="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></a> +<a name="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a> +<a name="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a> +<p>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textordfeminine</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextordfeminine-1"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol-1"></a> +<p>Feminine ordinal symbol: ®. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textperiodcentered</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextperiodcentered"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Centered period: <em>\cdot</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-questionation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a> +<p>Upside down questionation point: ¿. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-double"></a> +<a name="index-double-left-quote"></a> +<p>Double left quote: “. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-double"></a> +<a name="index-double-right-quote"></a> +<p>Double right quote: ”. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-single"></a> +<a name="index-single-left-quote"></a> +<p>Single left quote: ‘. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code> +<a name="index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-single"></a> +<a name="index-single-right-quote"></a> +<p>Single right quote: ’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textquotestraightbase</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"></a> +</dt> +<dt><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></a> +<a name="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></a> +<a name="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></a> +<a name="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base"></a> +<p>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textregistered</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextregistered"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-registered-symbol"></a> +<p>Registered symbol: ®. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textrightarrow</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextrightarrow"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a> +<a name="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Right arrow. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></a> +<a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></a> +<p>“Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\texttrademark</code> +<a name="index-_005ctexttrademark"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-trademark-symbol"></a> +<p>Trademark symbol: <em>^{\hbox{TM}}</em>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\texttwelveudash</code> +<a name="index-_005ctexttwelveudash"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Xx 12u-. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textunderscore</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextunderscore"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Underscore: _. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\textvisiblespace</code> +<a name="index-_005ctextvisiblespace"></a> +</dt> +<dd><a name="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></a> +<p>Visible space symbol. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - <br><dt><code>\textdagger</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextdagger-1018"></a><dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1019"></a>Dagger: \dag. - - <br><dt><code>\textdaggerdbl</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextdaggerdbl-1020"></a><dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text-1021"></a><a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1022"></a>Double dagger: \ddag. - - <br><dt><code>\textdollar </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>$</code><span class="roman">)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ctextdollar-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0024_007d_0029_007d-1023"></a><dd><a name="index-dollar-sign-1024"></a><a name="index-currency_002c-dollar-1025"></a>Dollar sign: $. - - <br><dt><code>\textemdash </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>---</code><span class="roman">)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ctextemdash-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_002d_002d_002d_007d_0029_007d-1026"></a><dd><a name="index-em_002ddash-1027"></a>Em-dash: — (for punctuation). - - <br><dt><code>\textendash </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>--</code><span class="roman">)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ctextendash-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_002d_002d_007d_0029_007d-1028"></a><dd><a name="index-e_002ddash-1029"></a>En-dash: — (for ranges). - - <br><dt><code>\texteuro</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctexteuro-1030"></a><dd><a name="index-euro-symbol-1031"></a><a name="index-currency_002c-euro-1032"></a>The Euro symbol: €. - - <br><dt><code>\textexclamdown </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>!`</code><span class="roman">)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ctextexclamdown-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0021_0060_007d_0029_007d-1033"></a><dd><a name="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown-1034"></a>Upside down exclamation point: ¡. - - <br><dt><code>\textgreater</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextgreater-1035"></a><dd><a name="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text-1036"></a>Greater than: >. - - <br><dt><code>\textless</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextless-1037"></a><dd><a name="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text-1038"></a>Less than: <. - - <br><dt><code>\textleftarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextleftarrow-1039"></a><dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text-1040"></a><a name="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text-1041"></a>Left arrow. - - <br><dt><code>\textordfeminine</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextordfeminine-1042"></a><dt><code>\textordmasculine</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextordmasculine-1043"></a><dd><a name="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol-1044"></a><a name="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol-1045"></a><a name="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine-1046"></a><a name="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine-1047"></a>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. - - <br><dt><code>\textordfeminine</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextordfeminine-1048"></a><dd><a name="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol-1049"></a>Feminine ordinal symbol: ®. - - <br><dt><code>\textperiodcentered</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextperiodcentered-1050"></a><dd><a name="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text-1051"></a><a name="index-centered-period_002c-in-text-1052"></a>Centered period: \cdot. - - <br><dt><code>\textquestiondown </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>?`</code><span class="roman">)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ctextquestiondown-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_003f_0060_007d_0029_007d-1053"></a><dd><a name="index-questionation-point_002c-upside_002ddown-1054"></a>Upside down questionation point: ¿. - - <br><dt><code>\textquotedblleft </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>``</code><span class="roman">)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ctextquotedblleft-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0060_0060_007d_0029_007d-1055"></a><dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-double-1056"></a><a name="index-double-left-quote-1057"></a>Double left quote: “. - - <br><dt><code>\textquotedblright </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>'</code><span class="roman">)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ctextquotedblright-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0027_007d_0029_007d-1058"></a><dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-double-1059"></a><a name="index-double-right-quote-1060"></a>Double right quote: ”. - - <br><dt><code>\textquoteleft </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>`</code><span class="roman">)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ctextquoteleft-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0060_007d_0029_007d-1061"></a><dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-single-1062"></a><a name="index-single-left-quote-1063"></a>Single left quote: `. - - <br><dt><code>\textquoteright </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>'</code><span class="roman">)</span><a name="index-g_t_005ctextquoteright-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0027_007d_0029_007d-1064"></a><dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-single-1065"></a><a name="index-single-right-quote-1066"></a>Single right quote: '. - - <br><dt><code>\textquotestraightbase</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextquotestraightbase-1067"></a><dt><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextquotestraightdblbase-1068"></a><dd><a name="index-quote_002c-straight-base-1069"></a><a name="index-straight-quote_002c-base-1070"></a><a name="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base-1071"></a><a name="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base-1072"></a>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. - - <br><dt><code>\textregistered</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextregistered-1073"></a><dd><a name="index-registered-symbol-1074"></a>Registered symbol: ®. - - <br><dt><code>\textrightarrow</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextrightarrow-1075"></a><dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text-1076"></a><a name="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text-1077"></a>Right arrow. - - <br><dt><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextthreequartersemdash-1078"></a><dd><a name="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash-1079"></a><a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters-1080"></a>“Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. - - <br><dt><code>\texttrademark</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctexttrademark-1081"></a><dd><a name="index-trademark-symbol-1082"></a>Trademark symbol: ^\hboxTM. - - <br><dt><code>\texttwelveudash</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctexttwelveudash-1083"></a><dd>Xx 12u-. - - <br><dt><code>\textunderscore</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextunderscore-1084"></a><dd><a name="index-underscore_002c-in-text-1085"></a>Underscore: _. - - <br><dt><code>\textvisiblespace</code><a name="index-g_t_005ctextvisiblespace-1086"></a><dd><a name="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text-1087"></a>Visible space symbol. - - </dl> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Accents"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Non-English characters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Accents-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">21.3 Accents</h2> -<h3 class="section">21.3 Accents</h3> +<a name="index-accents"></a> +<a name="index-characters_002c-accented"></a> +<a name="index-letters_002c-accented"></a> -<p><a name="index-accents-1088"></a><a name="index-characters_002c-accented-1089"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-accented-1090"></a> -LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and +<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists the core LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. - - <p>The <code>\capital...</code> commands produce alternative forms for use with +</p> +<p>The <code>\capital...</code> commands produce alternative forms for use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1. - - <dl> -<dt><code>\"</code><dt><code>\capitaldieresis</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_0022-_0040r_007b_0028umlaut-accent_0029_007d-1091"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitaldieresis-1092"></a><a name="index-umlaut-accent-1093"></a><a name="index-dieresis-accent-1094"></a>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in ö. - - <br><dt><code>\'</code><dt><code>\capitalacute</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent_0029_007d-1095"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitalacute-1096"></a><a name="index-acute-accent-1097"></a>Produces an acute accent, as in ó. In the <code>tabbing</code> +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\"</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitaldieresis</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></a> +<a name="index-umlaut-accent"></a> +<a name="index-dieresis-accent"></a> +<p>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in ö. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\'</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitalacute</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitalacute"></a> +<a name="index-acute-accent"></a> +<p>Produces an acute accent, as in ó. In the <code>tabbing</code> environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column (see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>). - - <br><dt><code>\.</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_002e-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029_007d-1098"></a><a name="index-dot-accent-1099"></a><a name="index-dot_002dover-accent-1100"></a>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o.. - - <br><dt><code>\=</code><dt><code>\capitalmacron</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent_0029_007d-1101"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitalmacron-1102"></a><a name="index-macron-accent-1103"></a><a name="index-overbar-accent-1104"></a><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent-1105"></a>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o¯. - - <br><dt><code>\^</code><dt><code>\capitalcircumflex</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_005e-_0040r_007b_0028circumflex-accent_0029_007d-1106"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitalcircumflex-1107"></a><a name="index-circumflex-accent-1108"></a><a name="index-hat-accent-1109"></a>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in ô. - - <br><dt><code>\`</code><dt><code>\capitalgrave</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent_0029_007d-1110"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitalgrave-1111"></a><a name="index-grave-accent-1112"></a>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in ò. In the +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\.</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-dot-accent"></a> +<a name="index-dot_002dover-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in ȯ. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\=</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitalmacron</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></a> +<a name="index-macron-accent"></a> +<a name="index-overbar-accent"></a> +<a name="index-bar_002dover-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in ō. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\^</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></a> +<a name="index-circumflex-accent"></a> +<a name="index-hat-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in ô. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\`</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitalgrave</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></a> +<a name="index-grave-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in ò. In the <code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin (see <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>). - - <br><dt><code>\~</code><dt><code>\capitaltilde</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005c_007e-_0040r_007b_0028tilde-accent_0029_007d-1113"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitaltilde-1114"></a><a name="index-tilde-accent-1115"></a>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in ñ. - - <br><dt><code>\b</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cb-_0040r_007b_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-1116"></a><a name="index-bar_002dunder-accent-1117"></a>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_. - - <br><dt><code>\c</code><dt><code>\capitalcedilla</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cc-_0040r_007b_0028cedilla-accent_0029_007d-1118"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitalcedilla-1119"></a><a name="index-cedilla-accent-1120"></a>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in ç. - - <br><dt><code>\d</code><dt><code>\capitaldotaccent</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cd-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-1121"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitaldotaccent-1122"></a><a name="index-dot_002dunder-accent-1123"></a>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o. - - <br><dt><code>\H</code><dt><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cH-_0040r_007b_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029_007d-1124"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitalhungarumlaut-1125"></a><a name="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent-1126"></a>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''. - - <br><dt><code>\i</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ci-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-i_0029_007d-1127"></a><a name="index-dotless-i-1128"></a>Produces a dotless i, as in `i'. - - <br><dt><code>\j</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cj-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-j_0029_007d-1129"></a><a name="index-dotless-j-1130"></a>Produces a dotless j, as in `j'. - - <br><dt><code>\k</code><dt><code>\capitalogonek</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ck-_0040r_007b_0028ogonek_0029_007d-1131"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitalogonek-1132"></a><a name="index-ogonek-1133"></a>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in `o'. Not available in +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\~</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitaltilde</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></a> +<a name="index-tilde-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in ñ. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\b</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\c</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitalcedilla</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></a> +<a name="index-cedilla-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in ç. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\d</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></a> +<a name="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in ọ. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\H</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></a> +<a name="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in ő. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\i</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></a> +<a name="index-dotless-i"></a> +<p>Produces a dotless i, as in ‘i’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\j</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></a> +<a name="index-dotless-j"></a> +<p>Produces a dotless j, as in ‘j’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\k</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitalogonek</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></a> +<a name="index-ogonek"></a> +<p>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in ‘ǫ’. Not available in the OT1 encoding. - - <br><dt><code>\r</code><dt><code>\capitalring</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cr-_0040r_007b_0028ring-accent_0029_007d-1134"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitalring-1135"></a><a name="index-ring-accent-1136"></a>Produces a ring accent, as in `o*'. - - <br><dt><code>\t</code><dt><code>\capitaltie</code><dt><code>\newtie</code><dt><code>\capitalnewtie</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005ct-_0040r_007b_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029_007d-1137"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitaltie-1138"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cnewtie-1139"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitalnewtie-1140"></a><a name="index-tie_002dafter-accent-1141"></a>Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. The +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\r</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitalring</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitalring"></a> +<a name="index-ring-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a ring accent, as in ‘o*’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\t</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitaltie</code></dt> +<dt><code>\newtie</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitalnewtie</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitaltie"></a> +<a name="index-_005cnewtie"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></a> +<a name="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a tie-after accent, as in ‘oo[’. The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box. - - <br><dt><code>\u</code><dt><code>\capitalbreve</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cu-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-1142"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitalbreve-1143"></a><a name="index-breve-accent-1144"></a>Produces a breve accent, as in `o('. - - <br><dt><code>\underbar</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cunderbar-1145"></a><a name="index-underbar-1146"></a>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\u</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitalbreve</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></a> +<a name="index-breve-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a breve accent, as in ‘ŏ’. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\underbar</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cunderbar"></a> +<a name="index-underbar"></a> +<p>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a>. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\v</code></dt> +<dt><code>\capitalcaron</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></a> +<a name="index-hacek-accent"></a> +<a name="index-check-accent"></a> +<a name="index-caron-accent"></a> +<p>Produces a hác<ek (check, caron) accent, as in ‘o<’. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - <br><dt><code>\v</code><dt><code>\capitalcaron</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cv-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-1147"></a><a name="index-g_t_005ccapitalcaron-1148"></a><a name="index-hacek-accent-1149"></a><a name="index-check-accent-1150"></a><a name="index-caron-accent-1151"></a>Produces a hác<ek (check, caron) accent, as in `o<'. - - </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="Non-English-characters"></a> +<hr> <a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Accents">Accents</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">21.4 Non-English characters</h2> -<h3 class="section">21.4 Non-English characters</h3> +<a name="index-special-characters"></a> +<a name="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></a> +<a name="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a> +<a name="index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a> -<p><a name="index-special-characters-1152"></a><a name="index-non_002dEnglish-characters-1153"></a><a name="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish-1154"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish-1155"></a> -Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly +<p>Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used in languages other than English. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>\aa</code></dt> +<dt><code>\AA</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></a> +<a name="index-aring"></a> +<p>å and Å. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ae</code></dt> +<dt><code>\AE</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></a> +<a name="index-ae-ligature"></a> +<p>æ and Æ. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\dh</code></dt> +<dt><code>\DH</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cdh-_0028ae_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005cDH-_0028AE_0029"></a> +<a name="index-Icelandic-eth"></a> +<a name="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a> +<p>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\dj</code></dt> +<dt><code>\DJ</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cdj"></a> +<a name="index-_005cDJ"></a> +<p>xxxx +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ij</code></dt> +<dt><code>\IJ</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></a> +<a name="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></a> +<p>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\l</code></dt> +<dt><code>\L</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></a> +<a name="index-polish-l"></a> +<p>ł and Ł. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ng</code></dt> +<dt><code>\NG</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cng"></a> +<a name="index-_005cNG"></a> +<p>xxxx +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\o</code></dt> +<dt><code>\O</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005co-_0028o_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></a> +<a name="index-oslash"></a> +<p>ø and Ø. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\oe</code></dt> +<dt><code>\OE</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></a> +<a name="index-oe-ligature"></a> +<p>œ and Œ. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\ss</code></dt> +<dt><code>\SS</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></a> +<a name="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></a> +<a name="index-sharp-S-letters"></a> +<p>ß and SS. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>\th</code></dt> +<dt><code>\TH</code></dt> +<dd><a name="index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"></a> +<a name="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></a> +<a name="index-Icelandic-thorn"></a> +<a name="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a> +<p>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. +</p> +</dd> +</dl> - <dl> -<dt><code>\aa</code><dt><code>\AA</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005caa-_0028_0040aa_007b_007d_0029-1156"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cAA-_0028_0040AA_007b_007d_0029-1157"></a><a name="index-aring-1158"></a>å and Å. - - <br><dt><code>\ae</code><dt><code>\AE</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cae-_0028_0040ae_007b_007d_0029-1159"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cAE-_0028_0040AE_007b_007d_0029-1160"></a><a name="index-ae-ligature-1161"></a>æ and Æ. - - <br><dt><code>\dh</code><dt><code>\DH</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cdh-_0028_0040ae_007b_007d_0029-1162"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cDH-_0028_0040AE_007b_007d_0029-1163"></a><a name="index-Icelandic-eth-1164"></a><a name="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter-1165"></a>Icelandic letter eth: and . - - <br><dt><code>\dj</code><dt><code>\DJ</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cdj-1166"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cDJ-1167"></a>xxxx - - <br><dt><code>\ij</code><dt><code>\IJ</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cij-_0028ij_0029-1168"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029-1169"></a><a name="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch-1170"></a>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). - - <br><dt><code>\l</code><dt><code>\L</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cl-_0028_0040l_007b_007d_0029-1171"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cL-_0028_0040L_007b_007d_0029-1172"></a><a name="index-polish-l-1173"></a>/l and /L. - - <br><dt><code>\ng</code><dt><code>\NG</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cng-1174"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cNG-1175"></a>xxxx - - <br><dt><code>\o</code><dt><code>\O</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005co-_0028_0040o_007b_007d_0029-1176"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cO-_0028_0040O_007b_007d_0029-1177"></a><a name="index-oslash-1178"></a>ø and Ø. - - <br><dt><code>\oe</code><dt><code>\OE</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005coe-_0028_0040oe_007b_007d_0029-1179"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cOE-_0028_0040OE_007b_007d_0029-1180"></a><a name="index-oe-ligature-1181"></a>œ and Œ. - - <br><dt><code>\ss</code><dt><code>\SS</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005css-_0028_0040ss_007b_007d_0029-1182"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cSS-_0028SS_0029-1183"></a><a name="index-es_002dzet-German-letter-1184"></a><a name="index-sharp-S-letters-1185"></a>ß and SS. - - <br><dt><code>\th</code><dt><code>\TH</code><dd><a name="index-g_t_005cth-_0028_0040th_007b_007d_0029-1186"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cTH-_0028_0040TH_007b_007d_0029-1187"></a><a name="index-Icelandic-thorn-1188"></a><a name="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter-1189"></a>Icelandic letter thorn: and . - - </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5crule"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005crule"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Non-English characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005crule-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">21.5 <code>\rule</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005crule"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.5 <code>\rule</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005crule-1190"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\rule</code> command produces <dfn>rules</dfn>, that is, lines or +<p>The <code>\rule</code> command produces <em>rules</em>, that is, lines or rectangles. The arguments are: - - <dl> -<dt><var>raise</var><dd>How high to raise the rule (optional). - - <br><dt><var>width</var><dd>The length of the rule (mandatory). - - <br><dt><var>thickness</var><dd>The thickness of the rule (mandatory). +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><var>raise</var></dt> +<dd><p>How high to raise the rule (optional). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>width</var></dt> +<dd><p>The length of the rule (mandatory). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>thickness</var></dt> +<dd><p>The thickness of the rule (mandatory). +</p></dd> </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5ctoday"></a> -<a name="g_t_005ctoday"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a> +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005ctoday"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005ctoday-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">21.6 <code>\today</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005ctoday"></a> -<h3 class="section">21.6 <code>\today</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctoday-1191"></a> -The <code>\today</code> command produces today's date, in the format -‘<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var><span class="samp">, </span><var>yyyy</var></samp>’; for example, `July 4, 1976'. +<p>The <code>\today</code> command produces today’s date, in the format +‘<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>’; for example, ‘July 4, 1976’. It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and <code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a>) to do this. It is not updated as the program runs. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bdatetime_007d-package-1192"></a>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety +</p> +<a name="index-datetime-package"></a> +<p>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Splitting-the-input"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Splitting-the-input-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">22 Splitting the input</h1> +<a name="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a> +<a name="index-input-file"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">22 Splitting the input</h2> - -<p><a name="index-splitting-the-input-file-1193"></a><a name="index-input-file-1194"></a> -A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole -input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into +<p>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole +input in a single large file, it’s more efficient to split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="1">\include</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Conditionally include a file. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2">\includeonly</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Determine which files are included. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3">\input</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Unconditionally include a file. +</td></tr> +</table> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a>: Conditionally include a file. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>: Determine which files are included. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>: Unconditionally include a file. -</ul> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cinclude"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cinclude"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cinclude-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">22.1 <code>\include</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cinclude"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.1 <code>\include</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cinclude-1195"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\include{<var>file</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \include{<var>file</var>} -</pre> - <p>If no <code>\includeonly</code> command is present, the <code>\include</code> +<p>If no <code>\includeonly</code> command is present, the <code>\include</code> command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page (see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a>), then reads <var>file</var>, then does another <code>\clearpage</code>. - - <p>Given an <code>\includeonly</code> command, the <code>\include</code> actions are +</p> +<p>Given an <code>\includeonly</code> command, the <code>\include</code> actions are only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to <code>\includeonly</code>. See the next section. - - <p><a name="index-nested-_0040code_007b_005cinclude_007d_002c-not-allowed-1196"></a>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file +</p> +<a name="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></a> +<p>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another <code>\include</code> command. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cincludeonly"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cincludeonly"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\include</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cincludeonly-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cincludeonly"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.2 \<code>includeonly</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cincludeonly-1197"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\includeonly{<var>file1</var>,<var>file2</var>,...} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \includeonly{<var>file1</var>,<var>file2</var>,...} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by +<p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. The list of filenames is comma-separated. Each <var>file</var> must exactly match a filename specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the selection to be effective. +</p> +<p>This command can only appear in the preamble. +</p> - <p>This command can only appear in the preamble. - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cinput"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cinput"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cinput-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">22.3 \input</h2> +<a name="index-_005cinput"></a> -<h3 class="section">22.3 \input</h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cinput-1198"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\input{<var>file</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \input{<var>file</var>} -</pre> - <p>The <code>\input</code> command causes the specified <var>file</var> to be read +<p>The <code>\input</code> command causes the specified <var>file</var> to be read and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that point. +</p> +<p>If <var>file</var> does not end in ‘<samp>.tex</samp>’ (e.g., ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ or +‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’), it is first tried with that extension (‘<samp>foo.tex</samp>’ +or ‘<samp>foo.bar.tex</samp>’). If that is not found, the original <var>file</var> +is tried (‘<samp>foo</samp>’ or ‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’). +</p> - <p>If <var>file</var> does not end in ‘<samp><span class="samp">.tex</span></samp>’ (e.g., ‘<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>’ or -‘<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar</span></samp>’), it is first tried with that extension (‘<samp><span class="samp">foo.tex</span></samp>’ -or ‘<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar.tex</span></samp>’). If that is not found, the original <var>file</var> -is tried (‘<samp><span class="samp">foo</span></samp>’ or ‘<samp><span class="samp">foo.bar</span></samp>’). - -<div class="node"> -<a name="Front%2fback-matter"></a> +<hr> <a name="Front_002fback-matter"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Letters">Letters</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Front_002fback-matter-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">23 Front/back matter</h1> -<h2 class="chapter">23 Front/back matter</h2> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="1">Tables of contents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="2">Glossaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="3">Indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> +</td></tr> +</table> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a> -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a> -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a> -</ul> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Tables-of-contents"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Tables-of-contents-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">23.1 Tables of contents</h2> -<h3 class="section">23.1 Tables of contents</h3> +<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a> -<p><a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating-1199"></a> -<a name="index-g_t_005ctableofcontents-1200"></a>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code> +<a name="index-_005ctableofcontents"></a> +<p>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run must -have generated a <samp><span class="file">.toc</span></samp> file. - - <p>The <code>\tableofcontents</code> command produces a heading, but it does +have generated a ‘<tt>.toc</tt>’ file. +</p> +<p>The <code>\tableofcontents</code> command produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005clistoffigures-1201"></a><a name="index-g_t_005clistoftables-1202"></a>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> -produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. +</p> +<a name="index-_005clistoffigures"></a> +<a name="index-_005clistoftables"></a> +<p>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> +produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cnofiles-1203"></a>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and +</p> +<a name="index-_005cnofiles"></a> +<p>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and <em>prevents</em> any of these lists from being generated. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="1">\addcontentsline</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Add an entry to table of contents etc. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="2">\addtocontents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Add text directly to table of contents file etc. +</td></tr> +</table> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>: Add an entry to table of contents etc. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a>: Add text directly to table of contents file etc. -</ul> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5caddcontentsline"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">23.1.1 \addcontentsline</h3> +<a name="index-_005caddcontentsline_007bext_007d_007bunit_007d_007btext_007d"></a> +<a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">23.1.1 \addcontentsline</h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddcontentsline_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bunit_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1204"></a><a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding-1205"></a> -The <code>\addcontentsline</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>} +<p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds an entry to the specified list or table where: - - <dl> -<dt><var>ext</var><dd>The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><var>ext</var></dt> +<dd><p>The extension of the file on which information is to be written, typically one of: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), <code>lof</code> (list of figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of tables). - - <br><dt><var>unit</var><dd>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>unit</var></dt> +<dd><p>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument: - - <dl> -<dt><code>toc</code><dd>The name of the sectional unit: <code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>, -<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, <code>subsubsection</code>. -<br><dt><code>lof</code><dd>For the list of figures. -<br><dt><code>lot</code><dd>For the list of tables. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>toc</code></dt> +<dd><p>The name of the sectional unit: <code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>, +<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, <code>subsubsection</code>. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>lof</code></dt> +<dd><p>For the list of figures. +</p></dd> +<dt><code>lot</code></dt> +<dd><p>For the list of tables. +</p></dd> </dl> - <br><dt><var>entry</var><dd>The actual text of the entry. +</dd> +<dt><var>entry</var></dt> +<dd><p>The actual text of the entry. +</p></dd> </dl> - <p><a name="index-g_t_005ccontentsline-1206"></a>What is written to the <samp><span class="file">.</span><var>ext</var></samp> file is the -command <code>\contentsline{</code><var>unit</var><code>}{</code><var>name</var><code>}</code>. +<a name="index-_005ccontentsline"></a> +<p>What is written to the ‘<tt>.<var>ext</var></tt>’ file is the +command <code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>name</var>}</code>. +</p> -<!-- ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? --> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5caddtocontents"></a> -<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a> +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Tables of contents</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></a> +<h3 class="subsection">23.1.2 \addtocontents</h3> +<a name="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a> -<h4 class="subsection">23.1.2 \addtocontents</h4> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddtocontents_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1207"></a> -The <code>\addtocontents</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds text -(or formatting commands) directly to the <samp><span class="file">.</span><var>ext</var></samp> file that +<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds text +(or formatting commands) directly to the ‘<tt>.<var>ext</var></tt>’ file that generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. - - <dl> -<dt><var>ext</var><dd>The extension of the file on which information is to be written: -<samp><span class="file">toc</span></samp> (table of contents), <samp><span class="file">lof</span></samp> (list of figures), or -<samp><span class="file">lot</span></samp> (list of tables). - - <br><dt><var>text</var><dd>The text to be written. +</p> +<dl compact="compact"> +<dt><var>ext</var></dt> +<dd><p>The extension of the file on which information is to be written: +‘<tt>toc</tt>’ (table of contents), ‘<tt>lof</tt>’ (list of figures), or +‘<tt>lot</tt>’ (list of tables). +</p> +</dd> +<dt><var>text</var></dt> +<dd><p>The text to be written. +</p></dd> </dl> -<div class="node"> -<a name="Glossaries"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a> +<hr> +<a name="Glossaries"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tables-of-contents" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Tables of contents</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Glossaries-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">23.2 Glossaries</h2> +<a name="index-glossaries"></a> -<h3 class="section">23.2 Glossaries</h3> - -<p><a name="index-glossaries-1208"></a> -<a name="index-g_t_005cmakeglossary-1209"></a>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cglossary-1210"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eglo_007d-file-1211"></a>The command <code>\glossary{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code> writes a glossary entry for -<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <samp><span class="file">.glo</span></samp> extension. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cglossaryentry-1212"></a>Specifically, what gets written is the command -<code>\glossaryentry{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>pageno</var><code>}</code>, where +<a name="index-_005cmakeglossary"></a> +<p>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries. +</p> +<a name="index-_005cglossary"></a> +<a name="index-_002eglo-file"></a> +<p>The command <code>\glossary{<var>text</var>}</code> writes a glossary entry for +<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the ‘<tt>.glo</tt>’ extension. +</p> +<a name="index-_005cglossaryentry"></a> +<p>Specifically, what gets written is the command +<code>\glossaryentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. - - <p>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier +</p> +<p>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Indexes"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Glossaries</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Indexes-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">23.3 Indexes</h2> +<a name="index-indexes"></a> -<h3 class="section">23.3 Indexes</h3> - -<p><a name="index-indexes-1213"></a> -<a name="index-g_t_005cmakeindex-1214"></a>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes. Put this in +<a name="index-_005cmakeindex"></a> +<p>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes. Put this in the preamble. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cindex-1215"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eidx_007d-file-1216"></a>The command <code>\index{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code> writes an index entry for -<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <samp><span class="file">.idx</span></samp> extension. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cindexentry-1217"></a>Specifically, what gets written is the command -<code>\indexentry{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>pageno</var><code>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> +</p> +<a name="index-_005cindex"></a> +<a name="index-_002eidx-file"></a> +<p>The command <code>\index{<var>text</var>}</code> writes an index entry for +<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the ‘<tt>.idx</tt>’ extension. +</p> +<a name="index-_005cindexentry"></a> +<p>Specifically, what gets written is the command +<code>\indexentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries-1218"></a>To generate a index entry for `bar' that says `See foo', use a +</p> +<a name="index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries"></a> +<p>To generate a index entry for ‘bar’ that says ‘See foo’, use a vertical bar: <code>\index{bar|see{foo}}</code>. Use <code>seealso</code> -instead of <code>see</code> to make a `See also' entry. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005cseename-1219"></a><a name="index-g_t_005calsoname-1220"></a>The text `See' is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and `See also' +instead of <code>see</code> to make a ‘See also’ entry. +</p> +<a name="index-_005cseename"></a> +<a name="index-_005calsoname"></a> +<p>The text ‘See’ is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and ‘See also’ by the macro <code>\alsoname</code>. These can be redefined for other languages. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bmakeindex_007d-program-1221"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bxindy_007d-program-1222"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eind_007d-file-1223"></a>The generated <samp><span class="file">.idx</span></samp> file is then sorted with an external -command, usually either <samp><span class="command">makeindex</span></samp> +</p> +<a name="index-makeindex-program"></a> +<a name="index-xindy-program"></a> +<a name="index-_002eind-file"></a> +<p>The generated ‘<tt>.idx</tt>’ file is then sorted with an external +command, usually either <code>makeindex</code> (<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex">http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</a>) or (the -multi-lingual) <samp><span class="command">xindy</span></samp> (<a href="http://xindy.sourceforge.net">http://xindy.sourceforge.net</a>). -This results in a <samp><span class="file">.ind</span></samp> file, which can then be read to typeset +multi-lingual) <code>xindy</code> (<a href="http://xindy.sourceforge.net">http://xindy.sourceforge.net</a>). +This results in a ‘<tt>.ind</tt>’ file, which can then be read to typeset the index. - - <p><a name="index-printindex-1224"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bmakeidx_007d-package-1225"></a>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command. +</p> +<a name="index-printindex"></a> +<a name="index-makeidx-package"></a> +<p>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command. This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so <code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> needs to be in the preamble. - - <p><a name="index-indexspace-1226"></a>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new -letter in the printed index; its default value is ‘<samp><span class="samp">10pt plus5pt -minus3pt</span></samp>’. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bshowidx_007d-package-1227"></a>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in +</p> +<a name="index-indexspace"></a> +<p>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new +letter in the printed index; its default value is ‘<samp>10pt plus5pt +minus3pt</samp>’. +</p> +<a name="index-showidx-package"></a> +<p>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bmultind_007d-package-1228"></a>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the +</p> +<a name="index-multind-package"></a> +<p>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic, <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</a>. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Letters"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Letters-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">24 Letters</h1> +<a name="index-letters"></a> +<a name="index-creating-letters"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">24 Letters</h2> - -<p><a name="index-letters-1229"></a><a name="index-creating-letters-1230"></a> -You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The +<p>You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The <code>letter</code> document class is designed to make a number of letters at once, although you can make just one if you so desire. - - <p>Your <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp> source file has the same minimum commands as the other +</p> +<p>Your ‘<tt>.tex</tt>’ source file has the same minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a minimum: - -<pre class="example"> \documentclass{letter} - \begin{document} - ... letters ... - \end{document} -</pre> - <p>Each letter is a <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument is the name +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example"> \documentclass{letter} + \begin{document} + ... letters ... + \end{document} +</pre></div> + +<p>Each letter is a <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument is the name and address of the recipient. For example, you might have: - -<pre class="example"> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. - \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} - ... - \end{letter} -</pre> - <p>The letter itself begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The text of +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example"> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. + \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} + ... + \end{letter} +</pre></div> + +<p>The letter itself begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The text of the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that make no sense in a letter, like <code>\chapter</code>, do not work. The letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-letters_007d-1231"></a>After the <code>closing</code>, you can have additional material. The -<code>\cc</code> command produces the usual “cc: <small class="dots">...</small>”. There's also a +</p> +<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-letters"></a> +<p>After the <code>closing</code>, you can have additional material. The +<code>\cc</code> command produces the usual “cc: …”. There’s also a similar <code>\encl</code> command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items. - - <p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class. - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a>: Your return address. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a>: Cc list. -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a>: Saying goodbye. -<li><a accesskey="4" href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a>: List of enclosed material. -<li><a accesskey="5" href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a>: Your organisation's address. -<li><a accesskey="6" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a>: Making address labels. -<li><a accesskey="7" href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a>: Your name, for the return address. -<li><a accesskey="8" href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a>: Saying hello. -<li><a accesskey="9" href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a>: Adding a postscript. -<li><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>: Your signature. -<li><a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a>: Allow page breaks. -<li><a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a>: Disallow page breaks. -<li><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a>: Your phone number. -</ul> - -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5caddress"></a> +</p> +<p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1">\address</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Your return address. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2">\cc</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Cc list. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3">\closing</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Saying goodbye. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4">\encl</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> List of enclosed material. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5">\location</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Your organisation’s address. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6">\makelabels</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Making address labels. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7">\name</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Your name, for the return address. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8">\opening</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Saying hello. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9">\ps</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Adding a postscript. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Your signature. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Allow page breaks. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Disallow page breaks. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Your phone number. +</td></tr> +</table> + + +<hr> <a name="g_t_005caddress"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005caddress_007breturn_002daddress_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></h2> +<a name="index-_005caddress"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.1 \address{<var>return-address}</var></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005caddress-1232"></a> -The <code>\address</code> specifies the return address of a letter, as it +<p>The <code>\address</code> specifies the return address of a letter, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by <code>\\</code> commands. - - <p>If you do not make an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter -will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard +</p> +<p>If you do not make an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter +will be formatted for copying onto your organisation’s standard letterhead. (See <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>, for details on your local implementation). If you give an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5ccc"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005ccc"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005ccc-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.2 <code>\cc</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\cc</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005ccc"></a> +<a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005ccc-1233"></a><a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters-1234"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\cc{<var>name1</var>\\<var>name2</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \cc{<var>name1</var>\\<var>name2</var>} -</pre> - <p>Produce a list of <var>name</var>s the letter was copied to. Each name is +<p>Produce a list of <var>name</var>s the letter was copied to. Each name is printed on a separate line. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cclosing"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cclosing"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cclosing-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.3 <code>\closing</code></h2> + +<a name="index-_005cclosing"></a> +<a name="index-letters_002c-ending"></a> +<a name="index-closing-letters"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\closing</code></h3> +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\closing{text} +</pre></div> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cclosing-1235"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-ending-1236"></a><a name="index-closing-letters-1237"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>A letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command, for example, +</p><div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\closing{Best Regards,} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \closing{text} -</pre> - <p>A letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command, for example, -<pre class="example"> \closing{Best Regards,} -</pre> - <div class="node"> -<a name="%5cencl"></a> -<a name="g_t_005cencl"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cencl"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cencl-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.4 <code>\encl</code></h2> -<h3 class="section">24.4 <code>\encl</code></h3> +<a name="index-_005cencl"></a> +<a name="index-enclosure-list"></a> -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cencl-1238"></a><a name="index-enclosure-list-1239"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\encl{<var>line1</var>\\<var>line2</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \encl{<var>line1</var>\\<var>line2</var>} -</pre> - <p>Declare a list of one more enclosures. +<p>Declare a list of one more enclosures. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5clocation"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005clocation"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005clocation-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.5 <code>\location</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005clocation"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.5 <code>\location</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005clocation-1240"></a> -<code>\location{address}</code> - - <p>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears +<p><code>\location{address}</code> +</p> +<p>This modifies your organisation’s standard address. This only appears if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cmakelabels"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cmakelabels"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cmakelabels"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cmakelabels-1241"></a> -<code>\makelabels{number}</code> - - <p>If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of +<p><code>\makelabels{number}</code> +</p> +<p>If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cname"></a> -<a name="g_t_005cname"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cname"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cname-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.7 <code>\name</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cname"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.7 <code>\name</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cname-1242"></a> -<code>\name{June Davenport}</code> - - <p>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return +<p><code>\name{June Davenport}</code> +</p> +<p>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return address. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5copening"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005copening"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005copening_007btext_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.8 <code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005copening"></a> +<a name="index-letters_002c-starting"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.8 <code>\opening{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005copening-1243"></a><a name="index-letters_002c-starting-1244"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\opening{<var>text</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \opening{<var>text</var>} -</pre> - <p>A letter begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The mandatory -argument, <var>text</var>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. +<p>A letter begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The mandatory +argument, <var>text</var>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For instance: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\opening{Dear Joe,} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \opening{Dear Joe,} -</pre> - <div class="node"> -<a name="%5cps"></a> -<a name="g_t_005cps"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> +<hr> +<a name="g_t_005cps"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cps-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.9 <code>\ps</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cps"></a> +<a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.9 <code>\ps</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cps-1245"></a><a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters-1246"></a> -Use the <code>\ps</code> command to start a postscript in a letter, after +<p>Use the <code>\ps</code> command to start a postscript in a letter, after <code>\closing</code>. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5csignature"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005csignature"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks" accesskey="n" rel="next">\startbreaks</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005csignature_007btext_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.10 <code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005csignature"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.10 <code>\signature{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005csignature-1247"></a> -Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the +<p>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within <var>text</var> as usual. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cstartbreaks"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cstartbreaks"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stopbreaks</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cstartbreaks-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cstartbreaks"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.11 <code>\startbreaks</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cstartbreaks-1248"></a> -<code>\startbreaks</code> +<p><code>\startbreaks</code> +</p> +<p>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page breaks again. +</p> - <p>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page breaks again. -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5cstopbreaks"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005cstopbreaks"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\startbreaks</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005cstopbreaks-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005cstopbreaks"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.12 <code>\stopbreaks</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005cstopbreaks-1249"></a> -<code>\stopbreaks</code> +<p><code>\stopbreaks</code> +</p> +<p>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command occurs. +</p> - <p>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command occurs. -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5ctelephone"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005ctelephone"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Letters">Letters</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\stopbreaks</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">24.13 <code>\telephone</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005ctelephone"></a> -<h3 class="section">24.13 <code>\telephone</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctelephone-1250"></a> -<code>\telephone{number}</code> - - <p>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the +<p><code>\telephone{number}</code> +</p> +<p>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="Terminal-input%2foutput"></a> +<hr> <a name="Terminal-input_002foutput"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Command-line">Command line</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Letters">Letters</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Terminal-input_002foutput-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">25 Terminal input/output</h1> +<a name="index-input_002foutput"></a> +<a name="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">25 Terminal input/output</h2> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="1">\typein</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Read text from the terminal. +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="2">\typeout</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> Write text to the terminal. +</td></tr> +</table> -<p><a name="index-input_002foutput-1251"></a><a name="index-terminal-input_002foutput-1252"></a> - -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a>: Read text from the terminal. -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>: Write text to the terminal. -</ul> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5ctypein"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005ctypein"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005ctypein_005bcmd_005d_007bmsg_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">25.1 <code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005ctypein"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.1 <code>\typein[</code><var>cmd</var><code>]{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctypein-1253"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\typein[<var>\cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \typein[<var>\cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>} -</pre> - <p><code>\typein</code> prints <var>msg</var> on the terminal and causes LaTeX to +<p><code>\typein</code> prints <var>msg</var> on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the optional <var>\cmd</var> argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the <code>\typein</code> command. If the <var>\cmd</var> argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="%5ctypeout"></a> +<hr> <a name="g_t_005ctypeout"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="previous">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="g_t_005ctypeout_007bmsg_007d"></a> +<h2 class="section">25.2 <code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></h2> +<a name="index-_005ctypeout"></a> -<h3 class="section">25.2 <code>\typeout{</code><var>msg</var><code>}</code></h3> - -<p><a name="index-g_t_005ctypeout-1254"></a> -Synopsis: +<p>Synopsis: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">\typeout{<var>msg</var>} +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> \typeout{<var>msg</var>} -</pre> - <p>Prints <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file. +<p>Prints <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file. Commands in <code>msg</code> that are defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or <code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed. - - <p>LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space +</p> +<p>LaTeX’s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. A <code>\space</code> command in <code>msg</code> causes a single space to be printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in <code>msg</code> prints a newline. +</p> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Command-line"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Terminal input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Command-line-1"></a> +<h1 class="chapter">26 Command line</h1> +<a name="index-command-line"></a> -<h2 class="chapter">26 Command line</h2> - -<p><a name="index-command-line-1255"></a> -The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; -TeX uses <samp><span class="file">.tex</span></samp> as a default file extension. If you omit the +<p>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; +TeX uses ‘<tt>.tex</tt>’ as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' +</pre></div> -<pre class="example"> latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' -</pre> - <p class="noindent">will process <samp><span class="file">foo.tex</span></samp> without pausing after every error. - - <p><a name="index-g_t_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-prompt-1256"></a><a name="index-prompt_002c-_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-1257"></a><a name="index-g_t_005cstop-1258"></a>If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a -‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’ prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code> +<p>will process ‘<tt>foo.tex</tt>’ without pausing after every error. +</p> +<a name="index-_002a-prompt"></a> +<a name="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></a> +<a name="index-_005cstop"></a> +<p>If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a +‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code> (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. +</p> -<div class="node"> -<a name="Document-templates"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Command-line">Command line</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> +<hr> +<a name="Document-templates"></a> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Command line</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> +<a name="Document-templates-1"></a> +<h1 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h1> +<a name="index-document-templates"></a> -<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2> - -<p><a name="index-document-templates-1259"></a> -Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will +<p>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will be useful. +</p> +<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#book-template" accesskey="1">book template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="2">beamer template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> +</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="3">tugboat template</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top"> +</td></tr> +</table> -<ul class="menu"> -<li><a accesskey="1" href="#book-template">book template</a> -<li><a accesskey="2" href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a> -<li><a accesskey="3" href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a> -</ul> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="book-template"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> - -<h3 class="section">A.1 <code>book</code> template</h3> +<a name="book-template-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">A.1 <code>book</code> template</h2> <pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book} \title{Book Class Template} @@ -6840,19 +9723,17 @@ The end. \end{document} </pre> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="beamer-template"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#book-template">book template</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">tugboat template</a>, Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="previous">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> - -<h3 class="section">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</h3> +<a name="beamer-template-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">A.2 <code>beamer</code> template</h2> <p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates slides presentations. - +</p> <pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{beamer} \title{Beamer Class template} @@ -6877,21 +9758,19 @@ Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates </pre> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="tugboat-template"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a> - +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="previous">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> </div> - -<h3 class="section">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3> +<a name="tugboat-template-1"></a> +<h2 class="section">A.3 <code>tugboat</code> template</h2> <p><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the TeX Users Group, <a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</a>. - -<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings - +</p> +<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{ltugboat} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{ifpdf} \ifpdf @@ -6901,9 +9780,7 @@ Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates \usepackage{url} \fi -\begin{document} - -\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article} +\title{Example \TUB\ Article} % repeat info for each author. \author{First Last} @@ -6913,7 +9790,8 @@ Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Document-templates">Document templates \maketitle -% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat. +\begin{document} + \begin{abstract} This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. \end{abstract} @@ -6923,31 +9801,31 @@ This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref -package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced -using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays. +We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the +hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others: {\small \begin{verbatim} \AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW -\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML -\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe -\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas +\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML +\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \LaTeXe +\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas \PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS -\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG -\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE +\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG \tug +\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE \Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag \careof \thinskip -\acro{FRED} -> {\sc fred} % please use! -\cs{fred} -> \fred -\env{fred} -> \begin{fred} -\meta{fred} -> <fred> -\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ... -\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4 +\acro{FRED} -> {\small fred} % please use! +\cs{fred} -> \fred +\env{fred} -> \begin{fred} +\meta{fred} -> <fred> +\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ... +\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4 \booktitle{Book of Fred} \end{verbatim} } @@ -6962,1284 +9840,1609 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. \nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty \bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX - -\makesignature % not in ltugproc +\makesignature \end{document} </pre> -<div class="node"> +<hr> <a name="Concept-Index"></a> -<p><hr> -Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Command-Index">Command Index</a>, -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - -</div> - -<h2 class="unnumbered">Concept Index</h2> - -<ul class="index-cp" compact> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-prompt-1256">‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’ prompt</a>: <a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands-173">*-form of sectioning commands</a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eglo_007d-file-1211"><samp><span class="file">.glo</span></samp> file</a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eidx_007d-file-1216"><samp><span class="file">.idx</span></samp> file</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040file_007b_002eind_007d-file-1223"><samp><span class="file">.ind</span></samp> file</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries-1218">`see' and `see also' index entries</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-abstracts-193">abstracts</a>: <a href="#abstract">abstract</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-accents-1088">accents</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical-790">accents, mathematical</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font-928">accessing any character of a font</a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-acute-accent-1097">acute accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math-792">acute accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ae-ligature-1161">ae ligature</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-aligning-Equations-226">aligning Equations</a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing-334">alignment via tabbing</a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-appendix_002c-creating-175">appendix, creating</a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-aring-1158">aring</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math-195">arrays, math</a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text-1040">arrow, left, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text-1076">arrow, right, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ascender-height-1017">ascender height</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text-983">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text-986">ASCII tilde, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text-988">asterisk, centered, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage-858">author, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text-991">backslash, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text-997">bar, double vertical, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text-994">bar, vertical, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent-1105">bar-over accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math-794">bar-over accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent-1117">bar-under accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029-375">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029-369">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>: <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bib_0040TeX_007b_007d_002c-using-374">bibTeX, using</a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text-1000">big circle symbols, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting-38">black boxes, omitting</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bold-font-87">bold font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding-208">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-boxes-901">boxes</a>: <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text-1004">brace, left, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text-1007">brace, right, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-breaking-lines-396">breaking lines</a>: <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-breaking-pages-415">breaking pages</a>: <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-breve-accent-1144">breve accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math-797">breve accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bullet-symbol-568">bullet symbol</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text-1009">bullet, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-bulleted-lists-267">bulleted lists</a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math-90">calligraphic letters for math</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-cap-height-1016">cap height</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-caron-accent-1151">caron accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters-1234">cc list, in letters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-cedilla-accent-1120">cedilla accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text-989">centered asterisk, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text-1052">centered period, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for-203">centering text, declaration for</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for-200">centering text, environment for</a>: <a href="#center">center</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented-1089">characters, accented</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish-1154">characters, non-English</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved-916">characters, reserved</a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-check-accent-1150">check accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math-799">check accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text-1001">circle symbol, big, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text-1011">circled letter, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-circumflex-accent-1108">circumflex accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math-810">circumflex accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text-982">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-class-options-19">class options</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-classes-of-documents-10">classes of documents</a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-closing-letters-1237">closing letters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-closing-quote-975">closing quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting-387">code, typesetting</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-command-line-1255">command line</a>: <a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-443">commands, defining new ones</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text-1015">composite word mark, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting-388">computer programs, typesetting</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-copyright-symbol-933">copyright symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of-466">counters, a list of</a>: <a href="#Counters">Counters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new-447">counters, defining new</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of-478">counters, getting value of</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting-480">counters, setting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-creating-letters-1230">creating letters</a>: <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-creating-pictures-302">creating pictures</a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-creating-tables-355">creating tables</a>: <a href="#table">table</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-credit-footnote-865">credit footnote</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-cross-references-178">cross references</a>: <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number-181">cross referencing with page number</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic-184">cross referencing, symbolic</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar-1025">currency, dollar</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro-1032">currency, euro</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text-1021">dagger, double, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-935">dagger, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage-862">date, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bdatetime_007d-package-1192"><code>datetime</code> package</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-444">defining a new command</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-defining-new-environments-454">defining new environments</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts-461">defining new fonts</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems-458">defining new theorems</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-definitions-441">definitions</a>: <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating-206">description lists, creating</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dieresis-accent-1094">dieresis accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-discretionary-multiplication-831">discretionary multiplication</a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation-325">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation-329">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-document-class-options-17">document class options</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-document-classes-9">document classes</a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-document-templates-1259">document templates</a>: <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dollar-sign-1024">dollar sign</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dot-accent-1099">dot accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math-805">dot over accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent-1100">dot-over accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent-1123">dot-under accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dotless-i-1128">dotless i</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math-812">dotless i, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dotless-j-1130">dotless j</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math-814">dotless j, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks-949">double angle quotation marks</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-937">double dagger, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math-802">double dot accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-double-guillemets-945">double guillemets</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-double-left-quote-1057">double left quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark-970">double low-9 quotation mark</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base-1071">double quote, straight base</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-double-right-quote-1060">double right quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-double-spacing-131">double spacing</a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text-998">double vertical bar, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-e_002ddash-1029">e-dash</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ellipsis-956">ellipsis</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-em_002ddash-1027">em-dash</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters-1080">em-dash, three-quarters</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-emphasis-62">emphasis</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-enclosure-list-1239">enclosure list</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ending-_0026-starting-7">ending & starting</a>: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page-425">enlarge current page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-environments-189">environments</a>: <a href="#Environments">Environments</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining-453">environments, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing-186">equation number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting-230">equation numbers, omitting</a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning-225">equations, aligning</a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for-233">equations, environment for</a>: <a href="#equation">equation</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter-1184">es-zet German letter</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter-1165">eth, Icelandic letter</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-euro-symbol-1031">euro symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown-1034">exclamation point, upside-down</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-exponent-536">exponent</a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol-1044">feminine ordinal symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing-187">figure number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in-300">figures, footnotes in</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting-237">figures, inserting</a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font-107">fixed-width font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bfloat_007d-package-238"><code>float</code> package</a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page-419">flushing floats and starting a page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel-122">font commands, low-level</a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-font-sizes-108">font sizes</a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-font-styles-54">font styles</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-fonts-53">fonts</a>: <a href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for-460">fonts, new commands for</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-footer-style-873">footer style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for-155">footer, parameters for</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing-188">footnote number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-footnote-parameters-437">footnote parameters</a>: <a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures-299">footnotes in figures</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating-430">footnotes, creating</a>: <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbolic-instead-of-numbered-434">footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</a>: <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for-234">formulas, environment for</a>: <a href="#equation">equation</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math-521">formulas, math</a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-fragile-commands-463">fragile commands</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks-951">French quotation marks</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-functions_002c-math-754">functions, math</a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-global-options-20">global options</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-glossaries-1208">glossaries</a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-grave-accent-1112">grave accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math-807">grave accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text-1036">greater than symbol, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-greek-letters-541">greek letters</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-h_0040_0027a_0040v_007bc_007dek-accent_002c-math-800">hác<ek accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-hacek-accent-1149">hacek accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-hat-accent-1109">hat accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math-809">hat accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-header-style-872">header style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for-154">header, parameters for</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent-1126">hungarian umlaut accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining-409">hyphenation, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing-406">hyphenation, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing-903">hyphenation, preventing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth-1164">Icelandic eth</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn-1188">Icelandic thorn</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch-1170">ij letter, Dutch</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas-293">in-line formulas</a>: <a href="#math">math</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing-506">indent, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing-508">indent, suppressing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage-296">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-indexes-1213">indexes</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-input-file-1194">input file</a>: <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-input_002foutput-1251">input/output</a>: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-inserting-figures-236">inserting figures</a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-italic-font-94">italic font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left-261">justification, ragged left</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right-254">justification, ragged right</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e-1">Knuth, Donald E.</a>: <a href="#Top">Top</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating-205">labelled lists, creating</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie-2">Lamport, Leslie</a>: <a href="#Top">Top</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-logo-939">LaTeX logo</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-overview-5">LaTeX overview</a>: <a href="#Overview">Overview</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-Project-team-3">LaTeX Project team</a>: <a href="#Top">Top</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-layout-commands-135">layout commands</a>: <a href="#Layout">Layout</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for-153">layout, page parameters for</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks-947">left angle quotation marks</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text-1041">left arrow, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text-1003">left brace, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-left-quote-958">left quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double-1056">left quote, double</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single-1062">left quote, single</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text-253">left-justifying text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-248">left-justifying text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode-851">left-to-right mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to-492">lengths, adding to</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using-488">lengths, defining and using</a>: <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-new-449">lengths, defining new</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-predefined-496">lengths, predefined</a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting-490">lengths, setting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text-1038">less than symbol, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-letters-1229">letters</a>: <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented-1090">letters, accented</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending-1236">letters, ending</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish-1155">letters, non-English</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting-1244">letters, starting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing-399">line break, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-line-breaking-395">line breaking</a>: <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing-412">line breaks, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing-413">line breaks, preventing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lines-in-tables-357">lines in tables</a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-columns-using-tab-stops-333">lining text up in columns using tab stops</a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables-358">lining text up in tables</a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter-475">list items, specifying counter</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lists-of-items-265">lists of items</a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic-291">lists of items, generic</a>: <a href="#list">list</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered-213">lists of items, numbered</a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages-48">loading additional packages</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-logo_002c-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-940">logo, LaTeX</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-logo_002c-_0040TeX_007b_007d-980">logo, TeX</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double-972">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands-121">low-level font commands</a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lR-mode-852">lR mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-macron-accent-1103">macron accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math-795">macron accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bmakeidx_007d-package-1225"><code>makeidx</code> package</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040command_007bmakeindex_007d-program-1221"><samp><span class="command">makeindex</span></samp> program</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-making-a-title-page-381">making a title page</a>: <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-making-paragraphs-502">making paragraphs</a>: <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-marginal-notes-511">marginal notes</a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol-1045">masculine ordinal symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-math-accents-789">math accents</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-math-formulas-520">math formulas</a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-math-functions-753">math functions</a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-math-miscellany-829">math miscellany</a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-math-mode-850">math mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering-522">math mode, entering</a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-824">math mode, spacing</a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-math-symbols-539">math symbols</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a-295">minipage, creating a</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-modes-848">modes</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-monospace-font-106">monospace font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-moving-arguments-464">moving arguments</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-multicolumn-text-139">multicolumn text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bmultind_007d-package-1228"><code>multind</code> package</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break-832">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-nested-_0040code_007b_005cinclude_007d_002c-not-allowed-1196">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining-445">new commands, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input-402">new line, output as input</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-398">new line, starting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029-404">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting-422">new page, starting</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters-1153">non-English characters</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin-512">notes in the margin</a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-null-delimiter-839">null delimiter</a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter-476">numbered items, specifying counter</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-oblique-font-103">oblique font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-oe-ligature-1181">oe ligature</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ogonek-1133">ogonek</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output-137">one-column output</a>: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-opening-quote-959">opening quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class-18">options, document class</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-options_002c-global-51">options, global</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine-1046">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-oslash-1178">oslash</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-overbar-accent-1104">overbar accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math-804">overdot accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-overview-of-_0040LaTeX_007b_007d-4">overview of LaTeX</a>: <a href="#Overview">Overview</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-47">packages, loading</a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing-428">page break, forcing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing-429">page break, preventing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-page-breaking-414">page breaking</a>: <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters-151">page layout parameters</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing-182">page number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-page-numbering-style-870">page numbering style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-page-styles-854">page styles</a>: <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage-297">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text-326">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting-330">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-paragraph-mode-849">paragraph mode</a>: <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol-962">paragraph symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-paragraphs-503">paragraphs</a>: <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes-438">parameters, for footnotes</a>: <a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout-152">parameters, page layout</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text-1051">period, centered, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating-303">pictures, creating</a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-pilcrow-963">pilcrow</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for-393">poetry, an environment for</a>: <a href="#verse">verse</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-polish-l-1173">polish l</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters-1246">postscript, in letters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-pounds-symbol-966">pounds symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined-8">preamble, defined</a>: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-predefined-lengths-497">predefined lengths</a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_0040samp_007b_002a_007d-1257">prompt, ‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’</a>: <a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-questionation-point_002c-upside_002ddown-1054">questionation point, upside-down</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French-952">quotation marks, French</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base-1069">quote, straight base</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-324">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying-328">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ragged-left-text-260">ragged left text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for-256">ragged left text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ragged-right-text-252">ragged right text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for-249">ragged right text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-redefining-environments-455">redefining environments</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-registered-symbol-1074">registered symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin-513">remarks in the margin</a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-reserved-characters-915">reserved characters</a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks-948">right angle quotation marks</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text-1077">right arrow, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text-1006">right brace, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-right-quote-974">right quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double-1059">right quote, double</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single-1065">right quote, single</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text-262">right-justifying text</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for-257">right-justifying text, environment for</a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-ring-accent-1136">ring accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-robust-commands-465">robust commands</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-roman-font-96">roman font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-156">running header and footer</a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style-874">running header and footer style</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-sans-serif-font-100">sans serif font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math-89">script letters for math</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing-185">section number, cross referencing</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing-177">section numbers, printing</a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-section-symbol-977">section symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-sectioning-165">sectioning</a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bsetspace_007d-package-130"><code>setspace</code> package</a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-setting-counters-481">setting counters</a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters-1185">sharp S letters</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040code_007bshowidx_007d-package-1227"><code>showidx</code> package</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text-385">simulating typed text</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks-950">single angle quotation marks</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-single-guillemets-946">single guillemets</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-single-left-quote-1063">single left quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark-971">single low-9 quotation mark</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-single-right-quote-1066">single right quote</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-sizes-of-text-110">sizes of text</a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-slanted-font-102">slanted font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-small-caps-font-98">small caps font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical-892">space, inserting vertical</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-spaces-878">spaces</a>: <a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode-823">spacing within math mode</a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine-1047">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-special-characters-1152">special characters</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file-1193">splitting the input file</a>: <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-starting-_0026-ending-6">starting & ending</a>: <a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-423">starting a new page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats-420">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page-417">starting on a right-hand page</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-sterling-symbol-967">sterling symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base-1072">straight double quote, base</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base-1070">straight quote, base</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical-150">stretch, omitting vertical</a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-styles-of-text-56">styles of text</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-styles_002c-page-853">styles, page</a>: <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-subscript-535">subscript</a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-superscript-534">superscript</a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math-540">symbols, math</a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using-332">tab stops, using</a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding-1205">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating-1199">table of contents, creating</a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating-354">tables, creating</a>: <a href="#table">table</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput-1252">terminal input/output</a>: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040TeX_007b_007d-logo-979">TeX logo</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-text-symbols-929">text symbols</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage-864">thanks, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining-457">theorems, defining</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting-379">theorems, typesetting</a>: <a href="#theorem">theorem</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter-1189">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash-1079">three-quarters em-dash</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent-1141">tie-after accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-tilde-accent-1115">tilde accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math-816">tilde accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text-985">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating-382">title pages, creating</a>: <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage-867">title, for titlepage</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-titles_002c-making-855">titles, making</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-trademark-symbol-1082">trademark symbol</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output-140">two-column output</a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating-386">typed text, simulating</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-typeface-sizes-109">typeface sizes</a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-typeface-styles-55">typeface styles</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-typefaces-52">typefaces</a>: <a href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-typewriter-font-105">typewriter font</a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists-209">typewriter labels in lists</a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-umlaut-accent-1093">umlaut accent</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-underbar-1146">underbar</a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text-1085">underscore, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-unordered-lists-266">unordered lists</a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-using-Bib_0040TeX_007b_007d-373">using BibTeX</a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of-467">variables, a list of</a>: <a href="#Counters">Counters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math-818">vector symbol, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-verbatim-text-384">verbatim text</a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline-390">verbatim text, inline</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text-996">vertical bar, double, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text-993">vertical bar, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-vertical-space-891">vertical space</a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs-510">vertical space before paragraphs</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-visible-space-391">visible space</a>: <a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text-1087">visible space symbol, in text</a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math-820">wide hat accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-wide-tile-accent_002c-math-822">wide tile accent, math</a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040command_007bxindy_007d-program-1222"><samp><span class="command">xindy</span></samp> program</a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> - </ul><!