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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2015-10-25 22:35:59 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2015-10-25 22:35:59 +0000
commitf68a915f164bf116f1bb31ab3e1d9f5b94824e29 (patch)
tree54152ae2daf301e13c0f592129a46d03ee92370f /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
parentc4586dcabf84bccd9caaff8f5b8dcb7cffe324a2 (diff)
latex2e-help-texinfo (25oct15)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@38709 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml')
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml7877
1 files changed, 5136 insertions, 2741 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
index ed9dcb8d7ef..c1f519aa5dc 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
<texinfo xml:lang="en">
<filename file="latex2e.xml"></filename>
<preamble>\input texinfo
-</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 333 2015-05-12 17:12:37Z karl $ -->
+</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 459 2015-10-12 11:33:10Z jhefferon $ -->
<!-- comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<setfilename file="latex2e.info" spaces=" ">latex2e.info</setfilename>
-<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED May 2015">May 2015</set>
-<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (May 2015)</settitle>
+<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED October 2015">October 2015</set>
+<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (October 2015)</settitle>
<!-- comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<!-- c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, -->
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
<!-- c xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/latex2e-reference.tar.gz -->
<!-- c xx merge permuted-index -->
<!-- c xx merge latex-manual from savannah -->
+<!-- c xx merge display style math -->
+<!-- c xx vertical mode, horizontal mode -->
<!-- c -->
<!-- c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel -->
<!-- c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. -->
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@
<copying endspaces=" ">
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of May 2015.
+document preparation system, version of October 2015.
</para>
<para>This manual was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in
the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<titlepage endspaces=" ">
<title spaces=" ">&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
-<subtitle spaces=" ">May 2015</subtitle>
+<subtitle spaces=" ">October 2015</subtitle>
<author spaces=" "><url><urefurl>http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</urefurl></url></author>
<page></page>
<vskip> 0pt plus 1filll</vskip>
@@ -90,11 +92,17 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<shortcontents></shortcontents>
<contents></contents>
+<!-- c Best Effort Symbol -->
+<macro name="BES" line=" BES {utf8,math}"><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\}
+</macro>
+<macro name="BESU" line=" BESU {utf8,math}"><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\}
+</macro>
+
<node name="Top" spaces=" "><nodename>Top</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">About this document</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">(dir)</nodeup></node>
<top spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</sectiontitle>
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-May 2015) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
+October 2015) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">About this document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -210,7 +218,7 @@ should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands
that interface with Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth&textrsquo;s &tex; typesetting program
(the technical term is that &latex; is a <dfn>macro package</dfn> for the
&tex; engine). The user produces the output document by giving that
-file to the &tex; engine.
+input file to the &tex; engine.
</para>
<para>The term &latex; is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
@@ -226,7 +234,7 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as <samp>LaTeX</samp>.
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Starting and ending</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The standard beginning and end of a document.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Output files</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Files produced.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&tex; engines</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Programs that implementation &latex;.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&tex; engines</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Programs that can compile &tex; and &latex;.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&latex; command syntax</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">General syntax of &latex; commands.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -235,12 +243,12 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as <samp>LaTeX</samp>.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Starting and ending</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</anchor><!-- c old name -->
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="14">starting &amp; ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="15">ending &amp; starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="14">starting and ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="15">ending and starting</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="16">hello, world</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>&latex; files have a simple global structure, with a standard
-starting and ending. Here is a &textldquo;hello, world&textrdquo; example:
+<para>&latex; files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
+and ending. Here is a &textldquo;hello, world&textrdquo; example:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
@@ -262,9 +270,10 @@ array of others are widely available. <xref label="Document-classes"><xrefnoden
This area is called the <dfn>preamble</dfn>.
</para>
<para>The <code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace; ... \end&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> is a so-called
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="19">environment</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>environment</dfn>; the <samp>document</samp> environment (and no others) is
-required in all &latex; documents. &latex; provides many
-environments itself, and many more are defined separately.
+required in all &latex; documents (<pxref label="document"><xrefnodename>document</xrefnodename></pxref>). &latex;
+provides many environments itself, and many more are defined separately.
<xref label="Environments"><xrefnodename>Environments</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
<para>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from
@@ -297,7 +306,7 @@ available (<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware</urefurl></u
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.pdf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="13">.pdf <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="19">pdf&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="20">pdf&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="14">pdflatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>pdflatex</command>,
among other commands (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>), then the main output is
@@ -310,19 +319,19 @@ self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.log</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="20">transcript file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="21">log file</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="21">transcript file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="22">log file</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="15">.log <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
additional information for any errors.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.aux</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="22">auxiliary file</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="23">auxiliary file</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="16">.aux <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="23">cross references, resolving</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="24">forward references, resolving</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="25">references, resolving forward</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="24">cross references, resolving</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="25">forward references, resolving</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="26">references, resolving forward</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Auxiliary information is used by &latex; for things such as
cross references. For example, the first time that &latex; finds a
forward reference&textmdash;a cross reference to something that has not yet
@@ -337,12 +346,12 @@ location.
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="17">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="26">list of figures file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="27">list of figures file</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="18">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="27">list of tables file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="28">list of tables file</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="19">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="28">table of contents file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="29">contents file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="29">table of contents file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="30">contents file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
ending. These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list
of figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a
@@ -354,12 +363,12 @@ may create others; the list is open-ended.
<node name="TeX-engines" spaces=" "><nodename>&tex; engines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Output files</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&tex; engines</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="30">engines, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="31">implementations of &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="32">UTF-8</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="33">Unicode input, native</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="34">TrueType fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="35">OpenType fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="31">engines, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="32">implementations of &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="33">UTF-8</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="34">Unicode input, native</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="35">TrueType fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="36">OpenType fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a &tex;
implementation (<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>). This section gives a terse
@@ -368,10 +377,10 @@ overview of the main programs.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">latex</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pdflatex</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="36">pdf&tex; engine</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="37">pdf&tex; engine</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="20">etex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="37">e-&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>In &tex; Live (<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/texlive</urefurl></url>, if &latex; is invoked
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="38">e-&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>In &tex; Live (<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/texlive</urefurl></url>), if &latex; is invoked
via either the system command <command>latex</command> or <command>pdflatex</command>,
then the pdf&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</urefurl></url>).
When invoked as <command>latex</command>, the main output is a <file>.dvi</file>
@@ -380,9 +389,9 @@ file; as <command>pdflatex</command>, the main output is a <file>.pdf</file> fil
<para>pdf&tex; incorporates the e-&tex; extensions to Knuth&textrsquo;s original
program (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/etex</urefurl></url>), including additional
programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of
-extensions of its own. e-&tex; is available on its own as the
+extensions of its own. e-&tex; is available on its own as the system
command <command>etex</command>, but this is plain &tex; (and produces
-<file>.dvi</file>).
+<file>.dvi</file>).
</para>
<para>In other &tex; distributions, <command>latex</command> may invoke e-&tex;
rather than pdf&tex;. In any case, the e-&tex; extensions can be
@@ -390,7 +399,7 @@ assumed to be available in &latex;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">lualatex</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="21">lualatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="38">Lua&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="39">Lua&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>lualatex</command>, the
Lua&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</urefurl></url>). This
program allows code written in the scripting language Lua
@@ -402,13 +411,20 @@ but this is rarely used.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">xelatex</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="22">xelatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="39">Xe&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="40">Xe&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="23">.xdv <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="24">xdvipdfmx</indexterm></findex>
<para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>xelatex</command>, the
Xe&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/xetex</urefurl></url>). Like Lua&tex;,
-Xe&tex; also natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and
-OpenType fonts, though the implementation is completely different,
-mainly using external libraries instead of internal code. Xe&tex;
-produces a <file>.pdf</file> file as output; it does not support DVI output.
+Xe&tex; natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType
+fonts, though the implementation is completely different, mainly using
+external libraries instead of internal code. Xe&tex; produces a
+<file>.pdf</file> file as output; it does not support DVI output.
+</para>
+<para>Internally, Xe&tex; creates an <code>.xdv</code> file, a variant of DVI,
+and translates that to PDF using the (<code>x</code>)<code>dvipdfmx</code>
+program, but this process is automatic. The <code>.xdv</code> file is only
+useful for debugging.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -421,41 +437,100 @@ additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]p&tex;,
<node name="LaTeX-command-syntax" spaces=" "><nodename>&latex; command syntax</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">&tex; engines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex; command syntax</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="40">command syntax</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="23">\ <r>character starting commands</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="24">[...] <r>for optional arguments</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="25">&lbrace;...&rbrace; <r>for required arguments</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <code>\</code>; the
-name itself then consists of either (a)&nbsp;a string of letters or
-(b)&nbsp;a single non-letter.
-</para>
-<para>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either
-required or optional. Required arguments are contained in curly
-braces, <code>&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>. Optional arguments are contained in square
-brackets, <code>[...]</code>. Generally, but not universally, if the
-command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any
-required arguments.
-</para>
-<para>Some commands have a <code>*</code> form that is related to the form without
-a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and <code>\chapter*</code>.
-</para>
-<para>&latex; commands are case sensitive; neither <code>\Begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code>
-nor <code>\begin&lbrace;Document&rbrace;</code> will work. Most commands are lowercase,
-but in any event you must enter all commands in the same case as they
-are defined.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="41">command syntax</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="25">\ <r>character starting commands</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="26">[...] <r>for optional arguments</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="27">&lbrace;...&rbrace; <r>for required arguments</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a backslash
+character, <code>\</code>. The name itself then consists of either
+(a)&nbsp;a string of letters or (b)&nbsp;a single non-letter.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; commands names are case sensitive so that <code>\pagebreak</code>
+differs from <code>\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command).
+Most commands are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
+commands in the same case as they are defined.
+</para>
+<para>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
+arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are
+contained in curly braces, <code>&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>. Optional arguments are
+contained in square brackets, <code>[...]</code>. Generally, but not
+universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes
+first, before any required arguments.
+</para>
+<para>Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square
+bracket&nbsp;(<code>]</code>) hide it inside curly braces, as
+in&nbsp;<code>\item[closing bracket &lbrace;]&rbrace;]</code>. Similarly, if an optional
+argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make
+the first character of the following text be an open square bracket,
+hide it inside curly braces.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; has the convention that some commands have a <code>*</code> form that
+is related to the form without a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and
+<code>\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command
+to command.
</para>
<para>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.&noeos; bugs).
</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Environment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Area of the source with distinct behavior.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Declaration</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Change the value or meaning of a command.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="Environment" spaces=" "><nodename>Environment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Declaration</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeup></node>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;<var>environment name</var>&rbrace;
+ ..
+\end&lbrace;<var>environment name</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>An area of &latex; source, inside of which there is a distinct
+behavior. For instance, for poetry in &latex; put the lines between
+<code>\begin&lbrace;verse&rbrace;</code> and <code>\end&lbrace;verse&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;verse&rbrace;
+ There once was a man from Nantucket \\
+ ..
+\end&lbrace;verse&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <var>environment name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
+the end. This includes the case where <var>environment name</var> ends in a
+star&nbsp;(<code>*</code>); both the <code>\begin</code> and <code>\end</code> texts must
+include the star.
+</para>
+<para>Environments may have arguments, including optional arguments. This
+example produces a table. The first argument is optional (and causes
+the table to be aligned on its top row) while the second argument is
+required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;[t]&lbrace;r|l&rbrace;
+ .. rows of table ..
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
+<node name="Declaration" spaces=" "><nodename>Declaration</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Environment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeup></node>
+
+<para>A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other
+command or parameter. For instance, the <code>\mainmatter</code> command
+changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic.
+</para>
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Document-classes" spaces=" "><nodename>Document classes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Fonts</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Overview</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document classes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="41">document classes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="42">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="26">\documentclass</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="42">document classes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="28">\documentclass</indexterm></findex>
<para>The document&textrsquo;s overall class is defined with this command, which is
normally the first command in a &latex; source file.
@@ -464,11 +539,11 @@ normally the first command in a &latex; source file.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]&lbrace;<var>class</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="27">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="28">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="29">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="30">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="31">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="29">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="30">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="31">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="32">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="33">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into &latex;.
(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
@@ -482,6 +557,10 @@ normally the first command in a &latex; source file.
matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix
(<pxref label="Front_002fback-matter"><xrefnodename>Front/back matter</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">letter</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Mail, optionally including mailing labels
+(<pxref label="Letters"><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">report</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>,
such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
@@ -503,10 +582,10 @@ template</xrefnodename></pxref>).
<node name="Document-class-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Document class options</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document class options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">document class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="44">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45">class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46">global options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="44">document class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">global options</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can specify so-called <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> to
the <code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets.
@@ -518,9 +597,9 @@ To specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma, as in:
<para>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="32">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="33">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="34">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="34">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
</para>
@@ -528,71 +607,95 @@ options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
<pre xml:space="preserve">10pt 11pt 12pt
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
-size (default is <code>letterpaper</code>):
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
-</pre></example>
+size (these show height by width):
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">a4paper </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>210 by 297 mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b5paper</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>176 by 250 mm (about 7 by 9.875 inches)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">executivepaper</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>7.25 by 10.5 inches
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">legalpaper</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>8.5 by 14 inches
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">letterpaper</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>8.5 by 11 inches (the default)
+</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43">\pdfpagewidth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44">\pdfpageheight</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48"><code>geometry</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>When using one of the engines pdf&latex;, Lua&latex;, or Xe&latex;
+(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set
+the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
+to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
+<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document&textrsquo;s preamble. The
+<code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
+area and physical page size.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Miscellaneous other options:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">final</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a
black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">fleqn</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">centered equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">centered equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">landscape</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">leqno</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">openbib</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Use &textldquo;open&textrdquo; bibliography format.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">titlepage</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">notitlepage</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
<para>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">onecolumn</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twocolumn</itemformat></itemx>
@@ -600,8 +703,8 @@ black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">oneside</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twoside</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
<para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except
that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>.
</para>
@@ -618,14 +721,14 @@ being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and
<code>openright</code> for <code>book</code>, and <code>openany</code> for <code>report</code>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57">clock <r>option to <code>slides</code> class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61">clock <r>option to <code>slides</code> class</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58">\usepackage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62">\usepackage</indexterm></findex>
<para>Additional packages are loaded like this:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -636,8 +739,8 @@ the time at the bottom of each note.
as in <code>\usepackage&lbrace;<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...&rbrace;</code>, or use multiple
<code>\usepackage</code> commands.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">global options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">options, global</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">global options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">options, global</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<code>\usepackage</code>.
@@ -649,8 +752,8 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Fonts</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Typefaces">Typefaces</anchor><!-- c old name -->
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">typefaces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">typefaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Two important aspects of selecting a <dfn>font</dfn> are specifying a size
and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
@@ -665,17 +768,18 @@ and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
<node name="Font-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Font styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Font sizes</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">typeface styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">type styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.
</para>
<para>This first group of commands is typically used with an argument, as in
-<code>\textit&lbrace;italic text&rbrace;</code>. In the table below, the corresponding
+<code>\textit&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code>. In the table below, the corresponding
command in parenthesis is the &textldquo;declaration form&textrdquo;, which takes no
-arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type
-style command or the end of the current group.
+arguments, as in <code>&lbrace;\itshape <var>text</var>&rbrace;</code>. The scope of the
+declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of
+the current group.
</para>
<para>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form,
are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or
@@ -684,8 +788,8 @@ are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or
<para>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for
instance, <code>\begin&lbrace;ttfamily&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;ttfamily&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60">\nocorr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64">\nocorr</indexterm></findex>
<para>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections
if needed. (<xref label="_005c_002f"><xrefnodename>\/</xrefnodename></xref>, for the details of italic corrections.)
Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following
@@ -697,74 +801,141 @@ command argument, such as <code>\textit&lbrace;\nocorr text&rbrace;</code> or
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61">\textrm</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65">\textrm</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Roman.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textit (\itshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63">\textit</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64">\itshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67">\textit</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68">\itshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Italics.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\emph</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65">\emph</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Emphasis (switches between <code>\textit</code> and <code>\textrm</code>).
-</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66">\textmd</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67">\mdseries</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69">\textmd</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70">\mdseries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Medium weight (default).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68">\textbf</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69">\bfseries</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71">\textbf</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72">\bfseries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Boldface.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textup (\upshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70">\textup</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71">\upshape</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73">\textup</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74">\upshape</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Upright (default).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsl (\slshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72">\textsl</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73">\slshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75">\textsl</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76">\slshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Slanted.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74">\textsf</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75">\sffamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77">\textsf</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78">\sffamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Sans serif.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsc (\scshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76">\textsc</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77">\scshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79">\textsc</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80">\scshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Small caps.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78">\texttt</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81">\texttt</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Typewriter.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80">\textnormal</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81">\normalfont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83">\textnormal</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84">\normalfont</indexterm></findex>
<para>Main document font.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathrm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82">\mathrm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85">\emph</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> command
+is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
+substitute for <code>\textit</code>. For example, <code>\emph&lbrace;<var>start
+text</var> \emph&lbrace;<var>middle text</var>&rbrace; <var>end text</var>&rbrace;</code> will result in the
+<var>start text</var> and <var>end text</var> in italics, but <var>middle text</var>
+will be in roman.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
+switch to the given style, that is, are <emph>not</emph> cumulative. Also,
+they are used differently than the above commands:
+<code>&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>...&rbrace;</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>. These
+are two unrelated constructs.
+</para>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="86">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Switch to bold face.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="87">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="88">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Italics.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="89">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Roman.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="90">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Small caps.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="91">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Sans serif.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="92">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Slanted (oblique).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="93">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+
+<para>The <code>\em</code> command is the unconditional version of <code>\emph</code>.
+</para>
+<para>(Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such
+as <code>\tt</code>, obsolete and that only the cumulative commands
+(<code>\texttt</code>) should be used. Others think that both sets of
+commands have their place and sometimes an unconditional font switch
+is precisely what you want; for one example,
+<pxref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename><xrefprinteddesc><code>description</code></xrefprinteddesc></pxref>.)
+</para>
+<para>The following commands are for use in math mode. They are not
+cumulative, so <code>\mathbf&lbrace;\mathit&lbrace;<var>symbol</var>&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> does not
+create a boldface and italic <var>symbol</var>; instead, it will just be in
+italics. This is because typically math symbols need consistent
+typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathrm</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94">\mathrm</indexterm></findex>
<para>Roman, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathbf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83">\mathbf</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95">\mathbf</indexterm></findex>
<para>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathsf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84">\mathsf</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96">\mathsf</indexterm></findex>
<para>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathtt</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85">\mathtt</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="97">\mathtt</indexterm></findex>
<para>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathit</itemformat></item>
@@ -772,101 +943,46 @@ command argument, such as <code>\textit&lbrace;\nocorr text&rbrace;</code> or
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathnormal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="86">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex>
-<para>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="98">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex>
+<para>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathcal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="87">\mathcal</indexterm></findex>
-<para>&textlsquo;Calligraphic&textrsquo; letters, for use in math mode.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99">\mathcal</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="88">\mathversion</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100">\mathversion</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion&lbrace;bold&rbrace;</code> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <code>\mathversion&lbrace;normal&rbrace;</code> restores the default.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74"><code>textcomp</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums&lbrace;<var>numerals</var>&rbrace;</code> will
-typeset so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights
-and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo;
-numerals. &latex;&textrsquo;s default fonts support this, and will respect
-<code>\textbf</code> (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style
-numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style
-numerals also; sometimes the <code>textcomp</code> package must be loaded,
-and sometimes package options are provided to make them the default.
-FAQ entry: <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf</urefurl></url>.
-</para>
-<para>&latex; also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
-switch to the given style, that is, are <emph>not</emph> cumulative. Also,
-they are used differently than the above commands: <code>&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>
-...&rbrace;</code> instead of <code>\<var>cmd</var>&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>. These are two unrelated
-constructs.
-</para>
-<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="90">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Switch to <b>bold face</b>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="91">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="92">\em</indexterm>\em</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="93">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Italics.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="94">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Roman.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="95">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Small caps.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="96">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Sans serif.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="97">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Slanted (oblique).
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="98">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-
-<para>Some people consider the unconditional font-switching commands, such
-as <code>\tt</code>, obsolete and <emph>only</emph> the cumulative commands
-(<code>\texttt</code>) should be used. I (Karl) do not agree. There are
-perfectly reasonable situations when an unconditional font switch is
-precisely what you need to get the desired output; for one example,
-<pxref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename><xrefprinteddesc><code>description</code></xrefprinteddesc></pxref>. Both sets of commands have
-their place.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88"><code>textcomp</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums&lbrace;<var>numerals</var>&rbrace;</code> will typeset
+so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and
+depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo; numerals,
+which all have the same height as upper-case letters. &latex;&textrsquo;s
+default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code> (but not
+other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer
+Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the
+<code>textcomp</code> package must be loaded, and sometimes package options
+are provided to make them the default. FAQ entry:
+<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf</urefurl></url>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="Font-sizes" spaces=" "><nodename>Font sizes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Low-level font commands</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Font styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font sizes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
@@ -874,16 +990,16 @@ size used (in points) with the <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>11pt</samp>, and
<samp>12pt</samp> document size options, respectively (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99">\tiny</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102">\small</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103">\normalsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104">\large</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105">\Large</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106">\LARGE</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107">\huge</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108">\Huge</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102">\tiny</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105">\small</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106">\normalsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107">\large</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108">\Large</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109">\LARGE</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110">\huge</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111">\Huge</indexterm></findex>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on"><code>\normalsize</code> (default)</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>10pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>11pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>12pt</code>
@@ -918,96 +1034,184 @@ these commands; for instance, <code>\begin&lbrace;tiny&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;tin
</section>
<node name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Low-level font commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Font sizes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Low-level font commands</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.
+<!-- c xx but it should be complete -->
+<!-- c xx something about ultimately reading ENCFAM.fd? -->
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontencoding&lbrace;enc&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <code>OT1</code> and <code>T1</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontfamily&lbrace;family&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Select font family. Valid families include:
-</para>
-<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
-<listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>cmr</code> for Computer Modern Roman
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>cmss</code> for Computer Modern Sans Serif
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>cmtt</code> for Computer Modern Typewriter
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontencoding&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
+large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>,
+Knuth&textrsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
+<code>T1</code>, also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the
+accented characters used by the most widespread European languages
+(German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows &tex; to
+hyphenate words containing accented letters.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>family</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Select the font family. The web page
+<url><urefurl>http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/</urefurl></url> provides one way to browse
+through many of the fonts easily used with &latex;. Here are
+examples of some common families:
+</para>
+<!-- c Sorry about the ugly @t{@ }. The idea is to make the lists line up -->
+<!-- c in Info. Since the items are so short, it seems nice to have them -->
+<!-- c on the same line instead of using @table. -->
+
+<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
+<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pag</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Avant Garde
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>fvs</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bitstream Vera Sans
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pbk</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bookman
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>bch</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Charter
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ccr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Computer Concrete
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>cmr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Computer Modern
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pcr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Courier
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>phv</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Helvetica
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>fi4</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Inconsolata
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>lmr</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Latin Modern
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>lmss</code> Latin Modern Sans
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>lmtt</code> Latin Modern Typewriter
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pnc</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> New Century Schoolbook
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ppl</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Palatino
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ptm</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Times
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>uncl</code> Uncial
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>put</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Utopia
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>pzc</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Zapf Chancery
</para></listitem></itemize>
-<para>and numerous others.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontseries&lbrace;series&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111">\fontseries</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Select font series. Valid series include:
-</para>
-<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
-<listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>m</code> Medium (normal)
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>b</code> Bold
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>c</code> Condensed
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>bc</code> Bold condensed
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>bx</code> Bold extended
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontseries&lbrace;<var>series</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114">\fontseries</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Select the font series. A <dfn>series</dfn> combines a <dfn>weight</dfn> and a
+<dfn>width</dfn>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
+combinations. Some common combined series values include:
+</para>
+<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
+<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>m</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Medium (normal)
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>b</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bold
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>c</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Condensed
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>bc</code> Bold condensed
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>bx</code> Bold extended
</para></listitem></itemize>
-<para>and various other combinations.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontshape&lbrace;shape&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112">\fontshape</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The possible values for weight, individually, are:
+</para>
+<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
+<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ul</code> Ultra light
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>el</code> Extra light
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>l</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Light
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sl</code> Semi light
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>m</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Medium (normal)
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sb</code> Semi bold
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>b</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Bold
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>eb</code> Extra bold
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ub</code> Ultra bold
+</para></listitem></itemize>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages
+are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts):
+</para>
+<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
+<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>uc</code> Ultra condensed, 50%
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ec</code> Extra condensed, 62.5%
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>c</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Condensed, 75%
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sc</code> Semi condensed, 87.5%
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>m</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Medium, 100%
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sx</code> Semi expanded, 112.5%
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>x</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Expanded, 125%
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ex</code> Extra expanded, 150%
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ux</code> Ultra expanded, 200%
+</para></listitem></itemize>
+
+<para>When forming the <var>series</var> string from the weight and width, drop the
+<code>m</code> that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both
+weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
+(<samp><code>m</code></samp>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontshape&lbrace;<var>shape</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115">\fontshape</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</para>
-<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
-<listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>n</code> Upright (normal)
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>it</code> Italic
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique)
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>sc</code> Small caps
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>ui</code> Upright italics
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend>&bullet;</prepend><para><code>ol</code> Outline
+<itemize commandarg="w" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><w></w></itemprepend>
+<listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>n</code><t><spacecmd type="spc"/></t> Upright (normal)
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>it</code> Italic
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique)
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>sc</code> Small caps
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ui</code> Upright italics
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><prepend><w></w></prepend><para><code>ol</code> Outline
</para></listitem></itemize>
-<para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontsize&lbrace;size&rbrace;&lbrace;skip&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113">\fontsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and
-the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter
-named <code>\baselineskip</code>. The unit of both parameters defaults to
-pt. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for the Computer Modern typeface
-is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93"><code>setspace</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
-<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter when the type size changes; the
-default is 1. However, the best way to &textldquo;double space&textrdquo; a document,
-if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the
-<code>setspace</code> package; see
-<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</urefurl></url>.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and
+small caps are often missing as well.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontsize&lbrace;<var>size</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>skip</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116">\fontsize</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">font size</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
+defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
+vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the
+parameter <code>\baselineskip</code>. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for
+the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>.
+Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is
+reset every time a size change happens; see <code>\baselinestretch</code>, next.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\baselinestretch</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex>
+<para>&latex; multiplies the line spacing by the value of the
+<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter; the default factor is 1. A change
+takes effect when <code>\selectfont</code> (see below) is called. You can
+make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;2.0&rbrace;</code> in the preamble.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101"><code>setspace</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the
+<file>setspace</file> package. In addition to offering a number of spacing
+options, this package keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
+where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
+captions. See the package documentation.
+</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\linespread&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Equivalent to
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Equivalent to
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code>, and
therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect.
Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as
-described just above.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117">\selectfont</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The changes made by calling the font commands described above do
-not come into effect until <code>\selectfont</code> is called.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\usefont&lbrace;enc&rbrace;&lbrace;family&rbrace;&lbrace;series&rbrace;&lbrace;shape&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118">\usefont</indexterm></findex>
+just described.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\selectfont</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120">\selectfont</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
+<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in
+<code>\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>familyname</var>&rbrace;\selectfont</code>. It is often useful
+to put this in a macro:&linebreak;
+<code>\newcommand*&lbrace;\myfont&rbrace;&lbrace;\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>familyname</var>&rbrace;\selectfont&rbrace;</code>&linebreak;
+(<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\usefont&lbrace;<var>enc</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>family</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>series</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>shape</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="121">\usefont</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
-followed by <code>\selectfont</code>.
+followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usefont&lbrace;ot1&rbrace;&lbrace;cmr&rbrace;&lbrace;m&rbrace;&lbrace;n&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -1015,9 +1219,10 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>.
</chapter>
<node name="Layout" spaces=" "><nodename>Layout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Sectioning</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Fonts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Layout</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Commands for controlling the general page layout.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\onecolumn</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use one-column layout.
@@ -1025,151 +1230,326 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\flushbottom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make all text pages the same height.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedbottom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Allow text pages of differing height.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Page layout parameters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Floats</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Figures, tables, etc.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005conecolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\onecolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\onecolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="122">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces
-single-column output. This is the default.
+single-column output. If the document is given the class option
+<code>onecolumn</code> then this is the default behavior (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document
+class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005ctwocolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\twocolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\onecolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\twocolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="123">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\twocolumn[<var>text1col</var>]
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\twocolumn[<var>prelim one column text</var>]
</pre></example>
<para>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and produces
-two-column output. If the optional <var>text1col</var> argument is present,
-it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting
-starts.
+two-column output. If the document is given the class option
+<code>twocolumn</code> then this is the default (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
+options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
+<para>If the optional <var>prelim one column text</var> argument
+is present, it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column
+typesetting starts.
</para>
-<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="121">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The distance between columns (35pt by default).
+<para>This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="122">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.
+<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="123">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <code>\textwidth</code> in
-single-column text.
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="124">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
+command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\columnsep&rbrace;&lbrace;40pt&rbrace;</code> You must change
+it before the two column environment starts; in the preamble is a good
+place.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="125">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between
+the two columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule.
