latex2e-help-texinfo jul10 (12jul10)

git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@19442 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751

1 files changed, 671 insertions, 289 deletions

diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi
index 2eef185e6f4..b70996d1b16 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.texi
@@ -1,23 +1,30 @@
 \input texinfo
-@c $Id: latex2e.texi 244 2009-09-07 17:14:36Z karl $
+@c $Id: latex2e.texi 255 2010-07-12 17:37:55Z karl $
 @comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
 @setfilename latex2e.info
-@set UPDATED September 2009
+@set UPDATED July 2010
 @settitle @LaTeX{}2e reference manual (@value{UPDATED})
 @comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
 
+@c xx latex 2.09 commands should all be present now,
+@c xx but latex2e stuff is missing.
+@c
+@c xx mention \mathring
+@c xx mention usrguide
+@c xx mention ! float placement, p.15 of usrguide
 @c xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/
-@c xx check http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latexcheat
 @c
-@c xx latex 2.09 should be complete, but latex2e stuff is missing.
 @c xx The typeset source2e will have an index with all kernel
 @c xx commands, which would be a good start.  classes.dtx et al.
 @c xx define additional commands, and some of the kernel commands are
 @c xx internal and so shouldn't be included here.
+@c
+@c xx packages -- required, additional, useful; oberdiek ...
+@c xx fonts -- latexsys
 
 @copying
 This document is an unofficial reference manual for @LaTeX{}, a
-document preparation system, version as of @value{UPDATED}.
+document preparation system, version of @value{UPDATED}.
 
 This was originally translated from @file{LATEX.HLP} v1.0a in the VMS
 Help Library.  The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -31,7 +38,7 @@ and C.@tie{}Biemesderfer (published by the @TeX{} Users Group as
 @cite{@TeX{}niques} number 10), as reference material (text was not
 directly copied).
 
-Copyright @copyright{} 2007, 2008, 2009 Karl Berry.@*
+Copyright @copyright{} 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry.@*
 Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.@*
 Copyright @copyright{} 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
 
@@ -114,18 +121,18 @@ maintainers.
 * Making paragraphs::		Paragraph commands.
 * Math formulas::		How to create mathematical formulas.
 * Modes::			Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
-* Page Styles::			Various styles of page layout.
+* Page styles::			Various styles of page layout.
 * Spaces::		        Horizontal and vertical space.
 * Boxes::                       Making boxes.
 * Special insertions::		Inserting reserved and special characters.
 * Splitting the input::		Dealing with big files by splitting.
 * Front/back matter::		Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
 * Letters::			The letter class.
-* Terminal Input/Output::	User interaction.
-* Command Line::                System-independent command-line behavior.
+* Terminal input/output::	User interaction.
+* Command line::                System-independent command-line behavior.
 * Document templates::          Starter templates for various document classes.
-* Command Index::           	Alphabetical list of @LaTeX{} commands.
 * Concept Index::		General index.
+* Command Index::           	Alphabetical list of @LaTeX{} commands.
 @end menu
 
 
@@ -658,6 +665,7 @@ is 1.2 times the @code{\fontsize}.
 
 @findex \baselinestretch
 @cindex @code{setspace} package
+@cindex double spacing
 The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
 @code{\baselinestretch} parameter when the type size changes; the
 default is 1.  However, the best way to ``double space'' a document,
@@ -665,9 +673,16 @@ if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the
 @code{setspace} package; see
 @url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace}.
 
-@item \selectfont
+@findex \linespread
+@item \linespread@{@var{factor}@}
+Equivalent to
+@code{\renewcommand@{\baselinestretch@}@{@var{factor}@}}, and
+therefore must be followed by @code{\selectfont} to have any effect.
+Best specified in the preamble, or use the @code{setspace} package, as
+described just above.
+
 @findex \selectfont
-The changes made by calling the four font commands described above do
+The changes made by calling the font commands described above do
 not come into effect until @code{\selectfont} is called.
 
 @item \usefont@{enc@}@{family@}@{series@}@{shape@}
@@ -675,6 +690,7 @@ not come into effect until @code{\selectfont} is called.
 The same as invoking @code{\fontencoding}, @code{\fontfamily},
 @code{\fontseries} and @code{\fontshape} with the given parameters,
 followed by @code{\selectfont}.
+
 @end table
 
 
@@ -904,6 +920,19 @@ command is something like
 \chapter@{The First Appendix@}
 @end example
 
+@findex secnumdepth @r{counter}
+@cindex section numbers, printing
+The @code{secnumdepth} counter controls printing of section numbers.
+The setting
+
+@example
+\setcounter@{secnumdepth@}@{@var{level}@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+suppresses heading numbers at any depth @math{> @var{level}}, where
+@code{chapter} is level zero.  (@xref{\setcounter}.)
+
 
 @node Cross references
 @chapter Cross references
@@ -1213,6 +1242,7 @@ For details about list spacing, see @ref{itemize}.
 @findex displaymath @r{environment}
 
 Synopsis:
+
 @example
 \begin@{displaymath@}
 @var{math}
@@ -2395,8 +2425,8 @@ A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
 This inserts @var{text} in every row.  An @@-expression suppresses the
 intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space
 between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in
-text.  An @code{\extracolsep@{wd@}} command in an @@-expression causes
-an extra space of width @code{wd} to appear to the left of all
+@var{text}.  An @code{\extracolsep@{wd@}} command in an @@-expression
+causes an extra space of width @code{wd} to appear to the left of all
 subsequent columns, until countermanded by another @code{\extracolsep}
 command.  Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not
 suppressed by an @@-expression.  An @code{\extracolsep} command can be
@@ -2796,6 +2826,250 @@ stanza with @code{\\}, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
 stanzas.
 