-- The name of the `Command Index' node must NOT be altered for ltx-help.el. --> -<div class="node"> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Next: <a href="#Command-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Concept-Index-1"></a> +<h1 class="unnumbered">Concept Index</h1> + +<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>`</b></a> + +<br> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a> + +</td></tr></table> +<table class="index-cp" border="0"> +<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">‘<samp>*</samp>’ prompt</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands">*-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file">‘<tt>.glo</tt>’ file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file">‘<tt>.idx</tt>’ file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eind-file">‘<tt>.ind</tt>’ file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3">‘</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries">‘see’ and ‘see also’ index entries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-Equations">aligning Equations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix_002c-creating">appendix, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aring">aring</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text">ASCII tilde, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text">asterisk, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, vertical, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent">bar-over accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029">bibliography, creating (automatically)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-font">bold font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding">bold typewriter, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-boxes">boxes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent">breve accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breve-accent_002c-math">breve accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet-symbol">bullet symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-caron-accent">caron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cc-list_002c-in-letters">cc list, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cedilla-accent">cedilla accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text">centered asterisk, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-reserved">characters, reserved</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent_002c-math">circumflex accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">circumflex, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-class-options">class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-classes-of-documents">classes of documents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line">command line</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-copyright-symbol">copyright symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-a-list-of">counters, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-defining-new">counters, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-getting-value-of">counters, getting value of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-counters_002c-setting">counters, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-letters">creating letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-pictures">creating pictures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-creating-tables">creating tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-credit-footnote">credit footnote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-environments">defining new environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-multiplication">discretionary multiplication</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation">quotation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quote">quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class-options">document class options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-over-accent_002c-math">dot over accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dover-accent">dot-over accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot_002dunder-accent">dot-under accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i">dotless i</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-i_002c-math">dotless i, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j">dotless j</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dotless-j_002c-math">dotless j, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-angle-quotation-marks">double angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1">double dagger, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-dot-accent_002c-math">double dot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-guillemets">double guillemets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-left-quote">double left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipsis">ellipsis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash">em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters">em-dash, three-quarters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis-1">emphasis</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-_0026-starting">ending & starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing">equation number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting">equation numbers, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol-1">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-float-package"><code>float</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page">flushing floats and starting a page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer-style">footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footer_002c-parameters-for">footer, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing">footnote number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote-parameters">footnote parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbolic-instead-of-numbered">footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fragile-commands">fragile commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options-1">global options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossaries">glossaries</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">hác<ek accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header_002c-parameters-for">header, parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-suppressing">indent, suppressing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput">input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Top">Top</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Top">Top</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Top">Top</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote">left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-double">left quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-quote_002c-single">left quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text">left-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">left-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left_002dto_002dright-mode">left-to-right mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-adding-to">lengths, adding to</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using">lengths, defining and using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-defining-new">lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-predefined">lengths, predefined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lengths_002c-setting">lengths, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text">less than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters">letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-accented">letters, accented</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-ending">letters, ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-non_002dEnglish">letters, non-English</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letters_002c-starting">letters, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-break_002c-forcing">line break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaking">line breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-forcing">line breaks, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-line-breaks_002c-preventing">line breaks, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lines-in-tables">lines in tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-columns-using-tab-stops">lining text up in columns using tab stops</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lining-text-up-in-tables">lining text up in tables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter">list items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-low_002dlevel-font-commands">low-level font commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lR-mode">lR mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeidx-package"><code>makeidx</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-a-title-page">making a title page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-making-paragraphs">making paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-marginal-notes">marginal notes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-masculine-ordinal-symbol">masculine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-accents">math accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-formulas">math formulas</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-functions">math functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-miscellany">math miscellany</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-modes">modes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-monospace-font">monospace font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-moving-arguments">moving arguments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiplication-symbol_002c-discretionary-line-break">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-commands_002c-defining">new commands, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-output-as-input">new line, output as input</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-document-class">options, document class</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-global">options, global</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading">packages, loading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-breaking">page breaking</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-layout-parameters">page layout parameters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing">page number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-numbering-style">page numbering style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-styles">page styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage">paragraph indentation, in minipage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text">paragraph indentations in quoted text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation">quotation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quote">quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-mode">paragraph mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraph-symbol">paragraph symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text">period, centered, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-postscript_002c-in-letters">postscript, in letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-predefined-lengths">predefined lengths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, ‘<samp>*</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-questionation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">questionation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-marks_002c-French">quotation marks, French</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote_002c-straight-base">quote, straight base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation">quotation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quote">quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote">right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-double">right quote, double</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-quote_002c-single">right quote, single</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-roman-font">roman font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing">section number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-numbers_002c-printing">section numbers, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section-symbol">section symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning">sectioning</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code>showidx</code> package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-guillemets">single guillemets</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-left-quote">single left quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-splitting-the-input-file">splitting the input file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-_0026-ending">starting & ending</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page">starting a new page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats">starting a new page and clearing floats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page">starting on a right-hand page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sterling-symbol">sterling symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-double-quote_002c-base">straight double quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-straight-quote_002c-base">straight quote, base</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical">stretch, omitting vertical</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles-of-text">styles of text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-styles_002c-page">styles, page</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-creating">table of contents, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-defining">theorems, defining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorems_002c-typesetting">theorems, typesetting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter">thorn, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash">three-quarters em-dash</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tie_002dafter-accent">tie-after accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title-pages_002c-creating">title pages, creating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-title_002c-for-titlepage">title, for titlepage</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typed-text_002c-simulating">typed text, simulating</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-sizes">typeface sizes</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-styles">typeface styles</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typefaces">typefaces</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Typefaces">Typefaces</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text">verbatim text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-text_002c-inline">verbatim text, inline</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text">vertical bar, double, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-tile-accent_002c-math">wide tile accent, math</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Concept-Index_cp_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy</code> program</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +</table> +<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>*</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>.</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>`</b></a> + +<br> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-J"><b>J</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Concept-Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a> + +</td></tr></table> + +<hr> <a name="Command-Index"></a> -<p><hr> -Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>, -Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="#Top">Top</a> - -</div> - -<h2 class="unnumbered">Command Index</h2> - - - -<ul class="index-fn" compact> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0024-530"><code>$</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t10pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-21"><code>10pt </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t11pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-22"><code>11pt </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t12pt-_0040r_007boption_007d-23"><code>12pt </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040_0040_0040_007b_002e_002e_002e_0040_007d-197"><code>@{...}</code></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0022-_0040r_007b_0028umlaut-accent_0029_007d-1091"><code>\" </code><span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0023-917"><code>\#</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0024-918"><code>\$</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0025-919"><code>\%</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0026-920"><code>\&</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent_0029_007d-1095"><code>\' </code><span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0027-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-342"><code>\' </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0028-526"><code>\(</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0029-527"><code>\)</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002a-830"><code>\*</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002b-340"><code>\+</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002c-828"><code>\,</code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002d-341"><code>\-</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002d-_0040r_007b_0028hyphenation_0029_007d-405"><code>\- </code><span class="roman">(hyphenation)</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002e-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029_007d-1098"><code>\. </code><span class="roman">(dot-over accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_002f-887"><code>\/</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003a-826"><code>\:</code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003b-825"><code>\;</code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003c-339"><code>\<</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent_0029_007d-1101"><code>\= </code><span class="roman">(macron accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003d-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-336"><code>\= </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003e-827"><code>\></code></a>: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003e-338"><code>\></code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_003e-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-337"><code>\> </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0040_0040-885"><code>\@</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0040_0040fnsymbol-436"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>: <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005b-528"><code>\[</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007b_0028for-_0040code_007b_005cshortstack_007d-objects_0029_007d-321"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">(for </span><code>\shortstack</code><span class="roman"> objects)</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007barray_007d_0029-196"><code>\\ (for array)</code></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bcenter_007d_0029-201"><code>\\ (for center)</code></a>: <a href="#center">center</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-227"><code>\\ (for eqnarray)</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0028for-_0040code_007bflushright_007d_0029-258"><code>\\ (for flushright)</code></a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-859"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>\author</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005ctitle_007d_007d-868"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>\title</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bflushleft_007d_007d-250"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>flushleft</code></a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-letters_007d-1231"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for letters</span></a>: <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007btabular_007d_007d-359"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>tabular</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007bverse_007d_007d-394"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>verse</code></a>: <a href="#verse">verse</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007bforce-line-break_007d-397"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">force line break</span></a>: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c-_0040r_007btabbing_007d-335"><code>\\ </code><span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-_0040code_007beqnarray_007d_0029-228"><code>\\* (for eqnarray)</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005d-529"><code>\]</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005e-926"><code>\^</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005e-_0040r_007b_0028circumflex-accent_0029_007d-1106"><code>\^ </code><span class="roman">(circumflex accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_005f-921"><code>\_</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent_0029_007d-1110"><code>\` </code><span class="roman">(grave accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0060-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-343"><code>\` </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca-_0040r_007b_0028tabbing_0029_007d-344"><code>\a </code><span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca_0027-_0040r_007b_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-345"><code>\a' </code><span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca_003d-_0040r_007b_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-347"><code>\a= </code><span class="roman">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ca_0060-_0040r_007b_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029_007d-346"><code>\a` </code><span class="roman">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAA-_0028_0040AA_007b_007d_0029-1157"><code>\AA (Å)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caa-_0028_0040aa_007b_007d_0029-1156"><code>\aa (å)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cacute-791"><code>\acute</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddcontentsline_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bunit_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1204"><code>\addcontentsline{</code><var>ext</var><code>}{</code><var>unit</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddress-1232"><code>\address</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddtocontents_0040_007b_0040var_007bext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-1207"><code>\addtocontents{</code><var>ext</var><code>}{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddtocounter-482"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddtolength-491"><code>\addtolength</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caddvspace-890"><code>\addvspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAE-_0028_0040AE_007b_007d_0029-1160"><code>\AE (Æ)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cae-_0028_0040ae_007b_007d_0029-1159"><code>\ae (æ)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005caleph-543"><code>\aleph</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAlph-469"><code>\Alph</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005calph-468"><code>\alph</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cAlph-_0040r_007bexample_007d-223"><code>\Alph </code><span class="roman">example</span></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005calpha-544"><code>\alpha</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005calsoname-1220"><code>\alsoname</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005camalg-545"><code>\amalg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cand-_0040r_007bfor-_0040code_007b_005cauthor_007d_007d-860"><code>\and </code><span class="roman">for </span><code>\author</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cangle-546"><code>\angle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cappendix-174"><code>\appendix</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005capprox-547"><code>\approx</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carabic-470"><code>\arabic</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carccos-755"><code>\arccos</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carcsin-756"><code>\arcsin</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carctan-757"><code>\arctan</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carg-758"><code>\arg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carraycolsep-198"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carrayrulewidth-360"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005carraystretch-361"><code>\arraystretch</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cast-548"><code>\ast</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005casymp-549"><code>\asymp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cauthor_0040_007b_0040var_007bname_007d-_005cand-_0040var_007bname2_007d_0040_007d-857"><code>\author{</code><var>name</var><code> \and </code><var>name2</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cb-_0040r_007b_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-1116"><code>\b </code><span class="roman">(bar-under accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbackslash-924"><code>\backslash</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbackslash-550"><code>\backslash</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbar-793"><code>\bar</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbaselineskip-128"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbaselinestretch-129"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbegin-190"><code>\begin</code></a>: <a href="#Environments">Environments</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbeta-551"><code>\beta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbf-86"><code>\bf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbfseries-66"><code>\bfseries</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibitem-370"><code>\bibitem</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliography-377"><code>\bibliography</code></a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbibliographystyle-376"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>: <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigcap-552"><code>\bigcap</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigcirc-553"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigcup-554"><code>\bigcup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigodot-555"><code>\bigodot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigoplus-556"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigotimes-557"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigskip-893"><code>\bigskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigskipamount-894"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigsqcup-560"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigtriangledown-558"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigtriangleup-559"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbiguplus-561"><code>\biguplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbigwedge-563"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbmod-759"><code>\bmod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cboldmath-531"><code>\boldmath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbot-564"><code>\bot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbottomfraction-240"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbowtie-565"><code>\bowtie</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cBox-566"><code>\Box</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbreve-796"><code>\breve</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cbullet-567"><code>\bullet</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cc-_0040r_007b_0028cedilla-accent_0029_007d-1118"><code>\c </code><span class="roman">(cedilla accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccal-88"><code>\cal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccap-569"><code>\cap</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitalacute-1096"><code>\capitalacute</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitalbreve-1143"><code>\capitalbreve</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitalcaron-1148"><code>\capitalcaron</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitalcedilla-1119"><code>\capitalcedilla</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitalcircumflex-1107"><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitaldieresis-1092"><code>\capitaldieresis</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitaldotaccent-1122"><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitalgrave-1111"><code>\capitalgrave</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitalhungarumlaut-1125"><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitalmacron-1102"><code>\capitalmacron</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitalnewtie-1140"><code>\capitalnewtie</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitalogonek-1132"><code>\capitalogonek</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitalring-1135"><code>\capitalring</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitaltie-1138"><code>\capitaltie</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccapitaltilde-1114"><code>\capitaltilde</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccaption-239"><code>\caption</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccc-1233"><code>\cc</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccdot-570"><code>\cdot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccdots-833"><code>\cdots</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccentering-202"><code>\centering</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cchapter-167"><code>\chapter</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccheck-798"><code>\check</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cchi-571"><code>\chi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccirc-572"><code>\circ</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccircle-306"><code>\circle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccite-371"><code>\cite</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccleardoublepage-416"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cclearpage-418"><code>\clearpage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccline-365"><code>\cline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cclosing-1235"><code>\closing</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cclubsuit-573"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccolumnsep-141"><code>\columnsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccolumnseprule-142"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccolumnwidth-143"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccong-574"><code>\cong</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccontentsline-1206"><code>\contentsline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccoprod-575"><code>\coprod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccopyright-931"><code>\copyright</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccos-760"><code>\cos</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccosh-761"><code>\cosh</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccot-762"><code>\cot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccoth-763"><code>\coth</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccsc-764"><code>\csc</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ccup-576"><code>\cup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cd-_0040r_007b_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029_007d-1121"><code>\d </code><span class="roman">(dot-under accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdag-934"><code>\dag</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdagger-577"><code>\dagger</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdashbox-311"><code>\dashbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdashv-578"><code>\dashv</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdate_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-861"><code>\date{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cday-485"><code>\day</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdblfloatpagefraction-145"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdblfloatsep-146"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdbltextfloatsep-147"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdbltopfraction-144"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddag-936"><code>\ddag</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddagger-579"><code>\ddagger</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddot-801"><code>\ddot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cddots-834"><code>\ddots</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdeg-765"><code>\deg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdelta-581"><code>\delta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cDelta-580"><code>\Delta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdepth-500"><code>\depth</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdet-766"><code>\det</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cDH-_0028_0040AE_007b_007d_0029-1163"><code>\DH (Æ)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdh-_0028_0040ae_007b_007d_0029-1162"><code>\dh (æ)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdiamond-583"><code>\diamond</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cDiamond-582"><code>\Diamond</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdiamondsuit-584"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdim-767"><code>\dim</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdisplaystyle-533"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdiv-585"><code>\div</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cDJ-1167"><code>\DJ</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdj-1166"><code>\dj</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdocumentclass-11"><code>\documentclass</code></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdot-803"><code>\dot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdoteq-586"><code>\doteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdotfill-889"><code>\dotfill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdots-954"><code>\dots</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdoublerulesep-362"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cDownarrow-588"><code>\Downarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cdownarrow-587"><code>\downarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cell-589"><code>\ell</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cem-91"><code>\em</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cemph-61"><code>\emph</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cemptyset-590"><code>\emptyset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cencl-1238"><code>\encl</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cend-191"><code>\end</code></a>: <a href="#Environments">Environments</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenlargethispage-424"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumi-215"><code>\enumi</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumii-216"><code>\enumii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumiii-217"><code>\enumiii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cenumiv-218"><code>\enumiv</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cepsilon-591"><code>\epsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cequiv-592"><code>\equiv</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ceta-593"><code>\eta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cevensidemargin-45"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cexists-594"><code>\exists</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cexp-768"><code>\exp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfbox-904"><code>\fbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxrule-906"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxrule-309"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxsep-907"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfboxsep-310"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfill-881"><code>\fill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cflat-595"><code>\flat</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfloatpagefraction-241"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfloatsep-242"><code>\floatsep</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cflushbottom-148"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfnsymbol-473"><code>\fnsymbol</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfnsymbol_0040r_007b_002c-and-footnotes_007d-435"><code>\fnsymbol</code><span class="roman">, and footnotes</span></a>: <a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontencoding-123"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontfamily-124"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontseries-125"><code>\fontseries</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontshape-126"><code>\fontshape</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfontsize-127"><code>\fontsize</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnote-431"><code>\footnote</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotemark-432"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnoterule-439"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>: <a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotesep-440"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>: <a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotesize-113"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootnotetext-433"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfootskip-159"><code>\footskip</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cforall-596"><code>\forall</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfrac-836"><code>\frac</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfrac_0040_007bnum_0040_007d_0040_007bden_0040_007d-835"><code>\frac{num}{den}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cframe-312"><code>\frame</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cframebox-905"><code>\framebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cframebox-308"><code>\framebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfrown-597"><code>\frown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cfussy-407"><code>\fussy</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgamma-599"><code>\gamma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cGamma-598"><code>\Gamma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgcd-769"><code>\gcd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cge-600"><code>\ge</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgeq-601"><code>\geq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgets-602"><code>\gets</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgg-603"><code>\gg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cglossary-1210"><code>\glossary</code></a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cglossaryentry-1212"><code>\glossaryentry</code></a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cgrave-806"><code>\grave</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cguillemotleft-_0040r_007b_0028_0040guillemotleft_007b_007d_0029_007d-941"><code>\guillemotleft </code><span class="roman">(«)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cguillemotright-_0040r_007b_0028_0040guillemotright_007b_007d_0029_007d-942"><code>\guillemotright </code><span class="roman">(»)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cguilsinglleft-_0040r_007b_0028_0040guilsinglleft_007b_007d_0029_007d-943"><code>\guilsinglleft </code><span class="roman">(‹)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cguilsinglright-_0040r_007b_0028_0040guilsinglright_007b_007d_0029_007d-944"><code>\guilsinglright </code><span class="roman">(›)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cH-_0040r_007b_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029_007d-1124"><code>\H </code><span class="roman">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chat-808"><code>\hat</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chbar-604"><code>\hbar</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheadheight-157"><code>\headheight</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheadsep-158"><code>\headsep</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheartsuit-605"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cheight-499"><code>\height</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chfill-880"><code>\hfill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chline-366"><code>\hline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chom-770"><code>\hom</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chookleftarrow-606"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chookrightarrow-607"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chrulefill-888"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chspace-879"><code>\hspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cHuge-120"><code>\Huge</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chuge-119"><code>\huge</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005chyphenation-408"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ci-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-i_0029_007d-1127"><code>\i </code><span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ciff-608"><code>\iff</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029-1169"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cij-_0028ij_0029-1168"><code>\ij (ij)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cIm-609"><code>\Im</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cimath-811"><code>\imath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cin-610"><code>\in</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinclude-1195"><code>\include</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cincludeonly-1197"><code>\includeonly</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cindent-504"><code>\indent</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cindex-1215"><code>\index</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cindexentry-1217"><code>\indexentry</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinf-771"><code>\inf</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinfty-611"><code>\infty</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cinput-1198"><code>\input</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cint-612"><code>\int</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cintextsep-243"><code>\intextsep</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ciota-613"><code>\iota</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cit-93"><code>\it</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citem-264"><code>\item</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citem-214"><code>\item</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citem-207"><code>\item</code></a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citemindent-279"><code>\itemindent</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citemsep-284"><code>\itemsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005citshape-60"><code>\itshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cj-_0040r_007b_0028dotless-j_0029_007d-1129"><code>\j </code><span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cjmath-813"><code>\jmath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cJoin-614"><code>\Join</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ck-_0040r_007b_0028ogonek_0029_007d-1131"><code>\k </code><span class="roman">(ogonek)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ckappa-615"><code>\kappa</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cker-772"><code>\ker</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ckill-348"><code>\kill</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cL-_0028_0040L_007b_007d_0029-1172"><code>\L (/L)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cl-_0028_0040l_007b_007d_0029-1171"><code>\l (/l)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabel-179"><code>\label</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumi-219"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumii-220"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumiii-221"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelenumiv-222"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemi-268"><code>\labelitemi</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemii-269"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemiii-270"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelitemiv-271"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelsep-280"><code>\labelsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clabelwidth-281"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clambda-617"><code>\lambda</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLambda-616"><code>\Lambda</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cland-618"><code>\land</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clangle-619"><code>\langle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLARGE-118"><code>\LARGE</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLarge-117"><code>\Large</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clarge-116"><code>\large</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLaTeX-938"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clbrace-620"><code>\lbrace</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clbrack-621"><code>\lbrack</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clceil-622"><code>\lceil</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cldots-953"><code>\ldots</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cle-623"><code>\le</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleadsto-624"><code>\leadsto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleft-_0040var_007bdelim1_007d-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-_0040var_007bdelim2_007d-837"><code>\left </code><var>delim1</var><code> ... \right </code><var>delim2</var></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftarrow-626"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLeftarrow-625"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clefteqn-231"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftharpoondown-627"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftharpoonup-628"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmargin-272"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmargini-273"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginii-274"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginiii-275"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginiv-276"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginv-277"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftmarginvi-278"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleftrightarrow-630"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cLeftrightarrow-629"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cleq-631"><code>\leq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clfloor-632"><code>\lfloor</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clg-773"><code>\lg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clhd-633"><code>\lhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clim-774"><code>\lim</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005climinf-775"><code>\liminf</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005climsup-776"><code>\limsup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cline-313"><code>\line</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clinebreak-410"><code>\linebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clinespread-132"><code>\linespread</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clinethickness-314"><code>\linethickness</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clinewidth-160"><code>\linewidth</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clistoffigures-1201"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clistoftables-1202"><code>\listoftables</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clistparindent-282"><code>\listparindent</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cll-634"><code>\ll</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cln-777"><code>\ln</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clnot-635"><code>\lnot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clocation-1240"><code>\location</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clog-778"><code>\log</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongleftarrow-636"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongleftrightarrow-637"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongmapsto-638"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clongrightarrow-639"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clor-640"><code>\lor</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005clq-957"><code>\lq</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakebox-909"><code>\makebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-307"><code>\makebox (picture)</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakeglossary-1209"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>: <a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakeindex-1214"><code>\makeindex</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmakelabels-1241"><code>\makelabels</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmaketitle-856"><code>\maketitle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmapsto-641"><code>\mapsto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginpar-514"><code>\marginpar</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginparpush-517"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginparsep-518"><code>\marginparsep</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarginparwidth-519"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarkboth_0040_007b_0040var_007bleft_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-875"><code>\markboth{</code><var>left</var><code>}{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmarkright_0040_007b_0040var_007bright_007d_0040_007d-876"><code>\markright{</code><var>right</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathbf-80"><code>\mathbf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathcal-84"><code>\mathcal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathnormal-83"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathrm-79"><code>\mathrm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathsf-81"><code>\mathsf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathtt-82"><code>\mathtt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmathversion-85"><code>\mathversion</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmax-779"><code>\max</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmbox-902"><code>\mbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmdseries-64"><code>\mdseries</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmedskip-895"><code>\medskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmedskipamount-896"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmho-642"><code>\mho</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmid-643"><code>\mid</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmin-780"><code>\min</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmodels-644"><code>\models</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmonth-486"><code>\month</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmp-645"><code>\mp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmu-646"><code>\mu</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmulticolumn-364"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cmultiput-317"><code>\multiput</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnabla-647"><code>\nabla</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cname-1242"><code>\name</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnatural-648"><code>\natural</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cne-649"><code>\ne</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnearrow-650"><code>\nearrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cneg-651"><code>\neg</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cneq-652"><code>\neq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewcommand-442"><code>\newcommand</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewcounter-446"><code>\newcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewenvironment-451"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewfont-459"><code>\newfont</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewlength-448"><code>\newlength</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cNEWLINE-884"><code>\NEWLINE</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewline-403"><code>\newline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewpage-421"><code>\newpage</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewsavebox-450"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewtheorem-456"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnewtie-1139"><code>\newtie</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cNG-1175"><code>\NG</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cng-1174"><code>\ng</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cni-653"><code>\ni</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnocite-372"><code>\nocite</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnofiles-1203"><code>\nofiles</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnoindent-507"><code>\noindent</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnolinebreak-411"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnonumber-229"><code>\nonumber</code></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnopagebreak-427"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnormalfont-78"><code>\normalfont</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnormalmarginpar-516"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnormalsize-115"><code>\normalsize</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnot-654"><code>\not</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnotin-655"><code>\notin</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnu-656"><code>\nu</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cnwarrow-657"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cO-_0028_0040O_007b_007d_0029-1177"><code>\O (Ø)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005co-_0028_0040o_007b_007d_0029-1176"><code>\o (ø)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cobeycr-400"><code>\obeycr</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coddsidemargin-46"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005codot-658"><code>\odot</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cOE-_0028_0040OE_007b_007d_0029-1180"><code>\OE (Œ)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coe-_0028_0040oe_007b_007d_0029-1179"><code>\oe (œ)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coint-659"><code>\oint</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005comega-661"><code>\omega</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cOmega-660"><code>\Omega</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cominus-662"><code>\ominus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005conecolumn-136"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005copening-1243"><code>\opening</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coplus-663"><code>\oplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coslash-664"><code>\oslash</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cotimes-665"><code>\otimes</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coval-318"><code>\oval</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coverbrace_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-840"><code>\overbrace{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005coverline_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-841"><code>\overline{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cowns-666"><code>\owns</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cP-960"><code>\P</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpagebreak-426"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpagenumbering-869"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpageref-180"><code>\pageref</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpagestyle-871"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparagraph-171"><code>\paragraph</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparallel-667"><code>\parallel</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparbox-910"><code>\parbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparindent-505"><code>\parindent</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparindent-298"><code>\parindent</code></a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparsep-285"><code>\parsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparskip-509"><code>\parskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cparskip-_0040r_007bexample_007d-288"><code>\parskip </code><span class="roman">example</span></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpart-166"><code>\part</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpartial-668"><code>\partial</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpartopsep-287"><code>\partopsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cperp-669"><code>\perp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cphi-670"><code>\phi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpi-672"><code>\pi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cPi-671"><code>\Pi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpm-673"><code>\pm</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpmod-781"><code>\pmod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpoptabs-349"><code>\poptabs</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpounds-964"><code>\pounds</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cPr-782"><code>\Pr</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprec-674"><code>\prec</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpreceq-675"><code>\preceq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprime-676"><code>\prime</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprod-677"><code>\prod</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpropto-678"><code>\propto</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cprotect-462"><code>\protect</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cps-1245"><code>\ps</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpsi-680"><code>\psi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cPsi-679"><code>\Psi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cpushtabs-351"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cput-319"><code>\put</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cquotedblbase-_0040r_007b_0028_0040quotedblbase_007b_007d_0029_007d-968"><code>\quotedblbase </code><span class="roman">(„)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cquotesinglbase-_0040r_007b_0028_0040quotesinglbase_007b_007d_0029_007d-969"><code>\quotesinglbase </code><span class="roman">(‚)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cr-_0040r_007b_0028ring-accent_0029_007d-1134"><code>\r </code><span class="roman">(ring accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craggedbottom-149"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craggedleft-259"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craggedright-251"><code>\raggedright</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005craisebox-911"><code>\raisebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crangle-681"><code>\rangle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crbrace-682"><code>\rbrace</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crbrack-683"><code>\rbrack</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crceil-684"><code>\rceil</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cRe-685"><code>\Re</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cref-183"><code>\ref</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crefstepcounter-483"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crenewenvironment-452"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crestorecr-401"><code>\restorecr</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005creversemarginpar-515"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>: <a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crfloor-686"><code>\rfloor</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crhd-687"><code>\rhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crho-688"><code>\rho</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cright-838"><code>\right</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightarrow-690"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cRightarrow-689"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightharpoondown-691"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightharpoonup-692"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightleftharpoons-693"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crightmargin-283"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crm-95"><code>\rm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crmfamily-58"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005croman-471"><code>\roman</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crq-973"><code>\rq</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005crule-1190"><code>\rule</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cS-976"><code>\S</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csavebox-912"><code>\savebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csbox-913"><code>\sbox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csc-97"><code>\sc</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cscriptsize-112"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cscshape-74"><code>\scshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csearrow-694"><code>\searrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csec-783"><code>\sec</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csection-168"><code>\section</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cseename-1219"><code>\seename</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cselectfont-133"><code>\selectfont</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csetcounter-479"><code>\setcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csetlength-489"><code>\setlength</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csetminus-695"><code>\setminus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csettodepth-493"><code>\settodepth</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csettoheight-494"><code>\settoheight</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csettowidth-495"><code>\settowidth</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csf-99"><code>\sf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csffamily-72"><code>\sffamily</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csharp-696"><code>\sharp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cshortstack-320"><code>\shortstack</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csigma-698"><code>\sigma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cSigma-697"><code>\Sigma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csignature-1247"><code>\signature</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csim-699"><code>\sim</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csimeq-700"><code>\simeq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csin-784"><code>\sin</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csinh-785"><code>\sinh</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csl-101"><code>\sl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cslshape-70"><code>\slshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmall-114"><code>\small</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmallint-701"><code>\smallint</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmallskip-897"><code>\smallskip</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmallskipamount-898"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csmile-702"><code>\smile</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cSPACE-882"><code>\SPACE</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cspadesuit-703"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqcap-704"><code>\sqcap</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqcup-705"><code>\sqcup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqrt_005b_0040var_007broot_007d_005d_0040_007barg_0040_007d-842"><code>\sqrt[</code><var>root</var><code>]{arg}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsubset-706"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsubseteq-707"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsupset-708"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csqsupseteq-709"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cSS-_0028SS_0029-1183"><code>\SS (SS)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005css-_0028_0040ss_007b_007d_0029-1182"><code>\ss (ß)</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstackrel_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d_0040_007b_0040var_007brelation_007d_0040_007d-843"><code>\stackrel{</code><var>text</var><code>}{</code><var>relation</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstar-710"><code>\star</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstartbreaks-1248"><code>\startbreaks</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstepcounter-484"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstop-1258"><code>\stop</code></a>: <a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cstopbreaks-1249"><code>\stopbreaks</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubparagraph-172"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubsection-169"><code>\subsection</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubset-711"><code>\subset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubseteq-712"><code>\subseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csubsubsection-170"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csucc-713"><code>\succ</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csucceq-714"><code>\succeq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csum-715"><code>\sum</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csup-786"><code>\sup</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csupset-716"><code>\supset</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csupseteq-717"><code>\supseteq</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csurd-718"><code>\surd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cswarrow-719"><code>\swarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005csymbol-927"><code>\symbol</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ct-_0040r_007b_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029_007d-1137"><code>\t </code><span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cTAB-883"><code>\TAB</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctabbingsep-352"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctabcolsep-363"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctableofcontents-1200"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>: <a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctan-787"><code>\tan</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctanh-788"><code>\tanh</code></a>: <a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctau-720"><code>\tau</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctelephone-1250"><code>\telephone</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cTeX-978"><code>\TeX</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextascenderwordmark-1014"><code>\textascenderwordmark</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextasciicircum-981"><code>\textasciicircum</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextasciitilde-984"><code>\textasciitilde</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextasteriskcentered-987"><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextbackslash-990"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextbar-992"><code>\textbar</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextbardbl-995"><code>\textbardbl</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextbf-65"><code>\textbf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextbigcircle-999"><code>\textbigcircle</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextbraceleft-1002"><code>\textbraceleft</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextbraceright-1005"><code>\textbraceright</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextbullet-1008"><code>\textbullet</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextcapitalwordmark-1013"><code>\textcapitalwordmark</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextcircled_0040_007b_0040var_007bletter_007d_0040_007d-1010"><code>\textcircled{</code><var>letter</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextcompwordmark-1012"><code>\textcompwordmark</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextcopyright-932"><code>\textcopyright</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextdagger-1018"><code>\textdagger</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextdaggerdbl-1020"><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextdollar-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0024_007d_0029_007d-1023"><code>\textdollar </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>$</code><span class="roman">)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextellipsis-955"><code>\textellipsis</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextemdash-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_002d_002d_002d_007d_0029_007d-1026"><code>\textemdash </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>---</code><span class="roman">)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextendash-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_002d_002d_007d_0029_007d-1028"><code>\textendash </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>--</code><span class="roman">)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctexteuro-1030"><code>\texteuro</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextexclamdown-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0021_0060_007d_0029_007d-1033"><code>\textexclamdown </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>!`</code><span class="roman">)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextfloatsep-244"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextfraction-245"><code>\textfraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextgreater-1035"><code>\textgreater</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextheight-161"><code>\textheight</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextit-59"><code>\textit</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextleftarrow-1039"><code>\textleftarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextless-1037"><code>\textless</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextmd-63"><code>\textmd</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextnormal-77"><code>\textnormal</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextordfeminine-1042"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextordmasculine-1043"><code>\textordmasculine</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextparagraph-961"><code>\textparagraph</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextperiodcentered-1050"><code>\textperiodcentered</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextquestiondown-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_003f_0060_007d_0029_007d-1053"><code>\textquestiondown </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>?`</code><span class="roman">)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextquotedblleft-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0060_0060_007d_0029_007d-1055"><code>\textquotedblleft </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>``</code><span class="roman">)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextquotedblright-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0027_007d_0029_007d-1058"><code>\textquotedblright </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>'</code><span class="roman">)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextquoteleft-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0060_007d_0029_007d-1061"><code>\textquoteleft </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>`</code><span class="roman">)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextquoteright-_0040r_007b_0028or-_0040code_007b_0027_007d_0029_007d-1064"><code>\textquoteright </code><span class="roman">(or </span><code>'</code><span class="roman">)</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextquotestraightbase-1067"><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextquotestraightdblbase-1068"><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextregistered-1073"><code>\textregistered</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextrightarrow-1075"><code>\textrightarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextrm-57"><code>\textrm</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextsc-73"><code>\textsc</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextsf-71"><code>\textsf</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextsl-69"><code>\textsl</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextsterling-965"><code>\textsterling</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextthreequartersemdash-1078"><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctexttrademark-1081"><code>\texttrademark</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctexttt-75"><code>\texttt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctexttwelveudash-1083"><code>\texttwelveudash</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextunderscore-1084"><code>\textunderscore</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextup-67"><code>\textup</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextvisiblespace-1086"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctextwidth-162"><code>\textwidth</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cTH-_0028_0040TH_007b_007d_0029-1187"><code>\TH ()</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cth-_0028_0040th_007b_007d_0029-1186"><code>\th ()</code></a>: <a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthanks_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-863"><code>\thanks{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctheta-721"><code>\theta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthicklines-315"><code>\thicklines</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthinlines-316"><code>\thinlines</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthinspace-886"><code>\thinspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cthispagestyle-877"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctilde-815"><code>\tilde</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctimes-722"><code>\times</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctiny-111"><code>\tiny</code></a>: <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctitle_0040_007b_0040var_007btext_007d_0040_007d-866"><code>\title{</code><var>text</var><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cto-723"><code>\to</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctoday-1191"><code>\today</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctop-724"><code>\top</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopfraction-246"><code>\topfraction</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopmargin-163"><code>\topmargin</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopsep-286"><code>\topsep</code></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctopskip-164"><code>\topskip</code></a>: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctotalheight-501"><code>\totalheight</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctriangle-725"><code>\triangle</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctriangleleft-726"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctriangleright-727"><code>\triangleright</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctt-104"><code>\tt</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cttfamily-76"><code>\ttfamily</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctwocolumn-138"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctypein-1253"><code>\typein</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005ctypeout-1254"><code>\typeout</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cu-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-1142"><code>\u </code><span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunboldmath-532"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunderbar-1145"><code>\underbar</code></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunderbrace_0040_007bmath_0040_007d-844"><code>\underbrace{math}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunderline_0040_007btext_0040_007d-845"><code>\underline{text}</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunitlength-304"><code>\unitlength</code></a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunlhd-728"><code>\unlhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cunrhd-729"><code>\unrhd</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cuparrow-731"><code>\uparrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cUparrow-730"><code>\Uparrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cupdownarrow-733"><code>\updownarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cUpdownarrow-732"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cuplus-734"><code>\uplus</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cupshape-68"><code>\upshape</code></a>: <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cupsilon-736"><code>\upsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cUpsilon-735"><code>\Upsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusebox-914"><code>\usebox</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusecounter-474"><code>\usecounter</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusefont-134"><code>\usefont</code></a>: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cusepackage-49"><code>\usepackage</code></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cv-_0040r_007b_0028breve-accent_0029_007d-1147"><code>\v </code><span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvalue-477"><code>\value</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarepsilon-737"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarphi-738"><code>\varphi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarpi-739"><code>\varpi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarrho-740"><code>\varrho</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvarsigma-741"><code>\varsigma</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvartheta-742"><code>\vartheta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvdash-743"><code>\vdash</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvdots-846"><code>\vdots</code></a>: <a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvec-817"><code>\vec</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvector-322"><code>\vector</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvee-744"><code>\vee</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cverb-389"><code>\verb</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvert-746"><code>\vert</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cVert-745"><code>\Vert</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvfill-899"><code>\vfill</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvline-367"><code>\vline</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cvspace-900"><code>\vspace</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwedge-747"><code>\wedge</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwidehat-819"><code>\widehat</code></a>: <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwidth-498"><code>\width</code></a>: <a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwp-748"><code>\wp</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cwr-749"><code>\wr</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cxi-751"><code>\xi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cXi-750"><code>\Xi</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005cyear-487"><code>\year</code></a>: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005czeta-752"><code>\zeta</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0040_007b-922"><code>\{</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_007c-542"><code>\|</code></a>: <a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_0040_007d-923"><code>\}</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_007e-925"><code>\~</code></a>: <a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005c_007e-_0040r_007b_0028tilde-accent_0029_007d-1113"><code>\~ </code><span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></a>: <a href="#Accents">Accents</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005e-538"><code>^</code></a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-g_t_005f-537"><code>_</code></a>: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-a4paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-24"><code>a4paper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-a5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-25"><code>a5paper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-abstract-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-192"><code>abstract </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#abstract">abstract</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-array-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-194"><code>array </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#array">array</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-article-_0040r_007bclass_007d-12"><code>article </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-b5paper-_0040r_007boption_007d-26"><code>b5paper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-book-_0040r_007bclass_007d-14"><code>book </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-center-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-199"><code>center </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#center">center</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-description-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-204"><code>description </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#description">description</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-524"><code>displaymath </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-displaymath-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-210"><code>displaymath </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-document-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-211"><code>document </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#document">document</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-draft-_0040r_007boption_007d-30"><code>draft </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-enumerate-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-212"><code>enumerate </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-eqnarray-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-224"><code>eqnarray </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-525"><code>equation </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-equation-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-232"><code>equation </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#equation">equation</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-executivepaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-27"><code>executivepaper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-figure-235"><code>figure</code></a>: <a href="#figure">figure</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-final-_0040r_007boption_007d-31"><code>final </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-fleqn-_0040r_007boption_007d-32"><code>fleqn </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-flushleft-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-247"><code>flushleft </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-flushright-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-255"><code>flushright </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-indexspace-1226"><code>indexspace</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-itemize-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-263"><code>itemize </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-landscape-_0040r_007boption_007d-33"><code>landscape </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-legalpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-28"><code>legalpaper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-leqno-_0040r_007boption_007d-34"><code>leqno </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-letter-289"><code>letter</code></a>: <a href="#letter">letter</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-letter-_0040r_007bclass_007d-15"><code>letter </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-letterpaper-_0040r_007boption_007d-29"><code>letterpaper </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-list-290"><code>list</code></a>: <a href="#list">list</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lR-box-305"><code>lR box</code></a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-lrbox-908"><code>lrbox</code></a>: <a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-523"><code>math </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-math-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-292"><code>math </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#math">math</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-minipage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-294"><code>minipage </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-notitlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-37"><code>notitlepage </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-onecolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-39"><code>onecolumn </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-oneside-_0040r_007boption_007d-41"><code>oneside </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-openany-_0040r_007boption_007d-44"><code>openany </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-openbib-_0040r_007boption_007d-35"><code>openbib </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-openright-_0040r_007boption_007d-43"><code>openright </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-picture-301"><code>picture</code></a>: <a href="#picture">picture</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-printindex-1224"><code>printindex</code></a>: <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-quotation-323"><code>quotation</code></a>: <a href="#quotation">quotation</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-quote-327"><code>quote</code></a>: <a href="#quote">quote</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-report-_0040r_007bclass_007d-13"><code>report </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-secnumdepth-_0040r_007bcounter_007d-176"><code>secnumdepth </code><span class="roman">counter</span></a>: <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-slides-_0040r_007bclass_007d-16"><code>slides </code><span class="roman">class</span></a>: <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-tabbing-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-331"><code>tabbing </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-table-353"><code>table</code></a>: <a href="#table">table</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-tabular-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-356"><code>tabular </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-textcomp-_0040r_007bpackage_007d-930"><code>textcomp </code><span class="roman">package</span></a>: <a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-thebibliography-368"><code>thebibliography</code></a>: <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-theorem-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-378"><code>theorem </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#theorem">theorem</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-titlepage-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-380"><code>titlepage </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-titlepage-_0040r_007boption_007d-36"><code>titlepage </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-twocolumn-_0040r_007boption_007d-40"><code>twocolumn </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-twoside-_0040r_007boption_007d-42"><code>twoside </code><span class="roman">option</span></a>: <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-verbatim-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-383"><code>verbatim </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></li> -<li><a href="#index-verse-_0040r_007benvironment_007d-392"><code>verse </code><span class="roman">environment</span></a>: <a href="#verse">verse</a></li> - </ul></body></html> +<div class="header"> +<p> +Previous: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Concept Index</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<a name="Command-Index-1"></a> +<h1 class="unnumbered">Command Index</h1> + +<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>1</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>@</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>\</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>^</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>_</b></a> + +<br> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> + +</td></tr></table> +<table class="index-fn" border="0"> +<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-1">$</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024"><code>$</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-2">1</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-3">@</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0040_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d"><code>@{...}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-4">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\" <span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0023"><code>\#</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0024"><code>\$</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0025"><code>\%</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028"><code>\(</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0029"><code>\)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002d"><code>\-</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"><code>\- <span class="roman">(hyphenation)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"><code>\. <span class="roman">(dot-over accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002f"><code>\/</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003a"><code>\:</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003b"><code>\;</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003c"><code>\<</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"><code>\= <span class="roman">(macron accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\> <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAT">\AT</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="roman">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa (å)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA (Å)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline_007bext_007d_007bunit_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddress"><code>\address</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"><code>\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtocounter"><code>\addtocounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">\addtocounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddtolength"><code>\addtolength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddtolength">\addtolength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddvspace"><code>\addvspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"><code>\ae (æ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"><code>\AE (Æ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caleph"><code>\aleph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calph"><code>\alph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph"><code>\Alph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAlph-example"><code>\Alph <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calpha"><code>\alpha</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005calsoname"><code>\alsoname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005camalg"><code>\amalg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"><code>\and <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cangle"><code>\angle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cappendix"><code>\appendix</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005capprox"><code>\approx</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carabic"><code>\arabic</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carccos"><code>\arccos</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carcsin"><code>\arcsin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carctan"><code>\arctan</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carg"><code>\arg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carraycolsep"><code>\arraycolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carrayrulewidth"><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005carraystretch"><code>\arraystretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cast"><code>\ast</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005casymp"><code>\asymp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cauthor_007bname-_005cand-name2_007d"><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a` <span class="roman">(grave accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\b <span class="roman">(bar-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash-1"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbegin"><code>\begin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbeta"><code>\beta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbf"><code>\bf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbfseries"><code>\bfseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap-1"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigodot"><code>\bigodot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigoplus"><code>\bigoplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigotimes"><code>\bigotimes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskip"><code>\bigskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigskipamount"><code>\bigskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigsqcup"><code>\bigsqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangledown"><code>\bigtriangledown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigtriangleup"><code>\bigtriangleup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbiguplus"><code>\biguplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigwedge"><code>\bigwedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbmod"><code>\bmod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cboldmath"><code>\boldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbot"><code>\bot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"><code>\bottomfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbowtie"><code>\bowtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cBox"><code>\Box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbreve"><code>\breve</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbullet"><code>\bullet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"><code>\c <span class="roman">(cedilla accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccal"><code>\cal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccap"><code>\cap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalacute"><code>\capitalacute</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalbreve"><code>\capitalbreve</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcaron"><code>\capitalcaron</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcedilla"><code>\capitalcedilla</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldieresis"><code>\capitaldieresis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalgrave"><code>\capitalgrave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalmacron"><code>\capitalmacron</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalnewtie"><code>\capitalnewtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalogonek"><code>\capitalogonek</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitalring"><code>\capitalring</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltie"><code>\capitaltie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccapitaltilde"><code>\capitaltilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccaption"><code>\caption</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccc"><code>\cc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccc">\cc</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdot"><code>\cdot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccdots"><code>\cdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccentering"><code>\centering</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchapter"><code>\chapter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccheck"><code>\check</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cchi"><code>\chi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccirc"><code>\circ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccircle"><code>\circle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccircle">\circle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccite"><code>\cite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccleardoublepage">\cleardoublepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage">\clearpage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclosing"><code>\closing</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclubsuit"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnsep"><code>\columnsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnseprule"><code>\columnseprule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccong"><code>\cong</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoprod"><code>\coprod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccopyright"><code>\copyright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccos"><code>\cos</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccosh"><code>\cosh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccot"><code>\cot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoth"><code>\coth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccsc"><code>\csc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccup"><code>\cup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"><code>\d <span class="roman">(dot-under accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdag"><code>\dag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdagger"><code>\dagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashbox"><code>\dashbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdashv"><code>\dashv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cday"><code>\day</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdblfloatsep"><code>\dblfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdbltopfraction"><code>\dbltopfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddag"><code>\ddag</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdepth"><code>\depth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdh-_0028ae_0029"><code>\dh (æ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDH-_0028AE_0029"><code>\DH (Æ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDiamond"><code>\Diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamond"><code>\diamond</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiamondsuit"><code>\diamondsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdim"><code>\dim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdisplaystyle"><code>\displaystyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdiv"><code>\div</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdotfill">\dotfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdots"><code>\dots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoublerulesep"><code>\doublerulesep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdownarrow"><code>\downarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDownarrow"><code>\Downarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cell"><code>\ell</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cem"><code>\em</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cemph"><code>\emph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cemptyset"><code>\emptyset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cencl"><code>\encl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cend"><code>\end</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenlargethispage"><code>\enlargethispage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumi"><code>\enumi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumii"><code>\enumii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumiii"><code>\enumiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cenumiv"><code>\enumiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cepsilon"><code>\epsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cequiv"><code>\equiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ceta"><code>\eta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cevensidemargin"><code>\evensidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxsep-1"><code>\fboxsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfill"><code>\fill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflat"><code>\flat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><code>\floatpagefraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfloatsep"><code>\floatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol"><code>\fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"><code>\fnsymbol<span class="roman">, and footnotes</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbolic-footnotes">Symbolic footnotes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontencoding"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontfamily"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontseries"><code>\fontseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontshape"><code>\fontshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontsize"><code>\fontsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnote"><code>\footnote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotemark"><code>\footnotemark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnoterule"><code>\footnoterule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesep"><code>\footnotesep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnote-parameters">Footnote parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotesize"><code>\footnotesize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootnotetext"><code>\footnotetext</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">\footnotetext</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfootskip"><code>\footskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cforall"><code>\forall</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac"><code>\frac</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrac_007bnum_007d_007bden_007d"><code>\frac{num}{den}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframe"><code>\frame</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cframebox-1"><code>\framebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">\fbox and \framebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfrown"><code>\frown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfussy"><code>\fussy</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfussy">\fussy</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cGamma"><code>\Gamma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgamma"><code>\gamma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgcd"><code>\gcd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cge"><code>\ge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgeq"><code>\geq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgets"><code>\gets</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgg"><code>\gg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossary"><code>\glossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cglossaryentry"><code>\glossaryentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cgrave"><code>\grave</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(«)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(»)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(‹)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(›)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\H <span class="roman">(Hungarian umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chat"><code>\hat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chbar"><code>\hbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadheight"><code>\headheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheadsep"><code>\headsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheartsuit"><code>\heartsuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cheight"><code>\height</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chfill"><code>\hfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chline"><code>\hline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chline">\hline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chom"><code>\hom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookleftarrow"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chookrightarrow"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chrulefill"><code>\hrulefill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill">\hrulefill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chspace"><code>\hspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chuge"><code>\huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"><code>\ij (ij)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude">\include</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludeonly"><code>\includeonly</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludeonly">\includeonly</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindent"><code>\indent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindex"><code>\index</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cindexentry"><code>\indexentry</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinf"><code>\inf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinfty"><code>\infty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinput"><code>\input</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cint"><code>\int</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cintextsep"><code>\intextsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciota"><code>\iota</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cit"><code>\it</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-1"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citem-2"><code>\item</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemindent"><code>\itemindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citemsep"><code>\itemsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cJoin"><code>\Join</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"><code>\k <span class="roman">(ogonek)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cker"><code>\ker</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l (ł)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L (Ł)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumi"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumii"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiii"><code>\labelenumiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumiv"><code>\labelenumiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemi"><code>\labelitemi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemii"><code>\labelitemii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiii"><code>\labelitemiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelitemiv"><code>\labelitemiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelsep"><code>\labelsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelwidth"><code>\labelwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLambda"><code>\Lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clambda"><code>\lambda</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cland"><code>\land</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clangle"><code>\langle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clarge"><code>\large</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLarge"><code>\Large</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLARGE"><code>\LARGE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeX"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrack"><code>\lbrack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clceil"><code>\lceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cldots"><code>\ldots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cle"><code>\le</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleadsto"><code>\leadsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleft-delim1-_002e_002e_002e-_005cright-delim2"><code>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLeftarrow"><code>\Leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftarrow"><code>\leftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clefteqn"><code>\lefteqn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoondown"><code>\leftharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftharpoonup"><code>\leftharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargin"><code>\leftmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmargini"><code>\leftmargini</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginii"><code>\leftmarginii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiii"><code>\leftmarginiii</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginiv"><code>\leftmarginiv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginv"><code>\leftmarginv</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftmarginvi"><code>\leftmarginvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLeftrightarrow"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleftrightarrow"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cleq"><code>\leq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clfloor"><code>\lfloor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clg"><code>\lg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clhd"><code>\lhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clim"><code>\lim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005climinf"><code>\liminf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005climsup"><code>\limsup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinebreak"><code>\linebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinespread"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clnot"><code>\lnot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongmapsto"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongrightarrow"><code>\longrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clor"><code>\lor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clq"><code>\lq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox"><code>\makebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox">\makebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><code>\makebox (picture)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeglossary"><code>\makeglossary</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakeindex"><code>\makeindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmakelabels"><code>\makelabels</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmaketitle"><code>\maketitle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmapsto"><code>\mapsto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginpar"><code>\marginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparpush"><code>\marginparpush</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparsep"><code>\marginparsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarginparwidth"><code>\marginparwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_007d_007bright_007d"><code>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathbf"><code>\mathbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathcal"><code>\mathcal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathnormal"><code>\mathnormal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathrm"><code>\mathrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmax"><code>\max</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmbox"><code>\mbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox">\mbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmdseries"><code>\mdseries</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmin"><code>\min</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmodels"><code>\models</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmonth"><code>\month</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmp"><code>\mp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmu"><code>\mu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmulticolumn"><code>\multicolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">\multicolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmultiput"><code>\multiput</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmultiput">\multiput</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnabla"><code>\nabla</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cname"><code>\name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cname">\name</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnatural"><code>\natural</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cne"><code>\ne</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcommand"><code>\newcommand</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand & \renewcommand</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewcounter"><code>\newcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewenvironment"><code>\newenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewfont"><code>\newfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewlength"><code>\newlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewline"><code>\newline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNEWLINE"><code>\NEWLINE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewpage"><code>\newpage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnocite"><code>\nocite</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnofiles"><code>\nofiles</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnoindent"><code>\noindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnoindent">\noindent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnolinebreak"><code>\nolinebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak & \nolinebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnonumber"><code>\nonumber</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnopagebreak"><code>\nopagebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalfont"><code>\normalfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalmarginpar"><code>\normalmarginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnormalsize"><code>\normalsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o (ø)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O (Ø)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cobeycr"><code>\obeycr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coddsidemargin"><code>\oddsidemargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005codot"><code>\odot</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"><code>\oe (œ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"><code>\OE (Œ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coint"><code>\oint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOmega"><code>\Omega</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005comega"><code>\omega</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cominus"><code>\ominus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005conecolumn"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copening"><code>\opening</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coplus"><code>\oplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cotimes"><code>\otimes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coval"><code>\oval</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverbrace_007btext_007d"><code>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cowns"><code>\owns</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cP"><code>\P</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagebreak"><code>\pagebreak</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagenumbering"><code>\pagenumbering</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpageref"><code>\pageref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpagestyle"><code>\pagestyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparagraph"><code>\paragraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparallel"><code>\parallel</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparbox"><code>\parbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparindent-1"><code>\parindent</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent">\indent</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparsep"><code>\parsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip"><code>\parskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparskip">\parskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cparskip-example"><code>\parskip <span class="roman">example</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpart"><code>\part</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartial"><code>\partial</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpartopsep"><code>\partopsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cperp"><code>\perp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cphi"><code>\phi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPi"><code>\Pi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpi"><code>\pi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpm"><code>\pm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpmod"><code>\pmod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpoptabs-1"><code>\poptabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpounds"><code>\pounds</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPr"><code>\Pr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cps"><code>\ps</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPsi"><code>\Psi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpushtabs"><code>\pushtabs</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cput"><code>\put</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cput">\put</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(„)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(‚)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"><code>\r <span class="roman">(ring accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedbottom"><code>\raggedbottom</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">\raggedbottom</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedleft"><code>\raggedleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craggedright"><code>\raggedright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005craisebox"><code>\raisebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craisebox">\raisebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crangle"><code>\rangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crbrace"><code>\rbrace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crbrack"><code>\rbrack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr & \restorecr</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creversemarginpar"><code>\reversemarginpar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crfloor"><code>\rfloor</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crhd"><code>\rhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crho"><code>\rho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cright"><code>\right</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRightarrow"><code>\Rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightarrow"><code>\rightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoondown"><code>\rightharpoondown</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightharpoonup"><code>\rightharpoonup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightleftharpoons"><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crightmargin"><code>\rightmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crm"><code>\rm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crmfamily"><code>\rmfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman"><code>\roman</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005croman-1"><code>\roman</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crq"><code>\rq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crule"><code>\rule</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cS"><code>\S</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csavebox"><code>\savebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csavebox">\savebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csbox"><code>\sbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox">\sbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csc"><code>\sc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscriptsize"><code>\scriptsize</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cscshape"><code>\scshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csearrow"><code>\searrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csec"><code>\sec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csection"><code>\section</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cseename"><code>\seename</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cselectfont"><code>\selectfont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetcounter"><code>\setcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetlength"><code>\setlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csetminus"><code>\setminus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettodepth"><code>\settodepth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettoheight"><code>\settoheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csettowidth"><code>\settowidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csf"><code>\sf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csffamily"><code>\sffamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csharp"><code>\sharp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSigma"><code>\Sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csigma"><code>\sigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csignature"><code>\signature</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csim"><code>\sim</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csimeq"><code>\simeq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csin"><code>\sin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csinh"><code>\sinh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csl"><code>\sl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cslshape"><code>\slshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmall"><code>\small</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallint"><code>\smallint</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskip"><code>\smallskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE"><code>\SPACE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcup"><code>\sqcup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqrt_005broot_005d_007barg_007d"><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubset"><code>\sqsubset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsubseteq"><code>\sqsubseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupset"><code>\sqsupset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqsupseteq"><code>\sqsupseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"><code>\ss (ß)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"><code>\SS (SS)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstackrel_007btext_007d_007brelation_007d"><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstartbreaks"><code>\startbreaks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstartbreaks">\startbreaks</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstopbreaks"><code>\stopbreaks</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstopbreaks">\stopbreaks</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucceq"><code>\succeq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csum"><code>\sum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csup"><code>\sup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csupset"><code>\supset</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csupseteq"><code>\supseteq</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csurd"><code>\surd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cswarrow"><code>\swarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csymbol"><code>\symbol</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"><code>\t <span class="roman">(tie-after accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTAB"><code>\TAB</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tables-of-contents">Tables of contents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctan"><code>\tan</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctanh"><code>\tanh</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctelephone"><code>\telephone</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTeX"><code>\TeX</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextascenderwordmark"><code>\textascenderwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciicircum"><code>\textasciicircum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasciitilde"><code>\textasciitilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbackslash"><code>\textbackslash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbar"><code>\textbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbardbl"><code>\textbardbl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbf"><code>\textbf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbigcircle"><code>\textbigcircle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceleft"><code>\textbraceleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbraceright"><code>\textbraceright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextbullet"><code>\textbullet</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcapitalwordmark"><code>\textcapitalwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcompwordmark"><code>\textcompwordmark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextcopyright"><code>\textcopyright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdagger"><code>\textdagger</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_0024_0029"><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>$</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextellipsis"><code>\textellipsis</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexteuro"><code>\texteuro</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextgreater"><code>\textgreater</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextit"><code>\textit</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextleftarrow"><code>\textleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextless"><code>\textless</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextmd"><code>\textmd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextnormal"><code>\textnormal</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine-1"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordmasculine"><code>\textordmasculine</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextparagraph"><code>\textparagraph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextperiodcentered"><code>\textperiodcentered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextregistered"><code>\textregistered</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrightarrow"><code>\textrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextrm"><code>\textrm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsc"><code>\textsc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsf"><code>\textsf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsl"><code>\textsl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextsterling"><code>\textsterling</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttrademark"><code>\texttrademark</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttt"><code>\texttt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexttwelveudash"><code>\texttwelveudash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextunderscore"><code>\textunderscore</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextup"><code>\textup</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextvisiblespace"><code>\textvisiblespace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextwidth"><code>\textwidth</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"><code>\th (þ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"><code>\TH (Þ)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctheta"><code>\theta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthicklines"><code>\thicklines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthicklines">\thicklines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinlines"><code>\thinlines</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinlines">\thinlines</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthinspace"><code>\thinspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace">\thinspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cthispagestyle"><code>\thispagestyle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">\thispagestyle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctilde"><code>\tilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctimes"><code>\times</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctiny"><code>\tiny</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cto"><code>\to</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctoday"><code>\today</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctop"><code>\top</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopfraction"><code>\topfraction</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopmargin"><code>\topmargin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopsep"><code>\topsep</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctopskip"><code>\topskip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctotalheight"><code>\totalheight</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangle"><code>\triangle</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleleft"><code>\triangleleft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctriangleright"><code>\triangleright</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctt"><code>\tt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cttfamily"><code>\ttfamily</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctwocolumn"><code>\twocolumn</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypein"><code>\typein</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctypeout"><code>\typeout</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\u <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunboldmath"><code>\unboldmath</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbar"><code>\underbar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"><code>\underbrace{math}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"><code>\underline{text}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunitlength"><code>\unitlength</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunlhd"><code>\unlhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cunrhd"><code>\unrhd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUparrow"><code>\Uparrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cuparrow"><code>\uparrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUpdownarrow"><code>\Updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupdownarrow"><code>\updownarrow</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cuplus"><code>\uplus</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupshape"><code>\upshape</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUpsilon"><code>\Upsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cupsilon"><code>\upsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusebox"><code>\usebox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusefont"><code>\usefont</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\v <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvalue"><code>\value</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarepsilon"><code>\varepsilon</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarphi"><code>\varphi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarpi"><code>\varpi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots-1"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvector"><code>\vector</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvee"><code>\vee</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cverb"><code>\verb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cVert"><code>\Vert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvert"><code>\vert</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvline"><code>\vline</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat-1"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidth"><code>\width</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Predefined-lengths">Predefined lengths</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">\day \month \year</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005b"><code>\[</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-array_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>array</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>center</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>flushleft</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-letters"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for letters</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>tabular</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-verse"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>verse</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\author</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"><code>\\ <span class="roman">for <code>\title</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"><code>\\ <span class="roman">force line break</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\* (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005d"><code>\]</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e"><code>\^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"><code>\^ <span class="roman">(circumflex accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005f"><code>\_</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"><code>\` <span class="roman">(grave accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007b"><code>\{</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007c"><code>\|</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007d"><code>\}</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-5">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e"><code>^</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_symbol-6">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts & superscripts</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code>abstract <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-array-environment"><code>array <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book-class"><code>book <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-center-environment"><code>center <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code>description <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment"><code>displaymath <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-displaymath-environment-1"><code>displaymath <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code>document <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code>enumerate <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code>eqnarray <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code>equation <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code>equation <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure"><code>figure</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fleqn-option"><code>fleqn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushleft-environment"><code>flushleft <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code>flushright <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexspace"><code>indexspace</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code>itemize <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-legalpaper-option"><code>legalpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leqno-option"><code>leqno <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter"><code>letter</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#letter">letter</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letter-class"><code>letter <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-letterpaper-option"><code>letterpaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-list"><code>list</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lR-box"><code>lR box</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment"><code>math <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-environment-1"><code>math <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code>minipage <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-onecolumn-option"><code>onecolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oneside-option"><code>oneside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openany-option"><code>openany <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openbib-option"><code>openbib <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-picture"><code>picture</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-printindex"><code>printindex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation"><code>quotation</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation">quotation</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quote"><code>quote</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#quote">quote</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code>tabbing <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table"><code>table</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code>tabular <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp <span class="roman">package</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thebibliography"><code>thebibliography</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code>theorem <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twoside-option"><code>twoside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +<tr><th><a name="Command-Index_fn_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code>verbatim <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verse-environment"><code>verse <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> +</table> +<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-2"><b>1</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-3"><b>@</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-4"><b>\</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-5"><b>^</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_symbol-6"><b>_</b></a> + +<br> +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-A"><b>A</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-B"><b>B</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-C"><b>C</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-D"><b>D</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-E"><b>E</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-F"><b>F</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-I"><b>I</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-L"><b>L</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-M"><b>M</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-N"><b>N</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-O"><b>O</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-P"><b>P</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-R"><b>R</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-S"><b>S</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-T"><b>T</b></a> + +<a class="summary-letter" href="#Command-Index_fn_letter-V"><b>V</b></a> + +</td></tr></table> + +<hr> +<p> + +</p> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf Binary files differindex b20b27703af..2b09e7c4a01 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.pdf diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi index b70996d1b16..4b90945f28f 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ \input texinfo -@c $Id: latex2e.texi 255 2010-07-12 17:37:55Z karl $ +@c $Id: latex2e.texi 257 2010-09-04 02:03:07Z karl $ @comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) @setfilename latex2e.info @set UPDATED July 2010 @@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: @menu * abstract:: Produce an abstract. * array:: Math arrays. -* center:: Centred lines. +* center:: Centered lines. * description:: Labelled lists. * displaymath:: Formulas that appear on their own line. * document:: Enclose the whole document. @@ -2236,7 +2236,7 @@ environment. The following commands can be used inside a @code{tabbing} enviroment: @ftable @code -@item \\ @r{tabbing} +@item \\ @r{(tabbing)} End a line. @item \= @r{(tabbing)} @@ -2415,8 +2415,8 @@ A column of left-aligned items. @item r A column of right-aligned items. -@item -A column of centred items. +@item c +A column of centered items. @item | A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. @@ -3816,6 +3816,12 @@ In two column mode, the default is @samp{48pt}. @end ftable +The standard @LaTeX{} routine for marginal notes does not prevent +notes from falling off the bottom of the page. +@c @TeX{} FAQ entry on this topic (xx when there): +@c @url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=marginparside}. +@c (+marginfix) + @node Math formulas @chapter Math formulas @@ -6785,8 +6791,7 @@ The @code{beamer} class creates slides presentations. @url{http://tug.org/TUGboat}. @verbatim -\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings - +\documentclass{ltugboat} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{ifpdf} \ifpdf @@ -6796,9 +6801,7 @@ The @code{beamer} class creates slides presentations. \usepackage{url} \fi -\begin{document} - -\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article} +\title{Example \TUB\ Article} % repeat info for each author. \author{First Last} @@ -6808,7 +6811,8 @@ The @code{beamer} class creates slides presentations. \maketitle -% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat. +\begin{document} + \begin{abstract} This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. \end{abstract} @@ -6818,26 +6822,26 @@ This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref -package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced -using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays. +We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the +hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others: {\small \begin{verbatim} \AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW -\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML -\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe -\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas +\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML +\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \LaTeXe +\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas \PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS -\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG -\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE +\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG \tug +\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE \Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag \careof \thinskip -\acro{FRED} -> {\sc fred} % please use! +\acro{FRED} -> {\small fred} % please use! \cs{fred} -> \fred \env{fred} -> \begin{fred} \meta{fred} -> <fred> @@ -6857,8 +6861,7 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. \nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty \bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX - -\makesignature % not in ltugproc +\makesignature \end{document} @end verbatim diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt index 1445a1b7266..8c9a6e28506 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.txt @@ -1,246 +1,3 @@ -Short Contents -************** - -LaTeX2e -1 Overview of LaTeX -2 Starting & ending -3 Document classes -4 Typefaces -5 Layout -6 Sectioning -7 Cross references -8 Environments -9 Line breaking -10 Page breaking -11 Footnotes -12 Definitions -13 Counters -14 Lengths -15 Making paragraphs -16 Math formulas -17 Modes -18 Page styles -19 Spaces -20 Boxes -21 Special insertions -22 Splitting the input -23 Front/back matter -24 Letters -25 Terminal input/output -26 Command line -Appendix A Document templates -Concept Index -Command Index - - -Table of Contents -***************** - -LaTeX2e -1 Overview of LaTeX -2 Starting & ending -3 Document classes - 3.1 Document class options -4 Typefaces - 4.1 Font styles - 4.2 Font sizes - 4.3 Low-level font commands -5 Layout - 5.1 `\onecolumn' - 5.2 `\twocolumn' - 5.3 `\flushbottom' - 5.4 `\raggedbottom' - 5.5 Page layout parameters -6 Sectioning -7 Cross references - 7.1 `\label' - 7.2 `\pageref{KEY}' - 7.3 `\ref{KEY}' -8 Environments - 8.1 `abstract' - 8.2 `array' - 8.3 `center' - 8.3.1 `\centering' - 8.4 `description' - 8.5 `displaymath' - 8.6 `document' - 8.7 `enumerate' - 8.8 `eqnarray' - 8.9 `equation' - 8.10 `figure' - 8.11 `flushleft' - 8.11.1 `\raggedright' - 8.12 `flushright' - 8.12.1 `\raggedleft' - 8.13 `itemize' - 8.14 `letter' environment: writing letters - 8.15 `list' - 8.16 `math' - 8.17 `minipage' - 8.18 `picture' - 8.18.1 `\circle' - 8.18.2 `\makebox' - 8.18.3 `\framebox' - 8.18.4 `\dashbox' - 8.18.5 `\frame' - 8.18.6 `\line' - 8.18.7 `\linethickness' - 8.18.8 `\thicklines' - 8.18.9 `\thinlines' - 8.18.10 `\multiput' - 8.18.11 `\oval' - 8.18.12 `\put' - 8.18.13 `\shortstack' - 8.18.14 `\vector' - 8.19 `quotation' - 8.20 `quote' - 8.21 `tabbing' - 8.22 `table' - 8.23 `tabular' - 8.23.1 `\multicolumn' - 8.23.2 `\cline' - 8.23.3 `\hline' - 8.23.4 `\vline' - 8.24 `thebibliography' - 8.24.1 `\bibitem' - 8.24.2 `\cite' - 8.24.3 `\nocite' - 8.24.4 Using BibTeX - 8.25 `theorem' - 8.26 `titlepage' - 8.27 `verbatim' - 8.27.1 `\verb' - 8.28 `verse' -9 Line breaking - 9.1 `\\'[*][MORESPACE] - 9.2 `\obeycr' & `\restorecr' - 9.3 `\newline' - 9.4 `\-' (discretionary hyphen) - 9.5 `\fussy' - 9.6 `\sloppy' - 9.7 `\hyphenation' - 9.8 `\linebreak' & `\nolinebreak' -10 Page breaking - 10.1 `\cleardoublepage' - 10.2 `\clearpage' - 10.3 `\newpage' - 10.4 `\enlargethispage' - 10.5 `\pagebreak' & `\nopagebreak' -11 Footnotes - 11.1 `\footnote' - 11.2 `\footnotemark' - 11.3 `\footnotetext' - 11.4 Symbolic footnotes - 11.5 Footnote parameters -12 Definitions - 12.1 `\newcommand' & `\renewcommand' - 12.2 `\newcounter' - 12.3 `\newlength' - 12.4 `\newsavebox' - 12.5 `\newenvironment' & `\renewenvironment' - 12.6 `\newtheorem' - 12.7 `\newfont' - 12.8 `\protect' -13 Counters - 13.1 `\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters - 13.2 `\usecounter{COUNTER}' - 13.3 `\value{COUNTER}' - 13.4 `\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' - 13.5 `\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' - 13.6 `\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' - 13.7 `\stepcounter{COUNTER}' - 13.8 `\day \month \year': Predefined counters -14 Lengths - 14.1 `\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' - 14.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} - 14.3 `\settodepth' - 14.4 `\settoheight' - 14.5 `\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' - 14.6 Predefined lengths -15 Making paragraphs - 15.1 `\indent' - 15.2 `\noindent' - 15.3 `\parskip' - 15.4 Marginal notes -16 Math formulas - 16.1 Subscripts & superscripts - 16.2 Math symbols - 16.3 Math functions - 16.4 Math accents - 16.5 Spacing in math mode - 16.6 Math miscellany -17 Modes -18 Page styles - 18.1 `\maketitle' - 18.2 `\pagenumbering' - 18.3 `\pagestyle' - 18.4 `\thispagestyle{STYLE}' -19 Spaces - 19.1 `\hspace' - 19.2 `\hfill' - 19.3 `\SPACE' - 19.4 `\@' - 19.5 `\thinspace' - 19.6 `\/' - 19.7 `\hrulefill' - 19.8 `\dotfill' - 19.9 `\addvspace' - 19.10 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' - 19.11 `\vfill' - 19.12 `\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' -20 Boxes - 20.1 `\mbox{TEXT}' - 20.2 `\fbox' and `\framebox' - 20.3 `lrbox' - 20.4 `\makebox' - 20.5 `\parbox' - 20.6 `\raisebox' - 20.7 `\savebox' - 20.8 `\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' - 20.9 `\usebox{\BOXCMD' -21 Special insertions - 21.1 Reserved characters - 21.2 Text symbols - 21.3 Accents - 21.4 Non-English characters - 21.5 `\rule' - 21.6 `\today' -22 Splitting the input - 22.1 `\include' - 22.2 \`includeonly' - 22.3 \input -23 Front/back matter - 23.1 Tables of contents - 23.1.1 \addcontentsline - 23.1.2 \addtocontents - 23.2 Glossaries - 23.3 Indexes -24 Letters - 24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} - 24.2 `\cc' - 24.3 `\closing' - 24.4 `\encl' - 24.5 `\location' - 24.6 `\makelabels' - 24.7 `\name' - 24.8 `\opening{TEXT}' - 24.9 `\ps' - 24.10 `\signature{TEXT}' - 24.11 `\startbreaks' - 24.12 `\stopbreaks' - 24.13 `\telephone' -25 Terminal input/output - 25.1 `\typein[CMD]{MSG}' - 25.2 `\typeout{MSG}' -26 Command line -Appendix A Document templates - A.1 `book' template - A.2 `beamer' template - A.3 `tugboat' template -Concept Index -Command Index - - LaTeX2e ******* @@ -249,11 +6,11 @@ preparation system, version as of July 2010. It is intended to cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years. LaTeX is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's TeX -typesetting program. LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport; -it is now maintained by a group of volunteers -(`http://latex-project.org'). The official documentation written by -the LaTeX project is available there. Again, the present document is -unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. +typesetting program. LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it +is now maintained by a group of volunteers (`http://latex-project.org'). +The official documentation written by the LaTeX project is available +there. Again, the present document is unofficial and has not been +reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. 1 Overview of LaTeX ******************* @@ -287,10 +44,10 @@ three files as output: 3. An "auxiliary" or `.aux' file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for things such as sectioning. - A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a -`\' followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single -non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, `[]', are optional -while arguments contained in braces, `{}', are required. + A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a `\' +followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. +Arguments contained in square brackets, `[]', are optional while +arguments contained in braces, `{}', are required. LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise. @@ -309,9 +66,8 @@ where the CLASS is a valid document class for LaTeX. *Note Document classes::, for details of the various document classes available locally. - You may include other LaTeX commands between the `\documentclass' -and the `\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the -"preamble"). + You may include other LaTeX commands between the `\documentclass' and +the `\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the "preamble"). 3 Document classes ****************** @@ -320,8 +76,8 @@ The class of a given document is defined with the command: \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS} -The `\documentclass' command must be the first command in a LaTeX -source file. +The `\documentclass' command must be the first command in a LaTeX source +file. Built-in LaTeX document CLASS names are (many other document classes are available as add-ons; *note Overview::): @@ -390,16 +146,16 @@ paper size (default is `letterpaper'): page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, - `\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between `\paperwidth' - and `\textwidth' with `\evensidemargin' the remainder. + `\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between `\paperwidth' and + `\textwidth' with `\evensidemargin' the remainder. `openright' `openany' Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is `openright' for book. - The `slides' class offers the option `clock' for printing the time -at the bottom of each note. + The `slides' class offers the option `clock' for printing the time at +the bottom of each note. Additional packages are loaded like this: @@ -408,8 +164,8 @@ at the bottom of each note. To specify more than one PKG, you can separate them with a comma, or use multiple `\usepackage' commands. - Any options given in the `\documentclass' command that are unknown -by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with + Any options given in the `\documentclass' command that are unknown by +the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with `\usepackage'. 4 Typefaces @@ -525,17 +281,16 @@ differently than the above commands, too: `{\CMD ...}' instead of `\tt' Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). - 4.2 Font sizes ============== The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The -table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size -used (in points) with the `10pt', `11pt', and `12pt' document size -options, respectively (*note Document class options::). +table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used +(in points) with the `10pt', `11pt', and `12pt' document size options, +respectively (*note Document class options::). Command `10pt' `11pt' `12pt' --------------------------------------------------- +-------------------------------------------------- `\tiny' 5 6 6 `\scriptsize' 7 8 8 `\footnotesize' 8 9 10 @@ -547,9 +302,9 @@ Command `10pt' `11pt' `12pt' `\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88 `\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88 - The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of -the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end -of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these + The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of the +declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of +the current group. You can also use the environment form of these commands; for instance, `\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. 4.3 Low-level font commands @@ -633,7 +388,6 @@ ones. and `\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by `\selectfont'. - 5 Layout ******** @@ -662,14 +416,13 @@ typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. The distance between columns (35pt by default). `\columnseprule' - The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so - there is no rule. + The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there + is no rule. `\columnwidth' The width of the current column; this is equal to `\textwidth' in single-column text. - These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: `\dbltopfraction' @@ -690,7 +443,6 @@ typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page and the main text. Default `20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. - 5.3 `\flushbottom' ================== @@ -715,14 +467,14 @@ the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. size. `\headsep' - Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the - top of the main text. Default is `25pt', except in the `book' - class, where it varies with the type size. + Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top + of the main text. Default is `25pt', except in the `book' class, + where it varies with the type size. `\footskip' - Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the - baseline of the page footer. Default is `30pt', except in the - `book' class, where it varies with the type size. + Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline + of the page footer. Default is `30pt', except in the `book' class, + where it varies with the type size. `\linewidth' Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, @@ -734,8 +486,8 @@ the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with the font size, document class, etc. For an `article' or `report' document in `10pt', it's set to `43\baselineskip'; for - `book', it's `41\baselineskip'. For `11pt', it's - `38\baselineskip' and for `12pt', `36\baselineskip'. + `book', it's `41\baselineskip'. For `11pt', it's `38\baselineskip' + and for `12pt', `36\baselineskip'. `\textwidth' The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as @@ -747,14 +499,13 @@ the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed based on many other parameters: `\paperheight - 2in - - \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then - divided by two. + \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then divided + by two. `\topskip' Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline - of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default - is the same as the font size, e.g., `10pt' at `10pt'. - + of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is + the same as the font size, e.g., `10pt' at `10pt'. 6 Sectioning ************ @@ -792,15 +543,15 @@ To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument TOCTITLE that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. Also, all sectioning commands have `*'-forms that print TITLE as -usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the -table of contents. For instance: +usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table +of contents. For instance: \section*{Preamble} - The `\appendix' command changes the way following sectional units -are numbered. The `\appendix' command itself generates no text and -does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command -is something like + The `\appendix' command changes the way following sectional units are +numbered. The `\appendix' command itself generates no text and does not +affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is +something like \chapter{A Chapter} ... @@ -928,8 +679,8 @@ that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows: Column entries are separated by `&'. Column entries may include other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array is terminated with `\\'. - In the template, the construct `@{TEXT}' puts TEXT between columns -in each row. + In the template, the construct `@{TEXT}' puts TEXT between columns in +each row. Here's an example: @@ -965,10 +716,10 @@ current page. Each line is terminated with the string `\\'. ------------------ The `\centering' declaration corresponds to the `center' environment. -This declaration can be used inside an environment such as `quote' or -in a `parbox'. Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on -the page by putting a `\centering' command at the beginning of the -figure or table environment. +This declaration can be used inside an environment such as `quote' or in +a `parbox'. Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on the +page by putting a `\centering' command at the beginning of the figure or +table environment. Unlike the `center' environment, the `\centering' command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph @@ -1024,8 +775,8 @@ or MATH text on its own line, centered by default. The global `fleqn' option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::. - No equation number is added to `displaymath' text; to get an -equation number, use the `equation' environment (*note equation::). + No equation number is added to `displaymath' text; to get an equation +number, use the `equation' environment (*note equation::). 8.6 `document' ============== @@ -1083,13 +834,13 @@ letters: ... \end{eqnarray} - The `eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of -equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column `array' + The `eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of equations +or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column `array' environment, with consecutive rows separated by `\\' and consecutive items within a row separated by an `&'. - `\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal -meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. + `\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning +of not allowing a page break at that line. An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a `\nonumber' command. Alternatively, The `*'-form of the environment @@ -1154,7 +905,6 @@ put a float: (Page of floats)--on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats. - The standard report and article classes use the default placement `tbp'. @@ -1178,8 +928,8 @@ the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::). `\intextsep' Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; - default `12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' and `11pt' styles, - `14pt plus4pt minus4pt' for `12pt'. + default `12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' and `11pt' styles, `14pt + plus4pt minus4pt' for `12pt'. `\textfloatsep' Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; @@ -1194,7 +944,6 @@ the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::). Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before floats; default is `.7'. - 8.11 `flushleft' ================ @@ -1212,8 +961,8 @@ right Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'. --------------------- The `\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the `flushleft' -environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such -as `quote' or in a `parbox'. +environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as +`quote' or in a `parbox'. Unlike the `flushleft' environment, the `\raggedright' command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph @@ -1238,8 +987,8 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'. -------------------- The `\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the `flushright' -environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such -as `quote' or in a `parbox'. +environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as +`quote' or in a `parbox'. Unlike the `flushright' environment, the `\raggedleft' command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph @@ -1260,11 +1009,11 @@ Synopsis: The `itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. -They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, -such as `enumerate' (*note enumerate::). +They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such +as `enumerate' (*note enumerate::). - Each item of an `itemize' list begins with an `\item' command. -There must be at least one `\item' command within the environment. + Each item of an `itemize' list begins with an `\item' command. There +must be at least one `\item' command within the environment. By default, the marks at each level look like this: @@ -1315,7 +1064,6 @@ greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: `quotation', and `verse' environments, where it is set equal to `\leftmargin'. - Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather loose, by default). @@ -1340,7 +1088,6 @@ loose, by default). documents, `3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for `11pt', and `3pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `12pt'. - Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an `itemize*' environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs @@ -1374,8 +1121,8 @@ documents, but often in macros. The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to `\item'). This -argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the -label. It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. +argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. +It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be @@ -1428,11 +1175,11 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. ... PICTURE COMMANDS ... \end{picture} - The `picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind -of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You -tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their -coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point -and a minus sign--a number like `5', `0.3' or `-3.1416'. A coordinate + The `picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind of +picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell +LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their +coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and +a minus sign--a number like `5', `0.3' or `-3.1416'. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length `\unitlength', so if `\unitlength' has been set to `1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. You should only change the value of @@ -1462,16 +1209,16 @@ For example, if `\unitlength' has been set to `1mm', the command produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right -corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a -picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin -at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by -shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument. +corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, +you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the +lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting +everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument. The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of -the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture -really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the -picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by -LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it. +the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really +is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or +even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in +determining how much room to leave for it. Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the `\put' command. The command @@ -1509,8 +1256,8 @@ solid circle. normal `\makebox' command except that you must specify a `width' and `height' in multiples of `\unitlength'. - The optional argument, `[position]', specifies the quadrant that -your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: + The optional argument, `[position]', specifies the quadrant that your +text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: `t' Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. @@ -1524,7 +1271,6 @@ your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: `r' Moves the item to the right. - *Note \makebox::. 8.18.3 `\framebox' @@ -1538,9 +1284,8 @@ Synopsis: except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. - The `\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness `\fboxrule', -and leaves a space `\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the -box. + The `\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness `\fboxrule', and +leaves a space `\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box. 8.18.4 `\dashbox' ----------------- @@ -1552,8 +1297,10 @@ Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: `\dashbox' creates a dashed rectangle around TEXT in a `picture' environment. Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT. The TEXT is positioned at optional -POS. A dashed box looks best when the `rwidth' and `rheight' are -multiples of the `dlen'. +POS. + + A dashed box looks best when the `rwidth' and `rheight' are multiples +of the `dlen'. 8.18.5 `\frame' --------------- @@ -1724,8 +1471,8 @@ Synopsis: \end{tabbing} The `tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns. -It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on -an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of +It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an +ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance. This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the `tabular' @@ -1733,7 +1480,7 @@ environment. The following commands can be used inside a `tabbing' enviroment: -`\\ tabbing' +`\\ (tabbing)' End a line. `\= (tabbing)' @@ -1757,8 +1504,8 @@ environment. `\' (tabbing)' Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e. everything from the most recent `\>', `\<', `\'', `\\', or - `\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush - against the current column's tab stop. + `\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush against + the current column's tab stop. `\` (tabbing)' Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including @@ -1770,15 +1517,15 @@ environment. `\`' and the command that ends the line. `\a (tabbing)' - In a `tabbing' environment, the commands `\=', `\'' and `\`' do - not produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, the - commands `\a=', `\a'' and `\a`' are used. + In a `tabbing' environment, the commands `\=', `\'' and `\`' do not + produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, the commands + `\a=', `\a'' and `\a`' are used. `\kill' - Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like `\\' - except that it throws away the current line instead of producing - output for it. The effect of any `\=', `\+' or `\-' commands in - that line remain in effect. + Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like `\\' except + that it throws away the current line instead of producing output + for it. The effect of any `\=', `\+' or `\-' commands in that line + remain in effect. `\poptabs' Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last `\pushtabs'. @@ -1791,7 +1538,6 @@ environment. `\tabbingsep' Distance to left of tab stop moved by `\''. - This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: \begin{tabbing} @@ -1817,16 +1563,16 @@ Synopsis: \end{table} Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are -usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. -Tables will not be split between two pages. +usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables +will not be split between two pages. The optional argument `[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float; these are the same as that used with the `figure' environment, and described there (*note figure::). - The standard `report' and `article' classes use the default -placement `[tbp]'. + The standard `report' and `article' classes use the default placement +`[tbp]'. The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc., you wish. The `\caption' command allows you to title your table. @@ -1851,9 +1597,9 @@ Synopsis: These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. - `\\' must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, -except for the last, where it is optional--unless an `\hline' command -(to put a rule below the table) follows. + `\\' must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except +for the last, where it is optional--unless an `\hline' command (to put a +rule below the table) follows. The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: @@ -1863,13 +1609,13 @@ except for the last, where it is optional--unless an `\hline' command specified width. `pos' - Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the - centre of the environment. + Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre + of the environment. - `t' + `t' align on top row - `b' + `b' align on bottom row `cols' @@ -1877,31 +1623,31 @@ except for the last, where it is optional--unless an `\hline' command following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and intercolumn material. - `l' + `l' A column of left-aligned items. - `r' + `r' A column of right-aligned items. - `' - A column of centred items. + `c' + A column of centered items. - `|' + `|' A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. - `@{TEXT}' + `@{TEXT}' This inserts TEXT in every row. An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any - desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent - items must be included in TEXT. An `\extracolsep{wd}' - command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width - `wd' to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until - countermanded by another `\extracolsep' command. Unlike - ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not - suppressed by an @-expression. An `\extracolsep' command can - be used only in an @-expression in the `cols' argument. - - `p{WD}' + desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items + must be included in TEXT. An `\extracolsep{wd}' command in an + @-expression causes an extra space of width `wd' to appear to + the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by + another `\extracolsep' command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn + space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. + An `\extracolsep' command can be used only in an @-expression + in the `cols' argument. + + `p{WD}' Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width WD, as if it were the argument of a `\parbox[t]{WD}' command. However, a `\\' may not appear in the item, except in the @@ -1917,17 +1663,16 @@ except for the last, where it is optional--unless an `\hline' command appear inside braces or an environment when used in a `p'-column element. - `*{NUM}{COLS}' + `*{NUM}{COLS}' Equivalent to NUM copies of COLS, where NUM is a positive integer and COLS is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another `*-expression'. - Parameters that control formatting: `\arrayrulewidth' - Thickness of the rule created by `|', `\hline', and `\vline' in - the `tabular' and `array' environments; the default is `.4pt'. + Thickness of the rule created by `|', `\hline', and `\vline' in the + `tabular' and `array' environments; the default is `.4pt'. `\arraystretch' Scaling of spacing between rows in the `tabular' and `array' @@ -1940,7 +1685,6 @@ except for the last, where it is optional--unless an `\hline' command `\tabcolsep' Half the width of the space between columns; default is `6pt'. - These commands can be used inside a `tabular' environment: 8.23.1 `\multicolumn' @@ -1949,12 +1693,11 @@ except for the last, where it is optional--unless an `\hline' command Synopsis: \multicolumn{COLS}{POS}{TEXT} - The `\multicolumn' command makes an entry that spans several -columns. The first mandatory argument, COLS, specifies the number of -columns to span. The second mandatory argument, POS, specifies the -formatting of the entry; `c' for centered, `l' for flushleft, `r' for -flushright. The third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to -put in the entry. + The `\multicolumn' command makes an entry that spans several columns. +The first mandatory argument, COLS, specifies the number of columns to +span. The second mandatory argument, POS, specifies the formatting of +the entry; `c' for centered, `l' for flushleft, `r' for flushright. The +third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to put in the entry. Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; `\multicolumn' is used for the heading: @@ -1987,10 +1730,9 @@ line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. 8.23.4 `\vline' --------------- -The `\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full -height and depth of its row. An `\hfill' command can be used to move -the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an -@-expression. +The `\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full height +and depth of its row. An `\hfill' command can be used to move the line +to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression. 8.24 `thebibliography' ====================== @@ -2005,16 +1747,16 @@ Synopsis: The `thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or reference list. - In the `article' class, this reference list is labelled -"References"; in the `report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography". -You can change the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the -command `\refname'. For instance, this eliminates it entirely: + In the `article' class, this reference list is labelled "References"; +in the `report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography". You can change +the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command +`\refname'. For instance, this eliminates it entirely: \renewcommand{\refname}{} - The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is -as wide as the widest item label produced by the `\bibitem' commands. -It is typically given as `9' for bibliographies with less than 10 + The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is as +wide as the widest item label produced by the `\bibitem' commands. It +is typically given as `9' for bibliographies with less than 10 references, `99' for ones with less than 100, etc. 8.24.1 `\bibitem' @@ -2024,12 +1766,12 @@ Synopsis: \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY} The `\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL. If the -LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using -the `enumi' counter. The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers, -and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. +LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the +`enumi' counter. The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers, and +punctuation symbols not containing a comma. - This command writes an entry to the `.aux' file containing the -item's CITE_KEY and label. When the `.aux' file is read by the + This command writes an entry to the `.aux' file containing the item's +CITE_KEY and label. When the `.aux' file is read by the `\begin{document}' command, the item's `label' is associated with `cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a `\cite' command (see next section) to produce the associated label. @@ -2042,12 +1784,11 @@ Synopsis: \cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated -by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the -references associated with KEYS by entries in the `.aux' file. +by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the references +associated with KEYS by entries in the `.aux' file. - The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the -citation. For example, `\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce `[Knuth, -p. 314]'. + The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the citation. +For example, `\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce `[Knuth, p. 314]'. 8.24.3 `\nocite' ---------------- @@ -2094,8 +1835,8 @@ demands of various publications. See The `\bibliography' command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to `\bibliography' refers to files named `BIBFILE.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format. -Only the entries referred to via `\cite' and `\nocite' will be listed -in the bibliography. +Only the entries referred to via `\cite' and `\nocite' will be listed in +the bibliography. 8.25 `theorem' ============== @@ -2120,9 +1861,9 @@ Synopsis: \end{titlepage} The `titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with -no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page -to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. -The `\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::). +no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to +be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The +`\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::). You can use the `\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce a standard title page without a `titlepage' environment. @@ -2136,11 +1877,11 @@ Synopsis: LITERAL-TEXT \end{verbatim} - The `verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in -which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the `\' -character produces a printed `\'. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter -with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would -on a typewriter. + The `verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in which +LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the `\' character +produces a printed `\'. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage +returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a +typewriter. The `verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (`\tt'). @@ -2183,10 +1924,10 @@ stanzas. 9 Line breaking *************** -The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to -translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To -produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines -(and these lines must be broken into pages). +The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate +your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a +printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines (and these +lines must be broken into pages). LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the `\\' command, @@ -2222,20 +1963,20 @@ mode. =============================== The `\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that -point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find -most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an -incorrect one. The `\-' command is used for the exceptional cases. +point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most +of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an incorrect +one. The `\-' command is used for the exceptional cases. When you insert `\-' commands in a word, the word will only be -hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points -that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. +hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that +LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. 9.5 `\fussy' ============ The declaration `\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about -line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at -the cost of an occasional overfull box. +line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at the +cost of an occasional overfull box. This command cancels the effect of a previous `\sloppy' command (*note \sloppy::. @@ -2243,8 +1984,8 @@ the cost of an occasional overfull box. 9.6 `\sloppy' ============= -The declaration `\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. -This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. +The declaration `\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This +will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. Lasts until a `\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::). @@ -2255,11 +1996,11 @@ Synopsis: \hyphenation{WORD-ONE WORD-TWO} - The `\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points with -a `-' character in the given words. The words are separated by spaces. + The `\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points with a +`-' character in the given words. The words are separated by spaces. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are -tried. Multiple `\hyphenation' commands accumulate. Some examples -(the default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these +tried. Multiple `\hyphenation' commands accumulate. Some examples (the +default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these words): \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} @@ -2277,9 +2018,9 @@ Synopses: spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right margin as usual. - With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the command -from a demand to a request. The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4. -The higher the number, the more insistent the request. + With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the command from +a demand to a request. The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4. The +higher the number, the more insistent the request. 10 Page breaking **************** @@ -2316,8 +2057,8 @@ The `\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats `\enlargethispage*{size}' Enlarge the `\textheight' for the current page by the specified -amount; e.g. `\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one -additional line. +amount; e.g. `\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one additional +line. The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit @@ -2336,17 +2077,16 @@ Synopses: vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin. - With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the -`\pagebreak' command from a demand to a request. The number must be a -number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the -request is. + With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the `\pagebreak' +command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 +to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. 11 Footnotes ************ -Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced -with one command, the `\footnote' command. They can also be produced -with two commands, the `\footnotemark' and the `\footnotetext' commands. +Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with +one command, the `\footnote' command. They can also be produced with +two commands, the `\footnotemark' and the `\footnotetext' commands. 11.1 `\footnote' ================ @@ -2360,8 +2100,8 @@ bottom of the current page. The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you -cannot use it in sectioning commands like `\chapter', in figures, -tables or in a `tabular' environment. (See following sections.) +cannot use it in sectioning commands like `\chapter', in figures, tables +or in a `tabular' environment. (See following sections.) 11.2 `\footnotemark' ==================== @@ -2421,7 +2161,6 @@ redefine `\@fnsymbol'. between footnotes. This is `6.65pt' for `10pt', `7.7pt' for `11pt', and `8.4pt' for `12pt'. - 12 Definitions ************** @@ -2445,8 +2184,8 @@ CMD NARGS An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments - that the command will take. The default is for the command to - have no arguments. + that the command will take. The default is for the command to have + no arguments. DEFAULT If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's @@ -2459,7 +2198,6 @@ DEFN construct of the form `#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the Nth argument. - 12.2 `\newcounter' ================== @@ -2482,10 +2220,9 @@ Synopsis: \newlength{\ARG} - The `\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a -`length' command with a value of `0in'. The argument must be a control -sequence, as in `\newlength{\foo}'. An error occurs if `\foo' is -already defined. + The `\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a `length' +command with a value of `0in'. The argument must be a control sequence, +as in `\newlength{\foo}'. An error occurs if `\foo' is already defined. *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and for more information about lengths in general. @@ -2527,15 +2264,14 @@ DEFAULT gives the default value for that argument. BEGDEF - The text expanded at every occurrence of `\begin{ENV}'; a - construct of the form `#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of - the Nth argument. + The text expanded at every occurrence of `\begin{ENV}'; a construct + of the form `#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of the Nth + argument. ENDDEF The text expanded at every occurrence of `\end{ENV}'. It may not contain any argument parameters. - 12.6 `\newtheorem' ================== @@ -2562,7 +2298,6 @@ WITHIN unit. The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the WITHIN counter. - At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both. 12.7 `\newfont' @@ -2572,9 +2307,9 @@ Synopsis: \newfont{CMD}{FONTNAME} - Defines a control sequence `\CMD', which must not already be -defined, to make FONTNAME be the current font. The file looked for on -the system is named `FONTNAME.tfm'. + Defines a control sequence `\CMD', which must not already be defined, +to make FONTNAME be the current font. The file looked for on the system +is named `FONTNAME.tfm'. This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. More commonly, fonts are defined in families through `.fd' files. @@ -2584,32 +2319,30 @@ More commonly, fonts are defined in families through `.fd' files. Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more are so-called "fragile" commands. When a fragile command is -used in certain contexts, called "moving arguments", it must be -preceded by `\protect'. In addition, any fragile commands within the -arguments must have their own `\protect'. +used in certain contexts, called "moving arguments", it must be preceded +by `\protect'. In addition, any fragile commands within the arguments +must have their own `\protect'. Some examples of moving arguments are `\caption' (*note figure::), -`\thanks' (*note \maketitle::), and expressions in `tabular' and -`array' environments (*note tabular::). +`\thanks' (*note \maketitle::), and expressions in `tabular' and `array' +environments (*note tabular::). - Commands which are not fragile are called "robust". They must not -be preceded by `\protect'. + Commands which are not fragile are called "robust". They must not be +preceded by `\protect'. See also: `http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html' `http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect' - 13 Counters *********** Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or -command that produces the number, except with no `\'. -(`enumi'-`enumiv' are used for the nested enumerate environment.) -Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document -classes to control numbering. +command that produces the number, except with no `\'. (`enumi'-`enumiv' +are used for the nested enumerate environment.) Below is a list of the +counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering. part paragraph figure enumi chapter subparagraph table enumii @@ -2640,15 +2373,15 @@ instance, `\alph{enumi}'. `\fnsymbol' prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols - (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of - COUNTER must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. + (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of COUNTER + must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names: + asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger - 13.2 `\usecounter{COUNTER}' =========================== @@ -2694,22 +2427,22 @@ by the VALUE argument, which may be negative. =============================== The `\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as `\stepcounter' -*Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current `\ref' value -to be the result of `\thecounter'. +*Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current `\ref' value to +be the result of `\thecounter'. 13.7 `\stepcounter{COUNTER}' ============================ -The `\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all -subsidiary counters. +The `\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all subsidiary +counters. 13.8 `\day \month \year': Predefined counters ============================================= -LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (`\day', 1-31), month -of the year (`\month', 1-12), and year (`\year', Common Era). When TeX -starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX -is running. They are not updated as the job progresses. +LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (`\day', 1-31), month of +the year (`\month', 1-12), and year (`\year', Common Era). When TeX +starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX is +running. They are not updated as the job progresses. The related command `\today' produces a string representing the current day (*note \today::). @@ -2723,9 +2456,9 @@ as an argument. 14.1 `\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' ============================== -The `\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which -can be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches -(`in'), millimeters (`mm'), points (`pt'), big points (`bp', etc. +The `\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which can +be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (`in'), +millimeters (`mm'), points (`pt'), big points (`bp', etc. 14.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} =============================== @@ -2746,8 +2479,8 @@ to the depth of the `text' argument. `\settoheight{\gnat}{text}' - The `\settoheight' command sets the value of a `length' command -equal to the height of the `text' argument. + The `\settoheight' command sets the value of a `length' command equal +to the height of the `text' argument. 14.5 `\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' ============================== @@ -2758,19 +2491,18 @@ width of the TEXT argument. 14.6 Predefined lengths ======================= -`\width' +`\width' - `\height' + `\height' - `\depth' + `\depth' - `\totalheight' + `\totalheight' These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the -box-making commands (*note Boxes::). They specify the natural width -etc. of the text in the box. `\totalheight' equals `\height' + -`\depth'. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural -size, e.g., say +box-making commands (*note Boxes::). They specify the natural width etc. +of the text in the box. `\totalheight' equals `\height' + `\depth'. To +make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size, e.g., say `\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}' @@ -2803,8 +2535,8 @@ paragraph. 15.3 `\parskip' =============== -`\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added -before each paragraph. The default is `0pt plus1pt'. +`\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before +each paragraph. The default is `0pt plus1pt'. 15.4 Marginal notes =================== @@ -2843,15 +2575,17 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with `\hspace{0pt}'. documents, `5pt' else. `\marginparsep' - Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default - `11pt' for `10pt' documents, `10pt' else. + Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default `11pt' + for `10pt' documents, `10pt' else. `\marginparwidth' Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided `10pt' document - is `90pt', `83pt' for `11pt', and `68pt' for `12pt'; `17pt' more - in each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the + is `90pt', `83pt' for `11pt', and `68pt' for `12pt'; `17pt' more in + each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the default is `48pt'. + The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes +from falling off the bottom of the page. 16 Math formulas **************** @@ -2868,8 +2602,8 @@ There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in the right margin. - The `math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, -but the `displaymath' and `equation' environments can be used only in + The `math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but +the `displaymath' and `equation' environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The `math' and `displaymath' environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: @@ -2883,8 +2617,8 @@ shorter form: The `\boldmath' command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is used _outside_ of math mode. Conversely, the -`\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it -too is used _outside_ of math mode. +`\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too +is used _outside_ of math mode. The `\displaystyle' declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of `displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below @@ -2895,16 +2629,16 @@ summations. For example ============================== To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type -`_{'exp`}'. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type -`^{'exp`}'. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that -stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something -has both a subscript and a superscript. +`_{'exp`}'. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type `^{'exp`}'. +LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the +natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a +subscript and a superscript. 16.2 Math symbols ================= -LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. -The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For +LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The +commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if you include `$\pi$' in your source, you will get the pi symbol (\pi) in your output. @@ -3536,7 +3270,6 @@ symbol (\pi) in your output. `\zeta' \zeta - 16.3 Math functions =================== @@ -3645,7 +3378,6 @@ spacing. `\tanh' \tanh - 16.4 Math accents ================= @@ -3654,28 +3386,28 @@ math. These are different from accents in normal text (*note Accents::). `\acute' - Math acute accent: \acutex. + Math acute accent: \acute{x}. `\bar' - Math bar-over accent: \barx. + Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}. `\breve' - Math breve accent: \brevex. + Math breve accent: \breve{x}. `\check' - Math ha'c<ek (check) accent: \checkx. + Math ha'c<ek (check) accent: \check{x}. `\ddot' - Math dieresis accent: \ddotx. + Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}. `\dot' - Math dot accent: \dotx. + Math dot accent: \dot{x}. `\grave' - Math grave accent: \gravex. + Math grave accent: \grave{x}. `\hat' - Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx. + Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}. `\imath' Math dotless i. @@ -3684,25 +3416,24 @@ Accents::). Math dotless j. `\tilde' - Math tilde accent: \tildex. + Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}. `\vec' - Math vector symbol: \vecx. + Math vector symbol: \vec{x}. `\widehat' - Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y. + Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}. `\widehat' - Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y. - + Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}. 16.5 Spacing in math mode ========================= In a `math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in -the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If -you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for -use in math mode: +the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If you +want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for use in +math mode: `\;' A thick space (5\over18\,quad). @@ -3715,7 +3446,7 @@ use in math mode: A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. `\!' - A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad). + A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad). 16.6 Math miscellany ==================== @@ -3740,11 +3471,11 @@ use in math mode: math in between. Example: `\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]'. `\overbrace{TEXT}' - Generates a brace over TEXT. For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k - \rm\;times. + Generates a brace over TEXT. For example, + \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}. `\overline{TEXT}' - Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For exampe, \overlinex+y. + Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For exampe, \overline{x+y}. `\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}' Produces the representation of the square root of ARG. The @@ -3767,7 +3498,6 @@ use in math mode: `\vdots' Produces a vertical ellipsis. - 17 Modes ******** @@ -3801,8 +3531,8 @@ command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are also several text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of -these commands or environments will be called a `parbox'. When LaTeX -is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner +these commands or environments will be called a `parbox'. When LaTeX is +in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode". @@ -3823,8 +3553,8 @@ obtained from the following declarations: `\author{NAME \and NAME2}' The `\author' command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors separated by `\and' commands. Use - `\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for - example, to give the author's institution or address. + `\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for example, + to give the author's institution or address. `\date{TEXT}' The `\date' command declares TEXT to be the document's date. With @@ -3835,9 +3565,8 @@ obtained from the following declarations: used for credit acknowledgements. `\title{TEXT}' - The `\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the - document. Use `\\' to force a line break, as usual. - + The `\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the document. + Use `\\' to force a line break, as usual. 18.2 `\pagenumbering' ===================== @@ -3887,7 +3616,6 @@ typeset from the current page onwards. Values for STYLE: Custom headers, specified via the `\markboth' or the `\markright' commands. - Here are the descriptions of `\markboth' and `\markright': `\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}' @@ -3900,7 +3628,6 @@ typeset from the current page onwards. Values for STYLE: `\markright{RIGHT}' Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. - 18.4 `\thispagestyle{STYLE}' ============================ @@ -3924,11 +3651,10 @@ Synopsis: \hspace[*]{LENGTH} - The `\hspace' command adds horizontal space. The LENGTH argument -can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, -etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both negative and positive -space with an `\hspace' command; adding negative space is like -backspacing. + The `\hspace' command adds horizontal space. The LENGTH argument can +be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, etc. +It is a rubber length. You can add both negative and positive space +with an `\hspace' command; adding negative space is like backspacing. LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional `*' form. @@ -3946,10 +3672,10 @@ glue value `0pt plus1fill'); thus, `\hspace\fill' is equivalent to 19.3 `\SPACE' ============= -The `\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's -useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example -`Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'. It is -also often used after control sequences, as in `\TeX\ is a nice system.' +The `\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's useful +after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example `Knuth's +article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'. It is also often +used after control sequences, as in `\TeX\ is a nice system.' In normal circumstances, `\'<tab> and `\'<newline> are equivalent to `\ '. @@ -3966,20 +3692,19 @@ capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without `\@': produces - ... in C. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ... + ... in C. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ... 19.5 `\thinspace' ================= -`\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is -1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in -'". +`\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 +of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in '". 19.6 `\/' ========= -The `\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small -space defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the +The `\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small space +defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic f character typically has a large italic correction value. @@ -4034,7 +3759,6 @@ These commands produce a given amount of space. The same as `\vspace{smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). - The `\...amount' parameters are determined by the document class. 19.11 `\vfill' @@ -4084,10 +3808,11 @@ they put a frame around the outside of the box being created. In addition, the `\framebox' command allows for explicit specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a -dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument. Both -commands produce a rule of thickness `\fboxrule' (default `.4pt'), and -leave a space of `\fboxsep' (default `3pt') between the rule and the -contents of the box. +dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument. + + Both commands produce a rule of thickness `\fboxrule' (default +`.4pt'), and leave a space of `\fboxsep' (default `3pt') between the +rule and the contents of the box. *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the `\framebox' command in the `picture' environment. @@ -4099,8 +3824,8 @@ contents of the box. This is the environment form of `\sbox'. - The text inside the environment is saved in the box `cmd', which -must have been declared with `\newsavebox'. + The text inside the environment is saved in the box `cmd', which must +have been declared with `\newsavebox'. 20.4 `\makebox' =============== @@ -4110,9 +3835,9 @@ Synopsis: \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} The `\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the -TEXT specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional -WIDTH argument. The position of the text within the box is determined -by the optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values: +TEXT specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional WIDTH +argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the +optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values: `c' Centered (default). @@ -4127,8 +3852,8 @@ by the optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values: Stretch (justify) across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain stretchable space for this to work. - `\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note -\makebox (picture)::. + `\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note \makebox +(picture)::. 20.5 `\parbox' ============== @@ -4138,8 +3863,8 @@ Synopsis: \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT} The `\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in -`paragraph' mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of -text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any +`paragraph' mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of text, +with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a `\parbox' argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a `minipage' environment (*note minipage::). @@ -4198,8 +3923,8 @@ Synopsis: \savebox{\BOXCMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT} This command typeset TEXT in a box just as with `\makebox' (*note -\makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it -saves it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with +\makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves +it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with `\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). 20.8 `\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' @@ -4221,8 +3946,8 @@ Synopsis: \usebox{\BOXCMD} - `\usebox' producesthe box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by -a `\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). + `\usebox' producesthe box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by a +`\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). 21 Special insertions ********************* @@ -4238,10 +3963,10 @@ The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } - Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX -will do something special. If you simply want the character to be -printed as itself, include a `\' in front of the character. For -example, `\$' will produce `$' in your output. + Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX will +do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as +itself, include a `\' in front of the character. For example, `\$' will +produce `$' in your output. One exception to this rule is `\' itself, because `\\' has its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing @@ -4249,13 +3974,13 @@ special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing `\' in a verbatim command (*note verbatim::). Also, `\~' and `\^' place tilde and circumflex accents over the -following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a -standalone `~' or `^', you can again use a verbatim command. +following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a standalone +`~' or `^', you can again use a verbatim command. Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you -know its number by using the `\symbol' command. For example, the -visible space character used in the `\verb*' command has the code -decimal 32, so it can be typed as `\symbol{32}'. +know its number by using the `\symbol' command. For example, the visible +space character used in the `\verb*' command has the code decimal 32, so +it can be typed as `\symbol{32}'. You can also specify octal numbers with `'' or hexadecimal numbers with `"', so the previous example could also be written as @@ -4305,9 +4030,9 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the `textcomp' package. `\textsterling' English pounds sterling: #. -`\quotedblbase (")' +`\quotedblbase (,,)' `\quotesinglbase (,)' - Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: " and ,. + Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: ,, and ,. `\rq' Right (closing) quote: '. @@ -4374,7 +4099,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the `textcomp' package. En-dash: -- (for ranges). `\texteuro' - The Euro symbol: Euro . + The Euro symbol: Euro. `\textexclamdown (or `!`')' Upside down exclamation point: !. @@ -4427,7 +4152,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the `textcomp' package. "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. `\texttrademark' - Trademark symbol: ^\hboxTM. + Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}. `\texttwelveudash' Xx 12u-. @@ -4438,7 +4163,6 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the `textcomp' package. `\textvisiblespace' Visible space symbol. - 21.3 Accents ============ @@ -4505,7 +4229,7 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1. `\k' `\capitalogonek' - Produces a letter with ogonek, as in `o'. Not available in the + Produces a letter with ogonek, as in `o;'. Not available in the OT1 encoding. `\r' @@ -4533,12 +4257,11 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1. `\capitalcaron' Produces a ha'c<ek (check, caron) accent, as in `o<'. - 21.4 Non-English characters =========================== -Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly -used in languages other than English. +Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used +in languages other than English. `\aa' `\AA' @@ -4550,7 +4273,7 @@ used in languages other than English. `\dh' `\DH' - Icelandic letter eth: and . + Icelandic letter eth: d and D. `\dj' `\DJ' @@ -4582,8 +4305,7 @@ used in languages other than English. `\th' `\TH' - Icelandic letter thorn: and . - + Icelandic letter thorn: th and TH. 21.5 `\rule' ============ @@ -4687,8 +4409,8 @@ automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, write a `\newpage' command after the `\tableofcontents' command. - The analogous commands `\listoffigures' and `\listoftables' produce -a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works + The analogous commands `\listoffigures' and `\listoftables' produce a +list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. The command `\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any @@ -4709,14 +4431,14 @@ UNIT The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the following, matching the value of the EXT argument: - `toc' + `toc' The name of the sectional unit: `part', `chapter', `section', `subsection', `subsubsection'. - `lof' + `lof' For the list of figures. - `lot' + `lot' For the list of tables. ENTRY @@ -4769,24 +4491,23 @@ auxiliary file with the `.idx' extension. value. To generate a index entry for `bar' that says `See foo', use a -vertical bar: `\index{bar|see{foo}}'. Use `seealso' instead of `see' -to make a `See also' entry. +vertical bar: `\index{bar|see{foo}}'. Use `seealso' instead of `see' to +make a `See also' entry. The text `See' is defined by the macro `\seename', and `See also' by the macro `\alsoname'. These can be redefined for other languages. The generated `.idx' file is then sorted with an external command, -usually either `makeindex' -(`http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex') or (the multi-lingual) -`xindy' (`http://xindy.sourceforge.net'). This results in a `.ind' -file, which can then be read to typeset the index. +usually either `makeindex' (`http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex') +or (the multi-lingual) `xindy' (`http://xindy.sourceforge.net'). This +results in a `.ind' file, which can then be read to typeset the index. The index is usually generated with the `\printindex' command. This is defined in the `makeidx' package, so `\usepackage{makeidx}' needs to be in the preamble. - The rubber length `\indexspace' is inserted before each new letter -in the printed index; its default value is `10pt plus5pt minus3pt'. + The rubber length `\indexspace' is inserted before each new letter in +the printed index; its default value is `10pt plus5pt minus3pt'. The `showidx' package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing @@ -4800,8 +4521,8 @@ FAQ entry on this topic, ********** You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The -`letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at -once, although you can make just one if you so desire. +`letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at once, +although you can make just one if you so desire. Your `.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a @@ -4812,8 +4533,8 @@ minimum: ... letters ... \end{document} - Each letter is a `letter' environment, whose argument is the name -and address of the recipient. For example, you might have: + Each letter is a `letter' environment, whose argument is the name and +address of the recipient. For example, you might have: \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} @@ -4839,8 +4560,8 @@ The `\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by `\\' commands. - If you do not make an `\address' declaration, then the letter will -be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. + If you do not make an `\address' declaration, then the letter will be +formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. (*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation). If you give an `\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. @@ -4905,9 +4626,8 @@ Synopsis: \opening{TEXT} - A letter begins with the `\opening' command. The mandatory -argument, TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For -instance: + A letter begins with the `\opening' command. The mandatory argument, +TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For instance: \opening{Dear Joe,} @@ -4957,10 +4677,10 @@ Synopsis: `\typein' prints MSG on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the -optional \CMD argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if -it had been included in the input file in place of the `\typein' -command. If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name. -This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. +optional \CMD argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it +had been included in the input file in place of the `\typein' command. +If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name. This +command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. 25.2 `\typeout{MSG}' ==================== @@ -5053,8 +4773,7 @@ A.3 `tugboat' template `TUGboat' is the journal of the TeX Users Group, `http://tug.org/TUGboat'. -\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings - +\documentclass{ltugboat} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{ifpdf} \ifpdf @@ -5064,9 +4783,7 @@ A.3 `tugboat' template \usepackage{url} \fi -\begin{document} - -\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article} +\title{Example \TUB\ Article} % repeat info for each author. \author{First Last} @@ -5076,7 +4793,8 @@ A.3 `tugboat' template \maketitle -% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat. +\begin{document} + \begin{abstract} This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. \end{abstract} @@ -5086,26 +4804,26 @@ This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref -package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced -using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays. +We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the +hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others: {\small \begin{verbatim} \AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW -\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML -\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe -\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas +\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML +\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \LaTeXe +\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas \PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS -\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG -\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE +\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG \tug +\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE \Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag \careof \thinskip -\acro{FRED} -> {\sc fred} % please use! +\acro{FRED} -> {\small fred} % please use! \cs{fred} -> \fred \env{fred} -> \begin{fred} \meta{fred} -> <fred> @@ -5125,1267 +4843,12 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. \nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty \bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX - -\makesignature % not in ltugproc +\makesignature \end{document} Concept Index ************* -* prompt: See 26. (line 4993) -*-form of sectioning commands: See 6. (line 794) -.glo file: See 23.2. (line 4748) -.idx file: See 23.3. (line 4764) -.ind file: See 23.3. (line 4778) -`see' and `see also' index entries: See 23.3. (line 4771) -abstracts: See 8.1. (line 895) -accents: See 21.3. (line 4445) -accents, mathematical: See 16.4. (line 3652) -accessing any character of a font: See 21.1. (line 4255) -acute accent: See 21.3. (line 4459) -acute accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3657) -ae ligature: See 21.4. (line 4549) -aligning Equations: See 8.8. (line 1080) -alignment via tabbing: See 8.21. (line 1718) -appendix, creating: See 6. (line 800) -aring: See 21.4. (line 4545) -arrays, math: See 8.2. (line 906) -arrow, left, in text: See 21.2. (line 4389) -arrow, right, in text: See 21.2. (line 4424) -ascender height: See 21.2. (line 4357) -ASCII circumflex, in text: See 21.2. (line 4322) -ASCII tilde, in text: See 21.2. (line 4325) -asterisk, centered, in text: See 21.2. (line 4328) -author, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3824) -backslash, in text: See 21.2. (line 4331) -bar, double vertical, in text: See 21.2. (line 4337) -bar, vertical, in text: See 21.2. (line 4334) -bar-over accent: See 21.3. (line 4468) -bar-over accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3660) -bar-under accent: See 21.3. (line 4485) -bibliography, creating (automatically): See 8.24.4. (line 2063) -bibliography, creating (manually): See 8.24. (line 1998) -bibTeX, using: See 8.24.4. (line 2063) -big circle symbols, in text: See 21.2. (line 4340) -black boxes, omitting: See 3.1. (line 357) -bold font: See 4.1. (line 502) -bold typewriter, avoiding: See 8.4. (line 1002) -boxes: See 20. (line 4064) -brace, left, in text: See 21.2. (line 4343) -brace, right, in text: See 21.2. (line 4346) -breaking lines: See 9. (line 2186) -breaking pages: See 10. (line 2287) -breve accent: See 21.3. (line 4524) -breve accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3663) -bullet symbol: See 16.2. (line 2987) -bullet, in text: See 21.2. (line 4349) -bulleted lists: See 8.13. (line 1253) -calligraphic letters for math: See 4.1. (line 505) -cap height: See 21.2. (line 4357) -caron accent: See 21.3. (line 4534) -cc list, in letters: See 24.2. (line 4851) -cedilla accent: See 21.3. (line 4489) -centered asterisk, in text: See 21.2. (line 4328) -centered period, in text: See 21.2. (line 4399) -centering text, declaration for: See 8.3.1. (line 967) -centering text, environment for: See 8.3. (line 953) -characters, accented: See 21.3. (line 4445) -characters, non-English: See 21.4. (line 4540) -characters, reserved: See 21.1. (line 4236) -check accent: See 21.3. (line 4534) -check accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3666) -circle symbol, big, in text: See 21.2. (line 4340) -circled letter, in text: See 21.2. (line 4352) -circumflex accent: See 21.3. (line 4472) -circumflex accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3678) -circumflex, ASCII, in text: See 21.2. (line 4322) -class options: See 3.1. (line 336) -classes of documents: See 3. (line 319) -closing letters: See 24.3. (line 4861) -closing quote: See 21.2. (line 4313) -code, typesetting: See 8.27. (line 2133) -command line: See 26. (line 4984) -commands, defining new ones: See 12.1. (line 2433) -composite word mark, in text: See 21.2. (line 4357) -computer programs, typesetting: See 8.27. (line 2133) -copyright symbol: See 21.2. (line 4273) -counters, a list of: See 13. (line 2607) -counters, defining new: See 12.2. (line 2466) -counters, getting value of: See 13.3. (line 2666) -counters, setting: See 13.4. (line 2680) -creating letters: See 24. (line 4802) -creating pictures: See 8.18. (line 1427) -creating tables: See 8.22. (line 1810) -credit footnote: See 18.1. (line 3834) -cross references: See 7. (line 821) -cross referencing with page number: See 7.2. (line 863) -cross referencing, symbolic: See 7.3. (line 873) -currency, dollar: See 21.2. (line 4368) -currency, euro: See 21.2. (line 4377) -dagger, double, in text: See 21.2. (line 4365) -dagger, in text: See 21.2. (line 4276) -date, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3830) -datetime package: See 21.6. (line 4615) -defining a new command: See 12.1. (line 2433) -defining new environments: See 12.5. (line 2506) -defining new fonts: See 12.7. (line 2571) -defining new theorems: See 12.6. (line 2542) -definitions: See 12. (line 2428) -description lists, creating: See 8.4. (line 990) -dieresis accent: See 21.3. (line 4455) -discretionary multiplication: See 16.6. (line 3724) -displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation:See 8.19. (line 1688) -displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation:See 8.20. - (line 1703) -document class options: See 3.1. (line 336) -document classes: See 3. (line 319) -document templates: See Appendix A. - (line 5000) -dollar sign: See 21.2. (line 4368) -dot accent: See 21.3. (line 4464) -dot over accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3672) -dot-over accent: See 21.3. (line 4464) -dot-under accent: See 21.3. (line 4493) -dotless i: See 21.3. (line 4501) -dotless i, math: See 16.4. (line 3681) -dotless j: See 21.3. (line 4504) -dotless j, math: See 16.4. (line 3684) -double angle quotation marks: See 21.2. (line 4288) -double dagger, in text: See 21.2. (line 4279) -double dot accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3669) -double guillemets: See 21.2. (line 4288) -double left quote: See 21.2. (line 4405) -double low-9 quotation mark: See 21.2. (line 4310) -double quote, straight base: See 21.2. (line 4418) -double right quote: See 21.2. (line 4408) -double spacing: See 4.3. (line 615) -double vertical bar, in text: See 21.2. (line 4337) -e-dash: See 21.2. (line 4374) -ellipsis: See 21.2. (line 4294) -em-dash: See 21.2. (line 4371) -em-dash, three-quarters: See 21.2. (line 4427) -emphasis: See 4.1. (line 444) -enclosure list: See 24.4. (line 4871) -ending & starting: See 2. (line 301) -enlarge current page: See 10.4. (line 2314) -environments: See 8. (line 885) -environments, defining: See 12.5. (line 2506) -equation number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 873) -equation numbers, omitting: See 8.8. (line 1094) -equations, aligning: See 8.8. (line 1080) -equations, environment for: See 8.9. (line 1106) -es-zet German letter: See 21.4. (line 4581) -eth, Icelandic letter: See 21.4. (line 4553) -euro symbol: See 21.2. (line 4377) -exclamation point, upside-down: See 21.2. (line 4380) -exponent: See 16.1. (line 2897) -feminine ordinal symbol: See 21.2. (line 4393) -figure number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 873) -figures, footnotes in: See 8.17. (line 1414) -figures, inserting: See 8.10. (line 1119) -fixed-width font: See 4.1. (line 526) -float package: See 8.10. (line 1147) -flushing floats and starting a page: See 10.2. (line 2302) -font commands, low-level: See 4.3. (line 558) -font sizes: See 4.2. (line 532) -font styles: See 4.1. (line 424) -fonts: See 4. (line 418) -fonts, new commands for: See 12.7. (line 2571) -footer style: See 18.3. (line 3869) -footer, parameters for: See 5.5. (line 712) -footnote number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 873) -footnote parameters: See 11.5. (line 2411) -footnotes in figures: See 8.17. (line 1414) -footnotes, creating: See 11. (line 2347) -footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered: See 11.4. (line 2398) -formulas, environment for: See 8.9. (line 1106) -formulas, math: See 16. (line 2859) -fragile commands: See 12.8. (line 2585) -French quotation marks: See 21.2. (line 4288) -functions, math: See 16.3. (line 3543) -global options: See 3.1. (line 336) -glossaries: See 23.2. (line 4746) -grave accent: See 21.3. (line 4476) -grave accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3675) -greater than symbol, in text: See 21.2. (line 4383) -greek letters: See 16.2. (line 2906) -ha'c<ek accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3666) -hacek accent: See 21.3. (line 4534) -hat accent: See 21.3. (line 4472) -hat accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3678) -header style: See 18.3. (line 3869) -header, parameters for: See 5.5. (line 712) -hungarian umlaut accent: See 21.3. (line 4497) -hyphenation, defining: See 9.7. (line 2254) -hyphenation, forcing: See 9.4. (line 2224) -hyphenation, preventing: See 20.1. (line 4070) -Icelandic eth: See 21.4. (line 4553) -Icelandic thorn: See 21.4. (line 4585) -ij letter, Dutch: See 21.4. (line 4561) -in-line formulas: See 8.16. (line 1387) -indent, forcing: See 15.1. (line 2788) -indent, suppressing: See 15.2. (line 2799) -indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: See 8.17. (line 1410) -indexes: See 23.3. (line 4761) -input file: See 22. (line 4621) -input/output: See 25. (line 4951) -inserting figures: See 8.10. (line 1119) -italic font: See 4.1. (line 511) -justification, ragged left: See 8.12.1. (line 1240) -justification, ragged right: See 8.11.1. (line 1214) -Knuth, Donald E.: - See ``LaTeX2e''. (line 251) -labelled lists, creating: See 8.4. (line 990) -Lamport, Leslie: - See ``LaTeX2e''. (line 251) -LaTeX logo: See 21.2. (line 4282) -LaTeX overview: See 1. (line 261) -LaTeX Project team: - See ``LaTeX2e''. (line 251) -layout commands: See 5. (line 640) -layout, page parameters for: See 5.5. (line 712) -left angle quotation marks: See 21.2. (line 4288) -left arrow, in text: See 21.2. (line 4389) -left brace, in text: See 21.2. (line 4343) -left quote: See 21.2. (line 4298) -left quote, double: See 21.2. (line 4405) -left quote, single: See 21.2. (line 4411) -left-justifying text: See 8.11.1. (line 1214) -left-justifying text, environment for: See 8.11. (line 1201) -left-to-right mode: See 17. (line 3774) -lengths, adding to: See 14.2. (line 2733) -lengths, defining and using: See 14. (line 2720) -lengths, defining new: See 12.3. (line 2481) -lengths, predefined: See 14.6. (line 2761) -lengths, setting: See 14.1. (line 2726) -less than symbol, in text: See 21.2. (line 4386) -letters: See 24. (line 4802) -letters, accented: See 21.3. (line 4445) -letters, ending: See 24.3. (line 4861) -letters, non-English: See 21.4. (line 4540) -letters, starting: See 24.8. (line 4904) -line break, forcing: See 9.1. (line 2198) -line breaking: See 9. (line 2186) -line breaks, forcing: See 9.8. (line 2270) -line breaks, preventing: See 9.8. (line 2270) -lines in tables: See 8.23. (line 1837) -lining text up in columns using tab stops: See 8.21. (line 1718) -lining text up in tables: See 8.23. (line 1837) -list items, specifying counter: See 13.2. (line 2655) -lists of items: See 8.13. (line 1253) -lists of items, generic: See 8.15. (line 1365) -lists of items, numbered: See 8.7. (line 1039) -loading additional packages: See 3.1. (line 404) -logo, LaTeX: See 21.2. (line 4282) -logo, TeX: See 21.2. (line 4319) -low-9 quotation marks, single and double: See 21.2. (line 4310) -low-level font commands: See 4.3. (line 558) -lR mode: See 17. (line 3774) -macron accent: See 21.3. (line 4468) -macron accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3660) -makeidx package: See 23.3. (line 4784) -makeindex program: See 23.3. (line 4778) -making a title page: See 8.26. (line 2116) -making paragraphs: See 15. (line 2780) -marginal notes: See 15.4. (line 2812) -masculine ordinal symbol: See 21.2. (line 4393) -math accents: See 16.4. (line 3652) -math formulas: See 16. (line 2859) -math functions: See 16.3. (line 3543) -math miscellany: See 16.6. (line 3723) -math mode: See 17. (line 3774) -math mode, entering: See 16. (line 2859) -math mode, spacing: See 16.5. (line 3702) -math symbols: See 16.2. (line 2906) -minipage, creating a: See 8.17. (line 1399) -modes: See 17. (line 3774) -monospace font: See 4.1. (line 526) -moving arguments: See 12.8. (line 2585) -multicolumn text: See 5.2. (line 651) -multind package: See 23.3. (line 4795) -multiplication symbol, discretionary line break:See 16.6. (line 3724) -nested \include, not allowed: See 22.1. (line 4642) -new commands, defining: See 12.1. (line 2433) -new line, output as input: See 9.2. (line 2208) -new line, starting: See 9.1. (line 2198) -new line, starting (paragraph mode): See 9.3. (line 2217) -new page, starting: See 10.3. (line 2308) -non-English characters: See 21.4. (line 4540) -notes in the margin: See 15.4. (line 2812) -null delimiter: See 16.6. (line 3738) -numbered items, specifying counter: See 13.2. (line 2655) -oblique font: See 4.1. (line 523) -oe ligature: See 21.4. (line 4577) -ogonek: See 21.3. (line 4508) -one-column output: See 5.1. (line 645) -opening quote: See 21.2. (line 4298) -options, document class: See 3.1. (line 336) -options, global: See 3.1. (line 411) -ordinals, feminine and masculine: See 21.2. (line 4393) -oslash: See 21.4. (line 4573) -overbar accent: See 21.3. (line 4468) -overdot accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3672) -overview of LaTeX: See 1. (line 261) -packages, loading: See 3.1. (line 404) -page break, forcing: See 10.5. (line 2329) -page break, preventing: See 10.5. (line 2329) -page breaking: See 10. (line 2287) -page layout parameters: See 5.5. (line 712) -page number, cross referencing: See 7.2. (line 863) -page numbering style: See 18.2. (line 3845) -page styles: See 18. (line 3812) -paragraph indentation, in minipage: See 8.17. (line 1410) -paragraph indentations in quoted text: See 8.19. (line 1688) -paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting:See 8.20. (line 1703) -paragraph mode: See 17. (line 3774) -paragraph symbol: See 21.2. (line 4302) -paragraphs: See 15. (line 2780) -parameters, for footnotes: See 11.5. (line 2411) -parameters, page layout: See 5.5. (line 712) -period, centered, in text: See 21.2. (line 4399) -pictures, creating: See 8.18. (line 1427) -pilcrow: See 21.2. (line 4302) -poetry, an environment for: See 8.28. (line 2167) -polish l: See 21.4. (line 4565) -postscript, in letters: See 24.9. (line 4917) -pounds symbol: See 21.2. (line 4306) -preamble, defined: See 2. (line 312) -predefined lengths: See 14.6. (line 2761) -prompt, *: See 26. (line 4993) -questionation point, upside-down: See 21.2. (line 4402) -quotation marks, French: See 21.2. (line 4288) -quote, straight base: See 21.2. (line 4418) -quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying:See 8.19. (line 1688) -quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying:See 8.20. - (line 1703) -ragged left text: See 8.12.1. (line 1240) -ragged left text, environment for: See 8.12. (line 1227) -ragged right text: See 8.11.1. (line 1214) -ragged right text, environment for: See 8.11. (line 1201) -redefining environments: See 12.5. (line 2506) -registered symbol: See 21.2. (line 4421) -remarks in the margin: See 15.4. (line 2812) -reserved characters: See 21.1. (line 4236) -right angle quotation marks: See 21.2. (line 4288) -right arrow, in text: See 21.2. (line 4424) -right brace, in text: See 21.2. (line 4346) -right quote: See 21.2. (line 4313) -right quote, double: See 21.2. (line 4408) -right quote, single: See 21.2. (line 4414) -right-justifying text: See 8.12.1. (line 1240) -right-justifying text, environment for: See 8.12. (line 1227) -ring accent: See 21.3. (line 4513) -robust commands: See 12.8. (line 2595) -roman font: See 4.1. (line 514) -running header and footer: See 5.5. (line 712) -running header and footer style: See 18.3. (line 3869) -sans serif font: See 4.1. (line 520) -script letters for math: See 4.1. (line 505) -section number, cross referencing: See 7.3. (line 873) -section numbers, printing: See 6. (line 810) -section symbol: See 21.2. (line 4316) -sectioning: See 6. (line 762) -setspace package: See 4.3. (line 615) -setting counters: See 13.4. (line 2680) -sharp S letters: See 21.4. (line 4581) -showidx package: See 23.3. (line 4791) -simulating typed text: See 8.27. (line 2133) -single angle quotation marks: See 21.2. (line 4288) -single guillemets: See 21.2. (line 4288) -single left quote: See 21.2. (line 4411) -single low-9 quotation mark: See 21.2. (line 4310) -single right quote: See 21.2. (line 4414) -sizes of text: See 4.2. (line 532) -slanted font: See 4.1. (line 523) -small caps font: See 4.1. (line 517) -space, inserting vertical: See 19.9. (line 4012) -spaces: See 19. (line 3914) -spacing within math mode: See 16.5. (line 3702) -Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: See 21.2. (line 4393) -special characters: See 21.4. (line 4540) -splitting the input file: See 22. (line 4621) -starting & ending: See 2. (line 301) -starting a new page: See 10.3. (line 2308) -starting a new page and clearing floats: See 10.2. (line 2302) -starting on a right-hand page: See 10.1. (line 2294) -sterling symbol: See 21.2. (line 4306) -straight double quote, base: See 21.2. (line 4418) -straight quote, base: See 21.2. (line 4418) -stretch, omitting vertical: See 5.4. (line 706) -styles of text: See 4.1. (line 424) -styles, page: See 18. (line 3812) -subscript: See 16.1. (line 2897) -superscript: See 16.1. (line 2897) -symbols, math: See 16.2. (line 2906) -tab stops, using: See 8.21. (line 1718) -table of contents entry, manually adding: See 23.1.1. (line 4700) -table of contents, creating: See 23.1. (line 4680) -tables, creating: See 8.22. (line 1810) -terminal input/output: See 25. (line 4951) -TeX logo: See 21.2. (line 4319) -text symbols: See 21.2. (line 4267) -thanks, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3834) -theorems, defining: See 12.6. (line 2542) -theorems, typesetting: See 8.25. (line 2103) -thorn, Icelandic letter: See 21.4. (line 4585) -three-quarters em-dash: See 21.2. (line 4427) -tie-after accent: See 21.3. (line 4519) -tilde accent: See 21.3. (line 4482) -tilde accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3687) -tilde, ASCII, in text: See 21.2. (line 4325) -title pages, creating: See 8.26. (line 2116) -title, for titlepage: See 18.1. (line 3838) -titles, making: See 18.1. (line 3818) -trademark symbol: See 21.2. (line 4430) -two-column output: See 5.2. (line 651) -typed text, simulating: See 8.27. (line 2133) -typeface sizes: See 4.2. (line 532) -typeface styles: See 4.1. (line 424) -typefaces: See 4. (line 418) -typewriter font: See 4.1. (line 526) -typewriter labels in lists: See 8.4. (line 1002) -umlaut accent: See 21.3. (line 4455) -underbar: See 21.3. (line 4527) -underscore, in text: See 21.2. (line 4436) -unordered lists: See 8.13. (line 1253) -using BibTeX: See 8.24.4. (line 2063) -variables, a list of: See 13. (line 2607) -vector symbol, math: See 16.4. (line 3690) -verbatim text: See 8.27. (line 2133) -verbatim text, inline: See 8.27.1. (line 2150) -vertical bar, double, in text: See 21.2. (line 4337) -vertical bar, in text: See 21.2. (line 4334) -vertical space: See 19.9. (line 4012) -vertical space before paragraphs: See 15.3. (line 2806) -visible space: See 8.27.1. (line 2161) -visible space symbol, in text: See 21.2. (line 4439) -wide hat accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3693) -wide tile accent, math: See 16.4. (line 3696) -xindy program: See 23.3. (line 4778) Command Index ************* -$: See 16. (line 2879) -10pt option: See 3.1. (line 344) -11pt option: See 3.1. (line 344) -12pt option: See 3.1. (line 344) -@{...}: See 8.2. (line 931) -\" (umlaut accent): See 21.3. (line 4455) -\#: See 21.1. (line 4241) -\$: See 21.1. (line 4241) -\%: See 21.1. (line 4241) -\&: See 21.1. (line 4241) -\' (acute accent): See 21.3. (line 4459) -\' (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1757) -\(: See 16. (line 2871) -\): See 16. (line 2871) -\*: See 16.6. (line 3723) -\+: See 8.21. (line 1749) -\,: See 16.5. (line 3715) -\-: See 8.21. (line 1753) -\- (hyphenation): See 9.4. (line 2224) -\. (dot-over accent): See 21.3. (line 4464) -\/: See 19.6. (line 3981) -\:: See 16.5. (line 3712) -\;: See 16.5. (line 3708) -\<: See 8.21. (line 1745) -\= (macron accent): See 21.3. (line 4468) -\= (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1739) -\> <1>: See 16.5. (line 3712) -\>: See 8.21. (line 1743) -\> (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1742) -\@: See 19.4. (line 3960) -\@fnsymbol: See 11.4. (line 2403) -\[: See 16. (line 2871) -\\ (for \shortstack objects): See 8.18.13. (line 1672) -\\ (for array): See 8.2. (line 928) -\\ (for center): See 8.3. (line 960) -\\ (for eqnarray): See 8.8. (line 1086) -\\ (for flushright): See 8.12. (line 1233) -\\ for \author: See 18.1. (line 3824) -\\ for \title: See 18.1. (line 3838) -\\ for flushleft: See 8.11. (line 1207) -\\ for letters: See 24. (line 4828) -\\ for tabular: See 8.23. (line 1854) -\\ for verse: See 8.28. (line 2178) -\\ force line break: See 9.1. (line 2198) -\\ tabbing: See 8.21. (line 1736) -\\* (for eqnarray): See 8.8. (line 1091) -\]: See 16. (line 2871) -\^: See 21.1. (line 4251) -\^ (circumflex accent): See 21.3. (line 4472) -\_: See 21.1. (line 4241) -\` (grave accent): See 21.3. (line 4476) -\` (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1763) -\a (tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1772) -\a' (acute accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1773) -\a= (macron accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1773) -\a` (grave accent in tabbing): See 8.21. (line 1773) -\AA (AA): See 21.4. (line 4545) -\aa (aa): See 21.4. (line 4545) -\acute: See 16.4. (line 3656) -\addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}: See 23.1.1. (line 4700) -\address: See 24.1. (line 4838) -\addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: See 23.1.2. (line 4731) -\addtocounter: See 13.5. (line 2690) -\addtolength: See 14.2. (line 2733) -\addvspace: See 19.9. (line 4012) -\AE (AE): See 21.4. (line 4549) -\ae (ae): See 21.4. (line 4549) -\aleph: See 16.2. (line 2914) -\Alph: See 13.1. (line 2629) -\alph: See 13.1. (line 2626) -\Alph example: See 8.7. (line 1075) -\alpha: See 16.2. (line 2917) -\alsoname: See 23.3. (line 4775) -\amalg: See 16.2. (line 2920) -\and for \author: See 18.1. (line 3824) -\angle: See 16.2. (line 2923) -\appendix: See 6. (line 800) -\approx: See 16.2. (line 2926) -\arabic: See 13.1. (line 2632) -\arccos: See 16.3. (line 3546) -\arcsin: See 16.3. (line 3549) -\arctan: See 16.3. (line 3552) -\arg: See 16.3. (line 3555) -\arraycolsep: See 8.2. (line 943) -\arrayrulewidth: See 8.23. (line 1928) -\arraystretch: See 8.23. (line 1932) -\ast: See 16.2. (line 2929) -\asymp: See 16.2. (line 2932) -\author{NAME \and NAME2}: See 18.1. (line 3823) -\b (bar-under accent): See 21.3. (line 4485) -\backslash <1>: See 21.1. (line 4246) -\backslash: See 16.2. (line 2935) -\bar: See 16.4. (line 3659) -\baselineskip: See 4.3. (line 609) -\baselinestretch: See 4.3. (line 615) -\begin: See 8. (line 885) -\beta: See 16.2. (line 2938) -\bf: See 4.1. (line 501) -\bfseries: See 4.1. (line 450) -\bibitem: See 8.24.1. (line 2023) -\bibliography: See 8.24.4. (line 2063) -\bibliographystyle: See 8.24.4. (line 2063) -\bigcap: See 16.2. (line 2941) -\bigcirc: See 16.2. (line 2944) -\bigcup: See 16.2. (line 2947) -\bigodot: See 16.2. (line 2950) -\bigoplus: See 16.2. (line 2953) -\bigotimes: See 16.2. (line 2956) -\bigskip: See 19.10. (line 4026) -\bigskipamount: See 19.10. (line 4026) -\bigsqcup: See 16.2. (line 2965) -\bigtriangledown: See 16.2. (line 2959) -\bigtriangleup: See 16.2. (line 2962) -\biguplus: See 16.2. (line 2968) -\bigwedge: See 16.2. (line 2974) -\bmod: See 16.3. (line 3558) -\boldmath: See 16. (line 2884) -\bot: See 16.2. (line 2977) -\bottomfraction: See 8.10. (line 1168) -\bowtie: See 16.2. (line 2980) -\Box: See 16.2. (line 2983) -\breve: See 16.4. (line 3662) -\bullet: See 16.2. (line 2986) -\c (cedilla accent): See 21.3. (line 4489) -\cal: See 4.1. (line 504) -\cap: See 16.2. (line 2989) -\capitalacute: See 21.3. (line 4459) -\capitalbreve: See 21.3. (line 4524) -\capitalcaron: See 21.3. (line 4534) -\capitalcedilla: See 21.3. (line 4489) -\capitalcircumflex: See 21.3. (line 4472) -\capitaldieresis: See 21.3. (line 4455) -\capitaldotaccent: See 21.3. (line 4493) -\capitalgrave: See 21.3. (line 4476) -\capitalhungarumlaut: See 21.3. (line 4497) -\capitalmacron: See 21.3. (line 4468) -\capitalnewtie: See 21.3. (line 4519) -\capitalogonek: See 21.3. (line 4508) -\capitalring: See 21.3. (line 4513) -\capitaltie: See 21.3. (line 4519) -\capitaltilde: See 21.3. (line 4482) -\caption: See 8.10. (line 1164) -\cc: See 24.2. (line 4851) -\cdot: See 16.2. (line 2992) -\cdots: See 16.6. (line 3727) -\centering: See 8.3.1. (line 967) -\chapter: See 6. (line 766) -\check: See 16.4. (line 3665) -\chi: See 16.2. (line 2995) -\circ: See 16.2. (line 2998) -\circle: See 8.18.1. (line 1495) -\cite: See 8.24.2. (line 2040) -\cleardoublepage: See 10.1. (line 2294) -\clearpage: See 10.2. (line 2302) -\cline: See 8.23.2. (line 1972) -\closing: See 24.3. (line 4861) -\clubsuit: See 16.2. (line 3001) -\columnsep: See 5.2. (line 661) -\columnseprule: See 5.2. (line 664) -\columnwidth: See 5.2. (line 668) -\cong: See 16.2. (line 3004) -\contentsline: See 23.1.1. (line 4725) -\coprod: See 16.2. (line 3007) -\copyright: See 21.2. (line 4271) -\cos: See 16.3. (line 3561) -\cosh: See 16.3. (line 3564) -\cot: See 16.3. (line 3567) -\coth: See 16.3. (line 3570) -\csc: See 16.3. (line 3573) -\cup: See 16.2. (line 3010) -\d (dot-under accent): See 21.3. (line 4493) -\dag: See 21.2. (line 4275) -\dagger: See 16.2. (line 3013) -\dashbox: See 8.18.4. (line 1548) -\dashv: See 16.2. (line 3016) -\date{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3829) -\day: See 13.8. (line 2709) -\dblfloatpagefraction: See 5.2. (line 680) -\dblfloatsep: See 5.2. (line 684) -\dbltextfloatsep: See 5.2. (line 689) -\dbltopfraction: See 5.2. (line 675) -\ddag: See 21.2. (line 4278) -\ddagger: See 16.2. (line 3019) -\ddot: See 16.4. (line 3668) -\ddots: See 16.6. (line 3731) -\deg: See 16.3. (line 3576) -\delta: See 16.2. (line 3025) -\Delta: See 16.2. (line 3022) -\depth: See 14.6. (line 2765) -\det: See 16.3. (line 3579) -\DH (AE): See 21.4. (line 4553) -\dh (ae): See 21.4. (line 4553) -\diamond: See 16.2. (line 3031) -\Diamond: See 16.2. (line 3028) -\diamondsuit: See 16.2. (line 3034) -\dim: See 16.3. (line 3582) -\displaystyle: See 16. (line 2889) -\div: See 16.2. (line 3037) -\DJ: See 21.4. (line 4557) -\dj: See 21.4. (line 4557) -\documentclass: See 3. (line 319) -\dot: See 16.4. (line 3671) -\doteq: See 16.2. (line 3040) -\dotfill: See 19.8. (line 4006) -\dots: See 21.2. (line 4292) -\doublerulesep: See 8.23. (line 1936) -\Downarrow: See 16.2. (line 3046) -\downarrow: See 16.2. (line 3043) -\ell: See 16.2. (line 3049) -\em: See 4.1. (line 507) -\emph: See 4.1. (line 444) -\emptyset: See 16.2. (line 3052) -\encl: See 24.4. (line 4871) -\end: See 8. (line 885) -\enlargethispage: See 10.4. (line 2314) -\enumi: See 8.7. (line 1065) -\enumii: See 8.7. (line 1065) -\enumiii: See 8.7. (line 1065) -\enumiv: See 8.7. (line 1065) -\epsilon: See 16.2. (line 3055) -\equiv: See 16.2. (line 3058) -\eta: See 16.2. (line 3061) -\evensidemargin: See 3.1. (line 385) -\exists: See 16.2. (line 3064) -\exp: See 16.3. (line 3585) -\fbox: See 20.2. (line 4077) -\fboxrule <1>: See 20.2. (line 4087) -\fboxrule: See 8.18.3. (line 1541) -\fboxsep <1>: See 20.2. (line 4087) -\fboxsep: See 8.18.3. (line 1541) -\fill: See 19.2. (line 3942) -\flat: See 16.2. (line 3067) -\floatpagefraction: See 8.10. (line 1171) -\floatsep: See 8.10. (line 1175) -\flushbottom: See 5.3. (line 697) -\fnsymbol: See 13.1. (line 2641) -\fnsymbol, and footnotes: See 11.4. (line 2403) -\fontencoding: See 4.3. (line 563) -\fontfamily: See 4.3. (line 566) -\fontseries: See 4.3. (line 577) -\fontshape: See 4.3. (line 592) -\fontsize: See 4.3. (line 609) -\footnote: See 11.1. (line 2354) -\footnotemark: See 11.2. (line 2369) -\footnoterule: See 11.5. (line 2411) -\footnotesep: See 11.5. (line 2417) -\footnotesize: See 4.2. (line 537) -\footnotetext: See 11.3. (line 2384) -\footskip: See 5.5. (line 722) -\forall: See 16.2. (line 3070) -\frac: See 16.6. (line 3735) -\frac{num}{den}: See 16.6. (line 3734) -\frame: See 8.18.5. (line 1561) -\framebox <1>: See 20.2. (line 4077) -\framebox: See 8.18.3. (line 1533) -\frown: See 16.2. (line 3073) -\fussy: See 9.5. (line 2236) -\gamma: See 16.2. (line 3079) -\Gamma: See 16.2. (line 3076) -\gcd: See 16.3. (line 3588) -\ge: See 16.2. (line 3082) -\geq: See 16.2. (line 3085) -\gets: See 16.2. (line 3088) -\gg: See 16.2. (line 3091) -\glossary: See 23.2. (line 4748) -\glossaryentry: See 23.2. (line 4751) -\grave: See 16.4. (line 3674) -\guillemotleft (<<): See 21.2. (line 4284) -\guillemotright (>>): See 21.2. (line 4285) -\guilsinglleft (<): See 21.2. (line 4286) -\guilsinglright (>): See 21.2. (line 4287) -\H (Hungarian umlaut accent): See 21.3. (line 4497) -\hat: See 16.4. (line 3677) -\hbar: See 16.2. (line 3094) -\headheight: See 5.5. (line 712) -\headsep: See 5.5. (line 717) -\heartsuit: See 16.2. (line 3097) -\height: See 14.6. (line 2763) -\hfill: See 19.2. (line 3939) -\hline: See 8.23.3. (line 1983) -\hom: See 16.3. (line 3591) -\hookleftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3100) -\hookrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3103) -\hrulefill: See 19.7. (line 3999) -\hspace: See 19.1. (line 3923) -\Huge: See 4.2. (line 537) -\huge: See 4.2. (line 537) -\hyphenation: See 9.7. (line 2254) -\i (dotless i): See 21.3. (line 4501) -\iff: See 16.2. (line 3106) -\IJ (IJ): See 21.4. (line 4561) -\ij (ij): See 21.4. (line 4561) -\Im: See 16.2. (line 3109) -\imath: See 16.4. (line 3680) -\in: See 16.2. (line 3112) -\include: See 22.1. (line 4630) -\includeonly: See 22.2. (line 4648) -\indent: See 15.1. (line 2788) -\index: See 23.3. (line 4764) -\indexentry: See 23.3. (line 4767) -\inf: See 16.3. (line 3594) -\infty: See 16.2. (line 3115) -\input: See 22.3. (line 4662) -\int: See 16.2. (line 3118) -\intextsep: See 8.10. (line 1179) -\iota: See 16.2. (line 3121) -\it: See 4.1. (line 510) -\item <1>: See 8.13. (line 1253) -\item <2>: See 8.7. (line 1052) -\item: See 8.4. (line 998) -\itemindent: See 8.13. (line 1299) -\itemsep: See 8.13. (line 1322) -\itshape: See 4.1. (line 441) -\j (dotless j): See 21.3. (line 4504) -\jmath: See 16.4. (line 3683) -\Join: See 16.2. (line 3124) -\k (ogonek): See 21.3. (line 4508) -\kappa: See 16.2. (line 3127) -\ker: See 16.3. (line 3597) -\kill: See 8.21. (line 1777) -\L (/L): See 21.4. (line 4565) -\l (/l): See 21.4. (line 4565) -\label: See 7.1. (line 827) -\labelenumi: See 8.7. (line 1069) -\labelenumii: See 8.7. (line 1069) -\labelenumiii: See 8.7. (line 1069) -\labelenumiv: See 8.7. (line 1069) -\labelitemi: See 8.13. (line 1279) -\labelitemii: See 8.13. (line 1279) -\labelitemiii: See 8.13. (line 1279) -\labelitemiv: See 8.13. (line 1279) -\labelsep: See 8.13. (line 1302) -\labelwidth: See 8.13. (line 1305) -\lambda: See 16.2. (line 3133) -\Lambda: See 16.2. (line 3130) -\land: See 16.2. (line 3136) -\langle: See 16.2. (line 3139) -\LARGE: See 4.2. (line 537) -\Large: See 4.2. (line 537) -\large: See 4.2. (line 537) -\LaTeX: See 21.2. (line 4281) -\lbrace: See 16.2. (line 3142) -\lbrack: See 16.2. (line 3145) -\lceil: See 16.2. (line 3148) -\ldots: See 21.2. (line 4291) -\le: See 16.2. (line 3151) -\leadsto: See 16.2. (line 3154) -\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: See 16.6. (line 3737) -\leftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3159) -\Leftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3156) -\lefteqn: See 8.8. (line 1099) -\leftharpoondown: See 16.2. (line 3162) -\leftharpoonup: See 16.2. (line 3165) -\leftmargin: See 8.13. (line 1286) -\leftmargini: See 8.13. (line 1286) -\leftmarginii: See 8.13. (line 1286) -\leftmarginiii: See 8.13. (line 1286) -\leftmarginiv: See 8.13. (line 1286) -\leftmarginv: See 8.13. (line 1286) -\leftmarginvi: See 8.13. (line 1286) -\leftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3171) -\Leftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3168) -\leq: See 16.2. (line 3174) -\lfloor: See 16.2. (line 3177) -\lg: See 16.3. (line 3600) -\lhd: See 16.2. (line 3180) -\lim: See 16.3. (line 3603) -\liminf: See 16.3. (line 3606) -\limsup: See 16.3. (line 3609) -\line: See 8.18.6. (line 1572) -\linebreak: See 9.8. (line 2270) -\linespread: See 4.3. (line 622) -\linethickness: See 8.18.7. (line 1587) -\linewidth: See 5.5. (line 727) -\listoffigures: See 23.1. (line 4690) -\listoftables: See 23.1. (line 4690) -\listparindent: See 8.13. (line 1308) -\ll: See 16.2. (line 3183) -\ln: See 16.3. (line 3612) -\lnot: See 16.2. (line 3186) -\location: See 24.5. (line 4880) -\log: See 16.3. (line 3615) -\longleftarrow: See 16.2. (line 3189) -\longleftrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3192) -\longmapsto: See 16.2. (line 3195) -\longrightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3198) -\lor: See 16.2. (line 3201) -\lq: See 21.2. (line 4297) -\makebox: See 20.4. (line 4108) -\makebox (picture): See 8.18.2. (line 1506) -\makeglossary: See 23.2. (line 4746) -\makeindex: See 23.3. (line 4761) -\makelabels: See 24.6. (line 4888) -\maketitle: See 18.1. (line 3818) -\mapsto: See 16.2. (line 3204) -\marginpar: See 15.4. (line 2812) -\marginparpush: See 15.4. (line 2841) -\marginparsep: See 15.4. (line 2845) -\marginparwidth: See 15.4. (line 2849) -\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: See 18.3. (line 3893) -\markright{RIGHT}: See 18.3. (line 3900) -\mathbf: See 4.1. (line 474) -\mathcal: See 4.1. (line 490) -\mathnormal: See 4.1. (line 487) -\mathrm: See 4.1. (line 471) -\mathsf: See 4.1. (line 477) -\mathtt: See 4.1. (line 480) -\mathversion: See 4.1. (line 492) -\max: See 16.3. (line 3618) -\mbox: See 20.1. (line 4070) -\mdseries: See 4.1. (line 447) -\medskip: See 19.10. (line 4030) -\medskipamount: See 19.10. (line 4030) -\mho: See 16.2. (line 3207) -\mid: See 16.2. (line 3209) -\min: See 16.3. (line 3621) -\models: See 16.2. (line 3212) -\month: See 13.8. (line 2709) -\mp: See 16.2. (line 3215) -\mu: See 16.2. (line 3218) -\multicolumn: See 8.23.1. (line 1949) -\multiput: See 8.18.10. (line 1611) -\nabla: See 16.2. (line 3221) -\name: See 24.7. (line 4896) -\natural: See 16.2. (line 3224) -\ne: See 16.2. (line 3227) -\nearrow: See 16.2. (line 3230) -\neg: See 16.2. (line 3233) -\neq: See 16.2. (line 3236) -\newcommand: See 12.1. (line 2433) -\newcounter: See 12.2. (line 2466) -\newenvironment: See 12.5. (line 2506) -\newfont: See 12.7. (line 2571) -\newlength: See 12.3. (line 2481) -\NEWLINE: See 19.3. (line 3949) -\newline: See 9.3. (line 2217) -\newpage: See 10.3. (line 2308) -\newsavebox: See 12.4. (line 2496) -\newtheorem: See 12.6. (line 2542) -\newtie: See 21.3. (line 4519) -\NG: See 21.4. (line 4569) -\ng: See 21.4. (line 4569) -\ni: See 16.2. (line 3239) -\nocite: See 8.24.3. (line 2055) -\nofiles: See 23.1. (line 4694) -\noindent: See 15.2. (line 2799) -\nolinebreak: See 9.8. (line 2270) -\nonumber: See 8.8. (line 1094) -\nopagebreak: See 10.5. (line 2329) -\normalfont: See 4.1. (line 468) -\normalmarginpar: See 15.4. (line 2829) -\normalsize: See 4.2. (line 537) -\not: See 16.2. (line 3242) -\notin: See 16.2. (line 3245) -\nu: See 16.2. (line 3248) -\nwarrow: See 16.2. (line 3251) -\O (/O): See 21.4. (line 4573) -\o (/o): See 21.4. (line 4573) -\obeycr: See 9.2. (line 2208) -\oddsidemargin: See 3.1. (line 385) -\odot: See 16.2. (line 3254) -\OE (OE): See 21.4. (line 4577) -\oe (oe): See 21.4. (line 4577) -\oint: See 16.2. (line 3257) -\omega: See 16.2. (line 3263) -\Omega: See 16.2. (line 3260) -\ominus: See 16.2. (line 3266) -\onecolumn: See 5.1. (line 645) -\opening: See 24.8. (line 4904) -\oplus: See 16.2. (line 3269) -\oslash: See 16.2. (line 3272) -\otimes: See 16.2. (line 3275) -\oval: See 8.18.11. (line 1621) -\overbrace{TEXT}: See 16.6. (line 3742) -\overline{TEXT}: See 16.6. (line 3746) -\owns: See 16.2. (line 3278) -\P: See 21.2. (line 4300) -\pagebreak: See 10.5. (line 2329) -\pagenumbering: See 18.2. (line 3845) -\pageref: See 7.2. (line 863) -\pagestyle: See 18.3. (line 3869) -\paragraph: See 6. (line 775) -\parallel: See 16.2. (line 3281) -\parbox: See 20.5. (line 4136) -\parindent <1>: See 15.1. (line 2788) -\parindent: See 8.17. (line 1410) -\parsep: See 8.13. (line 1327) -\parskip: See 15.3. (line 2806) -\parskip example: See 8.13. (line 1344) -\part: See 6. (line 764) -\partial: See 16.2. (line 3284) -\partopsep: See 8.13. (line 1337) -\perp: See 16.2. (line 3287) -\phi: See 16.2. (line 3290) -\pi: See 16.2. (line 3296) -\Pi: See 16.2. (line 3293) -\pm: See 16.2. (line 3299) -\pmod: See 16.3. (line 3624) -\poptabs: See 8.21. (line 1783) -\pounds: See 21.2. (line 4304) -\Pr: See 16.3. (line 3627) -\prec: See 16.2. (line 3302) -\preceq: See 16.2. (line 3305) -\prime: See 16.2. (line 3308) -\prod: See 16.2. (line 3311) -\propto: See 16.2. (line 3314) -\protect: See 12.8. (line 2585) -\ps: See 24.9. (line 4917) -\psi: See 16.2. (line 3320) -\Psi: See 16.2. (line 3317) -\pushtabs: See 8.21. (line 1786) -\put: See 8.18.12. (line 1648) -\quotedblbase ("): See 21.2. (line 4308) -\quotesinglbase (,): See 21.2. (line 4309) -\r (ring accent): See 21.3. (line 4513) -\raggedbottom: See 5.4. (line 706) -\raggedleft: See 8.12.1. (line 1240) -\raggedright: See 8.11.1. (line 1214) -\raisebox: See 20.6. (line 4180) -\rangle: See 16.2. (line 3323) -\rbrace: See 16.2. (line 3326) -\rbrack: See 16.2. (line 3329) -\rceil: See 16.2. (line 3332) -\Re: See 16.2. (line 3335) -\ref: See 7.3. (line 873) -\refstepcounter: See 13.6. (line 2696) -\renewenvironment: See 12.5. (line 2506) -\restorecr: See 9.2. (line 2208) -\reversemarginpar: See 15.4. (line 2829) -\rfloor: See 16.2. (line 3338) -\rhd: See 16.2. (line 3341) -\rho: See 16.2. (line 3344) -\right: See 16.6. (line 3738) -\rightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3350) -\Rightarrow: See 16.2. (line 3347) -\rightharpoondown: See 16.2. (line 3353) -\rightharpoonup: See 16.2. (line 3356) -\rightleftharpoons: See 16.2. (line 3359) -\rightmargin: See 8.13. (line 1312) -\rm: See 4.1. (line 513) -\rmfamily: See 4.1. (line 438) -\roman: See 13.1. (line 2635) -\rq: See 21.2. (line 4312) -\rule: See 21.5. (line 4591) -\S: See 21.2. (line 4315) -\savebox: See 20.7. (line 4196) -\sbox: See 20.8. (line 4208) -\sc: See 4.1. (line 516) -\scriptsize: See 4.2. (line 537) -\scshape: See 4.1. (line 462) -\searrow: See 16.2. (line 3362) -\sec: See 16.3. (line 3630) -\section: See 6. (line 769) -\seename: See 23.3. (line 4775) -\selectfont: See 4.3. (line 628) -\setcounter: See 13.4. (line 2680) -\setlength: See 14.1. (line 2726) -\setminus: See 16.2. (line 3365) -\settodepth: See 14.3. (line 2739) -\settoheight: See 14.4. (line 2747) -\settowidth: See 14.5. (line 2755) -\sf: See 4.1. (line 519) -\sffamily: See 4.1. (line 459) -\sharp: See 16.2. (line 3368) -\shortstack: See 8.18.13. (line 1656) -\sigma: See 16.2. (line 3374) -\Sigma: See 16.2. (line 3371) -\signature: See 24.10. (line 4923) -\sim: See 16.2. (line 3377) -\simeq: See 16.2. (line 3380) -\sin: See 16.3. (line 3633) -\sinh: See 16.3. (line 3636) -\sl: See 4.1. (line 522) -\slshape: See 4.1. (line 456) -\small: See 4.2. (line 537) -\smallint: See 16.2. (line 3383) -\smallskip: See 19.10. (line 4034) -\smallskipamount: See 19.10. (line 4034) -\smile: See 16.2. (line 3386) -\SPACE: See 19.3. (line 3949) -\spadesuit: See 16.2. (line 3389) -\sqcap: See 16.2. (line 3392) -\sqcup: See 16.2. (line 3395) -\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}: See 16.6. (line 3749) -\sqsubset: See 16.2. (line 3398) -\sqsubseteq: See 16.2. (line 3401) -\sqsupset: See 16.2. (line 3404) -\sqsupseteq: See 16.2. (line 3407) -\SS (SS): See 21.4. (line 4581) -\ss (ss): See 21.4. (line 4581) -\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: See 16.6. (line 3755) -\star: See 16.2. (line 3410) -\startbreaks: See 24.11. (line 4929) -\stepcounter: See 13.7. (line 2703) -\stop: See 26. (line 4993) -\stopbreaks: See 24.12. (line 4936) -\subparagraph: See 6. (line 777) -\subsection: See 6. (line 771) -\subset: See 16.2. (line 3413) -\subseteq: See 16.2. (line 3416) -\subsubsection: See 6. (line 773) -\succ: See 16.2. (line 3419) -\succeq: See 16.2. (line 3422) -\sum: See 16.2. (line 3425) -\sup: See 16.3. (line 3639) -\supset: See 16.2. (line 3428) -\supseteq: See 16.2. (line 3431) -\surd: See 16.2. (line 3434) -\swarrow: See 16.2. (line 3437) -\symbol: See 21.1. (line 4255) -\t (tie-after accent): See 21.3. (line 4519) -\TAB: See 19.3. (line 3949) -\tabbingsep: See 8.21. (line 1791) -\tabcolsep: See 8.23. (line 1940) -\tableofcontents: See 23.1. (line 4680) -\tan: See 16.3. (line 3642) -\tanh: See 16.3. (line 3645) -\tau: See 16.2. (line 3440) -\telephone: See 24.13. (line 4943) -\TeX: See 21.2. (line 4318) -\textascenderwordmark: See 21.2. (line 4356) -\textasciicircum: See 21.2. (line 4321) -\textasciitilde: See 21.2. (line 4324) -\textasteriskcentered: See 21.2. (line 4327) -\textbackslash: See 21.2. (line 4330) -\textbar: See 21.2. (line 4333) -\textbardbl: See 21.2. (line 4336) -\textbf: See 4.1. (line 450) -\textbigcircle: See 21.2. (line 4339) -\textbraceleft: See 21.2. (line 4342) -\textbraceright: See 21.2. (line 4345) -\textbullet: See 21.2. (line 4348) -\textcapitalwordmark: See 21.2. (line 4355) -\textcircled{LETTER}: See 21.2. (line 4351) -\textcompwordmark: See 21.2. (line 4354) -\textcopyright: See 21.2. (line 4272) -\textdagger: See 21.2. (line 4361) -\textdaggerdbl: See 21.2. (line 4364) -\textdollar (or $): See 21.2. (line 4367) -\textellipsis: See 21.2. (line 4293) -\textemdash (or ---): See 21.2. (line 4370) -\textendash (or --): See 21.2. (line 4373) -\texteuro: See 21.2. (line 4376) -\textexclamdown (or !