+Change it with a command such as
+<code>\setlength&lbrace;\columnseprule&rbrace;&lbrace;0.4pt&rbrace;</code>, before the two-column
+environment starts.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="126">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
+<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default &latex; sets the
+width of each of the two columns to be half of <code>\textwidth</code> minus
+<code>\columnsep</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<para>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:
+<para>In a two-column document, the starred environments <code>table*</code> and
+<code>figure*</code> are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments
+<code>table</code> and <code>figure</code> take up only one column (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>
+and <pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>). &latex; places starred floats at the top of a page.
+The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="124">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied
-by floats. Default <samp>.7</samp>, can be usefully redefined to (say)
-<samp>.9</samp> to avoid going to float pages so soon.
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="127">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
+occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
+the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not
+exceed <code>0.7\textheight</code> . If the height of your starred float
+environment exceeeds this then you can take one of the following actions
+to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document:
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="125">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats,
-for a two-column float page. Default <samp>.5</samp>.
+<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
+<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para>Use the <code>[tp]</code> location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put
+the bulky float on a page by itself, as well as at the top of a page.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="126">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
-page. Default <samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> and
-<samp>11pt</samp> documents, <samp>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>.
+</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para>Use the <code>[t!]</code> location specifier to override the effect of
+<code>\dbltopfraction</code> for this particular float.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="127">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page
-and the main text. Default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>.
+</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para>Increase the value of <code>\dbltopfraction</code> to a suitably large number,
+to avoid going to float pages so soon.
+</para></listitem></itemize>
+
+<para>You can redefine it, for instance with
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\dbltopfraction&rbrace;&lbrace;0.9&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="128">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
+that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
+&latex;&textrsquo;s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="129">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
+between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
+<code>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code>10pt</code> or
+<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at
+<code>12pt</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="130">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
+bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt
+minus4pt</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="131">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
+maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The &latex;
+default is <code>2</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+<!-- c From egreg at http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/142232/339 -->
+<para>This example shows the use of the optional argument of <code>\twocolumn</code>
+to create a title that spans the two-column article:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[twocolumn]&lbrace;article&rbrace;
+\newcommand&lbrace;\authormark&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\textsuperscript&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+\twocolumn[&lbrace;% inside this optional argument goes one-column text
+ \centering
+ \LARGE The Title \\[1.5em]
+ \large Author One\authormark&lbrace;1&rbrace;,
+ Author Two\authormark&lbrace;2&rbrace;,
+ Author Three\authormark&lbrace;1&rbrace; \\[1em]
+ \normalsize
+ \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;p&lbrace;.2\textwidth&rbrace;&arobase;&lbrace;\hspace&lbrace;2em&rbrace;&rbrace;p&lbrace;.2\textwidth&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ \authormark&lbrace;1&rbrace;Department one &amp;\authormark&lbrace;2&rbrace;Department two \\
+ School one &amp;School two
+ \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;\\[3em] % space below title part
+&rbrace;]
+
+Two column text here.
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005cflushbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\flushbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\flushbottom</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="128">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\flushbottom</code> declaration makes all text pages the same
-height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the
-page.
+<para>The <code>\flushbottom</code> command can go at any point in the document
+body. It makes all later pages the same height, stretching the vertical
+space where necessary to fill out the page.
</para>
-<para>This is the default if <code>twocolumn</code> mode is selected
-(<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>If &tex; cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page
+then you get a message like <samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
+occurred while \output is active</samp>. You can change to
+<code>\raggedbottom</code> (see below). Alternatively, you can try to adjust
+the <code>textheight</code> to be compatible, or you can add some vertical
+stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs, as in
+<code>\setlength&lbrace;\parskip&rbrace;&lbrace;0ex plus0.1ex&rbrace;</code>. In a final editing
+stage you can adjust the height of individual pages
+(<pxref label="_005cenlargethispage"><xrefnodename>\enlargethispage</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>This is the default only if you select the <code>twoside</code> document class
+option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005craggedbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedbottom</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="129">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <code>\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes all pages the natural
-height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be
-stretched.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The <code>\raggedbottom</code> command can go at any point in the document
+body. It makes all later pages the natural height of the material on
+that page; no rubber lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
+document the facing pages may be different heights. See also
+<code>\flushbottom</code> above.
+</para>
+<para>This is the default unless you select the <code>twoside</code> document class
+option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
-<node name="Page-layout-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Page-layout-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Floats</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page layout parameters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="130">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is
-<samp>30pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code> class, where it varies with the
-type size.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="131">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
-the main text. Default is <samp>25pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code>
-class, where it varies with the type size.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="132">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
-the page footer. Default is <samp>30pt</samp>, except in the <code>book</code>
-class, where it varies with the type size.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="133">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
-(<pxref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></pxref>). Specifically, it is smaller than <code>\textwidth</code> by
-the sum of <code>\leftmargin</code> and <code>\rightmargin</code>
-(<pxref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></pxref>). The default varies with the font size, paper
-width, two-column mode, etc. For an <code>article</code> document in
-<samp>10pt</samp>, it&textrsquo;s set to <samp>345pt</samp>; in two-column mode, that
-becomes <samp>229.5pt</samp>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="134">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with
-the font size, document class, etc. For an <code>article</code> or
-<code>report</code> document in <samp>10pt</samp>, it&textrsquo;s set to
-<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>; for <code>book</code>, it&textrsquo;s <samp>41\baselineskip</samp>.
-For <samp>11pt</samp>, it&textrsquo;s <samp>38\baselineskip</samp> and for <samp>12pt</samp>,
-<samp>36\baselineskip</samp>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="135">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default varies
-as usual. For an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, it&textrsquo;s
-<samp>345pt</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>360pt</samp> at <samp>11pt</samp>, and
-<samp>390pt</samp> at <samp>12pt</samp>. For a <code>book</code> document, it&textrsquo;s
-<samp>4.5in</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>, and <samp>5in</samp> at <samp>11pt</samp> or
-<samp>12pt</samp>.
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="134">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="135">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="136">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137">\columnsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
+columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
+<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<xref label="_005ctwocolumn"><xrefnodename>\twocolumn</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="140">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141">\headheight</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
+<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is <samp>12pt</samp>,
+at all type sizes.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="142">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143">\headsep</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
+the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
+classes is <samp>25pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if the
+document is set at 10pt then it is <samp>0.25in</samp>, and at 11pt and 12pt
+it is <samp>0.275in</samp>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="144">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145">\footskip</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
+the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
+classes is <samp>30pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: when
+the type size is 10pt the default is <samp>0.35in</samp>, while at 11pt it is
+<samp>0.38in</samp>, and at 12pt it is <samp>30pt</samp>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="146">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147">\linewidth</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
+(<pxref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></pxref>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
+equal <code>\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code>\linewidth</code>
+is decreased by the sum of that list&textrsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
+<code>\rightmargin</code> (<pxref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<!-- c The default varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, -->
+<!-- c etc. For an @code{article} document set in 10pt, the default is -->
+<!-- c @samp{345pt}, while in two-column mode that becomes @samp{229.5pt}. -->
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="148">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="149">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="150">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152">\marginsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
+space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal
+width of the notes.
+</para>
+<para>Normally marginal notes appear on the outside of the page, but the
+declaration <code>\reversemarginpar</code> changes that (and
+<code>\normalmarginpar</code> changes it back).
+</para>
+<para>The defaults for <code>\marginparpush</code> in both <code>book</code> and
+<code>article</code> classes are: <samp>7pt</samp> if the document is set at 12pt,
+and <samp>5pt</samp> if the document is set at 11pt or 10pt.
+</para>
+<para>For <code>\marginsep</code>, in <code>article</code> class the default is
+<samp>10pt</samp> except if the document is set at 10pt and in two-column mode
+where the default is <samp>11pt</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>For <code>\marginsep</code> in <code>book</code> class the default is <samp>10pt</samp> in
+two-column mode and <samp>7pt</samp> in one-column mode.
+</para>
+<para>For <code>\marginparwidth</code> in both <code>book</code> and <code>article</code>
+classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code>\paperwidth
+&minus; \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that
+distance.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="154">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="155">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="156">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="157">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is the extra distance between the left side of
+the page and the text&textrsquo;s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the
+document class option <code>twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when
+<code>oneside</code> is in effect. When <code>twoside</code> is in effect, on
+even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
+<code>evensidemargin</code>.
+</para>
+<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default is that <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is 40% of the
+difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and
+<code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="158">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="159">\paperheight</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
+It is normally set with a document class option, as in
+<code>\documentclass[a4paper]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
+options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="160">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
+It is normally set with a document class option, as in
+<code>\documentclass[a4paper]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
+options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="162">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163">\textheight</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
+a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code>
+the default is <samp>43\baselineskip</samp>, while for a <code>book</code> it is
+<samp>41\baselineskip</samp>. At a type size of 11pt the default is
+<samp>38\baselineskip</samp> for all document classes. At 12pt it is
+<samp>36\baselineskip</samp> for all classes.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="164">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165">\textwidth</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
+<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is <samp>345pt</samp>
+when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is <samp>360pt</samp> at 11pt,
+and it is <samp>390pt</samp> at 12pt. For a <code>book</code> document, the default
+is <samp>4.5in</samp> at a type size of 10pt, and <samp>5in</samp> at 11pt or 12pt.
</para>
<para>In multi-column output, <code>\textwidth</code> remains the width of the
entire page body, while <code>\columnwidth</code> is the width of one column
@@ -1184,43 +1564,227 @@ column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists.
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
-<para>For completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the &tex; primitive parameter used
-when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal
-&latex; documents.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
+<para>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the &tex;
+primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
+be used in normal &latex; documents.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="137">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the
-paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="168">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169">topmargin</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the
+paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed
based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight &minus; 2in &minus;
-\headheight &minus; \headsep &minus; \textheight &minus; \footskip</code>, and
-then divided by two.
+\headheight &minus; \headsep &minus; \textheight &minus; \footskip</code>,
+and then divided by two.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="138">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="170">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171">\topskip</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
-same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at <samp>10pt</samp>.
+same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at a type size of 10pt.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
</section>
+<node name="Floats" spaces=" "><nodename>Floats</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Floats</sectiontitle>
+
+<para>Some typographic elements, such as figures and tables, cannot be broken
+across pages. They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text,
+for instance floating to the top of a later page.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; can have a number of different classes of floating material.
+The default is the two classes, <code>figure</code> (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>) and
+<code>table</code> (<pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>), but you can create a new class with the
+package <file>float</file>.
+</para>
+<para>Within any one float class &latex; always respects the order, so that
+the first figure in a document source must be typeset before the second
+figure. However, &latex; may mix the classes, so it can happen that
+while the first table appears in the source before the first figure, it
+appears in the output after it.
+</para>
+<para>The placement of floats is subject to parameters, given below, that
+limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and the
+bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued up that the limits prevent
+them all from fitting on a page then &latex; places what it can and
+defers the rest to the next page. In this way, floats may be typset far
+from their place in the source. In particular, a float that is big can
+migrate to the end of the document. But then because all floats in a
+class must appear in sequential order, every subsequent float in that
+class also appears at the end.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
+where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
+<var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the
+letters below. The default for both <code>figure</code> and <code>table</code>, in
+both <code>article</code> and <code>book</code> classes, is <code>tbp</code>.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Top)&textmdash;at the top of a text page.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Bottom)&textmdash;at the bottom of a text page. (However, <code>b</code> is not
+allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column
+output. To ameliorate this, use the <file>stfloats</file> or
+<file>dblfloatfix</file> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
+FAQ: <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</urefurl></url>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">h</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Here)&textmdash;at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment
+appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
+automatically added.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117"><code>float</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>To absolutely force a float to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can
+<code>\usepackage&lbrace;float&rbrace;</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
+defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
+<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</urefurl></url>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">p</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">float page</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>(Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate <dfn>float page</dfn>, which is a page
+containing no text, only floats.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">!</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, &latex;
+ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear
+and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page.
+The <code>!</code> specifier does <emph>not</emph> mean &textldquo;put the float here&textrdquo;;
+see above.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<para>Note: the order in which letters appear in the <var>placement</var> argument
+does not change the order in which &latex; tries to place the float;
+for instance, <code>btp</code> has the same effect as <code>tbp</code>. All that
+<var>placement</var> does is that if a letter is not present then the
+algorithm does not try that location. Thus, &latex;&textrsquo;s default of
+<code>tbp</code> is to try every location except placing the float where it
+occurs in the source.
+</para>
+<para>To prevent &latex; from moving floats to the end of the document or a
+chapter you can use a <code>\clearpage</code> command to start a new page and
+insert all pending floats. If a pagebreak is undesirable then you can
+use the <file>afterpage</file> package and issue
+<code>\afterpage&lbrace;\clearpage&rbrace;</code>. This will wait until the current page
+is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
+(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in the
+<var>placement</var> paramater. If this is not desired, and deleting the
+<code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed at
+the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using the
+<file>flafter</file> package or using the command
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="172">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex>
+<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
+this page to moved to the next page.
+</para>
+<para>Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
+non-float text (change them with
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;<var>parameter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>&rbrace;</code>):
+</para>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="173">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
+the bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="175">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
+default <samp>.5</samp>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="177">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178">\textfraction</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
+much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
+different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="179">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180">\topfraction</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
+floats; default <samp>.7</samp>.
+</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+
+<para>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats (change them with
+<code>\setlength&lbrace;<var>parameter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>length expression</var>&rbrace;</code>):
+</para>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="181">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182">\floatsep</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
+<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="183">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184">\intextsep</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
+<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for 10 point and 11 point documents,
+and <samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for 12 point documents.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="185">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="186">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
+default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>.
+</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+
+<para>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page (change them with
+<code>\setcounter&lbrace;<var>ctrname</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>natural number</var>&rbrace;</code>):
+</para>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
+default 1.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="190">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
+two-column page; default 2.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="192">topnumber</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
+default 2.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="193">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="194">totalnumber</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
+</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+
+<para>The principal &tex;&nbsp;FAQ entry relating to floats
+<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</urefurl></url> contains
+suggestions for relaxing &latex;&textrsquo;s default parameters to reduce the
+problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explaination of the
+float placement algorithm is Frank Mittelbach&textrsquo;s article &textldquo;How to
+infuence the position of float environments like figure and table in
+&latex;?&textrdquo; <url><urefurl>http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf</urefurl></url>.
+</para>
+
+</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Sectioning" spaces=" "><nodename>Sectioning</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Cross references</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Layout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Sectioning</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">sectioning</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="139">\part</indexterm>\part</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="140">\chapter</indexterm>\chapter</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="195">\part</indexterm>\part</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="196">\chapter</indexterm>\chapter</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>(<code>report</code> and <code>book</code> class only)
-</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="141">\section</indexterm>\section</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="142">\subsection</indexterm>\subsection</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="143">\subsubsection</indexterm>\subsubsection</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="144">\paragraph</indexterm>\paragraph</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="145">\subparagraph</indexterm>\subparagraph</itemformat></item>
+</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="197">\section</indexterm>\section</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="198">\subsection</indexterm>\subsection</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199">\subsubsection</indexterm>\subsubsection</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="200">\paragraph</indexterm>\paragraph</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="201">\subparagraph</indexterm>\subparagraph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry></ftable>
<para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,
@@ -1244,7 +1808,7 @@ To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
<var>toctitle</var> that, when given, specifies the text for these other
places.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">*-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Also, all sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print
<var>title</var> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
entry in the table of contents. For instance:
@@ -1253,8 +1817,8 @@ entry in the table of contents. For instance:
<pre xml:space="preserve">\section*&lbrace;Preamble&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">appendix, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">appendix, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way following sectional units
are numbered. The <code>\appendix</code> command itself generates no text
and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this
@@ -1267,8 +1831,8 @@ command is something like
\chapter&lbrace;The First Appendix&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="203">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>secnumdepth</code> counter controls printing of section numbers.
The setting
</para>
@@ -1284,7 +1848,8 @@ The setting
</chapter>
<node name="Cross-references" spaces=" "><nodename>Cross references</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Environments</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Cross references</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
<para>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo;
@@ -1298,7 +1863,8 @@ the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo;
<node name="_005clabel" spaces=" "><nodename>\label</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pageref</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\label</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148">\label</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204">\label</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1308,15 +1874,35 @@ the reader to them, as in &textldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&textrdquo;
<para>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to
<var>key</var> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing
-inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>.
+inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <var>key</var>. The
+assigned number can be retrieved with the <code>\ref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code>
+command (<pxref label="_005cref"><xrefnodename>\ref</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>A <var>key</var> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
+<para>Thus, in the example below the key <code>sec:test</code> holds the number of
+the current section and the key <code>fig:test</code> that of the figure.
+(Incidentally, labels must appear after captions in figures and
+tables.)
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\section&lbrace;section name&rbrace;
+\label&lbrace;sec:test&rbrace;
+This is Section~\ref&lbrace;sec:test&rbrace;.
+\begin&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+ ...
+ \caption&lbrace;caption text&rbrace;
+ \label&lbrace;fig:test&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+See Figure~\ref&lbrace;fig:test&rbrace;.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common
punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are
distinguished, as usual.
</para>
-<para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
-common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by
-a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:
+<para>Although the name can be more or less anything, a common convention is
+to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon
+or period. This helps to avoid accidentally creating two labels with
+the same name. Some commonly-used prefixes:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">ch</itemformat></item>
@@ -1331,16 +1917,17 @@ a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:
</tableterm><tableitem><para>for equations
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:snark</code> or
-<code>fig.snark</code>.
+<para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <code>fig:test</code> or
+<code>fig.test</code>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cpageref" spaces=" "><nodename>\pageref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ref</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\label</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pageref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="205">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1356,12 +1943,13 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding
</section>
<node name="_005cref" spaces=" "><nodename>\ref</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pageref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ref&lbrace;<var>key</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="150">\ref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206">\ref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1379,10 +1967,10 @@ such as the word &textlsquo;Section&textrsquo; or &textlsquo;Figure&textrsquo;,
</chapter>
<node name="Environments" spaces=" "><nodename>Environments</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Line breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Cross references</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environments</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151">\begin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152">\end</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="207">\begin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208">\end</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text.
Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
@@ -1394,46 +1982,46 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
</pre></example>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">abstract</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Produce an abstract.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">array</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Math arrays.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">center</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Centered lines.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">description</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Labelled lists.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">displaymath</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Formulas that appear on their own line.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Enclose the whole document.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">enumerate</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Numbered lists.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">eqnarray</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sequences of aligned equations.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">equation</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Displayed equation.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">figure</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating figures.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">filecontents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Writing multiple files from the source.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">flushleft</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed left lines.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">flushright</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed right lines.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">itemize</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bulleted lists.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">letter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Letters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">list</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generic list environment.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">math</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">In-line math.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">minipage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Miniature page.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">picture</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">quotation</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Indented environment with paragraph indentation.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">quote</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">tabbing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text arbitrarily.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">table</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating tables.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">tabular</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text in columns.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">thebibliography</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bibliography or reference list.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">theorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Theorems, lemmas, etc.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">titlepage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For hand crafted title pages.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">verbatim</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Simulating typed input.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">verse</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For poetry and other things.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">abstract</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Produce an abstract.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">array</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Math arrays.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">center</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Centered lines.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">description</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Labelled lists.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">displaymath</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Formulas that appear on their own line.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Enclose the whole document.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">enumerate</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Numbered lists.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">eqnarray</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sequences of aligned equations.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">equation</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Displayed equation.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">figure</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating figures.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">filecontents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Writing multiple files from the source.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">flushleft</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed left lines.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">flushright</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Flushed right lines.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">itemize</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bulleted lists.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">letter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Letters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">list</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generic list environment.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">math</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">In-line math.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">minipage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Miniature page.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">picture</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">quotation and quote</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Include a quotation.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">tabbing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text arbitrarily.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">table</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Floating tables.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">tabular</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Align text in columns.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">thebibliography</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bibliography or reference list.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">theorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Theorems, lemmas, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">titlepage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For hand crafted title pages.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">verbatim</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Simulating typed input.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">verse</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">For poetry and other things.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="abstract" spaces=" "><nodename>abstract</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">array</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>abstract</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153">abstract <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="209">abstract <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
-</para><example endspaces=" ">
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;abstract&rbrace;
...
\end&lbrace;abstract&rbrace;
@@ -1445,84 +2033,112 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
</section>
<node name="array" spaces=" "><nodename>array</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">center</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">abstract</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>array</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="154">array <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210">array <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;array&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>template</var>&rbrace;
-<var>col1 text</var>&amp;<var>col1 text</var>&amp;<var>coln</var>&rbrace;\\
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;array&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cols</var>&rbrace;
+<var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
...
\end&lbrace;array&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Math arrays are produced with the <code>array</code> environment, normally
-within an <code>equation</code> environment (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>). It has a
-single mandatory <var>template</var> argument describing the number of
-columns and the alignment within them. Each column <var>col</var> is
-specified by a single letter that tells how items in each row of that
-column should be formatted, as follows:
+<para>or
</para>
-<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">c</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>centered
-</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">l</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>flush left
-</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">r</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>flush right
-</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;array&rbrace;[<var>pos</var>]&lbrace;<var>cols</var>&rbrace;
+<var>column 1 entry</var> &amp;<var>column 2 entry</var> ... &amp;<var>column n entry</var> \\
+...
+\end&lbrace;array&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="155">\\ <r>(for <code>array</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>Column entries are separated by <code>&amp;</code>. Column entries may include
-other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with
-<code>\\</code>.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="156">&arobase;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
-<para>In the template, the construct <code>&arobase;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> puts <var>text</var>
-between columns in each row.
-</para>
-<para>Here&textrsquo;s an example:
+<para>Produce a mathematical array. This environment can only be used in math
+mode, and normally appears within a displayed mathematics environment
+such as <code>equation</code> (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>). Column entries are
+separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>). Rows are terminated with
+double-backslashes&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>) (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>The required argument <var>cols</var> describes the number of columns, their
+alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. See
+<ref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></ref> for the complete description of <var>cols</var>, and of the
+other common features of the two environments, including the optional
+<var>pos</var> argument.
+</para>
+<para>There are two ways that <code>array</code> diverges from <code>tabular</code>. The
+first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in mathematics mode, in
+textstyle (except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies the column with
+<code>&arobase;p&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode).
+The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s parameter
+<code>\tabcolsep</code>, &latex;&textrsquo;s intercolumn space in an array is governed
+by
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="211">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<code>\arraycolsep</code> which gives half the width between columns. The
+default for this is <samp>5pt</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <file>amsmath</file>
+package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
+surrounded by parentheses&nbsp;<code>(..)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array
+surrounded by square brackets&nbsp;<code>[..]</code>, <code>Bmatrix</code> for an
+array surrounded by curly braces&nbsp;<code>&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>, <code>vmatrix</code> for
+an array surrounded by vertical bars&nbsp;<code>|..|</code>, and
+<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
+bars&nbsp;<code>||..||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
+</para>
+<para>Here is an example of an array:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
- \begin&lbrace;array&rbrace;&lbrace;lrc&rbrace;
- left1 &amp; right1 &amp; centered1 \\
- left2 &amp; right2 &amp; centered2 \\
+ \begin&lbrace;array&rbrace;&lbrace;cr&rbrace;
+ \sqrt&lbrace;y&rbrace; &amp;12.3 \\
+ x^2 &amp;3.4
\end&lbrace;array&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="157">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\arraycolsep</code> parameter defines half the width of the space
-separating columns; the default is <samp>5pt</samp>. <xref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></xref>, for other
-parameters which affect formatting in <code>array</code> environments,
-namely <code>\arrayrulewidth</code> and <code>\arraystretch</code>.
-</para>
-<para>The <code>array</code> environment can only be used in math mode.
-</para>
</section>
<node name="center" spaces=" "><nodename>center</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">description</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">array</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>center</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="158">center <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212">center <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
-<var>line1</var> \\
-<var>line2</var> \\
+ .. text ..
\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="159">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>center</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right
-margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the
-string <code>\\</code>.
+<para>Environment to create a sequence of lines that are centered within the
+left and right margins on the current page. If the text in the
+environment body is too long to fit on a line, &latex; will insert line
+breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
+interword space. To force a line break at a particular spot use
+double-backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code> (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="213">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+</para>
+<para>This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See
+<ref label="_005ccentering"><xrefnodename>\centering</xrefnodename></ref> to avoid such space, for example inside a <code>figure</code>
+environment.
+</para>
+<para>In this example, depending on the line width, &latex; may choose a break
+for the part before the double backslash, will center the line or two,
+then will break at the double backslash, and will center the ending.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ My father considered that anyone who went to chapel and didn't drink
+ alcohol was not to be tolerated.\\
+ I grew up in that belief. --Richard Burton
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>A double backslash after the final line is optional.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\centering</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.
@@ -1532,444 +2148,533 @@ string <code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005ccentering" spaces=" "><nodename>\centering</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">center</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\centering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="160">\centering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214">\centering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <code>\centering</code> declaration corresponds to the <code>center</code>
-environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such
-as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. Thus, the text of a figure or
-table can be centered on the page by putting a <code>\centering</code>
-command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.
+<para>Declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
+most often used inside an environment such as <code>figure</code>, or in a
+<code>parbox</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command does
+not add vertical space above and below the text.
</para>
-<para>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the <code>\centering</code> command
-does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how &latex; formats
-paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&textrsquo;s format, the scope of
-the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code> command (of
-an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
+<para>It also does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how &latex;
+formats paragraph units. If <code>ww &lbrace;\centering xx \\ yy&rbrace; zz</code> is
+surrounded by blank lines then &latex; will create a paragraph whose
+first line <samp>ww xx</samp> is centered and whose second line, not centered,
+contains <samp>yy zz</samp>. Usually what is desired is for the scope of the
+declaration to contain a blank line or the <code>\end</code> command of an
+environment such as <code>figure</code> or <code>table</code> that ends the
+paragraph unit. Thus, if <code>&lbrace;\centering xx \\ yy\par&rbrace; zz</code> is
+surrounded by blank lines then it makes a new paragraph with two
+centered lines <samp>xx</samp> and <samp>yy</samp>, followed by a new paragraph with
+<samp>zz</samp> that is formatted as usual. See also the following example.
</para>
-<para>Here&textrsquo;s an example:
+<para>This example&textrsquo;s <code>\centering</code> causes the graphic to be horizontally
+centered.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;quote&rbrace;
-\centering
-first line \\
-second line \\
-\end&lbrace;quote&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]&lbrace;ctan_lion.png&rbrace;
+ \caption&lbrace;CTAN Lion&rbrace; \label&lbrace;fig:CTANLion&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<para>The scope of the <code>\centering</code> ends with the <code>\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
</subsection>
</section>
<node name="description" spaces=" "><nodename>description</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">displaymath</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">center</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>description</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161">description <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215">description <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;description&rbrace;
-\item [<var>label1</var>] <var>item1</var>
-\item [<var>label2</var>] <var>item2</var>
-...
+\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item
+\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item
+ ...
\end&lbrace;description&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="162">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>description</code> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each
-<var>label</var> is typeset in bold, flush right. The <var>item</var> text may
-contain multiple paragraphs.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
-you typeset a label in typewriter using <code>\texttt</code>, you&textrsquo;ll get
-bold typewriter: <code>\item[\texttt&lbrace;bold and typewriter&rbrace;]</code>. This
-may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use
-<code>\tt</code>, which resets all other style variations: <code>\item[&lbrace;\tt
-plain typewriter&rbrace;]</code>.
-</para>
-<para>For details about list spacing, see <ref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></ref>.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="216">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item&textrsquo;s <var>label</var>
+is typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item&textrsquo;s text may contain multiple
+paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no
+sensible default, so all items should have labels.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="217">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The list consists of at least one item; see&nbsp;<ref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></ref> (having no
+items causes the &latex; error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a
+missing \item</samp>). Each item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
+change given in argument style (see <ref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></ref>) then it will come
+out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
+<code>\item[\texttt&lbrace;label text&rbrace;]</code> then it will appear in bold
+typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bolded
+typewriter is to use declaritive style <code>\item[&lbrace;\tt label text&rbrace;]</code>.
+Similarly, get normal text use <code>\item[&lbrace;\rm label text&rbrace;]</code>.
+</para>
+<para>For other major &latex; labelled list environments, see <ref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></ref>
+and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. For information about customizing list layout, see
+<ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>; also, the package <file>enumitem</file> is useful for this.
+</para>
+<para>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;definition&rbrace;
+ \item[lama] A priest.
+ \item[llama] A beast.
+\end&lbrace;definition&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="displaymath" spaces=" "><nodename>displaymath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">document</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">description</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>displaymath</code></sectiontitle>
+<!-- c http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/40492/what-are-the-differences-between-align-equation-and-displaymath -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="218">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
-<var>math</var>
+ .. math text ..
\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<noindent></noindent> <para>or
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\[<var>math</var>\]
+<para>Environment to typeset the math text on its own line, in display style
+and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global option
+<code>fleqn</code>; see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; will not break the math text across lines.
+</para>
+<para>In the <code>displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the
+math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
+<code>equation</code> environment (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>Note that the <file>amsmath</file> package has extensive displayed equation
+facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
+new documents. For example, there are a number of options in that
+package for having math text broken across lines.
+</para>
+<para>The construct <code>\[..math text..\]</code> is essentially a synonym for
+<code>\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;..math text..\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;</code> but the
+latter is easier to work with in the source file; for instance,
+searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
+<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique. (The construct <code>$$..math
+text..$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;&tex; is sometimes mistakenly used as a
+synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is not a synonym, because the
+<code>displaymath</code> environment checks that it isn&textrsquo;t started in math mode
+and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching environment start,
+because the <code>displaymath</code> environment has different vertical
+spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code> environment honors the
+<code>fleqn</code> option.)