 
+@node Line breaking
+@chapter Line breaking
+@cindex line breaking
+@cindex breaking lines
+
+The first thing @LaTeX{} does when processing ordinary text is to
+translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces.  To
+produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
+(and these lines must be broken into pages).
+
+@LaTeX{} usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in
+some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
+@code{\\} command, and you can always manually force breaks.
+
+@menu
+* \\::                         Start a new line.
+* \obeycr & \restorecr::       Make each input line start a new output line.
+* \newline::                   Break the line
+* \- (hyphenation)::           Insert explicit hyphenation.
+* \fussy::                     Be fussy about line breaking.
+* \sloppy::                    Be sloppy about line breaking.
+* \hyphenation::               Tell @LaTeX{} how to hyphenate a word.
+* \linebreak & \nolinebreak::  Forcing & avoiding line breaks.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node \\
+@section @code{\\}[*][@var{morespace}]
+@findex \\ @r{force line break}
+@cindex new line, starting
+@cindex line break, forcing
+
+The @code{\\} command tells @LaTeX{} to start a new line.  It has an
+optional argument, @var{morespace}, that specifies how much extra
+vertical space is to be inserted before the next line.  This can be a
+negative amount.
+
+The @code{\\*} command is the same as the ordinary @code{\\} command
+except that it tells @LaTeX{} not to start a new page after the line.
+
+
+@node \obeycr & \restorecr
+@section @code{\obeycr} & @code{\restorecr}
+@findex \obeycr
+@findex \restorecr
+@cindex new line, output as input
+
+The @code{\obeycr} command makes a return in the input file
+(@samp{^^M}, internally) the same as @code{\\} (followed by
+@code{\relax}).  So each new line in the input will also be a new line
+in the output.
+
+@code{\restorecr} restores normal line-breaking behavior.
+
+
+@node \newline
+@section @code{\newline}
+@findex \newline
+@cindex new line, starting (paragraph mode)
+
+The @code{\newline} command breaks the line at the present point, with
+no stretching of the text before it.  It can only be used in paragraph
+mode.
+
+
+@node \- (hyphenation)
+@section @code{\-} (discretionary hyphen)
+@findex \- @r{(hyphenation)}
+@cindex hyphenation, forcing
+
+The @code{\-} command tells @LaTeX{} that it may hyphenate the word at
+that point.  @LaTeX{} is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually
+find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an
+incorrect one.  The @code{\-} command is used for the exceptional
+cases.
+
+When you insert @code{\-} commands in a word, the word will only be
+hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
+that @LaTeX{} might otherwise have chosen.
+
+
+
+@node \fussy
+@section @code{\fussy}
+@findex \fussy
+
+The declaration @code{\fussy} (which is the default) makes @TeX{}
+picky about line breaking.  This usually avoids too much space between
+words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
+
+This command cancels the effect of a previous @code{\sloppy} command
+(@pxref{\sloppy}.
+
+
+@node \sloppy
+@section @code{\sloppy}
+
+The declaration @code{\sloppy} makes @TeX{} less fussy about line
+breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
+interword spacing.
+
+Lasts until a @code{\fussy} command is issued (@pxref{\fussy}).
+
+
+@node \hyphenation
+@section @code{\hyphenation}
+@findex \hyphenation
+@cindex hyphenation, defining
+
+Synopsis:
+
+@example
+\hyphenation@{@var{word-one} @var{word-two}@}
+@end example
+
+The @code{\hyphenation} command declares allowed hyphenation points
+with a @code{-} character in the given words.  The words are separated
+by spaces.  @TeX{} will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no
+inflections are tried.  Multiple @code{\hyphenation} commands
+accumulate.  Some examples (the default @TeX{} hyphenation patterns
+misses the hyphenations in these words):
+
+@example
+\hyphenation@{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases@}
+@end example
+
+
+@node \linebreak & \nolinebreak
+@section @code{\linebreak} & @code{\nolinebreak}
+@findex \linebreak
+@findex \nolinebreak
+@cindex line breaks, forcing
+@cindex line breaks, preventing
+
+Synopses:
+
+@example
+\linebreak[@var{priority}]
+\nolinebreak[@var{priority}]
+@end example
+
+By default, the @code{\linebreak} (@code{\nolinebreak}) command forces
+(prevents) a line break at the current position.  For
+@code{\linebreak}, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it
+extends to the right margin as usual.
+
+With the optional argument @var{priority}, you can convert the command
+from a demand to a request.  The @var{priority} must be a number from
+0 to@tie{}4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request.
+
+
+@node Page breaking
+@chapter Page breaking
+@cindex page breaking
+@cindex breaking pages
+
+@LaTeX{} starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
+accumulated to fill up a page.  Usually this happens automatically,
+but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
+
+@menu
+* \cleardoublepage::           Start a new right-hand page.
+* \clearpage::                 Start a new page.
+* \newpage::                   Start a new page.
+* \enlargethispage::           Enlarge the current page a bit.
+* \pagebreak & \nopagebreak::  Forcing & avoiding page breaks.
+@end menu
+
+
+@node \cleardoublepage
+@section @code{\cleardoublepage}
+
+@findex \cleardoublepage
+@cindex starting on a right-hand page
+
+The @code{\cleardoublepage} command ends the current page and causes all
+figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
+(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
+
+
+@node \clearpage
+@section @code{\clearpage}
+@findex \clearpage
+@cindex flushing floats and starting a page
+@cindex starting a new page and clearing floats
+
+The @code{\clearpage} command ends the current page and causes all
+figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+
+
+@node \newpage
+@section @code{\newpage}
+@findex \newpage
+@cindex new page, starting
+@cindex starting a new page
+
+The @code{\newpage} command ends the current page, but does not clear
+floats (see @code{\clearpage} above).
+
+
+@node \enlargethispage
+@section @code{\enlargethispage}
+@findex \enlargethispage
+@cindex enlarge current page
+
+@code{\enlargethispage@{size@}}
+
+@code{\enlargethispage*@{size@}}
+
+Enlarge the @code{\textheight} for the current page by the specified
+amount; e.g. @code{\enlargethispage@{\baselineskip@}} will allow one
+additional line.
+
+The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
+much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
+@code{\pagebreak}.
+
+
+@node \pagebreak & \nopagebreak
+@section @code{\pagebreak} & @code{\nopagebreak}
+@findex \pagebreak
+@findex \nopagebreak
+@cindex page break, forcing
+@cindex page break, preventing
+
+Synopses:
+
+@example
+\pagebreak[@var{priority}]
+\nopagebreak[@var{priority}]
+@end example
+
+By default, the @code{\pagebreak} (@code{\nopagebreak}) command forces
+(prevents) a page break at the current position.  For
+@code{\linebreak}, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
+where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.
+
+With the optional argument @var{priority}, you can convert the
+@code{\pagebreak} command from a demand to a request.  The number must
+be a number from 0 to@tie{}4.  The higher the number, the more
+insistent the request is.
+
+
 @node Footnotes
 @chapter Footnotes
 @cindex footnotes, creating
@@ -2809,6 +3083,7 @@ produced with two commands, the @code{\footnotemark} and the
 * \footnote::           Insert a footnote.
 * \footnotemark::       Insert footnote mark only.
 * \footnotetext::       Insert footnote text only.
+* Symbolic footnotes::  Using symbols instead of numbers for footnotes.
 * Footnote parameters:: Parameters for footnote formatting.
 @end menu
 