`): See 21.2. (line 4379) -\textfloatsep: See 8.10. (line 1184) -\textfraction: See 8.10. (line 1188) -\textgreater: See 21.2. (line 4382) -\textheight: See 5.5. (line 733) -\textit: See 4.1. (line 441) -\textleftarrow: See 21.2. (line 4388) -\textless: See 21.2. (line 4385) -\textmd: See 4.1. (line 447) -\textnormal: See 4.1. (line 468) -\textordfeminine: See 21.2. (line 4391) -\textordmasculine: See 21.2. (line 4392) -\textparagraph: See 21.2. (line 4301) -\textperiodcentered: See 21.2. (line 4398) -\textquestiondown (or ?`): See 21.2. (line 4401) -\textquotedblleft (or ``): See 21.2. (line 4404) -\textquotedblright (or '): See 21.2. (line 4407) -\textquoteleft (or `): See 21.2. (line 4410) -\textquoteright (or '): See 21.2. (line 4413) -\textquotestraightbase: See 21.2. (line 4416) -\textquotestraightdblbase: See 21.2. (line 4417) -\textregistered: See 21.2. (line 4420) -\textrightarrow: See 21.2. (line 4423) -\textrm: See 4.1. (line 438) -\textsc: See 4.1. (line 462) -\textsf: See 4.1. (line 459) -\textsl: See 4.1. (line 456) -\textsterling: See 21.2. (line 4305) -\textthreequartersemdash: See 21.2. (line 4426) -\texttrademark: See 21.2. (line 4429) -\texttt: See 4.1. (line 465) -\texttwelveudash: See 21.2. (line 4432) -\textunderscore: See 21.2. (line 4435) -\textup: See 4.1. (line 453) -\textvisiblespace: See 21.2. (line 4438) -\textwidth: See 5.5. (line 740) -\TH (): See 21.4. (line 4585) -\th (): See 21.4. (line 4585) -\thanks{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3833) -\theta: See 16.2. (line 3443) -\thicklines: See 8.18.8. (line 1597) -\thinlines: See 8.18.9. (line 1604) -\thinspace: See 19.5. (line 3974) -\thispagestyle: See 18.4. (line 3907) -\tilde: See 16.4. (line 3686) -\times: See 16.2. (line 3446) -\tiny: See 4.2. (line 537) -\title{TEXT}: See 18.1. (line 3837) -\to: See 16.2. (line 3449) -\today: See 21.6. (line 4610) -\top: See 16.2. (line 3452) -\topfraction: See 8.10. (line 1193) -\topmargin: See 5.5. (line 746) -\topsep: See 8.13. (line 1331) -\topskip: See 5.5. (line 753) -\totalheight: See 14.6. (line 2767) -\triangle: See 16.2. (line 3455) -\triangleleft: See 16.2. (line 3458) -\triangleright: See 16.2. (line 3461) -\tt: See 4.1. (line 525) -\ttfamily: See 4.1. (line 465) -\twocolumn: See 5.2. (line 651) -\typein: See 25.1. (line 4954) -\typeout: See 25.2. (line 4968) -\u (breve accent): See 21.3. (line 4524) -\unboldmath: See 16. (line 2884) -\underbar: See 21.3. (line 4527) -\underbrace{math}: See 16.6. (line 3759) -\underline{text}: See 16.6. (line 3762) -\unitlength: See 8.18. (line 1431) -\unlhd: See 16.2. (line 3464) -\unrhd: See 16.2. (line 3467) -\uparrow: See 16.2. (line 3473) -\Uparrow: See 16.2. (line 3470) -\updownarrow: See 16.2. (line 3479) -\Updownarrow: See 16.2. (line 3476) -\uplus: See 16.2. (line 3482) -\upshape: See 4.1. (line 453) -\upsilon: See 16.2. (line 3488) -\Upsilon: See 16.2. (line 3485) -\usebox: See 20.9. (line 4220) -\usecounter: See 13.2. (line 2655) -\usefont: See 4.3. (line 632) -\usepackage: See 3.1. (line 404) -\v (breve accent): See 21.3. (line 4534) -\value: See 13.3. (line 2666) -\varepsilon: See 16.2. (line 3491) -\varphi: See 16.2. (line 3494) -\varpi: See 16.2. (line 3497) -\varrho: See 16.2. (line 3500) -\varsigma: See 16.2. (line 3503) -\vartheta: See 16.2. (line 3506) -\vdash: See 16.2. (line 3509) -\vdots: See 16.6. (line 3767) -\vec: See 16.4. (line 3689) -\vector: See 8.18.14. (line 1677) -\vee: See 16.2. (line 3512) -\verb: See 8.27.1. (line 2150) -\vert: See 16.2. (line 3518) -\Vert: See 16.2. (line 3515) -\vfill: See 19.11. (line 4043) -\vline: See 8.23.4. (line 1990) -\vspace: See 19.12. (line 4050) -\wedge: See 16.2. (line 3521) -\widehat: See 16.4. (line 3692) -\width: See 14.6. (line 2761) -\wp: See 16.2. (line 3524) -\wr: See 16.2. (line 3527) -\xi: See 16.2. (line 3533) -\Xi: See 16.2. (line 3530) -\year: See 13.8. (line 2709) -\zeta: See 16.2. (line 3536) -\{: See 21.1. (line 4241) -\|: See 16.2. (line 2911) -\}: See 21.1. (line 4241) -\~: See 21.1. (line 4251) -\~ (tilde accent): See 21.3. (line 4482) -^: See 16.1. (line 2897) -_: See 16.1. (line 2897) -a4paper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -a5paper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -abstract environment: See 8.1. (line 895) -array environment: See 8.2. (line 906) -article class: See 3. (line 326) -b5paper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -book class: See 3. (line 326) -center environment: See 8.3. (line 953) -description environment: See 8.4. (line 990) -displaymath environment <1>: See 16. (line 2859) -displaymath environment: See 8.5. (line 1013) -document environment: See 8.6. (line 1033) -draft option: See 3.1. (line 354) -enumerate environment: See 8.7. (line 1039) -eqnarray environment: See 8.8. (line 1080) -equation environment <1>: See 16. (line 2859) -equation environment: See 8.9. (line 1106) -executivepaper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -figure: See 8.10. (line 1119) -final option: See 3.1. (line 354) -fleqn option: See 3.1. (line 354) -flushleft environment: See 8.11. (line 1201) -flushright environment: See 8.12. (line 1227) -indexspace: See 23.3. (line 4788) -itemize environment: See 8.13. (line 1253) -landscape option: See 3.1. (line 354) -legalpaper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -leqno option: See 3.1. (line 354) -letter: See 8.14. (line 1360) -letter class: See 3. (line 326) -letterpaper option: See 3.1. (line 349) -list: See 8.15. (line 1365) -lR box: See 8.18. (line 1485) -lrbox: See 20.3. (line 4098) -math environment <1>: See 16. (line 2859) -math environment: See 8.16. (line 1387) -minipage environment: See 8.17. (line 1399) -notitlepage option: See 3.1. (line 354) -onecolumn option: See 3.1. (line 379) -oneside option: See 3.1. (line 379) -openany option: See 3.1. (line 379) -openbib option: See 3.1. (line 354) -openright option: See 3.1. (line 379) -picture: See 8.18. (line 1427) -printindex: See 23.3. (line 4784) -quotation: See 8.19. (line 1688) -quote: See 8.20. (line 1703) -report class: See 3. (line 326) -secnumdepth counter: See 6. (line 810) -slides class: See 3. (line 326) -tabbing environment: See 8.21. (line 1718) -table: See 8.22. (line 1810) -tabular environment: See 8.23. (line 1837) -textcomp package: See 21.2. (line 4267) -thebibliography: See 8.24. (line 1998) -theorem environment: See 8.25. (line 2103) -titlepage environment: See 8.26. (line 2116) -titlepage option: See 3.1. (line 354) -twocolumn option: See 3.1. (line 379) -twoside option: See 3.1. (line 379) -verbatim environment: See 8.27. (line 2133) -verse environment: See 8.28. (line 2167) diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml index 6ca9b0e9b2a..f2d62157bbb 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml @@ -1,2235 +1,2666 @@ <?xml version="1.0"?> -<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V4.13//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/4.13/texinfo.dtd"> +<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V4.12//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/4.12/texinfo.dtd"> <texinfo xml:lang="en"> - <setfilename>latex2e.xml</setfilename> - <setvalue name="UPDATED">July 2010</setvalue> - <settitle>&latex;2e reference manual (July 2010)</settitle> + +<setfilename>latex2e.xml</setfilename> +<setvalue name="UPDATED">July 2010</setvalue> +<settitle>&latex;2e reference manual (July 2010)</settitle> <!-- %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> + <!-- xx latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, --> <!-- xx but latex2e stuff is missing. --> +<!-- --> <!-- xx mention \mathring --> <!-- xx mention usrguide --> <!-- xx mention ! float placement, p.15 of usrguide --> <!-- xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ --> +<!-- --> <!-- xx The typeset source2e will have an index with all kernel --> <!-- xx commands, which would be a good start. classes.dtx et al. --> <!-- xx define additional commands, and some of the kernel commands are --> <!-- xx internal and so shouldn't be included here. --> +<!-- --> <!-- xx packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek ... --> <!-- xx fonts - latexsys --> - <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a document preparation system, version of July 2010.</para> - <para>This was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The &latex; 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The &latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges using <cite>Hypertext Help with &latex;</cite>, by Sheldon Green, and the <cite>&latex; Command Summary</cite> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as <cite>&tex;niques</cite> number 10), as reference material (text was not directly copied).</para> - <para>Copyright ©right; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry.&linebreak; Copyright ©right; 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak; Copyright ©right; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.</para> - <para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.</para> - <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.</para> - <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.</para> - <dircategory>TeX</dircategory> - <titlepage> - <booktitle>&latex;: Structured documents for &tex;</booktitle> - <booksubtitle>unofficial &latex; reference manual</booksubtitle> - <booksubtitle>July 2010</booksubtitle> - <author></author> - <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a document preparation system, version of July 2010.</para> - <para>This was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The &latex; 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The &latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges using <cite>Hypertext Help with &latex;</cite>, by Sheldon Green, and the <cite>&latex; Command Summary</cite> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as <cite>&tex;niques</cite> number 10), as reference material (text was not directly copied).</para> - <para>Copyright ©right; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry.&linebreak; Copyright ©right; 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak; Copyright ©right; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.</para> - <para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.</para> - <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.</para> - <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.</para> - </titlepage> - <shortcontents></shortcontents> - <contents></contents> - <node> - <nodename>Top</nodename> - <nodenext>Overview</nodenext> - <nodeup>(dir)</nodeup> - <unnumbered> - <title>&latex;2e</title> - <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a document preparation system, version as of July 2010. It is intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of &latex; for many years.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">Knuth, Donald E.</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">Lamport, Leslie</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">&latex; Project team</indexterm>&latex; is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's &tex; typesetting program. &latex; was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers (<uref><urefurl>http://latex-project.org</urefurl></uref>). The official documentation written by the &latex; project is available there. Again, the present document is unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex; maintainers.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Overview</menunode> - <menutitle>Overview</menutitle> - <menucomment>What is &latex;?</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Starting & ending</menunode> - <menutitle>Starting & ending</menutitle> - <menucomment>The standard beginning and end of a document.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Document classes</menunode> - <menutitle>Document classes</menutitle> - <menucomment>Some of the various classes available.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Typefaces</menunode> - <menutitle>Typefaces</menutitle> - <menucomment>And fonts, such as bold, italics etc.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Layout</menunode> - <menutitle>Layout</menutitle> - <menucomment>Controlling the page layout.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Sectioning</menunode> - <menutitle>Sectioning</menutitle> - <menucomment>How to section properly.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Cross references</menunode> - <menutitle>Cross references</menutitle> - <menucomment>Automatic referencing.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Environments</menunode> - <menutitle>Environments</menutitle> - <menucomment>Such as enumerate & itemize.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Line breaking</menunode> - <menutitle>Line breaking</menutitle> - <menucomment>Influencing line breaks.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Page breaking</menunode> - <menutitle>Page breaking</menutitle> - <menucomment>Influencing page breaks.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Footnotes</menunode> - <menutitle>Footnotes</menutitle> - <menucomment>How to produce footnotes.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Definitions</menunode> - <menutitle>Definitions</menutitle> - <menucomment>Define your own commands etc.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Counters</menunode> - <menutitle>Counters</menutitle> - <menucomment>Internal counters used by &latex;.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Lengths</menunode> - <menutitle>Lengths</menutitle> - <menucomment>The length commands.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Making paragraphs</menunode> - <menutitle>Making paragraphs</menutitle> - <menucomment>Paragraph commands.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Math formulas</menunode> - <menutitle>Math formulas</menutitle> - <menucomment>How to create mathematical formulas.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Modes</menunode> - <menutitle>Modes</menutitle> - <menucomment>Paragraph, Math or LR modes.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Page styles</menunode> - <menutitle>Page styles</menutitle> - <menucomment>Various styles of page layout.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Spaces</menunode> - <menutitle>Spaces</menutitle> - <menucomment>Horizontal and vertical space.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Boxes</menunode> - <menutitle>Boxes</menutitle> - <menucomment>Making boxes.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Special insertions</menunode> - <menutitle>Special insertions</menutitle> - <menucomment>Inserting reserved and special characters.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Splitting the input</menunode> - <menutitle>Splitting the input</menutitle> - <menucomment>Dealing with big files by splitting.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Front/back matter</menunode> - <menutitle>Front/back matter</menutitle> - <menucomment>Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Letters</menunode> - <menutitle>Letters</menutitle> - <menucomment>The letter class.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Terminal input/output</menunode> - <menutitle>Terminal input/output</menutitle> - <menucomment>User interaction.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Command line</menunode> - <menutitle>Command line</menutitle> - <menucomment>System-independent command-line behavior.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Document templates</menunode> - <menutitle>Document templates</menutitle> - <menucomment>Starter templates for various document classes.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Concept Index</menunode> - <menutitle>Concept Index</menutitle> - <menucomment>General index.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Command Index</menunode> - <menutitle>Command Index</menutitle> - <menucomment>Alphabetical list of &latex; commands.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </unnumbered> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Overview</nodename> - <nodenext>Starting & ending</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Top</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Overview of &latex;</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">overview of &latex;</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">&latex; overview</indexterm> The &latex; command typesets a file of text using the &tex; program and the &latex; “macro package” for &tex;. To be more specific, it processes an input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted. It produces at least three files as output:</para> - <enumerate first="1"> - <item> - <para>A main output file, which is one of:</para> - <enumerate first="1"> - <item> - <para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a “Device Independent” (<file>.dvi</file>) file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for a variety of output devices. You can view such <file>.dvi</file> output of &latex; by using a program such as <command>xdvi</command> (display directly) or <command>dvips</command> (convert to PostScript).</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a “Portable Document Format” (<file>.pdf</file>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does make the output much larger than the <file>.dvi</file> produced from the same document.</para> - </item> - </enumerate> - <para>There are other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) as well, which can produce HTML, XML, and other things.</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>A “transcript” or <file>.log</file> file that contains summary information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>An “auxiliary” or <file>.aux</file> file. This is used by &latex; itself, for things such as sectioning.</para> - </item> - </enumerate> - <para>A &latex; command begins with the command name, which consists of a <code>\</code> followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <code>[]</code>, are optional while arguments contained in braces, <code>{}</code>, are required.</para> - <para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise.</para> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Starting & ending</nodename> - <nodenext>Document classes</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Overview</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Starting & ending</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">starting & ending</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ending & starting</indexterm> A minimal input file looks like the following:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{<var>class</var>} + +<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a +document preparation system, version of July 2010. +</para> +<para>This was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in the VMS +Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by +George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The +&latex; 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The +&latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl +Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges +using <cite>Hypertext Help with &latex;</cite>, by Sheldon Green, and the +<cite>&latex; Command Summary</cite> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway +and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as +<cite>&tex;niques</cite> number 10), as reference material (text was not +directly copied). +</para> +<para>Copyright ©right; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry.&linebreak; +Copyright ©right; 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak; +Copyright ©right; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. +</para> +<para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. +</para> + +<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire +resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission +notice identical to this one. +</para> +<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. +</para> +<dircategory>TeX</dircategory> +<direntry> +<menuentry> +<menunode>(latex2e)</menunode> +<menutitle> LaTeX2e</menutitle> +<menucomment> Unofficial LaTeX reference manual. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></direntry> + + +<titlepage> +<booktitle>&latex;: Structured documents for &tex;</booktitle> +<booksubtitle>unofficial &latex; reference manual</booksubtitle> +<booksubtitle>July 2010</booksubtitle> +<author></author> +<page></page> +<vskip></vskip><para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a +document preparation system, version of July 2010. +</para> +<para>This was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in the VMS +Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by +George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The +&latex; 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The +&latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl +Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges +using <cite>Hypertext Help with &latex;</cite>, by Sheldon Green, and the +<cite>&latex; Command Summary</cite> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway +and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as +<cite>&tex;niques</cite> number 10), as reference material (text was not +directly copied). +</para> +<para>Copyright ©right; 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry.&linebreak; +Copyright ©right; 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak; +Copyright ©right; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. +</para> +<para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of +this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice +are preserved on all copies. +</para> + +<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire +resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission +notice identical to this one. +</para> +<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual +into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. +</para></titlepage> + +<shortcontents></shortcontents> +<contents></contents> + +<node> +<nodename>Top</nodename> +<nodenext>Overview</nodenext> +<nodeup>(dir)</nodeup> +</node> +<top> +<title>&latex;2e</title> + +<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a +document preparation system, version as of July 2010. It is +intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of +&latex; for many years. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">Knuth, Donald E.</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">Lamport, Leslie</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">&latex; Project team</indexterm>&latex; is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's +&tex; typesetting program. &latex; was originally created by Leslie +Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers +(<uref><urefurl>http://latex-project.org</urefurl></uref>). The official documentation written +by the &latex; project is available there. Again, the present +document is unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex; +maintainers. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>Overview</menunode> +<menutitle>Overview</menutitle> +<menucomment> What is &latex;? +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Starting & ending</menunode> +<menutitle>Starting & ending</menutitle> +<menucomment> The standard beginning and end of a document. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Document classes</menunode> +<menutitle>Document classes</menutitle> +<menucomment> Some of the various classes available. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Typefaces</menunode> +<menutitle>Typefaces</menutitle> +<menucomment> And fonts, such as bold, italics etc. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Layout</menunode> +<menutitle>Layout</menutitle> +<menucomment> Controlling the page layout. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Sectioning</menunode> +<menutitle>Sectioning</menutitle> +<menucomment> How to section properly. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Cross references</menunode> +<menutitle>Cross references</menutitle> +<menucomment> Automatic referencing. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Environments</menunode> +<menutitle>Environments</menutitle> +<menucomment> Such as enumerate & itemize. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Line breaking</menunode> +<menutitle>Line breaking</menutitle> +<menucomment> Influencing line breaks. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Page breaking</menunode> +<menutitle>Page breaking</menutitle> +<menucomment> Influencing page breaks. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Footnotes</menunode> +<menutitle>Footnotes</menutitle> +<menucomment> How to produce footnotes. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Definitions</menunode> +<menutitle>Definitions</menutitle> +<menucomment> Define your own commands etc. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Counters</menunode> +<menutitle>Counters</menutitle> +<menucomment> Internal counters used by &latex;. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Lengths</menunode> +<menutitle>Lengths</menutitle> +<menucomment> The length commands. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Making paragraphs</menunode> +<menutitle>Making paragraphs</menutitle> +<menucomment> Paragraph commands. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Math formulas</menunode> +<menutitle>Math formulas</menutitle> +<menucomment> How to create mathematical formulas. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Modes</menunode> +<menutitle>Modes</menutitle> +<menucomment> Paragraph, Math or LR modes. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Page styles</menunode> +<menutitle>Page styles</menutitle> +<menucomment> Various styles of page layout. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Spaces</menunode> +<menutitle>Spaces</menutitle> +<menucomment> Horizontal and vertical space. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Boxes</menunode> +<menutitle>Boxes</menutitle> +<menucomment> Making boxes. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Special insertions</menunode> +<menutitle>Special insertions</menutitle> +<menucomment> Inserting reserved and special characters. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Splitting the input</menunode> +<menutitle>Splitting the input</menutitle> +<menucomment> Dealing with big files by splitting. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Front/back matter</menunode> +<menutitle>Front/back matter</menutitle> +<menucomment> Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Letters</menunode> +<menutitle>Letters</menutitle> +<menucomment> The letter class. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Terminal input/output</menunode> +<menutitle>Terminal input/output</menutitle> +<menucomment> User interaction. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Command line</menunode> +<menutitle>Command line</menutitle> +<menucomment> System-independent command-line behavior. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Document templates</menunode> +<menutitle>Document templates</menutitle> +<menucomment> Starter templates for various document classes. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Concept Index</menunode> +<menutitle>Concept Index</menutitle> +<menucomment> General index. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Command Index</menunode> +<menutitle>Command Index</menutitle> +<menucomment> Alphabetical list of &latex; commands. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +</top> +<node> +<nodename>Overview</nodename> +<nodenext>Starting & ending</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Top</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Overview of &latex;</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">overview of &latex;</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">&latex; overview</indexterm></para> +<para>The &latex; command typesets a file of text using the &tex; program +and the &latex; “macro package” for &tex;. To be more specific, +it processes an input file containing the text of a document with +interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted. +It produces at least three files as output: +</para> +<enumerate first="1"><item> +<para>A main output file, which is one of: +</para> +<enumerate first="1"><item> +<para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a “Device Independent” (<file>.dvi</file>) +file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for +a variety of output devices. You can view such <file>.dvi</file> output of +&latex; by using a program such as <command>xdvi</command> (display directly) +or <command>dvips</command> (convert to PostScript). +</para> +</item> +<item> +<para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a “Portable Document Format” +(<file>.pdf</file>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with +all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does +make the output much larger than the <file>.dvi</file> produced from the +same document. +</para></item> +</enumerate> + +<para>There are other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) as well, +which can produce HTML, XML, and other things. +</para> +</item> +<item> +<para>A “transcript” or <file>.log</file> file that contains summary information and +diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. +</para> +</item> +<item> +<para>An “auxiliary” or <file>.aux</file> file. This is used by &latex; itself, for +things such as sectioning. +</para></item> +</enumerate> + +<para>A &latex; command begins with the command name, which consists of a +<code>\</code> followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a +single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <code>[]</code>, +are optional while arguments contained in braces, <code>{}</code>, are +required. +</para> +<para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless +explicitly directed to do otherwise. +</para> + +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Starting & ending</nodename> +<nodenext>Document classes</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Overview</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Starting & ending</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">starting & ending</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ending & starting</indexterm></para> +<para>A minimal input file looks like the following: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{<var>class</var>} \begin{document} <var>your text</var> -\end{document}</example> - <para role="continues">where the <var>class</var> is a valid document class for &latex;. See <xref><xrefnodename>Document classes</xrefnodename></xref>, for details of the various document classes available locally.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">preamble, defined</indexterm>You may include other &latex; commands between the <code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands (this area is called the <dfn>preamble</dfn>).</para> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Document classes</nodename> - <nodenext>Typefaces</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Starting & ending</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Document classes</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">document classes</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">classes of documents</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\documentclass</indexterm> The class of a given document is defined with the command:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>}</example> - <para role="continues">The <code>\documentclass</code> command must be the first command in a &latex; source file.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">article <r>class</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">report <r>class</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">book <r>class</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">letter <r>class</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">slides <r>class</r></indexterm>Built-in &latex; document <var>class</var> names are (many other document classes are available as add-ons; see <xref><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></xref>):</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">article report book letter slides</example> +\end{document} +</example> +<para>where the <var>class</var> is a valid document class for &latex;. +See <xref><xrefnodename>Document classes</xrefnodename></xref>, for details of the various document classes +available locally. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">preamble, defined</indexterm>You may include other &latex; commands between the <code>\documentclass</code> +and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands (this area is called the +<dfn>preamble</dfn>). +</para> + +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Document classes</nodename> +<nodenext>Typefaces</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Starting & ending</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Document classes</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">document classes</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">classes of documents</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\documentclass</indexterm></para> +<para>The class of a given document is defined with the command: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\documentclass</code> command must be the first command in a +&latex; source file. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">article <r>class</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">report <r>class</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">book <r>class</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">letter <r>class</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">slides <r>class</r></indexterm>Built-in &latex; document <var>class</var> names are (many other document +classes are available as add-ons; see <xref><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></xref>): +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">article report book letter slides +</example> <!-- xx briefly describe each one --> - <para>Standard <var>options</var> are described below.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Document class options</menunode> - <menutitle>Document class options</menutitle> - <menucomment>Global options.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Document class options</nodename> - <nodeup>Document classes</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Document class options</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">document class options</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">options, document class</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">class options</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">global options</indexterm> You can specify so-called <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> to the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual. To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>}</example> - <para>Here is the list of the standard class options.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">10pt 11pt 12pt</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>):</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">draft <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">final <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm>Miscellaneous other options:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>draft, final</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">black boxes, omitting</indexterm> - <item> - <para>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <code>final</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>fleqn</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>landscape</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>leqno</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>openbib</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Use “open” bibliography format.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>titlepage, notitlepage</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>These options are not available with the slides class:</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">openright <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>onecolumn</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>twocolumn</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code>onecolumn</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>oneside</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>twoside</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\evensidemargin</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\oddsidemargin</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except for the <code>book</code> class.</para> - <para>The <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code> parameter determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code> with <code>\evensidemargin</code> the remainder.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>openright</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>openany</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is <code>openright</code> for book.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing the time at the bottom of each note.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">packages, loading</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">loading additional packages</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\usepackage</indexterm>Additional packages are loaded like this:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>}</example> - <para>To specify more than one <var>pkg</var>, you can separate them with a comma, or use multiple <code>\usepackage</code> commands.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">global options</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">options, global</indexterm>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with <code>\usepackage</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Typefaces</nodename> - <nodenext>Layout</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Document classes</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Typefaces</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">typefaces</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">fonts</indexterm> Two important aspects of selecting a <dfn>font</dfn> are specifying a size and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Font styles</menunode> - <menutitle>Font styles</menutitle> - <menucomment>Select roman, italics etc.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Font sizes</menunode> - <menutitle>Font sizes</menutitle> - <menucomment>Select point size.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Low-level font commands</menunode> - <menutitle>Low-level font commands</menutitle> - <menucomment>Select encoding, family, series, shape.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Font styles</nodename> - <nodenext>Font sizes</nodenext> - <nodeup>Typefaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Font styles</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">font styles</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">typeface styles</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">styles of text</indexterm> The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.</para> - <para>These commands are used like <code>\textit{italic text}</code>. The corresponding command in parenthesis is the “declaration form”, which takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.</para> - <para>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code> to get bold sans serif.</para> - <para>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance, <code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textrm</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\rmfamily</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Roman.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\textit (\itshape)</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textit</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\itshape</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Italics.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\emph</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\emph</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">emphasis</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Emphasis (switches between <code>\textit</code> and <code>\textrm</code>).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textmd</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\mdseries</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Medium weight (default).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbf</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\bfseries</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Boldface.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\textup (\upshape)</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textup</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\upshape</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textsl</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\slshape</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Slanted.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textsf</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\sffamily</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Sans serif.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textsc</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\scshape</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Small caps.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\texttt</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\ttfamily</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Typewriter.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textnormal</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\normalfont</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Main document font.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\mathrm</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mathrm</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Roman, for use in math mode.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\mathbf</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mathbf</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Boldface, for use in math mode.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\mathsf</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mathsf</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Sans serif, for use in math mode.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\mathtt</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mathtt</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Typewriter, for use in math mode.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\mathit</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>(\mit)</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Italics, for use in math mode.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\mathnormal</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mathnormal</indexterm> - <item> - <para>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\mathcal</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mathcal</indexterm> - <item> - <para>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion{bold}</code> <indexterm index="fn">\mathversion</indexterm>can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.</para> - <para>&latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are <emph>not</emph> cumulative. They are used differently than the above commands, too: <code>{\<var>cmd</var> ...}</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. These are two very different things.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bf</indexterm><code>\bf</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">bold font</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Switch to <b>bold face</b>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cal</indexterm><code>\cal</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">script letters for math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\em</indexterm><code>\em</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">emphasis</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\it</indexterm><code>\it</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">italic font</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Italics.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rm</indexterm><code>\rm</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">roman font</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Roman.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sc</indexterm><code>\sc</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">small caps font</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Small caps.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sf</indexterm><code>\sf</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">sans serif font</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Sans serif.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sl</indexterm><code>\sl</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">slanted font</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">oblique font</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Slanted (oblique).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tt</indexterm><code>\tt</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">typewriter font</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">monospace font</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">fixed-width font</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Font sizes</nodename> - <nodenext>Low-level font commands</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Font styles</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Typefaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Font sizes</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">font sizes</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">typeface sizes</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">sizes of text</indexterm> The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;. The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used (in points) with the <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>12pt</samp> document size options, respectively (see <xref><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\tiny</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\scriptsize</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\footnotesize</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\small</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\normalsize</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\large</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\Large</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\LARGE</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\huge</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\Huge</indexterm> </para> - <multitable> - <columnfraction>36</columnfraction> - <columnfraction>7</columnfraction> - <columnfraction>7</columnfraction> - <columnfraction>7</columnfraction> - <thead> - <row> - <entry>Command</entry> - <entry><code>10pt</code></entry> - <entry><code>11pt</code></entry> - <entry><code>12pt</code></entry> - </row> - </thead> - <tbody> - <row> - <entry><code>\tiny</code></entry> - <entry>5</entry> - <entry>6</entry> - <entry>6</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><code>\scriptsize</code></entry> - <entry>7</entry> - <entry>8</entry> - <entry>8</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><code>\footnotesize</code></entry> - <entry>8</entry> - <entry>9</entry> - <entry>10</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><code>\small</code></entry> - <entry>9</entry> - <entry>10</entry> - <entry>10.95</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><code>\normalsize</code> (default)</entry> - <entry>10</entry> - <entry>10.95</entry> - <entry>12</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><code>\large</code></entry> - <entry>12</entry> - <entry>12</entry> - <entry>14.4</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><code>\Large</code></entry> - <entry>14.4</entry> - <entry>14.4</entry> - <entry>17.28</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><code>\LARGE</code></entry> - <entry>17.28</entry> - <entry>17.28</entry> - <entry>20.74</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><code>\huge</code></entry> - <entry>20.74</entry> - <entry>20.74</entry> - <entry>24.88</entry> - </row> - <row> - <entry><code>\Huge</code></entry> - <entry>24.88</entry> - <entry>24.88</entry> - <entry>24.88</entry> - </row> - </tbody> - </multitable> - <para>The commands as listed here are “declaration forms”. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Low-level font commands</nodename> - <nodeprev>Font sizes</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Typefaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Low-level font commands</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">low-level font commands</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">font commands, low-level</indexterm> These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available ones.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\fontencoding{enc}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\fontencoding</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <code>OT1</code> and <code>T1</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\fontfamily{family}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\fontfamily</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Select font family. Valid families include:</para> - <itemize> - <itemfunction>•</itemfunction> - <item> - <para><code>cmr</code> for Computer Modern Roman</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><code>cmss</code> for Computer Modern Sans Serif</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><code>cmtt</code> for Computer Modern Typewriter</para> - </item> - </itemize> - <para>and numerous others.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\fontseries{series}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\fontseries</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Select font series. Valid series include:</para> - <itemize> - <itemfunction>•</itemfunction> - <item> - <para><code>m</code> Medium (normal)</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><code>b</code> Bold</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><code>c</code> Condensed</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><code>bc</code> Bold condensed</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><code>bx</code> Bold extended</para> - </item> - </itemize> - <para>and various other combinations.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\fontshape{shape}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\fontshape</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:</para> - <itemize> - <itemfunction>•</itemfunction> - <item> - <para><code>n</code> Upright (normal)</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><code>it</code> Italic</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique)</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><code>sc</code> Small caps</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><code>ui</code> Upright italics</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><code>ol</code> Outline</para> - </item> - </itemize> - <para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\fontsize{size}{skip}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\fontsize</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\baselineskip</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter named <code>\baselineskip</code>. The unit of both parameters defaults to pt. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\baselinestretch</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><code>setspace</code> package</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double spacing</indexterm>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the <code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter when the type size changes; the default is 1. However, the best way to “double space” a document, if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the <code>setspace</code> package; see <uref><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</urefurl></uref>.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\linespread</indexterm></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Equivalent to <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, and therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect. Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as described just above.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\selectfont</indexterm>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do not come into effect until <code>\selectfont</code> is called.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\usefont</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>, <code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters, followed by <code>\selectfont</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Layout</nodename> - <nodenext>Sectioning</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Typefaces</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Layout</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">layout commands</indexterm> Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\onecolumn</menunode> - <menutitle>\onecolumn</menutitle> - <menucomment>Use one-column layout.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\twocolumn</menunode> - <menutitle>\twocolumn</menutitle> - <menucomment>Use two-column layout.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\flushbottom</menunode> - <menutitle>\flushbottom</menutitle> - <menucomment>Make all text pages the same height.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\raggedbottom</menunode> - <menutitle>\raggedbottom</menutitle> - <menucomment>Allow text pages of differing height.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Page layout parameters</menunode> - <menutitle>Page layout parameters</menutitle> - <menucomment>\headheight \footskip.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\onecolumn</nodename> - <nodenext>\twocolumn</nodenext> - <nodeup>Layout</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\onecolumn</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\onecolumn</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">one-column output</indexterm> The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output. This is the default.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\twocolumn</nodename> - <nodenext>\flushbottom</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\onecolumn</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Layout</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\twocolumn</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\twocolumn</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">multicolumn text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">two-column output</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\twocolumn[<var>text1col</var>]</example> - <para>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output. If the optional <var>text1col</var> argument is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts.</para> - <para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\columnsep</indexterm><code>\columnsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The distance between columns (35pt by default).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\columnseprule</indexterm><code>\columnseprule</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\columnwidth</indexterm><code>\columnwidth</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <code>\textwidth</code> in single-column text.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dbltopfraction</indexterm><code>\dbltopfraction</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied by floats. Default <samp>.7</samp>, can be usefully redefined to (say) <samp>.9</samp> to avoid going to float pages so soon.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, for a two-column float page. Default <samp>.5</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dblfloatsep</indexterm><code>\dblfloatsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float page. Default <samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> and <samp>11pt</samp> documents, <samp>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page and the main text. Default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\flushbottom</nodename> - <nodenext>\raggedbottom</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\twocolumn</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Layout</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\flushbottom</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\flushbottom</indexterm> The <code>\flushbottom</code> declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page.</para> - <para>This is the default if <code>twocolumn</code> mode is selected (see <xref><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\raggedbottom</nodename> - <nodenext>Page layout parameters</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\flushbottom</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Layout</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\raggedbottom</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\raggedbottom</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm> The <code>\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes all pages the natural height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename> - <nodeprev>\raggedbottom</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Layout</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Page layout parameters</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">page layout parameters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">parameters, page layout</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">layout, page parameters for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">header, parameters for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">footer, parameters for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">running header and footer</indexterm></para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\headheight</indexterm><code>\headheight</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is <samp>30pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the type size.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\headsep</indexterm><code>\headsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of the main text. Default is <samp>25pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the type size.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\footskip</indexterm><code>\footskip</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of the page footer. Default is <samp>30pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the type size.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\linewidth</indexterm><code>\linewidth</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an <code>article</code> document in <samp>10pt</samp>, it's set to <samp>345pt</samp>; in two-column mode, that becomes <samp>229.5pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textheight</indexterm><code>\textheight</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with the font size, document class, etc. For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document in <samp>10pt</samp>, it's set to <samp>43\baselineskip</samp>; for <code>book</code>, it's <samp>41\baselineskip</samp>. For <samp>11pt</samp>, it's <samp>38\baselineskip</samp> and for <samp>12pt</samp>, <samp>36\baselineskip</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textwidth</indexterm><code>\textwidth</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as usual. For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, it's <samp>345pt</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>360pt</samp> at <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>390pt</samp> at <samp>12pt</samp>. For a <code>book</code> document, it's <samp>4.5in</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>, and <samp>5in</samp> at <samp>11pt</samp> or <samp>12pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\topmargin</indexterm><code>\topmargin</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight − 2in − \headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip</code>, and then divided by two.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\topskip</indexterm><code>\topskip</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Sectioning</nodename> - <nodenext>Cross references</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Layout</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Sectioning</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">sectioning</indexterm> Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\part</indexterm><code>\part</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\chapter</indexterm><code>\chapter</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>(report and book class only)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\section</indexterm><code>\section</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\subsection</indexterm><code>\subsection</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\subsubsection</indexterm><code>\subsubsection</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\paragraph</indexterm><code>\paragraph</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\subparagraph</indexterm><code>\subparagraph</code></tableterm> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\chapter[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</example> - <para>In addition to providing the heading <var>title</var> in the main text, the section title can appear in two other places:</para> - <enumerate first="1"> - <item> - <para>The table of contents.</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>The running head at the top of the page.</para> - </item> - </enumerate> - <para>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument <var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other places.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">*-form of sectioning commands</indexterm>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print <var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For instance:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\section*{Preamble}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\appendix</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">appendix, creating</indexterm>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units are numbered. The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is something like</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\chapter{A Chapter} + +<para>Standard <var>options</var> are described below. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>Document class options</menunode> +<menutitle>Document class options</menutitle> +<menucomment> Global options. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>Document class options</nodename> +<nodeup>Document classes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Document class options</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">document class options</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">options, document class</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">class options</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">global options</indexterm></para> +<para>You can specify so-called <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> +to the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square +brackets as usual. To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate +them with a comma: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>option1</var>,<var>option2</var>,...]{<var>class</var>} +</example> +<para>Here is the list of the standard class options. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following +options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>): +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">10pt 11pt 12pt +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper +size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>): +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">draft <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">final <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm>Miscellaneous other options: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>draft, final</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">black boxes, omitting</indexterm>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <code>final</code>. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>fleqn</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>landscape</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>leqno</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>openbib</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Use “open” bibliography format. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>titlepage, notitlepage</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para>These options are not available with the slides class: +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">openright <r>option</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></para><table><tableitem><tableterm><code>onecolumn</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>twocolumn</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <code>onecolumn</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>oneside</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>twoside</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\evensidemargin</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except +for the <code>book</code> class. +</para> +<para>The <code>\evensidemargin</code> (<code>\oddsidemargin</code> parameter determines +the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the +page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper +size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided +printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is +40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code> +with <code>\evensidemargin</code> the remainder. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>openright</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>openany</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a +right-hand page; default is <code>openright</code> for book. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing +the time at the bottom of each note. +</para> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">packages, loading</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">loading additional packages</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\usepackage</indexterm>Additional packages are loaded like this: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>options</var>]{<var>pkg</var>} +</example> +<para>To specify more than one <var>pkg</var>, you can separate them with a +comma, or use multiple <code>\usepackage</code> commands. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">global options</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">options, global</indexterm>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown +by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with +<code>\usepackage</code>. +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Typefaces</nodename> +<nodenext>Layout</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Document classes</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Typefaces</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">typefaces</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">fonts</indexterm></para> +<para>Two important aspects of selecting a <dfn>font</dfn> are specifying a size +and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>Font styles</menunode> +<menutitle>Font styles</menutitle> +<menucomment> Select roman, italics etc. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Font sizes</menunode> +<menutitle>Font sizes</menutitle> +<menucomment> Select point size. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Low-level font commands</menunode> +<menutitle>Low-level font commands</menutitle> +<menucomment> Select encoding, family, series, shape. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>Font styles</nodename> +<nodenext>Font sizes</nodenext> +<nodeup>Typefaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Font styles</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">font styles</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">typeface styles</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">styles of text</indexterm></para> +<para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;. +</para> +<para>These commands are used like <code>\textit{italic text}</code>. The +corresponding command in parenthesis is the “declaration form”, which +takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the +next type style command or the end of the current group. +</para> +<para>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either +<code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code> to get bold +sans serif. +</para> +<para>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance, +<code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\textrm</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\rmfamily</indexterm>Roman. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\textit (\itshape)</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\textit</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\itshape</indexterm>Italics. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\emph</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\emph</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">emphasis</indexterm>Emphasis (switches between <code>\textit</code> and <code>\textrm</code>). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\textmd</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\mdseries</indexterm>Medium weight (default). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\textbf</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\bfseries</indexterm>Boldface. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\textup (\upshape)</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\textup</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\upshape</indexterm>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\textsl</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\slshape</indexterm>Slanted. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\textsf</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\sffamily</indexterm>Sans serif. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\textsc</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\scshape</indexterm>Small caps. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\texttt</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\ttfamily</indexterm>Typewriter. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\textnormal</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\normalfont</indexterm>Main document font. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\mathrm</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\mathrm</indexterm>Roman, for use in math mode. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\mathbf</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\mathbf</indexterm>Boldface, for use in math mode. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\mathsf</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\mathsf</indexterm>Sans serif, for use in math mode. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\mathtt</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\mathtt</indexterm>Typewriter, for use in math mode. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\mathit</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>(\mit)</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Italics, for use in math mode. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\mathnormal</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\mathnormal</indexterm>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\mathcal</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\mathcal</indexterm>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para>In addition, the command +<code>\mathversion{bold}</code> +<indexterm index="fn">\mathversion</indexterm>can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in +formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default. +</para> +<para>&latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to +the given style, that is, are <emph>not</emph> cumulative. They are used +differently than the above commands, too: <code>{\<var>cmd</var> ...}</code> +instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>{...}</code>. These are two very different +things. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bf</indexterm><code>\bf</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">bold font</indexterm>Switch to <b>bold face</b>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cal</indexterm><code>\cal</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">script letters for math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm>Switch to calligraphic letters for math. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\em</indexterm><code>\em</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">emphasis</indexterm>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\it</indexterm><code>\it</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">italic font</indexterm>Italics. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rm</indexterm><code>\rm</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">roman font</indexterm>Roman. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sc</indexterm><code>\sc</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">small caps font</indexterm>Small caps. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sf</indexterm><code>\sf</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">sans serif font</indexterm>Sans serif. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sl</indexterm><code>\sl</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">slanted font</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">oblique font</indexterm>Slanted (oblique). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tt</indexterm><code>\tt</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">typewriter font</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">monospace font</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">fixed-width font</indexterm>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Font sizes</nodename> +<nodenext>Low-level font commands</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Font styles</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Typefaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Font sizes</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">font sizes</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">typeface sizes</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">sizes of text</indexterm></para> +<para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;. +The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font +size used (in points) with the <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>11pt</samp>, and +<samp>12pt</samp> document size options, respectively (see <xref><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\tiny</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\scriptsize</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\footnotesize</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\small</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\normalsize</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\large</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\Large</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\LARGE</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\huge</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\Huge</indexterm></para> +<multitable><columnfraction>36</columnfraction> +<columnfraction>7</columnfraction> +<columnfraction>7</columnfraction> +<columnfraction>7</columnfraction> +<thead><row><entry> Command </entry><entry> <code>10pt</code> </entry><entry> <code>11pt</code> </entry><entry> <code>12pt</code> +</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry> <code>\tiny</code> +</entry><entry> 5 </entry><entry> 6 </entry><entry> 6 +</entry></row><row><entry> <code>\scriptsize</code> +</entry><entry> 7 </entry><entry> 8 </entry><entry> 8 +</entry></row><row><entry> <code>\footnotesize</code> +</entry><entry> 8 </entry><entry> 9 </entry><entry> 10 +</entry></row><row><entry> <code>\small</code> +</entry><entry> 9 </entry><entry> 10 </entry><entry> 10.95 +</entry></row><row><entry> <code>\normalsize</code> (default) +</entry><entry> 10 </entry><entry> 10.95 </entry><entry> 12 +</entry></row><row><entry> <code>\large</code> +</entry><entry> 12 </entry><entry> 12 </entry><entry> 14.4 +</entry></row><row><entry> <code>\Large</code> +</entry><entry> 14.4 </entry><entry> 14.4 </entry><entry> 17.28 +</entry></row><row><entry> <code>\LARGE</code> +</entry><entry> 17.28 </entry><entry> 17.28 </entry><entry> 20.74 +</entry></row><row><entry> <code>\huge</code> +</entry><entry> 20.74 </entry><entry> 20.74 </entry><entry> 24.88 +</entry></row><row><entry> <code>\Huge</code> +</entry><entry> 24.88 </entry><entry> 24.88 </entry><entry> 24.88 +</entry></row></tbody></multitable> + +<para>The commands as listed here are “declaration forms”. The scope of +the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the +end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of +these commands; for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Low-level font commands</nodename> +<nodeprev>Font sizes</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Typefaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Low-level font commands</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">low-level font commands</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">font commands, low-level</indexterm></para> +<para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and +packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available +ones. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>\fontencoding{enc}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\fontencoding</indexterm>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <code>OT1</code> and <code>T1</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\fontfamily{family}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\fontfamily</indexterm>Select font family. Valid families include: +</para> +<itemize><itemfunction>•</itemfunction><item><para> <code>cmr</code> for Computer Modern Roman +</para></item> +<item><para> <code>cmss</code> for Computer Modern Sans Serif +</para></item> +<item><para> <code>cmtt</code> for Computer Modern Typewriter +</para></item> +</itemize> + +<para>and numerous others. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\fontseries{series}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\fontseries</indexterm>Select font series. Valid series include: +</para> +<itemize><itemfunction>•</itemfunction><item><para> <code>m</code> Medium (normal) +</para></item> +<item><para> <code>b</code> Bold +</para></item> +<item><para> <code>c</code> Condensed +</para></item> +<item><para> <code>bc</code> Bold condensed +</para></item> +<item><para> <code>bx</code> Bold extended +</para></item> +</itemize> + +<para>and various other combinations. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\fontshape{shape}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\fontshape</indexterm>Select font shape. Valid shapes are: +</para> +<itemize><itemfunction>•</itemfunction><item><para> <code>n</code> Upright (normal) +</para></item> +<item><para> <code>it</code> Italic +</para></item> +<item><para> <code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique) +</para></item> +<item><para> <code>sc</code> Small caps +</para></item> +<item><para> <code>ui</code> Upright italics +</para></item> +<item><para> <code>ol</code> Outline +</para></item> +</itemize> + +<para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\fontsize{size}{skip}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\fontsize</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\baselineskip</indexterm>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and +the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter +named <code>\baselineskip</code>. The unit of both parameters defaults to +pt. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for the Computer Modern typeface +is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\baselinestretch</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><code>setspace</code> package</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double spacing</indexterm>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the +<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter when the type size changes; the +default is 1. However, the best way to “double space” a document, +if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the +<code>setspace</code> package; see +<uref><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</urefurl></uref>. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\linespread</indexterm></para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Equivalent to +<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, and +therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect. +Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as +described just above. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\selectfont</indexterm>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do +not come into effect until <code>\selectfont</code> is called. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\usefont</indexterm>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>, +<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters, +followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Layout</nodename> +<nodenext>Sectioning</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Typefaces</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Layout</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">layout commands</indexterm></para> +<para>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\onecolumn</menunode> +<menutitle>\onecolumn</menutitle> +<menucomment> Use one-column layout. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\twocolumn</menunode> +<menutitle>\twocolumn</menutitle> +<menucomment> Use two-column layout. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\flushbottom</menunode> +<menutitle>\flushbottom</menutitle> +<menucomment> Make all text pages the same height. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\raggedbottom</menunode> +<menutitle>\raggedbottom</menutitle> +<menucomment> Allow text pages of differing height. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Page layout parameters</menunode> +<menutitle>Page layout parameters</menutitle> +<menucomment> \headheight \footskip. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\onecolumn</nodename> +<nodenext>\twocolumn</nodenext> +<nodeup>Layout</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\onecolumn</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\onecolumn</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">one-column output</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces +single-column output. This is the default. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\twocolumn</nodename> +<nodenext>\flushbottom</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\onecolumn</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Layout</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\twocolumn</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\twocolumn</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">multicolumn text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">two-column output</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\twocolumn[<var>text1col</var>] +</example> +<para>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces +two-column output. If the optional <var>text1col</var> argument is present, +it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting +starts. +</para> +<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\columnsep</indexterm><code>\columnsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>The distance between columns (35pt by default). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\columnseprule</indexterm><code>\columnseprule</code></tableterm> +<item><para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\columnwidth</indexterm><code>\columnwidth</code></tableterm> +<item><para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <code>\textwidth</code> in +single-column text. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dbltopfraction</indexterm><code>\dbltopfraction</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied +by floats. Default <samp>.7</samp>, can be usefully redefined to (say) +<samp>.9</samp> to avoid going to float pages so soon. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code></tableterm> +<item><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats, +for a two-column float page. Default <samp>.5</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dblfloatsep</indexterm><code>\dblfloatsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float +page. Default <samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> and +<samp>11pt</samp> documents, <samp>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page +and the main text. Default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\flushbottom</nodename> +<nodenext>\raggedbottom</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\twocolumn</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Layout</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\flushbottom</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\flushbottom</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\flushbottom</code> declaration makes all text pages the same +height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the +page. +</para> +<para>This is the default if <code>twocolumn</code> mode is selected +(see <xref><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\raggedbottom</nodename> +<nodenext>Page layout parameters</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\flushbottom</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Layout</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\raggedbottom</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\raggedbottom</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes all pages the natural +height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be +stretched. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename> +<nodeprev>\raggedbottom</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Layout</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Page layout parameters</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">page layout parameters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">parameters, page layout</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">layout, page parameters for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">header, parameters for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">footer, parameters for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">running header and footer</indexterm></para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\headheight</indexterm><code>\headheight</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is +<samp>30pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the +type size. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\headsep</indexterm><code>\headsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of +the main text. Default is <samp>25pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> +class, where it varies with the type size. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\footskip</indexterm><code>\footskip</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of +the page footer. Default is <samp>30pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> +class, where it varies with the type size. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\linewidth</indexterm><code>\linewidth</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, +paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an <code>article</code> document in +<samp>10pt</samp>, it's set to <samp>345pt</samp>; in two-column mode, that +becomes <samp>229.5pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textheight</indexterm><code>\textheight</code></tableterm> +<item><para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with +the font size, document class, etc. For an <code>article</code> or +<code>report</code> document in <samp>10pt</samp>, it's set to +<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>; for <code>book</code>, it's <samp>41\baselineskip</samp>. +For <samp>11pt</samp>, it's <samp>38\baselineskip</samp> and for <samp>12pt</samp>, +<samp>36\baselineskip</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textwidth</indexterm><code>\textwidth</code></tableterm> +<item><para>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as +usual. For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, it's +<samp>345pt</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>360pt</samp> at <samp>11pt</samp>, and +<samp>390pt</samp> at <samp>12pt</samp>. For a <code>book</code> document, it's +<samp>4.5in</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>, and <samp>5in</samp> at <samp>11pt</samp> or <samp>12pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\topmargin</indexterm><code>\topmargin</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the +paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed +based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight − 2in − +\headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip</code>, and +then divided by two. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\topskip</indexterm><code>\topskip</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of +the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the +same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Sectioning</nodename> +<nodenext>Cross references</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Layout</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Sectioning</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">sectioning</indexterm></para> +<para>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\part</indexterm><code>\part</code></tableterm> +</tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\chapter</indexterm><code>\chapter</code></tableterm> +<item><para>(report and book class only) +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\section</indexterm><code>\section</code></tableterm> +</tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\subsection</indexterm><code>\subsection</code></tableterm> +</tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\subsubsection</indexterm><code>\subsubsection</code></tableterm> +</tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\paragraph</indexterm><code>\paragraph</code></tableterm> +</tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\subparagraph</indexterm><code>\subparagraph</code></tableterm> +</tableitem></table> + +<para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\chapter[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>} +</example> +<para>In addition to providing the heading <var>title</var> in the main text, the +section title can appear in two other places: +</para> +<enumerate first="1"><item> +<para>The table of contents. +</para></item> +<item> +<para>The running head at the top of the page. +</para></item> +</enumerate> + +<para>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. +To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument +<var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other +places. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">*-form of sectioning commands</indexterm>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print +<var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an +entry in the table of contents. For instance: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\section*{Preamble} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\appendix</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">appendix, creating</indexterm>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units +are numbered. The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text +and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this +command is something like +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\chapter{A Chapter} &dots; \appendix -\chapter{The First Appendix}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">section numbers, printing</indexterm>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers. The setting</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}</example> - <para role="continues">suppresses heading numbers at any depth <math>> <var>level</var></math>, where <code>chapter</code> is level zero. (See <xref><xrefnodename>\setcounter</xrefnodename></xref>.)</para> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Cross references</nodename> - <nodenext>Environments</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Sectioning</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Cross references</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">cross references</indexterm> One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.”</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\label</menunode> - <menutitle>\label</menutitle> - <menucomment>Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\pageref</menunode> - <menutitle>\pageref</menutitle> - <menucomment>Refer to a page number.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\ref</menunode> - <menutitle>\ref</menutitle> - <menucomment>Refer to a section, figure or similar.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\label</nodename> - <nodenext>\pageref</nodenext> - <nodeup>Cross references</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\label</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\label</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\label{<var>key</var>}</example> - <para>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to <var>key</var> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>.</para> - <para>A <var>key</var> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.</para> - <para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>ch</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>for chapters</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>sec</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>for lower-level sectioning commands</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>fig</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>for figures</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>tab</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>for tables</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>eq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>for equations</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:snark</code> or <code>fig.snark</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\pageref</nodename> - <nodenext>\ref</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\label</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Cross references</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\pageref</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">cross referencing with page number</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">page number, cross referencing</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\pageref{<var>key</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\pageref</code>{<var>key</var>} command produces the page number of the place in the text where the corresponding <code>\label</code>{<var>key</var>} command appears.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\ref</nodename> - <nodeprev>\pageref</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Cross references</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\ref</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">section number, cross referencing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\ref{<var>key</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\ref</code> command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote, figure, &dots;, of the corresponding <code>\label</code> command (see <xref><xrefnodename>\label</xrefnodename></xref>). It does not produce any text, such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Environments</nodename> - <nodenext>Line breaking</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Cross references</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Environments</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">environments</indexterm> <indexterm index="fn">\begin</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\end</indexterm> &latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{<var>envname</var>} +\chapter{The First Appendix} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">section numbers, printing</indexterm>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers. +The setting +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>} +</example> +<para>suppresses heading numbers at any depth <math>> <var>level</var></math>, where +<code>chapter</code> is level zero. (See <xref><xrefnodename>\setcounter</xrefnodename></xref>.) +</para> + +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Cross references</nodename> +<nodenext>Environments</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Sectioning</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Cross references</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">cross references</indexterm></para> +<para>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer +the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.” +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\label</menunode> +<menutitle>\label</menutitle> +<menucomment> Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\pageref</menunode> +<menutitle>\pageref</menutitle> +<menucomment> Refer to a page number. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\ref</menunode> +<menutitle>\ref</menutitle> +<menucomment> Refer to a section, figure or similar. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\label</nodename> +<nodenext>\pageref</nodenext> +<nodeup>Cross references</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\label</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\label</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\label{<var>key</var>} +</example> +<para>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to +<var>key</var> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing +inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>. +</para> +<para>A <var>key</var> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. +</para> +<para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is +common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by +a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>ch</code></tableterm> +<item><para>for chapters +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>sec</code></tableterm> +<item><para>for lower-level sectioning commands +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>fig</code></tableterm> +<item><para>for figures +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>tab</code></tableterm> +<item><para>for tables +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>eq</code></tableterm> +<item><para>for equations +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:snark</code> or +<code>fig.snark</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\pageref</nodename> +<nodenext>\ref</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\label</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Cross references</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\pageref{<var>key</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\pageref</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">cross referencing with page number</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\pageref{<var>key</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\pageref</code>{<var>key</var>} command produces the page number of +the place in the text where the corresponding +<code>\label</code>{<var>key</var>} command appears. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\ref</nodename> +<nodeprev>\pageref</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Cross references</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\ref{<var>key</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\ref</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">section number, cross referencing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\ref{<var>key</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\ref</code> command produces the number of the sectional unit, +equation, footnote, figure, &dots;, of the corresponding +<code>\label</code> command (see <xref><xrefnodename>\label</xrefnodename></xref>). It does not produce any text, +such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself. +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Environments</nodename> +<nodenext>Line breaking</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Cross references</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Environments</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">environments</indexterm></para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\begin</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\end</indexterm></para> +<para>&latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text. +Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{<var>envname</var>} ... -\end{<var>envname</var>}</example> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>abstract</menunode> - <menutitle>abstract</menutitle> - <menucomment>Produce an abstract.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>array</menunode> - <menutitle>array</menutitle> - <menucomment>Math arrays.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>center</menunode> - <menutitle>center</menutitle> - <menucomment>Centred lines.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>description</menunode> - <menutitle>description</menutitle> - <menucomment>Labelled lists.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>displaymath</menunode> - <menutitle>displaymath</menutitle> - <menucomment>Formulas that appear on their own line.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>document</menunode> - <menutitle>document</menutitle> - <menucomment>Enclose the whole document.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>enumerate</menunode> - <menutitle>enumerate</menutitle> - <menucomment>Numbered lists.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>eqnarray</menunode> - <menutitle>eqnarray</menutitle> - <menucomment>Sequences of aligned equations.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>equation</menunode> - <menutitle>equation</menutitle> - <menucomment>Displayed equation.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>figure</menunode> - <menutitle>figure</menutitle> - <menucomment>Floating figures.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>flushleft</menunode> - <menutitle>flushleft</menutitle> - <menucomment>Flushed left lines.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>flushright</menunode> - <menutitle>flushright</menutitle> - <menucomment>Flushed right lines.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>itemize</menunode> - <menutitle>itemize</menutitle> - <menucomment>Bulleted lists.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>letter</menunode> - <menutitle>letter</menutitle> - <menucomment>Letters.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>list</menunode> - <menutitle>list</menutitle> - <menucomment>Generic list environment.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>math</menunode> - <menutitle>math</menutitle> - <menucomment>In-line math.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>minipage</menunode> - <menutitle>minipage</menutitle> - <menucomment>Miniature page.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>picture</menunode> - <menutitle>picture</menutitle> - <menucomment>Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>quotation</menunode> - <menutitle>quotation</menutitle> - <menucomment>Indented environment with paragraph indentation.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>quote</menunode> - <menutitle>quote</menutitle> - <menucomment>Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>tabbing</menunode> - <menutitle>tabbing</menutitle> - <menucomment>Align text arbitrarily.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>table</menunode> - <menutitle>table</menutitle> - <menucomment>Floating tables.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>tabular</menunode> - <menutitle>tabular</menutitle> - <menucomment>Align text in columns.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>thebibliography</menunode> - <menutitle>thebibliography</menutitle> - <menucomment>Bibliography or reference list.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>theorem</menunode> - <menutitle>theorem</menutitle> - <menucomment>Theorems, lemmas, etc.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>titlepage</menunode> - <menutitle>titlepage</menutitle> - <menucomment>For hand crafted title pages.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>verbatim</menunode> - <menutitle>verbatim</menutitle> - <menucomment>Simulating typed input.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>verse</menunode> - <menutitle>verse</menutitle> - <menucomment>For poetry and other things.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>abstract</nodename> - <nodenext>array</nodenext> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>abstract</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">abstract <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">abstracts</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{abstract} +\end{<var>envname</var>} +</example> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>abstract</menunode> +<menutitle>abstract</menutitle> +<menucomment> Produce an abstract. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>array</menunode> +<menutitle>array</menutitle> +<menucomment> Math arrays. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>center</menunode> +<menutitle>center</menutitle> +<menucomment> Centered lines. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>description</menunode> +<menutitle>description</menutitle> +<menucomment> Labelled lists. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>displaymath</menunode> +<menutitle>displaymath</menutitle> +<menucomment> Formulas that appear on their own line. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>document</menunode> +<menutitle>document</menutitle> +<menucomment> Enclose the whole document. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>enumerate</menunode> +<menutitle>enumerate</menutitle> +<menucomment> Numbered lists. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>eqnarray</menunode> +<menutitle>eqnarray</menutitle> +<menucomment> Sequences of aligned equations. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>equation</menunode> +<menutitle>equation</menutitle> +<menucomment> Displayed equation. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>figure</menunode> +<menutitle>figure</menutitle> +<menucomment> Floating figures. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>flushleft</menunode> +<menutitle>flushleft</menutitle> +<menucomment> Flushed left lines. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>flushright</menunode> +<menutitle>flushright</menutitle> +<menucomment> Flushed right lines. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>itemize</menunode> +<menutitle>itemize</menutitle> +<menucomment> Bulleted lists. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>letter</menunode> +<menutitle>letter</menutitle> +<menucomment> Letters. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>list</menunode> +<menutitle>list</menutitle> +<menucomment> Generic list environment. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>math</menunode> +<menutitle>math</menutitle> +<menucomment> In-line math. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>minipage</menunode> +<menutitle>minipage</menutitle> +<menucomment> Miniature page. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>picture</menunode> +<menutitle>picture</menutitle> +<menucomment> Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>quotation</menunode> +<menutitle>quotation</menutitle> +<menucomment> Indented environment with paragraph indentation. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>quote</menunode> +<menutitle>quote</menutitle> +<menucomment> Indented environment with no paragraph indentation. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>tabbing</menunode> +<menutitle>tabbing</menutitle> +<menucomment> Align text arbitrarily. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>table</menunode> +<menutitle>table</menutitle> +<menucomment> Floating tables. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>tabular</menunode> +<menutitle>tabular</menutitle> +<menucomment> Align text in columns. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>thebibliography</menunode> +<menutitle>thebibliography</menutitle> +<menucomment> Bibliography or reference list. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>theorem</menunode> +<menutitle>theorem</menutitle> +<menucomment> Theorems, lemmas, etc. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>titlepage</menunode> +<menutitle>titlepage</menutitle> +<menucomment> For hand crafted title pages. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>verbatim</menunode> +<menutitle>verbatim</menutitle> +<menucomment> Simulating typed input. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>verse</menunode> +<menutitle>verse</menutitle> +<menucomment> For poetry and other things. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>abstract</nodename> +<nodenext>array</nodenext> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>abstract</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">abstract <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">abstracts</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para><example xml:space="preserve">\begin{abstract} ... -\end{abstract}</example> - <para>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>array</nodename> - <nodenext>center</nodenext> - <nodeprev>abstract</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>array</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">array <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">arrays, math</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{array}{<var>template</var>} +\end{abstract} +</example> +<para>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>array</nodename> +<nodenext>center</nodenext> +<nodeprev>abstract</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>array</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">array <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">arrays, math</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{array}{<var>template</var>} <var>col1 text</var>&<var>col1 text</var>&<var>coln</var>}\\ ... -\end{array}</example> - <para>Math arrays are produced with the <code>array</code> environment, normally within an <code>equation</code> environment (see <xref><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></xref>). It has a single mandatory <var>template</var> argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column <var>col</var> is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>c</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>centered</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>flush left</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>flush right</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\\ (for <code>array</code>)</indexterm>Column entries are separated by <code>&</code>. Column entries may include other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with <code>\\</code>.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">@{...}</indexterm>In the template, the construct <code>@{<var>text</var>}</code> puts <var>text</var> between columns in each row.</para> - <para>Here's an example:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{equation} +\end{array} +</example> +<para>Math arrays are produced with the <code>array</code> environment, normally +within an <code>equation</code> environment (see <xref><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></xref>). It has a +single mandatory <var>template</var> argument describing the number of +columns and the alignment within them. Each column <var>col</var> is +specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should +be formatted, as follows: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>c</code></tableterm> +<item><para>centered +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> +<item><para>flush left +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> +<item><para>flush right +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\\ (for <code>array</code>)</indexterm>Column entries are separated by <code>&</code>. Column entries may include +other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with +<code>\\</code>. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">@{...}</indexterm>In the template, the construct <code>@{<var>text</var>}</code> puts <var>text</var> +between columns in each row. +</para> +<para>Here's an example: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{equation} \begin{array}{lrc} left1 & right1 & centered1 \\ left2 & right2 & centered2 \\ \end{array} -\end{equation}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\arraycolsep</indexterm>The <code>\arraycolsep</code> parameter defines half the width of the space separating columns; the default is <samp>5pt</samp>. See <xref><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></xref>, for other parameters which affect formatting in <code>array</code> environments, namely <code>\arrayrulewidth</code> and <code>\arraystretch</code>.</para> - <para>The <code>array</code> environment can only be used in math mode.