+</para>
+<para>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
+</para><example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
+ \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3
+\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-
-<para>The <code>displaymath</code> environment (<code>\[...\]</code> is a synonym)
-typesets the <var>math</var> text on its own line, centered by default.
-The global <code>fleqn</code> option makes equations flush left; see
-<ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>.
-</para>
-<para>No equation number is added to <code>displaymath</code> text; to get an
-equation number, use the <code>equation</code> environment (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Also, the integral sign is larger than the inline version
+<code>\( \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 \)</code> produces.
</para>
</section>
<node name="document" spaces=" "><nodename>document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">enumerate</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">displaymath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>document</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="164">document <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="219">document <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the body of a document.
+<para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-and-ending"><xrefnodename>Starting and ending</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\AtBeginDocument</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Hook for commands at the start of the document.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\AtEndDocument</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Hook for commands at the end of the document.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005cAtBeginDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtBeginDocument</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\AtEndDocument</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="220">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\AtBeginDocument&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Save <var>code</var> and execute it when <code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> is
+executed, at the very end of the preamble. The code is executed after
+the font selection tables have been set up, so the normal font for the
+document is the current font. However, the code is executed as part of
+the preamble so you cannot do any typesetting with it.
+</para>
+<para>You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines
+will be executed in the order that you gave them.
+</para>
+
+<node name="_005cAtEndDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtEndDocument</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\AtBeginDocument</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="221">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\AtEndDocument&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Save <var>code</var> and execute it near the end of the document.
+Specifically, it is executed when <code>\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> is executed,
+before the final page is finished and before any leftover floating
+environments are processed. If you want some of the code to be executed
+after these two processes then include a <code>\clearpage</code> at the
+appropriate point in <var>code</var>.
+</para>
+<para>You can issue this command more than once; the successive code lines
+will be executed in the order that you gave them.
+</para>
</section>
<node name="enumerate" spaces=" "><nodename>enumerate</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">eqnarray</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">document</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>enumerate</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165">enumerate <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="222">enumerate <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
-\item <var>item1</var>
-\item <var>item2</var>
+\item [<var>first label</var>] text of first item
+\item [<var>second label</var>] text of second item
...
\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
-can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
-be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as
-<code>itemize</code> (<pxref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></pxref>) and <code>description</code>
-(<pxref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the
+label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within
+another; see below.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <code>\item</code> command.
-There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="223">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the
+&latex; error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>. Each
+item is produced with an <code>\item</code> command.
</para>
-<para>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:
+<para>This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic marathon.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
+ \item Johnny Hayes (USA)
+ \item Charles Hefferon (RSA)
+\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment,
+including <code>itemize</code> (<pxref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></pxref>), <code>description</code>
+(<pxref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></pxref>) and <code>enumeration</code>, up to four levels deep.
+The format of the label produced depends on the place in the nesting.
+This gives &latex;&textrsquo;s default for the format at each nesting level
+(where 1 is the outermost level):
</para>
<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
-<listitem spaces=" "><para>1., 2., &dots;
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>(a), (b), &dots;
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>i., ii., &dots;
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>A., B., &dots;
+<listitem spaces=" "><para>arabic number followed by a period: <samp>1.</samp>, <samp>2.</samp>,&nbsp;&dots;
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>lower case letter inside parentheses: <samp>(a)</samp>, <samp>(b)</samp>&nbsp;&dots;
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>lower case roman numeral followed by a period: <samp>i.</samp>, <samp>ii.</samp>,&nbsp;&dots;
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>upper case letter followed by a period: <samp>A.</samp>, <samp>B.</samp>,&nbsp;&dots;
</para></listitem></enumerate>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="168">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="170">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code>
-through <code>\enumiv</code> counters (<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>). If the optional
-argument to <code>\item</code> is given, the counter is not incremented for
-that item.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="172">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="173">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
-through <code>\labelenumiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can
-use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp;
-\renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
-letters:
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="175">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="224">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="225">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="227">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
+<code>\enumiv</code> counters (<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you use the optional
+argument to <code>\item</code> then the counter is not incremented for that
+item (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="228">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="229">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="231">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<para>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
+through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
+labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
+period:
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelenumi&rbrace;&lbrace;\Alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelenumi&rbrace;&lbrace;\textbf&lbrace;\Alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
+ \item eI
+ \item bi:
+ \item si:
+\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<para>For a list of counter-labelling commands like <code>\Alph</code> see
+<ref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></ref>.
+</para>
+<para>For more on customizing the layout see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. Also, the package
+<file>enumitem</file> is useful for this.
+</para>
</section>
<node name="eqnarray" spaces=" "><nodename>eqnarray</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">equation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">enumerate</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>eqnarray</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176">eqnarray <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>First, a caveat: the <code>eqnarray</code> environment has some infelicities
-which cannot be overcome; the article &textldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars
-Madsen describes them in detail
-(<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</urefurl></url>). The bottom
-line is that it is better to use the <code>align</code> environment (and
-others) from the <code>amsmath</code> package.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="233">eqnarray <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>First, a caveat: the <code>eqnarray</code> environment is depreciated. It has
+infelicities that cannot be overcome, including spacing that is
+inconsistent with other mathematics elements (see the article &textldquo;Avoid
+eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars Madsen
+<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</urefurl></url>). New documents
+should include the <file>amsmath</file> package and use the displayed
+mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code>align</code>
+environment.
</para>
-<para>Nevertheless, here is a description of <code>eqnarray</code>:
+<para>Nevertheless, for completeness and for a reference when working with old
+documents, a synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;eqnarray&rbrace; <r>(or <code>eqnarray*</code>)</r>
-<var>formula1</var> \\
-<var>formula2</var> \\
-...
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;eqnarray&rbrace;
+ <var>first formula left</var> &amp;<var>first formula middle</var> &amp;<var>first formula right</var> \\
+ ...
\end&lbrace;eqnarray&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="177">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a sequence of
-equations or inequalities. It is similar to a three-column
-<code>array</code> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <code>\\</code>
-and consecutive items within a row separated by an <code>&amp;</code>.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\\*</code> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal
-meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.
+<para>or
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
-<code>\nonumber</code> command. Alternatively, The <code>*</code>-form of the
-environment (<code>\begin&lbrace;eqnarray*&rbrace; ... \end&lbrace;eqnarray*&rbrace;</code>) will
-omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as
-<code>eqnarray</code>.
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;eqnarray*&rbrace;
+ <var>first formula left</var> &amp;<var>first formula middle</var> &amp;<var>first formula right</var> \\
+ ...
+\end&lbrace;eqnarray*&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right
+sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text
+mode.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
+<para>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items
+within a row separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>), and with rows
+separated by double backslash&nbsp; <code>\\</code>).
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
+equations, and will disallow a page break there (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every
+line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a
+<code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits
+equation numbering, while otherwise being the same.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
</para>
+<para>This example shows three lines. The first two lines make an inequality,
+while the third line has not entry on the left side.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;eqnarray*&rbrace;
+ \lefteqn&lbrace;x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n&rbrace; \\
+ &amp;\leq &amp;y_1+y_2+\cdots+y_n \\
+ &amp;= &amp;z+y_3+\cdots+y_n
+\end&lbrace;eqnarray*&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="equation" spaces=" "><nodename>equation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">figure</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">eqnarray</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>equation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="181">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
-<var>math</var>
+ math text
\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>equation</code> environment starts a <code>displaymath</code>
-environment (<pxref label="displaymath"><xrefnodename>displaymath</xrefnodename></pxref>), e.g., centering the <var>math</var> text
-on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.
+<para>Make a <code>displaymath</code> environment (<pxref label="displaymath"><xrefnodename>displaymath</xrefnodename></pxref>) with an
+equation number in the right margin.
+</para>
+<para>The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
+</para>
+<para>Note that the <file>amsmath</file> package has extensive displayed equation
+facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
+new documents.
</para>
</section>
<node name="figure" spaces=" "><nodename>figure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">filecontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">equation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>figure</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182">figure</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239">figure</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;figure[*]&rbrace;[<var>placement</var>]
-<var>figbody</var>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;figure&rbrace;[<var>placement</var>]
+ figure body
+\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;
\label&lbrace;<var>label&rbrace;</var>
-\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
-instead &textldquo;floated&textrdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
-Figures will not be split between two pages.
-</para>
-<para>When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a
-full-width figure (across both columns).
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where &latex; will try
-to place your figure. There are four places where &latex; can possibly
-put a float:
-</para>
-<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Top)&textmdash;at the top of a text page.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Bottom)&textmdash;at the bottom of a text page. However, <code>b</code> is not
-allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column
-output. To ameliorate this, use the <code>stfloats</code> or
-<code>dblfloatfix</code> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
-FAQ: <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</urefurl></url>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">h</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Here)&textmdash;at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment
-appears. However, <code>t</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
-automatically added.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141"><code>float</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>To absolutely force a figure to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can
-<code>\usepackage&lbrace;float&rbrace;</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
-defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
-<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</urefurl></url>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">p</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate float page, which is a page
-containing no text, only floats.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">!</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, &latex;
-ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear
-and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page.
-The <code>!</code> specifier does <emph>not</emph> mean &textldquo;put the float here&textrdquo;;
-see above.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-
-<para>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default placement
-<code>tbp</code>.
-</para>
-<para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands,
-etc.&noeos; you wish.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="183">\caption</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption <var>text</var> for the
-figure. The caption is numbered by default. If <var>loftitle</var> is
-present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <var>text</var>
-(<pxref label="Tables-of-contents"><xrefnodename>Tables of contents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-</para>
-<para>Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
-non-float text:
-</para>
-<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<beforefirstitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
-the bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>.
-</para>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="185">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
-default <samp>.5</samp>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="186">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
-much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
-different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>.
+<para>or
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="187">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
-floats; default <samp>.7</samp>.
-</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;figure*&rbrace;[<var>placement</var>]
+ figure body
+\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;
+\label&lbrace;<var>label&rbrace;</var>
+\end&lbrace;figure*&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
-<para>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats:
+<para>A class of floats (<pxref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></pxref>). Because they cannot be split across
+pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
+are &textldquo;floated&textrdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a following
+page.
</para>
-<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="188">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
-<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>.
+<para>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the
+float placement algorithm, see <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
-<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> and <samp>11pt</samp> styles,
-<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>.
+<para>The starred form <code>figure*</code> is used when a document is in
+double-column mode (<pxref label="_005ctwocolumn"><xrefnodename>\twocolumn</xrefnodename></pxref>). It produces a figure that
+spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of
+placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</code>
+in <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="190">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
-default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>.
-</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-
-<para>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page:
+<para>The figure body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
+and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
</para>
-<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
-default 1.
+<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross-references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
+references</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
+figure. By default it is numbered. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is
+used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Tables-of-contents"><xrefnodename>Tables of
+contents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="192">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
-two-column page; default 2.
+<para>This example makes a figure out of a graphic. It requires one of the
+packages <file>graphics</file> or <file>graphicx</file>. The graphic, with its
+caption, will be placed at the top of a page or, if it is pushed to the
+end of the document, on a page of floats.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="193">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
-default 2.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="194">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
-</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;figure&rbrace;[t]
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]&lbrace;CTANlion.png&rbrace;
+ \caption&lbrace;The CTAN lion, by Duane Bibby&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
-<para>The principal &tex; FAQ entry relating to floats:
-<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</urefurl></url>.
-</para>
</section>
<node name="filecontents" spaces=" "><nodename>filecontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushleft</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">figure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code>: Create external files</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="195">filecontents</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">external files, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code>: Write an external file</sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241">filecontents</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;filecontents&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
-<var>contents-of-file</var>
+ <var>text</var>
\end&lbrace;filecontents&rbrace;
-...
-\documentclass&lbrace;<var>my-document-class</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">initial command</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="196">\documentclass, commands before</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>filecontents</code> environment is an <dfn>initial command</dfn>,
-meaning that it can be used only before the <code>\documentclass</code>
-command, as in the synopsis above.
-</para>
-<para>&latex; will create a file named <var>filename</var> with the content
-<var>contents-of-file</var> preceded by a header comment indicating how and
-when the file was generated. If the file already exists then nothing will
-happen.
+<para>or
</para>
-<para>You can also use the <code>filecontents</code> package, which has the
-following advantages:
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;filecontents*&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+ <var>text</var>
+\end&lbrace;filecontents*&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Create a file named <var>filename</var> and fill it with <var>text</var>. The
+unstarred version of the environment <code>filecontents</code> prefixes the
+content of the created file with a header; see the example below. The
+starred version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
</para>
-<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" ">
-<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<para>If the file already exists, then it will be overwritten.
+<para>This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it often
+appears before the <code>\documentclass</code> command. It is typically used
+when a source file requires a nonstandard style or class file. The
+environment will write that file to the directory containing the source
+and thus make the source file self-contained. Another use is to include
+<code>bib</code> references in the file, again to make it self-contained.
</para>
-</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<para>You can use the <code>filecontents</code> environment at any point after the
-declaration <code>\usepackage&lbrace;filecontents&rbrace;</code>, not just before
-<code>\documentclass</code>.
+<para>The environment checks whether a file of that name already exists and if
+so, does not do anything. There is a <file>filecontents</file> package that
+redefines the <code>filecontents</code> environment so that instead of doing
+nothing in that case, it will overwrite the existing file.
</para>
-</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<para>The <code>filecontents</code> package also provides a <code>filecontents*</code>
-environment which is used in the same way as the <code>filecontents</code>
-environment except that it won&textrsquo;t insert any leading comment, so it is
-better suited to create files which aren&textrsquo;t in &latex; format.
+<para>For example, this document
</para>
-</listitem></itemize>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;filecontents&rbrace;&lbrace;JH.sty&rbrace;
+\newcommand&lbrace;\myname&rbrace;&lbrace;Jim Hef&lbrace;&rbrace;feron&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;filecontents&rbrace;
+\usepackage&lbrace;JH&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+Article by \myname.
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>filecontents</code> environment only creates the file, and is
-unrelated to using the created file. So you need to use, for
-instance, <code>\input</code> or <code>\usepackage</code> or <code>\bibliography</code>
-or whatever is applicable, to use the created file.
-</para>
-<para>This environment is also useful to make a document in a self-contained
-file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the content of a
-<file>.bib</file> file in the same file as the main document.
+<para>produces this file <file>JH.sty</file>.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">%% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty'
+%% generated by the `filecontents' environment
+%% from source `test' on 2015/10/12.
+%%
+\newcommand&lbrace;\myname&rbrace;&lbrace;Jim Hef&lbrace;&rbrace;feron&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="flushleft" spaces=" "><nodename>flushleft</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushright</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">filecontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="197">flushleft <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242">flushleft <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
@@ -1979,10 +2684,10 @@ file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the content of a
\end&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
-right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
+right. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedright</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
@@ -1991,10 +2696,11 @@ right Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005craggedright" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedright</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushleft</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="199">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="244">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\raggedright</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushleft</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
@@ -2011,9 +2717,10 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
</section>
<node name="flushright" spaces=" "><nodename>flushright</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">itemize</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushleft</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="200">flushright <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245">flushright <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
@@ -2023,10 +2730,10 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
\end&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="201">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="246">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
-left. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
+left. Each line must be terminated with the control sequence <code>\\</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedleft</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
@@ -2035,10 +2742,11 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005craggedleft" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedleft</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushright</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration corresponds to the
<code>flushright</code> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
@@ -2055,11 +2763,12 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
</section>
<node name="itemize" spaces=" "><nodename>itemize</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">letter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushright</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>itemize</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="203">itemize <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248">itemize <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2088,10 +2797,10 @@ There must be at least one <code>\item</code> command within the environment.
</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period)
</para></listitem></enumerate>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="205">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="207">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="250">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="252">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code>
through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label. So, you can
use <code>\renewcommand</code> to change the labels. For instance, to have
@@ -2101,13 +2810,13 @@ the first level use diamonds:
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelitemi&rbrace;&lbrace;$\diamond$&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="209">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="211">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="213">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="214">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="254">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="256">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="258">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="260">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code> parameters define
the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the list. By convention, <code>\leftmargin</code> is set
@@ -2126,20 +2835,20 @@ This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:
<para>Some parameters that affect list formatting:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="216">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="261">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="217">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="262">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Space between the label and text of an item; default <samp>.5em</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="218">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="263">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the label; default <samp>2em</samp>, or <samp>1.5em</samp> in two-column mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="219">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="264">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
list item; default <samp>0pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="220">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="265">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
enclosing environment; default <samp>0pt</samp>, except in the <code>quote</code>,
<code>quotation</code>, and <code>verse</code> environments, where it is set equal
@@ -2151,23 +2860,23 @@ to <code>\leftmargin</code>.
loose, by default).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="221">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="266">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between items. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt
minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="222">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="267">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults
are the same as <code>\itemsep</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="223">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="268">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
For top-level lists, the default is <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for
<code>10pt</code> documents, <code>9pt plus3pt minus5pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>,
and <code>10pt plus4pt minus6pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>. These are reduced
for nested lists.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="224">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="269">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Extra space added to <code>\topsep</code> when the list environment starts a
paragraph. The default is <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>10pt</code>
documents, <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>3pt
@@ -2175,7 +2884,7 @@ plus2pt minus2pt</code> for <code>12pt</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="225">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
@@ -2195,7 +2904,8 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
</section>
<node name="letter" spaces=" "><nodename>letter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">list</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">itemize</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226">letter</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271">letter <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>This environment is used for creating letters. <xref label="Letters"><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
@@ -2203,8 +2913,9 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
</section>
<node name="list" spaces=" "><nodename>list</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">math</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">letter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>list</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="227">list</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272">list</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
@@ -2230,13 +2941,58 @@ empty, i.e., <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which leaves the default spacing.
<para>The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by
<code>\linewidth</code> (<pxref label="Page-layout-parameters"><xrefnodename>Page layout parameters</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\item</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">An entry in a list.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005citem" spaces=" "><nodename>\item</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">list</nodeup></node>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\item text of item
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or
+</para><example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\item[<var>optional label</var>] text of item
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default
+depends on the list type.
+</para>
+<para>Because the optional argument <var>optional label</var> is surrounded by
+square brackets&nbsp;(<code>[</code> and <code>]</code>), to use square brackets
+inside the optional argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as
+in <code>\item[Close square bracket, &lbrace;]&rbrace;]</code>. Similarly, to use an open
+square bracket as first character in the text of the item, also hide it
+inside curly braces. <xref label="LaTeX-command-syntax"><xrefnodename>&latex; command syntax</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+<para>In this example the <code>enumerate</code> list has two items that use the
+default label and one that uses the optional label.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
+ \item Moe
+ \item[sometimes] Shemp
+ \item Larry
+\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The first item is labelled <samp>1.</samp>, the second item is labelled
+<samp>sometimes</samp>, and the third item is labelled <samp>2.</samp> (note that,
+because of the optional label in the second item, the third item does
+not get a <samp>3.</samp>).
+</para>
+
</section>
<node name="math" spaces=" "><nodename>math</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">minipage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">list</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>math</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="228">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">in-line formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">in-line formulas</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2247,7 +3003,7 @@ empty, i.e., <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which leaves the default spacing.
</pre></example>
<para>The <code>math</code> environment inserts the given <var>math</var> within the
-running text. <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
+running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
<xref label="Math-formulas"><xrefnodename>Math formulas</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
@@ -2255,8 +3011,8 @@ running text. <code>\(...\))</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
<node name="minipage" spaces=" "><nodename>minipage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">picture</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">math</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>minipage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="229">minipage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274">minipage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;[<var>position</var>][<var>height</var>][<var>inner-pos</var>]&lbrace;<var>width</var>&rbrace;
@@ -2272,15 +3028,15 @@ other paragraph-making environments can be used inside a minipage.
<!-- c (xxref positions) -->
<para>The arguments are the same as for <code>\parbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cparbox"><xrefnodename>\parbox</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
<para>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <code>minipage</code>
environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;1pc&rbrace;</code> command.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
@@ -2293,20 +3049,20 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="picture" spaces=" "><nodename>picture</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quotation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">minipage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
+<node name="picture" spaces=" "><nodename>picture</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quotation and quote</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">minipage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>picture</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="231">picture</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276">picture</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>)
&dots; <var>picture commands</var> &dots;
\end&lbrace;picture&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just about any
kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying
@@ -2321,22 +3077,23 @@ centimeters.
<code>\setlength</code> command, outside of a <code>picture</code> environment.
The default value is <code>1pt</code>.
</para>
-<para>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>A <dfn>position</dfn> is a pair of coordinates, such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying
the point with x-coordinate <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>.
Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that
when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces;
the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
</para>
-<para>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
-<code>position</code>. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
-produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
-argument&textrsquo;s x- and y-coordinates.
+<para>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument which is a
+position (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>), which specifies the size of the
+picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with these
+<var>width</var> and <var>height</var>.
</para>
-<para>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional <code>position</code>
-argument, following the <code>size</code> argument, that can change the
-origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
-contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
+<para>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional position argument
+(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>), following the size argument, that can
+change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument
+is not contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
(thereby determining the origin). For example, if <code>\unitlength</code>
has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the command
@@ -2370,7 +3127,7 @@ command. The command
picture, with its reference point at coordinates <math>(11.3,-.3)</math>.
The reference points for various objects will be described below.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="233">lR box</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278">lR box</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn>. You can put anything
that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox"><xrefnodename>\mbox</xrefnodename></pxref>) in the text argument of
the <code>\put</code> command. When you do this, the reference point will
@@ -2398,10 +3155,12 @@ be the lower left corner of the box.
<node name="_005ccircle" spaces=" "><nodename>\circle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\circle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234">\circle</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279">\circle</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
-</para><example endspaces=" ">
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\circle[*]&lbrace;<var>diameter</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -2415,10 +3174,12 @@ draws a solid circle.
</subsection>
<node name="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\circle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
-</para><example endspaces=" ">
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\makebox(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>position</var>]&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -2450,7 +3211,8 @@ your <var>text</var> appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
</subsection>
<node name="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\framebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dashbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2462,8 +3224,8 @@ your <var>text</var> appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
that it creates.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness
<code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> between the rule
and the contents of the box.
@@ -2473,7 +3235,7 @@ and the contents of the box.
<node name="_005cdashbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\dashbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frame</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dashbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2493,7 +3255,8 @@ multiples of the <var>dlen</var>.
</subsection>
<node name="_005cframe" spaces=" "><nodename>\frame</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\dashbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frame</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240">\frame</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285">\frame</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2509,7 +3272,8 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
</subsection>
<node name="_005cline" spaces=" "><nodename>\line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linethickness</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frame</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\line</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241">\line</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286">\line</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2520,8 +3284,8 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
<para>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line with the given <var>length</var> and
slope <var>xslope</var>/<var>yslope</var>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <math><var>slope</var> = x/y</math>,
where <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> have integer values from &minus;6
through&nbsp;6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes,
@@ -2531,7 +3295,8 @@ see <code>pict2e</code> and many other packages on CTAN.
</subsection>
<node name="_005clinethickness" spaces=" "><nodename>\linethickness</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thicklines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linethickness</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\linethickness&lbrace;<var>dim</var>&rbrace;</code> command declares the thickness
of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
@@ -2544,7 +3309,8 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code>.
</subsection>
<node name="_005cthicklines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thicklines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinlines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\linethickness</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thicklines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\thicklines</code> command is an alternate line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
@@ -2554,7 +3320,8 @@ cf.&nbsp;<ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnoden
</subsection>
<node name="_005cthinlines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinlines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\multiput</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thicklines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinlines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="244">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\thinlines</code> command is the default line thickness for
horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
@@ -2564,10 +3331,12 @@ cf.&nbsp;<ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnoden
</subsection>
<node name="_005cmultiput" spaces=" "><nodename>\multiput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\oval</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinlines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multiput</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
-</para><example endspaces=" ">
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\multiput(<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)(<var>delta_x</var>,<var>delta_y</var>)&lbrace;<var>n</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>obj</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -2580,7 +3349,8 @@ pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position
</subsection>
<node name="_005coval" spaces=" "><nodename>\oval</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\put</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multiput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\oval</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="246">\oval</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291">\oval</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2588,21 +3358,24 @@ pattern across a picture. <var>obj</var> is first placed at position
<pre xml:space="preserve">\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>]
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.
-The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to select part of the
+<para>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The
+optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to produce only half of the
oval via the following:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the top portion;
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the top half;
</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the bottom portion;
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the bottom half;
</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">r</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the right portion;
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the right half;
</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">l</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the left portion.
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>selects the left half.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
+<para>It is also possible to produce only one quarter of the oval by setting
+<var>portion</var> to <code>tr</code>, <code>br</code>, <code>bl</code>, or <code>tl</code>.
+</para>
<para>The &textldquo;corners&textrdquo; of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
maximum radius of 20<dmn>pt</dmn>, so large &textldquo;ovals&textrdquo; will look more like
boxes with rounded corners.
@@ -2611,7 +3384,8 @@ boxes with rounded corners.
</subsection>
<node name="_005cput" spaces=" "><nodename>\put</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\shortstack</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\oval</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\put</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247">\put</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292">\put</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2627,7 +3401,8 @@ boxes with rounded corners.
</subsection>
<node name="_005cshortstack" spaces=" "><nodename>\shortstack</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vector</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\put</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\shortstack</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2647,14 +3422,15 @@ positions are:
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Objects are separated with <code>\\</code>.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005cvector" spaces=" "><nodename>\vector</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\shortstack</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vector</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="250">\vector</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295">\vector</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2669,13 +3445,17 @@ values must lie between &minus;4 and +4, inclusive.
</subsection>
</section>
-<node name="quotation" spaces=" "><nodename>quotation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quote</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">picture</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quotation</code></sectiontitle>
+<node name="quotation-and-quote" spaces=" "><nodename>quotation and quote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabbing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">picture</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quotation</code> and <code>quote</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251">quotation</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296">quotation</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297">quote</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2685,24 +3465,7 @@ values must lie between &minus;4 and +4, inclusive.
\end&lbrace;quotation&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The margins of the <code>quotation</code> environment are indented on both
-the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins.
-Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
-</para>
-<para>Unlike the <code>quote</code> environment, each paragraph is indented
-normally.
-</para>
-
-</section>
-<node name="quote" spaces=" "><nodename>quote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabbing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">quotation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quote</code></sectiontitle>
-
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="252">quote</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>Synopsis:
+<para>or
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;quote&rbrace;
@@ -2710,21 +3473,39 @@ normally.
\end&lbrace;quote&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The margins of the <code>quote</code> environment are indented on both the
-left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a
-blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
+<para>Include a quotation.
+</para>
+<para>In both environments, margins are indented on both sides by
+<code>\leftmargin</code> and the text is justified at both. As with the main
+text, leaving a blank line produces a new paragraph.
</para>
-<para>Unlike the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are not indented.
+<para>To compare the two: in the <code>quotation</code> environment, paragraphs are
+indented by 1.5<dmn>em</dmn> and the space between paragraphs is small,
+<code>0pt plus 1pt</code>. In the <code>quote</code> environment, paragraphs are
+not indented and there is vertical space between paragraphs (it is the
+rubber length <code>\parsep</code>). Thus, the <code>quotation</code> environment
+may be more suitable for documents where new paragraphs are marked by an
+indent rather than by a vertical separation. In addition, <code>quote</code>
+may be more suitable for a short quotation or a sequence of short
+quotations.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;quotation&rbrace;
+\it Four score and seven years ago
+ .. shall not perish from the earth.
+\hspace&lbrace;1em plus 1fill&rbrace;---Abraham Lincoln
+\end&lbrace;quotation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
-<node name="tabbing" spaces=" "><nodename>tabbing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">quote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
+<node name="tabbing" spaces=" "><nodename>tabbing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">quotation and quote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabbing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253">tabbing <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298">tabbing <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2747,37 +3528,37 @@ environment.
<para>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> environment:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="254">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="299">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>End a line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="255">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="300">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="256">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="301">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
<para>Advances to the next tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="258">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="303">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="259">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="304">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="260">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="305">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="261">\&textrsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="306">\&textrsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
-current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>,
+current column, i.e., everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>,
<code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the right
of the previous column, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="262">\&textlsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="307">\&textlsquo; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last column
because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves all the
@@ -2786,29 +3567,29 @@ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or <code>\'</code> command between
the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="263">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="264">\a&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265">\a&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="308">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309">\a&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310">\a&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead,
the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="267">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="312">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code>
except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code>
commands in that line remain in effect.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="268">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="313">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
<para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="270">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="315">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="271">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="316">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <code>\'</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -2832,50 +3613,70 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
<node name="table" spaces=" "><nodename>table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabular</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabbing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>table</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272">table</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317">table</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve"> \begin&lbrace;table&rbrace;[placement]
-
- body of the table
-
- \caption&lbrace;table title&rbrace;
- \end&lbrace;table&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;table&rbrace;[<var>placement</var>]
+ table body
+\caption[<var>loftitle</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;
+\label&lbrace;<var>label&rbrace;</var>
+\end&lbrace;table&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
-usually &textldquo;floated&textrdquo; to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
-Tables will not be split between two pages.
+<para>A class of floats (<pxref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></pxref>). Because they cannot be split across
+pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead
+are &textldquo;floated&textrdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a following
+page.
</para>
-<para>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where &latex; will try
-to place your table. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put
-a float; these are the same as that used with the <code>figure</code>
-environment, and described there (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the
+float placement algorithm, see <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-<para>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> classes use the default
-placement <code>[tbp]</code>.