@@ -2849,6 +3124,7 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with
 \footnotemark[\value@{footnote@}]
 @end example
 
+@noindent
 after the first @code{\footnote} command.
 
 
@@ -2870,10 +3146,30 @@ appear in outer paragraph mode.
 The optional argument @var{number} changes the default footnote number.
 
 
+@node Symbolic footnotes
+@section Symbolic footnotes
+
+@cindex footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered
+If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing
+numbers, redefine @code{\thefootnote} like this:
+
+@example
+\renewcommand@{\thefootnote@}@{\fnsymbol@{footnote@}@}
+@end example
+
+@findex \fnsymbol@r{, and footnotes}
+@findex \@@fnsymbol
+The @code{\fnsymbol} command produces a predefined series of symbols
+(@pxref{\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol}).  If you want to
+use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also
+redefine @code{\@@fnsymbol}.
+
+
 @node Footnote parameters
 @section Footnote parameters
 
 @cindex footnote parameters
+@cindex parameters, for footnotes
 
 @ftable @code
 @item \footnoterule
@@ -3407,250 +3703,6 @@ natural size, e.g., say
 @code{\makebox[2\width]@{Get a stretcher@}}
 
 
-@node Line breaking
-@chapter Line breaking
-@cindex line breaking
-@cindex breaking lines
-
-The first thing @LaTeX{} does when processing ordinary text is to
-translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces.  To
-produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
-(and these lines must be broken into pages).
-
-@LaTeX{} usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in
-some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
-@code{\\} command, and you can always manually force breaks.
-
-@menu
-* \\::                         Start a new line.
-* \obeycr & \restorecr::       Make each input line start a new output line.
-* \newline::                   Break the line
-* \- (hyphenation)::           Insert explicit hyphenation.
-* \fussy::                     Be fussy about line breaking.
-* \hyphenation::               Tell @LaTeX{} how to hyphenate a word.
-* \linebreak & \nolinebreak::  Forcing & avoiding line breaks.
-* \sloppy::                    Be sloppy about line breaking.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \\
-@section @code{\\}[*][@var{morespace}]
-@findex \\ @r{force line break}
-@cindex new line, starting
-@cindex line break, forcing
-
-The @code{\\} command tells @LaTeX{} to start a new line.  It has an
-optional argument, @var{morespace}, that specifies how much extra
-vertical space is to be inserted before the next line.  This can be a
-negative amount.
-
-The @code{\\*} command is the same as the ordinary @code{\\} command
-except that it tells @LaTeX{} not to start a new page after the line.
-
-
-@node \obeycr & \restorecr
-@section @code{\obeycr} & @code{\restorecr}
-@findex \obeycr
-@findex \restorecr
-@cindex new line, output as input
-
-The @code{\obeycr} command makes a return in the input file
-(@samp{^^M}, internally) the same as @code{\\} (followed by
-@code{\relax}).  So each new line in the input will also be a new line
-in the output.
-
-@code{\restorecr} restores normal line-breaking behavior.
-
-
-@node \newline
-@section @code{\newline}
-@findex \newline
-@cindex new line, starting (paragraph mode)
-
-The @code{\newline} command breaks the line at the present point, with
-no stretching of the text before it.  It can only be used in paragraph
-mode.
-
-
-@node \- (hyphenation)
-@section @code{\-} (discretionary hyphen)
-@findex \- @r{(hyphenation)}
-@cindex hyphenation, forcing
-
-The @code{\-} command tells @LaTeX{} that it may hyphenate the word at
-that point.  @LaTeX{} is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually
-find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an
-incorrect one.  The @code{\-} command is used for the exceptional
-cases.
-
-When you insert @code{\-} commands in a word, the word will only be
-hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
-that @LaTeX{} might otherwise have chosen.
-
-
-
-@node \fussy
-@section @code{\fussy}
-@findex \fussy
-
-The declaration @code{\fussy} (which is the default) makes @TeX{}
-picky about line breaking.  This usually avoids too much space between
-words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
-
-This command cancels the effect of a previous @code{\sloppy} command
-(@pxref{\sloppy}.
-
-
-@node \sloppy
-@section @code{\sloppy}
-
-The declaration @code{\sloppy} makes @TeX{} less fussy about line
-breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
-interword spacing.
-
-Lasts until a @code{\fussy} command is issued (@pxref{\fussy}).
-
-
-@node \hyphenation
-@section @code{\hyphenation}
-@findex \hyphenation
-@cindex hyphenation, defining
-
-Synopsis:
-
-@example
-\hyphenation@{@var{word-one} @var{word-two}@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\hyphenation} command declares allowed hyphenation points
-with a @code{-} character in the given words.  The words are separated
-by spaces.  @TeX{} will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no
-inflections are tried.  Multiple @code{\hyphenation} commands
-accumulate.  Some examples (the default @TeX{} hyphenation patterns
-misses the hyphenations in these words):
-
-@example
-\hyphenation@{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases@}
-@end example
-
-
-@node \linebreak & \nolinebreak
-@section @code{\linebreak} & @code{\nolinebreak}
-@findex \linebreak
-@findex \nolinebreak
-@cindex line breaks, forcing
-@cindex line breaks, preventing
-
-Synopses:
-
-@example
-\linebreak[@var{priority}]
-\nolinebreak[@var{priority}]
-@end example
-
-By default, the @code{\linebreak} (@code{\nolinebreak}) command forces
-(prevents) a line break at the current position.  For
-@code{\linebreak}, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it
-extends to the right margin as usual.
-
-With the optional argument @var{priority}, you can convert the command
-from a demand to a request.  The @var{priority} must be a number from
-0 to@tie{}4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request.
-
-
-@node Page breaking
-@chapter Page breaking
-@cindex page breaking
-@cindex breaking pages
-
-@LaTeX{} starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
-accumulated to fill up a page.  Usually this happens automatically,
-but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
-
-@menu
-* \cleardoublepage::           Start a new right-hand page.
-* \clearpage::                 Start a new page.
-* \newpage::                   Start a new page.
-* \enlargethispage::           Enlarge the current page a bit.
-* \pagebreak & \nopagebreak::  Forcing & avoiding page breaks.
-@end menu
-
-
-@node \cleardoublepage
-@section @code{\cleardoublepage}
-
-@findex \cleardoublepage
-@cindex starting on a right-hand page
-
-The @code{\cleardoublepage} command ends the current page and causes all
-figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
-In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
-(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
-
-
-@node \clearpage
-@section @code{\clearpage}
-@findex \clearpage
-@cindex flushing floats and starting a page
-@cindex starting a new page and clearing floats
-
-The @code{\clearpage} command ends the current page and causes all
-figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
-
-
-@node \newpage
-@section @code{\newpage}
-@findex \newpage
-@cindex new page, starting
-@cindex starting a new page
-
-The @code{\newpage} command ends the current page, but does not clear
-floats (see @code{\clearpage} above).
-
-
-@node \enlargethispage
-@section @code{\enlargethispage}
-@findex \enlargethispage
-@cindex enlarge current page
-
-@code{\enlargethispage@{size@}}
-
-@code{\enlargethispage*@{size@}}
-
-Enlarge the @code{\textheight} for the current page by the specified
-amount; e.g. @code{\enlargethispage@{\baselineskip@}} will allow one
-additional line.
-
-The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
-much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
-@code{\pagebreak}.
-
-
-@node \pagebreak & \nopagebreak
-@section @code{\pagebreak} & @code{\nopagebreak}
-@findex \pagebreak
-@findex \nopagebreak
-@cindex page break, forcing
-@cindex page break, preventing
-
-Synopses:
-
-@example
-\pagebreak[@var{priority}]
-\nopagebreak[@var{priority}]
-@end example
-
-By default, the @code{\pagebreak} (@code{\nopagebreak}) command forces
-(prevents) a page break at the current position.  For
-@code{\linebreak}, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
-where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.
-
-With the optional argument @var{priority}, you can convert the
-@code{\pagebreak} command from a demand to a request.  The number must
-be a number from 0 to@tie{}4.  The higher the number, the more
-insistent the request is.
-
-
 @node Making paragraphs
 @chapter Making paragraphs
 @cindex making paragraphs
@@ -3827,17 +3879,17 @@ $\displaystyle \sum_@{n=0@}^\infty x_n $
 @c xx see also \cal, \mathcal
 