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>center</nodename> - <nodenext>description</nodenext> - <nodeprev>array</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>center</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">center <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">centering text, environment for</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{center} +\end{equation} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\arraycolsep</indexterm>The <code>\arraycolsep</code> parameter defines half the width of the space +separating columns; the default is <samp>5pt</samp>. See <xref><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></xref>, for other +parameters which affect formatting in <code>array</code> environments, +namely <code>\arrayrulewidth</code> and <code>\arraystretch</code>. +</para> +<para>The <code>array</code> environment can only be used in math mode. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>center</nodename> +<nodenext>description</nodenext> +<nodeprev>array</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>center</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">center <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">centering text, environment for</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{center} <var>line1</var> \\ <var>line2</var> \\ -\end{center}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\\ (for <code>center</code>)</indexterm>The <code>center</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\centering</menunode> - <menutitle>\centering</menutitle> - <menucomment>Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\centering</nodename> - <nodeup>center</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\centering</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\centering</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">centering text, declaration for</indexterm> The <code>\centering</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>center</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by putting a <code>\centering</code> command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.</para> - <para>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how &latex; formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command (of an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.</para> - <para>Here's an example:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{quote} +\end{center} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\\ (for <code>center</code>)</indexterm>The <code>center</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph +consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right +margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the +string <code>\\</code>. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\centering</menunode> +<menutitle>\centering</menutitle> +<menucomment> Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\centering</nodename> +<nodeup>center</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\centering</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\centering</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\centering</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>center</code> +environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such +as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. Thus, the text of a figure or +table can be centered on the page by putting a <code>\centering</code> +command at the beginning of the figure or table environment. +</para> +<para>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command +does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how &latex; formats +paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of +the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command (of +an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. +</para> +<para>Here's an example: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{quote} \centering first line \\ second line \\ -\end{quote}</example> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>description</nodename> - <nodenext>displaymath</nodenext> - <nodeprev>center</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>description</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">description <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">labelled lists, creating</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">description lists, creating</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{description} +\end{quote} +</example> + +</subsection> +</section> +<node> +<nodename>description</nodename> +<nodenext>displaymath</nodenext> +<nodeprev>center</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>description</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">description <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">labelled lists, creating</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">description lists, creating</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{description} \item [<var>label1</var>] <var>item1</var> \item [<var>label2</var>] <var>item2</var> ... -\end{description}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\item</indexterm>The <code>description</code> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each <var>label</var> is typeset in bold, flush right. The <var>item</var> text may contain multiple paragraphs.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if you typeset a label in typewriter using <code>\texttt</code>, you'll get bold typewriter: <code>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</code>. This may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use <code>\tt</code>, which resets all other style variations: <code>\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]</code>.</para> - <para>For details about list spacing, see <xref><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></xref>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>displaymath</nodename> - <nodenext>document</nodenext> - <nodeprev>description</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>displaymath</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{displaymath} +\end{description} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\item</indexterm>The <code>description</code> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each +<var>label</var> is typeset in bold, flush right. The <var>item</var> text may +contain multiple paragraphs. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if +you typeset a label in typewriter using <code>\texttt</code>, you'll get +bold typewriter: <code>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</code>. This +may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use +<code>\tt</code>, which resets all other style variations: <code>\item[{\tt +plain typewriter}]</code>. +</para> +<para>For details about list spacing, see <xref><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>displaymath</nodename> +<nodenext>document</nodenext> +<nodeprev>description</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>displaymath</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var> -\end{displaymath}</example> - <para role="continues">or</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\[<var>math</var>\]</example> - <para>The <code>displaymath</code> environment (<code>\[...\]</code> is a synonym) typesets the <var>math</var> text on its own line, centered by default. The global <code>fleqn</code> option makes equations flush left; see <xref><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></xref>.</para> - <para>No equation number is added to <code>displaymath</code> text; to get an equation number, use the <code>equation</code> environment (see <xref><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>document</nodename> - <nodenext>enumerate</nodenext> - <nodeprev>displaymath</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>document</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">document <r>environment</r></indexterm> The <code>document</code> environment encloses the body of a document. It is required in every &latex; document. See <xref><xrefnodename>Starting & ending</xrefnodename></xref>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>enumerate</nodename> - <nodenext>eqnarray</nodenext> - <nodeprev>document</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>enumerate</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">enumerate <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lists of items, numbered</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{enumerate} +\end{displaymath} +</example> +<para>or +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\[<var>math</var>\] +</example> +<para>The <code>displaymath</code> environment (<code>\[...\]</code> is a synonym) +typesets the <var>math</var> text on its own line, centered by default. +The global <code>fleqn</code> option makes equations flush left; see +<xref><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> +<para>No equation number is added to <code>displaymath</code> text; to get an +equation number, use the <code>equation</code> environment (see <xref><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>document</nodename> +<nodenext>enumerate</nodenext> +<nodeprev>displaymath</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>document</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">document <r>environment</r></indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the body of a document. +It is required in every &latex; document. See <xref><xrefnodename>Starting & ending</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>enumerate</nodename> +<nodenext>eqnarray</nodenext> +<nodeprev>document</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>enumerate</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">enumerate <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{enumerate} \item <var>item1</var> \item <var>item2</var> ... -\end{enumerate}</example> - <para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as <code>itemize</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></xref>) and <code>description</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\item</indexterm>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.</para> - <para>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:</para> - <enumerate first="1"> - <item> - <para>1., 2., &dots;</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>(a), (b), &dots;</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>i., ii., &dots;</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>A., B., &dots;</para> - </item> - </enumerate> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\enumi</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\enumii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\enumiii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\enumiv</indexterm>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through <code>\enumiv</code> counters (see <xref><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></xref>). If the optional argument to <code>\item</code> is given, the counter is not incremented for that item.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\labelenumi</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelenumii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelenumiii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelenumiv</indexterm>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelenumi</code> through <code>\labelenumiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels (see <xref><xrefnodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</xrefnodename></xref>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase letters:</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}</example> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>eqnarray</nodename> - <nodenext>equation</nodenext> - <nodeprev>enumerate</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>eqnarray</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">eqnarray <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">equations, aligning</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">aligning Equations</indexterm></para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{eqnarray} <r>(or <code>eqnarray*</code>)</r> +\end{enumerate} +</example> +<para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations +can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also +be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as +<code>itemize</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></xref>) and <code>description</code> +(see <xref><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\item</indexterm>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. +There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. +</para> +<para>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this: +</para> +<enumerate first="1"><item><para> 1., 2., &dots; +</para></item> +<item><para> (a), (b), &dots; +</para></item> +<item><para> i., ii., &dots; +</para></item> +<item><para> A., B., &dots; +</para></item> +</enumerate> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\enumi</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\enumii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\enumiii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\enumiv</indexterm>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> +through <code>\enumiv</code> counters (see <xref><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></xref>). If the optional +argument to <code>\item</code> is given, the counter is not incremented for +that item. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\labelenumi</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelenumii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelenumiii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelenumiv</indexterm>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelenumi</code> +through <code>\labelenumiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can +use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels (see <xref><xrefnodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</xrefnodename></xref>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase +letters: +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></para><example xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} +</example> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>eqnarray</nodename> +<nodenext>equation</nodenext> +<nodeprev>enumerate</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>eqnarray</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">eqnarray <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">equations, aligning</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">aligning Equations</indexterm></para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{eqnarray} <r>(or <code>eqnarray*</code>)</r> <var>formula1</var> \\ <var>formula2</var> \\ ... -\end{eqnarray}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\\ (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</indexterm>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <code>\\</code> and consecutive items within a row separated by an <code>&</code>.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\\* (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</indexterm><code>\\*</code> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\nonumber</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a <code>\nonumber</code> command. Alternatively, The <code>*</code>-form of the environment (<code>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</code>) will omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as <code>eqnarray</code>.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\lefteqn</indexterm>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of zero width.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>equation</nodename> - <nodenext>figure</nodenext> - <nodeprev>eqnarray</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>equation</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">equations, environment for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">formulas, environment for</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{equation} +\end{eqnarray} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\\ (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</indexterm>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a sequence of +equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column +<code>array</code> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <code>\\</code> +and consecutive items within a row separated by an <code>&</code>. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\\* (for <code>eqnarray</code>)</indexterm><code>\\*</code> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal +meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\nonumber</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a +<code>\nonumber</code> command. Alternatively, The <code>*</code>-form of the +environment (<code>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</code>) will +omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as +<code>eqnarray</code>. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\lefteqn</indexterm>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across +lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of +zero width. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>equation</nodename> +<nodenext>figure</nodenext> +<nodeprev>eqnarray</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>equation</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">equations, environment for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">formulas, environment for</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{equation} <var>math</var> -\end{equation}</example> - <para>The <code>equation</code> environment starts a <code>displaymath</code> environment (see <xref><xrefnodename>displaymath</xrefnodename></xref>), e.g., centering the <var>math</var> text on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>figure</nodename> - <nodenext>flushleft</nodenext> - <nodeprev>equation</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>figure</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">figure</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">inserting figures</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">figures, inserting</indexterm></para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{figure[*]}[<var>placement</var>] +\end{equation} +</example> +<para>The <code>equation</code> environment starts a <code>displaymath</code> +environment (see <xref><xrefnodename>displaymath</xrefnodename></xref>), e.g., centering the <var>math</var> text +on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>figure</nodename> +<nodenext>flushleft</nodenext> +<nodeprev>equation</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>figure</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">figure</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">inserting figures</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">figures, inserting</indexterm></para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{figure[*]}[<var>placement</var>] <var>figbody</var> \label{<var>label}</var> \caption[<var>loftitle</var>]{<var>text</var>} -\end{figure}</example> - <para>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are instead “floated” to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. Figures will not be split between two pages.</para> - <para>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a full-width figure (across both columns).</para> - <para>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where &latex; will try to place your figure. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put a float:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>t</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>(Top)—at the top of a text page.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>b</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. However, <code>b</code> is not allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column output. To ameliorate this, use the <code>stfloats</code> or <code>dblfloatfix</code> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ: <uref><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</urefurl></uref>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>h</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp"><code>float</code> package</indexterm> - <item> - <para>(Here)—at the position in the text where the figure environment appears. However, this is not allowed by itself, <code>t</code> is automatically added. To absolutely force a figure to appear “here”, use the <code>float</code> and use its <code>H</code> placement letter. (That package also provides other options.)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>p</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>(Page of floats)—on a separate float page, which is a page containing no text, only floats.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement <code>tbp</code>.</para> - <para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc. you wish.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\caption</indexterm>The <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption <var>text</var> for the figure. The caption is numbered by default. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <var>text</var> (see <xref><xrefnodename>Tables of contents</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> +\end{figure} +</example> +<para>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +instead “floated” to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. +Figures will not be split between two pages. +</para> +<para>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a +full-width figure (across both columns). +</para> +<para>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where &latex; will try +to place your figure. There are four places where &latex; can possibly +put a float: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>t</code></tableterm> +<item><para>(Top)—at the top of a text page. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>b</code></tableterm> +<item><para>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. However, <code>b</code> is not +allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column +output. To ameliorate this, use the <code>stfloats</code> or +<code>dblfloatfix</code> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the +FAQ: <uref><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</urefurl></uref>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>h</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp"><code>float</code> package</indexterm>(Here)—at the position in the text where the figure environment +appears. However, this is not allowed by itself, <code>t</code> is +automatically added. To absolutely force a figure to appear “here”, +use the <code>float</code> and use its <code>H</code> placement letter. (That +package also provides other options.) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>p</code></tableterm> +<item><para>(Page of floats)—on a separate float page, which is a page +containing no text, only floats. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement +<code>tbp</code>. +</para> +<para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc. +you wish. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\caption</indexterm>The <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption <var>text</var> for the +figure. The caption is numbered by default. If <var>loftitle</var> is +present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <var>text</var> +(see <xref><xrefnodename>Tables of contents</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> <!-- xx float-placement, float-caption sections? --> - <table><indexterm index="fn">\bottomfraction</indexterm>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats atthe bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>. - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\floatpagefraction</indexterm><code>\floatpagefraction</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; default <samp>.5</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\floatsep</indexterm><code>\floatsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default <samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\intextsep</indexterm><code>\intextsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default <samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> and <samp>11pt</samp> styles, <samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textfloatsep</indexterm><code>\textfloatsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textfraction</indexterm><code>\textfraction</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\topfraction</indexterm><code>\topfraction</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before floats; default is <samp>.7</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>flushleft</nodename> - <nodenext>flushright</nodenext> - <nodeprev>figure</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>flushleft</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">flushleft <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{flushleft} +<table><item><para><indexterm index="fn">\bottomfraction</indexterm>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at +the bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>. +</para> +</item><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\floatpagefraction</indexterm><code>\floatpagefraction</code></tableterm> +<item><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; +default <samp>.5</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\floatsep</indexterm><code>\floatsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default +<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\intextsep</indexterm><code>\intextsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default +<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> and <samp>11pt</samp> styles, +<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textfloatsep</indexterm><code>\textfloatsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; +default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textfraction</indexterm><code>\textfraction</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too +much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a +different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\topfraction</indexterm><code>\topfraction</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before +floats; default is <samp>.7</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>flushleft</nodename> +<nodenext>flushright</nodenext> +<nodeprev>figure</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>flushleft</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">flushleft <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{flushleft} <var>line1</var> \\ <var>line2</var> \\ ... -\end{flushleft}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\raggedright</menunode> - <menutitle>\raggedright</menutitle> - <menucomment>Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\raggedright</nodename> - <nodeup>flushleft</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\raggedright</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\raggedright</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ragged right text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">left-justifying text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">justification, ragged right</indexterm> The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.</para> - <para>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code> command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex; formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command that ends the paragraph unit.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>flushright</nodename> - <nodenext>itemize</nodenext> - <nodeprev>flushleft</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>flushright</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">flushright <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{flushright} +\end{flushleft} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph +consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged +right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\raggedright</menunode> +<menutitle>\raggedright</menutitle> +<menucomment> Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\raggedright</nodename> +<nodeup>flushleft</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\raggedright</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\raggedright</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ragged right text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">left-justifying text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">justification, ragged right</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the +<code>flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an +environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. +</para> +<para>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the <code>\raggedright</code> +command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex; +formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the +scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> +command that ends the paragraph unit. +</para> + +</subsection> +</section> +<node> +<nodename>flushright</nodename> +<nodenext>itemize</nodenext> +<nodeprev>flushleft</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>flushright</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">flushright <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{flushright} <var>line1</var> \\ <var>line2</var> \\ ... -\end{flushright}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged left. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\raggedleft</menunode> - <menutitle>\raggedleft</menutitle> - <menucomment>Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\raggedleft</nodename> - <nodeup>flushright</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\raggedleft</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\raggedleft</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ragged left text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">justification, ragged left</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">right-justifying text</indexterm> The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.</para> - <para>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code> command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex; formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command that ends the paragraph unit.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>itemize</nodename> - <nodenext>letter</nodenext> - <nodeprev>flushright</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>itemize</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">itemize <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\item</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lists of items</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">unordered lists</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bulleted lists</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{itemize} +\end{flushright} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph +consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged +left. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\raggedleft</menunode> +<menutitle>\raggedleft</menutitle> +<menucomment> Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\raggedleft</nodename> +<nodeup>flushright</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\raggedleft</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\raggedleft</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ragged left text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">justification, ragged left</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">right-justifying text</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the +<code>flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an +environment such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. +</para> +<para>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the <code>\raggedleft</code> +command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex; +formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the +scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> +command that ends the paragraph unit. +</para> + +</subsection> +</section> +<node> +<nodename>itemize</nodename> +<nodenext>letter</nodenext> +<nodeprev>flushright</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>itemize</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">itemize <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\item</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lists of items</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">unordered lists</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bulleted lists</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{itemize} \item <var>item1</var> \item <var>item2</var> ... -\end{itemize}</example> - <para>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted” list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <para>Each item of an <code>itemize</code> list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.</para> - <para>By default, the marks at each level look like this:</para> - <enumerate first="1"> - <item> - <para>• (bullet)</para> - </item> - <item> - <para><b>--<!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash)</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>* (asterisk)</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period)</para> - </item> - </enumerate> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\labelitemi</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelitemii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelitemiii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelitemiv</indexterm>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels. For instance, to have the first level use diamonds:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\leftmargin</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmargini</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmarginii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmarginiii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmarginiv</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmarginv</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmarginvi</indexterm>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the left margin of the list. By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set to the appropriate <code>\leftmargin<var>N</var></code> when a new level of nesting is entered.</para> - <para>The defaults vary from <samp>.5em</samp> (highest levels of nesting) to <samp>2.5em</samp> (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em</example> +\end{itemize} +</example> +<para>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces an “unordered”, “bulleted” +list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four +levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making +environments, such as <code>enumerate</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<para>Each item of an <code>itemize</code> list begins with an <code>\item</code> command. +There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment. +</para> +<para>By default, the marks at each level look like this: +</para> +<enumerate first="1"><item><para> • (bullet) +</para></item> +<item><para> <b>--<!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash) +</para></item> +<item><para> * (asterisk) +</para></item> +<item><para> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) +</para></item> +</enumerate> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\labelitemi</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelitemii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelitemiii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelitemiv</indexterm>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> +through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can +use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels. For instance, to have +the first level use diamonds: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\leftmargin</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmargini</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmarginii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmarginiii</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmarginiv</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmarginv</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftmarginvi</indexterm>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define +the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and +the left margin of the list. By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set +to the appropriate <code>\leftmargin<var>N</var></code> when a new level of +nesting is entered. +</para> +<para>The defaults vary from <samp>.5em</samp> (highest levels of nesting) to +<samp>2.5em</samp> (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. +This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em +</example> <!-- xx should be in its own generic section --> - <para>Some parameters that affect list formatting:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\itemindent</indexterm><code>\itemindent</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelsep</indexterm><code>\labelsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Space between the label and text of an item; default <samp>.5em</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelwidth</indexterm><code>\labelwidth</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Width of the label; default <samp>2em</samp>, or <samp>1.5em</samp> in two-column mode.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\listparindent</indexterm><code>\listparindent</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a list item; default <samp>0pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rightmargin</indexterm><code>\rightmargin</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the enclosing environment; default <samp>0pt</samp>, except in the <code>quote</code>, <code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal to <code>\leftmargin</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather loose, by default).</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\itemsep</indexterm><code>\itemsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\parsep</indexterm><code>\parsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\topsep</indexterm><code>\topsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. These are reduced for nested lists.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\partopsep</indexterm><code>\partopsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a paragraph. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code> environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific, see <xref><xrefnodename>\parskip</xrefnodename></xref>):</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment{itemize*}% +<para>Some parameters that affect list formatting: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\itemindent</indexterm><code>\itemindent</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelsep</indexterm><code>\labelsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Space between the label and text of an item; default <samp>.5em</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\labelwidth</indexterm><code>\labelwidth</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Width of the label; default <samp>2em</samp>, or <samp>1.5em</samp> in two-column mode. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\listparindent</indexterm><code>\listparindent</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a +list item; default <samp>0pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rightmargin</indexterm><code>\rightmargin</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the +enclosing environment; default <samp>0pt</samp>, except in the <code>quote</code>, +<code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal +to <code>\leftmargin</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather +loose, by default). +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\itemsep</indexterm><code>\itemsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt +minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for +<code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\parsep</indexterm><code>\parsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults +are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\topsep</indexterm><code>\topsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. +For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for +<code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, +and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. These are reduced +for nested lists. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\partopsep</indexterm><code>\partopsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a +paragraph. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> +documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt +plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide +space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code> +environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs +within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific, +see <xref><xrefnodename>\parskip</xrefnodename></xref>): +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment{itemize*}% {\begin{itemize}% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}% \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% - {\end{itemize}}</example> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>letter</nodename> - <nodenext>list</nodenext> - <nodeprev>itemize</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">letter</indexterm> This environment is used for creating letters. See <xref><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></xref>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>list</nodename> - <nodenext>math</nodenext> - <nodeprev>letter</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>list</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">list</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lists of items, generic</indexterm> The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often in macros.</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>} + {\end{itemize}} +</example> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>letter</nodename> +<nodenext>list</nodenext> +<nodeprev>itemize</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">letter</indexterm></para> +<para>This environment is used for creating letters. See <xref><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>list</nodename> +<nodenext>math</nodenext> +<nodeprev>letter</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>list</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">list</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lists of items, generic</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for +defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in +documents, but often in macros. +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{list}{<var>labeling</var>}{<var>spacing</var>} \item <var>item1</var> \item <var>item2</var> ... -\end{list}</example> - <para>The mandatory <var>labeling</var> argument specifies how items should be labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <code>\item</code>). This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands.</para> - <para>The mandatory <var>spacing</var> argument contains commands to change the spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>math</nodename> - <nodenext>minipage</nodenext> - <nodeprev>list</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>math</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">math <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">in-line formulas</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{math} +\end{list} +</example> +<para>The mandatory <var>labeling</var> argument specifies how items should be +labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <code>\item</code>). +This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the +label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands. +</para> +<para>The mandatory <var>spacing</var> argument contains commands to change the +spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be +empty, i.e., <code>{}</code>, which leaves the default spacing. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>math</nodename> +<nodenext>minipage</nodenext> +<nodeprev>list</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>math</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">math <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">in-line formulas</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{math} <var>math</var> -\end{math}</example> - <para>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the running text. <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. See <xref><xrefnodename>Math formulas</xrefnodename></xref>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>minipage</nodename> - <nodenext>picture</nodenext> - <nodeprev>math</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>minipage</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">minipage <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">minipage, creating a</indexterm></para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>} +\end{math} +</example> +<para>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the +running text. <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms. +See <xref><xrefnodename>Math formulas</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>minipage</nodename> +<nodenext>picture</nodenext> +<nodeprev>math</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>minipage</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">minipage <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">minipage, creating a</indexterm></para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{minipage}[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>} <var>text</var> -\end{minipage}</example> - <para>The <code>minipage</code> environment typesets its body <var>text</var> in a block that will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the <code>\parbox</code> command (see <xref><xrefnodename>\parbox</xrefnodename></xref>), but unlike <code>\parbox</code>, other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.</para> +\end{minipage} +</example> +<para>The <code>minipage</code> environment typesets its body <var>text</var> in a +block that will not be broken across pages. This is similar to the +<code>\parbox</code> command (see <xref><xrefnodename>\parbox</xrefnodename></xref>), but unlike <code>\parbox</code>, +other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage. +</para> <!-- (xxref positions) --> - <para>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\parbox</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\parindent</indexterm>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code> environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as <code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> command.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">footnotes in figures</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">figures, footnotes in</indexterm>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the <code>\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary <code>footnote</code> counter (see <xref><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <para>However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>picture</nodename> - <nodenext>quotation</nodenext> - <nodeprev>minipage</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>picture</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">picture</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">creating pictures</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">pictures, creating</indexterm></para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) +<para>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\parbox</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\parindent</indexterm>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code> +environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as +<code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> command. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">footnotes in figures</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">figures, footnotes in</indexterm>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is +particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A +<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at +the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it +uses the <code>\mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the ordinary +<code>footnote</code> counter (see <xref><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<para>However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using +footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>picture</nodename> +<nodenext>quotation</nodenext> +<nodeprev>minipage</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>picture</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">picture</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">creating pictures</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">pictures, creating</indexterm></para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) &dots; <var>picture commands</var> &dots; -\end{picture}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\unitlength</indexterm>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign—a number like <code>5</code>, <code>0.3</code> or <code>-3.1416</code>. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length <code>\unitlength</code>, so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters. You should only change the value of <code>\unitlength</code>, using the <code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> environment.</para> - <para>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>. Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.</para> - <para>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a <code>position</code>. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates.</para> - <para>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional <code>position</code> argument, following the <code>size</code> argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the command</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)</example> - <para role="continues">produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument.</para> - <para>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; &latex; will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by &latex; in determining how much room to leave for it.</para> - <para>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <code>\put</code> command. The command</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\put (11.3,-.3){...}</example> - <para role="continues">puts the object specified by <code>...</code> in the picture, with its reference point at coordinates <math>(11.3,-.3)</math>. The reference points for various objects will be described below.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">lR box</indexterm>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn>. You can put anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\mbox</xrefnodename></xref>) in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left corner of the box.</para> - <para>The <code>picture</code> commands are described in the following sections.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\circle</menunode> - <menutitle>\circle</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw a circle.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\makebox (picture)</menunode> - <menutitle>\makebox (picture)</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw a box of the specified size.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\framebox (picture)</menunode> - <menutitle>\framebox (picture)</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw a box with a frame around it.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\dashbox</menunode> - <menutitle>\dashbox</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw a dashed box.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\frame</menunode> - <menutitle>\frame</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw a frame around an object.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\line</menunode> - <menutitle>\line</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw a straight line.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\linethickness</menunode> - <menutitle>\linethickness</menutitle> - <menucomment>Set the line thickness.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\thicklines</menunode> - <menutitle>\thicklines</menutitle> - <menucomment>A heavier line thickness.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\thinlines</menunode> - <menutitle>\thinlines</menutitle> - <menucomment>The default line thickness.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\multiput</menunode> - <menutitle>\multiput</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw multiple instances of an object.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\oval</menunode> - <menutitle>\oval</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw an ellipse.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\put</menunode> - <menutitle>\put</menutitle> - <menucomment>Place an object at a specified place.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\shortstack</menunode> - <menutitle>\shortstack</menutitle> - <menucomment>Make a pile of objects.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\vector</menunode> - <menutitle>\vector</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw a line with an arrow.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\circle</nodename> - <nodenext>\makebox (picture)</nodenext> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\circle</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\circle</indexterm></para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\circle</code> command produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible. The <code>*</code>-form of the command draws a solid circle.</para> - <para>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\makebox (picture)</nodename> - <nodenext>\framebox (picture)</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\circle</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\makebox</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\makebox (picture)</indexterm> <code>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code></para> - <para>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command except that you must specify a <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>.</para> - <para>The optional argument, <code>[position]</code>, specifies the quadrant that your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>t</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>b</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Moves the item to the bottom.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Moves the item to the left.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Moves the item to the right.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>See <xref><xrefnodename>\makebox</xrefnodename></xref>.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\framebox (picture)</nodename> - <nodenext>\dashbox</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\makebox (picture)</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\framebox</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\framebox</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\framebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{...}</example> - <para>The <code>\framebox</code> command is like <code>\makebox</code> (see previous section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\fboxrule</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\fboxsep</indexterm>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule and the contents of the box.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\dashbox</nodename> - <nodenext>\frame</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\framebox (picture)</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\dashbox</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\dashbox</indexterm> Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\dashbox{<var>dlen</var>}(<var>rwidth</var>,<var>rheight</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}</example> - <para><code>\dashbox</code> creates a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var> in a <code>picture</code> environment. Dashes are <var>dlen</var> units long, and the rectangle has overall width <var>rwidth</var> and height <var>rheight</var>. The <var>text</var> is positioned at optional <var>pos</var>. -<!-- xxref positions. --> A dashed box looks best when the <code>rwidth</code> and <code>rheight</code> are multiples of the <code>dlen</code>.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\frame</nodename> - <nodenext>\line</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\dashbox</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\frame</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\frame</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\frame{<var>text</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\frame</code> command puts a rectangular frame around <var>text</var>. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\line</nodename> - <nodenext>\linethickness</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\frame</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\line</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\line</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\line(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>.</para> - <para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <math><var>slope</var> = x/y</math>, where <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> have integer values from −6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, see the <code>curve2e</code> and many many other packages on CTAN.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\linethickness</nodename> - <nodenext>\thicklines</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\line</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\linethickness</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\linethickness</indexterm> The <code>\linethickness{<var>dim</var>}</code> command declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be <var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length.</para> - <para><code>\linethickness</code> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\thicklines</nodename> - <nodenext>\thinlines</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\linethickness</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\thicklines</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\thicklines</indexterm> The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. <xref><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnodename></xref> and <xref><xrefnodename>\thinlines</xrefnodename></xref>.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\thinlines</nodename> - <nodenext>\multiput</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\thicklines</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\thinlines</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\thinlines</indexterm> The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. <xref><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnodename></xref> and <xref><xrefnodename>\thicklines</xrefnodename></xref>.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\multiput</nodename> - <nodenext>\oval</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\thinlines</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\multiput</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\multiput</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>n</var>}{<var>obj</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\multiput</code> command copies the object <var>obj</var> in a regular pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position <math>(x,y)</math>, then at <math>(x+\delta x,y+\delta y)</math>, and so on, <var>n</var> times.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\oval</nodename> - <nodenext>\put</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\multiput</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\oval</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\oval</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>]</example> - <para>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to select part of the oval via the following:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>t</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>selects the top portion;</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>b</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>selects the bottom portion;</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>selects the right portion;</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>selects the left portion.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>The “corners” of the oval are made with quarter circles with a maximum radius of 20<dmn>pt</dmn>, so large “ovals” will look more like boxes with rounded corners.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\put</nodename> - <nodenext>\shortstack</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\oval</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\put</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\put</indexterm> <code>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</code></para> - <para>The <code>\put</code> command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the given coordinates.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\shortstack</nodename> - <nodenext>\vector</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\put</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\shortstack</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\shortstack</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\shortstack[<var>position</var>]{...\\...\\...}</example> - <para>The <code>\shortstack</code> command produces a stack of objects. The valid positions are:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Move the objects to the right of the stack.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Move the objects to the left of the stack</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>c</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\vector</nodename> - <nodeprev>\shortstack</nodeprev> - <nodeup>picture</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\vector</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\vector</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\vector(<var>x-slope</var>,<var>y-slope</var>){<var>length</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length and slope. The <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> values must lie between −4 and +4, inclusive.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>quotation</nodename> - <nodenext>quote</nodenext> - <nodeprev>picture</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>quotation</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">quotation</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{quotation} +\end{picture} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\unitlength</indexterm>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any +kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. +You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying +their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal +point and a minus sign—a number like <code>5</code>, <code>0.3</code> or +<code>-3.1416</code>. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the +unit length <code>\unitlength</code>, so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set +to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 +centimeters. You should only change the value of <code>\unitlength</code>, +using the <code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> +environment. +</para> +<para>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying +the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>. +Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, +which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that +when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; +the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. +</para> +<para>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a +<code>position</code>. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment +produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this +argument's x- and y-coordinates. +</para> +<para>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional <code>position</code> +argument, following the <code>size</code> argument, that can change the +origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not +contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the +coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture +(thereby determining the origin). For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> +has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the command +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) +</example> +<para>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 +millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose +upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first +draw a picture, you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the +origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your +picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate +optional argument. +</para> +<para>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the +picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; +&latex; will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even +off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by &latex; in determining +how much room to leave for it. +</para> +<para>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <code>\put</code> +command. The command +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\put (11.3,-.3){...} +</example> +<para>puts the object specified by <code>...</code> in the +picture, with its reference point at coordinates <math>(11.3,-.3)</math>. +The reference points for various objects will be described below. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">lR box</indexterm>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn>. You can put anything +that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\mbox</xrefnodename></xref>) in the text argument of +the <code>\put</code> command. When you do this, the reference point will +be the lower left corner of the box. +</para> +<para>The <code>picture</code> commands are described in the following sections. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\circle</menunode> +<menutitle>\circle</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw a circle. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\makebox (picture)</menunode> +<menutitle>\makebox (picture)</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw a box of the specified size. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\framebox (picture)</menunode> +<menutitle>\framebox (picture)</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw a box with a frame around it. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\dashbox</menunode> +<menutitle>\dashbox</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw a dashed box. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\frame</menunode> +<menutitle>\frame</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw a frame around an object. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\line</menunode> +<menutitle>\line</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw a straight line. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\linethickness</menunode> +<menutitle>\linethickness</menutitle> +<menucomment> Set the line thickness. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\thicklines</menunode> +<menutitle>\thicklines</menutitle> +<menucomment> A heavier line thickness. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\thinlines</menunode> +<menutitle>\thinlines</menutitle> +<menucomment> The default line thickness. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\multiput</menunode> +<menutitle>\multiput</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw multiple instances of an object. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\oval</menunode> +<menutitle>\oval</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw an ellipse. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\put</menunode> +<menutitle>\put</menutitle> +<menucomment> Place an object at a specified place. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\shortstack</menunode> +<menutitle>\shortstack</menutitle> +<menucomment> Make a pile of objects. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\vector</menunode> +<menutitle>\vector</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw a line with an arrow. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\circle</nodename> +<nodenext>\makebox (picture)</nodenext> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\circle</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\circle</indexterm></para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\circle[*]{<var>diameter</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\circle</code> command produces a circle with a diameter as close +to the specified one as possible. The <code>*</code>-form of the command +draws a solid circle. +</para> +<para>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\makebox (picture)</nodename> +<nodenext>\framebox (picture)</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\circle</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\makebox</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\makebox (picture)</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code> +</para> +<para>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is similar to +the normal <code>\makebox</code> command except that you must specify a +<code>width</code> and <code>height</code> in multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>. +</para> +<para>The optional argument, <code>[position]</code>, specifies the quadrant that +your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>t</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>b</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Moves the item to the bottom. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Moves the item to the left. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Moves the item to the right. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para>See <xref><xrefnodename>\makebox</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\framebox (picture)</nodename> +<nodenext>\dashbox</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\makebox (picture)</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\framebox</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\framebox</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\framebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{...} +</example> +<para>The <code>\framebox</code> command is like <code>\makebox</code> (see previous +section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box +that it creates. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\fboxrule</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\fboxsep</indexterm>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness +<code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule +and the contents of the box. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\dashbox</nodename> +<nodenext>\frame</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\framebox (picture)</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\dashbox</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\dashbox</indexterm></para> +<para>Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\dashbox{<var>dlen</var>}(<var>rwidth</var>,<var>rheight</var>)[<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</example> +<para><code>\dashbox</code> creates a dashed rectangle around <var>text</var> in a +<code>picture</code> environment. Dashes are <var>dlen</var> units long, and the +rectangle has overall width <var>rwidth</var> and height <var>rheight</var>. +The <var>text</var> is positioned at optional <var>pos</var>. <!-- xxref positions. --> +</para> +<para>A dashed box looks best when the <code>rwidth</code> and <code>rheight</code> are +multiples of the <code>dlen</code>. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\frame</nodename> +<nodenext>\line</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\dashbox</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\frame</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\frame</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\frame{<var>text</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\frame</code> command puts a rectangular frame around <var>text</var>. +The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra +space is put between the frame and the object. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\line</nodename> +<nodenext>\linethickness</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\frame</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\line</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\line</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\line(<var>xslope</var>,<var>yslope</var>){<var>length</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and +slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>. +</para> +<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <math><var>slope</var> = x/y</math>, +where <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> have integer values from −6 +through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, +see the <code>curve2e</code> and many many other packages on CTAN. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\linethickness</nodename> +<nodenext>\thicklines</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\line</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\linethickness</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\linethickness</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\linethickness{<var>dim</var>}</code> command declares the thickness +of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be +<var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length. +</para> +<para><code>\linethickness</code> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, +circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\thicklines</nodename> +<nodenext>\thinlines</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\linethickness</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\thicklines</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\thicklines</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for +horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; +cf. <xref><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnodename></xref> and <xref><xrefnodename>\thinlines</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\thinlines</nodename> +<nodenext>\multiput</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\thicklines</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\thinlines</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\thinlines</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for +horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment; +cf. <xref><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnodename></xref> and <xref><xrefnodename>\thicklines</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\multiput</nodename> +<nodenext>\oval</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\thinlines</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\multiput</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\multiput</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para><example xml:space="preserve">\multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>){<var>n</var>}{<var>obj</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\multiput</code> command copies the object <var>obj</var> in a regular +pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position +<math>(x,y)</math>, then at <math>(x+\delta x,y+\delta y)</math>, and so on, +<var>n</var> times. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\oval</nodename> +<nodenext>\put</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\multiput</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\oval</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\oval</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>] +</example> +<para>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. +The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to select part of the +oval via the following: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>t</code></tableterm> +<item><para>selects the top portion; +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>b</code></tableterm> +<item><para>selects the bottom portion; +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> +<item><para>selects the right portion; +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> +<item><para>selects the left portion. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para>The “corners” of the oval are made with quarter circles with a +maximum radius of 20<dmn>pt</dmn>, so large “ovals” will look more like +boxes with rounded corners. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\put</nodename> +<nodenext>\shortstack</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\oval</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\put</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\put</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</code> +</para> +<para>The <code>\put</code> command places the item specified by the mandatory +argument at the given coordinates. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\shortstack</nodename> +<nodenext>\vector</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\put</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\shortstack</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\shortstack</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\shortstack[<var>position</var>]{...\\...\\...} +</example> +<para>The <code>\shortstack</code> command produces a stack of objects. The valid +positions are: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Move the objects to the right of the stack. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Move the objects to the left of the stack +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>c</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\vector</nodename> +<nodeprev>\shortstack</nodeprev> +<nodeup>picture</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\vector</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\vector</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\vector(<var>x-slope</var>,<var>y-slope</var>){<var>length</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified +length and slope. The <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> values must lie between +−4 and +4, inclusive. +</para> + +</subsection> +</section> +<node> +<nodename>quotation</nodename> +<nodenext>quote</nodenext> +<nodeprev>picture</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>quotation</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">quotation</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{quotation} <var>text</var> -\end{quotation}</example> - <para>The margins of the <code>quotation</code> environment are indented on both the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.</para> - <para>Unlike the <code>quote</code> environment, each paragraph is indented normally.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>quote</nodename> - <nodenext>tabbing</nodenext> - <nodeprev>quotation</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>quote</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">quote</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm> Snyopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{quote} +\end{quotation} +</example> +<para>The margins of the <code>quotation</code> environment are indented on both +the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. +Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. +</para> +<para>Unlike the <code>quote</code> environment, each paragraph is indented +normally. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>quote</nodename> +<nodenext>tabbing</nodenext> +<nodeprev>quotation</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>quote</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">quote</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></para> +<para>Snyopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{quote} <var>text</var> -\end{quote}</example> - <para>The margins of the <code>quote</code> environment are indented on both the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.</para> - <para>Unlike the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are not indented.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>tabbing</nodename> - <nodenext>table</nodenext> - <nodeprev>quote</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>tabbing</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">tabbing <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">tab stops, using</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lining text up in columns using tab stops</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">alignment via tabbing</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabbing} +\end{quote} +</example> +<para>The margins of the <code>quote</code> environment are indented on both the +left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a +blank line between text produces a new paragraph. +</para> +<para>Unlike the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are not indented. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>tabbing</nodename> +<nodenext>table</nodenext> +<nodeprev>quote</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>tabbing</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">tabbing <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">tab stops, using</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lining text up in columns using tab stops</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabbing} <var>row1col1</var> \= <var>row1col2</var> \= <var>row1col3</var> \= <var>row1col4</var> \\ <var>row2col1</var> \> \> <var>row2col3</var> \\ ... -\end{tabbing}</example> - <para>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align text in columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and known in advance.</para> - <para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code> environment.</para> - <para>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> enviroment:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>tabbing</r></indexterm><code>\\ <r>tabbing</r></code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>End a line.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm><code>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\> <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm><code>\> <r>(tabbing)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\></indexterm> - <item> - <para>Advances to the next tab stop.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\<</indexterm><code>\<</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\+</indexterm><code>\+</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\-</indexterm><code>\-</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\' <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm><code>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, <code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\` <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm><code>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no <code>\></code> or <code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm><code>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\a' <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\a` <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm> - <item> - <para>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and <code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <xref><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></xref>). Instead, the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\kill</indexterm><code>\kill</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in effect.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\poptabs</indexterm><code>\poptabs</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\poptabs</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\pushtabs</indexterm><code>\pushtabs</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tabbingsep</indexterm><code>\tabbingsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabbing} +\end{tabbing} +</example> +<para>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align text in +columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as +was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where +the width of each column is constant and known in advance. +</para> +<para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <code>tabular</code> +environment. +</para> +<para>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> enviroment: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm><code>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para>End a line. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm><code>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\> <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm><code>\> <r>(tabbing)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\></indexterm>Advances to the next tab stop. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\<</indexterm><code>\<</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing +the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\+</indexterm><code>\+</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the +following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if +necessary. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\-</indexterm><code>\-</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the +following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if +necessary. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\' <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm><code>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the +current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, +<code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right +of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\` <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm><code>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab +stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column +because there's no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the +text that follows it, up to the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end{tabbing}</code> +command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing +environment. There must be no <code>\></code> or <code>\'</code> command between +the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm><code>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\a' <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\a` <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and +<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <xref><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></xref>). Instead, +the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\kill</indexterm><code>\kill</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> +except that it throws away the current line instead of producing +output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> +commands in that line remain in effect. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\poptabs</indexterm><code>\poptabs</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\poptabs</indexterm>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\pushtabs</indexterm><code>\pushtabs</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing +tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tabbingsep</indexterm><code>\tabbingsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ @@ -2237,5097 +2668,5055 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ else \+ \\ fact := 1; \-\- \\ end;\\ -\end{tabbing}</example> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>table</nodename> - <nodenext>tabular</nodenext> - <nodeprev>tabbing</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>table</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">table</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">tables, creating</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">creating tables</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve"> \begin{table}[placement] +\end{tabbing} +</example> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>table</nodename> +<nodenext>tabular</nodenext> +<nodeprev>tabbing</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>table</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">table</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">tables, creating</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">creating tables</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve"> \begin{table}[placement] body of the table \caption{table title} - \end{table}</example> - <para>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually “floated” to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will not be split between two pages.</para> - <para>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where &latex; will try to place your table. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put a float; these are the same as that used with the <code>figure</code> environment, and described there (see <xref><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <para>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default placement <code>[tbp]</code>.</para> - <para>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc., you wish. The <code>\caption</code> command allows you to title your table.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>tabular</nodename> - <nodenext>thebibliography</nodenext> - <nodeprev>table</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>tabular</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">tabular <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lines in tables</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lining text up in tables</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} + \end{table} +</example> +<para>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +usually “floated” to a convenient place, like the top of a page. +Tables will not be split between two pages. +</para> +<para>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where &latex; will try +to place your table. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put +a float; these are the same as that used with the <code>figure</code> +environment, and described there (see <xref><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<para>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default +placement <code>[tbp]</code>. +</para> +<para>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc., +you wish. The <code>\caption</code> command allows you to title your table. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>tabular</nodename> +<nodenext>thebibliography</nodenext> +<nodeprev>table</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>tabular</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">tabular <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lines in tables</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lining text up in tables</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ ... -\end{tabular}</example> - <para>or</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} +\end{tabular} +</example> +<para> or +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ ... -\end{tabular*}</example> - <para>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of items, aligned vertically in columns.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm><code>\\</code> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except for the last, where it is optional—unless an <code>\hline</code> command (to put a rule below the table) follows.</para> - <para>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>width</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Specifies the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. There must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>pos</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of the environment.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>t</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>align on top row</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>b</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>align on bottom row</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>cols</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and intercolumn material.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>A column of left-aligned items.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>A column of right-aligned items.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code></code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>A column of centred items.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>|</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>@{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>This inserts <var>text</var> in every row. An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in <var>text</var>. An <code>\extracolsep{wd}</code> command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width <code>wd</code> to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code> command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an @-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>p{<var>wd</var>}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>, as if it were the argument of a <code>\parbox[t]{<var>wd</var>}</code> command. However, a <code>\\</code> may not appear in the item, except in the following situations:</para> - <enumerate first="1"> - <item> - <para>inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or <code>tabular</code>.</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>.</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>in the scope of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when used in a <code>p</code>-column element.</para> - </item> - </enumerate> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a positive integer and <var>cols</var> is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another <code>*-expression</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>Parameters that control formatting: -<!-- xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? --></para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, <code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; the default is <samp>.4pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arraystretch</indexterm><code>\arraystretch</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is <samp>1</samp>, for no scaling.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\doublerulesep</indexterm><code>\doublerulesep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <code>||</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is <samp>2pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tabcolsep</indexterm><code>\tabcolsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is <samp>6pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>These commands can be used inside a <code>tabular</code> environment:</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\multicolumn</menunode> - <menutitle>\multicolumn</menutitle> - <menucomment>Make an item spanning several columns.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\cline</menunode> - <menutitle>\cline</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\hline</menunode> - <menutitle>\hline</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\vline</menunode> - <menutitle>\vline</menutitle> - <menucomment>Draw a vertical line.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\multicolumn</nodename> - <nodenext>\cline</nodenext> - <nodeup>tabular</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\multicolumn</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\multicolumn</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\multicolumn{<var>cols</var>}{<var>pos</var>}{<var>text</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\multicolumn</code> command makes an entry that spans several columns. The first mandatory argument, <var>cols</var>, specifies the number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, <var>pos</var>, specifies the formatting of the entry; <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code> for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright. The third mandatory argument, <var>text</var>, specifies what text to put in the entry.</para> - <para>Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; <code>\multicolumn</code> is used for the heading:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{r@{--}l} +\end{tabular*} +</example> +<para>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of +items, aligned vertically in columns. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm><code>\\</code> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, +except for the last, where it is optional—unless an <code>\hline</code> +command (to put a rule below the table) follows. +</para> +<para>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>width</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Specifies the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. There must be +rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified +width. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>pos</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of +the environment. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>t</code></tableterm> +<item><para>align on top row +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>b</code></tableterm> +<item><para>align on bottom row +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>cols</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the +following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and +intercolumn material. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> +<item><para>A column of left-aligned items. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> +<item><para>A column of right-aligned items. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>c</code></tableterm> +<item><para>A column of centered items. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>|</code></tableterm> +<item><para>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>@{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>This inserts <var>text</var> in every row. An @-expression suppresses the +intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space +between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in +<var>text</var>. An <code>\extracolsep{wd}</code> command in an @-expression +causes an extra space of width <code>wd</code> to appear to the left of all +subsequent columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code> +command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not +suppressed by an @-expression. An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be +used only in an @-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>p{<var>wd</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width +<var>wd</var>, as if it were the argument of a +<code>\parbox[t]{<var>wd</var>}</code> command. However, a <code>\\</code> may not +appear in the item, except in the following situations: +</para> +<enumerate first="1"><item> +<para>inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or <code>tabular</code>. +</para></item> +<item> +<para>inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>. +</para></item> +<item> +<para>in the scope of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code> +declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an +environment when used in a <code>p</code>-column element. +</para></item> +</enumerate> + +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>*{<var>num</var>}{<var>cols</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a +positive integer and <var>cols</var> is any list of column-specifiers, +which may contain another <code>*-expression</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para>Parameters that control formatting: +<!-- xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? --> +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm><code>\arrayrulewidth</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, <code>\hline</code>, and +<code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; the +default is <samp>.4pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arraystretch</indexterm><code>\arraystretch</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> +environments; default is <samp>1</samp>, for no scaling. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\doublerulesep</indexterm><code>\doublerulesep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <code>||</code> +in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is <samp>2pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tabcolsep</indexterm><code>\tabcolsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is <samp>6pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para>These commands can be used inside a <code>tabular</code> environment: +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\multicolumn</menunode> +<menutitle>\multicolumn</menutitle> +<menucomment> Make an item spanning several columns. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\cline</menunode> +<menutitle>\cline</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\hline</menunode> +<menutitle>\hline</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\vline</menunode> +<menutitle>\vline</menutitle> +<menucomment> Draw a vertical line. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\multicolumn</nodename> +<nodenext>\cline</nodenext> +<nodeup>tabular</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\multicolumn</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\multicolumn</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para><example xml:space="preserve">\multicolumn{<var>cols</var>}{<var>pos</var>}{<var>text</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\multicolumn</code> command makes an entry that spans several +columns. The first mandatory argument, <var>cols</var>, specifies the +number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, <var>pos</var>, +specifies the formatting of the entry; <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code> +for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright. The third mandatory argument, +<var>text</var>, specifies what text to put in the entry. +</para> +<para>Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; +<code>\multicolumn</code> is used for the heading: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{tabular}{r@{--}l} \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr 0x80&0x7FF \cr 0x800&0xFFFF \cr 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr -\end{tabular}</example> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\cline</nodename> - <nodenext>\hline</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\multicolumn</nodeprev> - <nodeup>tabular</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\cline</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\cline</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\cline</code> command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified, beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>, which are specified in the mandatory argument.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\hline</nodename> - <nodenext>\vline</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\cline</nodeprev> - <nodeup>tabular</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\hline</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\hline</indexterm> The <code>\hline</code> command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\vline</nodename> - <nodeprev>\hline</nodeprev> - <nodeup>tabular</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\vline</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\vline</indexterm> The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depth of its row. An <code>\hfill</code> command can be used to move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>thebibliography</nodename> - <nodenext>theorem</nodenext> - <nodeprev>tabular</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>thebibliography</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">thebibliography</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{thebibliography}{<var>widest-label</var>} +\end{tabular} +</example> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\cline</nodename> +<nodenext>\hline</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\multicolumn</nodeprev> +<nodeup>tabular</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\cline</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\cline</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\cline{<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\cline</code> command draws horizontal lines across the columns +specified, beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>, +which are specified in the mandatory argument. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\hline</nodename> +<nodenext>\vline</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\cline</nodeprev> +<nodeup>tabular</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\hline</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\hline</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\hline</code> command draws a horizontal line the width of the +enclosing <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment. It's most +commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows +of a table. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\vline</nodename> +<nodeprev>\hline</nodeprev> +<nodeup>tabular</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\vline</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\vline</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line extending the full +height and depth of its row. An <code>\hfill</code> command can be used to +move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an +@-expression. +</para> + +</subsection> +</section> +<node> +<nodename>thebibliography</nodename> +<nodenext>theorem</nodenext> +<nodeprev>tabular</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>thebibliography</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">thebibliography</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{thebibliography}{<var>widest-label</var>} \bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key}</var> ... -\end{thebibliography}</example> - <para>The <code>thebibliography</code> environment produces a bibliography or reference list.</para> - <para>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled “References”; in the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled “Bibliography”. You can change the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command <code>\refname</code>. For instance, this eliminates it entirely:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\refname}{}</example> - <para>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code> commands. It is typically given as <code>9</code> for bibliographies with less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\bibitem</menunode> - <menutitle>\bibitem</menutitle> - <menucomment>Specify a bibliography item.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\cite</menunode> - <menutitle>\cite</menutitle> - <menucomment>Refer to a bibliography item.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\nocite</menunode> - <menutitle>\nocite</menutitle> - <menucomment>Include an item in the bibliography.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Using BibTeX</menunode> - <menutitle>Using BibTeX</menutitle> - <menucomment>Automatic generation of bibliographies.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\bibitem</nodename> - <nodenext>\cite</nodenext> - <nodeup>thebibliography</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\bibitem</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\bibitem</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by <var>label</var>. If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <var>cite_key</var> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma.</para> - <para>This command writes an entry to the <file>.aux</file> file containing the item's <var>cite_key</var> and label. When the <file>.aux</file> file is read by the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item's <code>label</code> is associated with <code>cite_key</code>, causing references to <var>cite_key</var> with a <code>\cite</code> command (see next section) to produce the associated label.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\cite</nodename> - <nodenext>\nocite</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\bibitem</nodeprev> - <nodeup>thebibliography</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\cite</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\cite</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var></example> - <para>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries in the <file>.aux</file> file.</para> - <para>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might produce `[Knuth, p. 314]'.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\nocite</nodename> - <nodenext>Using BibTeX</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\cite</nodeprev> - <nodeup>thebibliography</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\nocite</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\nocite</indexterm> <code>\nocite{key_list}</code></para> - <para>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <code>key_list</code>, which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <file>.aux</file> file.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Using BibTeX</nodename> - <nodeprev>\nocite</nodeprev> - <nodeup>thebibliography</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title>Using Bib&tex;</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">using Bib&tex;</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bib&tex;, using</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\bibliographystyle</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\bibliography</indexterm> If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the <code>thebibliography</code> environment (see <xref><xrefnodename>thebibliography</xrefnodename></xref>). Instead, you include the lines</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>} -\bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>,<var>bibfile2</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\bibliographystyle</code> command does not produce any output of its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be produced: <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file <var>bibstyle</var><file>.bst</file>, which defines how your citations will look. The standard <var>style</var> names distributed with Bib&tex; are:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>alpha</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>plain</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>unsrt</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>abbrv</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See <uref><urefurl>http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</urefurl></uref>.</para> - <para>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files named <file><var>bibfile</var>.bib</file>, which should contain your database in Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and <code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>theorem</nodename> - <nodenext>titlepage</nodenext> - <nodeprev>thebibliography</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>theorem</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">theorem <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">theorems, typesetting</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{theorem} +\end{thebibliography} +</example> +<para>The <code>thebibliography</code> environment produces a bibliography or +reference list. +</para> +<para>In the <code>article</code> class, this reference list is labelled +“References”; in the <code>report</code> class, it is labelled +“Bibliography”. You can change the label (in the standard classes) +by redefining the command <code>\refname</code>. For instance, this +eliminates it entirely: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\refname}{} +</example> +<para>The mandatory <var>widest-label</var> argument is text that, when typeset, +is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code> +commands. It is typically given as <code>9</code> for bibliographies with +less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\bibitem</menunode> +<menutitle>\bibitem</menutitle> +<menucomment> Specify a bibliography item. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\cite</menunode> +<menutitle>\cite</menutitle> +<menucomment> Refer to a bibliography item. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\nocite</menunode> +<menutitle>\nocite</menutitle> +<menucomment> Include an item in the bibliography. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Using BibTeX</menunode> +<menutitle>Using BibTeX</menutitle> +<menucomment> Automatic generation of bibliographies. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\bibitem</nodename> +<nodenext>\cite</nodenext> +<nodeup>thebibliography</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\bibitem</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\bibitem</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para><example xml:space="preserve">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by +<var>label</var>. If the <var>label</var> argument is missing, a number is +automatically generated using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The +<var>cite_key</var> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation +symbols not containing a comma. +</para> +<para>This command writes an entry to the <file>.aux</file> file containing the +item's <var>cite_key</var> and label. When the <file>.aux</file> file is read by +the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item's <code>label</code> is +associated with <code>cite_key</code>, causing references to <var>cite_key</var> +with a <code>\cite</code> command (see next section) to produce the +associated label. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\cite</nodename> +<nodenext>\nocite</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\bibitem</nodeprev> +<nodeup>thebibliography</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\cite</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\cite</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]{<var>keys</var> +</example> +<para>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys, +separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to +the references associated with <var>keys</var> by entries in the +<file>.aux</file> file. +</para> +<para>The text of the optional <var>subcite</var> argument appears after the +citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</code> might produce +`[Knuth, p. 314]'. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\nocite</nodename> +<nodenext>Using BibTeX</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\cite</nodeprev> +<nodeup>thebibliography</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\nocite</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\nocite</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\nocite{key_list}</code> +</para> +<para>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <code>key_list</code>, +which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <file>.aux</file> file. +</para> + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>Using BibTeX</nodename> +<nodeprev>\nocite</nodeprev> +<nodeup>thebibliography</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title>Using Bib&tex;</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">using Bib&tex;</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bib&tex;, using</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\bibliographystyle</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\bibliography</indexterm></para> +<para>If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly +recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of +titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the +<code>thebibliography</code> environment (see <xref><xrefnodename>thebibliography</xrefnodename></xref>). Instead, +you include the lines +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\bibliographystyle{<var>bibstyle</var>} +\bibliography{<var>bibfile1</var>,<var>bibfile2</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\bibliographystyle</code> command does not produce any output of +its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will +be produced: <var>bibstyle</var> refers to a file +<var>bibstyle</var><file>.bst</file>, which defines how your citations will look. +The standard <var>style</var> names distributed with Bib&tex; are: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>alpha</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of +publication. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>plain</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>unsrt</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of citation. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>abbrv</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to +the demands of various publications. See +<uref><urefurl>http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</urefurl></uref>. +</para> +<para>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the +bibliography. The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to files +named <file><var>bibfile</var>.bib</file>, which should contain your database in +Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and +<code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography. +</para> + +</subsection> +</section> +<node> +<nodename>theorem</nodename> +<nodenext>titlepage</nodenext> +<nodeprev>thebibliography</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>theorem</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">theorem <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{theorem} <var>theorem-text</var> -\end{theorem}</example> - <para>The <code>theorem</code> environment produces “Theorem <var>n</var>” in boldface followed by <var>theorem-text</var>, where the numbering possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\newtheorem</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>titlepage</nodename> - <nodenext>verbatim</nodenext> - <nodeprev>theorem</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>titlepage</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">titlepage <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">making a title page</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">title pages, creating</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{titlepage} +\end{theorem} +</example> +<para>The <code>theorem</code> environment produces “Theorem <var>n</var>” in +boldface followed by <var>theorem-text</var>, where the numbering +possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code> +(see <xref><xrefnodename>\newtheorem</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>titlepage</nodename> +<nodenext>verbatim</nodenext> +<nodeprev>theorem</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>titlepage</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">titlepage <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">making a title page</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">title pages, creating</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{titlepage} <var>text</var> -\end{titlepage}</example> - <para>The <code>titlepage</code> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The <code>\today</code> command may be useful on title pages (see <xref><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <para>You can use the <code>\maketitle</code> command (see <xref><xrefnodename>\maketitle</xrefnodename></xref>) to produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>verbatim</nodename> - <nodenext>verse</nodenext> - <nodeprev>titlepage</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>verbatim</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">verbatim <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">verbatim text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">simulating typed text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">typed text, simulating</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">code, typesetting</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{verbatim} +\end{titlepage} +</example> +<para>The <code>titlepage</code> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page +with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following +page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to +you. The <code>\today</code> command may be useful on title pages +(see <xref><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<para>You can use the <code>\maketitle</code> command (see <xref><xrefnodename>\maketitle</xrefnodename></xref>) to +produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>verbatim</nodename> +<nodenext>verse</nodenext> +<nodeprev>titlepage</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>verbatim</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">verbatim <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">verbatim text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">simulating typed text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">typed text, simulating</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">code, typesetting</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{verbatim} <var>literal-text</var> -\end{verbatim}</example> - <para>The <code>verbatim</code> environment is a paragraph-making environment in which &latex; produces exactly what you type in; for instance the <code>\</code> character produces a printed <samp>\</samp>. It turns &latex; into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter.</para> - <para>The <code>verbatim</code> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>).</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\verb</menunode> - <menutitle>\verb</menutitle> - <menucomment>The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\verb</nodename> - <nodeup>verbatim</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title><code>\verb</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\verb</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">verbatim text, inline</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\verb<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var> -\verb*<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var></example> - <para>The <code>\verb</code> command typesets <var>literal-text</var> as it is input, including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter (<code>\tt</code>) font. No spaces are allowed between <code>\verb</code> or <code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">visible space</indexterm>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a “visible space” character.</para> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>verse</nodename> - <nodeprev>verbatim</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Environments</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>verse</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">verse <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">poetry, an environment for</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\begin{verse} +\end{verbatim} +</example> +<para>The <code>verbatim</code> environment is a paragraph-making environment in +which &latex; produces exactly what you type in; for instance the +<code>\</code> character produces a printed <samp>\</samp>. It turns &latex; +into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same +effect that they would on a typewriter. +</para> +<para>The <code>verbatim</code> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<code>\tt</code>). +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\verb</menunode> +<menutitle>\verb</menutitle> +<menucomment> The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + +<node> +<nodename>\verb</nodename> +<nodeup>verbatim</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title><code>\verb</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\verb</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\verb<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var> +\verb*<var>char</var><var>literal-text</var><var>char</var> +</example> +<para>The <code>\verb</code> command typesets <var>literal-text</var> as it is input, +including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter +(<code>\tt</code>) font. No spaces are allowed between <code>\verb</code> or +<code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the +verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">visible space</indexterm>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a +“visible space” character. +</para> + +</subsection> +</section> +<node> +<nodename>verse</nodename> +<nodeprev>verbatim</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Environments</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>verse</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">verse <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\begin{verse} <var>line1</var> \\ <var>line2</var> \\ ... -\end{verse}</example> - <para>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Line breaking</nodename> - <nodenext>Page breaking</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Environments</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Line breaking</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">line breaking</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">breaking lines</indexterm> The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines (and these lines must be broken into pages).</para> - <para>&latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the <code>\\</code> command, and you can always manually force breaks.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\\</menunode> - <menutitle>\\</menutitle> - <menucomment>Start a new line.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\obeycr & \restorecr</menunode> - <menutitle>\obeycr & \restorecr</menutitle> - <menucomment>Make each input line start a new output line.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\newline</menunode> - <menutitle>\newline</menutitle> - <menucomment>Break the line</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\- (hyphenation)</menunode> - <menutitle>\- (hyphenation)</menutitle> - <menucomment>Insert explicit hyphenation.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\fussy</menunode> - <menutitle>\fussy</menutitle> - <menucomment>Be fussy about line breaking.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\sloppy</menunode> - <menutitle>\sloppy</menutitle> - <menucomment>Be sloppy about line breaking.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\hyphenation</menunode> - <menutitle>\hyphenation</menutitle> - <menucomment>Tell &latex; how to hyphenate a word.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\linebreak & \nolinebreak</menunode> - <menutitle>\linebreak & \nolinebreak</menutitle> - <menucomment>Forcing & avoiding line breaks.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\\</nodename> - <nodenext>\obeycr & \restorecr</nodenext> - <nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">new line, starting</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">line break, forcing</indexterm> The <code>\\</code> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an optional argument, <var>morespace</var>, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount.</para> - <para>The <code>\\*</code> command is the same as the ordinary <code>\\</code> command except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\obeycr & \restorecr</nodename> - <nodenext>\newline</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\\</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\obeycr</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\restorecr</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">new line, output as input</indexterm> The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (<samp>^^M</samp>, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by <code>\relax</code>). So each new line in the input will also be a new line in the output.</para> - <para><code>\restorecr</code> restores normal line-breaking behavior.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\newline</nodename> - <nodenext>\- (hyphenation)</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\obeycr & \restorecr</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\newline</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\newline</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm> The <code>\newline</code> command breaks the line at the present point, with no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph mode.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename> - <nodenext>\fussy</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\newline</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm> The <code>\-</code> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an incorrect one. The <code>\-</code> command is used for the exceptional cases.</para> - <para>When you insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\fussy</nodename> - <nodenext>\sloppy</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\fussy</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\fussy</indexterm> The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes &tex; picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.</para> - <para>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code>\sloppy</code> command (see <xref><xrefnodename>\sloppy</xrefnodename></xref>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\sloppy</nodename> - <nodenext>\hyphenation</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\fussy</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\sloppy</code></title> - <para>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes &tex; less fussy about line breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing.</para> - <para>Lasts until a <code>\fussy</code> command is issued (see <xref><xrefnodename>\fussy</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\hyphenation</nodename> - <nodenext>\linebreak & \nolinebreak</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\sloppy</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\hyphenation</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\hyphenation</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hyphenation, defining</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\hyphenation{<var>word-one</var> <var>word-two</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\hyphenation</code> command declares allowed hyphenation points with a <code>-</code> character in the given words. The words are separated by spaces. &tex; will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands accumulate. Some examples (the default &tex; hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these words):</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}</example> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\linebreak & \nolinebreak</nodename> - <nodeprev>\hyphenation</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\linebreak</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\nolinebreak</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">line breaks, forcing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">line breaks, preventing</indexterm> Synopses:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\linebreak[<var>priority</var>] -\nolinebreak[<var>priority</var>]</example> - <para>By default, the <code>\linebreak</code> (<code>\nolinebreak</code>) command forces (prevents) a line break at the current position. For <code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right margin as usual.</para> - <para>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the command from a demand to a request. The <var>priority</var> must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Page breaking</nodename> - <nodenext>Footnotes</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Line breaking</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Page breaking</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">page breaking</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">breaking pages</indexterm> &latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\cleardoublepage</menunode> - <menutitle>\cleardoublepage</menutitle> - <menucomment>Start a new right-hand page.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\clearpage</menunode> - <menutitle>\clearpage</menutitle> - <menucomment>Start a new page.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\newpage</menunode> - <menutitle>\newpage</menutitle> - <menucomment>Start a new page.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\enlargethispage</menunode> - <menutitle>\enlargethispage</menutitle> - <menucomment>Enlarge the current page a bit.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</menunode> - <menutitle>\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</menutitle> - <menucomment>Forcing & avoiding page breaks.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\cleardoublepage</nodename> - <nodenext>\clearpage</nodenext> - <nodeup>Page breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\cleardoublepage</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\cleardoublepage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm> The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\clearpage</nodename> - <nodenext>\newpage</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\cleardoublepage</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Page breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\clearpage</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\clearpage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm> The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\newpage</nodename> - <nodenext>\enlargethispage</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\clearpage</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Page breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\newpage</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\newpage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">new page, starting</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">starting a new page</indexterm> The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear floats (see <code>\clearpage</code> above).</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\enlargethispage</nodename> - <nodenext>\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\newpage</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Page breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\enlargethispage</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\enlargethispage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">enlarge current page</indexterm> <code>\enlargethispage{size}</code></para> - <para><code>\enlargethispage*{size}</code></para> - <para>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the specified amount; e.g. <code>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> will allow one additional line.</para> - <para>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</nodename> - <nodeprev>\enlargethispage</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Page breaking</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\pagebreak</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\nopagebreak</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">page break, forcing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">page break, preventing</indexterm> Synopses:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\pagebreak[<var>priority</var>] -\nopagebreak[<var>priority</var>]</example> - <para>By default, the <code>\pagebreak</code> (<code>\nopagebreak</code>) command forces (prevents) a page break at the current position. For <code>\linebreak</code>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.</para> - <para>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the <code>\pagebreak</code> command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Footnotes</nodename> - <nodenext>Definitions</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Page breaking</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Footnotes</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">footnotes, creating</indexterm> Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command, the <code>\footnote</code> command. They can also be produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the <code>\footnotetext</code> commands.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\footnote</menunode> - <menutitle>\footnote</menutitle> - <menucomment>Insert a footnote.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\footnotemark</menunode> - <menutitle>\footnotemark</menutitle> - <menucomment>Insert footnote mark only.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\footnotetext</menunode> - <menutitle>\footnotetext</menutitle> - <menucomment>Insert footnote text only.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Symbolic footnotes</menunode> - <menutitle>Symbolic footnotes</menutitle> - <menucomment>Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Footnote parameters</menunode> - <menutitle>Footnote parameters</menutitle> - <menucomment>Parameters for footnote formatting.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\footnote</nodename> - <nodenext>\footnotemark</nodenext> - <nodeup>Footnotes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\footnote</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\footnote</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\footnote</code> command places the numbered footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the default footnote number.</para> - <para>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands like <code>\chapter</code>, in figures, tables or in a <code>tabular</code> environment. (See following sections.) -<!-- xx mention packages that fix this --></para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\footnotemark</nodename> - <nodenext>\footnotetext</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\footnote</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Footnotes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\footnotemark</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\footnotemark</indexterm> With no optional argument, the <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, with the <code>\footnotetext</code> command.</para> - <para>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote with</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]</example> - <para role="continues">after the first <code>\footnote</code> command.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\footnotetext</nodename> - <nodenext>Symbolic footnotes</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\footnotemark</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Footnotes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\footnotetext</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\footnotetext</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\footnotetext</code> command places <var>text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the <code>\footnotemark</code> command. The <code>\footnotetext</code> command must appear in outer paragraph mode.</para> - <para>The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the default footnote number.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Symbolic footnotes</nodename> - <nodenext>Footnote parameters</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\footnotetext</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Footnotes</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Symbolic footnotes</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</indexterm>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing numbers, redefine <code>\thefootnote</code> like this:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\@fnsymbol</indexterm>The <code>\fnsymbol</code> command produces a predefined series of symbols (see <xref><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></xref>). If you want to use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also redefine <code>\@fnsymbol</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Footnote parameters</nodename> - <nodeprev>Symbolic footnotes</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Footnotes</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Footnote parameters</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">footnote parameters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\footnoterule</indexterm><code>\footnoterule</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's footnotes. Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except slides, where it does not appear).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\footnotesep</indexterm><code>\footnotesep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (see <xref><xrefnodename>Font sizes</xrefnodename></xref>), therefore there is no extra space between footnotes. This is <samp>6.65pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>7.7pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>8.4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Definitions</nodename> - <nodenext>Counters</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Footnotes</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Definitions</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">definitions</indexterm> &latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.</para> +\end{verse} +</example> +<para>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find +other uses for it. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not +indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each +stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the +stanzas. +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Line breaking</nodename> +<nodenext>Page breaking</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Environments</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Line breaking</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">line breaking</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">breaking lines</indexterm></para> +<para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to +translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To +produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines +(and these lines must be broken into pages). +</para> +<para>&latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in +some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the +<code>\\</code> command, and you can always manually force breaks. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\\</menunode> +<menutitle>\\</menutitle> +<menucomment> Start a new line. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\obeycr & \restorecr</menunode> +<menutitle>\obeycr & \restorecr</menutitle> +<menucomment> Make each input line start a new output line. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\newline</menunode> +<menutitle>\newline</menutitle> +<menucomment> Break the line +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\- (hyphenation)</menunode> +<menutitle>\- (hyphenation)</menutitle> +<menucomment> Insert explicit hyphenation. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\fussy</menunode> +<menutitle>\fussy</menutitle> +<menucomment> Be fussy about line breaking. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\sloppy</menunode> +<menutitle>\sloppy</menutitle> +<menucomment> Be sloppy about line breaking. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\hyphenation</menunode> +<menutitle>\hyphenation</menutitle> +<menucomment> Tell &latex; how to hyphenate a word. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\linebreak & \nolinebreak</menunode> +<menutitle>\linebreak & \nolinebreak</menutitle> +<menucomment> Forcing & avoiding line breaks. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\\</nodename> +<nodenext>\obeycr & \restorecr</nodenext> +<nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">new line, starting</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">line break, forcing</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\\</code> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an +optional argument, <var>morespace</var>, that specifies how much extra +vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a +negative amount. +</para> +<para>The <code>\\*</code> command is the same as the ordinary <code>\\</code> command +except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\obeycr & \restorecr</nodename> +<nodenext>\newline</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\\</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\obeycr</code> & <code>\restorecr</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\obeycr</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\restorecr</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">new line, output as input</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file +(<samp>^^M</samp>, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by +<code>\relax</code>). So each new line in the input will also be a new line +in the output. +</para> +<para><code>\restorecr</code> restores normal line-breaking behavior. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\newline</nodename> +<nodenext>\- (hyphenation)</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\obeycr & \restorecr</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\newline</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\newline</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\newline</code> command breaks the line at the present point, with +no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph +mode. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename> +<nodenext>\fussy</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\newline</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\-</code> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at +that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually +find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an +incorrect one. The <code>\-</code> command is used for the exceptional +cases. +</para> +<para>When you insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be +hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points +that &latex; might otherwise have chosen. +</para> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\fussy</nodename> +<nodenext>\sloppy</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\fussy</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\fussy</indexterm></para> +<para>The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes &tex; +picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between +words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. +</para> +<para>This command cancels the effect of a previous <code>\sloppy</code> command +(see <xref><xrefnodename>\sloppy</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\sloppy</nodename> +<nodenext>\hyphenation</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\fussy</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\sloppy</code></title> + +<para>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes &tex; less fussy about line +breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose +interword spacing. +</para> +<para>Lasts until a <code>\fussy</code> command is issued (see <xref><xrefnodename>\fussy</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\hyphenation</nodename> +<nodenext>\linebreak & \nolinebreak</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\sloppy</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\hyphenation</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\hyphenation</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\hyphenation{<var>word-one</var> <var>word-two</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\hyphenation</code> command declares allowed hyphenation points +with a <code>-</code> character in the given words. The words are separated +by spaces. &tex; will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no +inflections are tried. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands +accumulate. Some examples (the default &tex; hyphenation patterns +misses the hyphenations in these words): +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} +</example> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\linebreak & \nolinebreak</nodename> +<nodeprev>\hyphenation</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Line breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\linebreak</code> & <code>\nolinebreak</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\linebreak</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\nolinebreak</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">line breaks, forcing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopses: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\linebreak[<var>priority</var>] +\nolinebreak[<var>priority</var>] +</example> +<para>By default, the <code>\linebreak</code> (<code>\nolinebreak</code>) command forces +(prevents) a line break at the current position. For +<code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it +extends to the right margin as usual. +</para> +<para>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the command +from a demand to a request. The <var>priority</var> must be a number from +0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request. +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Page breaking</nodename> +<nodenext>Footnotes</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Line breaking</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Page breaking</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">page breaking</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">breaking pages</indexterm></para> +<para>&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has +accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, +but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\cleardoublepage</menunode> +<menutitle>\cleardoublepage</menutitle> +<menucomment> Start a new right-hand page. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\clearpage</menunode> +<menutitle>\clearpage</menutitle> +<menucomment> Start a new page. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\newpage</menunode> +<menutitle>\newpage</menutitle> +<menucomment> Start a new page. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\enlargethispage</menunode> +<menutitle>\enlargethispage</menutitle> +<menucomment> Enlarge the current page a bit. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</menunode> +<menutitle>\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</menutitle> +<menucomment> Forcing & avoiding page breaks. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\cleardoublepage</nodename> +<nodenext>\clearpage</nodenext> +<nodeup>Page breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\cleardoublepage</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\cleardoublepage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand +(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\clearpage</nodename> +<nodenext>\newpage</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\cleardoublepage</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Page breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\clearpage</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\clearpage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\newpage</nodename> +<nodenext>\enlargethispage</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\clearpage</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Page breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\newpage</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\newpage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">new page, starting</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">starting a new page</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear +floats (see <code>\clearpage</code> above). +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\enlargethispage</nodename> +<nodenext>\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\newpage</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Page breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\enlargethispage</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\enlargethispage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">enlarge current page</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\enlargethispage{size}</code> +</para> +<para><code>\enlargethispage*{size}</code> +</para> +<para>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the specified +amount; e.g. <code>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> will allow one +additional line. +</para> +<para>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as +much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit +<code>\pagebreak</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\pagebreak & \nopagebreak</nodename> +<nodeprev>\enlargethispage</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Page breaking</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\pagebreak</code> & <code>\nopagebreak</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\pagebreak</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\nopagebreak</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">page break, forcing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">page break, preventing</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopses: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\pagebreak[<var>priority</var>] +\nopagebreak[<var>priority</var>] +</example> +<para>By default, the <code>\pagebreak</code> (<code>\nopagebreak</code>) command forces +(prevents) a page break at the current position. For +<code>\linebreak</code>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out +where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin. +</para> +<para>With the optional argument <var>priority</var>, you can convert the +<code>\pagebreak</code> command from a demand to a request. The number must +be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more +insistent the request is. +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Footnotes</nodename> +<nodenext>Definitions</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Page breaking</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Footnotes</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">footnotes, creating</indexterm></para> +<para>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced +with one command, the <code>\footnote</code> command. They can also be +produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the +<code>\footnotetext</code> commands. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\footnote</menunode> +<menutitle>\footnote</menutitle> +<menucomment> Insert a footnote. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\footnotemark</menunode> +<menutitle>\footnotemark</menutitle> +<menucomment> Insert footnote mark only. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\footnotetext</menunode> +<menutitle>\footnotetext</menutitle> +<menucomment> Insert footnote text only. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Symbolic footnotes</menunode> +<menutitle>Symbolic footnotes</menutitle> +<menucomment> Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Footnote parameters</menunode> +<menutitle>Footnote parameters</menutitle> +<menucomment> Parameters for footnote formatting. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\footnote</nodename> +<nodenext>\footnotemark</nodenext> +<nodeup>Footnotes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\footnote</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\footnote</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\footnote[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\footnote</code> command places the numbered footnote <var>text</var> +at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument <var>number</var> +changes the default footnote number. +</para> +<para>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you +cannot use it in sectioning commands like <code>\chapter</code>, in figures, +tables or in a <code>tabular</code> environment. (See following sections.) +<!-- xx mention packages that fix this --> +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\footnotemark</nodename> +<nodenext>\footnotetext</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\footnote</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Footnotes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\footnotemark</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\footnotemark</indexterm></para> +<para>With no optional argument, the <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the +current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in +inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, +with the <code>\footnotetext</code> command. +</para> +<para>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote +markers referring to the same footnote with +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] +</example> +<para>after the first <code>\footnote</code> command. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\footnotetext</nodename> +<nodenext>Symbolic footnotes</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\footnotemark</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Footnotes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\footnotetext</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\footnotetext</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\footnotetext</code> command places <var>text</var> at the bottom of +the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the +<code>\footnotemark</code> command. The <code>\footnotetext</code> command must +appear in outer paragraph mode. +</para> +<para>The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the default footnote number. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Symbolic footnotes</nodename> +<nodenext>Footnote parameters</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\footnotetext</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Footnotes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Symbolic footnotes</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</indexterm>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing +numbers, redefine <code>\thefootnote</code> like this: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\@fnsymbol</indexterm>The <code>\fnsymbol</code> command produces a predefined series of symbols +(see <xref><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></xref>). If you want to +use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also +redefine <code>\@fnsymbol</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Footnote parameters</nodename> +<nodeprev>Symbolic footnotes</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Footnotes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Footnote parameters</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">footnote parameters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\footnoterule</indexterm><code>\footnoterule</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's +footnotes. Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and +<code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except +slides, where it does not appear). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\footnotesep</indexterm><code>\footnotesep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By +default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code> +fonts (see <xref><xrefnodename>Font sizes</xrefnodename></xref>), therefore there is no extra space between +footnotes. This is <samp>6.65pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>7.7pt</samp> for +<samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>8.4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Definitions</nodename> +<nodenext>Counters</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Footnotes</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Definitions</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">definitions</indexterm></para> +<para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds. +</para> <!-- xx everything in this chapter needs examples. --> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\newcommand & \renewcommand</menunode> - <menutitle>\newcommand & \renewcommand</menutitle> - <menucomment>(Re)define a new command.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\newcounter</menunode> - <menutitle>\newcounter</menutitle> - <menucomment>Define a new counter.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\newlength</menunode> - <menutitle>\newlength</menutitle> - <menucomment>Define a new length.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\newsavebox</menunode> - <menutitle>\newsavebox</menutitle> - <menucomment>Define a new box.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</menunode> - <menutitle>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</menutitle> - <menucomment>Define a new environment.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\newtheorem</menunode> - <menutitle>\newtheorem</menutitle> - <menucomment>Define a new theorem-like environment.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\newfont</menunode> - <menutitle>\newfont</menutitle> - <menucomment>Define a new font name.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\protect</menunode> - <menutitle>\protect</menutitle> - <menucomment>Using tricky commands.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodename> - <nodenext>\newcounter</nodenext> - <nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\newcommand</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">commands, defining new ones</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">defining a new command</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">new commands, defining</indexterm> <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve"> \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} + +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\newcommand & \renewcommand</menunode> +<menutitle>\newcommand & \renewcommand</menutitle> +<menucomment> (Re)define a new command. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\newcounter</menunode> +<menutitle>\newcounter</menutitle> +<menucomment> Define a new counter. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\newlength</menunode> +<menutitle>\newlength</menutitle> +<menucomment> Define a new length. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\newsavebox</menunode> +<menutitle>\newsavebox</menutitle> +<menucomment> Define a new box. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</menunode> +<menutitle>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</menutitle> +<menucomment> Define a new environment. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\newtheorem</menunode> +<menutitle>\newtheorem</menutitle> +<menucomment> Define a new theorem-like environment. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\newfont</menunode> +<menutitle>\newfont</menutitle> +<menucomment> Define a new font name. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\protect</menunode> +<menutitle>\protect</menutitle> +<menucomment> Using tricky commands. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodename> +<nodenext>\newcounter</nodenext> +<nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\newcommand</code> & <code>\renewcommand</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\newcommand</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">commands, defining new ones</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">defining a new command</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">new commands, defining</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a +command, respectively. Synopses: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve"> \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} \renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>} \newcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>defn</var>} -\renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>defn</var>}</example> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>cmd</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The command name beginning with <code>\</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>; for <code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>nargs</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>default</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is the string <samp>def</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>defn</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\newcounter</nodename> - <nodenext>\newlength</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\newcounter</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\newcounter</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">counters, defining new</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\newcounter{<var>cnt</var>}[<var>countername</var>]</example> - <para>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>cnt</var>. The new counter is initialized to zero.</para> - <para>Given the optional argument <code>[<var>countername</var>]</code>, <var>cnt</var> will be reset whenever <var>countername</var> is incremented.</para> - <para>See <xref><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></xref>, for more information about counters.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\newlength</nodename> - <nodenext>\newsavebox</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\newcounter</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\newlength</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\newlength</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lengths, defining new</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\newlength{\<var>arg</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory argument as a <code>length</code> command with a value of <code>0in</code>. The argument must be a control sequence, as in <code>\newlength{\foo}</code>. An error occurs if <code>\foo</code> is already defined.</para> - <para>See <xref><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></xref>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and for more information about lengths in general.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\newsavebox</nodename> - <nodenext>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\newlength</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\newsavebox</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\newsavebox</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox{<var>cmd</var>}</example> - <para>Defines <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must be a command name not already defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodename> - <nodenext>\newtheorem</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\newsavebox</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\newenvironment</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\renewenvironment</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">environments, defining</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">defining new environments</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">redefining environments</indexterm> Synopses:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve"> \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} +\renewcommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>defn</var>} +</example> + +<table><tableitem><tableterm><var>cmd</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The command name beginning with <code>\</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it +must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>; for +<code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>nargs</var></tableterm> +<item><para>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments +that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no +arguments. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>default</var></tableterm> +<item><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's +first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the +default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified +in the call) is the string <samp>def</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>defn</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a +construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>defn</var> is replaced by the +text of the <var>n</var>th argument. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\newcounter</nodename> +<nodenext>\newlength</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\newcommand & \renewcommand</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\newcounter</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\newcounter</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">counters, defining new</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\newcounter{<var>cnt</var>}[<var>countername</var>] +</example> +<para>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>cnt</var>. +The new counter is initialized to zero. +</para> +<para>Given the optional argument <code>[<var>countername</var>]</code>, <var>cnt</var> +will be reset whenever <var>countername</var> is incremented. +</para> +<para>See <xref><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></xref>, for more information about counters. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\newlength</nodename> +<nodenext>\newsavebox</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\newcounter</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\newlength</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\newlength</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lengths, defining new</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\newlength{\<var>arg</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory argument as a +<code>length</code> command with a value of <code>0in</code>. The argument must +be a control sequence, as in <code>\newlength{\foo}</code>. An error +occurs if <code>\foo</code> is already defined. +</para> +<para>See <xref><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></xref>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and +for more information about lengths in general. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\newsavebox</nodename> +<nodenext>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\newlength</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\newsavebox</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\newsavebox</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox{<var>cmd</var>} +</example> +<para>Defines <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must be a command name not already +defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodename> +<nodenext>\newtheorem</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\newsavebox</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\newenvironment</code> & <code>\renewenvironment</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\newenvironment</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\renewenvironment</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">environments, defining</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">defining new environments</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">redefining environments</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopses: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve"> \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} \newenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} -\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>}</example> - <para>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is, <code>\begin{<var>env</var>} &dots; \end{<var>env</var>}</code>.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>env</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The name of the environment. For <code>\newenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must not be an existing environment, and the command <code>\<var>env</var></code> must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be the name of an existing environment.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>nargs</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>default</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <var>default</var> gives the default value for that argument.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>begdef</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>; a construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>begdef</var> is replaced by the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>enddef</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. It may not contain any argument parameters.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\newtheorem</nodename> - <nodenext>\newfont</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\newtheorem</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\newtheorem</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">theorems, defining</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">defining new theorems</indexterm></para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}{<var>label</var>}[<var>within</var>] -\newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>label</var>}</example> - <para>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>newenv</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an existing environment or otherwise defined.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>label</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the number. For example, <samp>Theorem</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>numbered_like</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment; the new environment will be numbered just like <var>numbered_like</var>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>within</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the <var>within</var> counter.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>At most one of <var>numbered_like</var> and <var>within</var> can be specified, not both.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\newfont</nodename> - <nodenext>\protect</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\newtheorem</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\newfont</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\newfont</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">fonts, new commands for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">defining new fonts</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\newfont{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>fontname</var>}</example> - <para>Defines a control sequence <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must not already be defined, to make <var>fontname</var> be the current font. The file looked for on the system is named <file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>.</para> - <para>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <file>.fd</file> files.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\protect</nodename> - <nodeprev>\newfont</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\protect</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\protect</indexterm> <indexterm index="cp">fragile commands</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">moving arguments</indexterm>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more are so-called <dfn>fragile</dfn> commands. When a fragile command is used in certain contexts, called <dfn>moving arguments</dfn>, it must be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. In addition, any fragile commands within the arguments must have their own <code>\protect</code>.</para> - <para>Some examples of moving arguments are <code>\caption</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></xref>), <code>\thanks</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\maketitle</xrefnodename></xref>), and expressions in <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments (see <xref><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">robust commands</indexterm>Commands which are not fragile are called <dfn>robust</dfn>. They must not be preceded by <code>\protect</code>.</para> - <para>See also:</para> - <smallexample xml:space="preserve"><exdent><uref><urefurl>http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</urefurl></uref></exdent> -<exdent><uref><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</urefurl></uref></exdent></smallexample> +\renewenvironment{<var>env</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>begdef</var>}{<var>enddef</var>} +</example> +<para>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is, +<code>\begin{<var>env</var>} &dots; \end{<var>env</var>}</code>. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><var>env</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The name of the environment. For <code>\newenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> +must not be an existing environment, and the command <code>\<var>env</var></code> +must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be +the name of an existing environment. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>nargs</var></tableterm> +<item><para>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of +the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>default</var></tableterm> +<item><para>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <var>default</var> +gives the default value for that argument. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>begdef</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\begin{<var>env</var>}</code>; a +construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>begdef</var> is replaced by +the text of the <var>n</var>th argument. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>enddef</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\end{<var>env</var>}</code>. It +may not contain any argument parameters. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\newtheorem</nodename> +<nodenext>\newfont</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\newenvironment & \renewenvironment</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\newtheorem</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\newtheorem</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">theorems, defining</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">defining new theorems</indexterm></para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}{<var>label</var>}[<var>within</var>] +\newtheorem{<var>newenv</var>}[<var>numbered_like</var>]{<var>label</var>} +</example> +<para>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><var>newenv</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an +existing environment or otherwise defined. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>label</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the +number. For example, <samp>Theorem</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>numbered_like</var></tableterm> +<item><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment; +the new environment will be numbered just like <var>numbered_like</var>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>within</var></tableterm> +<item><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit. +The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the +<var>within</var> counter. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para>At most one of <var>numbered_like</var> and <var>within</var> can be specified, +not both. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\newfont</nodename> +<nodenext>\protect</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\newtheorem</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\newfont</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\newfont</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">fonts, new commands for</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">defining new fonts</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\newfont{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>fontname</var>} +</example> +<para>Defines a control sequence <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must not already +be defined, to make <var>fontname</var> be the current font. The file +looked for on the system is named <file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>. +</para> +<para>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. +More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <file>.fd</file> files. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\protect</nodename> +<nodeprev>\newfont</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Definitions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\protect</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\protect</indexterm></para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">fragile commands</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">moving arguments</indexterm>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and +many more are so-called <dfn>fragile</dfn> commands. When a fragile +command is used in certain contexts, called <dfn>moving arguments</dfn>, it +must be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. In addition, any fragile +commands within the arguments must have their own <code>\protect</code>. +</para> +<para>Some examples of moving arguments are <code>\caption</code> +(see <xref><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></xref>), <code>\thanks</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\maketitle</xrefnodename></xref>), and +expressions in <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments +(see <xref><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">robust commands</indexterm>Commands which are not fragile are called <dfn>robust</dfn>. They must not +be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. +</para> +<para>See also: +</para> +<smallexample xml:space="preserve"><exdent></exdent><uref><urefurl>http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</urefurl></uref> +<exdent></exdent><uref><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</urefurl></uref> +</smallexample> <!-- xx really need examples. --> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Counters</nodename> - <nodenext>Lengths</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Definitions</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Counters</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">counters, a list of</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">variables, a list of</indexterm> Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or command that produces the number, except with no <code>\</code>. (<code>enumi</code>–<code>enumiv</code> are used for the nested enumerate environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;'s standard document classes to control numbering.</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">part paragraph figure enumi + + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Counters</nodename> +<nodenext>Lengths</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Definitions</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Counters</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">counters, a list of</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">variables, a list of</indexterm></para> +<para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with +it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment +or command that produces the number, except with no <code>\</code>. +(<code>enumi</code>–<code>enumiv</code> are used for the nested enumerate +environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;'s +standard document classes to control numbering. +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">part paragraph figure enumi chapter subparagraph table enumii section page footnote enumiii subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv -subsubsection</example> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</menunode> - <menutitle>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</menutitle> - <menucomment>Print value of a counter.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\usecounter</menunode> - <menutitle>\usecounter</menutitle> - <menucomment>Use a specified counter in a list environment.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\value</menunode> - <menutitle>\value</menutitle> - <menucomment>Use the value of a counter in an expression.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\setcounter</menunode> - <menutitle>\setcounter</menutitle> - <menucomment>Set the value of a counter.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\addtocounter</menunode> - <menutitle>\addtocounter</menutitle> - <menucomment>Add a quantity to a counter.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\refstepcounter</menunode> - <menutitle>\refstepcounter</menutitle> - <menucomment>Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\stepcounter</menunode> - <menutitle>\stepcounter</menutitle> - <menucomment>Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\day \month \year</menunode> - <menutitle>\day \month \year</menutitle> - <menucomment>Numeric date values.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodename> - <nodenext>\usecounter</nodenext> - <nodeup>Counters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</title> - <para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\alph</indexterm><code>\alph</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: `a', `b', &enddots;</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Alph</indexterm><code>\Alph</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', &enddots;</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arabic</indexterm><code>\arabic</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', &enddots;</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\roman</indexterm><code>\roman</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', &enddots;</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\roman</indexterm><code>\roman</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', &enddots;</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\fnsymbol</indexterm><code>\fnsymbol</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of <var>counter</var> must be between 1 and 9, inclusive.</para> - <para>The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names:</para> - <display xml:space="preserve">asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel -double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger</display> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\usecounter</nodename> - <nodenext>\value</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Counters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\usecounter</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">list items, specifying counter</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\usecounter</code> command is used in the second argument of the <code>list</code> environment to specify <var>counter</var> to be used to number the list items.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\value</nodename> - <nodenext>\setcounter</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\usecounter</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Counters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\value</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">counters, getting value of</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\value{<var>counter</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\value</code> command produces the value of <var>counter</var>. It can be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\setcounter{myctr}{3} +subsubsection +</example> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</menunode> +<menutitle>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</menutitle> +<menucomment> Print value of a counter. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\usecounter</menunode> +<menutitle>\usecounter</menutitle> +<menucomment> Use a specified counter in a list environment. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\value</menunode> +<menutitle>\value</menutitle> +<menucomment> Use the value of a counter in an expression. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\setcounter</menunode> +<menutitle>\setcounter</menutitle> +<menucomment> Set the value of a counter. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\addtocounter</menunode> +<menutitle>\addtocounter</menutitle> +<menucomment> Add a quantity to a counter. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\refstepcounter</menunode> +<menutitle>\refstepcounter</menutitle> +<menucomment> Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\stepcounter</menunode> +<menutitle>\stepcounter</menutitle> +<menucomment> Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\day \month \year</menunode> +<menutitle>\day \month \year</menutitle> +<menucomment> Numeric date values. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodename> +<nodenext>\usecounter</nodenext> +<nodeup>Counters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</title> + +<para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for +instance, <code>\alph{enumi}</code>. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\alph</indexterm><code>\alph</code></tableterm> +<item><para>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: `a', `b', &enddots; +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Alph</indexterm><code>\Alph</code></tableterm> +<item><para>uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', &enddots; +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arabic</indexterm><code>\arabic</code></tableterm> +<item><para>uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', &enddots; +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\roman</indexterm><code>\roman</code></tableterm> +<item><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', &enddots; +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\roman</indexterm><code>\roman</code></tableterm> +<item><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', &enddots; +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\fnsymbol</indexterm><code>\fnsymbol</code></tableterm> +<item><para>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine +symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of +<var>counter</var> must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. +</para> +<para>The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names: +</para><display xml:space="preserve">asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel +double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger +</display> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\usecounter</nodename> +<nodenext>\value</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Counters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\usecounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\usecounter</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">list items, specifying counter</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\usecounter{<var>counter</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\usecounter</code> command is used in the second argument of the +<code>list</code> environment to specify <var>counter</var> to be used to number +the list items. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\value</nodename> +<nodenext>\setcounter</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\usecounter</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Counters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\value{<var>counter</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\value</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">counters, getting value of</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\value{<var>counter</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\value</code> command produces the value of <var>counter</var>. It can +be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1} -\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}</example> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\setcounter</nodename> - <nodenext>\addtocounter</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\value</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Counters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\setcounter</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">counters, setting</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">setting counters</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\setcounter{<var>\counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>\counter</var> to the <var>value</var> argument.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\addtocounter</nodename> - <nodenext>\refstepcounter</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\setcounter</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Counters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\addtocounter</indexterm> The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments <var>counter</var> by the amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\refstepcounter</nodename> - <nodenext>\stepcounter</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\addtocounter</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Counters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\refstepcounter</indexterm> The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as <code>\stepcounter</code> See <xref><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></xref>, except it also defines the current <code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\stepcounter</nodename> - <nodenext>\day \month \year</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\refstepcounter</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Counters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\stepcounter</indexterm> The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to <var>counter</var> and resets all subsidiary counters.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\day \month \year</nodename> - <nodeprev>\stepcounter</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Counters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\day</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\month</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\year</indexterm> &latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>, 1–31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1–12), and year (<code>\year</code>, Common Era). When &tex; starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where &tex; is running. They are not updated as the job progresses.</para> - <para>The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string representing the current day (see <xref><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Lengths</nodename> - <nodenext>Making paragraphs</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Counters</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Lengths</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">lengths, defining and using</indexterm> A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a length as an argument.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\setlength</menunode> - <menutitle>\setlength</menutitle> - <menucomment>Set the value of a length.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\addtolength</menunode> - <menutitle>\addtolength</menutitle> - <menucomment>Add a quantity to a length.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\settodepth</menunode> - <menutitle>\settodepth</menutitle> - <menucomment>Set a length to the depth of something.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\settoheight</menunode> - <menutitle>\settoheight</menutitle> - <menucomment>Set a length to the height of something.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\settowidth</menunode> - <menutitle>\settowidth</menutitle> - <menucomment>Set a length to the width of something.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Predefined lengths</menunode> - <menutitle>Predefined lengths</menutitle> - <menucomment>Lengths that are, like, predefined.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\setlength</nodename> - <nodenext>\addtolength</nodenext> - <nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\setlength</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lengths, setting</indexterm> The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var> argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex; understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), points (<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>, etc.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\addtolength</nodename> - <nodenext>\settodepth</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\setlength</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> - <section> - <title>\addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\addtolength</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lengths, adding to</indexterm> The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a “length command” <var>\len</var> by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which may be negative.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\settodepth</nodename> - <nodenext>\settoheight</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\addtolength</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\settodepth</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\settodepth</indexterm> <code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code></para> - <para>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\settoheight</nodename> - <nodenext>\settowidth</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\settodepth</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\settoheight</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\settoheight</indexterm> <code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code></para> - <para>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\settowidth</nodename> - <nodenext>Predefined lengths</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\settoheight</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\settowidth</indexterm> The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var> to the width of the <var>text</var> argument.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Predefined lengths</nodename> - <nodeprev>\settowidth</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Predefined lengths</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">lengths, predefined</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">predefined lengths</indexterm> <code>\width</code> <indexterm index="fn">\width</indexterm> <code>\height</code> <indexterm index="fn">\height</indexterm> <code>\depth</code> <indexterm index="fn">\depth</indexterm> <code>\totalheight</code> <indexterm index="fn">\totalheight</indexterm> These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands (see <xref><xrefnodename>Boxes</xrefnodename></xref>). They specify the natural width etc. of the text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <code>\height</code> + <code>\depth</code>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size, e.g., say</para> - <para><code>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</code></para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Making paragraphs</nodename> - <nodenext>Math formulas</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Lengths</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Making paragraphs</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">making paragraphs</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">paragraphs</indexterm> A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines—lines not containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\indent</menunode> - <menutitle>\indent</menutitle> - <menucomment>Indent this paragraph.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\noindent</menunode> - <menutitle>\noindent</menutitle> - <menucomment>Do not indent this paragraph.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\parskip</menunode> - <menutitle>\parskip</menutitle> - <menucomment>Space added before paragraphs.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Marginal notes</menunode> - <menutitle>Marginal notes</menutitle> - <menucomment>Putting remarks in the margin.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\indent</nodename> - <nodenext>\noindent</nodenext> - <nodeup>Making paragraphs</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\indent</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\indent</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\parindent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">indent, forcing</indexterm> <code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the <code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.</para> - <para>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\noindent</nodename> - <nodenext>\parskip</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\indent</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Making paragraphs</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\noindent</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\noindent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">indent, suppressing</indexterm> When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <code>\noindent</code> suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\parskip</nodename> - <nodenext>Marginal notes</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\noindent</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Making paragraphs</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\parskip</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\parskip</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm> <code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Marginal notes</nodename> - <nodeprev>\parskip</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Making paragraphs</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Marginal notes</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">marginal notes</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">notes in the margin</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">remarks in the margin</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\marginpar</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\marginpar</code> command creates a note in the margin. The first line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text where the <code>\marginpar</code> occurs.</para> - <para>When you only specify the mandatory argument <var>right</var>, the text will be placed</para> - <itemize> - <itemfunction>•</itemfunction> - <item> - <para>in the right margin for one-sided layout;</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout;</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout.</para> - </item> - </itemize> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\reversemarginpar</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\normalmarginpar</indexterm>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes in the opposite (inside) margin. <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them in the default position.</para> - <para>When you specify both arguments, <var>left</var> is used for the left margin, and <var>right</var> is used for the right margin.</para> - <para>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace{0pt}</code>.</para> - <para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\marginparpush</indexterm><code>\marginparpush</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp> documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\marginparsep</indexterm><code>\marginparsep</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default <samp>11pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> documents, <samp>10pt</samp> else.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\marginparwidth</indexterm><code>\marginparwidth</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided <samp>10pt</samp> document is <samp>90pt</samp>, <samp>83pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>68pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>; <samp>17pt</samp> more in each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the default is <samp>48pt</samp>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Math formulas</nodename> - <nodenext>Modes</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Making paragraphs</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Math formulas</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">math formulas</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">formulas, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">math mode, entering</indexterm> <indexterm index="fn">math <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>math</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>For formulas that appear right in the text.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>displaymath</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>For formulas that appear on their own line.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>equation</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in the right margin.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\(</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\[</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\]</indexterm>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code> environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\(...\) <r>instead of</r> \begin{math}...\end{math} -\[...\] <r>instead of</r> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">$</indexterm>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even shorter form:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">$ ... $ <r>instead of</r> \(...\)</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\boldmath</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\unboldmath</indexterm>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in a bold font. It is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode. Conversely, the <code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode.</para> +\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} +</example> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\setcounter</nodename> +<nodenext>\addtocounter</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\value</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Counters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\setcounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\setcounter</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">counters, setting</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">setting counters</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\setcounter{<var>\counter</var>}{<var>value</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>\counter</var> to the +<var>value</var> argument. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\addtocounter</nodename> +<nodenext>\refstepcounter</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\setcounter</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Counters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\addtocounter</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments <var>counter</var> by the +amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\refstepcounter</nodename> +<nodenext>\stepcounter</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\addtocounter</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Counters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\refstepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\refstepcounter</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as +<code>\stepcounter</code> See <xref><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></xref>, except it also defines the +current <code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\stepcounter</nodename> +<nodenext>\day \month \year</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\refstepcounter</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Counters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\stepcounter{<var>counter</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\stepcounter</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to <var>counter</var> and +resets all subsidiary counters. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\day \month \year</nodename> +<nodeprev>\stepcounter</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Counters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\day</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\month</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\year</indexterm></para> +<para>&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>, +1–31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1–12), and year +(<code>\year</code>, Common Era). When &tex; starts up, they are +set to the current values on the system where &tex; is running. They +are not updated as the job progresses. +</para> +<para>The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string representing the +current day (see <xref><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Lengths</nodename> +<nodenext>Making paragraphs</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Counters</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Lengths</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></para> +<para>A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a +length as an argument. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\setlength</menunode> +<menutitle>\setlength</menutitle> +<menucomment> Set the value of a length. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\addtolength</menunode> +<menutitle>\addtolength</menutitle> +<menucomment> Add a quantity to a length. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\settodepth</menunode> +<menutitle>\settodepth</menutitle> +<menucomment> Set a length to the depth of something. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\settoheight</menunode> +<menutitle>\settoheight</menutitle> +<menucomment> Set a length to the height of something. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\settowidth</menunode> +<menutitle>\settowidth</menutitle> +<menucomment> Set a length to the width of something. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Predefined lengths</menunode> +<menutitle>Predefined lengths</menutitle> +<menucomment> Lengths that are, like, predefined. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\setlength</nodename> +<nodenext>\addtolength</nodenext> +<nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\setlength{\<var>len</var>}{<var>value</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\setlength</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lengths, setting</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var> +argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex; +understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), points +(<code>pt</code>), big points (<code>bp</code>, etc. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\addtolength</nodename> +<nodenext>\settodepth</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\setlength</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>\addtolength{<var>\len</var>}{<var>amount</var>}</title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\addtolength</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lengths, adding to</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a “length command” +<var>\len</var> by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which +may be negative. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\settodepth</nodename> +<nodenext>\settoheight</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\addtolength</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\settodepth</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\settodepth</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code> +</para> +<para>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command +equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\settoheight</nodename> +<nodenext>\settowidth</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\settodepth</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\settoheight</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\settoheight</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code> +</para> +<para>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a <code>length</code> command +equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument. +</para> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\settowidth</nodename> +<nodenext>Predefined lengths</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\settoheight</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\settowidth{\<var>len</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\settowidth</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var> +to the width of the <var>text</var> argument. +</para> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Predefined lengths</nodename> +<nodeprev>\settowidth</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Lengths</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Predefined lengths</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">lengths, predefined</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">predefined lengths</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\width</code> +<indexterm index="fn">\width</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\height</code> +<indexterm index="fn">\height</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\depth</code> +<indexterm index="fn">\depth</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\totalheight</code> +<indexterm index="fn">\totalheight</indexterm></para> +<para>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making +commands (see <xref><xrefnodename>Boxes</xrefnodename></xref>). They specify the natural width etc. of the +text in the box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <code>\height</code> + +<code>\depth</code>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the +natural size, e.g., say +</para> +<para><code>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</code> +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Making paragraphs</nodename> +<nodenext>Math formulas</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Lengths</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Making paragraphs</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">making paragraphs</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">paragraphs</indexterm></para> +<para>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines—lines not +containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not appear where a new +paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of +a sectioning command. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\indent</menunode> +<menutitle>\indent</menutitle> +<menucomment> Indent this paragraph. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\noindent</menunode> +<menutitle>\noindent</menutitle> +<menucomment> Do not indent this paragraph. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\parskip</menunode> +<menutitle>\parskip</menutitle> +<menucomment> Space added before paragraphs. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Marginal notes</menunode> +<menutitle>Marginal notes</menutitle> +<menucomment> Putting remarks in the margin. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\indent</nodename> +<nodenext>\noindent</nodenext> +<nodeup>Making paragraphs</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\indent</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\indent</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\parindent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">indent, forcing</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the +width of the <code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph +indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would +otherwise be suppressed. +</para> +<para>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column +mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</code> for +<code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\noindent</nodename> +<nodenext>\parskip</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\indent</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Making paragraphs</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\noindent</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\noindent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">indent, suppressing</indexterm></para> +<para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <code>\noindent</code> +suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in +the middle of a paragraph. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\parskip</nodename> +<nodenext>Marginal notes</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\noindent</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Making paragraphs</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\parskip</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\parskip</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added +before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Marginal notes</nodename> +<nodeprev>\parskip</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Making paragraphs</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Marginal notes</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">marginal notes</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">notes in the margin</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">remarks in the margin</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\marginpar</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\marginpar[<var>left</var>]{<var>right</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\marginpar</code> command creates a note in the margin. The first +line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text +where the <code>\marginpar</code> occurs. +</para> +<para>When you only specify the mandatory argument <var>right</var>, the text +will be placed +</para> +<itemize><itemfunction>•</itemfunction><item> +<para>in the right margin for one-sided layout; +</para></item> +<item> +<para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout; +</para></item> +<item> +<para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout. +</para></item> +</itemize> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\reversemarginpar</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\normalmarginpar</indexterm>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes +in the opposite (inside) margin. <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them +in the default position. +</para> +<para>When you specify both arguments, <var>left</var> is used for the left +margin, and <var>right</var> is used for the right margin. +</para> +<para>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable +hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace{0pt}</code>. +</para> +<para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\marginparpush</indexterm><code>\marginparpush</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for +<samp>12pt</samp> documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\marginparsep</indexterm><code>\marginparsep</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default +<samp>11pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> documents, <samp>10pt</samp> else. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\marginparwidth</indexterm><code>\marginparwidth</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided <samp>10pt</samp> document +is <samp>90pt</samp>, <samp>83pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>68pt</samp> for +<samp>12pt</samp>; <samp>17pt</samp> more in each case for a two-sided document. +In two column mode, the default is <samp>48pt</samp>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para>The standard &latex; routine for marginal notes does not prevent +notes from falling off the bottom of the page. +<!-- @TeX{} FAQ entry on this topic (xx when there): --> +<!-- @url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=marginparside}. --> +<!-- (+marginfix) --> +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Math formulas</nodename> +<nodenext>Modes</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Making paragraphs</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Math formulas</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">math formulas</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">formulas, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">math mode, entering</indexterm></para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">math <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>math</code></tableterm> +<item><para>For formulas that appear right in the text. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>displaymath</code></tableterm> +<item><para>For formulas that appear on their own line. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>equation</code></tableterm> +<item><para>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation +number in the right margin. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\(</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\[</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\]</indexterm>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, +but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used +only in paragraph mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code> +environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\(...\) <r>instead of</r> \begin{math}...\end{math} +\[...\] <r>instead of</r> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">$</indexterm>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even +shorter form: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">$ ... $ <r>instead of</r> \(...\) +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\boldmath</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\unboldmath</indexterm>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in +a bold font. It is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode. Conversely, the +<code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; +it too is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode. +</para> <!-- xx own section? Math fonts? --> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\displaystyle</indexterm>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and below summations. For example</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\displaystyle</indexterm>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the +formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and +below summations. For example +</para><example xml:space="preserve">$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ +</example> <!-- xx see also \cal, \mathcal --> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Subscripts & superscripts</menunode> - <menutitle>Subscripts & superscripts</menutitle> - <menucomment>Also known as exponent or index.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Math symbols</menunode> - <menutitle>Math symbols</menutitle> - <menucomment>Various mathematical squiggles.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Math functions</menunode> - <menutitle>Math functions</menutitle> - <menucomment>Math function names like sin and exp.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Math accents</menunode> - <menutitle>Math accents</menutitle> - <menucomment>Accents in math.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Spacing in math mode</menunode> - <menutitle>Spacing in math mode</menutitle> - <menucomment>Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Math miscellany</menunode> - <menutitle>Math miscellany</menutitle> - <menucomment>Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Subscripts & superscripts</nodename> - <nodenext>Math symbols</nodenext> - <nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Subscripts & superscripts</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">superscript</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">subscript</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">exponent</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">_</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">^</indexterm> To get an expression <i>exp</i> to appear as a subscript, you just type <code>_{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. To get <i>exp</i> to appear as a superscript, you type <code>^{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. &latex; handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Math symbols</nodename> - <nodenext>Math functions</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Subscripts & superscripts</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Math symbols</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">math symbols</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">symbols, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">greek letters</indexterm> &latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get the pi symbol (<math>\pi</math>) in your output.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\|</indexterm><code>\|</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\|</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\aleph</indexterm><code>\aleph</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\aleph</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\alpha</indexterm><code>\alpha</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\alpha</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\amalg</indexterm><code>\amalg</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\amalg</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\angle</indexterm><code>\angle</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\angle</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\approx</indexterm><code>\approx</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\approx</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ast</indexterm><code>\ast</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\ast</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\asymp</indexterm><code>\asymp</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\asymp</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\backslash</indexterm><code>\backslash</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>\ (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\beta</indexterm><code>\beta</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\beta</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigcap</indexterm><code>\bigcap</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bigcap</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigcirc</indexterm><code>\bigcirc</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bigcirc</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigcup</indexterm><code>\bigcup</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bigcup</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigodot</indexterm><code>\bigodot</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bigodot</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigoplus</indexterm><code>\bigoplus</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bigoplus</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigotimes</indexterm><code>\bigotimes</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bigotimes</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigtriangledown</indexterm><code>\bigtriangledown</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bigtriangledown</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigtriangleup</indexterm><code>\bigtriangleup</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bigtriangleup</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigsqcup</indexterm><code>\bigsqcup</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bigsqcup</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\biguplus</indexterm><code>\biguplus</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\biguplus</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigcap</indexterm><code>\bigcap</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bigvee</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigwedge</indexterm><code>\bigwedge</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bigwedge</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bot</indexterm><code>\bot</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bot</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bowtie</indexterm><code>\bowtie</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bowtie</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Box</indexterm><code>\Box</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>(square open box symbol) -<!-- xx not in plain --></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bullet</indexterm><code>\bullet</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">bullet symbol</indexterm> - <item> - <para><math>\bullet</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cap</indexterm><code>\cap</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\cap</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cdot</indexterm><code>\cdot</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\cdot</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\chi</indexterm><code>\chi</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\chi</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\circ</indexterm><code>\circ</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\circ</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\clubsuit</indexterm><code>\clubsuit</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\clubsuit</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cong</indexterm><code>\cong</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\cong</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\coprod</indexterm><code>\coprod</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\coprod</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cup</indexterm><code>\cup</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\cup</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dagger</indexterm><code>\dagger</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\dagger</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dashv</indexterm><code>\dashv</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\dashv</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ddagger</indexterm><code>\ddagger</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\dagger</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Delta</indexterm><code>\Delta</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Delta</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\delta</indexterm><code>\delta</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\delta</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Diamond</indexterm><code>\Diamond</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>bigger <math>\diamond</math> -<!-- xx not in plain --></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\diamond</indexterm><code>\diamond</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\diamond</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\diamondsuit</indexterm><code>\diamondsuit</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\diamondsuit</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\div</indexterm><code>\div</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\div</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\doteq</indexterm><code>\doteq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\doteq</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\downarrow</indexterm><code>\downarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\downarrow</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Downarrow</indexterm><code>\Downarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Downarrow</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ell</indexterm><code>\ell</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\ell</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\emptyset</indexterm><code>\emptyset</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\emptyset</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\epsilon</indexterm><code>\epsilon</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\epsilon</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\equiv</indexterm><code>\equiv</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\equiv</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\eta</indexterm><code>\eta</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\eta</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\exists</indexterm><code>\exists</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\exists</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\flat</indexterm><code>\flat</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\flat</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\forall</indexterm><code>\forall</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\forall</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\frown</indexterm><code>\frown</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\frown</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Gamma</indexterm><code>\Gamma</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Gamma</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\gamma</indexterm><code>\gamma</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\gamma</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ge</indexterm><code>\ge</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\ge</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\geq</indexterm><code>\geq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\geq</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\gets</indexterm><code>\gets</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\gets</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\gg</indexterm><code>\gg</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\gg</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\hbar</indexterm><code>\hbar</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\hbar</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\heartsuit</indexterm><code>\heartsuit</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\heartsuit</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\hookleftarrow</indexterm><code>\hookleftarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\hookleftarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\hookrightarrow</indexterm><code>\hookrightarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\hookrightarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\iff</indexterm><code>\iff</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\iff</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Im</indexterm><code>\Im</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Im</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\in</indexterm><code>\in</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\in</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\infty</indexterm><code>\infty</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\infty</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\int</indexterm><code>\int</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\int</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\iota</indexterm><code>\iota</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\iota</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Join</indexterm><code>\Join</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) -<!-- xx not in plain --></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\kappa</indexterm><code>\kappa</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\kappa</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Lambda</indexterm><code>\Lambda</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Lambda</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lambda</indexterm><code>\lambda</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\lambda</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\land</indexterm><code>\land</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\land</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\langle</indexterm><code>\langle</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\langle</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lbrace</indexterm><code>\lbrace</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\lbrace</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lbrack</indexterm><code>\lbrack</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\lbrack</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lceil</indexterm><code>\lceil</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\lceil</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\le</indexterm><code>\le</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\le</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leadsto</indexterm><code>\leadsto</code></tableterm> + +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>Subscripts & superscripts</menunode> +<menutitle>Subscripts & superscripts</menutitle> +<menucomment> Also known as exponent or index. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Math symbols</menunode> +<menutitle>Math symbols</menutitle> +<menucomment> Various mathematical squiggles. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Math functions</menunode> +<menutitle>Math functions</menutitle> +<menucomment> Math function names like sin and exp. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Math accents</menunode> +<menutitle>Math accents</menutitle> +<menucomment> Accents in math. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Spacing in math mode</menunode> +<menutitle>Spacing in math mode</menutitle> +<menucomment> Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Math miscellany</menunode> +<menutitle>Math miscellany</menutitle> +<menucomment> Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>Subscripts & superscripts</nodename> +<nodenext>Math symbols</nodenext> +<nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Subscripts & superscripts</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">superscript</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">subscript</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">exponent</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">_</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">^</indexterm></para> +<para>To get an expression <i>exp</i> to appear as a subscript, you just type +<code>_{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. To get <i>exp</i> to appear as a +superscript, you type <code>^{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. &latex; handles +superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. +It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a +superscript. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Math symbols</nodename> +<nodenext>Math functions</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Subscripts & superscripts</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Math symbols</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">math symbols</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">symbols, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">greek letters</indexterm></para> +<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to +need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. +For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get +the pi symbol (<math>\pi</math>) in your output. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\|</indexterm><code>\|</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\|</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\aleph</indexterm><code>\aleph</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\aleph</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\alpha</indexterm><code>\alpha</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\alpha</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\amalg</indexterm><code>\amalg</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\amalg</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\angle</indexterm><code>\angle</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\angle</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\approx</indexterm><code>\approx</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\approx</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ast</indexterm><code>\ast</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\ast</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\asymp</indexterm><code>\asymp</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\asymp</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\backslash</indexterm><code>\backslash</code></tableterm> +<item><para>\ (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\beta</indexterm><code>\beta</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\beta</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigcap</indexterm><code>\bigcap</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bigcap</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigcirc</indexterm><code>\bigcirc</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bigcirc</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigcup</indexterm><code>\bigcup</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bigcup</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigodot</indexterm><code>\bigodot</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bigodot</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigoplus</indexterm><code>\bigoplus</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bigoplus</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigotimes</indexterm><code>\bigotimes</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bigotimes</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigtriangledown</indexterm><code>\bigtriangledown</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bigtriangledown</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigtriangleup</indexterm><code>\bigtriangleup</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bigtriangleup</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigsqcup</indexterm><code>\bigsqcup</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bigsqcup</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\biguplus</indexterm><code>\biguplus</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\biguplus</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigcap</indexterm><code>\bigcap</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bigvee</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigwedge</indexterm><code>\bigwedge</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bigwedge</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bot</indexterm><code>\bot</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bot</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bowtie</indexterm><code>\bowtie</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\bowtie</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Box</indexterm><code>\Box</code></tableterm> +<item><para>(square open box symbol) <!