+<para>The table body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>
+and so it can contain text, commands, etc.
</para>
-<para>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc.,
-you wish. The <code>\caption</code> command allows you to title your table.
+<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross-references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
+references</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
+table. By default it is numbered. If <var>lottitle</var> is present, it is
+used in the list of tables instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Tables-of-contents"><xrefnodename>Tables of
+contents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
+<para>In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a page,
+unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;table&rbrace;[b]
+ \centering
+ \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;r|p&lbrace;2in&rbrace;&rbrace; \hline
+ One &amp;The loneliest number \\
+ Two &amp;Can be as sad as one.
+ It's the loneliest number since the number one.
+ \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+ \caption&lbrace;Cardinal virtues&rbrace;
+ \label&lbrace;tab:CardinalVirtues&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;table&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="tabular" spaces=" "><nodename>tabular</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">thebibliography</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabular</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273">tabular <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319">tabular <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;[pos]&lbrace;cols&rbrace;
-column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
-...
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;[<var>pos</var>]&lbrace;<var>cols</var>&rbrace;
+column 1 entry &amp;column 2 entry ... &amp;column n entry \\
+ ...
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -2883,44 +3684,61 @@ column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
<para>or
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular*&rbrace;&lbrace;width&rbrace;[pos]&lbrace;cols&rbrace;
-column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
-...
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular*&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>width</var>&rbrace;[<var>pos</var>]&lbrace;<var>cols</var>&rbrace;
+column 1 entry &amp;column 2 entry ... &amp;column n entry \\
+ ...
\end&lbrace;tabular*&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
-items, aligned vertically in columns.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\\</code> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
-except for the last, where it is optional&textmdash;unless an <code>\hline</code>
-command (to put a rule below the table) follows.
-</para>
-<para>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:
-</para>
-<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">width</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specifies the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. There must be
-rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified
-width.
+<para>These environments produce a table, a box consisting of a sequence of
+horizontal rows. Each row consists of items that are aligned vertically
+in columns. This illustrates many of the features.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pos</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of
-the environment.
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;l|l&rbrace;
+ \textit&lbrace;Player name&rbrace; &amp;\textit&lbrace;Career home runs&rbrace; \\
+ \hline
+ Hank Aaron &amp;755 \\
+ Babe Ruth &amp;714
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The vertical format of two left-aligned columns, with a vertical bar
+between them, is specified in <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s argument <code>&lbrace;l|l&rbrace;</code>.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320">&amp;</indexterm></findex>
+Columns are separated with an ampersand <code>&amp;</code>. A horizontal rule
+between two rows is created with <code>\hline</code>.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+The end of each row is marked with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
+This <code>\\</code> is optional after the last row unless an <code>\hline</code>
+command follows, to put a rule below the table.
</para>
-<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>align on top row
+<para>The required and optional arguments to <code>tabular</code> consist of:
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>align on bottom row
-</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cols</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
-following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
-intercolumn material.
+<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">width</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required for <code>tabular*</code>, not allowed for <code>tabular</code>. Specifies
+the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. The space between columns
+should be rubber, as with <code>&arobase;&lbrace;\extracolsep&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, to allow
+the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
+are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
+..</code> warning.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">pos</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional. Specifies the table&textrsquo;s vertical position. The default is to
+align the table so its vertical center matches the baseline of the
+surrounding text. There are two other possible alignments: <code>t</code>
+aligns the table so its top row matches the baseline of the surrounding
+text, and <code>b</code> aligns on the bottom row.
+</para>
+<para>This only has an effect if there is other text. In the common case of a
+<code>tabular</code> alone in a <code>center</code> environment this option makes
+no difference.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">cols</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required. Specifies the formatting of columns. It consists of a
+sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the types of
+column and intercolumn material.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">l</itemformat></item>
@@ -2935,46 +3753,88 @@ intercolumn material.
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">|</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">&arobase;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>This inserts <var>text</var> in every row. An &arobase;-expression suppresses the
-intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space
-before the adjacent item must be included in <var>text</var>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">&arobase;&lbrace;<var>text or space</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>This inserts <var>text or space</var> at this location in every row. The
+<var>text or space</var> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is
+fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given
-column, you have to load the <code>array</code> package and use the
-<code>&gt;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> specifier.
-<!-- c xx should fully explain array, tabularx, and all other base packages... -->
+<para>This specifier is optional: unless you put in your own &arobase;-expression
+then &latex;&textrsquo;s book, article, and report classes will put on either
+side of each column a space of length <code>\tabcolsep</code>, which by
+default is <samp>6pt</samp>. That is, by default adjacent columns are
+separated by 12pt (so <code>\tabcolsep</code> is misleadingly-named since it
+is not the separation between tabular columns). Also by default a space
+of 6pt comes before the first column as well as after the final column,
+unless you put a <code>&arobase;&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> or <code>|</code> there.
+</para>
+<para>If you override the default and use an &arobase;-expression then you must
+insert any desired space yourself, as in <code>&arobase;&lbrace;\hspace&lbrace;1em&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>An empty expression <code>&arobase;&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> will eliminate the space, including
+the space at the start or end, as in the example below where the tabular
+lines need to lie on the left margin.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
+ \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;&arobase;&lbrace;&rbrace;l&rbrace;
+ ..
+ \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>This example shows text, a decimal point, between the columns, arranged
+so the numbers in the table are aligned on that decimal point.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
-<para>An <code>\extracolsep&lbrace;wd&rbrace;</code> command in an &arobase;-expression causes an
-extra space of width <code>wd</code> to appear to the left of all subsequent
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;r&arobase;&lbrace;$.$&rbrace;l&rbrace;
+ $3$ &amp;$14$ \\
+ $9$ &amp;$80665$
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<para>An <code>\extracolsep&lbrace;<var>wd</var>&rbrace;</code> command in an &arobase;-expression causes an
+extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code> command.
-Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed
-by an &arobase;-expression. An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only
-in an &arobase;-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument.
+Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by
+an &arobase;-expression. An <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an
+&arobase;-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument. Below, &latex; inserts the
+right amount of intercolumn space to make the entire table 4 inches
+wide.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ \begin&lbrace;tabular*&rbrace;&lbrace;4in&rbrace;&lbrace;l&arobase;&lbrace;\ \ldots\extracolsep&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;&rbrace;l&rbrace;
+ Seven times down, eight times up
+ &amp;such is life!
+ \end&lbrace;tabular*&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>To insert commands that are automatically executed before a given
+column, load the <code>array</code> package and use the <code>&gt;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>
+specifier.
+<!-- c xx should fully explain array, tabularx, and all other base packages... -->
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">p&lbrace;<var>wd</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width
-<var>wd</var>, as if it were the argument of a
-<code>\parbox[t]&lbrace;<var>wd</var>&rbrace;</code> command. However, a <code>\\</code> may not
-appear in the item, except in the following situations:
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Each item in the column is typeset in a parbox of width <var>wd</var>.
+</para>
+<para>Note that a line break double backslash <code>\\</code> may not appear in the
+item, except inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>,
+or <code>tabular</code>, or inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>, or in the scope
+of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code>
+declaration (when used in a <code>p</code>-column element these declarations
+must appear inside braces, as with <code>&lbrace;\centering .. \\
+..&rbrace;</code>). Otherwise &latex; will misinterpret the double backslash as
+ending the row.
</para>
-<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
-<listitem>
-<para>inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, <code>array</code>, or <code>tabular</code>.
-</para></listitem><listitem>
-<para>inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>.
-</para></listitem><listitem>
-<para>in the scope of a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code>
-declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an
-environment when used in a <code>p</code>-column element.
-</para></listitem></enumerate>
-
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">*&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cols</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Equivalent to <var>num</var> copies of <var>cols</var>, where <var>num</var> is a
-positive integer and <var>cols</var> is any list of column-specifiers,
-which may contain another <code>*-expression</code>.
-</para>
+positive integer and <var>cols</var> is a list of specifiers. Thus
+<code>\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;|*&lbrace;3&rbrace;&lbrace;l|r&rbrace;|&rbrace;</code> is equivalent to
+<code>\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;|l|rl|rl|r|&rbrace;</code>. Note that <var>cols</var> may
+contain another <code>*-expression</code>.
+</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -2982,68 +3842,172 @@ which may contain another <code>*-expression</code>.
<!-- c xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? -->
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="276">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>, <code>\hline</code>, and
-<code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; the
-default is <samp>.4pt</samp>.
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="323">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
+<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
+environments. The default is <samp>.4pt</samp>. Change it as in
+<code>\setlength&lbrace;\arrayrulewidth&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="277">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
-environments; default is <samp>1</samp>, for no scaling.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="324">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
+<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is <samp>1</samp>, for
+no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\arraystretch&rbrace;&lbrace;1.2&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="278">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <code>||</code>
-in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments; default is <samp>2pt</samp>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="325">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
+<code>||</code> specifier. The default is <samp>2pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="279">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is <samp>6pt</samp>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="326">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
+<samp>6pt</samp>. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<para>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabular</code>
-environment:
+<para>The following commands can be used inside the body of a <code>tabular</code>
+environment, the first two inside an entry and the second two between
+lines:
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\multicolumn</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make an item spanning several columns.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\vline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a vertical line.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\cline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\vline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a vertical line.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="_005cmulticolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\multicolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cmulticolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\multicolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multicolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
-</para><example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\multicolumn&lbrace;<var>cols</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pos</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\multicolumn&lbrace;<var>numcols</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cols</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\multicolumn</code> command makes an entry that spans several
-columns. The first mandatory argument, <var>cols</var>, specifies the
-number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, <var>pos</var>,
-specifies the formatting of the entry; <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code>
-for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
-<var>text</var>, specifies what text to put in the entry.
+<para>Make an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> entry that spans several columns.
+The first argument <var>numcols</var> gives the number of columns to span.
+The second argument <var>cols</var> specifies the formatting of the entry,
+with <code>c</code> for centered, <code>l</code> for flush left, or <code>r</code> for
+flush right. The third argument <var>text</var> gives the contents of that
+entry.
</para>
-<para>Here&textrsquo;s an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
-<code>\multicolumn</code> is used for the heading:
+<para>In this example, in the first row, the second and third columns are
+spanned by the single heading <samp>Name</samp>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;r&arobase;&lbrace;--&rbrace;l&rbrace;
-\multicolumn&lbrace;2&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;&lbrace;\bf Unicode&rbrace;\cr
- 0x80&amp;0x7FF \cr
- 0x800&amp;0xFFFF \cr
-0x10000&amp;0x1FFFF \cr
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;lccl&rbrace;
+ \textit&lbrace;ID&rbrace; &amp;\multicolumn&lbrace;2&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;&lbrace;\textit&lbrace;Name&rbrace;&rbrace; &amp;\textit&lbrace;Age&rbrace; \\ \hline % row one
+ 978-0-393-03701-2 &amp;O'Brian &amp;Patrick &amp;55 \\ % row two
+ ..
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<para>What counts as a column is:&nbsp;the column format specifier for the
+<code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment is broken into parts, where
+each part (except the first) begins with <code>l</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>r</code>,
+or&nbsp;<code>p</code>. So from <code>\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;|r|ccp&lbrace;1.5in&rbrace;|&rbrace;</code>
+the parts are <code>|r|</code>, <code>c</code>, <code>c</code>,
+and&nbsp;<code>p&lbrace;1.5in&rbrace;|</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The <var>cols</var> argument overrides the <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code>
+environment&textrsquo;s intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn
+entry. To affect that area, this argument can contain vertical bars
+<code>|</code> indicating the placement of vertical rules, and <code>&arobase;&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>
+expressions. Thus if <var>cols</var> is <samp>|c|</samp> then this multicolumn
+entry will be centered and a vertical rule will come in the intercolumn
+area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;|cc|c|c|&rbrace;
+ \multicolumn&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;r&rbrace;&lbrace;w&rbrace; % entry one
+ &amp;\multicolumn&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;|r|&rbrace;&lbrace;x&rbrace; % entry two
+ &amp;\multicolumn&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;|r&rbrace;&lbrace;y&rbrace; % entry three
+ &amp;z % entry four
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+<para>Before the first entry the output will not have a vertical rule because
+the <code>\multicolumn</code> has the <var>cols</var> specifier <samp>r</samp> with no
+initial vertical bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a
+vertical rule; although the first <var>cols</var> does not have an ending
+vertical bar, the second <var>cols</var> does have a starting one. Between
+entry two and entry three there is a single vertical rule; despite that
+the <var>cols</var> in both of the surrounding <code>multicolumn</code>&textrsquo;s call for
+a vertical rule, you only get one rule. Between entry three and entry
+four there is no vertical rule; the default calls for one but the
+<var>cols</var> in the entry three <code>\multicolumn</code> leaves it out, and
+that takes precedence. Finally, following entry four there is a
+vertical rule because of the default.
+</para>
+<para>The number of spanned columns <var>numcols</var> can be 1. Besides giving
+the ability to change the horizontal alignment, this also is useful to
+override for one row the <code>tabular</code> definition&textrsquo;s default intercolumn
+area specification, including the placement of vertical rules.
+</para>
+<para>In the example below, in the <code>tabular</code> definition the first column
+is specified to default to left justified but in the first row the entry
+is centered with <code>\multicolumn&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;&lbrace;\textsc&lbrace;Period&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
+Also in the first row, the second and third columns are spanned by a
+single entry with <code>\multicolumn&lbrace;2&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;&lbrace;\textsc&lbrace;Span&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>,
+overriding the specification to center those two columns on the page
+range en-dash.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;l|r&arobase;&lbrace;--&rbrace;l&rbrace;
+ \multicolumn&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;&lbrace;\textsc&lbrace;Period&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ &amp;multicolumn&lbrace;2&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;&lbrace;\textsc&lbrace;Span&rbrace;&rbrace; \\ \hline
+ Baroque &amp;1600 &amp;1760 \\
+ Classical &amp;1730 &amp;1820 \\
+ Romantic &amp;1780 &amp;1910 \\
+ Impressionistic &amp;1875 &amp;1925
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Note that although the <code>tabular</code> specification by default puts a
+vertical rule between the first and second columns, because there is no
+vertical bar in the <var>cols</var> of either of the first row&textrsquo;s
+<code>\multicolumn</code> commands, no rule appears in the first row.
+</para>
</subsection>
-<node name="_005ccline" spaces=" "><nodename>\cline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multicolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cvline" spaces=" "><nodename>\vline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multicolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vline</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328">\vline</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment
+extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be used
+in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical bar&nbsp;<code>|</code> is
+more common. This command is rarely used; typically a table&textrsquo;s vertical
+lines are specified in <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s <var>cols</var> argument and
+overriden as needed with <code>\multicolumn</code>.
+</para>
+<para>This example illustrates some pitfalls. In the first line&textrsquo;s second
+entry the <code>\hfill</code> moves the <code>\vline</code> to the left edge of the
+cell. But that is different than putting it halfway between the two
+columns, so in that row between the first and second columns there are
+two vertical rules, with the one from the <code>&lbrace;c|cc&rbrace;</code> specifier
+coming before the one produced by the <code>\vline\hfill</code>. In contrast,
+the first line&textrsquo;s third entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar
+between two columns. In the second line, the <code>ghi</code> is the widest
+entry in its column so in the <code>\vline\hfill</code> the <code>\hfill</code> has
+no effect and the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next
+to the <code>g</code>, with no whitespace.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;c|cc&rbrace;
+ x &amp;\vline\hfill y &amp;\multicolumn&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;|r&rbrace;&lbrace;z&rbrace; \\
+ abc &amp;def &amp;\vline\hfill ghi
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005ccline" spaces=" "><nodename>\cline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281">\cline</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329">\cline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3051,40 +4015,55 @@ for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
<pre xml:space="preserve">\cline&lbrace;<var>i</var>-<var>j</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\cline</code> command draws horizontal lines across the columns
-specified, beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>,
-which are specified in the mandatory argument.
+<para>Draw a horizontal rule in an <code>array</code> or <code>tabular</code> environment
+beginning in column <var>i</var> and ending in column <var>j</var>. The
+dash&nbsp;<code>-</code> must appear in the mandatory argument. To span a
+single column use the number twice.
</para>
+<para>This example puts two horizontal lines between the first and second
+rows, one line in the first column only, and the other spanning the
+third and fourth columns. The two lines are side-by-side, at the same
+height.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;llrr&rbrace;
+ a &amp;b &amp;c &amp;d \\ \cline&lbrace;1-1&rbrace; \cline&lbrace;3-4&rbrace;
+ e &amp;f &amp;g &amp;h
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</subsection>
-<node name="_005chline" spaces=" "><nodename>\hline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005chline" spaces=" "><nodename>\hline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\cline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282">\hline</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\hline</code> command draws a horizontal line the width of the
-enclosing <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment. It&textrsquo;s most
-commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows
-of a table.
-</para>
-
-</subsection>
-<node name="_005cvline" spaces=" "><nodename>\vline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\hline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283">\vline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330">\hline</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line extending the full
-height and depth of its row. An <code>\hfill</code> command can be used to
-move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
-&arobase;-expression.
+<para>Draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
+<code>array</code> environment. It&textrsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the
+top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.
</para>
+<para>In this example the top of the table has two horizontal rules, one above
+the other, that span both columns. The bottom of the table has a single
+rule spanning both columns. Because of the <code>\hline</code>, the
+<code>tabular</code> second row&textrsquo;s line ending double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>
+is required.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;ll&rbrace; \hline\hline
+ Baseball &amp;Red Sox \\
+ Basketball &amp;Celtics \\ \hline
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</subsection>
</section>
<node name="thebibliography" spaces=" "><nodename>thebibliography</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">theorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabular</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>thebibliography</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284">thebibliography</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331">thebibliography <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3124,10 +4103,11 @@ less than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
<node name="_005cbibitem" spaces=" "><nodename>\bibitem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cite</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bibitem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
-</para><example endspaces=" ">
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]&lbrace;<var>cite_key</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -3149,12 +4129,12 @@ associated label.
<node name="_005ccite" spaces=" "><nodename>\cite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nocite</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bibitem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286">\cite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333">\cite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]&lbrace;<var>keys</var>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\cite[<var>subcite</var>]&lbrace;<var>keys</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>The <var>keys</var> argument is a list of one or more citation keys,
@@ -3170,23 +4150,24 @@ citation. For example, <code>\cite[p.~314]&lbrace;knuth&rbrace;</code> might pr
</subsection>
<node name="_005cnocite" spaces=" "><nodename>\nocite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Using BibTeX</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nocite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\nocite&lbrace;key_list&rbrace;</code>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para><code>\nocite&lbrace;<var>keys</var>&rbrace;</code>
</para>
-<para>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <code>key_list</code>,
-which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <file>.aux</file> file.
+<para>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes <var>keys</var>,
+which is a list of one or more citation keys, to the <file>.aux</file> file.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="Using-BibTeX" spaces=" "><nodename>Using BibTeX</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nocite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Using Bib&tex;</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
<para>If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly
recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
@@ -3233,8 +4214,8 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> and
<node name="theorem" spaces=" "><nodename>theorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">titlepage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>theorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290">theorem <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337">theorem <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3254,9 +4235,9 @@ possibilities for <var>n</var> are described under <code>\newtheorem</code>
<node name="titlepage" spaces=" "><nodename>titlepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verbatim</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">theorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>titlepage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291">titlepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338">titlepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3280,12 +4261,12 @@ produce a standard title page without a <code>titlepage</code> environment.
<node name="verbatim" spaces=" "><nodename>verbatim</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verse</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">titlepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verbatim</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292">verbatim <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339">verbatim <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3310,8 +4291,8 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter.
<node name="_005cverb" spaces=" "><nodename>\verb</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">verbatim</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\verb</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293">\verb</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340">\verb</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3326,7 +4307,7 @@ including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
<code>\verb*</code> and the delimiter <var>char</var>, which begins and ends the
verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
&textldquo;visible space&textrdquo; character.
<tex endspaces=" ">
@@ -3339,8 +4320,8 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
<node name="verse" spaces=" "><nodename>verse</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">verbatim</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verse</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294">verse <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341">verse <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3355,7 +4336,7 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>.
<para>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
other uses for it.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each
stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
@@ -3366,17 +4347,17 @@ stanzas.
</chapter>
<node name="Line-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Line breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Environments</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Line breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
(and these lines must be broken into pages).
</para>
-<para>&latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in
-some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
-<code>\\</code> command, and you can always manually force breaks.
+<para>&latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking in the text body for
+you but in some environments you manually force line breaks.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\\</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a new line.
@@ -3391,26 +4372,55 @@ some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
<node name="_005c_005c" spaces=" "><nodename>\\</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\\</code>[*][<var>morespace</var>]</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\\</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <code>\\</code> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an
-optional argument, <var>morespace</var>, that specifies how much extra
-vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
-negative amount.
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
-<para>The <code>\\*</code> command is the same as the ordinary <code>\\</code> command
-except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line.
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\\[<var>morespace</var>]
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\\*[<var>morespace</var>]
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Start a new line. The optional argument <var>morespace</var> specifies extra
+vertical space to be insert before the next line. This can be a
+negative length. The text before the break is set at its normal length,
+that is, it is not stretched to fill out the line width.
+</para>
+<para>Explicit line breaks in the text body are unusual in &latex;. In
+particular, to start a new paragraph instead leave a blank line. This
+command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text such as in
+a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment.
+</para>
+<para>Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a <code>p&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> column
+in a <code>tabular</code> environment) the <code>\newline</code> command is a synonym for
+<code>\\</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewline"><xrefnodename>\newline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>In addition to starting a new line, the starred form <code>\\*</code> tells
+&latex; not to start a new page between the two lines, by issuing a
+<code>\nobreak</code>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\title&lbrace;My story: \\[0.25in]
+ a tale of woe&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" spaces=" "><nodename>\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\\</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file
(<samp>^^M</samp>, internally) the same as <code>\\</code> (followed by
@@ -3423,19 +4433,37 @@ in the output.
</section>
<node name="_005cnewline" spaces=" "><nodename>\newline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299">\newline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <code>\newline</code> command breaks the line at the present point, with
-no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph
-mode.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346">\newline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>In ordinary text this is equivalent to double-backslash (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>); it
+breaks a line, with no stretching of the text before it.
+</para>
+<para>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, in a column with a
+specifier producing a paragraph box, like typically <code>p&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>,
+<code>\newline</code> will insert a line break inside of the column, that is,
+it does not break the entire row. To break the entire row use <code>\\</code>
+or its equivalent <code>\tabularnewline</code>.
+</para>
+<para>This will print <samp>Name:</samp> and <samp>Address:</samp> as two lines in a
+single cell of the table.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;p&lbrace;1in&rbrace;&lbrace;\hspace&lbrace;2in&rbrace;&rbrace;p&lbrace;1in&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ Name: \newline Address: &amp;Date: \\ \hline
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <samp>Date:</samp> will be baseline-aligned with <samp>Name:</samp>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fussy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\-</code> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at
that point. &latex; is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds
@@ -3448,11 +4476,11 @@ hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.
</para>
-
</section>
<node name="_005cfussy" spaces=" "><nodename>\fussy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sloppy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fussy</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
<para>The declaration <code>\fussy</code> (which is the default) makes &tex;
picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between
@@ -3466,6 +4494,8 @@ words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
<node name="_005csloppy" spaces=" "><nodename>\sloppy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fussy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sloppy</code></sectiontitle>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349">\sloppy</indexterm></findex>
+
<para>The declaration <code>\sloppy</code> makes &tex; less fussy about line
breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
interword spacing.
@@ -3476,8 +4506,9 @@ interword spacing.
</section>
<node name="_005chyphenation" spaces=" "><nodename>\hyphenation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\sloppy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hyphenation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3500,10 +4531,11 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words):
</section>
<node name="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -3526,8 +4558,9 @@ from a demand to a request. The <var>priority</var> must be a number from
</chapter>
<node name="Page-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Page breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically,
@@ -3545,49 +4578,54 @@ but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
<node name="_005ccleardoublepage" spaces=" "><nodename>\cleardoublepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\clearpage</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cleardoublepage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page and causes all
-figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
-In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
-(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
+the pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
+input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the
+next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if
+necessary.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cclearpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\clearpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newpage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cleardoublepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\clearpage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all
-figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and causes all the
+pending floating figures and tables that have so far appeared in the
+input to be printed.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cnewpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\newpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\clearpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newpage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page, but does not clear
-floats (see <code>\clearpage</code> above).
+floats (<pxref label="_005cclearpage"><xrefnodename>\clearpage</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cenlargethispage" spaces=" "><nodename>\enlargethispage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enlargethispage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\enlargethispage&lbrace;size&rbrace;</code>
</para>
<para><code>\enlargethispage*&lbrace;size&rbrace;</code>
</para>
<para>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the specified
-amount; e.g. <code>\enlargethispage&lbrace;\baselineskip&rbrace;</code> will allow one
+amount; e.g., <code>\enlargethispage&lbrace;\baselineskip&rbrace;</code> will allow one
additional line.
</para>
<para>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
@@ -3598,10 +4636,11 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
</section>
<node name="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="358">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -3625,25 +4664,43 @@ insistent the request is.
</chapter>
<node name="Footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Definitions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced
-with one command, the <code>\footnote</code> command. They can also be
-produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the
-<code>\footnotetext</code> commands.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Place a numbered footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">No<accent type="uml">e</accent>l Coward quipped that having to read a footnote is like having
+to go downstairs to answer the door, while in the midst of making
+love.\footnote&lbrace;I wouldn't know, I don't read footnotes.&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>You can place multiple footnotes on a page. If the text becomes too long
+it will flow to the next page.
+</para>
+<para>You can also produce footnotes by combining the <code>\footnotemark</code> and
+the <code>\footnotetext</code> commands, which is useful in special
+circumstances.
+</para>
+<para>To make bibliographic references come out as footnotes you need to
+include a bibliographic style with that behavior.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnote</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert a footnote.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnotemark</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote mark only.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnotetext</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote text only.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Symbolic footnotes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnote parameters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Parameters for footnote formatting.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnote</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert a footnote.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnotemark</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote mark only.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\footnotetext</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert footnote text only.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnotes in a table</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Table footnotes.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnotes in section headings</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Chapter or section titles.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnotes of footnotes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Multiple classes of footnotes.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Multiple reference to footnotes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Referring to a footnote more than once.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Footnote parameters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Parameters for footnote formatting.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cfootnote" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnote</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="359">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3651,91 +4708,253 @@ produced with two commands, the <code>\footnotemark</code> and the
<pre xml:space="preserve">\footnote[<var>number</var>]&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\footnote</code> command places the numbered footnote <var>text</var>
-at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument <var>number</var>
-changes the default footnote number.
+<para>Place a numbered footnote <var>text</var> at the bottom of the current page.
</para>
-<para>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
-cannot use it in sectioning commands like <code>\chapter</code>, in figures,
-tables or in a <code>tabular</code> environment. (See following sections.)
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's
+\textit&lbrace;Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire&rbrace;.\footnote&lbrace;After
+reading an early version with endnotes David Hume complained,
+``One is also plagued with his Notes, according to the present Method
+of printing the Book'' and suggested that they ``only to be printed
+at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The optional argument <var>number</var> allows you to specify the footnote
+number. If you use this option then the footnote number counter is not
+incremented, and if you do not use it then the counter is incremented.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="360">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Change how &latex; shows the footnote counter with something like
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\thefootnote&rbrace;&lbrace;\fnsymbol&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which
+uses a sequence of symbols (<pxref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman
+\fnsymbol</xrefnodename></pxref>). To make this change global put that in the preamble. If
+you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
+<code>\setcounter&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&lbrace;0&rbrace;</code>. By default &latex; uses arabic
+numbers.
+</para>
+<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default puts many restrictions on where you can use a
+<code>\footnote</code>; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
+sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
+paragraph mode). There are some workarounds; see following sections.
<!-- c xx mention packages that fix this -->
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">Footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
+command uses the <code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the
+<code>footnote</code> counter, so they are numbered independently. They are
+shown at the bottom of the environment, not at the bottom of the page.
+And by default they are shown alphabetically. <xref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cfootnotemark" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotemark</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotemark</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
-<para>With no optional argument, the <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the
-current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in
-inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately,
-with the <code>\footnotetext</code> command.
-</para>
-<para>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
-markers referring to the same footnote with
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;]
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\footnotemark
+\footnotemark[<var>number</var>]
</pre></example>
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>after the first <code>\footnote</code> command.
+<para>Put the current footnote number in the
+text. (See&nbsp;<ref label="_005cfootnotetext"><xrefnodename>\footnotetext</xrefnodename></ref> for giving the text of the footnote
+separately.) The version with the optional argument <var>number</var> uses
+that number to determine the mark printed. This command can be used in
+inner paragraph mode.
+</para>
+<para>This example gives the same institutional affiliation to both the first
+and third authors (<code>\thanks</code> is a version of <code>footnote</code>).