 @menu
-* Subscripts & Superscripts::   Also known as exponent or index.
+* Subscripts & superscripts::   Also known as exponent or index.
 * Math symbols::                Various mathematical squiggles.
 * Math functions::              Math function names like sin and exp.
 * Math accents::                Accents in math.
 * Spacing in math mode::        Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
-* Math Miscellany::             Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
+* Math miscellany::             Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
 @end menu
 
 
-@node Subscripts & Superscripts
-@section Subscripts & Superscripts
+@node Subscripts & superscripts
+@section Subscripts & superscripts
 @cindex superscript
 @cindex subscript
 @cindex exponent
@@ -4712,9 +4764,9 @@ A negative thin space (@math{-{1\over6}\,}quad).
 @end table
 
 
-@node Math Miscellany
-@section Math Miscellany
-@cindex math Miscellany
+@node Math miscellany
+@section Math miscellany
+@cindex math miscellany
 
 @ftable @code
 
@@ -4786,10 +4838,11 @@ $\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}$.
 
 @item \underline@{text@}
 Causes @var{text}, which may be either math mode or not, to be
-underlined.
+underlined.  The line is always below the text, taking account of
+descenders.
 @tex
 In @TeX{}, the result looks like this:
-$\underline{z}$
+$\underline{xyz}$
 @end tex
 
 @item \vdots
@@ -4852,8 +4905,8 @@ these commands or environments will be called a @code{parbox}.  When
 in, is called ``outer paragraph mode''.
 
 
-@node Page Styles
-@chapter Page Styles
+@node Page styles
+@chapter Page styles
 @cindex styles, page
 @cindex page styles
 
@@ -5008,11 +5061,11 @@ more often useful in math mode  (@pxref{Spacing in math mode}).
 @menu
 Horizontal space
 * \hspace::             Fixed horizontal space.
+* \hfill::              Stretchable horizontal space.
 * \SPACE::              Normal interword space.
 * \AT::                 Ending a sentence.
 * \thinspace::          One-sixth of an em.
 * \/::                  Per-character italic correction.
-* \hfill::              Stretchable horizontal space.
 * \hrulefill::          Stretchable horizontal rule.
 * \dotfill::            Stretchable horizontal dots.
 
@@ -5522,12 +5575,15 @@ with @code{"}, so the previous example could also be written as
 @section Text symbols
 
 @cindex text symbols
+@findex textcomp @r{package}
 @LaTeX{} provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
-in running text.
+in running text.  Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
+not available in OT1; you may need to load the @code{textcomp} package.
 
 @ftable @code
 
 @item \copyright
+@itemx \textcopyright
 @cindex copyright symbol
 The copyright symbol, @copyright{}.
 
@@ -5544,10 +5600,27 @@ The double dagger symbol (in text).
 @cindex logo, @LaTeX{}
 The @LaTeX{} logo.
 
+@item \guillemotleft @r{(@guillemotleft{})}
+@itemx \guillemotright @r{(@guillemotright{})}
+@itemx \guilsinglleft @r{(@guilsinglleft{})}
+@itemx \guilsinglright @r{(@guilsinglright{})}
+@cindex double guillemets
+@cindex single guillemets
+@cindex left angle quotation marks
+@cindex right angle quotation marks
+@cindex double angle quotation marks
+@cindex single angle quotation marks
+@cindex French quotation marks
+@cindex quotation marks, French
+Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
+@guillemotleft{}, @guillemotright{}, @guilsinglleft{}, @guilsinglright{}.
+
 @item \ldots
+@itemx \dots
+@itemx \textellipsis
 @cindex ellipsis
-An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `@dots{}'.  This
-command also works in math mode.
+An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `@dots{}'.  @code{\ldots}
+and @code{\dots} also work in math mode.
 