-- xx not in plain --> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bullet</indexterm><code>\bullet</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">bullet symbol</indexterm><math>\bullet</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cap</indexterm><code>\cap</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\cap</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cdot</indexterm><code>\cdot</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\cdot</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\chi</indexterm><code>\chi</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\chi</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\circ</indexterm><code>\circ</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\circ</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\clubsuit</indexterm><code>\clubsuit</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\clubsuit</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cong</indexterm><code>\cong</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\cong</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\coprod</indexterm><code>\coprod</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\coprod</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cup</indexterm><code>\cup</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\cup</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dagger</indexterm><code>\dagger</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\dagger</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dashv</indexterm><code>\dashv</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\dashv</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ddagger</indexterm><code>\ddagger</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\dagger</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Delta</indexterm><code>\Delta</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Delta</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\delta</indexterm><code>\delta</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\delta</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Diamond</indexterm><code>\Diamond</code></tableterm> +<item><para>bigger <math>\diamond</math> <!-- xx not in plain --> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\diamond</indexterm><code>\diamond</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\diamond</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\diamondsuit</indexterm><code>\diamondsuit</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\diamondsuit</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\div</indexterm><code>\div</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\div</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\doteq</indexterm><code>\doteq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\doteq</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\downarrow</indexterm><code>\downarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\downarrow</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Downarrow</indexterm><code>\Downarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Downarrow</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ell</indexterm><code>\ell</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\ell</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\emptyset</indexterm><code>\emptyset</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\emptyset</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\epsilon</indexterm><code>\epsilon</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\epsilon</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\equiv</indexterm><code>\equiv</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\equiv</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\eta</indexterm><code>\eta</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\eta</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\exists</indexterm><code>\exists</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\exists</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\flat</indexterm><code>\flat</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\flat</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\forall</indexterm><code>\forall</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\forall</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\frown</indexterm><code>\frown</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\frown</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Gamma</indexterm><code>\Gamma</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Gamma</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\gamma</indexterm><code>\gamma</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\gamma</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ge</indexterm><code>\ge</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\ge</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\geq</indexterm><code>\geq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\geq</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\gets</indexterm><code>\gets</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\gets</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\gg</indexterm><code>\gg</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\gg</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\hbar</indexterm><code>\hbar</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\hbar</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\heartsuit</indexterm><code>\heartsuit</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\heartsuit</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\hookleftarrow</indexterm><code>\hookleftarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\hookleftarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\hookrightarrow</indexterm><code>\hookrightarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\hookrightarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\iff</indexterm><code>\iff</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\iff</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Im</indexterm><code>\Im</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Im</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\in</indexterm><code>\in</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\in</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\infty</indexterm><code>\infty</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\infty</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\int</indexterm><code>\int</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\int</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\iota</indexterm><code>\iota</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\iota</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Join</indexterm><code>\Join</code></tableterm> +<item><para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) <!-- xx not in plain --> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\kappa</indexterm><code>\kappa</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\kappa</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Lambda</indexterm><code>\Lambda</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Lambda</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lambda</indexterm><code>\lambda</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\lambda</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\land</indexterm><code>\land</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\land</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\langle</indexterm><code>\langle</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\langle</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lbrace</indexterm><code>\lbrace</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\lbrace</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lbrack</indexterm><code>\lbrack</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\lbrack</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lceil</indexterm><code>\lceil</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\lceil</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\le</indexterm><code>\le</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\le</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leadsto</indexterm><code>\leadsto</code></tableterm> <!-- xx missing from plain --> - <item> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Leftarrow</indexterm><code>\Leftarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Leftarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftarrow</indexterm><code>\leftarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\leftarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftharpoondown</indexterm><code>\leftharpoondown</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\leftharpoondown</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftharpoonup</indexterm><code>\leftharpoonup</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\leftharpoonup</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Leftrightarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftrightarrow</indexterm><code>\leftrightarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\leftrightarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leq</indexterm><code>\leq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\leq</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lfloor</indexterm><code>\lfloor</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\lfloor</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lhd</indexterm><code>\lhd</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>(left-pointing arrow head) -<!-- xx not in plain --></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ll</indexterm><code>\ll</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\ll</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lnot</indexterm><code>\lnot</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\lnot</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\longleftarrow</indexterm><code>\longleftarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\longleftarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\longleftrightarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\longmapsto</indexterm><code>\longmapsto</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\longmapsto</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\longrightarrow</indexterm><code>\longrightarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\longrightarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lor</indexterm><code>\lor</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\lor</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mapsto</indexterm><code>\mapsto</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\mapsto</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mho</indexterm><code>\mho</code></tableterm> + +</tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Leftarrow</indexterm><code>\Leftarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Leftarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftarrow</indexterm><code>\leftarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\leftarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftharpoondown</indexterm><code>\leftharpoondown</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\leftharpoondown</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftharpoonup</indexterm><code>\leftharpoonup</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\leftharpoonup</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Leftrightarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leftrightarrow</indexterm><code>\leftrightarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\leftrightarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\leq</indexterm><code>\leq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\leq</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lfloor</indexterm><code>\lfloor</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\lfloor</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lhd</indexterm><code>\lhd</code></tableterm> +<item><para>(left-pointing arrow head) <!-- xx not in plain --> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ll</indexterm><code>\ll</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\ll</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lnot</indexterm><code>\lnot</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\lnot</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\longleftarrow</indexterm><code>\longleftarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\longleftarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\longleftrightarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\longmapsto</indexterm><code>\longmapsto</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\longmapsto</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\longrightarrow</indexterm><code>\longrightarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\longrightarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lor</indexterm><code>\lor</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\lor</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mapsto</indexterm><code>\mapsto</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\mapsto</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mho</indexterm><code>\mho</code></tableterm> <!-- xx not in plain --> - <item> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mid</indexterm><code>\mid</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\mid</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\models</indexterm><code>\models</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\models</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mp</indexterm><code>\mp</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\mp</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mu</indexterm><code>\mu</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\mu</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\nabla</indexterm><code>\nabla</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\nabla</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\natural</indexterm><code>\natural</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\natural</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ne</indexterm><code>\ne</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\ne</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\nearrow</indexterm><code>\nearrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\nearrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\neg</indexterm><code>\neg</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\neg</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\neq</indexterm><code>\neq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\neq</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ni</indexterm><code>\ni</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\ni</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\not</indexterm><code>\not</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in <math>\not=</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\notin</indexterm><code>\notin</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\ni</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\nu</indexterm><code>\nu</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\nu</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\nwarrow</indexterm><code>\nwarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\nwarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\odot</indexterm><code>\odot</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\odot</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\oint</indexterm><code>\oint</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\oint</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Omega</indexterm><code>\Omega</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Omega</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\omega</indexterm><code>\omega</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\omega</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ominus</indexterm><code>\ominus</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\ominus</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\oplus</indexterm><code>\oplus</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\oplus</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\oslash</indexterm><code>\oslash</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\oslash</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\otimes</indexterm><code>\otimes</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\otimes</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\owns</indexterm><code>\owns</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\owns</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\parallel</indexterm><code>\parallel</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\parallel</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\partial</indexterm><code>\partial</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\partial</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\perp</indexterm><code>\perp</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\perp</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\phi</indexterm><code>\phi</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\phi</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Pi</indexterm><code>\Pi</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Pi</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\pi</indexterm><code>\pi</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\pi</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\pm</indexterm><code>\pm</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\pm</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\prec</indexterm><code>\prec</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\prec</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\preceq</indexterm><code>\preceq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\preceq</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\prime</indexterm><code>\prime</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\prime</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\prod</indexterm><code>\prod</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\prod</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\propto</indexterm><code>\propto</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\propto</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Psi</indexterm><code>\Psi</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Psi</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\psi</indexterm><code>\psi</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\psi</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rangle</indexterm><code>\rangle</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\rangle</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rbrace</indexterm><code>\rbrace</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\rbrace</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rbrack</indexterm><code>\rbrack</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\rbrack</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rceil</indexterm><code>\rceil</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\rceil</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Re</indexterm><code>\Re</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Re</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rfloor</indexterm><code>\rfloor</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\rfloor</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rhd</indexterm><code>\rhd</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>(binary operation) -<!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} --></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rho</indexterm><code>\rho</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\rho</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Rightarrow</indexterm><code>\Rightarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Rightarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rightarrow</indexterm><code>\rightarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\rightarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rightharpoondown</indexterm><code>\rightharpoondown</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\rightharpoondown</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rightharpoonup</indexterm><code>\rightharpoonup</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\rightharpoonup</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\rightleftharpoons</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\searrow</indexterm><code>\searrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\searrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\setminus</indexterm><code>\setminus</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\setminus</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sharp</indexterm><code>\sharp</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sharp</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Sigma</indexterm><code>\Sigma</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Sigma</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sigma</indexterm><code>\sigma</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sigma</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sim</indexterm><code>\sim</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sim</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\simeq</indexterm><code>\simeq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\simeq</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\smallint</indexterm><code>\smallint</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\smallint</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\smile</indexterm><code>\smile</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\smile</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\spadesuit</indexterm><code>\spadesuit</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\spadesuit</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqcap</indexterm><code>\sqcap</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sqcap</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqcup</indexterm><code>\sqcup</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sqcup</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqsubset</indexterm><code>\sqsubset</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>(relation) -<!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) --></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqsubseteq</indexterm><code>\sqsubseteq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sqsubseteq</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqsupset</indexterm><code>\sqsupset</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>(relation) -<!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) --></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqsupseteq</indexterm><code>\sqsupseteq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sqsupseteq</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\star</indexterm><code>\star</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\star</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\subset</indexterm><code>\subset</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\subset</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\subseteq</indexterm><code>\subseteq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\subseteq</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\succ</indexterm><code>\succ</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\succ</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\succeq</indexterm><code>\succeq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\succeq</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sum</indexterm><code>\sum</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sum</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\supset</indexterm><code>\supset</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\supset</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\supseteq</indexterm><code>\supseteq</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\supseteq</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\surd</indexterm><code>\surd</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\surd</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\swarrow</indexterm><code>\swarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\swarrow</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tau</indexterm><code>\tau</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\tau</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\theta</indexterm><code>\theta</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\theta</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\times</indexterm><code>\times</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\times</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\to</indexterm><code>\to</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\to</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\top</indexterm><code>\top</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\top</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\triangle</indexterm><code>\triangle</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\triangle</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\triangleleft</indexterm><code>\triangleleft</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\triangleleft</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\triangleright</indexterm><code>\triangleright</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\triangleright</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\unlhd</indexterm><code>\unlhd</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) -<!-- not in plain --></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\unrhd</indexterm><code>\unrhd</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) -<!-- not in plain --></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Uparrow</indexterm><code>\Uparrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Uparrow</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\uparrow</indexterm><code>\uparrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\uparrow</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Updownarrow</indexterm><code>\Updownarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Updownarrow</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\updownarrow</indexterm><code>\updownarrow</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\updownarrow</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\uplus</indexterm><code>\uplus</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\uplus</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Upsilon</indexterm><code>\Upsilon</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Upsilon</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\upsilon</indexterm><code>\upsilon</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\upsilon</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\varepsilon</indexterm><code>\varepsilon</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\varepsilon</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\varphi</indexterm><code>\varphi</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\varphi</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\varpi</indexterm><code>\varpi</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\varpi</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\varrho</indexterm><code>\varrho</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\varrho</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\varsigma</indexterm><code>\varsigma</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\varsigma</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vartheta</indexterm><code>\vartheta</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\vartheta</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vdash</indexterm><code>\vdash</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\vdash</math> (relation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vee</indexterm><code>\vee</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\vee</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Vert</indexterm><code>\Vert</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Vert</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vert</indexterm><code>\vert</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\vert</math> (delimiter)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\wedge</indexterm><code>\wedge</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\wedge</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\wp</indexterm><code>\wp</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\wp</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\wr</indexterm><code>\wr</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\wr</math> (binary operation)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Xi</indexterm><code>\Xi</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Xi</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\xi</indexterm><code>\xi</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\xi</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\zeta</indexterm><code>\zeta</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\zeta</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Math functions</nodename> - <nodenext>Math accents</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Math symbols</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Math functions</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">math functions</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">functions, math</indexterm> These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper spacing.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arccos</indexterm><code>\arccos</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\arccos</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arcsin</indexterm><code>\arcsin</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\arcsin</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arctan</indexterm><code>\arctan</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\arctan</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arg</indexterm><code>\arg</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\arg</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bmod</indexterm><code>\bmod</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Binary modulo operator (<math>x \bmod y</math>)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cos</indexterm><code>\cos</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\cos</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cosh</indexterm><code>\cosh</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\cosh</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cot</indexterm><code>\cot</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\cos</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\coth</indexterm><code>\coth</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\cosh</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\csc</indexterm><code>\csc</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\csc</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\deg</indexterm><code>\deg</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\deg</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\det</indexterm><code>\det</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\deg</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dim</indexterm><code>\dim</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\dim</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\exp</indexterm><code>\exp</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\exp</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\gcd</indexterm><code>\gcd</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\gcd</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\hom</indexterm><code>\hom</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\hom</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\inf</indexterm><code>\inf</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\inf</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ker</indexterm><code>\ker</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\ker</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lg</indexterm><code>\lg</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\lg</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lim</indexterm><code>\lim</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\lim</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\liminf</indexterm><code>\liminf</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\liminf</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\limsup</indexterm><code>\limsup</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\limsup</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ln</indexterm><code>\ln</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\ln</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\log</indexterm><code>\log</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\log</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\max</indexterm><code>\max</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\max</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\min</indexterm><code>\min</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\min</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\pmod</indexterm><code>\pmod</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>parenthesized modulus, as in (<math>\pmod 2^n - 1</math>)</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Pr</indexterm><code>\Pr</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\Pr</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sec</indexterm><code>\sec</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sec</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sin</indexterm><code>\sin</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sin</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sinh</indexterm><code>\sinh</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sinh</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sup</indexterm><code>\sup</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\sup</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tan</indexterm><code>\tan</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\tan</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tanh</indexterm><code>\tanh</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para><math>\tanh</math></para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Math accents</nodename> - <nodenext>Spacing in math mode</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Math functions</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Math accents</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">math accents</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">accents, mathematical</indexterm> &latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in math. These are different from accents in normal text (see <xref><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\acute</indexterm><code>\acute</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">acute accent, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math acute accent: <math>\acutex</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bar</indexterm><code>\bar</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">bar-over accent, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">macron accent, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math bar-over accent: <math>\barx</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\breve</indexterm><code>\breve</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">breve accent, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math breve accent: <math>\brevex</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\check</indexterm><code>\check</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">check accent, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hác<ek accent, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math hác<ek (check) accent: <math>\checkx</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ddot</indexterm><code>\ddot</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">double dot accent, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math dieresis accent: <math>\ddotx</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dot</indexterm><code>\dot</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">overdot accent, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dot over accent, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math dot accent: <math>\dotx</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\grave</indexterm><code>\grave</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">grave accent, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math grave accent: <math>\gravex</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\hat</indexterm><code>\hat</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">hat accent, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">circumflex accent, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <math>\hatx</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\imath</indexterm><code>\imath</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">dotless i, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math dotless i.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\jmath</indexterm><code>\jmath</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">dotless j, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math dotless j.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tilde</indexterm><code>\tilde</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">tilde accent, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math tilde accent: <math>\tildex</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vec</indexterm><code>\vec</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">vector symbol, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math vector symbol: <math>\vecx</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\widehat</indexterm><code>\widehat</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">wide hat accent, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math wide hat accent: <math>\widehatx+y</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\widehat</indexterm><code>\widehat</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">wide tile accent, math</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Math wide tilde accent: <math>\widetildex+y</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename> - <nodenext>Math miscellany</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Math accents</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Spacing in math mode</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">spacing within math mode</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">math mode, spacing</indexterm> In a <code>math</code> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, &latex; provides the following commands for use in math mode:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\;</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\;</indexterm> - <item> - <para>A thick space (<math>5\over18\,</math>quad).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\:</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\></code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\:</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\></indexterm> - <item> - <para>Both of these produce a medium space (<math>2\over9\,</math>quad).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\,</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\,</indexterm> - <item> - <para>A thin space (<math>1\over6\,</math>quad); not restricted to math mode.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\!</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>A negative thin space (<math>-1\over6\,</math>quad).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Math miscellany</nodename> - <nodeprev>Spacing in math mode</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Math miscellany</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">math miscellany</indexterm></para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\*</indexterm><code>\*</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">discretionary multiplication</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm> - <item> - <para>A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is allowed.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cdots</indexterm><code>\cdots</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ddots</indexterm><code>\ddots</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>A diagonal ellipsis: <math>\ddots</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\frac{num}{den}</indexterm><code>\frac{num}{den}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\frac</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm><code>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\right</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">null delimiter</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The two delimiters need not match; <samp>.</samp> acts as a null delimiter, producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><code>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>. For example, <math>\overbracex+\cdots+x^k \rm\;times</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\overline{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>. For exampe, <math>\overlinex+y</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</indexterm><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce. For example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as <code>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</indexterm><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. For example, <code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\underbrace{math}</indexterm><code>\underbrace{math}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\underline{text}</indexterm><code>\underline{text}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of descenders.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vdots</indexterm><code>\vdots</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vdots</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a vertical ellipsis.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Modes</nodename> - <nodenext>Page styles</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Math formulas</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Modes</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">modes</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">paragraph mode</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">math mode</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">left-to-right mode</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lR mode</indexterm></para> - <para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes:</para> - <itemize> - <itemfunction>•</itemfunction> - <item> - <para>Paragraph mode</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>Math mode</para> - </item> - <item> - <para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short</para> - </item> - </itemize> - <para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when &latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.</para> - <para>“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it's the one &latex; is in when processing ordinary text. In that mode, &latex; breaks your text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. &latex; is in “math mode” when it's generating a mathematical formula. In “LR mode”, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an <code>\mbox</code>, &latex; would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.</para> - <para>&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are also several text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put &latex; in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>. When &latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in “inner paragraph mode”. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called “outer paragraph mode”.</para> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Page styles</nodename> - <nodenext>Spaces</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Modes</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Page styles</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">styles, page</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">page styles</indexterm> The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\maketitle</menunode> - <menutitle>\maketitle</menutitle> - <menucomment>Generate a title page.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\pagenumbering</menunode> - <menutitle>\pagenumbering</menutitle> - <menucomment>Set the style used for page numbers.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\pagestyle</menunode> - <menutitle>\pagestyle</menutitle> - <menucomment>Change the headings/footings style.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\thispagestyle</menunode> - <menutitle>\thispagestyle</menutitle> - <menucomment>Change the headings/footings style for this page.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\maketitle</nodename> - <nodenext>\pagenumbering</nodenext> - <nodeup>Page styles</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\maketitle</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">titles, making</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\maketitle</indexterm> The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title page—except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</indexterm><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">author, for titlepage</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm> - <item> - <para>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use <code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author's entry—for example, to give the author's institution or address.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\date{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">date, for titlepage</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document's date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (see <xref><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></xref>) is used.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\thanks{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">credit footnote</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title, usually used for credit acknowledgements.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\title{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">title, for titlepage</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm> - <item> - <para>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\pagenumbering</nodename> - <nodenext>\pagestyle</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\maketitle</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Page styles</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\pagenumbering</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\pagenumbering</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">page numbering style</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\pagenumbering{<var>style</var>}</example> - <para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>arabic</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>arabic numerals</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>roman</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>lowercase Roman numerals</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>Roman</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>uppercase Roman numerals</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>alph</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>lowercase letters</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>Alph</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>uppercase letters</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\pagestyle</nodename> - <nodenext>\thispagestyle</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\pagenumbering</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Page styles</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\pagestyle</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\pagestyle</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">header style</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">footer style</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">running header and footer style</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\pagestyle{<var>style</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\pagestyle</code> command specifies how the headers and footers are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for <var>style</var>:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>plain</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Just a plain page number.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>empty</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>headings</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what goes in the headers.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>myheadings</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Custom headers, specified via the <code>\markboth</code> or the <code>\markright</code> commands.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</indexterm><code>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A “left-hand heading” (<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before the end of the page, while a “right-hand heading” (<var>right</var> is generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\markright{<var>right</var>}</indexterm><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename> - <nodeprev>\pagestyle</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Page styles</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\thispagestyle</indexterm> The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the <code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Spaces</nodename> - <nodenext>Boxes</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Page styles</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Spaces</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">spaces</indexterm> &latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.</para> - <para>Another space-producing command is <code>\,</code> to produce a “thin” space (usually 1/6<dmn>quad</dmn>). It can be used in text mode, but is more often useful in math mode (see <xref><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <menu> - <para>Horizontal space</para> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\hspace</menunode> - <menutitle>\hspace</menutitle> - <menucomment>Fixed horizontal space.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\hfill</menunode> - <menutitle>\hfill</menutitle> - <menucomment>Stretchable horizontal space.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\SPACE</menunode> - <menutitle>\SPACE</menutitle> - <menucomment>Normal interword space.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\AT</menunode> - <menutitle>\AT</menutitle> - <menucomment>Ending a sentence.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\thinspace</menunode> - <menutitle>\thinspace</menutitle> - <menucomment>One-sixth of an em.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\/</menunode> - <menutitle>\/</menutitle> - <menucomment>Per-character italic correction.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\hrulefill</menunode> - <menutitle>\hrulefill</menutitle> - <menucomment>Stretchable horizontal rule.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\dotfill</menunode> - <menutitle>\dotfill</menutitle> - <menucomment>Stretchable horizontal dots.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <para>Vertical space</para> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\addvspace</menunode> - <menutitle>\addvspace</menutitle> - <menucomment>Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</menunode> - <menutitle>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</menutitle> - <menucomment>Fixed vertical spaces.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\vfill</menunode> - <menutitle>\vfill</menutitle> - <menucomment>Infinitely stretchable vertical space.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\vspace</menunode> - <menutitle>\vspace</menutitle> - <menucomment>Add arbitrary vertical space.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\hspace</nodename> - <nodenext>\hfill</nodenext> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\hspace</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\hspace</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\hspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\hspace</code> command adds horizontal space. The <var>length</var> argument can be expressed in any terms that &latex; understands: points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both negative and positive space with an <code>\hspace</code> command; adding negative space is like backspacing.</para> - <para>&latex; normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional <code>*</code> form.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\hfill</nodename> - <nodenext>\SPACE</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\hspace</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\hfill</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\hfill</indexterm>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\fill</indexterm>The <code>\fill</code> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the glue value <samp>0pt plus1fill</samp>); thus, <code>\hspace\fill</code> is equivalent to <code>\hfill</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\SPACE</nodename> - <nodenext>\AT</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\hfill</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\SPACE</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\SPACE</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\TAB</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\NEWLINE</indexterm> The <code>\ </code> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example <code>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. It is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a nice system.</code></para> - <para>In normal circumstances, <code>\</code><key>tab</key> and <code>\</code><key>newline</key> are equivalent to <code>\ </code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\AT</nodename> - <nodenext>\thinspace</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\SPACE</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\@</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\@</indexterm> The <code>\@</code> command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without <code>\@</code>:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">&dots; in C\@. Pascal, though &dots; -&dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots;</example> - <para role="continues">produces</para> + +</tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mid</indexterm><code>\mid</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\mid</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\models</indexterm><code>\models</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\models</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mp</indexterm><code>\mp</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\mp</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\mu</indexterm><code>\mu</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\mu</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\nabla</indexterm><code>\nabla</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\nabla</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\natural</indexterm><code>\natural</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\natural</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ne</indexterm><code>\ne</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\ne</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\nearrow</indexterm><code>\nearrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\nearrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\neg</indexterm><code>\neg</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\neg</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\neq</indexterm><code>\neq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\neq</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ni</indexterm><code>\ni</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\ni</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\not</indexterm><code>\not</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in <math>\not=</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\notin</indexterm><code>\notin</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\ni</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\nu</indexterm><code>\nu</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\nu</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\nwarrow</indexterm><code>\nwarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\nwarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\odot</indexterm><code>\odot</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\odot</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\oint</indexterm><code>\oint</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\oint</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Omega</indexterm><code>\Omega</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Omega</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\omega</indexterm><code>\omega</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\omega</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ominus</indexterm><code>\ominus</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\ominus</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\oplus</indexterm><code>\oplus</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\oplus</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\oslash</indexterm><code>\oslash</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\oslash</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\otimes</indexterm><code>\otimes</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\otimes</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\owns</indexterm><code>\owns</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\owns</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\parallel</indexterm><code>\parallel</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\parallel</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\partial</indexterm><code>\partial</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\partial</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\perp</indexterm><code>\perp</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\perp</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\phi</indexterm><code>\phi</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\phi</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Pi</indexterm><code>\Pi</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Pi</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\pi</indexterm><code>\pi</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\pi</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\pm</indexterm><code>\pm</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\pm</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\prec</indexterm><code>\prec</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\prec</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\preceq</indexterm><code>\preceq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\preceq</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\prime</indexterm><code>\prime</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\prime</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\prod</indexterm><code>\prod</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\prod</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\propto</indexterm><code>\propto</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\propto</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Psi</indexterm><code>\Psi</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Psi</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\psi</indexterm><code>\psi</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\psi</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rangle</indexterm><code>\rangle</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\rangle</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rbrace</indexterm><code>\rbrace</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\rbrace</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rbrack</indexterm><code>\rbrack</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\rbrack</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rceil</indexterm><code>\rceil</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\rceil</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Re</indexterm><code>\Re</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Re</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rfloor</indexterm><code>\rfloor</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\rfloor</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rhd</indexterm><code>\rhd</code></tableterm> +<item><para>(binary operation) <!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} --> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rho</indexterm><code>\rho</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\rho</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Rightarrow</indexterm><code>\Rightarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Rightarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rightarrow</indexterm><code>\rightarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\rightarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rightharpoondown</indexterm><code>\rightharpoondown</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\rightharpoondown</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rightharpoonup</indexterm><code>\rightharpoonup</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\rightharpoonup</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm><code>\rightleftharpoons</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\rightleftharpoons</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\searrow</indexterm><code>\searrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\searrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\setminus</indexterm><code>\setminus</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\setminus</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sharp</indexterm><code>\sharp</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sharp</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Sigma</indexterm><code>\Sigma</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Sigma</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sigma</indexterm><code>\sigma</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sigma</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sim</indexterm><code>\sim</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sim</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\simeq</indexterm><code>\simeq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\simeq</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\smallint</indexterm><code>\smallint</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\smallint</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\smile</indexterm><code>\smile</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\smile</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\spadesuit</indexterm><code>\spadesuit</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\spadesuit</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqcap</indexterm><code>\sqcap</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sqcap</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqcup</indexterm><code>\sqcup</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sqcup</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqsubset</indexterm><code>\sqsubset</code></tableterm> +<item><para>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) --> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqsubseteq</indexterm><code>\sqsubseteq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sqsubseteq</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqsupset</indexterm><code>\sqsupset</code></tableterm> +<item><para>(relation) <!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) --> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqsupseteq</indexterm><code>\sqsupseteq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sqsupseteq</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\star</indexterm><code>\star</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\star</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\subset</indexterm><code>\subset</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\subset</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\subseteq</indexterm><code>\subseteq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\subseteq</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\succ</indexterm><code>\succ</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\succ</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\succeq</indexterm><code>\succeq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\succeq</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sum</indexterm><code>\sum</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sum</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\supset</indexterm><code>\supset</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\supset</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\supseteq</indexterm><code>\supseteq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\supseteq</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\surd</indexterm><code>\surd</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\surd</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\swarrow</indexterm><code>\swarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\swarrow</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tau</indexterm><code>\tau</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\tau</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\theta</indexterm><code>\theta</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\theta</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\times</indexterm><code>\times</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\times</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\to</indexterm><code>\to</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\to</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\top</indexterm><code>\top</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\top</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\triangle</indexterm><code>\triangle</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\triangle</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\triangleleft</indexterm><code>\triangleleft</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\triangleleft</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\triangleright</indexterm><code>\triangleright</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\triangleright</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\unlhd</indexterm><code>\unlhd</code></tableterm> +<item><para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain --> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\unrhd</indexterm><code>\unrhd</code></tableterm> +<item><para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- not in plain --> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Uparrow</indexterm><code>\Uparrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Uparrow</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\uparrow</indexterm><code>\uparrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\uparrow</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Updownarrow</indexterm><code>\Updownarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Updownarrow</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\updownarrow</indexterm><code>\updownarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\updownarrow</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\uplus</indexterm><code>\uplus</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\uplus</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Upsilon</indexterm><code>\Upsilon</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Upsilon</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\upsilon</indexterm><code>\upsilon</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\upsilon</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\varepsilon</indexterm><code>\varepsilon</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\varepsilon</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\varphi</indexterm><code>\varphi</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\varphi</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\varpi</indexterm><code>\varpi</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\varpi</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\varrho</indexterm><code>\varrho</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\varrho</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\varsigma</indexterm><code>\varsigma</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\varsigma</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vartheta</indexterm><code>\vartheta</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\vartheta</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vdash</indexterm><code>\vdash</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\vdash</math> (relation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vee</indexterm><code>\vee</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\vee</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Vert</indexterm><code>\Vert</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Vert</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vert</indexterm><code>\vert</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\vert</math> (delimiter) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\wedge</indexterm><code>\wedge</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\wedge</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\wp</indexterm><code>\wp</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\wp</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\wr</indexterm><code>\wr</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\wr</math> (binary operation) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Xi</indexterm><code>\Xi</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Xi</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\xi</indexterm><code>\xi</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\xi</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\zeta</indexterm><code>\zeta</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\zeta</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Math functions</nodename> +<nodenext>Math accents</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Math symbols</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Math functions</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">math functions</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">functions, math</indexterm></para> +<para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper +spacing. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arccos</indexterm><code>\arccos</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\arccos</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arcsin</indexterm><code>\arcsin</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\arcsin</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arctan</indexterm><code>\arctan</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\arctan</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\arg</indexterm><code>\arg</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\arg</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bmod</indexterm><code>\bmod</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Binary modulo operator (<math>x \bmod y</math>) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cos</indexterm><code>\cos</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\cos</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cosh</indexterm><code>\cosh</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\cosh</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cot</indexterm><code>\cot</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\cos</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\coth</indexterm><code>\coth</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\cosh</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\csc</indexterm><code>\csc</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\csc</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\deg</indexterm><code>\deg</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\deg</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\det</indexterm><code>\det</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\deg</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dim</indexterm><code>\dim</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\dim</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\exp</indexterm><code>\exp</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\exp</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\gcd</indexterm><code>\gcd</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\gcd</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\hom</indexterm><code>\hom</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\hom</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\inf</indexterm><code>\inf</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\inf</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ker</indexterm><code>\ker</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\ker</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lg</indexterm><code>\lg</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\lg</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lim</indexterm><code>\lim</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\lim</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\liminf</indexterm><code>\liminf</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\liminf</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\limsup</indexterm><code>\limsup</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\limsup</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ln</indexterm><code>\ln</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\ln</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\log</indexterm><code>\log</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\log</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\max</indexterm><code>\max</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\max</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\min</indexterm><code>\min</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\min</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\pmod</indexterm><code>\pmod</code></tableterm> +<item><para>parenthesized modulus, as in (<math>\pmod 2^n - 1</math>) +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\Pr</indexterm><code>\Pr</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\Pr</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sec</indexterm><code>\sec</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sec</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sin</indexterm><code>\sin</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sin</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sinh</indexterm><code>\sinh</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sinh</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sup</indexterm><code>\sup</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\sup</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tan</indexterm><code>\tan</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\tan</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tanh</indexterm><code>\tanh</code></tableterm> +<item><para><math>\tanh</math> +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Math accents</nodename> +<nodenext>Spacing in math mode</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Math functions</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Math accents</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">math accents</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">accents, mathematical</indexterm></para> +<para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters +in math. These are different from accents in normal text +(see <xref><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\acute</indexterm><code>\acute</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">acute accent, math</indexterm>Math acute accent: <math>\acute{x}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bar</indexterm><code>\bar</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">bar-over accent, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">macron accent, math</indexterm>Math bar-over accent: <math>\bar{x}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\breve</indexterm><code>\breve</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">breve accent, math</indexterm>Math breve accent: <math>\breve{x}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\check</indexterm><code>\check</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">check accent, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hác<ek accent, math</indexterm>Math hác<ek (check) accent: <math>\check{x}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ddot</indexterm><code>\ddot</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">double dot accent, math</indexterm>Math dieresis accent: <math>\ddot{x}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dot</indexterm><code>\dot</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">overdot accent, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dot over accent, math</indexterm>Math dot accent: <math>\dot{x}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\grave</indexterm><code>\grave</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">grave accent, math</indexterm>Math grave accent: <math>\grave{x}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\hat</indexterm><code>\hat</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">hat accent, math</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">circumflex accent, math</indexterm>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <math>\hat{x}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\imath</indexterm><code>\imath</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">dotless i, math</indexterm>Math dotless i. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\jmath</indexterm><code>\jmath</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">dotless j, math</indexterm>Math dotless j. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\tilde</indexterm><code>\tilde</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">tilde accent, math</indexterm>Math tilde accent: <math>\tilde{x}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vec</indexterm><code>\vec</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">vector symbol, math</indexterm>Math vector symbol: <math>\vec{x}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\widehat</indexterm><code>\widehat</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">wide hat accent, math</indexterm>Math wide hat accent: <math>\widehat{x+y}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\widehat</indexterm><code>\widehat</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">wide tile accent, math</indexterm>Math wide tilde accent: <math>\widetilde{x+y}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename> +<nodenext>Math miscellany</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Math accents</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Spacing in math mode</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">spacing within math mode</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">math mode, spacing</indexterm></para> +<para>In a <code>math</code> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and +puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics +texts. If you want different spacing, &latex; provides the following +commands for use in math mode: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>\;</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\;</indexterm>A thick space (<math>5\over18\,</math>quad). +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\:</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\:</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\></indexterm>Both of these produce a medium space (<math>2\over9\,</math>quad). +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\,</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\,</indexterm>A thin space (<math>1\over6\,</math>quad); not restricted to math mode. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\!</code></tableterm> +<item><para>A negative thin space (<math>-{1\over6}\,</math>quad). +</para></item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Math miscellany</nodename> +<nodeprev>Spacing in math mode</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Math formulas</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Math miscellany</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">math miscellany</indexterm></para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\*</indexterm><code>\*</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">discretionary multiplication</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm>A “discretionary” multiplication symbol, at which a line break is +allowed. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\cdots</indexterm><code>\cdots</code></tableterm> +<item><para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ddots</indexterm><code>\ddots</code></tableterm> +<item><para>A diagonal ellipsis: <math>\ddots</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\frac{num}{den}</indexterm><code>\frac{num}{den}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\frac</indexterm>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>. +</para> + +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm><code>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\right</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">null delimiter</indexterm>The two delimiters need not match; <samp>.</samp> acts as a null delimiter, +producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math +in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><code>\overbrace{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>. +For example, <math>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\overline{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>. +For exampe, <math>\overline{x+y}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</indexterm><code>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]{arg}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The +optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce. For +example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as +<code>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</indexterm><code>\stackrel{<var>text</var>}{<var>relation</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. For example, +<code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\underbrace{math}</indexterm><code>\underbrace{math}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\underline{text}</indexterm><code>\underline{text}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be +underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of +descenders. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\vdots</indexterm><code>\vdots</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\vdots</indexterm>Produces a vertical ellipsis. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Modes</nodename> +<nodenext>Page styles</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Math formulas</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Modes</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">modes</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">paragraph mode</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">math mode</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">left-to-right mode</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">lR mode</indexterm></para> + +<para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three +modes: +</para> +<itemize><itemfunction>•</itemfunction><item> +<para>Paragraph mode +</para></item> +<item> +<para>Math mode +</para></item> +<item> +<para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short +</para></item> +</itemize> + +<para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a +different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. +Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when +&latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. +</para> +<para>“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it's the one &latex; is in +when processing ordinary text. In that mode, &latex; breaks your +text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. &latex; is in +“math mode” when it's generating a mathematical formula. In “LR +mode”, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output that it +produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, +unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to right; it +never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words +into an <code>\mbox</code>, &latex; would keep typesetting them from left +to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting +box was too wide to fit on the line. +</para> +<para>&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> +command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for +example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. +There are also several text-producing commands and environments for +making a box that put &latex; in paragraph mode. The box make by one of +these commands or environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>. When +&latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in +“inner paragraph mode”. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out +in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. +</para> + +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Page styles</nodename> +<nodenext>Spaces</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Modes</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Page styles</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">styles, page</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">page styles</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of +the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\maketitle</menunode> +<menutitle>\maketitle</menutitle> +<menucomment> Generate a title page. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\pagenumbering</menunode> +<menutitle>\pagenumbering</menutitle> +<menucomment> Set the style used for page numbers. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\pagestyle</menunode> +<menutitle>\pagestyle</menutitle> +<menucomment> Change the headings/footings style. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\thispagestyle</menunode> +<menutitle>\thispagestyle</menutitle> +<menucomment> Change the headings/footings style for this page. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\maketitle</nodename> +<nodenext>\pagenumbering</nodenext> +<nodeup>Page styles</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\maketitle</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">titles, making</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\maketitle</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title +page—except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed +at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title +is obtained from the following declarations: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</indexterm><code>\author{<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">author, for titlepage</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the +argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use +<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author's entry—for +example, to give the author's institution or address. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\date{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">date, for titlepage</indexterm>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document's +date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (see <xref><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></xref>) +is used. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\thanks{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">credit footnote</indexterm>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title, +usually used for credit acknowledgements. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\title{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">title, for titlepage</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the +document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\pagenumbering</nodename> +<nodenext>\pagestyle</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\maketitle</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Page styles</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\pagenumbering</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\pagenumbering</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">page numbering style</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\pagenumbering{<var>style</var>} +</example> +<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <var>style</var>: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>arabic</code></tableterm> +<item><para>arabic numerals +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>roman</code></tableterm> +<item><para>lowercase Roman numerals +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>Roman</code></tableterm> +<item><para>uppercase Roman numerals +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>alph</code></tableterm> +<item><para>lowercase letters +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>Alph</code></tableterm> +<item><para>uppercase letters +</para></item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\pagestyle</nodename> +<nodenext>\thispagestyle</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\pagenumbering</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Page styles</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\pagestyle</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\pagestyle</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">header style</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">footer style</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">running header and footer style</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\pagestyle{<var>style</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\pagestyle</code> command specifies how the headers and footers +are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for <var>style</var>: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>plain</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Just a plain page number. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>empty</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>headings</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what +goes in the headers. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>myheadings</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Custom headers, specified via the <code>\markboth</code> or the +<code>\markright</code> commands. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</indexterm><code>\markboth{<var>left</var>}{<var>right</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A “left-hand heading” +(<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before +the end of the page, while a “right-hand heading” (<var>right</var> is +generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that +comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before +the page. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\markright{<var>right</var>}</indexterm><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename> +<nodeprev>\pagestyle</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Page styles</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\thispagestyle{<var>style</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\thispagestyle</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the +<code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it +changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only. +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Spaces</nodename> +<nodenext>Boxes</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Page styles</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Spaces</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">spaces</indexterm></para> +<para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. +</para> +<para>Another space-producing command is <code>\,</code> to produce a “thin” +space (usually 1/6<dmn>quad</dmn>). It can be used in text mode, but is +more often useful in math mode (see <xref><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<menu> +<para>Horizontal space +</para><menuentry> +<menunode>\hspace</menunode> +<menutitle>\hspace</menutitle> +<menucomment> Fixed horizontal space. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\hfill</menunode> +<menutitle>\hfill</menutitle> +<menucomment> Stretchable horizontal space. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\SPACE</menunode> +<menutitle>\SPACE</menutitle> +<menucomment> Normal interword space. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\AT</menunode> +<menutitle>\AT</menutitle> +<menucomment> Ending a sentence. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\thinspace</menunode> +<menutitle>\thinspace</menutitle> +<menucomment> One-sixth of an em. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\/</menunode> +<menutitle>\/</menutitle> +<menucomment> Per-character italic correction. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\hrulefill</menunode> +<menutitle>\hrulefill</menutitle> +<menucomment> Stretchable horizontal rule. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\dotfill</menunode> +<menutitle>\dotfill</menutitle> +<menucomment> Stretchable horizontal dots. +</menucomment> +</menuentry> +<para>Vertical space +</para><menuentry> +<menunode>\addvspace</menunode> +<menutitle>\addvspace</menutitle> +<menucomment> Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</menunode> +<menutitle>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</menutitle> +<menucomment> Fixed vertical spaces. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\vfill</menunode> +<menutitle>\vfill</menutitle> +<menucomment> Infinitely stretchable vertical space. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\vspace</menunode> +<menutitle>\vspace</menutitle> +<menucomment> Add arbitrary vertical space. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\hspace</nodename> +<nodenext>\hfill</nodenext> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\hspace</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\hspace</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\hspace[*]{<var>length</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\hspace</code> command adds horizontal space. The <var>length</var> +argument can be expressed in any terms that &latex; understands: +points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both +negative and positive space with an <code>\hspace</code> command; adding +negative space is like backspacing. +</para> +<para>&latex; normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning +or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional <code>*</code> +form. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\hfill</nodename> +<nodenext>\SPACE</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\hspace</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\hfill</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\hfill</indexterm>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has +no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as +needed. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\fill</indexterm>The <code>\fill</code> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, +the glue value <samp>0pt plus1fill</samp>); thus, <code>\hspace\fill</code> is +equivalent to <code>\hfill</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\SPACE</nodename> +<nodenext>\AT</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\hfill</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\SPACE</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\SPACE</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\TAB</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\NEWLINE</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\ </code> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's +useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example +<code>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. +It is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a +nice system.</code> +</para> +<para>In normal circumstances, <code>\</code><key>tab</key> and <code>\</code><key>newline</key> +are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\AT</nodename> +<nodenext>\thinspace</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\SPACE</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\@</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\@</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\@</code> command makes the following punctuation character end a +sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after +a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without +<code>\@</code>: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">&dots; in C\@. Pascal, though &dots; +&dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots; +</example> +<para>produces +</para> <!-- Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. --> - <quotation> - <para>&dots; in C&eosperiod; Pascal, though &dots; &dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots;</para> - </quotation> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\thinspace</nodename> - <nodenext>\/</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\AT</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\thinspace</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\thinspace</indexterm> <code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in '<dmn>”</dmn>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\/</nodename> - <nodenext>\hrulefill</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\thinspace</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\/</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\/</indexterm> The <code>\/</code> command produces an <dfn>italic correction</dfn>. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic <i>f</i> character typically has a large italic correction value.</para> - <para>If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as normal letters, it can help. Compare <i>f: f;</i> (in the &tex; output, the `f's are nicely separated) with <i>f: f;</i>.</para> - <para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the `f') with pdf&tex;.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\hrulefill</nodename> - <nodenext>\dotfill</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\/</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\hrulefill</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\hrulefill</indexterm> The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\dotfill</nodename> - <nodenext>\addvspace</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\hrulefill</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\dotfill</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\dotfill</indexterm> The <code>\dotfill</code> command produces a “rubber length” that fills with dots instead of just white space.</para> +<quotation> +<para>&dots; in C&eosperiod; Pascal, though &dots; +&dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots; +</para></quotation> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\thinspace</nodename> +<nodenext>\/</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\AT</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\thinspace</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\thinspace</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that +is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as +in '<dmn>”</dmn>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\/</nodename> +<nodenext>\hrulefill</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\thinspace</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\/</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\/</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <dfn>italic correction</dfn>. This is a +small space defined by the font designer for a given character, +to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic +<i>f</i> character typically has a large italic correction value. +</para> +<para>If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to +insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a +very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as +normal letters, it can help. Compare +<i>f: f;</i> (in the &tex; output, the `f's are nicely separated) +with <i>f: f;</i>. +</para> +<para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic +correction. Compare +pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the `f') +with pdf&tex;. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\hrulefill</nodename> +<nodenext>\dotfill</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\/</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\hrulefill</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\hrulefill</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a “rubber length” which can +stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal +rule. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\dotfill</nodename> +<nodenext>\addvspace</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\hrulefill</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\dotfill</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\dotfill</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\dotfill</code> command produces a “rubber length” that fills +with dots instead of just white space. +</para> + <!-- xx undone --> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\addvspace</nodename> - <nodenext>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\dotfill</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\addvspace</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\addvspace</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">vertical space</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">space, inserting vertical</indexterm> <code>\addvspace{length}</code></para> - <para>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command, then this command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodename> - <nodenext>\vfill</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\addvspace</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></title> - <para>These commands produce a given amount of space.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\bigskip</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigskip</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigskipamount</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The same as <code>\vspace{bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line space (with stretch and shrink).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\medskip</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\medskip</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\medskipamount</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The same as <code>\vspace{medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\smallskip</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\smallskip</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\smallskipamount</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The same as <code>\vspace{smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>The <code>\...amount</code> parameters are determined by the document class.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\vfill</nodename> - <nodenext>\vspace</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\vfill</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\vfill</indexterm> The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to <code>\vspace{\fill}</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\hfill</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\vspace</nodename> - <nodeprev>\vfill</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\vspace</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\vspace</code> command adds the vertical space <var>length</var>, i.e., a rubber length. <var>length</var> can be negative or positive.</para> - <para>Ordinarily, &latex; removes vertical space added by <code>\vspace</code> at the top or bottom of a page. With the optional <code>*</code> argument, the space is not removed.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Boxes</nodename> - <nodenext>Special insertions</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Spaces</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Boxes</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">boxes</indexterm> All the predefined length parameters (see <xref><xrefnodename>Predefined lengths</xrefnodename></xref>) can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\mbox</menunode> - <menutitle>\mbox</menutitle> - <menucomment>Horizontal boxes.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\fbox and \framebox</menunode> - <menutitle>\fbox and \framebox</menutitle> - <menucomment>Put a frame around a box.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>lrbox</menunode> - <menutitle>lrbox</menutitle> - <menucomment>An environment like \sbox.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\makebox</menunode> - <menutitle>\makebox</menutitle> - <menucomment>Box, adjustable position.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\parbox</menunode> - <menutitle>\parbox</menutitle> - <menucomment>Box with text in paragraph mode.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\raisebox</menunode> - <menutitle>\raisebox</menutitle> - <menucomment>Raise or lower text.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\savebox</menunode> - <menutitle>\savebox</menutitle> - <menucomment>Like \makebox, but save the text for later use.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\sbox</menunode> - <menutitle>\sbox</menutitle> - <menucomment>Like \mbox, but save the text for later use.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\usebox</menunode> - <menutitle>\usebox</menutitle> - <menucomment>Print saved text.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\mbox</nodename> - <nodenext>\fbox and \framebox</nodenext> - <nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\mbox</indexterm> <indexterm index="cp">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. The <var>text</var> is not broken into lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\fbox and \framebox</nodename> - <nodenext>lrbox</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\mbox</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\fbox</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\framebox</indexterm> Synopses:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\fbox{<var>text</var>} -\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code> commands are like <code>\mbox</code>, except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.</para> - <para>In addition, the <code>\framebox</code> command allows for explicit specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument (a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var> argument. -<!-- xxref --> <indexterm index="fn">\fboxrule</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\fboxsep</indexterm>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default <samp>.4pt</samp>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default <samp>3pt</samp>) between the rule and the contents of the box.</para> - <para>See <xref><xrefnodename>\framebox (picture)</xrefnodename></xref>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the <code>picture</code> environment.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>lrbox</nodename> - <nodenext>\makebox</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\fbox and \framebox</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>lrbox</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">lrbox</indexterm> <code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code></para> - <para>This is the environment form of <code>\sbox</code>.</para> - <para>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <code>cmd</code>, which must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\makebox</nodename> - <nodenext>\parbox</nodenext> - <nodeprev>lrbox</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\makebox</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\makebox</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain the <var>text</var> specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional <var>width</var> argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional <var>position</var> argument, which may take the following values:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>c</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Centered (default).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Flush left.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Flush right.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>s</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Stretch (justify) across entire <var>width</var>; <var>text</var> must contain stretchable space for this to work.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the picture environment see <xref><xrefnodename>\makebox (picture)</xrefnodename></xref>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\parbox</nodename> - <nodenext>\raisebox</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\makebox</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\parbox</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\parbox</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>text</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created in <code>paragraph</code> mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a <code>\parbox</code> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a <code>minipage</code> environment (see <xref><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <para><code>\parbox</code> has two mandatory arguments:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>width</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>the width of the parbox;</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>text</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>the text that goes inside the parbox.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para>The optional <var>position</var> argument allows you to align either the top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text (default is top).</para> - <para>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box.</para> - <para>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument controls the placement of the text inside the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <var>position</var> is used.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>t</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>text is placed at the top of the box.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>c</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>text is centered in the box.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>b</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>text is placed at the bottom of the box.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>s</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space for this to work.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\raisebox</nodename> - <nodenext>\savebox</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\parbox</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\raisebox</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\raisebox</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\raisebox{distance}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{text}</example> - <para>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>. The first mandatory argument specifies how high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). <var>text</var> itself is processed in LR mode.</para> - <para>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. If they are specified, &latex; treats <var>text</var> as extending a certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and depth.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\savebox</nodename> - <nodenext>\sbox</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\raisebox</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\savebox</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\savebox</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\savebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>}</example> - <para>This command typeset <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\makebox</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\makebox</xrefnodename></xref>), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>, which must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\newsavebox</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\sbox</nodename> - <nodenext>\usebox</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\savebox</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\sbox</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</example> - <para><code>\sbox</code> types <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\mbox</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\mbox</xrefnodename></xref>) except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>. <var>\boxcmd</var> must have been previously declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\newsavebox</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\usebox</nodename> - <nodeprev>\sbox</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var></code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\usebox</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}</example> - <para><code>\usebox</code> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin <var>\boxcmd</var> by a <code>\savebox</code> command (see <xref><xrefnodename>\savebox</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Special insertions</nodename> - <nodenext>Splitting the input</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Boxes</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Special insertions</title> - <para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Reserved characters</menunode> - <menutitle>Reserved characters</menutitle> - <menucomment>Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Text symbols</menunode> - <menutitle>Text symbols</menutitle> - <menucomment>Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Accents</menunode> - <menutitle>Accents</menutitle> - <menucomment>Inserting accents.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Non-English characters</menunode> - <menutitle>Non-English characters</menutitle> - <menucomment>Inserting other non-English characters.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\rule</menunode> - <menutitle>\rule</menutitle> - <menucomment>Inserting lines and rectangles.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\today</menunode> - <menutitle>\today</menutitle> - <menucomment>Inserting today's date.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Reserved characters</nodename> - <nodenext>Text symbols</nodenext> - <nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Reserved characters</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">reserved characters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">characters, reserved</indexterm> The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called “reserved characters” or “special characters”.</para> - <example xml:space="preserve"># $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }</example> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\#</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\$</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\%</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\&</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\_</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\{</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\}</indexterm>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex; will do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as itself, include a <code>\</code> in front of the character. For example, <code>\$</code> will produce <code>$</code> in your output.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\backslash</indexterm>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing <code>$\backslash$</code> in your file, and a typewriter <code>\</code> is produced by using <samp>\</samp> in a verbatim command (see <xref><xrefnodename>verbatim</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\~</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\^</indexterm>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over the following letter, as in õ and ô (see <xref><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></xref>); to get a standalone <code>~</code> or <code>^</code>, you can again use a verbatim command.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">accessing any character of a font</indexterm> Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you know its number by using the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32, so it can be typed as <code>\symbol{32}</code>.</para> - <para>You can also specify octal numbers with <code>'</code> or hexadecimal numbers with <code>"</code>, so the previous example could also be written as <code>\symbol{'40}</code> or <code>\symbol{"20}</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Text symbols</nodename> - <nodenext>Accents</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Reserved characters</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Text symbols</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">text symbols</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\copyright</indexterm><code>\copyright</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textcopyright</indexterm><code>\textcopyright</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">copyright symbol</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The copyright symbol, ©right;.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dag</indexterm><code>\dag</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">dagger, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The dagger symbol (in text).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ddag</indexterm><code>\ddag</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">double dagger, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The double dagger symbol (in text).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\LaTeX</indexterm><code>\LaTeX</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">&latex; logo</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">logo, &latex;</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The &latex; logo.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></indexterm><code>\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></indexterm><code>\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></indexterm><code>\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></indexterm><code>\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">double guillemets</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">single guillemets</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">left angle quotation marks</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">right angle quotation marks</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double angle quotation marks</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">single angle quotation marks</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">French quotation marks</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">quotation marks, French</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: «, », ‹, ›.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ldots</indexterm><code>\ldots</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dots</indexterm><code>\dots</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textellipsis</indexterm><code>\textellipsis</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">ellipsis</indexterm> - <item> - <para>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `&dots;'. <code>\ldots</code> and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lq</indexterm><code>\lq</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">left quote</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">opening quote</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Left (opening) quote: `.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\P</indexterm><code>\P</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textparagraph</indexterm><code>\textparagraph</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">paragraph symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">pilcrow</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\pounds</indexterm><code>\pounds</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textsterling</indexterm><code>\textsterling</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">pounds symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">sterling symbol</indexterm> - <item> - <para>English pounds sterling: £.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></indexterm><code>\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></indexterm><code>\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rq</indexterm><code>\rq</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">right quote</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">closing quote</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Right (closing) quote: '.