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\title&lbrace;A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem&rbrace;
+\author&lbrace;J Moriarty\thanks&lbrace;University of Leeds&rbrace;
+ \and A C Doyle\thanks&lbrace;Durham University&rbrace;
+ \and S Holmes\footnotemark[1]&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+\maketitle
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>If you use <code>\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it
+increments the footnote counter but if you use the optional <var>number</var>
+then it does not. This produces several consecutive footnote markers
+referring to the same footnote.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">The first theorem\footnote&lbrace;Due to Gauss.&rbrace;
+and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;]
+and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;]
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
-<node name="_005cfootnotetext" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotetext</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Symbolic footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cfootnotetext" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotetext</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotetext</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Synopsis:
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis, one of:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\footnotetext&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Place <var>text</var> at the bottom of the page as a footnote. This command
+can come anywhere after the <code>\footnotemark</code> command. The optional
+argument <var>number</var> changes the displayed footnote number. The
+<code>\footnotetext</code> command must appear in outer paragraph mode.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="Footnotes-in-a-table" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in a table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in a table</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">Footnotes, in a table</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Inside a <code>table</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command does not
+work. For instance, if the code below appears on its own then the
+footnote simply disappears; there is a footnote mark in the table cell
+but nothing is set at the bottom of the page.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\footnotetext[<var>number</var>]&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;l|l&rbrace;
+ \textsc&lbrace;Ship&rbrace; &amp;\textsc&lbrace;Book&rbrace; \\ \hline
+ \textit&lbrace;HMS Sophie&rbrace; &amp;Master and Commander \\
+ \textit&lbrace;HMS Polychrest&rbrace; &amp;Post Captain \\
+ \textit&lbrace;HMS Lively&rbrace; &amp;Post Captain \\
+ \textit&lbrace;HMS Surprise&rbrace; &amp;A number of books\footnote&lbrace;Starting with HMS Surprise.&rbrace;
+ \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\footnotetext</code> command places <var>text</var> at the bottom of
-the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the
-<code>\footnotemark</code> command. The <code>\footnotetext</code> command must
-appear in outer paragraph mode.
+<para>The solution is to surround the <code>tabular</code> environment with a
+<code>minipage</code> environment, as here (<pxref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the default footnote number.
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+ \begin&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;&lbrace;.5\textwidth&rbrace;
+ .. tabular material ..
+ \end&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The same technique will work inside a floating <code>table</code> environment
+(<pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>). To get the footnote at the bottom of the page use the
+<file>tablefootnote</file> package, as illustrated in this example. If you
+put <code>\usepackage&lbrace;tablefootnote&rbrace;</code> in the preamble and use the code
+shown then the footnote appears at the bottom and is numbered in
+sequence with other footnotes.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;table&rbrace;
+ \centering
+ \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;l|l&rbrace;
+ \textsc&lbrace;Date&rbrace; &amp;\textsc&lbrace;Campaign&rbrace; \\ \hline
+ 1862 &amp;Fort Donelson \\
+ 1863 &amp;Vicksburg \\
+ 1865 &amp;Army of Northern Virginia\footnote&lbrace;Ending the war.&rbrace;
+ \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+ \caption&lbrace;Forces captured by US Grant&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;table&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
-<node name="Symbolic-footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Symbolic footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnote parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Symbolic footnotes</sectiontitle>
+<node name="Footnotes-in-section-headings" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in section headings</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes of footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in section headings</sectiontitle>
+
+<para>Putting a footnote in a section heading
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\section&lbrace;Full sets\protect\footnote&lbrace;This material is due to R~Jones.&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing
-numbers, redefine <code>\thefootnote</code> like this:
+<para>causes the footnote to appear both at the bottom of the page where the
+section starts and at the bottom of the table of contents page. To have
+it not appear on the table of contents use the package <file>footmisc</file>
+with the <code>stable</code> option.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\thefootnote&rbrace;&lbrace;\fnsymbol&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[stable]&lbrace;footmisc&rbrace;
+ ..
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+ ..
+\section&lbrace;Full sets\footnote&lbrace;This material is due to R~Jones.&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\fnsymbol</code> command produces a predefined series of symbols
-(<pxref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you want to
-use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you&textrsquo;ll need to also
-redefine <code>\&arobase;fnsymbol</code>.
+<para>Note that the <code>\protect</code> is gone; putting it in causes the
+footnote to reappear on the table of contents.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="Footnotes-of-footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes of footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Multiple reference to footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes of footnotes</sectiontitle>
+
+<para>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
+footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
+<file>bigfoot</file> extends &latex;&textrsquo;s default footnote mechanism in many
+ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;bigfoot&rbrace;
+\DeclareNewFootnote&lbrace;Default&rbrace;
+\DeclareNewFootnote&lbrace;from&rbrace;[alph] % create class \footnotefrom&lbrace;&rbrace;
+ ..
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+ ..
+The third theorem is a partial converse of the
+second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;First noted in Wilson.\footnote&lbrace;Second edition only.&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ ..
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
-<node name="Footnote-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnote parameters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Symbolic footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Multiple-reference-to-footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Multiple reference to footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnote parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes of footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Multiple references to footnotes</sectiontitle>
+
+<para>You can refer to a single footnote more than once. This example
+uses the package <file>cleverref</file>.
+</para>
+<!-- c from SE user Jake http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/10116/339 -->
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;cleveref&rbrace;[2012/02/15] % this version of package or later
+\crefformat&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&lbrace;#2\footnotemark[#1]#3&rbrace;
+ ..
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+ ..
+The theorem is from Evers.\footnote&lbrace;\label&lbrace;fn:TE&rbrace;Tinker and Evers, 1994.&rbrace;
+The corollary is from Chance.\footnote&lbrace;Evers and Chance, 1990.&rbrace;
+But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref&lbrace;fn:TE&rbrace;
+ ..
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>This solution will work with the package <file>hyperref</file>.
+See&nbsp;<ref label="_005cfootnotemark"><xrefnodename>\footnotemark</xrefnodename></ref> for a simpler solution in the common case
+of multiple authors with the same affiliation.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="Footnote-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnote parameters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Multiple reference to footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnote parameters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="316">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="364">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s
footnotes. Default dimensions: <code>0.4pt</code> thick (or wide), and
<code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long in the standard document classes (except
<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="317">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="365">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By
default, this is set to the normal strut for <code>\footnotesize</code>
fonts (<pxref label="Font-sizes"><xrefnodename>Font sizes</xrefnodename></pxref>), therefore there is no extra space between
@@ -3749,63 +4968,80 @@ footnotes. This is <samp>6.65pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>7.7pt</samp
</chapter>
<node name="Definitions" spaces=" "><nodename>Definitions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Counters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Definitions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</para>
<!-- c xx everything in this chapter needs examples. -->
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">(Re)define a new command.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new counter.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newlength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new length.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newsavebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new box.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new environment.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newtheorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new <code>theorem</code>-like environment.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newfont</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new font name.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\protect</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using tricky commands.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">(Re)define a new command.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\providecommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new command, if name not used.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newcounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new counter.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newlength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new length.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newsavebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new box.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new environment.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newtheorem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new theorem-like environment.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newfont</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new font name.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\protect</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using tricky commands.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newcounter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\providecommand</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code> define and redefine a
command, respectively. Synopses:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newcommand[*]&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargval</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
-\renewcommand[*]&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargval</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newcommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+ \newcommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\renewcommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\renewcommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var"><code>*</code></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">*-form of defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not contain
-multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain &tex; terms).
+<para>The <code>*</code>-form of these two commands requires that the arguments
+not contain multiple paragraphs of text (not <code>\long</code>, in plain
+&tex; terms).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">cmd</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The command name, beginning with <code>\</code>. For <code>\newcommand</code>, it
-must not be already defined and must not begin with <code>\end</code>; for
-<code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be defined.
+<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">cmd</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the command name. It must begin with <code>\</code>. For
+<code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined and must not begin
+with <code>\end</code>. For <code>\renewcommand</code>, it must already be
+defined.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">nargs</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
-that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no
-arguments.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optargval</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first
-argument of command <var>cmd</var> is optional and its default value (i.e.,
-if it is not specified in the call) is <var>optarg</var>. In otherwise,
-when calling the macro, if no <code>[<var>value</var>]</code> is given after
-<code><var>cmd</var></code>&textmdash;which is different from having <code>[]</code> for an
-empty <var>value</var>&textmdash;then string <samp><var>optargval</var></samp> becomes the
-value of <code>#1</code> within <var>defn</var> when the macro is expanded.
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments
+that the command will take. If this argument is not present, the
+default is for the command to have no arguments. When redefining a
+command, the new version can have a different number of arguments than
+the old version.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optargdefault</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of defined
+command <var>\cmd</var> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
+(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then
+<var>\cmd</var> does not take an optional argument.
+</para>
+<para>That is, if <var>\cmd</var> is used with square brackets following, as in
+<code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within <var>defn</var> <code>#1</code> expands
+<var>myval</var>. While if <var>\cmd</var> is called without square brackets
+following, then within <var>defn</var> the <code>#1</code> expands to the default
+<var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, any required arguments will be
+referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different from having the
+square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results
+in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
+<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">defn</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <code>cmd</code>; a
@@ -3814,13 +5050,83 @@ text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<!-- c xx \providecommand, * form (non-\long) -->
+<para>A command with no arguments that is followed in the source by a space
+will swallow that space. The solution is to type <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> after the
+command and before the space.
+</para>
+<para>A simple example of defining a new command:
+<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\JH&rbrace;&lbrace;Jim Hef&lbrace;&rbrace;feron&rbrace;</code> causes the abbreviation
+<code>\JH</code> to be replaced by the longer text.
+</para>
+<para>Redefining a command is basically the same:
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\qedsymbol&rbrace;&lbrace;&lbrace;\small QED&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Here&textrsquo;s a command definition that uses arguments:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\defreference&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;Definition~\ref&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent> <para>Then, <code>\defreference&lbrace;def:basis&rbrace;</code> will expand to
+something like <samp>Definition~3.14</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>An example with two arguments:
+<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\nbym&rbrace;[2]&lbrace;#1\!\times\!#2&rbrace;</code> is invoked as
+<code>\nbym&lbrace;2&rbrace;&lbrace;k&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>An example with optional arguments:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\salutation&rbrace;[1][Sir or Madam]&lbrace;Dear #1:&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent> <para>Then, <code>\salutation</code> gives <samp>Dear Sir or Madam:</samp> while
+<code>\salutation[John]</code> gives <samp>Dear John:</samp>. And
+<code>\salutation[]</code> gives <samp>Dear :</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>The braces around <var>defn</var> do not delimit the scope of the result of
+expanding <var>defn</var>. So <code>\newcommand&lbrace;\shipname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\it #1&rbrace;</code>
+is wrong since in the sentence
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">The \shipname&lbrace;Monitor&rbrace; met the \shipname&lbrace;Virginia&rbrace;.
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent> <para>the words <samp>met the</samp> will incorrectly be in italics. An
+extra pair of braces <code>\newcommand&lbrace;\shipname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;&lbrace;\it #1&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>
+fixes it.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="_005cprovidecommand" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\providecommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\providecommand</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367">\providecommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists.
+Synopses:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\providecommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\providecommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect
+as <code>\newcommand</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>). If a
+command of this name already exists then this definition does nothing.
+This is particularly useful in a style file, or other file that may be
+loaded more than once.
+</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005cnewcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newlength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<node name="_005cnewcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newlength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\providecommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3828,206 +5134,462 @@ text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter&lbrace;<var>countername</var>&rbrace;[<var>supercounter</var>]
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named <var>countername</var>.
-The new counter is initialized to zero.
+<para>The <code>\newcounter</code> command globally defines a new counter named
+<var>countername</var>. The name consists of letters only and does not begin
+with a backslash (<samp>\</samp>). The name must not already be used by
+another counter. The new counter is initialized to zero.
</para>
-<para>Given the optional argument <code>[<var>super</var>]</code>, <var>countername</var>
-will be reset whenever the counter named <var>supercounter</var> is incremented.
+<para>If the optional argument <code>[<var>supercounter</var>]</code> appears, then
+<var>countername</var> will be numbered within, or subsidiary to, the
+existing counter <var>supercounter</var>. For example, ordinarily
+<code>subsection</code> is numbered within <code>section</code>. Any time
+<var>supercounter</var> is incremented with <code>\stepcounter</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>) or <code>\refstepcounter</code>
+(<pxref label="_005crefstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\refstepcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>) then <var>countername</var> is reset to zero.
</para>
<para><xref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></xref>, for more information about counters.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cnewlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\newlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newlength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227">lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newlength</code>: Allocating a length</sectiontitle>
-<para>Synopsis:
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Allocate a new <dfn>length</dfn> register. Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newlength&lbrace;\<var>arg</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory argument as a
-<dfn>length</dfn> command with a value of zero. The argument must
-be a control sequence, as in <code>\newlength&lbrace;\foo&rbrace;</code>. An error
-occurs if <code>\foo</code> is already defined.
+<para>This command takes one required argument, which must begin with a
+backslash (<samp>\</samp>). It creates a new length register named
+<code>\<var>arg</var></code>, which is a place to hold (rubber) lengths such as
+<code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code> (what plain &tex; calls a <code>skip</code>
+register). The register gets an initial value of zero. The control
+sequence <code>\<var>arg</var></code> must not already be defined.
</para>
-<para><xref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></xref>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and
-for more information about lengths in general.
+<para><xref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></xref>, for more about lengths.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cnewsavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\newsavebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newsavebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newsavebox</code>: Allocating a box</sectiontitle>
-<para>Synopsis:
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Allocate a &textldquo;bin&textrdquo; for holding a box. Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Defines <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must be a command name not already
-defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
+<para>Defines <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
+Such a box is for holding typeset material, to use multiple times
+(<pxref label="Boxes"><xrefnodename>Boxes</xrefnodename></pxref>) or to measure or manipulate. The name
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> must start with a backslash (<samp>\</samp>), and must not
+be already defined.
+</para>
+<para>The allocation of a box is global. This command is fragile
+(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" spaces=" "><nodename>\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Synopses:
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is,
+<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace; &dots; \end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>. Synopses:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newenvironment[*]&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdef</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddef</var>&rbrace;
-\renewenvironment[*]&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdef</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddef</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve"> \newenvironment&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdefn</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddefn</var>&rbrace;
+ \newenvironment*&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdefn</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddefn</var>&rbrace;
+\renewenvironment&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdefn</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddefn</var>&rbrace;
+\renewenvironment*&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>begdefn</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>enddefn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>These commands define or redefine an environment <var>env</var>, that is,
-<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace; &dots; \end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>.
+<para>Unlike <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\renewcommand</code>, the <code>*</code>-forms
+<code>\newenvironment*</code> and <code>\renewcommand*</code> have the same effect
+as the forms with no <code>*</code>.
</para>
<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var"><code>*</code></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">*-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the
-contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of text.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">env</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The name of the environment. For <code>\newenvironment</code>, <var>env</var>
-must not be an existing environment, and the command <code>\<var>env</var></code>
-must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be
-the name of an existing environment.
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">env</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the environment name. It does not begin with backslash
+(<code>\</code>). It must not begin with the string <code>end</code>. For
+<code>\newenvironment</code>, the name <var>env</var> must not be the name of an
+already existing environment, and also the command <code>\<var>env</var></code>
+must be undefined. For <code>\renewenvironment</code>, <var>env</var> must be the
+name of an existing environment.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">nargs</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
-the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
+that the environment will take. These arguments appear after the
+<code>\begin</code>, as in
+<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>arg1</var>&rbrace;&dots;&lbrace;<var>argn</var>&rbrace;</code>. If this
+argument is not present then the default is for the environment to have
+no arguments. When redefining an environment, the new version can have
+a different number of arguments than the old version.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optargdefault</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of the
+defined environment is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
+(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then
+the environment does not take an optional argument.
+</para>
+<para>That is, when <code>[<var>optargdefault</var>]</code> is present in the environment
+definition, if <code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code> is used with square brackets
+following, as in <code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;[<var>myval</var>]</code>, then within
+the environment <code>#1</code> expands <var>myval</var>. If
+<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code> is called without square brackets following,
+then within the environment the <code>#1</code> expands to the default
+<var>optargdefault</var>. In either case, any required arguments will be
+referred to starting with <code>#2</code>.
+</para>
+
+<para>Omitting <code>[<var>myval</var>]</code> in the call is different from having the
+square brackets with no contents, as in <code>[]</code>. The former results
+in <code>#1</code> expanding to <var>optargdefault</var>; the latter results in
+<code>#1</code> expanding to the empty string.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">begdefn</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
+<code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>; a construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in
+<var>begdef</var> is replaced by the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">enddefn</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of
+<code>\end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>. Note that it may not contain any argument
+parameters, so <code>#<var>n</var></code> cannot be used here.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">default</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <var>default</var>
-gives the default value for that argument.
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<para>The environment <var>env</var> delimits the scope of the result of expanding
+<var>begdefn</var> and <var>enddefn</var>. Thus, in the first example below, the
+effect of the <code>\small</code> is limited to the quote and does not extend
+to material following the environment.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">begdef</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>; a
-construct of the form <code>#<var>n</var></code> in <var>begdef</var> is replaced by
-the text of the <var>n</var>th argument.
+<para>This example gives an environment like &latex;&textrsquo;s <code>quotation</code> except that
+it will be set in smaller type.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">enddef</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <code>\end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>. It
-may not contain any argument parameters.
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment&lbrace;smallquote&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \small\begin&lbrace;quotation&rbrace;
+&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \end&lbrace;quotation&rbrace;
+&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>This shows the use of arguments; it gives a quotation environment that
+cites the author.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment&lbrace;citequote&rbrace;[1][Shakespeare]&lbrace;%
+ \begin&lbrace;quotation&rbrace;
+ \noindent\textit&lbrace;#1&rbrace;:
+&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \end&lbrace;quotation&rbrace;
+&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent> <para>The author&textrsquo;s name is optional, and defaults to Shakespeare.
+In the document, use the environment as here:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;citequote&rbrace;[Lincoln]
+ ..
+\end&lbrace;citequote&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The final example shows how to save the value of an argument to use in
+<var>enddefn</var>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox&lbrace;\quoteauthor&rbrace;
+\newenvironment&lbrace;citequote&rbrace;[1][Shakespeare]&lbrace;%
+ \sbox\quoteauthor&lbrace;#1&rbrace;%
+ \begin&lbrace;quotation&rbrace;
+&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \hspace&lbrace;1em plus 1fill&rbrace;---\usebox&lbrace;\quoteauthor&rbrace;
+ \end&lbrace;quotation&rbrace;
+&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
</section>
<node name="_005cnewtheorem" spaces=" "><nodename>\newtheorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newfont</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newtheorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="373">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Define a new <dfn>theorem-like environment</dfn>. Synopses:
+</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>newenv</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>label</var>&rbrace;[<var>within</var>]
-\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>newenv</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_like</var>]&lbrace;<var>label</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_within</var>]
+\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_like</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments:
+<para>Both create a theorem-like environment <var>name</var>. Using the first
+form,
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_within</var>]
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent> <para>with the optional argument after the second required argument,
+creates an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing
+counter <var>numbered_within</var>: it will be reset when
+<var>numbered_within</var> is reset).
+</para>
+<para>Using the second form,
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;[<var>numbered_like</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent> <para>with the optional argument between the two required
+arguments, will create an environment whose counter will share the
+previously defined counter <var>numbered_like</var>.
+</para>
+<para>You can specify one of <var>numbered_within</var> and <var>numbered_like</var>,
+or neither, but not both.
+</para>
+<para>This command creates a counter named <var>name</var>. In addition, unless
+the optional argument <var>numbered_like</var> is used, the current
+<code>\ref</code> value will be that of <code>\the<var>numbered_within</var></code>
+(<pxref label="_005cref"><xrefnodename>\ref</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>This declaration is global. It is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>Arguments:
</para>
<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">newenv</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an
-existing environment or otherwise defined.
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">name</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The name of the environment. It must not begin with a backslash
+(<samp>\</samp>). It must not be the name of an existing environment; indeed,
+the command name <code>\<var>name</var></code> must not already be defined as anything.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">label</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">title</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
number. For example, <samp>Theorem</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">numbered_like</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment;
-the new environment will be numbered just like <var>numbered_like</var>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">numbered_within</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; the name of an already defined counter, usually a sectional
+unit such as <code>chapter</code> or <code>section</code>. When the
+<var>numbered_within</var> counter is reset then the <var>name</var> environment&textrsquo;s
+counter will also be reset.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">within</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit.
-The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the
-<var>within</var> counter.
+<para>If this optional argument is not used then the command
+<code>\the<var>name</var></code> is set to <code>\arabic&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">numbered_like</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; the name of an already defined theorem-like environment. The
+new environment will be numbered in sequence with <var>numbered_like</var>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<para>At most one of <var>numbered_like</var> and <var>within</var> can be specified,
-not both.
+<para>Without any optional arguments the environments are numbered
+sequentially. This example has a declaration in the preamble that
+results in <samp>Definition&nbsp;1</samp> and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2</samp> in the output.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;defn&rbrace;&lbrace;Definition&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+\section&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+ First def
+\end&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+
+\section&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+ Second def
+\end&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Because this example specifies the optional argument
+<var>numbered_within</var> to <code>\newtheorem</code> as <code>section</code>, the
+example, with the same document body, gives <samp>Definition&nbsp;1.1</samp>
+and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2.1</samp>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;defn&rbrace;&lbrace;Definition&rbrace;[section]
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+\section&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+ First def
+\end&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+
+\section&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+ Second def
+\end&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>In this example there are two declarations in the preamble, the second
+of which calls for the new <code>thm</code> environment to use the same
+counter as <code>defn</code>. It gives <samp>Definition&nbsp;1.1</samp>, followed
+by <samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp> and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2.2</samp>.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newtheorem&lbrace;defn&rbrace;&lbrace;Definition&rbrace;[section]
+\newtheorem&lbrace;thm&rbrace;[defn]&lbrace;Theorem&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+\section&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+ First def
+\end&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+
+\section&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;thm&rbrace;
+ First thm
+\end&lbrace;thm&rbrace;
+
+\begin&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+ Second def
+\end&lbrace;defn&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005cnewfont" spaces=" "><nodename>\newfont</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\protect</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newfont</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newfont</code>: Define a new font (obsolete)</sectiontitle>
-<para>Synopsis:
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="374">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para><code>\newfont</code>, now obsolete, defines a command that will switch fonts.
+Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newfont&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>fontname</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newfont&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>font description</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Defines a control sequence <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which must not already
-be defined, to make <var>fontname</var> be the current font. The file
-looked for on the system is named <file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>.
-</para>
-<para>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font.
-More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <file>.fd</file> files.
+<para>This defines a control sequence <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> that will change the
+current font. &latex; will look on your system for a file named
+<file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>. The control sequence must must not already
+be defined. It must begin with a backslash (<samp>\</samp>).
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="375">.fd <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>This command is obsolete. It is a low-level command for setting up an
+individual font. Today fonts are almost always defined in families
+(which allows you to, for example, associate a boldface with a roman)
+through the so-called &textldquo;New Font Selection Scheme&textrdquo;, either by using
+<file>.fd</file> files or through the use of an engine that can access
+system fonts such as Xe&latex; (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<!-- c xx explain nfss somewhere -->
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>But since it is part of &latex;, here is an explanation: the
+<var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
+<dfn>at clause</dfn>; this can have the form either <code>at <var>dimen</var></code>
+or <code>scaled <var>factor</var></code>, where a <var>factor</var> of <samp>1000</samp>
+means no scaling. For &latex;&textrsquo;s purposes, all this does is scale all
+the character and other font dimensions relative to the font&textrsquo;s design
+size, which is a value defined in the <file>.tfm</file> file.
+</para>
+<para>This example defines two equivalent fonts and typesets a few
+characters in each:
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newfont&lbrace;\testfontat&rbrace;&lbrace;cmb10 at 11pt&rbrace;
+\newfont&lbrace;\testfontscaled&rbrace;&lbrace;cmb10 scaled 11pt&rbrace;
+\testfontat abc
+\testfontscaled abc
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005cprotect" spaces=" "><nodename>\protect</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\newfont</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\protect</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326">\protect</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
-many more are so-called <dfn>fragile</dfn> commands. When a fragile
-command is used in certain contexts, called <dfn>moving arguments</dfn>, it
-must be preceded by <code>\protect</code>. In addition, any fragile
-commands within the arguments must have their own <code>\protect</code>.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="376">\protect</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>All &latex; commands are either <dfn>fragile</dfn> or <dfn>robust</dfn>.
+Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
+many more, are fragile. A fragile command can break when it is used in
+the argument to certain commands. To prevent such commands from
+breaking they must be preceded by the command <code>\protect</code>.
+</para>
+<para>For example, when &latex; runs the <code>\section&lbrace;<var>section
+name</var>&rbrace;</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to the
+<file>.aux</file> auxiliary file, moving it there for use elsewhere in the
+document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
+internally expanded by &latex; without typesetting it directly is
+referred to as a <dfn>moving argument</dfn>. A command is fragile if it can
+expand during this process into invalid &tex; code. Some examples of
+moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>
+command (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>), in the <code>\thanks&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> command
+(<pxref label="_005cmaketitle"><xrefnodename>\maketitle</xrefnodename></pxref>), and in &arobase;-expressions in the <code>tabular</code> and
+<code>array</code> environments (<pxref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>If you get strange errors from commands used in moving arguments, try
+preceding it with <code>\protect</code>. Every fragile commands must be
+protected with their own <code>\protect</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Although usually a <code>\protect</code> command doesn&textrsquo;t hurt, length
+commands are robust and should not be preceded by a <code>\protect</code>
+command. Nor can a <code>\protect</code> command be used in the argument to
+<code>\addtocounter</code> or <code>\setcounter</code> command.
+</para>
+<para>In this example the <code>caption</code> command gives a mysterious error
+about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each
+<code>\raisebox</code> command with <code>\protect</code>.
</para>
-<para>Some examples of moving arguments are <code>\caption</code>
-(<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>), <code>\thanks</code> (<pxref label="_005cmaketitle"><xrefnodename>\maketitle</xrefnodename></pxref>), and
-&hyphenbreak;expressions in <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code> environments
-(<pxref label="tabular"><xrefnodename>tabular</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Commands which are not fragile are called <dfn>robust</dfn>. They must not
-be preceded by <code>\protect</code>.
-</para>
-<para>See also:
-</para>
-<smallexample endspaces=" ">
-<exdent spaces=" "><url><urefurl>http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</urefurl></url></exdent>
-<exdent spaces=" "><url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</urefurl></url></exdent>
-</smallexample>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+ ..
+ \caption&lbrace;Company headquarters of A\raisebox&lbrace;1pt&rbrace;&lbrace;B&rbrace;\raisebox&lbrace;-1pt&rbrace;&lbrace;C&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
-<!-- c xx really need examples. -->
+<para>In the next example the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command gives an error
+because the <code>\(..\)</code> in the section title expands to illegal &tex;
+in the <file>.toc</file> file. You can solve this by changing <code>\(..\)</code>
+to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+\tableofcontents
+ ..
+\section&lbrace;Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)&rbrace;
+ ..
+</pre></example>
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Counters" spaces=" "><nodename>Counters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Definitions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Counters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with
-it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment
-or command that produces the number, except with no <code>\</code>.
-(<code>enumi</code>&textndash;<code>enumiv</code> are used for the nested enumerate
-environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s
-standard document classes to control numbering.
+it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the
+environment or command associated with the number, except with no
+backslash (<code>\</code>). Thus the <code>\chapter</code> command starts a
+chapter and the <code>chapter</code> counter keeps track of the chapter
+number. Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard
+document classes to control numbering.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">part paragraph figure enumi
@@ -4037,6 +5599,16 @@ subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
subsubsection
</pre></example>
+<para>The <code>mpfootnote</code> counter is used by the <code>\footnote</code> command
+inside of a minipage (<pxref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>The <code>enumi</code> through <code>enumiv</code> counters are used in the
+<code>enumerate</code> environment, for up to four nested levels
+(<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>New counters are created with <code>\newcounter</code>. <xref label="_005cnewcounter"><xrefnodename>\newcounter</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Print value of a counter.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\usecounter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
@@ -4052,26 +5624,29 @@ subsubsection
<node name="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" spaces=" "><nodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usecounter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</sectiontitle>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
-instance, <code>\alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;</code>.
+instance, <code>\alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;</code>. Note that the counter name does not
+start with a backslash.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="327">\alph</indexterm>\alph</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377">\alph</indexterm>\alph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>prints <var>counter</var> using lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="328">\Alph</indexterm>\Alph</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378">\Alph</indexterm>\Alph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>uses uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="329">\arabic</indexterm>\arabic</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379">\arabic</indexterm>\arabic</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>uses Arabic numbers: &textlsquo;1&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;2&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="330">\roman</indexterm>\roman</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380">\roman</indexterm>\roman</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="331">\Roman</indexterm>\Roman</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381">\Roman</indexterm>\Roman</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots;
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="332">\fnsymbol</indexterm>\fnsymbol</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382">\fnsymbol</indexterm>\fnsymbol</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>prints the value of <var>counter</var> in a specific sequence of nine
symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
<var>counter</var> must be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive.
@@ -4081,7 +5656,7 @@ symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
<display endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">asterisk(*) dagger(<U>2021</U>) ddagger(<U>2021</U>)
section-sign(<U>00A7</U>) paragraph-sign(<U>00B6</U>) parallel(<U>2225</U>)
-double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>) double-ddagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>)
+double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(<U>2020</U><U>2020</U>) double-ddagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>)
</pre></display>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -4090,9 +5665,10 @@ double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>) double-ddagger(<U>2021
</section>
<node name="_005cusecounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\usecounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\value</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usecounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="383">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4100,16 +5676,34 @@ double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(<U>2021</U><U>2021</U>) double-ddagger(<U>2021
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usecounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\usecounter</code> command is used in the second argument of the
-<code>list</code> environment to specify <var>counter</var> to be used to number
-the list items.