 @item \lq
 @cindex left quote
@@ -5555,14 +5628,24 @@ command also works in math mode.
 Left (opening) quote: `.
 
 @item \P
-@cindex paragraph sign
+@itemx \textparagraph
+@cindex paragraph symbol
 @cindex pilcrow
 Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
 
 @item \pounds
+@itemx \textsterling
 @cindex pounds symbol
 @cindex sterling symbol
-English pounds sterling.
+English pounds sterling: @pounds{}.
+
+@item \quotedblbase @r{(@quotedblbase{})}
+@itemx \quotesinglbase @r{(@quotesinglbase{})}
+@cindex double low-9 quotation mark
+@cindex single low-9 quotation mark
+@cindex low-9 quotation marks, single and double
+Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: 
+@quotedblbase{} and @quotesinglbase{}.
 
 @item \rq
 @cindex right quote
@@ -5578,6 +5661,191 @@ Section symbol.
 @cindex logo, @TeX{}
 The @TeX{} logo.
 
+@item \textasciicircum
+@cindex circumflex, ASCII, in text
+@cindex ASCII circumflex, in text
+ASCII circumflex: ^.
+
+@item \textasciitilde
+@cindex tilde, ASCII, in text
+@cindex ASCII tilde, in text
+ASCII tilde: ~.
+
+@item \textasteriskcentered
+@cindex asterisk, centered, in text
+@cindex centered asterisk, in text
+Centered asterisk: *.
+
+@item \textbackslash
+@cindex backslash, in text
+Backslash: \.
+
+@item \textbar
+@cindex vertical bar, in text
+@cindex bar, vertical, in text
+Vertical bar: |.
+
+@item \textbardbl
+@cindex vertical bar, double, in text
+@cindex bar, double vertical, in text
+@cindex double vertical bar, in text
+Double vertical bar.
+
+@item \textbigcircle
+@cindex big circle symbols, in text
+@cindex circle symbol, big, in text
+Big circle symbol.
+
+@item \textbraceleft
+@cindex left brace, in text
+@cindex brace, left, in text
+Left brace: @{.
+
+@item \textbraceright
+@cindex right brace, in text
+@cindex brace, right, in text
+Right brace: @}.
+
+@item \textbullet
+@cindex bullet, in text
+Bullet: @bullet{}.
+
+@item \textcircled@{@var{letter}@}
+@cindex circled letter, in text
+@var{letter} in a circle, as in @registeredsymbol{}.
+
+@item \textcompwordmark
+@itemx \textcapitalwordmark
+@itemx \textascenderwordmark
+@cindex composite word mark, in text
+@cindex cap height
+@cindex ascender height
+Composite word mark (invisible).  The @code{\textcapital...} form
+has the cap height of the font, while the @code{\textascender...} form
+has the ascender height.
+
+@item \textdagger
+@cindex dagger, in text
+Dagger: @math{\dag}.
+
+@item \textdaggerdbl
+@cindex dagger, double, in text
+@cindex double dagger, in text
+Double dagger: @math{\ddag}.
+
+@item \textdollar @r{(or @code{$})}
+@cindex dollar sign
+@cindex currency, dollar
+Dollar sign: $.
+
+@item \textemdash @r{(or @code{---})}
+@cindex em-dash
+Em-dash: --- (for punctuation).
+
+@item \textendash @r{(or @code{--})}
+@cindex e-dash
+En-dash: --- (for ranges).
+
+@item \texteuro
+@cindex euro symbol
+@cindex currency, euro
+The Euro symbol: @euro{}.
+
+@item \textexclamdown @r{(or @code{!`})}
+@cindex exclamation point, upside-down
+Upside down exclamation point: @exclamdown{}.
+
+@item \textgreater
+@cindex greater than symbol, in text
+Greater than: >.
+
+@item \textless
+@cindex less than symbol, in text
+Less than: <.
+
+@item \textleftarrow
+@cindex arrow, left, in text
+@cindex left arrow, in text
+Left arrow.
+
+@item \textordfeminine
+@itemx \textordmasculine
+@cindex feminine ordinal symbol
+@cindex masculine ordinal symbol
+@cindex ordinals, feminine and masculine
+@cindex Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine
+Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: @ordf{}, @ordm{}.
+
+@item \textordfeminine
+@cindex feminine ordinal symbol
+Feminine ordinal symbol: @registeredsymbol{}.
+
+@item \textperiodcentered
+@cindex period, centered, in text
+@cindex centered period, in text
+Centered period: @math{\cdot}.
+
+@item \textquestiondown @r{(or @code{?`})}
+@cindex questionation point, upside-down
+Upside down questionation point: @questiondown{}.
+
+@item \textquotedblleft @r{(or @code{``})}
+@cindex left quote, double
+@cindex double left quote
+Double left quote: ``.
+
+@item \textquotedblright @r{(or @code{'})}
+@cindex right quote, double
+@cindex double right quote
+Double right quote: ''.
+
+@item \textquoteleft @r{(or @code{`})}
+@cindex left quote, single
+@cindex single left quote
+Single left quote: `.
+
+@item \textquoteright @r{(or @code{'})}
+@cindex right quote, single
+@cindex single right quote
+Single right quote: '.
+
+@item \textquotestraightbase
+@itemx \textquotestraightdblbase
+@cindex quote, straight base
+@cindex straight quote, base
+@cindex double quote, straight base
+@cindex straight double quote, base
+Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
+
+@item \textregistered
+@cindex registered symbol
+Registered symbol: @registeredsymbol{}.
+
+@item \textrightarrow
+@cindex arrow, right, in text
+@cindex right arrow, in text
+Right arrow.
+
+@item \textthreequartersemdash
+@cindex three-quarters em-dash
+@cindex em-dash, three-quarters
+``Three-quarters'' em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+
+@item \texttrademark
+@cindex trademark symbol
+Trademark symbol: @math{^{\hbox{TM}}}.
+
+@item \texttwelveudash
+Xx 12u-.
+
+@item \textunderscore
+@cindex underscore, in text
+Underscore: _.
+
+@item \textvisiblespace
+@cindex visible space symbol, in text
+Visible space symbol.
+
 @end ftable
 