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\S</indexterm><code>\S</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">section symbol</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Section symbol.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\TeX</indexterm><code>\TeX</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">&tex; logo</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">logo, &tex;</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The &tex; logo.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textasciicircum</indexterm><code>\textasciicircum</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>ASCII circumflex: ^.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textasciitilde</indexterm><code>\textasciitilde</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>ASCII tilde: ~.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Centered asterisk: *.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbackslash</indexterm><code>\textbackslash</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">backslash, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Backslash: \.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbar</indexterm><code>\textbar</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">vertical bar, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Vertical bar: |.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbardbl</indexterm><code>\textbardbl</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Double vertical bar.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbigcircle</indexterm><code>\textbigcircle</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Big circle symbol.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbraceleft</indexterm><code>\textbraceleft</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">left brace, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">brace, left, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Left brace: {.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbraceright</indexterm><code>\textbraceright</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">right brace, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">brace, right, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Right brace: }.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbullet</indexterm><code>\textbullet</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">bullet, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Bullet: •.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</indexterm><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">circled letter, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in ®istered;.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textcompwordmark</indexterm><code>\textcompwordmark</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textcapitalwordmark</indexterm><code>\textcapitalwordmark</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textascenderwordmark</indexterm><code>\textascenderwordmark</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">composite word mark, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">cap height</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ascender height</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Composite word mark (invisible). The <code>\textcapital...</code> form has the cap height of the font, while the <code>\textascender...</code> form has the ascender height.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textdagger</indexterm><code>\textdagger</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">dagger, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Dagger: <math>\dag</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">dagger, double, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double dagger, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Double dagger: <math>\ddag</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">dollar sign</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">currency, dollar</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Dollar sign: $.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">em-dash</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Em-dash: — (for punctuation).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">e-dash</indexterm> - <item> - <para>En-dash: — (for ranges).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\texteuro</indexterm><code>\texteuro</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">euro symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">currency, euro</indexterm> - <item> - <para>The Euro symbol: €.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Upside down exclamation point: ¡.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textgreater</indexterm><code>\textgreater</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Greater than: >.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textless</indexterm><code>\textless</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">less than symbol, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Less than: <.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textleftarrow</indexterm><code>\textleftarrow</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">arrow, left, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">left arrow, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Left arrow.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textordfeminine</indexterm><code>\textordfeminine</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textordmasculine</indexterm><code>\textordmasculine</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textordfeminine</indexterm><code>\textordfeminine</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Feminine ordinal symbol: ®istered;.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textperiodcentered</indexterm><code>\textperiodcentered</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">period, centered, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">centered period, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Centered period: <math>\cdot</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">questionation point, upside-down</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Upside down questionation point: ¿.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">left quote, double</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double left quote</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Double left quote: “.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">right quote, double</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double right quote</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Double right quote: ”.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">left quote, single</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">single left quote</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Single left quote: `.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">right quote, single</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">single right quote</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Single right quote: '.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">quote, straight base</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">straight quote, base</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double quote, straight base</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">straight double quote, base</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textregistered</indexterm><code>\textregistered</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">registered symbol</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Registered symbol: ®istered;.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textrightarrow</indexterm><code>\textrightarrow</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">arrow, right, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">right arrow, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Right arrow.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm> - <item> - <para>“Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\texttrademark</indexterm><code>\texttrademark</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">trademark symbol</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Trademark symbol: <math>^\hboxTM</math>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\texttwelveudash</indexterm><code>\texttwelveudash</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>Xx 12u-.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textunderscore</indexterm><code>\textunderscore</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">underscore, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Underscore: _.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textvisiblespace</indexterm><code>\textvisiblespace</code></tableterm><indexterm index="cp">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Visible space symbol.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Accents</nodename> - <nodenext>Non-English characters</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Text symbols</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Accents</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">accents</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">characters, accented</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">letters, accented</indexterm> &latex; has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters.</para> - <para>The <code>\capital...</code> commands produce alternative forms for use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\"</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitaldieresis</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\" <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitaldieresis</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">umlaut accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dieresis accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in ö.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\'</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitalacute</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\' <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalacute</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">acute accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces an acute accent, as in ó. In the <code>tabbing</code> environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column (see <xref><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\.</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dot accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dot-over accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\=</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitalmacron</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalmacron</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">macron accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">overbar accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bar-over accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o¯.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\^</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">circumflex accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hat accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in ô.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\`</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitalgrave</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\` <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalgrave</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">grave accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in ò. In the <code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin (see <xref><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></xref>).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\~</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitaltilde</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitaltilde</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">tilde accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in ñ.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\b</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bar-under accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\c</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitalcedilla</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalcedilla</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">cedilla accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in ç.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\d</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dot-under accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\H</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\i</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dotless i</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a dotless i, as in `i'.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\j</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dotless j</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a dotless j, as in `j'.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\k</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitalogonek</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalogonek</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ogonek</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in `o'. Not available in the OT1 encoding.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\r</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitalring</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalring</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ring accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a ring accent, as in `o*'.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\t</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitaltie</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\newtie</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitalnewtie</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitaltie</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\newtie</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalnewtie</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">tie-after accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\u</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitalbreve</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalbreve</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">breve accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a breve accent, as in `o('.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\underbar</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\underbar</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">underbar</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in <xref><xrefnodename>Math miscellany</xrefnodename></xref>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\v</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\capitalcaron</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalcaron</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hacek accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">check accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">caron accent</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Produces a hác<ek (check, caron) accent, as in `o<'.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Non-English characters</nodename> - <nodenext>\rule</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Accents</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Non-English characters</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">special characters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">non-English characters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">characters, non-English</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">letters, non-English</indexterm> Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly used in languages other than English.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\aa</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\AA</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\aa (å)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\AA (Å)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">aring</indexterm> - <item> - <para>å and Å.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\ae</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\AE</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ae (æ)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\AE (Æ)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ae ligature</indexterm> - <item> - <para>æ and Æ.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\dh</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\DH</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dh (æ)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\DH (Æ)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">Icelandic eth</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Icelandic letter eth: and .</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\dj</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\DJ</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dj</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\DJ</indexterm> - <item> - <para>xxxx</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\ij</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\IJ</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ij (ij)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm> - <item> - <para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\l</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\L</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\l (/l)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\L (/L)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">polish l</indexterm> - <item> - <para>/l and /L.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\ng</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\NG</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ng</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\NG</indexterm> - <item> - <para>xxxx</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\o</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\O</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\o (ø)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\O (Ø)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">oslash</indexterm> - <item> - <para>ø and Ø.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\oe</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\OE</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\oe (œ)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\OE (Œ)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">oe ligature</indexterm> - <item> - <para>œ and Œ.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\ss</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\SS</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ss (ß)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\SS (SS)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">es-zet German letter</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">sharp S letters</indexterm> - <item> - <para>ß and SS.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>\th</code></tableterm> - <tableterm><code>\TH</code></tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\th ()</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\TH ()</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">Icelandic thorn</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm> - <item> - <para>Icelandic letter thorn: and .</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\rule</nodename> - <nodenext>\today</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Non-English characters</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\rule</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\rule</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\rule</code> command produces <dfn>rules</dfn>, that is, lines or rectangles. The arguments are:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>raise</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>How high to raise the rule (optional).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>width</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The length of the rule (mandatory).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>thickness</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The thickness of the rule (mandatory).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\today</nodename> - <nodeprev>\rule</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\today</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\today</indexterm> The <code>\today</code> command produces today's date, in the format <samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>; for example, `July 4, 1976'. It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and <code>\year</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\day \month \year</xrefnodename></xref>) to do this. It is not updated as the program runs.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp"><code>datetime</code> package</indexterm>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety of other date formats.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Splitting the input</nodename> - <nodenext>Front/back matter</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Special insertions</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Splitting the input</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">splitting the input file</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">input file</indexterm> A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run &latex;.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\include</menunode> - <menutitle>\include</menutitle> - <menucomment>Conditionally include a file.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\includeonly</menunode> - <menutitle>\includeonly</menutitle> - <menucomment>Determine which files are included.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\input</menunode> - <menutitle>\input</menutitle> - <menucomment>Unconditionally include a file.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\include</nodename> - <nodenext>\includeonly</nodenext> - <nodeup>Splitting the input</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\include</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\include</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\include{<var>file</var>}</example> - <para>If no <code>\includeonly</code> command is present, the <code>\include</code> command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page (see <xref><xrefnodename>\clearpage</xrefnodename></xref>), then reads <var>file</var>, then does another <code>\clearpage</code>.</para> - <para>Given an <code>\includeonly</code> command, the <code>\include</code> actions are only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to <code>\includeonly</code>. See the next section.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another <code>\include</code> command.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\includeonly</nodename> - <nodenext>\input</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\include</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Splitting the input</nodeup> - <section> - <title>\<code>includeonly</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\includeonly</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\includeonly{<var>file1</var>,<var>file2</var>,...}</example> - <para>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. The list of filenames is comma-separated. Each <var>file</var> must exactly match a filename specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the selection to be effective.</para> - <para>This command can only appear in the preamble.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\input</nodename> - <nodeprev>\includeonly</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Splitting the input</nodeup> - <section> - <title>\input</title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\input</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\input{<var>file</var>}</example> - <para>The <code>\input</code> command causes the specified <var>file</var> to be read and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that point.</para> - <para>If <var>file</var> does not end in <samp>.tex</samp> (e.g., <samp>foo</samp> or <samp>foo.bar</samp>), it is first tried with that extension (<samp>foo.tex</samp> or <samp>foo.bar.tex</samp>). If that is not found, the original <var>file</var> is tried (<samp>foo</samp> or <samp>foo.bar</samp>).</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Front/back matter</nodename> - <nodenext>Letters</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Splitting the input</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Front/back matter</title> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Tables of contents</menunode> - <menutitle>Tables of contents</menutitle> - <menucomment></menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Glossaries</menunode> - <menutitle>Glossaries</menutitle> - <menucomment></menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>Indexes</menunode> - <menutitle>Indexes</menutitle> - <menucomment></menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Tables of contents</nodename> - <nodenext>Glossaries</nodenext> - <nodeup>Front/back matter</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Tables of contents</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">table of contents, creating</indexterm> <indexterm index="fn">\tableofcontents</indexterm>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must have generated a <file>.toc</file> file.</para> - <para>The <code>\tableofcontents</code> command produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\listoffigures</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\listoftables</indexterm>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\nofiles</indexterm>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and <emph>prevents</emph> any of these lists from being generated.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\addcontentsline</menunode> - <menutitle>\addcontentsline</menutitle> - <menucomment>Add an entry to table of contents etc.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\addtocontents</menunode> - <menutitle>\addtocontents</menutitle> - <menucomment>Add text directly to table of contents file etc.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename> - <nodenext>\addtocontents</nodenext> - <nodeup>Tables of contents</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title>\addcontentsline</title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm> The <code>\addcontentsline</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>ext</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written, typically one of: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), <code>lof</code> (list of figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of tables).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>unit</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>toc</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The name of the sectional unit: <code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>, <code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, <code>subsubsection</code>.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>lof</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>For the list of figures.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><code>lot</code></tableterm> - <item> - <para>For the list of tables.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>entry</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The actual text of the entry.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\contentsline</indexterm>What is written to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file is the command <code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>name</var>}</code>.</para> +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\addvspace</nodename> +<nodenext>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\dotfill</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\addvspace</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\addvspace</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">vertical space</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\addvspace{length}</code> +</para> +<para>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical space of height +length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same +point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command, then this +command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length +of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodename> +<nodenext>\vfill</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\addvspace</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</code></title> + +<para>These commands produce a given amount of space. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>\bigskip</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\bigskip</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\bigskipamount</indexterm>The same as <code>\vspace{bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line +space (with stretch and shrink). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\medskip</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\medskip</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\medskipamount</indexterm>The same as <code>\vspace{medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily +about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\smallskip</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\smallskip</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\smallskipamount</indexterm>The same as <code>\vspace{smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a +quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + +<para>The <code>\...amount</code> parameters are determined by the document class. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\vfill</nodename> +<nodenext>\vspace</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\vfill</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\vfill</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which +can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to +<code>\vspace{\fill}</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\hfill</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\vspace</nodename> +<nodeprev>\vfill</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Spaces</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\vspace</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\vspace[*]{<var>length</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\vspace</code> command adds the vertical space <var>length</var>, i.e., +a rubber length. <var>length</var> can be negative or positive. +</para> +<para>Ordinarily, &latex; removes vertical space added by <code>\vspace</code> at +the top or bottom of a page. With the optional <code>*</code> argument, the +space is not removed. +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Boxes</nodename> +<nodenext>Special insertions</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Spaces</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Boxes</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">boxes</indexterm></para> +<para>All the predefined length parameters (see <xref><xrefnodename>Predefined lengths</xrefnodename></xref>) can be +used in the arguments of the box-making commands. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\mbox</menunode> +<menutitle>\mbox</menutitle> +<menucomment> Horizontal boxes. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\fbox and \framebox</menunode> +<menutitle>\fbox and \framebox</menutitle> +<menucomment> Put a frame around a box. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>lrbox</menunode> +<menutitle>lrbox</menutitle> +<menucomment> An environment like \sbox. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\makebox</menunode> +<menutitle>\makebox</menutitle> +<menucomment> Box, adjustable position. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\parbox</menunode> +<menutitle>\parbox</menutitle> +<menucomment> Box with text in paragraph mode. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\raisebox</menunode> +<menutitle>\raisebox</menutitle> +<menucomment> Raise or lower text. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\savebox</menunode> +<menutitle>\savebox</menutitle> +<menucomment> Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\sbox</menunode> +<menutitle>\sbox</menutitle> +<menucomment> Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\usebox</menunode> +<menutitle>\usebox</menutitle> +<menucomment> Print saved text. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\mbox</nodename> +<nodenext>\fbox and \framebox</nodenext> +<nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\mbox{<var>text}</var></code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\mbox</indexterm></para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the +text created by its argument. The <var>text</var> is not broken into +lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\fbox and \framebox</nodename> +<nodenext>lrbox</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\mbox</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\fbox</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\framebox</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopses: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\fbox{<var>text</var>} +\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code> commands are like <code>\mbox</code>, +except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created. +</para> +<para>In addition, the <code>\framebox</code> command allows for explicit +specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument +(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var> +argument. <!-- xxref --> +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\fboxrule</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\fboxsep</indexterm>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default +<samp>.4pt</samp>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default +<samp>3pt</samp>) between the rule and the contents of the box. +</para> +<para>See <xref><xrefnodename>\framebox (picture)</xrefnodename></xref>, for the <code>\framebox</code> command in the +<code>picture</code> environment. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>lrbox</nodename> +<nodenext>\makebox</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\fbox and \framebox</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>lrbox</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">lrbox</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code> +</para> +<para>This is the environment form of <code>\sbox</code>. +</para> +<para>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <code>cmd</code>, which +must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\makebox</nodename> +<nodenext>\parbox</nodenext> +<nodeprev>lrbox</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\makebox</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\makebox</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain +the <var>text</var> specified. The width of the box is specified by the +optional <var>width</var> argument. The position of the text within the box +is determined by the optional <var>position</var> argument, which may take +the following values: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>c</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Centered (default). +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>l</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Flush left. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>r</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Flush right. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>s</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Stretch (justify) across entire <var>width</var>; <var>text</var> must contain +stretchable space for this to work. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the picture environment +see <xref><xrefnodename>\makebox (picture)</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\parbox</nodename> +<nodenext>\raisebox</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\makebox</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\parbox</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\parbox</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\parbox[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>text</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\parbox</code> command produces a box whose contents are created +in <code>paragraph</code> mode. It should be used to make a box small +pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you +shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a +<code>\parbox</code> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones +containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a +<code>minipage</code> environment (see <xref><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<para><code>\parbox</code> has two mandatory arguments: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><var>width</var></tableterm> +<item><para>the width of the parbox; +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>text</var></tableterm> +<item><para>the text that goes inside the parbox. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para>The optional <var>position</var> argument allows you to align either the +top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding +text (default is top). +</para> +<para>The optional <var>height</var> argument overrides the natural height of the box. +</para> +<para>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument controls the placement of the text inside +the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <var>position</var> is used. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>t</code></tableterm> +<item><para>text is placed at the top of the box. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>c</code></tableterm> +<item><para>text is centered in the box. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>b</code></tableterm> +<item><para>text is placed at the bottom of the box. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>s</code></tableterm> +<item><para>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space +for this to work. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\raisebox</nodename> +<nodenext>\savebox</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\parbox</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\raisebox</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\raisebox</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\raisebox{distance}[<var>height</var>][<var>depth</var>]{text} +</example> +<para>The <code>\raisebox</code> command raises or lowers <var>text</var>. The first +mandatory argument specifies how high <var>text</var> is to be raised (or +lowered if it is a negative amount). <var>text</var> itself is processed +in LR mode. +</para> +<para>The optional arguments <var>height</var> and <var>depth</var> are dimensions. +If they are specified, &latex; treats <var>text</var> as extending a +certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth), +ignoring its natural height and depth. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\savebox</nodename> +<nodenext>\sbox</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\raisebox</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\savebox</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\savebox</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\savebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}[<var>width</var>][<var>pos</var>]{<var>text</var>} +</example> +<para>This command typeset <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\makebox</code> +(see <xref><xrefnodename>\makebox</xrefnodename></xref>), except that instead of printing the resulting box, +it saves it in the box labeled <var>\boxcmd</var>, which must have been +declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\newsavebox</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\sbox</nodename> +<nodenext>\usebox</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\savebox</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\sbox</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\sbox{<var>\boxcmd</var>}{<var>text</var>} +</example> +<para><code>\sbox</code> types <var>text</var> in a box just as with <code>\mbox</code> +(see <xref><xrefnodename>\mbox</xrefnodename></xref>) except that instead of the resulting box being +included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled +<var>\boxcmd</var>. <var>\boxcmd</var> must have been previously declared with +<code>\newsavebox</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\newsavebox</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\usebox</nodename> +<nodeprev>\sbox</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Boxes</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var></code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\usebox</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\usebox{<var>\boxcmd</var>} +</example> +<para><code>\usebox</code> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin +<var>\boxcmd</var> by a <code>\savebox</code> command (see <xref><xrefnodename>\savebox</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Special insertions</nodename> +<nodenext>Splitting the input</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Boxes</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Special insertions</title> + +<para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a +special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>Reserved characters</menunode> +<menutitle>Reserved characters</menutitle> +<menucomment> Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Text symbols</menunode> +<menutitle>Text symbols</menutitle> +<menucomment> Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Accents</menunode> +<menutitle>Accents</menutitle> +<menucomment> Inserting accents. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Non-English characters</menunode> +<menutitle>Non-English characters</menutitle> +<menucomment> Inserting other non-English characters. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\rule</menunode> +<menutitle>\rule</menutitle> +<menucomment> Inserting lines and rectangles. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\today</menunode> +<menutitle>\today</menutitle> +<menucomment> Inserting today's date. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>Reserved characters</nodename> +<nodenext>Text symbols</nodenext> +<nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Reserved characters</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">reserved characters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">characters, reserved</indexterm></para> +<para>The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called +“reserved characters” or “special characters”. +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve"># $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +</example> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\#</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\$</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\%</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\&</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\_</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\{</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\}</indexterm>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex; +will do something special. If you simply want the character to be +printed as itself, include a <code>\</code> in front of the character. For +example, <code>\$</code> will produce <code>$</code> in your output. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\backslash</indexterm>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has +its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by +typing <code>$\backslash$</code> in your file, and a typewriter <code>\</code> is +produced by using <samp>\</samp> in a verbatim command (see <xref><xrefnodename>verbatim</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\~</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\^</indexterm>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over +the following letter, as in õ and ô (see <xref><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></xref>); to get +a standalone <code>~</code> or <code>^</code>, you can again use a verbatim +command. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></para> +<para>Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you +know its number by using the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the +visible space character used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code +decimal 32, so it can be typed as <code>\symbol{32}</code>. +</para> +<para>You can also specify octal numbers with <code>'</code> or hexadecimal numbers +with <code>"</code>, so the previous example could also be written as +<code>\symbol{'40}</code> or <code>\symbol{"20}</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Text symbols</nodename> +<nodenext>Accents</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Reserved characters</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Text symbols</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">text symbols</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols +in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are +not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\copyright</indexterm><code>\copyright</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textcopyright</indexterm><code>\textcopyright</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">copyright symbol</indexterm>The copyright symbol, ©right;. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dag</indexterm><code>\dag</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">dagger, in text</indexterm>The dagger symbol (in text). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ddag</indexterm><code>\ddag</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">double dagger, in text</indexterm>The double dagger symbol (in text). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\LaTeX</indexterm><code>\LaTeX</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">&latex; logo</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">logo, &latex;</indexterm>The &latex; logo. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></indexterm><code>\guillemotleft <r>(«)</r></code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></indexterm><code>\guillemotright <r>(»)</r></code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></indexterm><code>\guilsinglleft <r>(‹)</r></code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></indexterm><code>\guilsinglright <r>(›)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">double guillemets</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">single guillemets</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">left angle quotation marks</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">right angle quotation marks</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double angle quotation marks</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">single angle quotation marks</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">French quotation marks</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">quotation marks, French</indexterm>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French: +«, », ‹, ›. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\ldots</indexterm><code>\ldots</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\dots</indexterm><code>\dots</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textellipsis</indexterm><code>\textellipsis</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">ellipsis</indexterm>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `&dots;'. <code>\ldots</code> +and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\lq</indexterm><code>\lq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">left quote</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">opening quote</indexterm>Left (opening) quote: `. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\P</indexterm><code>\P</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textparagraph</indexterm><code>\textparagraph</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">paragraph symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">pilcrow</indexterm>Paragraph sign (pilcrow). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\pounds</indexterm><code>\pounds</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textsterling</indexterm><code>\textsterling</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">pounds symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">sterling symbol</indexterm>English pounds sterling: £. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></indexterm><code>\quotedblbase <r>(„)</r></code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></indexterm><code>\quotesinglbase <r>(‚)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: +„ and ‚. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\rq</indexterm><code>\rq</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">right quote</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">closing quote</indexterm>Right (closing) quote: '. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\S</indexterm><code>\S</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">section symbol</indexterm>Section symbol. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\TeX</indexterm><code>\TeX</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">&tex; logo</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">logo, &tex;</indexterm>The &tex; logo. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textasciicircum</indexterm><code>\textasciicircum</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm>ASCII circumflex: ^. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textasciitilde</indexterm><code>\textasciitilde</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm>ASCII tilde: ~. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm><code>\textasteriskcentered</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm>Centered asterisk: *. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbackslash</indexterm><code>\textbackslash</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">backslash, in text</indexterm>Backslash: \. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbar</indexterm><code>\textbar</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">vertical bar, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm>Vertical bar: |. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbardbl</indexterm><code>\textbardbl</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm>Double vertical bar. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbigcircle</indexterm><code>\textbigcircle</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm>Big circle symbol. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbraceleft</indexterm><code>\textbraceleft</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">left brace, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">brace, left, in text</indexterm>Left brace: {. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbraceright</indexterm><code>\textbraceright</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">right brace, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">brace, right, in text</indexterm>Right brace: }. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textbullet</indexterm><code>\textbullet</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">bullet, in text</indexterm>Bullet: •. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</indexterm><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">circled letter, in text</indexterm><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in ®istered;. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textcompwordmark</indexterm><code>\textcompwordmark</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textcapitalwordmark</indexterm><code>\textcapitalwordmark</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textascenderwordmark</indexterm><code>\textascenderwordmark</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">composite word mark, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">cap height</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ascender height</indexterm>Composite word mark (invisible). The <code>\textcapital...</code> form +has the cap height of the font, while the <code>\textascender...</code> form +has the ascender height. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textdagger</indexterm><code>\textdagger</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">dagger, in text</indexterm>Dagger: <math>\dag</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm><code>\textdaggerdbl</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">dagger, double, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double dagger, in text</indexterm>Double dagger: <math>\ddag</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">dollar sign</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">currency, dollar</indexterm>Dollar sign: $. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">em-dash</indexterm>Em-dash: — (for punctuation). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">e-dash</indexterm>En-dash: — (for ranges). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\texteuro</indexterm><code>\texteuro</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">euro symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">currency, euro</indexterm>The Euro symbol: €. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm>Upside down exclamation point: ¡. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textgreater</indexterm><code>\textgreater</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm>Greater than: >. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textless</indexterm><code>\textless</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">less than symbol, in text</indexterm>Less than: <. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textleftarrow</indexterm><code>\textleftarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">arrow, left, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">left arrow, in text</indexterm>Left arrow. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textordfeminine</indexterm><code>\textordfeminine</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textordmasculine</indexterm><code>\textordmasculine</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textordfeminine</indexterm><code>\textordfeminine</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm>Feminine ordinal symbol: ®istered;. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textperiodcentered</indexterm><code>\textperiodcentered</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">period, centered, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">centered period, in text</indexterm>Centered period: <math>\cdot</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">questionation point, upside-down</indexterm>Upside down questionation point: ¿. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">left quote, double</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double left quote</indexterm>Double left quote: “. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">right quote, double</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double right quote</indexterm>Double right quote: ”. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">left quote, single</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">single left quote</indexterm>Single left quote: `. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm><code>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">right quote, single</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">single right quote</indexterm>Single right quote: '. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm><code>\textquotestraightbase</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">quote, straight base</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">straight quote, base</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">double quote, straight base</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">straight double quote, base</indexterm>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textregistered</indexterm><code>\textregistered</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">registered symbol</indexterm>Registered symbol: ®istered;. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textrightarrow</indexterm><code>\textrightarrow</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">arrow, right, in text</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">right arrow, in text</indexterm>Right arrow. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm>“Three-quarters” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\texttrademark</indexterm><code>\texttrademark</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">trademark symbol</indexterm>Trademark symbol: <math>^{\hbox{TM}}</math>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\texttwelveudash</indexterm><code>\texttwelveudash</code></tableterm> +<item><para>Xx 12u-. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textunderscore</indexterm><code>\textunderscore</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">underscore, in text</indexterm>Underscore: _. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><indexterm index="fn">\textvisiblespace</indexterm><code>\textvisiblespace</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="cp">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm>Visible space symbol. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Accents</nodename> +<nodenext>Non-English characters</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Text symbols</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Accents</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">accents</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">characters, accented</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">letters, accented</indexterm></para> +<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world's scripts and +languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This +section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists +the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters. +</para> +<para>The <code>\capital...</code> commands produce alternative forms for use with +capital letters. These are not available with OT1. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>\"</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitaldieresis</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\" <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitaldieresis</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">umlaut accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dieresis accent</indexterm>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in ö. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\'</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitalacute</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\' <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalacute</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">acute accent</indexterm>Produces an acute accent, as in ó. In the <code>tabbing</code> +environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column +(see <xref><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\.</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dot accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dot-over accent</indexterm>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o.. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\=</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitalmacron</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalmacron</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">macron accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">overbar accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bar-over accent</indexterm>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o¯. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\^</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">circumflex accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hat accent</indexterm>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in ô. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\`</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitalgrave</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\` <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalgrave</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">grave accent</indexterm>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in ò. In the +<code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin +(see <xref><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></xref>). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\~</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitaltilde</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitaltilde</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">tilde accent</indexterm>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in ñ. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\b</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">bar-under accent</indexterm>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\c</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitalcedilla</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalcedilla</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">cedilla accent</indexterm>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in ç. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\d</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dot-under accent</indexterm>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\H</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\i</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dotless i</indexterm>Produces a dotless i, as in `i'. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\j</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="cp">dotless j</indexterm>Produces a dotless j, as in `j'. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\k</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitalogonek</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalogonek</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ogonek</indexterm>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in `o;'. Not available in +the OT1 encoding. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\r</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitalring</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalring</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ring accent</indexterm>Produces a ring accent, as in `o*'. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\t</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitaltie</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\newtie</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitalnewtie</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitaltie</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\newtie</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalnewtie</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">tie-after accent</indexterm>Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. The +<code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\u</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitalbreve</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalbreve</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">breve accent</indexterm>Produces a breve accent, as in `o('. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\underbar</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\underbar</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">underbar</indexterm>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text. +The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is +always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through +descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in <xref><xrefnodename>Math miscellany</xrefnodename></xref>. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\v</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\capitalcaron</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\capitalcaron</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">hacek accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">check accent</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">caron accent</indexterm>Produces a hác<ek (check, caron) accent, as in `o<'. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Non-English characters</nodename> +<nodenext>\rule</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Accents</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Non-English characters</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">special characters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">non-English characters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">characters, non-English</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">letters, non-English</indexterm></para> +<para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly +used in languages other than English. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>\aa</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\AA</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\aa (å)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\AA (Å)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">aring</indexterm>å and Å. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\ae</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\AE</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\ae (æ)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\AE (Æ)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ae ligature</indexterm>æ and Æ. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\dh</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\DH</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\dh (æ)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\DH (Æ)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">Icelandic eth</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\dj</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\DJ</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\dj</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\DJ</indexterm>xxxx +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\ij</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\IJ</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\ij (ij)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\l</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\L</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\l (/l)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\L (/L)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">polish l</indexterm>/l and /L. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\ng</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\NG</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\ng</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\NG</indexterm>xxxx +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\o</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\O</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\o (ø)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\O (Ø)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">oslash</indexterm>ø and Ø. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\oe</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\OE</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\oe (œ)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\OE (Œ)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">oe ligature</indexterm>œ and Œ. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\ss</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\SS</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\ss (ß)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\SS (SS)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">es-zet German letter</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">sharp S letters</indexterm>ß and SS. +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>\th</code></tableterm> +<tableterm><code>\TH</code></tableterm> +<item><para><indexterm index="fn">\th (þ)</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\TH (Þ)</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">Icelandic thorn</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm>Icelandic letter thorn: þ and Þ. +</para> +</item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\rule</nodename> +<nodenext>\today</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Non-English characters</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\rule</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\rule</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\rule[<var>raise</var>]{<var>width</var>}{<var>thickness</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\rule</code> command produces <dfn>rules</dfn>, that is, lines or +rectangles. The arguments are: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><var>raise</var></tableterm> +<item><para>How high to raise the rule (optional). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>width</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The length of the rule (mandatory). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>thickness</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The thickness of the rule (mandatory). +</para></item></tableitem></table> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\today</nodename> +<nodeprev>\rule</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Special insertions</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\today</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\today</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\today</code> command produces today's date, in the format +<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>; for example, `July 4, 1976'. +It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and +<code>\year</code> (see <xref><xrefnodename>\day \month \year</xrefnodename></xref>) to do this. It is not +updated as the program runs. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp"><code>datetime</code> package</indexterm>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety +of other date formats. +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Splitting the input</nodename> +<nodenext>Front/back matter</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Special insertions</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Splitting the input</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">splitting the input file</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">input file</indexterm></para> +<para>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole +input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into +several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, +there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type +when you run &latex;. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\include</menunode> +<menutitle>\include</menutitle> +<menucomment> Conditionally include a file. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\includeonly</menunode> +<menutitle>\includeonly</menutitle> +<menucomment> Determine which files are included. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\input</menunode> +<menutitle>\input</menutitle> +<menucomment> Unconditionally include a file. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\include</nodename> +<nodenext>\includeonly</nodenext> +<nodeup>Splitting the input</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\include</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\include</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\include{<var>file</var>} +</example> +<para>If no <code>\includeonly</code> command is present, the <code>\include</code> +command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page +(see <xref><xrefnodename>\clearpage</xrefnodename></xref>), then reads <var>file</var>, then does another +<code>\clearpage</code>. +</para> +<para>Given an <code>\includeonly</code> command, the <code>\include</code> actions are +only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to +<code>\includeonly</code>. See the next section. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file +read by another <code>\include</code> command. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\includeonly</nodename> +<nodenext>\input</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\include</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Splitting the input</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>\<code>includeonly</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\includeonly</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\includeonly{<var>file1</var>,<var>file2</var>,...} +</example> +<para>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by +subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. The list of filenames is +comma-separated. Each <var>file</var> must exactly match a filename +specified in a <code>\include</code> command for the selection to be +effective. +</para> +<para>This command can only appear in the preamble. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\input</nodename> +<nodeprev>\includeonly</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Splitting the input</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>\input</title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\input</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\input{<var>file</var>} +</example> +<para>The <code>\input</code> command causes the specified <var>file</var> to be read +and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current +file at that point. +</para> +<para>If <var>file</var> does not end in <samp>.tex</samp> (e.g., <samp>foo</samp> or +<samp>foo.bar</samp>), it is first tried with that extension (<samp>foo.tex</samp> +or <samp>foo.bar.tex</samp>). If that is not found, the original <var>file</var> +is tried (<samp>foo</samp> or <samp>foo.bar</samp>). +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Front/back matter</nodename> +<nodenext>Letters</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Splitting the input</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Front/back matter</title> + +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>Tables of contents</menunode> +<menutitle>Tables of contents</menutitle> +<menucomment> +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Glossaries</menunode> +<menutitle>Glossaries</menutitle> +<menucomment> +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>Indexes</menunode> +<menutitle>Indexes</menutitle> +<menucomment> +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>Tables of contents</nodename> +<nodenext>Glossaries</nodenext> +<nodeup>Front/back matter</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Tables of contents</title> + +<para><indexterm index="cp">table of contents, creating</indexterm></para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\tableofcontents</indexterm>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code> +command. You put the command right where you want the table of +contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must +have generated a <file>.toc</file> file. +</para> +<para>The <code>\tableofcontents</code> command produces a heading, but it does +not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the +table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the +<code>\tableofcontents</code> command. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\listoffigures</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\listoftables</indexterm>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> +produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. +Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\nofiles</indexterm>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and +<emph>prevents</emph> any of these lists from being generated. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\addcontentsline</menunode> +<menutitle>\addcontentsline</menutitle> +<menucomment> Add an entry to table of contents etc. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\addtocontents</menunode> +<menutitle>\addtocontents</menutitle> +<menucomment> Add text directly to table of contents file etc. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename> +<nodenext>\addtocontents</nodenext> +<nodeup>Tables of contents</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title>\addcontentsline</title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\addcontentsline</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>} +command adds an entry to the specified list or table where: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><var>ext</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +typically one of: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), <code>lof</code> (list of +figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of tables). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>unit</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the +following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument: +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><code>toc</code></tableterm> +<item><para>The name of the sectional unit: <code>part</code>, <code>chapter</code>, +<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, <code>subsubsection</code>. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>lof</code></tableterm> +<item><para>For the list of figures. +</para></item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><code>lot</code></tableterm> +<item><para>For the list of tables. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>entry</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The actual text of the entry. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\contentsline</indexterm>What is written to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file is the +command <code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>name</var>}</code>. +</para> <!-- ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? --> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\addtocontents</nodename> - <nodeprev>\addcontentsline</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Tables of contents</nodeup> - <subsection> - <title>\addtocontents</title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm> The <code>\addtocontents</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file that generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.</para> - <table> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>ext</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written: <file>toc</file> (table of contents), <file>lof</file> (list of figures), or <file>lot</file> (list of tables).</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - <tableitem> - <tableterm><var>text</var></tableterm> - <item> - <para>The text to be written.</para> - </item> - </tableitem> - </table> - </subsection> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Glossaries</nodename> - <nodenext>Indexes</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Tables of contents</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Front/back matter</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Glossaries</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">glossaries</indexterm> <indexterm index="fn">\makeglossary</indexterm>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\glossary</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm>The command <code>\glossary{<var>text</var>}</code> writes a glossary entry for <var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.glo</file> extension.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\glossaryentry</indexterm>Specifically, what gets written is the command <code>\glossaryentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.</para> - <para>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Indexes</nodename> - <nodeprev>Glossaries</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Front/back matter</nodeup> - <section> - <title>Indexes</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">indexes</indexterm> <indexterm index="fn">\makeindex</indexterm>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes. Put this in the preamble.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\index</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm>The command <code>\index{<var>text</var>}</code> writes an index entry for <var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.idx</file> extension.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\indexentry</indexterm>Specifically, what gets written is the command <code>\indexentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp">`see' and `see also' index entries</indexterm>To generate a index entry for `bar' that says `See foo', use a vertical bar: <code>\index{bar|see{foo}}</code>. Use <code>seealso</code> instead of <code>see</code> to make a `See also' entry.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\seename</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\alsoname</indexterm>The text `See' is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and `See also' by the macro <code>\alsoname</code>. These can be redefined for other languages.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm>The generated <file>.idx</file> file is then sorted with an external command, usually either <command>makeindex</command> (<uref><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</urefurl></uref>) or (the multi-lingual) <command>xindy</command> (<uref><urefurl>http://xindy.sourceforge.net</urefurl></uref>). This results in a <file>.ind</file> file, which can then be read to typeset the index.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">printindex</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><code>makeidx</code> package</indexterm>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command. This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so <code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> needs to be in the preamble.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">indexspace</indexterm>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new letter in the printed index; its default value is <samp>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</samp>.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp"><code>showidx</code> package</indexterm>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp"><code>multind</code> package</indexterm>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic, <uref><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</urefurl></uref>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Letters</nodename> - <nodenext>Terminal input/output</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Front/back matter</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Letters</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">letters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">creating letters</indexterm> You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The <code>letter</code> document class is designed to make a number of letters at once, although you can make just one if you so desire.</para> - <para>Your <file>.tex</file> source file has the same minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a minimum:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve"> \documentclass{letter} + + +</subsection> +<node> +<nodename>\addtocontents</nodename> +<nodeprev>\addcontentsline</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Tables of contents</nodeup> +</node> +<subsection> +<title>\addtocontents</title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\addtocontents{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>}</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\addtocontents</code>{<var>ext</var>}{<var>text</var>} command adds text +(or formatting commands) directly to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file that +generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. +</para> +<table><tableitem><tableterm><var>ext</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written: +<file>toc</file> (table of contents), <file>lof</file> (list of figures), or +<file>lot</file> (list of tables). +</para> +</item></tableitem><tableitem><tableterm><var>text</var></tableterm> +<item><para>The text to be written. +</para></item></tableitem></table> + + +</subsection> +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Glossaries</nodename> +<nodenext>Indexes</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Tables of contents</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Front/back matter</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Glossaries</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">glossaries</indexterm></para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\makeglossary</indexterm>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\glossary</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm>The command <code>\glossary{<var>text</var>}</code> writes a glossary entry for +<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.glo</file> extension. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\glossaryentry</indexterm>Specifically, what gets written is the command +<code>\glossaryentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where +<var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. +</para> +<para>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier +glossaries. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>Indexes</nodename> +<nodeprev>Glossaries</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Front/back matter</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>Indexes</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">indexes</indexterm></para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\makeindex</indexterm>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes. Put this in +the preamble. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\index</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm>The command <code>\index{<var>text</var>}</code> writes an index entry for +<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.idx</file> extension. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\indexentry</indexterm>Specifically, what gets written is the command +<code>\indexentry{<var>text</var>}{<var>pageno</var>}</code>, where <var>pageno</var> +is the current <code>\thepage</code> value. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp">`see' and `see also' index entries</indexterm>To generate a index entry for `bar' that says `See foo', use a +vertical bar: <code>\index{bar|see{foo}}</code>. Use <code>seealso</code> +instead of <code>see</code> to make a `See also' entry. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\seename</indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\alsoname</indexterm>The text `See' is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and `See also' +by the macro <code>\alsoname</code>. These can be redefined for other +languages. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm>The generated <file>.idx</file> file is then sorted with an external +command, usually either <command>makeindex</command> +(<uref><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</urefurl></uref>) or (the +multi-lingual) <command>xindy</command> (<uref><urefurl>http://xindy.sourceforge.net</urefurl></uref>). +This results in a <file>.ind</file> file, which can then be read to typeset +the index. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">printindex</indexterm><indexterm index="cp"><code>makeidx</code> package</indexterm>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command. +This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so +<code>\usepackage{makeidx}</code> needs to be in the preamble. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">indexspace</indexterm>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new +letter in the printed index; its default value is <samp>10pt plus5pt +minus3pt</samp>. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp"><code>showidx</code> package</indexterm>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in +the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in +preparing the index. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp"><code>multind</code> package</indexterm>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the +&tex; FAQ entry on this topic, +<uref><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</urefurl></uref>. +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Letters</nodename> +<nodenext>Terminal input/output</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Front/back matter</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Letters</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">letters</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">creating letters</indexterm></para> +<para>You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The +<code>letter</code> document class is designed to make a number of letters at +once, although you can make just one if you so desire. +</para> +<para>Your <file>.tex</file> source file has the same minimum commands as the other +document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a +minimum: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve"> \documentclass{letter} \begin{document} ... letters ... - \end{document}</example> - <para>Each letter is a <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument is the name and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve"> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. + \end{document} +</example> +<para>Each letter is a <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument is the name +and address of the recipient. For example, you might have: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve"> \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} ... - \end{letter}</example> - <para>The letter itself begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The text of the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary &latex; input. Commands that make no sense in a letter, like <code>\chapter</code>, do not work. The letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command.</para> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm>After the <code>closing</code>, you can have additional material. The <code>\cc</code> command produces the usual “cc: &dots;”. There's also a similar <code>\encl</code> command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items.</para> - <para>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\address</menunode> - <menutitle>\address</menutitle> - <menucomment>Your return address.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\cc</menunode> - <menutitle>\cc</menutitle> - <menucomment>Cc list.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\closing</menunode> - <menutitle>\closing</menutitle> - <menucomment>Saying goodbye.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\encl</menunode> - <menutitle>\encl</menutitle> - <menucomment>List of enclosed material.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\location</menunode> - <menutitle>\location</menutitle> - <menucomment>Your organisation's address.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\makelabels</menunode> - <menutitle>\makelabels</menutitle> - <menucomment>Making address labels.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\name</menunode> - <menutitle>\name</menutitle> - <menucomment>Your name, for the return address.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\opening</menunode> - <menutitle>\opening</menutitle> - <menucomment>Saying hello.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\ps</menunode> - <menutitle>\ps</menutitle> - <menucomment>Adding a postscript.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\signature</menunode> - <menutitle>\signature</menutitle> - <menucomment>Your signature.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\startbreaks</menunode> - <menutitle>\startbreaks</menutitle> - <menucomment>Allow page breaks.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\stopbreaks</menunode> - <menutitle>\stopbreaks</menutitle> - <menucomment>Disallow page breaks.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\telephone</menunode> - <menutitle>\telephone</menutitle> - <menucomment>Your phone number.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\address</nodename> - <nodenext>\cc</nodenext> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title>\address{<var>return-address}</var></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\address</indexterm> The <code>\address</code> specifies the return address of a letter, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by <code>\\</code> commands.</para> - <para>If you do not make an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. (See <xref><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></xref>, for details on your local implementation). If you give an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\cc</nodename> - <nodenext>\closing</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\address</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\cc</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\cc</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">cc list, in letters</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\cc{<var>name1</var>\\<var>name2</var>}</example> - <para>Produce a list of <var>name</var>s the letter was copied to. Each name is printed on a separate line.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\closing</nodename> - <nodenext>\encl</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\cc</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\closing</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\closing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">letters, ending</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">closing letters</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\closing{text}</example> - <para>A letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command, for example,</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\closing{Best Regards,}</example> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\encl</nodename> - <nodenext>\location</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\closing</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\encl</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\encl</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">enclosure list</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\encl{<var>line1</var>\\<var>line2</var>}</example> - <para>Declare a list of one more enclosures.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\location</nodename> - <nodenext>\makelabels</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\encl</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\location</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\location</indexterm> <code>\location{address}</code></para> - <para>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\makelabels</nodename> - <nodenext>\name</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\location</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\makelabels</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\makelabels</indexterm> <code>\makelabels{number}</code></para> - <para>If you issue this command in the preamble, &latex; will create a sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\name</nodename> - <nodenext>\opening</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\makelabels</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\name</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\name</indexterm> <code>\name{June Davenport}</code></para> - <para>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return address.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\opening</nodename> - <nodenext>\ps</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\name</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\opening</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">letters, starting</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\opening{<var>text</var>}</example> - <para>A letter begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The mandatory argument, <var>text</var>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For instance:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\opening{Dear Joe,}</example> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\ps</nodename> - <nodenext>\signature</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\opening</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\ps</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\ps</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">postscript, in letters</indexterm> Use the <code>\ps</code> command to start a postscript in a letter, after <code>\closing</code>.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\signature</nodename> - <nodenext>\startbreaks</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\ps</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\signature</indexterm> Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within <var>text</var> as usual.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\startbreaks</nodename> - <nodenext>\stopbreaks</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\signature</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\startbreaks</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\startbreaks</indexterm> <code>\startbreaks</code></para> - <para>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page breaks again.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\stopbreaks</nodename> - <nodenext>\telephone</nodenext> - <nodeprev>\startbreaks</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\stopbreaks</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\stopbreaks</indexterm> <code>\stopbreaks</code></para> - <para>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command occurs.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\telephone</nodename> - <nodeprev>\stopbreaks</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Letters</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\telephone</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\telephone</indexterm> <code>\telephone{number}</code></para> - <para>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Terminal input/output</nodename> - <nodenext>Command line</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Letters</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Terminal input/output</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">input/output</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">terminal input/output</indexterm></para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\typein</menunode> - <menutitle>\typein</menutitle> - <menucomment>Read text from the terminal.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>\typeout</menunode> - <menutitle>\typeout</menutitle> - <menucomment>Write text to the terminal.</menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\typein</nodename> - <nodenext>\typeout</nodenext> - <nodeup>Terminal input/output</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\typein</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\typein[<var>\cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</example> - <para><code>\typein</code> prints <var>msg</var> on the terminal and causes &latex; to stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the optional <var>\cmd</var> argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the <code>\typein</code> command. If the <var>\cmd</var> argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>\typeout</nodename> - <nodeprev>\typein</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Terminal input/output</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></title> - <para><indexterm index="fn">\typeout</indexterm> Synopsis:</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</example> - <para>Prints <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file. Commands in <code>msg</code> that are defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or <code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed.</para> - <para>&latex;'s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. A <code>\space</code> command in <code>msg</code> causes a single space to be printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in <code>msg</code> prints a newline.</para> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Command line</nodename> - <nodenext>Document templates</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Terminal input/output</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <chapter> - <title>Command line</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">command line</indexterm> The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; &tex; uses <file>.tex</file> as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g.</para> - <example xml:space="preserve">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'</example> - <para role="continues">will process <file>foo.tex</file> without pausing after every error.</para> - <para><indexterm index="cp"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\stop</indexterm>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a <samp>*</samp> prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code> (and return) and it will prematurely end the document.</para> - </chapter> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Document templates</nodename> - <nodenext>Concept Index</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Command line</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <appendix> - <title>Document templates</title> - <para><indexterm index="cp">document templates</indexterm> Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will be useful.</para> - <menu> - <menuentry> - <menunode>book template</menunode> - <menutitle>book template</menutitle> - <menucomment></menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>beamer template</menunode> - <menutitle>beamer template</menutitle> - <menucomment></menucomment> - </menuentry> - <menuentry> - <menunode>tugboat template</menunode> - <menutitle>tugboat template</menutitle> - <menucomment></menucomment> - </menuentry> - </menu> - </appendix> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>book template</nodename> - <nodenext>beamer template</nodenext> - <nodeup>Document templates</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>book</code> template</title> - <verbatim xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{book} + \end{letter} +</example> +<para>The letter itself begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The text of +the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary &latex; input. Commands that +make no sense in a letter, like <code>\chapter</code>, do not work. The letter +closes with a <code>\closing</code> command. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm>After the <code>closing</code>, you can have additional material. The +<code>\cc</code> command produces the usual “cc: &dots;”. There's also a +similar <code>\encl</code> command for a list of enclosures. With both these +commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items. +</para> +<para>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\address</menunode> +<menutitle>\address</menutitle> +<menucomment> Your return address. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\cc</menunode> +<menutitle>\cc</menutitle> +<menucomment> Cc list. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\closing</menunode> +<menutitle>\closing</menutitle> +<menucomment> Saying goodbye. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\encl</menunode> +<menutitle>\encl</menutitle> +<menucomment> List of enclosed material. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\location</menunode> +<menutitle>\location</menutitle> +<menucomment> Your organisation's address. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\makelabels</menunode> +<menutitle>\makelabels</menutitle> +<menucomment> Making address labels. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\name</menunode> +<menutitle>\name</menutitle> +<menucomment> Your name, for the return address. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\opening</menunode> +<menutitle>\opening</menutitle> +<menucomment> Saying hello. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\ps</menunode> +<menutitle>\ps</menutitle> +<menucomment> Adding a postscript. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\signature</menunode> +<menutitle>\signature</menutitle> +<menucomment> Your signature. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\startbreaks</menunode> +<menutitle>\startbreaks</menutitle> +<menucomment> Allow page breaks. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\stopbreaks</menunode> +<menutitle>\stopbreaks</menutitle> +<menucomment> Disallow page breaks. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\telephone</menunode> +<menutitle>\telephone</menutitle> +<menucomment> Your phone number. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\address</nodename> +<nodenext>\cc</nodenext> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title>\address{<var>return-address}</var></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\address</indexterm></para> +<para>The <code>\address</code> specifies the return address of a letter, as it +should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the +address should be separated by <code>\\</code> commands. +</para> +<para>If you do not make an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter +will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard +letterhead. (See <xref><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></xref>, for details on your local +implementation). If you give an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the +letter will be formatted as a personal letter. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\cc</nodename> +<nodenext>\closing</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\address</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\cc</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\cc</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">cc list, in letters</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\cc{<var>name1</var>\\<var>name2</var>} +</example> +<para>Produce a list of <var>name</var>s the letter was copied to. Each name is +printed on a separate line. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\closing</nodename> +<nodenext>\encl</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\cc</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\closing</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\closing</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">letters, ending</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">closing letters</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\closing{text} +</example> +<para>A letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command, for example, +</para><example xml:space="preserve">\closing{Best Regards,} +</example> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\encl</nodename> +<nodenext>\location</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\closing</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\encl</code></title> + +<para><indexterm index="fn">\encl</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">enclosure list</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\encl{<var>line1</var>\\<var>line2</var>} +</example> +<para>Declare a list of one more enclosures. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\location</nodename> +<nodenext>\makelabels</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\encl</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\location</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\location</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\location{address}</code> +</para> +<para>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears +if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\makelabels</nodename> +<nodenext>\name</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\location</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\makelabels</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\makelabels</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\makelabels{number}</code> +</para> +<para>If you issue this command in the preamble, &latex; will create a sheet of +address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. +</para> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\name</nodename> +<nodenext>\opening</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\makelabels</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\name</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\name</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\name{June Davenport}</code> +</para> +<para>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return +address. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\opening</nodename> +<nodenext>\ps</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\name</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\opening{<var>text</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\opening</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">letters, starting</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\opening{<var>text</var>} +</example> +<para>A letter begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The mandatory +argument, <var>text</var>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. +For instance: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\opening{Dear Joe,} +</example> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\ps</nodename> +<nodenext>\signature</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\opening</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\ps</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\ps</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">postscript, in letters</indexterm></para> +<para>Use the <code>\ps</code> command to start a postscript in a letter, after +<code>\closing</code>. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\signature</nodename> +<nodenext>\startbreaks</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\ps</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\signature{<var>text</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\signature</indexterm></para> +<para>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the +space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within +<var>text</var> as usual. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\startbreaks</nodename> +<nodenext>\stopbreaks</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\signature</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\startbreaks</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\startbreaks</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\startbreaks</code> +</para> +<para>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page breaks again. +</para> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\stopbreaks</nodename> +<nodenext>\telephone</nodenext> +<nodeprev>\startbreaks</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\stopbreaks</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\stopbreaks</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\stopbreaks</code> +</para> +<para>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command occurs. +</para> + + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\telephone</nodename> +<nodeprev>\stopbreaks</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Letters</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\telephone</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\telephone</indexterm></para> +<para><code>\telephone{number}</code> +</para> +<para>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the +<code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected. +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Terminal input/output</nodename> +<nodenext>Command line</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Letters</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Terminal input/output</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">input/output</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">terminal input/output</indexterm></para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>\typein</menunode> +<menutitle>\typein</menutitle> +<menucomment> Read text from the terminal. +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>\typeout</menunode> +<menutitle>\typeout</menutitle> +<menucomment> Write text to the terminal. +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>\typein</nodename> +<nodenext>\typeout</nodenext> +<nodeup>Terminal input/output</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\typein</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\typein[<var>\cmd</var>]{<var>msg</var>} +</example> +<para><code>\typein</code> prints <var>msg</var> on the terminal and causes &latex; to +stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If +the optional <var>\cmd</var> argument is omitted, the typed input is +processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the +<code>\typein</code> command. If the <var>\cmd</var> argument is present, it +must be a command name. This command name is then defined or +redefined to be the typed input. +</para> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>\typeout</nodename> +<nodeprev>\typein</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Terminal input/output</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>\typeout{<var>msg</var>}</code></title> +<para><indexterm index="fn">\typeout</indexterm></para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">\typeout{<var>msg</var>} +</example> +<para>Prints <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the <code>log</code> file. +Commands in <code>msg</code> that are defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or +<code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions +before being printed. +</para> +<para>&latex;'s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space +and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. A +<code>\space</code> command in <code>msg</code> causes a single space to be +printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in +<code>msg</code> prints a newline. +</para> + +</section> +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Command line</nodename> +<nodenext>Document templates</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Terminal input/output</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<chapter> +<title>Command line</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">command line</indexterm></para> +<para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; +&tex; uses <file>.tex</file> as a default file extension. If you omit the +input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You +specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the +command; e.g. +</para> +<example xml:space="preserve">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' +</example> +<para>will process <file>foo.tex</file> without pausing after every error. +</para> +<para><indexterm index="cp"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm><indexterm index="cp">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm><indexterm index="fn">\stop</indexterm>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a +<samp>*</samp> prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code> +(and return) and it will prematurely end the document. +</para> + + +</chapter> +<node> +<nodename>Document templates</nodename> +<nodenext>Concept Index</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Command line</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<appendix> +<title>Document templates</title> +<para><indexterm index="cp">document templates</indexterm></para> +<para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will +be useful. +</para> +<menu> +<menuentry> +<menunode>book template</menunode> +<menutitle>book template</menutitle> +<menucomment> +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>beamer template</menunode> +<menutitle>beamer template</menutitle> +<menucomment> +</menucomment> +</menuentry><menuentry> +<menunode>tugboat template</menunode> +<menutitle>tugboat template</menutitle> +<menucomment> +</menucomment> +</menuentry></menu> + + +<node> +<nodename>book template</nodename> +<nodenext>beamer template</nodenext> +<nodeup>Document templates</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>book</code> template</title> + +<verbatim xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{book} \title{Book Class Template} \author{Alex Author} @@ -7342,18 +7731,22 @@ Some other text. \section{A subtopic} The end. -\end{document}</verbatim> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>beamer template</nodename> - <nodenext>tugboat template</nodenext> - <nodeprev>book template</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Document templates</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>beamer</code> template</title> - <para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates slides presentations.</para> - <verbatim xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{beamer} +\end{document} +</verbatim> + +</section> +<node> +<nodename>beamer template</nodename> +<nodenext>tugboat template</nodenext> +<nodeprev>book template</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Document templates</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>beamer</code> template</title> + +<para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates slides presentations. +</para> +<verbatim xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{beamer} \title{Beamer Class template} \author{Alex Author} @@ -7374,18 +7767,22 @@ The end. \end{frame} \end{document} + </verbatim> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>tugboat template</nodename> - <nodeprev>beamer template</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Document templates</nodeup> - <section> - <title><code>tugboat</code> template</title> - <para><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group, <uref><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat</urefurl></uref>.</para> - <verbatim xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings +</section> +<node> +<nodename>tugboat template</nodename> +<nodeprev>beamer template</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Document templates</nodeup> +</node> +<section> +<title><code>tugboat</code> template</title> + +<para><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group, +<uref><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat</urefurl></uref>. +</para> +<verbatim xml:space="preserve">\documentclass{ltugboat} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{ifpdf} \ifpdf @@ -7395,9 +7792,7 @@ The end. \usepackage{url} \fi -\begin{document} - -\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article} +\title{Example \TUB\ Article} % repeat info for each author. \author{First Last} @@ -7407,7 +7802,8 @@ The end. \maketitle -% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat. +\begin{document} + \begin{abstract} This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. \end{abstract} @@ -7417,26 +7813,26 @@ This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref -package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced -using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays. +We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the +hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others: {\small \begin{verbatim} \AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW -\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML -\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe -\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas +\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML +\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \LaTeXe +\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas \PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS -\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG -\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE +\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG \tug +\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE \Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag \careof \thinskip -\acro{FRED} -> {\sc fred} % please use! +\acro{FRED} -> {\small fred} % please use! \cs{fred} -> \fred \env{fred} -> \begin{fred} \meta{fred} -> <fred> @@ -7456,36 +7852,34 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. \nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty \bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX +\makesignature +\end{document} +</verbatim> + +</section> +</appendix> +<node> +<nodename>Concept Index</nodename> +<nodenext>Command Index</nodenext> +<nodeprev>Document templates</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<unnumbered> +<title>Concept Index</title> + +<printindex>cp</printindex> -\makesignature % not in ltugproc -\end{document}</verbatim> - </section> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Concept Index</nodename> - <nodenext>Command Index</nodenext> - <nodeprev>Document templates</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <unnumbered> - <title>Concept Index</title> - <printindex>cp</printindex> <!-- The name of the `Command Index' node must NOT be altered for ltx-help.el. --> - </unnumbered> - </node> - <node> - <nodename>Command Index</nodename> - <nodeprev>Concept Index</nodeprev> - <nodeup>Top</nodeup> - <unnumbered> - <title>Command Index</title> - <printindex>fn</printindex> - </unnumbered> - </node> +</unnumbered> +<node> +<nodename>Command Index</nodename> +<nodeprev>Concept Index</nodeprev> +<nodeup>Top</nodeup> +</node> +<unnumbered> +<title>Command Index</title> + +<printindex>fn</printindex> + +</unnumbered> </texinfo> -<!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file -Local variables: -mode: sgml -sgml-indent-step:1 -sgml-indent-data:nil -End: ---> |