+<para>In the <code>list</code> environment, when used in the second argument, this
+command sets up <var>counter</var> to number the list items. It initializes
+<var>counter</var> to zero, and arranges that when <code>\item</code> is called
+without its optional argument then <var>counter</var> is incremented by
+<code>\refstepcounter</code>, making its value be the current <code>ref</code>
+value. This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
+<para>Put in the preamble, this makes a new list environment enumerated with
+<var>testcounter</var>:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter&lbrace;testcounter&rbrace;
+\newenvironment&lbrace;test&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \begin&lbrace;list&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \usecounter&lbrace;testcounter&rbrace;
+ &rbrace;
+&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \end&lbrace;list&rbrace;
+&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005cvalue" spaces=" "><nodename>\value</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\usecounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\value&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334">\value</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="384">\value</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4117,12 +5711,30 @@ the list items.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\value&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\value</code> command produces the value of <var>counter</var>. It can
-be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
+<para>This command expands to the value of <var>counter</var>. It is often used
+in <code>\setcounter</code> or <code>\addtocounter</code>, but <code>\value</code> can
+be used anywhere that &latex; expects a number. It must not be
+preceded by <code>\protect</code> (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\value</code> command is not used for typesetting the value of the
+counter. <xref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+<para>This example outputs <samp>Test counter is&nbsp;6. Other counter
+is&nbsp;5.</samp>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcounter&lbrace;test&rbrace; \setcounter&lbrace;test&rbrace;&lbrace;5&rbrace;
+\newcounter&lbrace;other&rbrace; \setcounter&lbrace;other&rbrace;&lbrace;\value&lbrace;test&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\addtocounter&lbrace;test&rbrace;&lbrace;1&rbrace;
+
+Test counter is \arabic&lbrace;test&rbrace;.
+Other counter is \arabic&lbrace;other&rbrace;.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>This example inserts <code>\hspace&lbrace;4\parindent&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\setcounter&lbrace;myctr&rbrace;&lbrace;3&rbrace;
-\addtocounter&lbrace;myctr&rbrace;&lbrace;1&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\setcounter&lbrace;myctr&rbrace;&lbrace;3&rbrace; \addtocounter&lbrace;myctr&rbrace;&lbrace;1&rbrace;
\hspace&lbrace;\value&lbrace;myctr&rbrace;\parindent&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -4130,9 +5742,10 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
</section>
<node name="_005csetcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\setcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\value</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>value</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="385">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4140,44 +5753,58 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
<pre xml:space="preserve">\setcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>value</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of <var>counter</var> to the
-<var>value</var> argument.
+<para>The <code>\setcounter</code> command globally sets the value of <var>counter</var>
+to the <var>value</var> argument. Note that the counter name does not start
+with a backslash.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005caddtocounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>value</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments <var>counter</var> by the
-amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command globally increments <var>counter</var> by
+the amount specified by the <var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005crefstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\refstepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\refstepcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works in the same way as
-<code>\stepcounter</code> <xref label="_005cstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></xref>, except it also defines the
-current <code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>.
+<code>\stepcounter</code> (<pxref label="_005cstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\stepcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>): it globally increments the
+value of <var>counter</var> by one and resets the value of any counter
+numbered within it. (For the definition of &textldquo;counters numbered
+within&textrdquo;, <pxref label="_005cnewcounter"><xrefnodename>\newcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
+</para>
+<para>In addition, this command also defines the current <code>\ref</code> value
+to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>.
+</para>
+<para>While the counter value is set globally, the <code>\ref</code> value is set
+locally, i.e., inside the current group.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\stepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\day \month \year</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stepcounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to <var>counter</var> and
-resets all subsidiary counters.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command globally adds one to <var>counter</var> and
+resets all counters numbered within it. (For the definition of
+&textldquo;counters numbered within&textrdquo;, <pxref label="_005cnewcounter"><xrefnodename>\newcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear" spaces=" "><nodename>\day \month \year</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\day \month \year</code>: Predefined counters</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339">\day</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340">\month</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341">\year</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389">\day</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390">\month</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391">\year</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<code>\day</code>,
1&textndash;31), month of the year (<code>\month</code>, 1&textndash;12), and year
@@ -4193,13 +5820,39 @@ current day (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxre
</chapter>
<node name="Lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Lengths</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Counters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Lengths</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>A <dfn>length</dfn> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
length as an argument.
</para>
+<para>Lengths come in two types. A <dfn>rigid length</dfn> (what Plain &tex;
+calls a <dfn>dimen</dfn>) such as <code>10pt</code> cannot contain a <code>plus</code> or
+<code>minus</code> component. A <dfn>rubber length</dfn> (what Plain &tex; calls
+a <dfn>skip</dfn>) can contain those, as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm
+minus0.01cm</code>. These give the ability to stretch or shrink; the length
+in the prior sentence could appear in the output as long as 1.05&nbsp;cm
+or as short as 0.99&nbsp;cm, depending on what &tex;&textrsquo;s typesetting
+algorithm finds optimum.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain
+a <dfn>fill</dfn> component, as in <code>1in plus2fill</code>. This gives the
+length infinite stretchability or shrinkability, so that the length in
+the prior sentence can be set by &tex; to any distance greater than or
+equal to 1&nbsp;inch. &tex; actually provides three infinite glue
+components <code>fil</code>, <code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>, such that the
+later ones overcome the earlier ones, but only the middle value is
+ordinarily used. <xref label="_005chfill"><xrefnodename>\hfill</xrefnodename></xref>, <xref label="_005cvfill"><xrefnodename>\vfill</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+<para>Multiplying an entire rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid
+length, so that after <code>\setlength&lbrace;\ylength&rbrace;&lbrace;1in plus 0.2in&rbrace;</code>
+and <code>\setlength&lbrace;\zlength&rbrace;&lbrace;3\ylength&rbrace;</code> then the value of
+<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>.
+</para>
+
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\setlength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the value of a length.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Units of length</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The units that &latex; knows.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\setlength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the value of a length.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addtolength</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add a quantity to a length.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\settodepth</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the depth of something.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\settoheight</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the height of something.
@@ -4208,10 +5861,95 @@ length as an argument.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="_005csetlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\setlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtolength</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Units-of-length" spaces=" "><nodename>Units of length</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setlength</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Units of length</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272">units, of length</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>&tex; and &latex; know about these units both inside and outside of
+math mode.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pt </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392">pt</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273">Point</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Point 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
+places, is 1<dmn>point</dmn> = 2.85<dmn>mm</dmn> = 28.45<dmn>cm</dmn>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pc</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">pica</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393">pc</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Pica, 12 pt
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">in </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394">in</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395">inch</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Inch, 72.27 pt
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">bp </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396">bp</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">Big point</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
+PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cm </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">Centimeter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397">cm</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Centimeter
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">mm </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">Millimeter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398">mm</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Millimeter
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">dd </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">Didot point</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399">dd</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Didot point, 1.07 pt
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cc </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">Cicero</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400">cc</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Cicero, 12 dd
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">sp </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">Scaled point</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401">sp</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">ex</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">x-height</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402">ex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">m-width</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">em</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403">em</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
+the font. The x-height of the current font <dfn>ex</dfn>, traditionally the
+height of the lower case letter x, is often used for vertical
+lengths. Similarly <dfn>em</dfn>, traditionally the width of the capital
+letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths (there is also
+<code>\enspace</code>, which is <code>0.5em</code>). Use of these can help make a
+definition work better across font changes. For example, a definition
+of the vertical space between list items given as
+<code>\setlength&lbrace;\itemsep&rbrace;&lbrace;1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex&rbrace;</code> is more
+likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition
+given in points.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404">mu</indexterm></findex>
+<para>In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
+<dfn>mu</dfn> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
+math symbols family. <xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="_005csetlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\setlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtolength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Units of length</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setlength&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>value</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\setlength</code> sets the value of <var>\len</var> to the <var>value</var>
argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex;
@@ -4221,9 +5959,10 @@ understands, i.e., inches (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), poin
</section>
<node name="_005caddtolength" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtolength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settodepth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\addtolength&lbrace;<var>\len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>amount</var>&rbrace;</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtolength&lbrace;<var>\len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>amount</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a &textldquo;length command&textrdquo;
<var>\len</var> by the amount specified in the <var>amount</var> argument, which
@@ -4233,7 +5972,8 @@ may be negative.
</section>
<node name="_005csettodepth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settodepth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settoheight</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtolength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settodepth</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
<para><code>\settodepth&lbrace;\gnat&rbrace;&lbrace;text&rbrace;</code>
</para>
@@ -4244,7 +5984,8 @@ equal to the depth of the <code>text</code> argument.
</section>
<node name="_005csettoheight" spaces=" "><nodename>\settoheight</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settowidth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settodepth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settoheight</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
<para><code>\settoheight&lbrace;\gnat&rbrace;&lbrace;text&rbrace;</code>
</para>
@@ -4256,7 +5997,8 @@ equal to the height of the <code>text</code> argument.
</section>
<node name="_005csettowidth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settowidth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Predefined lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settoheight</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settowidth&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of the command <var>\len</var>
to the width of the <var>text</var> argument.
@@ -4265,20 +6007,21 @@ to the width of the <var>text</var> argument.
</section>
<node name="Predefined-lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Predefined lengths</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\settowidth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Predefined lengths</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">lengths, predefined</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">predefined lengths</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">lengths, predefined</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">predefined lengths</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\width</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347">\width</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410">\width</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para><code>\height</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348">\height</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411">\height</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para><code>\depth</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349">\depth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412">\depth</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para><code>\totalheight</code>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350">\totalheight</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413">\totalheight</indexterm></findex>
</para>
<para>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
commands (<pxref label="Boxes"><xrefnodename>Boxes</xrefnodename></pxref>). They specify the natural width, etc., of
@@ -4293,8 +6036,9 @@ natural size, e.g., say
</chapter>
<node name="Making-paragraphs" spaces=" "><nodename>Making paragraphs</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math formulas</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Lengths</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Making paragraphs</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&textmdash;lines not
containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not appear where a new
@@ -4311,14 +6055,14 @@ a sectioning command.
<node name="_005cindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\indent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\noindent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\indent</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351">\indent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the
-width of the <code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph
-indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would
-otherwise be suppressed.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414">\indent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para><code>\indent</code> produces a horizontal space whose width equals to the
+<code>\parindent</code> length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used
+to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.
</para>
<para>The default value for <code>\parindent</code> is <code>1em</code> in two-column
mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</code> for
@@ -4328,19 +6072,31 @@ mode, otherwise <code>15pt</code> for <code>10pt</code> documents, <code>17pt</c
</section>
<node name="_005cnoindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\noindent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\indent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\noindent</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">indent, suppressing</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <code>\noindent</code>
-suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in
-the middle of a paragraph.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">indent, suppressing</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any
+paragraph indentation, as in this example.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">.. end of the prior paragraph.
+
+\noindent This paragraph is not indented.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
+</para>
+<para>To eliminate paragraph indentation in an entire document, put
+<code>\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;</code> in the preamble.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cparskip" spaces=" "><nodename>\parskip</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Marginal notes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\noindent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parskip</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para><code>\parskip</code> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
@@ -4349,10 +6105,11 @@ before each paragraph. The default is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
</section>
<node name="Marginal-notes" spaces=" "><nodename>Marginal notes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\parskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Marginal notes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4369,15 +6126,15 @@ will be placed
</para>
<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<para>in the right margin for one-sided layout;
+<para>in the right margin for one-sided layout (option <code>oneside</code>, see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>);
</para></listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
+<para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout (option <code>twoside</code>, see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>);
</para></listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
+<para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout (option <code>twocolumn</code>, see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para></listitem></itemize>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\reversemarginpar</code> places subsequent marginal notes
in the opposite (inside) margin. <code>\normalmarginpar</code> places them
in the default position.
@@ -4391,15 +6148,15 @@ hyphenation there by beginning the node with <code>\hspace&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;</c
<para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="358">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="421">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for
<samp>12pt</samp> documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="359">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="422">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
<samp>11pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> documents, <samp>10pt</samp> else.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="360">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="423">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided <samp>10pt</samp> document
is <samp>90pt</samp>, <samp>83pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>68pt</samp> for
<samp>12pt</samp>; <samp>17pt</samp> more in each case for a two-sided document.
@@ -4418,13 +6175,14 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
</chapter>
<node name="Math-formulas" spaces=" "><nodename>Math formulas</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Modes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math formulas</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="424">math <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="425">displaymath <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="426">equation <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
<para>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
@@ -4437,10 +6195,10 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
number in the right margin.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364">\(</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365">\)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366">\[</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367">\]</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="427">\(</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="428">\)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="429">\[</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="430">\]</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the <code>displaymath</code> and <code>equation</code> environments can be used
only in paragraph mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code>
@@ -4451,7 +6209,7 @@ environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
\[...\] <r>instead of</r> \begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368">$</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="431">$</indexterm></findex>
<para>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:
</para>
@@ -4459,19 +6217,20 @@ shorter form:
<pre xml:space="preserve">$ ... $ <r>instead of</r> \(...\)
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="432">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\boldmath</code> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
a bold font. It is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode. Conversely, the
<code>\unboldmath</code> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
it too is used <emph>outside</emph> of math mode.
</para>
<!-- c xx own section? Math fonts? -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of <code>displaymath</code>, e.g., with limits above and
-below summations. For example
-</para><example endspaces=" ">
+below summations. For example:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">$\displaystyle \sum_&lbrace;n=0&rbrace;^\infty x_n $
</pre></example>
@@ -4489,663 +6248,923 @@ below summations. For example
<node name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" spaces=" "><nodename>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372">_</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="373">^</indexterm></findex>
-<para>To get an expression <i>exp</i> to appear as a subscript, you just type
-<code>_&lbrace;</code><i>exp</i><code>&rbrace;</code>. To get <i>exp</i> to appear as a
-superscript, you type <code>^&lbrace;</code><i>exp</i><code>&rbrace;</code>. &latex; handles
-superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way.
-It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
-superscript.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435">_</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436">^</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>In math mode, use the caret character&nbsp;<code>^</code> to make the
+<var>exp</var> appear as a superscript, ie.&noeos; type <code>^&lbrace;<var>exp</var>&rbrace;</code>.
+Similarly, in math mode, underscore&nbsp;<code>_&lbrace;<var>exp</var>&rbrace;</code> makes a
+subscript out of <var>exp</var>.
+</para>
+<para>In this example the <code>0</code> and <code>1</code> appear as subscripts while the
+<code>2</code> is a superscript.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \)
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>To have more than one character in <var>exp</var> use curly braces as in
+<code>e^&lbrace;-2x&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; handles superscripts on superscripts, and all of that stuff, in
+the natural way, so expressions such as <code>e^&lbrace;x^2&rbrace;</code> and
+<code>x_&lbrace;a_0&rbrace;</code> will look right. It also does the right thing when
+something has both a subscript and a superscript. In this example the
+<code>0</code> appears at the bottom of the integral sign while the <code>10</code>
+appears at the top.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\int_0^&lbrace;10&rbrace; x^2 \,dx
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>You can put a superscript or subscript before a symbol with a construct
+such as <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;_t K^2</code> in math mode (the initial <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> prevents
+the prefixed subscript from being attached to any prior symbols in the
+expression).
+</para>
+<para>Outside of math mode, a construct like <code>A
+test$_\textnormal&lbrace;subscript&rbrace;$</code> will produce a subscript typeset in
+text mode, not math mode. Note that there are packages specialized for
+writing Chemical formulas such as <file>mhchem</file>.
+<!-- c xx display mode -->
</para>
</section>
<node name="Math-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Math symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math functions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you&textrsquo;re likely to
-need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you&textrsquo;re likely to need.
For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source, you will get
-the pi symbol (<math>\pi</math>) in your output.
+the pi symbol <U>03C0</U>.
+</para>
+<para>Below is a list of commonly-available symbols. It is by no means an
+exhaustive list. Each symbol here is described with a short phrase, and
+its symbol class (which determines the spacing around it) is given in
+parenthesis. The commands for these symbols can be used only in math
+mode.
</para>
+<!-- c xx Add Negation: @code{} for negations of relevant symbols -->
+<!-- c Useful: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-math-970515/section6.html -->
+
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="374">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\|</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="375">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\aleph</math>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\parallel</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="376">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\alpha</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="438">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2135</U> Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\amalg</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="439">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B1</U> Lower case Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\angle</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A3F</U> Disjoint union (binary)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\approx</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2220</U> Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
+sign&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code> and angle bracket&nbsp;<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ast</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="442">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2248</U> Almost equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\asymp</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="443">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2217</U> Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
+(binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or
+subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar:&nbsp;<code>\star</code>, which is
+five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
+sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>\ (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="444">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>224D</U> Asymptomatically equivalent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\beta</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="445">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus&nbsp;<code>\setminus</code>, and
+<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="384">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigcap</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="446">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B2</U> Lower case Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="385">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigcirc</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="447">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C2</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
+binary intersection&nbsp;<code>\cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="386">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigcup</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="448">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>26AA</U> Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function
+composition&nbsp;<code>\circ</code>.
+<!-- c bb Best unicode symbol for this? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="387">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigodot</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
+union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="388">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigoplus</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A00</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="389">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigotimes</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="451">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A01</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="390">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigtriangledown</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="452">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A02</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="391">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigtriangleup</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="453">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25BD</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down
+(operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="392">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigsqcup</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="454">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="393">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\biguplus</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="455">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A06</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="394">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigvee</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="456">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A04</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
+(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="395">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bigwedge</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="457">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C1</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="396">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bot</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="458">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C0</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="397">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\bowtie</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="459">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A5</U> Up tack, bottom, least element of a poset, or a contradiction
+(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="398">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(square open box symbol) <!-- c xx not in plain -->
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="460">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C8</U> Natural join of two relations (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="399">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><math>\bullet</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="461">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25A1</U> Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary). This
+is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the
+<file>amssymb</file> package.
+<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="400">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cap</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="462">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<para><U>2022</U> Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication
+dot&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="401">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cdot</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="463">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2229</U> Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
+operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="402">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\chi</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="464">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C5</U> Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet
+dot&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="403">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\circ</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="465">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C7</U> Lower case Greek chi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="404">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\clubsuit</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="466">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2218</U> Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
+variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcirc</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="405">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cong</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="467">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2663</U> Club card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="406">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\coprod</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2201</U> Set complement, used as a superscript as in
+<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). This is not available in Plain
+&tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. Also
+used: <code>$S^&lbrace;\mathsf&lbrace;c&rbrace;&rbrace;$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar&lbrace;S&rbrace;$</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="407">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cup</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="469">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2245</U> Congruent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="408">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dagger</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2210</U> Coproduct (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="409">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dashv</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="471">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222A</U> Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
+operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="410">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dagger</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="472">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2020</U> Dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="411">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Delta</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="473">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A3</U> Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
+turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="412">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\delta</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="474">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2021</U> Double dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="413">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>bigger <math>\diamond</math> <!-- c xx not in plain -->
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="475">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0394</U> Greek upper case delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="414">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\diamond</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="476">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B4</U> Greek lower case delta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="415">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\diamondsuit</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="477">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C7</U> Large diamond operator (ordinary). This is not available in
+Plain &tex;. In &latex; you must load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="416">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\div</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="478">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C4</U> Diamond operator, or diamond bullet (binary). Similar: large
+diamond&nbsp;<code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="417">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\doteq</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="479">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2662</U> Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="418">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\downarrow</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="480">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00F7</U> Division sign (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="419">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Downarrow</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="481">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2250</U> Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
+to&nbsp;<code>\Doteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="420">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ell</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="482">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2193</U> Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: double line down
+arrow&nbsp;<code>\Downarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="421">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\emptyset</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="483">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D3</U> Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: single line down
+arrow&nbsp;<code>\downarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="422">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\epsilon</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="484">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2113</U> Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="423">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\equiv</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="485">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol (ordinary). Similar: reversed empty
+set&nbsp;<code>\varnothing</code>.
+<!-- c bb Why Unicode has \revemptyset but no \emptyset? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="424">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\eta</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="486">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F5</U> Lower case Greek-text letter (ordinary). More widely used in
+mathematics is the curly epsilon
+<code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03B5</U>. Related: the set membership relation
+<code>\in</code>&nbsp;<U>2208</U>.
+<!-- c src: David Carlisle http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/98018/339 and -->
+<!-- c Unicode referenced there asserts varepsilon is much more widely used. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="425">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\exists</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="487">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2261</U> Equivalence (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="426">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\flat</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="488">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B7</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="427">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\forall</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="489">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2203</U> Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="428">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\frown</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="490">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266D</U> Musical flat (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="429">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Gamma</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="491">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2200</U> Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="430">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gamma</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="492">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2322</U> Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="431">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ge</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="493">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0393</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="432">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\geq</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="494">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B3</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="433">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gets</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="495">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
+for&nbsp;<code>\geq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="434">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gg</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="496">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
+for&nbsp;<code>\ge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="435">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hbar</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="497">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Is assigned the value (relation).
+Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="436">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\heartsuit</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="498">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226B</U> Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less
+than&nbsp;<code>\ll</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hookleftarrow</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="499">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>210F</U> Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="438">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hookrightarrow</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="500">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2661</U> Heart card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="439">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\iff</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="501">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A9</U> Hooked left arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Im</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="502">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21AA</U> Hooked right arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\in</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="503">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>
+with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="442">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\infty</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="504">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2111</U> Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part&nbsp;<code>\Re</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="443">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\int</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="505">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2208</U> Set element (relation). See also: lower case Greek letter
+epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code><U>03F5</U> and rounded small
+epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="444">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\iota</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="506">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221E</U> Infinity (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="445">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation) <!-- c xx not in plain -->
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="507">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="446">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\kappa</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B9</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="447">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Lambda</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A1D</U> Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
+&tex;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="448">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lambda</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="510">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BA</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\land</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="511">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039B</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\langle</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="512">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BB</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="451">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lbrace</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="513">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). This is a synonym for <code>\wedge</code>.
+See also logical or&nbsp;<code>\lor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="452">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lbrack</math> (delimiter)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="453">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lceil</math> (delimiter)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="454">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\le</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="455">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><!-- c xx missing from plain -->
-
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="456">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Leftarrow</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="514">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E8</U> Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
+less-than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rangle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="457">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftarrow</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="515">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007B</U> Left curly brace
+(opening). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&lbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="458">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftharpoondown</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="459">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftharpoonup</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="460">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Leftrightarrow</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="461">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leftrightarrow</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="462">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\leq</math> (relation)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="463">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lfloor</math> (delimiter)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="464">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(left-pointing arrow head) <!-- c xx not in plain -->
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="465">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ll</math> (relation)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="466">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lnot</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="467">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longleftarrow</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longleftrightarrow</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="469">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longmapsto</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\longrightarrow</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="471">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lor</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="472">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mapsto</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="473">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><!-- c xx not in plain -->
-
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="474">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mid</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="516">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005B</U> Left square bracket (opening).
+Synonym:&nbsp;<code>[</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="475">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\models</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="517">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2308</U> Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
+shaved off (opening). Matches&nbsp;<code>\rceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="476">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mp</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
+for&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="477">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\mu</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21DD</U> Squiggly right arrow (relation). This is not available in
+Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
+<code>\newcommand*&lbrace;\Leadsto&rbrace;&lbrace;\ensuremath&lbrace;\leadsto&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> in the
+preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead.
+<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="478">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nabla</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D0</U> Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
+single-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="479">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\natural</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Single-line left arrow (relation).
+Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
+arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="480">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ne</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="522">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BD</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="481">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nearrow</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="523">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BC</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="482">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\neg</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="524">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D4</U> Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
+Similar: single-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="483">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\neq</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="525">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2194</U> Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar:
+double-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="484">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ni</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="526">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
+for&nbsp;<code>\le</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="485">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in <math>\not=</math>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="527">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230A</U> Left floor bracket (opening).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="486">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ni</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="528">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). This is
+not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the
+<file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
+<file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
+and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="487">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nu</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="529">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226A</U> Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
+than&nbsp;<code>\gg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="488">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\nwarrow</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="530">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="489">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\odot</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="531">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F5</U> Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
+double-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="490">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\oint</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="532">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
+double-line double-headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="491">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Omega</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="533">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27FC</U> Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
+(relation). Similar: shorter version&nbsp;<code>\mapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="492">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\omega</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="534">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F6</U> Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
+double-line right arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="493">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ominus</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="535">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or (binary). Synonym: wedge&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="494">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\oplus</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="536">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A6</U> Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation).
+Similar: longer version&nbsp;<code>\longmapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="495">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\oslash</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="537">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2127</U> Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
+This is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the
+<file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="496">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\otimes</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="538">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2223</U> Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of
+<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\&lbrace;\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="497">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\owns</math>
+<para>Similar: <code>\vert</code> and&nbsp;<code>|</code> produce the same single-line
+vertical bar symbol but without any spacing (they fall in class
+ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as
+ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry
+for&nbsp;<code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="498">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\parallel</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="539">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A8</U> Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
+(relation). Similar: long double dash&nbsp;<code>\vDash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="499">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\partial</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="540">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2213</U> Minus or plus (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="500">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\perp</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="541">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BC</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="501">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\phi</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="542">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2207</U> Hamilton&textrsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="502">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Pi</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="543">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266E</U> Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="503">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\pi</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="504">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\pm</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2197</U> North-east arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="505">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\prec</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary).
+Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
+negation:&nbsp;<code>\sim</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="506">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\preceq</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ne</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="507">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\prime</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
+(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
+of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\prod</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0020</U><U>00A0</U><U>0338</U> Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
+following operator (relation).
+<!-- c Need blank space for it to overstrike -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\propto</math> (relation)
+<para>Many negated operators that don&textrsquo;t require <code>\not</code> are available,
+particularly with the <file>amssymb</file> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
+is probably typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="510">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Psi</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2209</U> Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
+of&nbsp;<code>\nsubseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="511">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\psi</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="551">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BD</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="512">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rangle</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="552">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2196</U> North-west arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="513">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rbrace</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="553">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2299</U> Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
+operator&nbsp;<code>\bigodot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="514">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rbrack</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="554">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222E</U> Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="515">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rceil</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="555">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A9</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="516">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Re</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="556">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C9</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="517">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rfloor</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="557">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2296</U> Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(binary operation) <!-- c xx not in plain @math{\rhd} -->
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="558">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2295</U> Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
+operator&nbsp;<code>\bigoplus</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rho</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2298</U> Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Rightarrow</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2297</U> Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
+variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigotimes</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightarrow</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
+(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
+of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="522">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightharpoondown</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\|</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="523">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightharpoonup</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2202</U> Partial differential (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="524">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\rightleftharpoons</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27C2</U> Perpendicular (relation). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\bot</code> uses the
+same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
+ordinary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="525">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\searrow</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D5</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<code>\varphi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="526">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\setminus</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A0</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="527">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sharp</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C0</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<code>\varpi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="528">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Sigma</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00B1</U> Plus or minus (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="529">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sigma</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227A</U> Preceeds (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="530">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sim</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AAF</U> Preceeds or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
+equals&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="531">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\simeq</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2032</U> Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically
+used as a superscript <code>$A^\prime$</code>. Note that <code>$f^\prime$</code>
+and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second is
+that <code>$f'''$</code> produces the the desired symbol, that is, the same
+result as <code>$f^&lbrace;\prime\prime\prime&rbrace;$</code>, but uses somewhat less
+typing. Note that you can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode but you
+can type right single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode also, although it
+resuts in a different look than in math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="532">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\smallint</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220F</U> Product (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="533">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\smile</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221D</U> Is proportional to (relation)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="534">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\spadesuit</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A8</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="535">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqcap</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C8</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="536">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqcup</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27B9</U> Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater
+than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="537">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(relation) <!-- c not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) -->
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007D</U> Right curly brace
+(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&rbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="538">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqsubseteq</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005D</U> Right square bracket
+(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>]</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="539">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(relation) <!-- c not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) -->
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2309</U> Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="540">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sqsupseteq</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>211C</U> Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
+double-line, or blackboard bold, R&nbsp;<code>\mathbb&lbrace;R&rbrace;</code>; to access
+this, load the <file>amsfonts</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="541">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\star</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U> Restriction of a function
+(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in
+Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="542">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\subset</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230B</U> Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
+off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lfloor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="543">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\subseteq</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). This is
+not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex; you should load the
+<file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should
+instead load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which
+is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\succ</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C1</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<code>\varrho</code>&nbsp;<U>03F1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\succeq</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D2</U> Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar:
+right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sum</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line arrow&nbsp;<code>\Rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\supset</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C1</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\supseteq</math> (relation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C0</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\surd</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21CC</U> Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\swarrow</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2198</U> Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="551">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tau</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29F5</U> Set difference, reverse solidus or slash, like \
+(binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
+<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="552">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\theta</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266F</U> Musical sharp (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="553">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\times</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A3</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="554">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\to</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C3</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<code>\varsigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C2</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="555">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\top</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>223C</U> Similar, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="556">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\triangle</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2243</U> Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="557">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\triangleleft</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
+display (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="558">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\triangleright</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2323</U> Upward curving arc (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- c not in plain -->
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2660</U> Spade card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) <!-- c not in plain -->
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2293</U> Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
+intersection&nbsp;<code>cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Uparrow</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2294</U> Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
+union&nbsp;<code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
+operator&nbsp;<code>\bigsqcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\uparrow</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228F</U> Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
+subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. This is not available in Plain &tex;. In
+&latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Updownarrow</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2291</U> Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
+equal to&nbsp;<code>\subseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\updownarrow</math> (delimiter)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2290</U> Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
+superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. This is not available in Plain &tex;. In
+&latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2292</U> Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or
+equal&nbsp;<code>\supseteq</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C6</U> Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation
+but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: the
+synonyms asterisk&nbsp;<code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which are six-pointed,
+and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene
+star.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2282</U> Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2286</U> Subset or equal to (relation).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227B</U> Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
+than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\uplus</math> (binary operation)
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AB0</U> Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
+than or equal to&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Upsilon</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2211</U> Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
+sigma&nbsp;<code>\Sigma</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\upsilon</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2283</U> Superset (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varepsilon</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2287</U> Superset or equal to (relation).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221A</U> Radical symbol (ordinary). The &latex; command
+<code>\sqrt&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
+that extends to cover the argument.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varphi</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varpi</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varrho</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\varsigma</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vartheta</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vdash</math> (relation)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vee</math> (binary operation)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Vert</math> (delimiter)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\vert</math> (delimiter)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\wedge</math> (binary operation)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\wp</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\wr</math> (binary operation)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Xi</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\xi</math>
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\zeta</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2199</U> Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C4</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B8</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
+<code>\vartheta</code>&nbsp;<U>03D1</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00D7</U> Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
+also&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
+Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A4</U> Top, greatest element of a poset (ordinary). See
+also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Triangle (ordinary).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Not-filled triangle pointing left
+(binary). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
+should load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which
+is a relation and so gives better spacing).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B7</U> Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal
+subgroup symbol you should instead load <file>amssymb</file> and
+use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a relation and so gives
+better spacing).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B4</U> Left-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a
+line under (binary). This is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex;
+you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup
+symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which
+is a relation and so gives better spacing).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B5</U> Right-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a
+line under (binary). This is not available in Plain &tex;. In &latex;
+you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup
+symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code>
+(which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D1</U> Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
+single-line up-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2191</U> Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar:
+double-line up-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D5</U> Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
+single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2195</U> Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar:
+double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U> Up harpoon, with barb on right side
+(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>&backslashchar;restriction</code>. Not available in Plain
+&tex;. In &latex; you should load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228E</U> Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the middle
+(binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
+operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A5</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C5</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B5</U> Rounded small epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used in
+mathematics than the non-variant lower case Greek-text letter form
+<code>\epsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03F5</U>. Related: set membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C6</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
+non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D5</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D6</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
+non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C0</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F1</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
+non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;<U>03C1</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C2</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
+non-variant form is <code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C3</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D1</U> Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
+non-variant form is <code>\theta</code>&nbsp;<U>03B8</U>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A2</U> Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar:
+turnstile rotated a half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: logical
+and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
+operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2016</U> Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
+bar&nbsp;<code>\vert</code>.