 
@@ -5590,17 +5858,25 @@ The @TeX{} logo.
 
 @LaTeX{} has wide support for many of the world's scripts and
 languages, through the @code{babel} package and related support.  This
-section does not attempt to cover all that support.  It merely the
-core @LaTeX{} commands for creating accented characters.
+section does not attempt to cover all that support.  It merely lists
+the core @LaTeX{} commands for creating accented characters.
+
+The @code{\capital...} commands produce alternative forms for use with
+capital letters.  These are not available with OT1.
 
 @table @code
 @item \"
+@itemx \capitaldieresis
 @findex \" @r{(umlaut accent)}
+@findex \capitaldieresis
 @cindex umlaut accent
-Produces an umlaut, as in @"{o}.
+@cindex dieresis accent
+Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in @"{o}.
 
 @item \'
+@itemx \capitalacute
 @findex \' @r{(acute accent)}
+@findex \capitalacute
 @cindex acute accent
 Produces an acute accent, as in @'{o}.  In the @code{tabbing}
 environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
@@ -5613,27 +5889,35 @@ environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
 Produces a dot accent over the following, as in @dotaccent{o}.
 
 @item \=
+@itemx \capitalmacron
 @findex \= @r{(macron accent)}
+@findex \capitalmacron
 @cindex macron accent
 @cindex overbar accent
 @cindex bar-over accent
 Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in @={o}.
 
 @item \^
+@itemx \capitalcircumflex
 @findex \^ @r{(circumflex accent)}
+@findex \capitalcircumflex
 @cindex circumflex accent
 @cindex hat accent
 Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in @^{o}.
 
 @item \`
+@itemx \capitalgrave
 @findex \` @r{(grave accent)}
+@findex \capitalgrave
 @cindex grave accent
 Produces a grave accent over the following, as in @`{o}.  In the
 @code{tabbing} environment, move following text to the right margin
 (@pxref{tabbing}).
 
 @item \~
+@itemx \capitaltilde
 @findex \~ @r{(tilde accent)}
+@findex \capitaltilde
 @cindex tilde accent
 Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in @~{n}.
 
@@ -5643,17 +5927,23 @@ Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in @~{n}.
 Produces a bar accent under the following, as in @ubaraccent{o}.
 
 @item \c
+@itemx \capitalcedilla
 @findex \c @r{(cedilla accent)}
+@findex \capitalcedilla
 @cindex cedilla accent
-Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in @c{c}.
+Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in @,{c}.
 
 @item \d
+@itemx \capitaldotaccent
 @findex \d @r{(dot-under accent)}
+@findex \capitaldotaccent
 @cindex dot-under accent
 Produces a dot accent under the following, as in @udotaccent{o}.
 
 @item \H
+@itemx \capitalhungarumlaut
 @findex \H @r{(Hungarian umlaut accent)}
+@findex \capitalhungarumlaut
 @cindex hungarian umlaut accent
 Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in @H{o}.
 
@@ -5667,21 +5957,56 @@ Produces a dotless i, as in `@dotless{i}'.
 @cindex dotless j
 Produces a dotless j, as in `@dotless{j}'.
 