+</para>
+<para>For a norm you can use the <file>mathtools</file> package and add
+<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm&lbrace;\lVert&rbrace;&lbrace;\rVert&rbrace;</code> to your
+preamble. This gives you three command variants for double-line vertical
+bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you
+write the starred version <code>$\norm*&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;$</code> then the height of
+the vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas with
+<code>\norm&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;</code> the bars do not grow with the height of the
+argument but instead are the default height, and <code>\norm[<var>size
+command</var>]&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;</code> also gives bars that do not grow but are set to
+the size given in the <var>size command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007C</U> Single line vertical bar (ordinary). Similar: double-line
+vertical bar&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>. For such that, as in the definition of a
+set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it is a relation.
+</para>
+<para>For absolute value you can use the <file>mathtools</file> package and add
+<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs&lbrace;\lvert&rbrace;&lbrace;\rvert&rbrace;</code> to your
+preamble. This gives you three command variants for single-line vertical
+bars that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you
+write the starred version <code>$\abs*&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;$</code> then the
+height of the vertical bars will match the height of the argument,
+whereas with <code>\abs&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> the bars do not grow with
+the height of the argument but instead are the default height, and
+<code>\abs[<var>size command</var>]&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> also gives bars
+that do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size
+command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\land</code>. See also
+logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
+operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2118</U> Weierstrass p (ordinary).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2240</U> Wreath product (binary).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039E</U> Upper case Greek letter (ordinary).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BE</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B6</U> Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -5153,116 +7172,117 @@ the pi symbol (<math>\pi</math>) in your output.
</section>
<node name="Math-functions" spaces=" "><nodename>Math functions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math functions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arccos</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arcsin</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arctan</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\arg</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Binary modulo operator (<math>x \bmod y</math>)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cos</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cosh</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cos</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cot</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\cosh</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\coth</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\csc</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\deg</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\deg</math>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\det</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\dim</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\exp</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\gcd</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\hom</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\inf</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ker</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lg</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\lim</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\liminf</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\limsup</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\ln</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\log</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\max</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\min</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>parenthesized modulus, as in (<math>\pmod 2^n - 1</math>)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\Pr</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sec</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sin</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\sinh</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>sup
<!-- c don't try to use \sup since that turned into a Texinfo command -->
<!-- c and it's not worth hassling with different versions when it's -->
<!-- c just three roman letters anyway. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tan</math>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><math>\tanh</math>
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -5271,76 +7291,77 @@ spacing.
</section>
<node name="Math-accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Math accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math functions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math. These are different from accents in normal text
(<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math acute accent: <math>\acute{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math bar-over accent: <math>\bar{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math breve accent: <math>\breve{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check) accent: <math>\check{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dieresis accent: <math>\ddot{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dot accent: <math>\dot{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math grave accent: <math>\grave{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math hat (circumflex) accent: <math>\hat{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dotless i.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dotless j.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math ring accent: <accent type="ring">x</accent>. <!-- c don't bother implementing in texinfo -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math tilde accent: <math>\tilde{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math vector symbol: <math>\vec{x}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide hat accent: <math>\widehat{x+y}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">wide tile accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide tilde accent: <math>\widetilde{x+y}</math>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -5349,74 +7370,109 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
</section>
<node name="Spacing-in-math-mode" spaces=" "><nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spacing in math mode</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>In a <code>math</code> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and
-puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics
-texts. If you want different spacing, &latex; provides the following
-commands for use in math mode:
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>In a <code>math</code> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces that you use
+in the source, and instead puts in the spacing according to the normal
+rules for mathematics texts.
+</para>
+<para>Many math mode spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
+<dfn>mu</dfn> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
+math symbols family (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of length</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+&latex; provides the following commands for use in math mode:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="633">\;</indexterm></findex>
-<para>A thick space (<math>5\over18\,</math>quad).
-</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\:</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="699">\;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="700">\thickspace</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. The longer name is
+<code>\thickspace</code>. Math mode only.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\:</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&gt;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="634">\:</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="635">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Both of these produce a medium space (<math>2\over9\,</math>quad).
-</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\,</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="636">\,</indexterm></findex>
-<para>A thin space (<math>1\over6\,</math>quad); not restricted to math mode.
-</para></tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\!</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>A negative thin space (<math>-{1\over6}\,</math>quad).
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="701">\:</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="702">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="703">\medspace</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. The longer name is
+<code>\medspace</code>. Math mode only.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\,</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="704">\,</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="705">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Normally <code>3mu</code>. The longer name is <code>\thinspace</code>. This can
+be used in both math mode and text mode.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\!</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="706">\!</indexterm></findex>
+<para>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. Math mode only.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\quad</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">quad</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="707">\quad</indexterm></findex>
+<para>This is 18<dmn>mu</dmn>, that is, 1<dmn>em</dmn>. This is often used for space
+surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
+two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available
+in both text and math mode.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\qquad</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="708">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
+<para>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36<dmn>mu</dmn> = 2<dmn>em</dmn>. It is available in
+both text and math mode.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
+<para>In this example a thinspace separates the function from the
+infinitesimal.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="Math-miscellany" spaces=" "><nodename>Math miscellany</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math miscellany</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<beforefirstitem>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637">\*</indexterm>\*</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">discretionary multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709">\*</indexterm>\*</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">discretionary multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A &textldquo;discretionary&textrdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
allowed.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.
<tex endspaces=" ">
As in: &textlsquo;$\cdots$&textrsquo;.
</tex>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A diagonal ellipsis: <math>\ddots</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640">\frac&lbrace;num&rbrace;&lbrace;den&rbrace;</indexterm>\frac&lbrace;num&rbrace;&lbrace;den&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="641">\frac</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712">\frac&lbrace;num&rbrace;&lbrace;den&rbrace;</indexterm>\frac&lbrace;num&rbrace;&lbrace;den&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="713">\frac</indexterm></findex>
<para>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by <code>den</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="643">\right</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714">\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></indexterm>\left <var>delim1</var> ... \right <var>delim2</var></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="715">\right</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The two delimiters need not match; <samp>.</samp> acts as a null delimiter,
producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math
in between. Example: <code>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates a brace over <var>text</var>.
For example, <math>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645">\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717">\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <var>tex</var>.
For example, <math>\overline{x+y}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;arg&rbrace;</indexterm>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;arg&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718">\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;arg&rbrace;</indexterm>\sqrt[<var>root</var>]&lbrace;arg&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <var>arg</var>. The
optional argument <var>root</var> determines what root to produce. For
example, the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as
@@ -5426,7 +7482,7 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this:
$\root 3 \of x+y$.
</tex>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647">\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719">\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\stackrel&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>relation</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Puts <var>text</var> above <var>relation</var>. For example,
<code>\stackrel&lbrace;f&rbrace;&lbrace;\longrightarrow&rbrace;</code>.
<tex endspaces=" ">
@@ -5434,14 +7490,14 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this:
$\buildrel f \over \longrightarrow$.
</tex>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648">\underbrace&lbrace;math&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;math&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720">\underbrace&lbrace;math&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;math&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Generates <var>math</var> with a brace underneath.
<tex endspaces=" ">
In &tex;, the result looks like this:
$\underbrace{x+y+z}_{&gt;\,0}$.
</tex>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649">\underline&lbrace;text&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;text&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721">\underline&lbrace;text&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;text&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Causes <var>text</var>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of
descenders.
@@ -5450,8 +7506,8 @@ In &tex;, the result looks like this:
$\underline{xyz}$
</tex>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="651">\vdots</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="723">\vdots</indexterm></findex>
<para>Produces a vertical ellipsis.
<tex endspaces=" ">
In &tex;, the result looks like this:
@@ -5465,11 +7521,12 @@ $\vdots$.
</chapter>
<node name="Modes" spaces=" "><nodename>Modes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Modes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">modes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">modes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
<para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
modes:
@@ -5493,7 +7550,7 @@ input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages.
<para>&latex; is in <dfn>math mode</dfn> when it&textrsquo;s generating a mathematical
formula, either displayed math or within a line.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="652">\mbox<r>, and LR mode</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="724">\mbox<r>, and LR mode</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>In <dfn>LR mode</dfn>, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output
that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.
However, unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to
@@ -5517,8 +7574,9 @@ mode, which it starts out in, is called &textldquo;outer paragraph mode&textrdqu
</chapter>
<node name="Page-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Page styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spaces</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Modes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and position of
the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
@@ -5533,8 +7591,9 @@ the page&textrsquo;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them
<node name="_005cmaketitle" spaces=" "><nodename>\maketitle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\maketitle</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="653">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="725">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a separate title
page&textmdash;except in the <code>article</code> class, where the title is placed
@@ -5542,30 +7601,30 @@ at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
is obtained from the following declarations:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654">\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="655">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="656">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726">\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name</var> \and <var>name2</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="727">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="728">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\author</code> command declares the document author(s), where the
argument is a list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. Use
<code>\\</code> to separate lines within a single author&textrsquo;s entry&textmdash;for
example, to give the author&textrsquo;s institution or address.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\date</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the document&textrsquo;s
date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current date (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxref>)
is used.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a <code>\footnote</code> to the title,
usually used for credit acknowledgements.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="660">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="732">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\title</code> command declares <var>text</var> to be the title of the
document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.
</para>
@@ -5575,8 +7634,9 @@ document. Use <code>\\</code> to force a line break, as usual.
</section>
<node name="_005cpagenumbering" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagenumbering</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\maketitle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagenumbering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="661">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="733">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5609,10 +7669,11 @@ the following:
</section>
<node name="_005cpagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagestyle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thispagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagestyle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="662">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">header style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="734">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">header style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5643,7 +7704,7 @@ goes in the headers.
<para>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A &textldquo;left-hand heading&textrdquo;
(<var>left</var>) is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before
the end of the page, while a &textldquo;right-hand heading&textrdquo; (<var>right</var>) is
@@ -5651,7 +7712,7 @@ generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that
comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
the page.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664">\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736">\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -5660,7 +7721,8 @@ the page.
</section>
<node name="_005cthispagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thispagestyle&lbrace;<var>style</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="665">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="737">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner as the
<code>\pagestyle</code> command (see previous section) except that it
@@ -5671,24 +7733,22 @@ changes to <var>style</var> for the current page only.
</chapter>
<node name="Spaces" spaces=" "><nodename>Spaces</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spaces</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">white space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
</para>
-<para>Another space-producing command is <code>\,</code> to produce a &textldquo;thin&textrdquo;
-space (usually 1/6<dmn>quad</dmn>). It can be used in text mode, but is
-more often useful in math mode (<pxref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal space
-</pre></menucomment><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fixed horizontal space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\SPACE</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Normal interword space.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ending a sentence.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thinspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">One-sixth of an em.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\/</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert italic correction.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hrulefill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal rule.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\dotfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal dots.
+<menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal space
+</pre></menucomment><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fixed horizontal space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space after a period.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE) after CS</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Controlling space gobbling after a control sequence.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frenchspacing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make interword and intersentence space equal.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thinspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">One-sixth of an em.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\/</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Insert italic correction.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hrulefill \dotfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve">
Vertical space
</pre></menucomment><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addvspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
@@ -5700,88 +7760,169 @@ Vertical space
<node name="_005chspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\hspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hfill</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="666">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="738">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\hspace[*]&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\hspace&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;
+\hspace*&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\hspace</code> command adds horizontal space. The <var>length</var>
-argument can be expressed in any terms that &latex; understands:
-points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both
-negative and positive space with an <code>\hspace</code> command; adding
-negative space is like backspacing.
+<para>Add the horizontal space given by <var>length</var>. The <var>length</var> is a
+rubber length, that is, it may contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code>
+component, in any unit that &latex; understands (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>&latex; normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
-or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional <code>*</code>
-form.
+<para>This command can add both positive and negative space; adding negative
+space is like backspacing.
</para>
-
-</section>
-<node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\SPACE</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="667">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which has
-no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as
-needed.
+<para>Normally when &tex; breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white
+space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you
+get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both. This
+command&textrsquo;s starred version <code>\hspace*&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> puts a non-discardable
+invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the
+output.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="668">\fill</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\fill</code> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically,
-the glue value <samp>0pt plus1fill</samp>); thus, <code>\hspace\fill</code> is
-equivalent to <code>\hfill</code>.
+<para>This example make a one-line paragraph that puts <samp>Name:</samp> an inch
+from the right margin.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth]&lbrace;\hspace&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;Name:\hspace&lbrace;1in&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
-<node name="_005cSPACE" spaces=" "><nodename>\SPACE</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\&arobase;</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\SPACE</code>: Normal interword space</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="669">\SPACE</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="670">\TAB</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="671">\NEWLINE</indexterm></findex>
+<node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<para>The <code>\ </code> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It&textrsquo;s
-useful after punctuation which shouldn&textrsquo;t end a sentence. For example,
-<code>the article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</code>. It
-is also often used after control sequences, as in <code>\TeX\ is a
-nice system.</code>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="739">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Produce a rubber length which has
+no natural space but can stretch horizontally as far as
+needed (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>In normal circumstances, <code>\</code><key>tab</key> and <code>\</code><key>newline</key>
-are equivalent to <code>\ </code>.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="740">\fill</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The command <code>\hfill</code> is equivalent to <code>\hspace&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code>. For
+space that does not disappear at line breaks use
+<code>\hspace*&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code> instead (<pxref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\SPACE</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;</code>: Force sentence-ending punctuation</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="672">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
+<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename>\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\(SPACE) after CS</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\(SPACE)</code> and \&arobase;</sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="741">\(SPACE)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="742">\TAB</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="743">\NEWLINE</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="744">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="_005cAT">\AT</anchor><!-- c old name -->
-<para>The <code>\&arobase;</code> command makes the following punctuation character end a
-sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after
-a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without
-<code>\&arobase;</code>:
+<para>Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a
+sentence or as ending an abbreviation.
+</para>
+<para>By default, in justifying a line &latex; adjusts the space after a
+sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or
+colon) more than the space between words
+(<pxref label="_005cfrenchspacing"><xrefnodename>\frenchspacing</xrefnodename></pxref>). &latex; assumes that the period ends a
+sentence unless it is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it
+takes that period for part of an abbreviation. Note that if a
+sentence-ending period is immediately followed by a right parenthesis or
+bracket, or right single or double quote, then the intersentence space
+follows that parenthesis or quote.
+</para>
+<para>If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not a
+capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the
+sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space (<code>\ </code>) or
+a tie (<code>~</code>). Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and
+<code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and <code>(manure, etc.)\ for sale</code>.
+</para>
+<para>For other use of <code>\ </code>, see also <ref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE) after CS</xrefnodename></ref>.
+</para>
+<para>In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
+period that ends the sentence, then put <code>\&arobase;</code> on the left of that
+period. For example, <code>book by the MAA\&arobase;.</code> will have intersentence
+spacing after the period.
+</para>
+<para>In contrast, putting <code>\&arobase;</code> on the right of a period tells &tex;
+that the period does not end the sentence. In the example
+<code>reserved words (if, then, etc.\&arobase;) are different</code>, &tex; will put
+interword space after the closing parenthesis (note that <code>\&arobase;</code> is
+before the parenthesis).
+</para>
+</section>
+<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-after-CS" spaces=" "><nodename>\(SPACE) after CS</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ </code> after a control sequence</sectiontitle>
+
+<para>The <code>\ </code> command is often used after control sequences to keep them
+from gobbling the space that follows, as in <code>\TeX\ is a nice
+system.</code> And, under normal circumstances <code>\</code><key>tab</key> and
+<code>\</code><key>newline</key> are equivalent to <code>\ </code>. For other use of
+<code>\ </code>, see also <ref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029-and-_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE) and \&arobase;</xrefnodename></ref>.
+</para>
+<para>Some people prefer to use <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> for the same purpose, as in
+<code>\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace; is a nice system.</code> This has the advantage that you can
+always write it the same way, like <code>\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>, whether it is
+followed by a space or by a punctuation mark. Please compare:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">&dots; in C\&arobase;. Pascal, though &dots;
-&dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system.&linebreak;
+\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace; is a nice system. \TeX&lbrace;&rbrace;, a nice system.
</pre></example>
-<noindent></noindent> <para>produces
-</para>
-<!-- c Texinfo has different commands, but the result is the same. -->
-<quotation endspaces=" ">
-<para>&dots; in C&eosperiod; Pascal, though &dots;&linebreak;
-&dots; in C. Pascal, though &dots;
-</para></quotation>
+
+<para>When you define user commands (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) you
+can prevent the space gobbling after the command by using the package
+<code>xspace</code> and inserting <code>\xspace</code> at the end of the definition
+For instance:
+</para><example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;minimal&rbrace;
+\usepackage&lbrace;xspace&rbrace;
+\newcommand*&lbrace;\Loup&rbrace;&lbrace;Grand Cric\xspace&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+Que le \Loup me croque !
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>A quick hack to use <code>\xspace</code> for existing command is as follows:
+</para><example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;minimal&rbrace;
+\usepackage&lbrace;xspace&rbrace;
+\newcommand*&lbrace;\SansXspaceTeX&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;
+\let\SansXspaceTeX\TeX
+\renewcommand&lbrace;\TeX&rbrace;&lbrace;\SansXspaceTeX\xspace&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+\TeX is a nice system.
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
</section>
-<node name="_005cthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cfrenchspacing" spaces=" "><nodename>\frenchspacing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE) after CS</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frenchspacing</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="745">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="746">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">spacing, intersentence</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>This declaration (from Plain &tex;) causes &latex; to treat
+intersentence spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
+</para>
+<para>In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, including
+English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or after other
+punctuation marks) more than the space between words. Following this
+declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally.
+</para>
+<para>Revert to the default behavior by declaring <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code>.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="_005cthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinspace</code>: Insert 1/6<dmn>em</dmn></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="673">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="747">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
<para><code>\thinspace</code> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested
@@ -5789,10 +7930,11 @@ quotes, as in &textrsquo;<dmn></dmn>&textrdquo;.<!-- c Abuse @dmn, which is a th
</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005c_002f" spaces=" "><nodename>\/</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hrulefill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005c_002f" spaces=" "><nodename>\/</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hrulefill \dotfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\/</code>: Insert italic correction</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="674">\/</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="748">\/</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\/</code> command produces an <dfn>italic correction</dfn>. This is a
small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
@@ -5827,40 +7969,63 @@ in a different way.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005chrulefill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hrulefill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dotfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\/</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hrulefill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="675">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
+<node name="_005chrulefill-_005cdotfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hrulefill \dotfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addvspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\/</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hrulefill \dotfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<para>The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; which can
-stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
-rule.
-</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="749">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="750">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
-</section>
-<node name="_005cdotfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\dotfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addvspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hrulefill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dotfill</code></sectiontitle>
-
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="676">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Produce an infinite rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) filled with a
+horizontal rule (that is, a line) or with dots, instead of just white
+space.
+</para>
+<para>When placed between blank lines this example creates a paragraph that is
+left and right justified, where the space in the middle is filled with
+evenly spaced dots.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\noindent Jack Aubrey\dotfill Melbury Lodge
+</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\dotfill</code> command produces a &textldquo;rubber length&textrdquo; that fills
-with dots instead of just white space.
+<para>To make the rule or dots go to the line&textrsquo;s end use <code>\null</code> at the
+start or end.
+</para>
+<para>To change the rule&textrsquo;s thickness, copy the definition and adjust it, as
+with <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\hrulefill&rbrace;&lbrace;\leavevmode\leaders\hrule height
+1pt\hfill\kern\z&arobase;&rbrace;</code>, which changes the default thickness of
+0.4<dmn>pt</dmn> to 1<dmn>pt</dmn>. Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\dotfill&rbrace;&lbrace;\leavevmode\cleaders\hb&arobase;xt&arobase;
+1.00em&lbrace;\hss .\hss &rbrace;\hfill\kern\z&arobase;&rbrace;</code>, which changes the default
+length of 0.33<dmn>em</dmn> to 1.00<dmn>em</dmn>.
</para>
-<!-- c xx undone -->
</section>
-<node name="_005caddvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\addvspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\dotfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005caddvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\addvspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hrulefill \dotfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addvspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="677">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><code>\addvspace&lbrace;length&rbrace;</code>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="751">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para><code>\addvspace&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;</code>
+</para>
+<para>Add a vertical space of height <var>length</var>, which is a rubber length
+(<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). However, if vertical space has already been added to
+the same point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command
+then this command will not add more space than what is needed to make
+the natural length of the total vertical space equal to <var>length</var>.
+</para>
+<para>Use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
+environment that starts a new paragraph. (For instance, a Theorem
+environment is defined to begin and end in <code>\addvspace&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> so
+that two consecutive Theorem&textrsquo;s are separated by one vertical space, not
+two.)
+</para>
+<para>This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical space of height
-length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
-point in the output by a previous <code>\addvspace</code> command, then this
-command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural
-length of the total vertical space equal to <code>length</code>.
+<para>The error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp> means that
+you were not in vertical mode when you invoked this command; one way to
+change that is to precede this command with a <code>\par</code> command.
</para>
</section>
@@ -5872,22 +8037,22 @@ document class.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\bigskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="678">\bigskip</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="679">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="752">\bigskip</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="753">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\bigskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\medskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="680">\medskip</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="681">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="754">\medskip</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="755">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\medskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about half of
a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <code>book</code>
and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\smallskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="682">\smallskip</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="683">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="756">\smallskip</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="757">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\smallskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus
@@ -5899,41 +8064,79 @@ quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
</section>
<node name="_005cvfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\vfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="684">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="758">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which
-can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It&textrsquo;s equivalent to
-<code>\vspace&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="_005chfill"><xrefnodename>\hfill</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length
+(<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) that is infinite, so it can stretch or shrink as far
+as needed.
+</para>
+<para>It is often used in the same way as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code>, except that
+<code>\vfill</code> ends the current paragraph, whereas
+<code>\vspace&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code> adds the infinite vertical space below its line
+irrespective of the paragraph structure. In both cases that space will
+disappear at a page boundary; to circumvent this see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cvspace"><xrefnodename>\vspace</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
+<para>In this example the page is filled, so the top and bottom lines contain
+the text <samp>Lost Dog!</samp> and the third <samp>Lost Dog!</samp> is exactly
+halfway between them.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+Lost Dog!
+\vfill
+Lost Dog!
+\vfill
+Lost Dog!
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005cvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\vspace</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\vfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vspace[*]&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="685">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vspace&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<para>Synopsis:
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="759">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis, one of these two:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\vspace[*]&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\vspace&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;
+\vspace*&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\vspace</code> command adds the vertical space <var>length</var>, i.e.,
-a rubber length. <var>length</var> can be negative or positive.
+<para>Add the vertical space <var>length</var>. This can be negative or positive,
+and is a rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>Ordinarily, &latex; removes vertical space added by <code>\vspace</code> at
-the top or bottom of a page. With the optional <code>*</code> argument, the
-space is not removed.
+<para>&latex; removes the vertical space from <code>\vfill</code> at a page break,
+that is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version
+<code>\vspace*&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code> causes the space to stay.
</para>
+<para>In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on
+the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+1) Who put the bomp in the bomp bah bomp bah bomp?
+\vspace&lbrace;1in plus 1fill&rbrace;
+
+2) Who put the ram in the rama lama ding dong?
+\vspace&lbrace;1in plus 1fill&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special insertions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spaces</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Boxes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>All the predefined length parameters (<pxref label="Predefined-lengths"><xrefnodename>Predefined lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>) can be
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
@@ -5953,9 +8156,10 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
<node name="_005cmbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\mbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fbox and \framebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mbox&lbrace;<var>text&rbrace;</var></code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="686">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="760">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
text created by its argument. The <var>text</var> is not broken into
lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
@@ -5965,8 +8169,8 @@ lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
<node name="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\fbox and \framebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">lrbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\mbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fbox</code> and <code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="687">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="688">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="761">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="762">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -5983,8 +8187,8 @@ specification of the box width with the optional <var>width</var> argument
(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <var>position</var>
argument. <!-- c xxref -->
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="689">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="690">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="763">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="764">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> (default
<samp>.4pt</samp>), and leave a space of <code>\fboxsep</code> (default
<samp>3pt</samp>) between the rule and the contents of the box.
@@ -5996,7 +8200,8 @@ argument. <!-- c xxref -->
</section>
<node name="lrbox" spaces=" "><nodename>lrbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fbox and \framebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>lrbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="691">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="765">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
<para><code>\begin&lbrace;lrbox&rbrace;&lbrace;cmd&rbrace; text \end&lbrace;lrbox&rbrace;</code>
</para>
@@ -6009,7 +8214,8 @@ must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.
</section>
<node name="_005cmakebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">lrbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="692">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="766">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6018,7 +8224,7 @@ must have been declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.
</pre></example>
<para>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to contain
-the <var>text</var> specified. The width of the box is specified by the
+the <var>text</var> specified. The width of the box can be overridden by the
optional <var>width</var> argument. The position of the text within the box
is determined by the optional <var>position</var> argument, which may take
the following values:
@@ -6035,14 +8241,15 @@ the following values:
stretchable space for this to work.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<para><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the picture environment
+<para><code>\makebox</code> is also used within the <code>picture</code> environment
<pxref label="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\makebox (picture)</xrefnodename></pxref>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cparbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\parbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raisebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="693">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="767">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6092,7 +8299,8 @@ for this to work.
</section>
<node name="_005craisebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\raisebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\savebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\parbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raisebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="694">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="768">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6114,7 +8322,8 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth.
</section>
<node name="_005csavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\savebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raisebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\savebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="695">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="769">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6131,7 +8340,8 @@ declared with <code>\newsavebox</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewsavebox"><xrefnode
</section>
<node name="_005csbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\sbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\savebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sbox&lbrace;<var>\boxcmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="696">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="770">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6149,7 +8359,8 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
</section>
<node name="_005cusebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\usebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\sbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usebox&lbrace;<var>\boxcmd</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="697">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="771">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6166,6 +8377,9 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
<node name="Special-insertions" spaces=" "><nodename>Special insertions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Special insertions</sectiontitle>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">special insertions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</para>
@@ -6181,8 +8395,9 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
<node name="Reserved-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Reserved characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Text symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Reserved characters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called
&textldquo;reserved characters&textrdquo; or &textldquo;special characters&textrdquo;.