+@item \k
+@itemx \capitalogonek
+@findex \k @r{(ogonek)}
+@findex \capitalogonek
+@cindex ogonek
+Produces a letter with ogonek, as in `@ogonek{o}'.  Not available in
+the OT1 encoding.
+
+@item \r
+@itemx \capitalring
+@findex \r @r{(ring accent)}
+@findex \capitalring
+@cindex ring accent
+Produces a ring accent, as in `@ringaccent{o}'.
+
 @item \t
+@itemx \capitaltie
+@itemx \newtie
+@itemx \capitalnewtie
 @findex \t @r{(tie-after accent)}
+@findex \capitaltie
+@findex \newtie
+@findex \capitalnewtie
 @cindex tie-after accent
-Produces a tie-after accent, as in `@tieaccent{oo}'.
+Produces a tie-after accent, as in `@tieaccent{oo}'.  The
+@code{\newtie} form is centered in its box.
 
 @item \u
+@itemx \capitalbreve
 @findex \u @r{(breve accent)}
+@findex \capitalbreve
 @cindex breve accent
 Produces a breve accent, as in `@u{o}'.
 
+@item \underbar
+@findex \underbar
+@cindex underbar
+Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
+The argument is always processed in horizontal mode.  The bar is
+always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
+descenders.  See also @code{\underline} in @ref{Math miscellany}.
+
 @item \v
+@itemx \capitalcaron
 @findex \v @r{(breve accent)}
+@findex \capitalcaron
 @cindex hacek accent
 @cindex check accent
-Produces a h@'a@v{c}ek (check) accent, as in `@v{o}'.
+@cindex caron accent
+Produces a h@'a@v{c}ek (check, caron) accent, as in `@v{o}'.
 
 @end table
 
@@ -5713,6 +6038,27 @@ used in languages other than English.
 @cindex ae ligature
 @ae{} and @AE{}.
 
+@item \dh
+@itemx \DH
+@findex \dh (@ae{})
+@findex \DH (@AE{})
+@cindex Icelandic eth
+@cindex eth, Icelandic letter
+Icelandic letter eth: @dh{} and @DH{}.
+
+@item \dj
+@itemx \DJ
+@findex \dj
+@findex \DJ
+xxxx
+
+@item \ij
+@itemx \IJ
+@findex \ij (ij)
+@findex \IJ (IJ)
+@cindex ij letter, Dutch
+ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
+
 @item \l
 @itemx \L
 @findex \l (@l{})
@@ -5720,6 +6066,12 @@ used in languages other than English.
 @cindex polish l
 @l{} and @L{}.
 
+@item \ng
+@itemx \NG
+@findex \ng
+@findex \NG
+xxxx
+
 @item \o
 @itemx \O
 @findex \o (@o{})
@@ -5735,10 +6087,20 @@ used in languages other than English.
 @oe{} and @OE{}.
 
 @item \ss
+@itemx \SS
 @findex \ss (@ss{})
+@findex \SS (SS)
 @cindex es-zet German letter
 @cindex sharp S letters
-@ss{}.
+@ss{} and SS.
+
+@item \th
+@itemx \TH
+@findex \th (@th{})
+@findex \TH (@TH{})
+@cindex Icelandic thorn
+@cindex thorn, Icelandic letter
+Icelandic letter thorn: @th{} and @TH{}.
 
 @end table
 
@@ -6270,10 +6632,10 @@ This is your telephone number.  This only appears if the
 @code{firstpage} pagestyle is selected.
 
 
-@node Terminal Input/Output
-@chapter Terminal Input/Output
-@cindex input/Output
-@cindex terminal Input/Output
+@node Terminal input/output
+@chapter Terminal input/output
+@cindex input/output
+@cindex terminal input/output
 
 @menu
 * \typein::             Read text from the terminal.
@@ -6322,9 +6684,9 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces.  A @code{^^J} in
 @code{msg} prints a newline.
 
 
-@node Command Line
-@chapter Command Line
-@cindex command Line
+@node Command line
+@chapter Command line
+@cindex command line
 
 The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
 @TeX{} uses @file{.tex} as a default file extension.  If you omit the
@@ -6513,3 +6875,23 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
 @printindex fn
 
 @bye
+
+\def\DeclareTextCommand{\foo}{T1}
+%    then |\foo| is defined to be |\T1-cmd \foo \T1\foo|,
+%    %    where |\T1\foo| is \emph{one} control sequence, not two!
+\newcommand
+
+\def\ProvideTextCommand -- same with \providecommand
+\@onlypreamble\DeclareTextCommand
+\@onlypreamble\DeclareTextSymbol
+\gdef\TextSymbolUnavailable#1{%
+\@onlypreamble\def\DeclareTextCommandDefault#1{%
+\def\ProvideTextCommandDefault#1{%
+\def\DeclareTextAccent#1#2#3{%
+\def\DeclareTextCompositeCommand#1#2#3#4{%
+\@onlypreamble\def\DeclareTextComposite#1#2#3#4{%
+\def\UseTextAccent#1#2#3{%
+\def\UseTextSymbol#1#2{%
+\@onlypreamble\DeclareTextSymbolDefault@item
+\@onlypreamble\DeclareTextAccentDefault@item
+\def\UndeclareTextCommand#1#2{%