@@ -6191,33 +8406,33 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
<pre xml:space="preserve"># $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ &lbrace; &rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="698">\#</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="699">\$</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="700">\%</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="701">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="702">\_</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="703">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="704">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="772">\#</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="773">\$</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="774">\%</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="775">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="776">\_</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="777">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="778">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
<para>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex;
will do something special. If you simply want the character to be
printed as itself, include a <code>\</code> in front of the character. For
example, <code>\$</code> will produce <code>$</code> in your output.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="705">\backslash</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="779">\backslash</indexterm></findex>
<para>One exception to this rule is <code>\</code> itself, because <code>\\</code> has
its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by
typing <code>$\backslash$</code> in your file, and a typewriter <code>\</code> is
produced by using <samp>\</samp> in a verbatim command (<pxref label="verbatim"><xrefnodename>verbatim</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="706">\~</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="707">\^</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="780">\~</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="781">\^</indexterm></findex>
<para>Also, <code>\~</code> and <code>\^</code> place tilde and circumflex accents over
the following letter, as in <accent type="tilde">o</accent> and <accent type="circ">o</accent> (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>); to get
a standalone <code>~</code> or <code>^</code>, you can again use a verbatim
command.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="708">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="782">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
know its number by using the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the
@@ -6233,279 +8448,280 @@ with <code>&quot;</code>, so the previous example could also be written as
<node name="Text-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Text symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Reserved characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Text symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="709">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="783">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
not available in OT1; you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<beforefirstitem>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The copyright symbol, &copyright;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The double dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex;2e logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716">\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717">\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790">\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791">\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
&laquo;, &raquo;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="796">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
<para>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): &textlsquo;&dots;&textrsquo;. <code>\ldots</code>
and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="797">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Left (opening) quote: &textlsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="798">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="799">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="800">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="801">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>English pounds sterling: &pound;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline:
&bdquo; and &sbquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="804">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Right (closing) quote: &textrsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="805">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Section symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="806">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &tex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ASCII circumflex: ^.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ASCII tilde: ~.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="809">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Centered asterisk: *.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="810">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Backslash: \.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="811">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Vertical bar: |.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="812">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double vertical bar.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="813">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Big circle symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="814">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Left brace: &lbrace;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="815">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Right brace: &rbrace;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="816">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Bullet: &bullet;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="817">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><var>letter</var> in a circle, as in &registered;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745">\textcapitalwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746">\textascenderwordmark</indexterm>\textascenderwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="818">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="819">\textcapitalwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="820">\textascenderwordmark</indexterm>\textascenderwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Composite word mark (invisible). The <code>\textcapital...</code> form
has the cap height of the font, while the <code>\textascender...</code> form
has the ascender height.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="821">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dagger: <math>\dag</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="822">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double dagger: <math>\ddag</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749">\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="823">\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dollar sign: $.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="824">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Em-dash: &textmdash; (for punctuation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>En-dash: &textmdash; (for ranges).
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="825">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>En-dash: &textndash; (for ranges).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="826">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The Euro symbol: &euro;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="827">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Upside down exclamation point: &iexcl;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="828">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Greater than: &gt;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="829">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Less than: &lt;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="830">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Left arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="831">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="832">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: &ordf;, &ordm;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="833">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Centered period: <math>\cdot</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="834">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Upside down question mark: &iquest;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="835">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double left quote: &textldquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="836">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Double right quote: &textrdquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="837">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Single left quote: &textlsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="838">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Single right quote: &textrsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="839">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="840">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="841">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Registered symbol: &registered;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="842">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Right arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="843">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="844">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Trademark symbol: <math>^{\hbox{TM}}</math>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="845">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="846">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Underscore: _.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="847">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Visible space symbol.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -6515,12 +8731,12 @@ has the ascender height.
<node name="Accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Non-English characters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Text symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428"><code>babel</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475"><code>babel</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and
languages, through the <code>babel</code> package and related support. This
section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists
@@ -6532,145 +8748,147 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&quot;</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldieresis</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="774">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="775">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in <accent type="uml">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\'</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalacute</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="776">\&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="777">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850">\&textrsquo; <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces an acute accent, as in <accent type="acute">o</accent>. In the <code>tabbing</code>
environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
(<pxref label="tabbing"><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\.</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="778">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="852">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in <accent type="dotaccent">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\=</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalmacron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="779">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="780">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="853">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="854">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in <accent type="macr">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\^</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcircumflex</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="781">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="782">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="855">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="856">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in <accent type="circ">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\`</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalgrave</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="783">\&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="784">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="857">\&textlsquo; <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="858">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in <accent type="grave">o</accent>. In the
<code>tabbing</code> environment, move following text to the right margin
(<pxref label="tabbing"><xrefnodename>tabbing</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\~</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltilde</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="785">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="786">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="859">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="860">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in <accent type="tilde">n</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="787">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in <accent type="ubaraccent">o</accent>.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="861">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in <accent type="ubaraccent">o</accent>. See
+also <code>\underbar</code> hereinafter.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\c</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcedilla</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="788">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="789">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="862">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="863">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in <accent type="cedil">c</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\d</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldotaccent</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="790">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="791">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="864">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="865">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in <accent type="udotaccent">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\H</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="792">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="793">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="866">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="867">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in <accent type="doubleacute">o</accent>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\i</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="794">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="868">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dotless i, as in &textlsquo;<dotless>i</dotless>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\j</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="795">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="869">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a dotless j, as in &textlsquo;<dotless>j</dotless>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\k</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalogonek</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="796">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="797">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="870">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="871">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a letter with ogonek, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="ogon">o</accent>&textrsquo;. Not available in
the OT1 encoding.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\r</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalring</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="798">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="799">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="872">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="873">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a ring accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="ring">o</accent>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\t</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\newtie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalnewtie</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="800">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="801">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="802">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="803">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="874">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="875">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="876">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="877">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a tie-after accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="tieaccent">oo</accent>&textrsquo;. The
<code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\u</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalbreve</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="804">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="805">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="878">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="879">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a breve accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="breve">o</accent>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\underbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="806">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="880">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
The argument is always processed in horizontal mode. The bar is
always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in <ref label="Math-miscellany"><xrefnodename>Math miscellany</xrefnodename></ref>.
+See also <code>\b</code> above.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\v</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcaron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="807">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="808">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="881">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="882">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Produces a h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check, caron) accent, as in &textlsquo;<accent type="caron">o</accent>&textrsquo;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -6680,92 +8898,91 @@ descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in <ref label="Math-miscellany"><x
<node name="Non_002dEnglish-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Non-English characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Non-English characters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">letters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">letters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly
used in languages other than English.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<beforefirstitem>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\aa</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\aa</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AA</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="809">\aa (&aring;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="810">\AA (&Aring;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">aring</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="883">\aa (&aring;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="884">\AA (&Aring;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">aring</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aring; and &Aring;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ae</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="811">\ae (&aelig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="812">\AE (&AElig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="885">\ae (&aelig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="886">\AE (&AElig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aelig; and &AElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dh</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="813">\dh (&eth;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="814">\DH (&ETH;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="887">\dh (&eth;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="888">\DH (&ETH;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dj</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="815">\dj</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="816">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="889">\dj</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="890">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
<para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ij</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="817">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="818">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="891">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="892">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\l</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\L</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="819">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="820">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="893">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="894">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lslash; and &Lslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ng</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NG</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="821">\ng</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822">\NG</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="895">\ng</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="896">\NG</indexterm></findex>
<para>Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\o</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\O</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="823">\o (&oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="824">\O (&Oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="897">\o (&oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="898">\O (&Oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\oe</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="825">\oe (&oelig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="826">\OE (&OElig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="899">\oe (&oelig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="900">\OE (&OElig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oelig; and &OElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ss</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\SS</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827">\ss (&szlig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="828">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="901">\ss (&szlig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="902">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&szlig; and SS.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\th</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\TH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="829">\th (&thorn;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="830">\TH (&THORN;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="903">\th (&thorn;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="904">\TH (&THORN;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -6774,7 +8991,8 @@ used in languages other than English.
</section>
<node name="_005crule" spaces=" "><nodename>\rule</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\today</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Non-English characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rule</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="831">\rule</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="905">\rule</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6800,7 +9018,9 @@ rectangles. The arguments are:
</section>
<node name="_005ctoday" spaces=" "><nodename>\today</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\rule</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\today</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="832">\today</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="906">\today</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\today</code> command produces today&textrsquo;s date, in the format
<samp><var>month</var> <var>dd</var>, <var>yyyy</var></samp>; for example, &textlsquo;July 4, 1976&textrsquo;.
@@ -6808,7 +9028,7 @@ It uses the predefined counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
<code>\year</code> (<pxref label="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"><xrefnodename>\day \month \year</xrefnodename></pxref>) to do this. It is not
updated as the program runs.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472"><code>datetime</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520"><code>datetime</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>datetime</code> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
of other date formats.
</para>
@@ -6817,8 +9037,9 @@ of other date formats.
</chapter>
<node name="Splitting-the-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Splitting the input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Splitting the input</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">input file</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522">input file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it&textrsquo;s more efficient to split it into
@@ -6838,7 +9059,8 @@ external file to be created with the main document.
<node name="_005cinclude" spaces=" "><nodename>\include</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\includeonly</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\include</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="833">\include</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="907">\include</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6855,7 +9077,7 @@ command executes <code>\clearpage</code> to start a new page
only run if <var>file</var> is listed as an argument to
<code>\includeonly</code>. See the next section.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another <code>\include</code> command.
</para>
@@ -6863,7 +9085,8 @@ read by another <code>\include</code> command.
</section>
<node name="_005cincludeonly" spaces=" "><nodename>\includeonly</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\include</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\<code>includeonly</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="834">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="908">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6882,8 +9105,9 @@ effective.
</section>
<node name="_005cinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\input</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\includeonly</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\input</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="835">\input</indexterm></findex>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\input</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="909">\input</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6900,6 +9124,7 @@ file at that point.
or <samp>foo.bar.tex</samp>). If that is not found, the original <var>file</var>
is tried (<samp>foo</samp> or <samp>foo.bar</samp>).
</para>
+
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Front_002fback-matter" spaces=" "><nodename>Front/back matter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
@@ -6915,10 +9140,10 @@ is tried (<samp>foo</samp> or <samp>foo.bar</samp>).
<node name="Tables-of-contents" spaces=" "><nodename>Tables of contents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Glossaries</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Tables of contents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="836">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="837">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="910">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="911">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>A table of contents is produced with the <code>\tableofcontents</code>
command. You put the command right where you want the table of
contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must
@@ -6929,16 +9154,16 @@ not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
table of contents, write a <code>\newpage</code> command after the
<code>\tableofcontents</code> command.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="838">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="839">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="840">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="841">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="912">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="913">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="914">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="915">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The analogous commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code>
produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from <file>.lof</file> and
<file>.lot</file> files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same
as for the table of contents.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="842">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="916">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\nofiles</code> overrides these commands, and
<emph>prevents</emph> any of these lists from being generated.
</para>
@@ -6949,9 +9174,10 @@ as for the table of contents.
<node name="_005caddcontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\addcontentsline</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="843">\addcontentsline&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addcontentsline</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="917">\addcontentsline&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\addcontentsline</code>&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
command adds an entry to the specified list or table where:
@@ -6980,7 +9206,7 @@ following, matching the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text of the entry.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="844">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="918">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
<para>What is written to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file is the
command <code>\contentsline&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
@@ -6989,8 +9215,9 @@ command <code>\contentsline&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>name</var
</subsection>
<node name="_005caddtocontents" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocontents</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\addtocontents</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="845">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocontents</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="919">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\addtocontents</code>&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace; command adds text
(or formatting commands) directly to the <file>.<var>ext</var></file> file that
@@ -7011,22 +9238,23 @@ figures), or <file>lot</file> (list of tables).
</section>
<node name="Glossaries" spaces=" "><nodename>Glossaries</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Indexes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Tables of contents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Glossaries</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="846">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="920">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> enables creating glossaries.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="847">\glossary</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921">\glossary</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The command <code>\glossary&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> writes a glossary entry for
<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.glo</file> extension.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848">\glossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="922">\glossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
<para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\glossaryentry&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pageno</var>&rbrace;</code>, where
<var>pageno</var> is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">glossary <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">glossary <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>glossary</code> package on CTAN provides support for fancier
glossaries.
</para>
@@ -7034,37 +9262,38 @@ glossaries.
</section>
<node name="Indexes" spaces=" "><nodename>Indexes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Indexes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\makeindex</code> enables creating indexes. Put this in
the preamble.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850">\index</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924">\index</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The command <code>\index&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> writes an index entry for
<var>text</var> to an auxiliary file with the <file>.idx</file> extension.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="925">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
<para>Specifically, what gets written is the command
<code>\indexentry&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pageno</var>&rbrace;</code>, where <var>pageno</var>
is the current <code>\thepage</code> value.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>To generate a index entry for &textlsquo;bar&textrsquo; that says &textlsquo;See foo&textrsquo;, use a
vertical bar: <code>\index&lbrace;bar|see&lbrace;foo&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>. Use <code>seealso</code>
instead of <code>see</code> to make a &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo; entry.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="852">\seename</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="853">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="926">\seename</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="927">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
<para>The text &textlsquo;See&textrsquo; is defined by the macro <code>\seename</code>, and &textlsquo;See also&textrsquo;
by the macro <code>\alsoname</code>. These can be redefined for other
languages.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The generated <file>.idx</file> file is then sorted with an external
command, usually either <command>makeindex</command>
(<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex</urefurl></url>) or (the
@@ -7072,23 +9301,23 @@ multi-lingual) <command>xindy</command> (<url><urefurl>http://xindy.sourceforge.
This results in a <file>.ind</file> file, which can then be read to typeset
the index.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="854">printindex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488"><code>makeidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="928">printindex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536"><code>makeidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The index is usually generated with the <code>\printindex</code> command.
This is defined in the <code>makeidx</code> package, so
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;makeidx&rbrace;</code> needs to be in the preamble.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="855">indexspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929">indexspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>The rubber length <code>\indexspace</code> is inserted before each new
letter in the printed index; its default value is <samp>10pt plus5pt
minus3pt</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489"><code>showidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537"><code>showidx</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in
the margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in
preparing the index.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490"><code>multind</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538"><code>multind</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See also the
&tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</urefurl></url>.
@@ -7098,103 +9327,176 @@ preparing the index.
</chapter>
<node name="Letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Letters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">letters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">creating letters</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
-<code>letter</code> document class is designed to make a number of letters at
-once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
-</para>
-<para>Your <file>.tex</file> source file has the same minimum commands as the other
-document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
-minimum:
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">writing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve"> \documentclass&lbrace;letter&rbrace;
- \begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
- ... letters ...
- \end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;letter&rbrace;
+\address&lbrace;<var>sender address</var>&rbrace;
+\signature&lbrace;<var>sender name</var>&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;letter&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>recipient address</var>&rbrace;
+\opening&lbrace;<var>salutation</var>&rbrace;
+ <var>letter body</var>
+\closing&lbrace;<var>closing text</var>&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;letter&rbrace;
+ ... more letters ...
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Each letter is a <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument is the name
-and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:
+<para>Produce one or more letters.
+</para>
+<para>Each letter is in a separate <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument
+<var>recipient address</var> often contains multiple lines separated with a
+double backslash&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>). For example, you might have:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve"> \begin&lbrace;letter&rbrace;&lbrace;Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
- \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve"> \begin&lbrace;letter&rbrace;&lbrace;Mr. Joe Smith \\
+ 2345 Princess St. \\
+ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA&rbrace;
...
\end&lbrace;letter&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The letter itself begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The text of
-the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary &latex; input. Commands that
-make no sense in a letter, like <code>\chapter</code>, do not work. The letter
-closes with a <code>\closing</code> command.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="856">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>After the <code>closing</code>, you can have additional material. The
-<code>\cc</code> command produces the usual &textldquo;cc: &dots;&textrdquo;. There&textrsquo;s also a
-similar <code>\encl</code> command for a list of enclosures. With both these
-commands, use <code>\\</code> to separate the items.
+<para>The start of the <code>letter</code> environment resets the page number to 1,
+and the footnote number to 1 also.
+</para>
+<para>The <var>sender address</var> and <var>sender name</var> are common to all of the
+letters, whether there is one or more, so these are best put in the
+preamble. As with the recipient address, often <var>sender address</var>
+contains multiple lines separated by a double
+backslash&nbsp;(<code>\\</code>). &latex; will put the <var>sender name</var>
+under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional
+hand-written signature; it also can contain multiple lines.
+</para>
+<para>Each letter environment begins with a required <code>\opening</code> command
+such as <code>\opening&lbrace;Dear Madam or Sir:&rbrace;</code>. The <var>letter body</var>
+text is ordinary &latex; so it can contain everything from from
+enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands such as
+<code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off. Each
+letter environment typically ends with a <code>\closing</code> command such as
+<code>\closing&lbrace;Yours,&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who
+is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc&lbrace;the
+Boss \\ the Boss's Boss&rbrace;</code>. There&textrsquo;s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for
+a list of enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with <code>\ps</code>.
+</para>
+<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default is to indent the signature and the <code>\closing</code>
+above it by a length of <code>\longindentation</code>. By default this is
+<code>0.5\textwidth</code>. To make them flush left, put
+<code>\setlength&lbrace;\longindentation&rbrace;&lbrace;0em&rbrace;</code> in your preamble.
+</para>
+<para>To set a fixed date use something like
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\today&rbrace;&lbrace;2015-Oct-12&rbrace;</code>. If put in your preamble
+then it will apply to all the letters.
+</para>
+<para>This example shows only one <code>letter</code> environment. The three lines
+marked as optional are typically omitted.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;letter&rbrace;
+\address&lbrace;Sender's street \\ Sender's town&rbrace;
+\signature&lbrace;Sender's name \\ Sender's title&rbrace;
+% optional: \location&lbrace;Mailbox 13&rbrace;
+% optional: \telephone&lbrace;(102) 555-0101&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;letter&rbrace;&lbrace;Recipient's name \\ Recipient's address&rbrace;
+\opening&lbrace;Sir:&rbrace;
+% optional: \thispagestyle&lbrace;firstpage&rbrace;
+I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
+\closing&lbrace;Your most humble, etc.,&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;letter&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
<para>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\address</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your return address.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\cc</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Cc list.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\closing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying goodbye.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\encl</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of enclosed material.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\location</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your organization&textrsquo;s address.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\makelabels</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Making address labels.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\name</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your name, for the return address.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\opening</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying hello.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ps</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Adding a postscript.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\signature</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your signature.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\startbreaks</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Allow page breaks.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\stopbreaks</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Disallow page breaks.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\telephone</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Your phone number.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\address</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s return address.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\cc</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Carbon copy list.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\closing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying goodbye.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\encl</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of enclosed material.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\location</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s organizational location.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\makelabels</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make address labels.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\name</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s name, for the return address.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\opening</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Saying hello.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ps</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Adding a postscript.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\signature</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s signature.
+<!-- c ?Not user-level? * \stopbreaks and \startbreaks:: Disallow and allow page breaks. -->
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\telephone</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sender&textrsquo;s phone number.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005caddress" spaces=" "><nodename>\address</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cc</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>\address&lbrace;<var>return-address&rbrace;</var></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="857">\address</indexterm></findex>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\address</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="931">\address</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\address&lbrace;<var>senders address</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\address</code> specifies the return address of a letter, as it
-should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the
-address should be separated by <code>\\</code> commands.
+<para>Specifies the return address as it appears on the letter and on the
+envelope. Separate multiple lines in <var>senders address</var> with a
+double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Because it can apply to multiple letters this declaration is often put
+in the preamble. However, it can go anywhere, including inside an
+individual <code>letter</code> environment.
</para>
-<para>If you do not make an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter
-will be formatted for copying onto your organization&textrsquo;s standard
-letterhead. (<xref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></xref>, for details on your local
-implementation). If you give an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the
-letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
+<para>This command is optional: without the <code>\address</code> declaration the
+letter is formatted with some blank space on top, for copying onto
+pre-printed letterhead paper. (<xref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></xref>, for details on your
+local implementation.) With the <code>\address</code> declaration, it is
+formatted as a personal letter.
</para>
+<para>Here is an example.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\address&lbrace;Stephen Maturin \\
+ The Grapes of the Savoy&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005ccc" spaces=" "><nodename>\cc</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\closing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\address</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cc</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="858">\cc</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="932">\cc</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\cc&lbrace;<var>name1</var>\\<var>name2</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\cc&lbrace;<var>first name</var> \\
+ .. &rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Produce a list of <var>name</var>s the letter was copied to. Each name is
-printed on a separate line.
+<para>Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent. This
+command is optional. If it appears then typically it comes after
+<code>\closing</code>. Separate multiple lines with a double
+backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\cc&lbrace;President \\
+ Vice President&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005cclosing" spaces=" "><nodename>\closing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\encl</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cc</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\closing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="859">\closing</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933">\closing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7202,9 +9504,11 @@ printed on a separate line.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\closing&lbrace;text&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>A letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command, for example,
-</para><example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\closing&lbrace;Best Regards,&rbrace;
+<para>Usually at the end of a letter, above the handwritten signature, there
+is a <code>\closing</code> (although this command is optional). For example,
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\closing&lbrace;Regards,&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -7212,57 +9516,92 @@ printed on a separate line.
<node name="_005cencl" spaces=" "><nodename>\encl</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\location</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\closing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\encl</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="860">\encl</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934">\encl</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\encl&lbrace;<var>line1</var>\\<var>line2</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\encl&lbrace;<var>first enclosed object</var> \\
+ .. &rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Declare a list of one more enclosures.
+<para>Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is
+optional; when it is used, it typically is put after <code>\closing</code>.
+Separate multiple lines with a double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\encl&lbrace;License \\
+ Passport &rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
<node name="_005clocation" spaces=" "><nodename>\location</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makelabels</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\encl</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\location</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="861">\location</indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\location&lbrace;address&rbrace;</code>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935">\location</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
-<para>This modifies your organization&textrsquo;s standard address. This only appears
-if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected.
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\location&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <var>text</var> appears centered at the bottom of the each page. It only
+appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cmakelabels" spaces=" "><nodename>\makelabels</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\name</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\location</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makelabels</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="862">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\makelabels&lbrace;number&rbrace;</code>
-</para>
-<para>If you issue this command in the preamble, &latex; will create a sheet of
-address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
-</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\makelabels
+</pre></example>
+<para>Create a sheet of address labels from the recipient addresses, one for
+each letter. This sheet will be output before the letters, with the idea
+that you can copy it to a sheet of peel-off labels. This command goes
+in the preamble.
+</para>
+<para>Customize the labels by redefining the commands <code>\startlabels</code>,
+<code>\mlabel</code>, and <code>\returnaddress</code> in the preamble. The command
+<code>\startlabels</code> sets the width, height, number of columns, etc., of
+the page onto which the labels are printed. The command
+<code>\mlabel&lbrace;<var>sender address</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>recipient address</var>&rbrace;</code>
+produces the two labels (or one, if you choose to ignore the <var>sender
+address</var>). The <var>sender address</var> is the value returned by the macro
+<code>\returnaddress</code> while <var>recipient address</var> is the value passed
+in the argument to the <code>letter</code> environment. By default
+<code>\mlabel</code> ignores the first argument, the <var>sender address</var>.
+</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cname" spaces=" "><nodename>\name</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\opening</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makelabels</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\name</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="863">\name</indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\name&lbrace;June Davenport&rbrace;</code>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937">\name</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
-<para>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
-address.
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\name&lbrace;<var>name</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Sender&textrsquo;s name, used for printing on the envelope together with the
+return address.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005copening" spaces=" "><nodename>\opening</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ps</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\name</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\opening&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="864">\opening</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\opening</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938">\opening</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7270,72 +9609,118 @@ address.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\opening&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>A letter begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The mandatory
-argument, <var>text</var>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter.
-For instance:
+<para>This command is required. It starts a letter, following the
+<code>\begin&lbrace;letter&rbrace;&lbrace;..&rbrace;</code>. The mandatory argument <var>text</var> is the
+text that starts your letter. For instance:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\opening&lbrace;Dear Joe,&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\opening&lbrace;Dear John:&rbrace;
</pre></example>
</section>
<node name="_005cps" spaces=" "><nodename>\ps</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\signature</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\opening</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ps</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="865">\ps</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939">\ps</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Use the <code>\ps</code> command to start a postscript in a letter, after
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ps&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Add a postscript. This command is optional and usually is used after
<code>\closing</code>.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ps&lbrace;P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
</section>
-<node name="_005csignature" spaces=" "><nodename>\signature</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\startbreaks</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\ps</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\signature&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="866">\signature</indexterm></findex>
+<node name="_005csignature" spaces=" "><nodename>\signature</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\telephone</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\ps</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\signature</code></sectiontitle>
-<para>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
-space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within
-<var>text</var> as usual.
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\signature&lbrace;<var>first line</var> \\
+ .. &rbrace;
+</pre></example>
-</section>
-<node name="_005cstartbreaks" spaces=" "><nodename>\startbreaks</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stopbreaks</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\signature</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\startbreaks</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="867">\startbreaks</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940">\signature</indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\startbreaks</code>
+<para>The sender&textrsquo;s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is
+usual.
</para>
-<para>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page breaks again.
+<para>The argument text appears at the end of the letter, after the closing
+and after a vertical space for the traditional hand-written
+signature. Separate multiple lines with a double
+backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code>. For example:
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\signature&lbrace;J Fred Muggs \\
+ White House&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
-</section>
-<node name="_005cstopbreaks" spaces=" "><nodename>\stopbreaks</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\telephone</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\startbreaks</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stopbreaks</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="868">\stopbreaks</indexterm></findex>
-
-<para><code>\stopbreaks</code>
+<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default for the vertical space from the <code>\closing</code> text
+down to the <code>\signature</code> text is <code>6\medskipamount</code>, which is
+six times 0.7<dmn>em</dmn>.
+</para>
+<para>This command is usually in the preamble, to apply to all the letters in
+the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a
+<code>letter</code> environment and before the <code>\closing</code>.
</para>
-<para>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command occurs.
+<para>You can include a graphic in the signature, for instance with
+<code>\signature&lbrace;\vspace&lbrace;-6\medskipamount&rbrace;\includegraphics&lbrace;sig.png&rbrace;\\
+My name&rbrace;</code> (this requires writing <code>\usepackage&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace;</code> in the
+preamble).
</para>
+<!-- c I think this is not a user-level command; it is used to keep from breaking -->
+<!-- c the page between the closing and the signature -->
+<!-- c @node \stopbreaks and \startbreaks -->
+<!-- c @section @code{\stopbreaks} and @code{\startbreaks} -->
+
+<!-- c @findex \startbreak -->
+<!-- c @findex \stopbreaks -->
+
+<!-- c @example -->
+<!-- c @code{\stopbreaks} -->
+<!-- c text -->
+<!-- c @code{\startbreaks} -->
+<!-- c @end example -->
+
+<!-- c The @code{\stopbreaks} inhibits page breaking. The @code{\startbreaks} resumes -->
+<!-- c normal page breaking. -->
+<!-- c -->
+<!-- c -->
</section>
-<node name="_005ctelephone" spaces=" "><nodename>\telephone</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stopbreaks</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005ctelephone" spaces=" "><nodename>\telephone</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\signature</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\telephone</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="869">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
-<para><code>\telephone&lbrace;number&rbrace;</code>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
-<para>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the
-<code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected.
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\telephone&lbrace;<var>number</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The sender&textrsquo;s telephone number. This is typically in the preamble, where
+it applies to all letters. This only appears if the <code>firstpage</code>
+pagestyle is selected. If so, it appears on the lower right of the
+page.
</para>
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Terminal-input_002foutput" spaces=" "><nodename>Terminal input/output</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Terminal input/output</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">input/output</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\typein</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from the terminal.
@@ -7345,7 +9730,8 @@ space for your signature. <code>\\</code> starts a new line within
<node name="_005ctypein" spaces=" "><nodename>\typein</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typeout</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typein[<var>cmd</var>]&lbrace;<var>msg</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="870">\typein</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="942">\typein</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7365,7 +9751,8 @@ redefined to be the typed input.
</section>
<node name="_005ctypeout" spaces=" "><nodename>\typeout</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\typein</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typeout&lbrace;<var>msg</var>&rbrace;</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="871">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7389,9 +9776,10 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <code>^^J</code> in
</chapter>
<node name="Command-line" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Document templates</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">command line</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="872">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">command line</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="944">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
&tex; uses <file>.tex</file> as a default file extension. If you omit the
input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You can
@@ -7403,14 +9791,14 @@ error:
<pre xml:space="preserve">latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="873">&textndash;help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945">&textndash;help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also
be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with <samp>-</samp> or
<samp>--</samp>. For a list of those options, try <samp>latex --help</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="874">\stop</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="946">\stop</indexterm></findex>
<para>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
<samp>*</samp> prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <code>\stop</code>
(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
@@ -7421,7 +9809,9 @@ be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with <samp>-</samp> or
</chapter>
<node name="Document-templates" spaces=" "><nodename>Document templates</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Concept Index</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<appendix spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document templates</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">templates, document</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
@@ -7437,7 +9827,9 @@ be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
<node name="beamer-template" spaces=" "><nodename>beamer template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">book template</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>beamer</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
array of features, but here is a basic template:
</para>
@@ -7473,6 +9865,8 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
<node name="book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>book template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tugboat template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">beamer template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>book</code> template</sectiontitle>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
+
<verbatim xml:space="preserve">
\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
@@ -7497,8 +9891,9 @@ The end.
<node name="tugboat-template" spaces=" "><nodename>tugboat template</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tugboat</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">TUGboat template</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507"><code>ltugboat</code> class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">template, TUGboat</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">TUGboat template</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559"><code>ltugboat</code> class</indexterm></cindex>
<para><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group,
<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat</urefurl></url>.