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author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2011-05-13 22:26:53 +0000 |
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committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2011-05-13 22:26:53 +0000 |
commit | 7b1412793a9f44a07b9cbd0dd6111f68e0a91e86 (patch) | |
tree | 1e49134cfd98699b34ccebdfea4f2b3bf8f925cc /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk | |
parent | ae5426ba24cb178c4e8bb77c4de79f5d04c5512b (diff) |
latex2e-help-texinfo (13may11)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@22463 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk')
-rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk | 553 |
1 files changed, 302 insertions, 251 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk index a528d109381..7dcf8aa18db 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <!ENTITY latex "LaTeX"> ]> <book id="latex2e.xml" lang="en"> -<title>@LaTeX{}2e reference manual (July 2010)</title> +<title>@LaTeX{}2e reference manual (May 2011)</title> <!-- %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> <!-- xx latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, --> @@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ <!-- xx mention usrguide --> <!-- xx mention ! float placement, p.15 of usrguide --> <!-- xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ --> +<!-- xx merged permuted-index --> <!-- --> <!-- xx The typeset source2e will have an index with all kernel --> <!-- xx commands, which would be a good start. classes.dtx et al. --> @@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ <bookinfo> <legalnotice> <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of July 2010. +document preparation system, version of May 2011. </para> <para>This was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -37,10 +38,10 @@ Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and the <citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as -<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (text was not +<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied). </para> -<para>Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Karl Berry. +<para>Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Karl Berry. Copyright © 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. @@ -72,76 +73,103 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <title>&latex;2e</title> <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version as of July 2010. It is +document preparation system, version as of May 2011. It is intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of &latex; for many years. </para> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm><para>&latex; is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's -&tex; typesetting program. &latex; was originally created by Leslie -Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers -(<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). The official documentation written -by the &latex; project is available there. Again, the present -document is unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex; -maintainers. -</para> </chapter> -<chapter label="1" id="Overview"> +<chapter label="1" id="About-this-document"> <title>Overview of &latex;</title> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm> -<para>The &latex; command typesets a file of text using the &tex; program -and the &latex; “macro package” for &tex;. To be more specific, -it processes an input file containing the text of a document with -interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted. -It produces at least three files as output: +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm><para>The &latex; document preparation system is implemented as a macro +package for Donald E. Knuth's &tex; typesetting program. +&latex; was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now +maintained by a group of volunteers (<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). +The official documentation written by the &latex; project is +available from their web site. </para> -<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem> -<para>A main output file, which is one of: +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bug reporting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>reporting bugs</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary><email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email> email address</primary></indexterm><para>The present document is completely unofficial and has not been +reviewed by the &latex; maintainers. Do not send bug reports or +anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all +comments to <email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email>. </para> -<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem> -<para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a “Device Independent” (<filename>.dvi</filename>) -file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for -a variety of output devices. You can view such <filename>.dvi</filename> output of -&latex; by using a program such as <command>xdvi</command> (display directly) -or <command>dvips</command> (convert to PostScript). +<para>The home page for this document is +<ulink url="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</ulink>. That page has links to the +current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other +infrastructure. </para> -</listitem> -<listitem> -<para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a “Portable Document Format” + +</chapter> +<chapter label="2" id="Overview"> +<title>Overview of &latex;</title> + +<para>What is &latex;? +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>basics of &latex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm><para>&latex; typesets a file of text using the &tex; program and the +&latex; “macro package” for &tex;. That is, it processes an input +file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that +describe how the text should be formatted. &latex; files are plain +text that can be written in any reasonable editor. It produces at +least three files as output: +</para> +<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem> +<para>The main output file, which is one of: +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>.dvi</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.dvi file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>latex command</primary></indexterm><para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a “Device Independent” (<filename>.dvi</filename>) +file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into +commands for virtually any output device. You can view such +<filename>.dvi</filename> output of &latex; by using a program such as +<command>xdvi</command> (display directly), <command>dvips</command> (convert to +PostScript), or <command>dvipdfmx</command> (convert to PDF). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>.pdf</literal></term> +<listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.pdf file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pdf&tex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>pdflatex command</primary></indexterm><para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a “Portable Document Format” (<filename>.pdf</filename>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does make the output much larger than the <filename>.dvi</filename> produced from the same document. -</para></listitem> -</orderedlist> -<para>There are other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) as well, -which can produce HTML, XML, and other things. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lualatex command</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lua&tex;</primary></indexterm><para>If invoked as <command>lualatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using +the Lua&tex; engine (<ulink url="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</ulink>). +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>xelatex command</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Xe&tex;</primary></indexterm><para>If invoked as <command>xelatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using +the Xe&tex; engine (<ulink url="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</ulink>). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> + +<para>Many other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) exist, which +can produce HTML, XML, and other things. </para> </listitem> <listitem> -<para>A “transcript” or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary information and -diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>transcript file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>log file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.log file</primary></indexterm><para>The “transcript” or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary +information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the +input file. </para> </listitem> <listitem> -<para>An “auxiliary” or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself, for -things such as sectioning. +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>auxiliary file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.aux file</primary></indexterm><para>An “auxiliary” or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself, +for things such as cross-references. </para></listitem> </orderedlist> -<para>A &latex; command begins with the command name, which consists of a -<literal>\</literal> followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a -single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <literal>[]</literal>, -are optional while arguments contained in braces, <literal>{}</literal>, are +<para>An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won't try to +list them all. Xxx components? +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ character starting commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>[...] for optional arguments</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>{...} for required arguments</primary></indexterm><para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <literal>\</literal>, +followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single +non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <literal>[]</literal>, are +optional while arguments contained in braces, <literal>{}</literal>, are required. </para> -<para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>case sensitivity of &latex;</primary></indexterm><para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise. </para> </chapter> -<chapter label="2" id="Starting-&-ending"> +<chapter label="3" id="Starting-&-ending"> <title>Starting & ending</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting & ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending & starting</primary></indexterm> @@ -162,7 +190,7 @@ and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands (this area is called the </para> </chapter> -<chapter label="3" id="Document-classes"> +<chapter label="4" id="Document-classes"> <title>Document classes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm> @@ -184,7 +212,7 @@ classes are available as add-ons; see <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>): </para> -<sect1 label="3.1" id="Document-class-options"> +<sect1 label="4.1" id="Document-class-options"> <title>Document class options</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, document class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm> @@ -239,7 +267,7 @@ the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> is -40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and <literal>\textwidth</literal> +40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and <literal>\textwidth</literal>, with <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> the remainder. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openright</literal></term> @@ -266,7 +294,7 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="4" id="Typefaces"> +<chapter label="5" id="Typefaces"> <title>Typefaces</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>typefaces</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts</primary></indexterm> @@ -275,7 +303,7 @@ and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. </para> -<sect1 label="4.1" id="Font-styles"> +<sect1 label="5.1" id="Font-styles"> <title>Font styles</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>font styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles of text</primary></indexterm> @@ -380,7 +408,7 @@ things. </sect1> -<sect1 label="4.2" id="Font-sizes"> +<sect1 label="5.2" id="Font-sizes"> <title>Font sizes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>font sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sizes of text</primary></indexterm> <para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;. @@ -418,7 +446,7 @@ these commands; for instance, <literal>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="4.3" id="Low-level-font-commands"> +<sect1 label="5.3" id="Low-level-font-commands"> <title>Low-level font commands</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-level font commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font commands, low-level</primary></indexterm> <para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and @@ -508,14 +536,14 @@ followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="5" id="Layout"> +<chapter label="6" id="Layout"> <title>Layout</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout commands</primary></indexterm> <para>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. </para> -<sect1 label="5.1"> +<sect1 label="6.1"> <title><literal>\onecolumn</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\onecolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>one-column output</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\onecolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces @@ -523,7 +551,7 @@ single-column output. This is the default. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="5.2"> +<sect1 label="6.2"> <title><literal>\twocolumn</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\twocolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multicolumn text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>two-column output</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -573,7 +601,7 @@ and the main text. Default ‘<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsqu </sect1> -<sect1 label="5.3"> +<sect1 label="6.3"> <title><literal>\flushbottom</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm> @@ -586,7 +614,7 @@ page. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="5.4"> +<sect1 label="6.4"> <title><literal>\raggedbottom</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedbottom</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, omitting vertical</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\raggedbottom</literal> declaration makes all pages the natural @@ -595,7 +623,7 @@ stretched. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="5.5" id="Page-layout-parameters"> +<sect1 label="6.5" id="Page-layout-parameters"> <title>Page layout parameters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page layout parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, page layout</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout, page parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer</primary></indexterm> @@ -615,8 +643,11 @@ the page footer. Default is ‘<literal>30pt</literal>’, except in th class, where it varies with the type size. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\linewidth</literal></term> -<listitem><para>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, -paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an <literal>article</literal> document in +<listitem><para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <literal>list</literal> +(see <xref linkend="list"></xref>). Specifically, it is smaller than <literal>\textwidth</literal> by +the sum of <literal>\leftmargin</literal> and <literal>\rightmargin</literal> +(see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>). The default varies with the font size, paper +width, two-column mode, etc. For an <literal>article</literal> document in ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’, it's set to ‘<literal>345pt</literal>’; in two-column mode, that becomes ‘<literal>229.5pt</literal>’. </para> @@ -629,11 +660,29 @@ For ‘<literal>11pt</literal>’, it's ‘<literal>38\baselineskip< ‘<literal>36\baselineskip</literal>’. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textwidth</literal></term> -<listitem><para>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as -usual. For an <literal>article</literal> or <literal>report</literal> document, it's +<listitem><para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default varies +as usual. For an <literal>article</literal> or <literal>report</literal> document, it's ‘<literal>345pt</literal>’ at ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’, ‘<literal>360pt</literal>’ at ‘<literal>11pt</literal>’, and ‘<literal>390pt</literal>’ at ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’. For a <literal>book</literal> document, it's -‘<literal>4.5in</literal>’ at ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’, and ‘<literal>5in</literal>’ at ‘<literal>11pt</literal>’ or ‘<literal>12pt</literal>’. +‘<literal>4.5in</literal>’ at ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’, and ‘<literal>5in</literal>’ at ‘<literal>11pt</literal>’ or +‘<literal>12pt</literal>’. +</para> +<para>In multi-column output, <literal>\textwidth</literal> remains the width of the +entire page body, while <literal>\columnwidth</literal> is the width of one column +(see <xref linkend="\twocolumn"></xref>). +</para> +<para>In lists (see <xref linkend="list"></xref>), <literal>\textwidth</literal> remains the width of the +entire page body (and <literal>\columnwidth</literal> the width of the entire +column), while <literal>\linewidth</literal> may decrease for nested lists. +</para> +<para>Inside a minipage (see <xref linkend="minipage"></xref>) or <literal>\parbox</literal> +(see <xref linkend="\parbox"></xref>), all the width-related parameters are set to the +specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the +<literal>minipage</literal> or <literal>\parbox</literal>. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hsize</primary></indexterm><para>For completeness: <literal>\hsize</literal> is the &tex; primitive parameter used +when text is broken into lines. It should not be used in normal +&latex; documents. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\topmargin</literal></term> <listitem><para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the @@ -652,7 +701,7 @@ same as the font size, e.g., ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ at ‘<li </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="6" id="Sectioning"> +<chapter label="7" id="Sectioning"> <title>Sectioning</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>sectioning</primary></indexterm> <para>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: @@ -712,7 +761,7 @@ The setting </para> </chapter> -<chapter label="7" id="Cross-references"> +<chapter label="8" id="Cross-references"> <title>Cross references</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references</primary></indexterm> <para>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer @@ -720,7 +769,7 @@ the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.” </para> -<sect1 label="7.1"> +<sect1 label="8.1"> <title><literal>\label</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\label</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -755,7 +804,7 @@ a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="7.2"> +<sect1 label="8.2"> <title><literal>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pageref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing with page number</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -768,7 +817,7 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="7.3"> +<sect1 label="8.3"> <title><literal>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing, symbolic</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figure number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -783,7 +832,7 @@ such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="8" id="Environments"> +<chapter label="9" id="Environments"> <title>Environments</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\begin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\end</primary></indexterm> @@ -796,7 +845,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: </screen> -<sect1 label="8.1"> +<sect1 label="9.1"> <title><literal>abstract</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>abstract environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>abstracts</primary></indexterm> @@ -809,7 +858,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.2"> +<sect1 label="9.2"> <title><literal>array</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>array environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrays, math</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -859,7 +908,7 @@ namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.3"> +<sect1 label="9.3"> <title><literal>center</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>center environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, environment for</primary></indexterm> @@ -877,7 +926,7 @@ string <literal>\\</literal>. </para> -<sect2 label="8.3.1"> +<sect2 label="9.3.1"> <title><literal>\centering</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\centering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, declaration for</primary></indexterm> @@ -904,7 +953,7 @@ second line \\ </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.4"> +<sect1 label="9.4"> <title><literal>description</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>description environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>labelled lists, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>description lists, creating</primary></indexterm> @@ -931,7 +980,7 @@ plain typewriter}]</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.5"> +<sect1 label="9.5"> <title><literal>displaymath</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -955,7 +1004,7 @@ equation number, use the <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <xref link </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.6"> +<sect1 label="9.6"> <title><literal>document</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>document environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -964,7 +1013,7 @@ It is required in every &latex; document. See <xref linkend="Starting-&-end </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.7"> +<sect1 label="9.7"> <title><literal>enumerate</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>enumerate environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, numbered</primary></indexterm> @@ -1011,7 +1060,7 @@ letters: </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.8"> +<sect1 label="9.8"> <title><literal>eqnarray</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>eqnarray environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, aligning</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aligning Equations</primary></indexterm> @@ -1041,7 +1090,7 @@ zero width. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.9"> +<sect1 label="9.9"> <title><literal>equation</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, environment for</primary></indexterm> @@ -1057,7 +1106,7 @@ on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.10"> +<sect1 label="9.10"> <title><literal>figure</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>figure</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>inserting figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, inserting</primary></indexterm> <screen>\begin{figure[*]}[<replaceable>placement</replaceable>] @@ -1145,7 +1194,7 @@ floats; default is ‘<literal>.7</literal>’. </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.11"> +<sect1 label="9.11"> <title><literal>flushleft</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushleft environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text, environment for</primary></indexterm> <screen>\begin{flushleft} @@ -1160,7 +1209,7 @@ right Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>. </para> -<sect2 label="8.11.1"> +<sect2 label="9.11.1"> <title><literal>\raggedright</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedright</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged right</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\raggedright</literal> declaration corresponds to the @@ -1176,7 +1225,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.12"> +<sect1 label="9.12"> <title><literal>flushright</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushright environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm> <screen>\begin{flushright} @@ -1191,7 +1240,7 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>. </para> -<sect2 label="8.12.1"> +<sect2 label="9.12.1"> <title><literal>\raggedleft</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedleft</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged left</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\raggedleft</literal> declaration corresponds to the @@ -1207,7 +1256,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.13"> +<sect1 label="9.13"> <title><literal>itemize</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>itemize environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>unordered lists</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bulleted lists</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -1322,14 +1371,14 @@ see <xref linkend="\parskip"></xref>): </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.14"> +<sect1 label="9.14"> <title><literal>letter</literal> environment: writing letters</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter</primary></indexterm> <para>This environment is used for creating letters. See <xref linkend="Letters"></xref>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.15"> +<sect1 label="9.15"> <title><literal>list</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>list</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, generic</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>list</literal> environment is a generic environment which is used for @@ -1351,9 +1400,12 @@ label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands. spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be empty, i.e., <literal>{}</literal>, which leaves the default spacing. </para> +<para>The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by +<literal>\linewidth</literal> (see <xref linkend="Page-layout-parameters"></xref>). +</para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.16"> +<sect1 label="9.16"> <title><literal>math</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>in-line formulas</primary></indexterm> @@ -1369,7 +1421,7 @@ See <xref linkend="Math-formulas"></xref>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.17"> +<sect1 label="9.17"> <title><literal>minipage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>minipage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>minipage, creating a</primary></indexterm> @@ -1401,7 +1453,7 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.18"> +<sect1 label="9.18"> <title><literal>picture</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>picture</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating pictures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pictures, creating</primary></indexterm> @@ -1475,7 +1527,7 @@ be the lower left corner of the box. </para> -<sect2 label="8.18.1"> +<sect2 label="9.18.1"> <title><literal>\circle</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\circle</primary></indexterm> <screen>\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>} @@ -1488,7 +1540,7 @@ draws a solid circle. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.2"> +<sect2 label="9.18.2"> <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (picture)</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</literal> @@ -1518,7 +1570,7 @@ your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.3"> +<sect2 label="9.18.3"> <title><literal>\framebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -1535,7 +1587,7 @@ and the contents of the box. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.4"> +<sect2 label="9.18.4"> <title><literal>\dashbox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dashbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -1553,7 +1605,7 @@ multiples of the <literal>dlen</literal>. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.5"> +<sect2 label="9.18.5"> <title><literal>\frame</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frame</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -1566,7 +1618,7 @@ space is put between the frame and the object. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.6"> +<sect2 label="9.18.6"> <title><literal>\line</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\line</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -1583,7 +1635,7 @@ see the <literal>curve2e</literal> and many many other packages on CTAN. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.7"> +<sect2 label="9.18.7"> <title><literal>\linethickness</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linethickness</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\linethickness{<replaceable>dim</replaceable>}</literal> command declares the thickness @@ -1595,7 +1647,7 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <literal>\oval</literal>. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.8"> +<sect2 label="9.18.8"> <title><literal>\thicklines</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thicklines</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\thicklines</literal> command is an alternate line thickness for @@ -1604,7 +1656,7 @@ cf. <xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thinlines">< </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.9"> +<sect2 label="9.18.9"> <title><literal>\thinlines</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinlines</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\thinlines</literal> command is the default line thickness for @@ -1613,7 +1665,7 @@ cf. <xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thicklines"> </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.10"> +<sect2 label="9.18.10"> <title><literal>\multiput</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multiput</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -1626,7 +1678,7 @@ pattern across a picture. <replaceable>obj</replaceable> is first placed at pos </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.11"> +<sect2 label="9.18.11"> <title><literal>\oval</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oval</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -1653,7 +1705,7 @@ boxes with rounded corners. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.12"> +<sect2 label="9.18.12"> <title><literal>\put</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\put</primary></indexterm> @@ -1664,7 +1716,7 @@ argument at the given coordinates. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.13"> +<sect2 label="9.18.13"> <title><literal>\shortstack</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\shortstack</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -1686,7 +1738,7 @@ positions are: </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.18.14"> +<sect2 label="9.18.14"> <title><literal>\vector</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vector</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -1700,7 +1752,7 @@ length and slope. The x and y values must lie between </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.19"> +<sect1 label="9.19"> <title><literal>quotation</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>quotation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text</primary></indexterm> @@ -1719,7 +1771,7 @@ normally. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.20"> +<sect1 label="9.20"> <title><literal>quote</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</primary></indexterm> @@ -1737,7 +1789,7 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.21"> +<sect1 label="9.21"> <title><literal>tabbing</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabbing environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tab stops, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in columns using tab stops</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>alignment via tabbing</primary></indexterm> @@ -1834,7 +1886,7 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.22"> +<sect1 label="9.22"> <title><literal>table</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>table</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tables, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating tables</primary></indexterm> @@ -1864,7 +1916,7 @@ you wish. The <literal>\caption</literal> command allows you to title your tabl </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.23"> +<sect1 label="9.23"> <title><literal>tabular</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabular environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lines in tables</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in tables</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -1984,7 +2036,7 @@ in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; def </para> -<sect2 label="8.23.1"> +<sect2 label="9.23.1"> <title><literal>\multicolumn</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multicolumn</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2009,7 +2061,7 @@ for flushleft, <literal>r</literal> for flushright. The third mandatory argumen </screen> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.23.2"> +<sect2 label="9.23.2"> <title><literal>\cline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cline</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2022,7 +2074,7 @@ which are specified in the mandatory argument. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.23.3"> +<sect2 label="9.23.3"> <title><literal>\hline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hline</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\hline</literal> command draws a horizontal line the width of the @@ -2032,7 +2084,7 @@ of a table. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.23.4"> +<sect2 label="9.23.4"> <title><literal>\vline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vline</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\vline</literal> command will draw a vertical line extending the full @@ -2043,7 +2095,7 @@ move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.24"> +<sect1 label="9.24"> <title><literal>thebibliography</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>thebibliography</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (manually)</primary></indexterm> @@ -2072,7 +2124,7 @@ less than 10 references, <literal>99</literal> for ones with less than 100, etc. </para> -<sect2 label="8.24.1"> +<sect2 label="9.24.1"> <title><literal>\bibitem</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibitem</primary></indexterm> @@ -2094,7 +2146,7 @@ associated label. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.24.2"> +<sect2 label="9.24.2"> <title><literal>\cite</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cite</primary></indexterm> @@ -2113,7 +2165,7 @@ citation. For example, <literal>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</literal> might produce </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.24.3"> +<sect2 label="9.24.3"> <title><literal>\nocite</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocite</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\nocite{key_list}</literal> @@ -2123,7 +2175,7 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <filename>.aux</filename> f </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="8.24.4" id="Using-BibTeX"> +<sect2 label="9.24.4" id="Using-BibTeX"> <title>Using Bib&tex;</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>using Bib&tex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bib&tex;, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (automatically)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliographystyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliography</primary></indexterm> @@ -2166,7 +2218,7 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <literal>\cite</literal> and </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.25"> +<sect1 label="9.25"> <title><literal>theorem</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>theorem environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, typesetting</primary></indexterm> @@ -2183,7 +2235,7 @@ possibilities for <replaceable>n</replaceable> are described under <literal>\new </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.26"> +<sect1 label="9.26"> <title><literal>titlepage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>making a title page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title pages, creating</primary></indexterm> @@ -2204,7 +2256,7 @@ produce a standard title page without a <literal>titlepage</literal> environment </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.27"> +<sect1 label="9.27"> <title><literal>verbatim</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>verbatim environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>simulating typed text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typed text, simulating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>code, typesetting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>computer programs, typesetting</primary></indexterm> @@ -2223,7 +2275,7 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter. <para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<literal>\tt</literal>). </para> -<sect2 label="8.27.1"> +<sect2 label="9.27.1"> <title><literal>\verb</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text, inline</primary></indexterm> @@ -2244,7 +2296,7 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <replaceable>literal-text</repl </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.28"> +<sect1 label="9.28"> <title><literal>verse</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>verse environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>poetry, an environment for</primary></indexterm> @@ -2267,7 +2319,7 @@ stanzas. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="9" id="Line-breaking"> +<chapter label="10" id="Line-breaking"> <title>Line breaking</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking lines</primary></indexterm> <para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to @@ -2281,7 +2333,7 @@ some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the </para> -<sect1 label="9.1"> +<sect1 label="10.1"> <title><literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>]</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line break, forcing</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\\</literal> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an @@ -2294,7 +2346,7 @@ except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.2"> +<sect1 label="10.2"> <title><literal>\obeycr</literal> & <literal>\restorecr</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, output as input</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\obeycr</literal> command makes a return in the input file @@ -2306,7 +2358,7 @@ in the output. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.3"> +<sect1 label="10.3"> <title><literal>\newline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newline</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting (paragraph mode)</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\newline</literal> command breaks the line at the present point, with @@ -2315,7 +2367,7 @@ mode. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.4"> +<sect1 label="10.4"> <title><literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen)</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\- (hyphenation)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, forcing</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\-</literal> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at @@ -2331,7 +2383,7 @@ that &latex; might otherwise have chosen. </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.5"> +<sect1 label="10.5"> <title><literal>\fussy</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm> <para>The declaration <literal>\fussy</literal> (which is the default) makes &tex; @@ -2343,7 +2395,7 @@ words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.6"> +<sect1 label="10.6"> <title><literal>\sloppy</literal></title> <para>The declaration <literal>\sloppy</literal> makes &tex; less fussy about line @@ -2354,7 +2406,7 @@ interword spacing. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.7"> +<sect1 label="10.7"> <title><literal>\hyphenation</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, defining</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2372,7 +2424,7 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words): </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.8"> +<sect1 label="10.8"> <title><literal>\linebreak</literal> & <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, preventing</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopses: @@ -2392,7 +2444,7 @@ from a demand to a request. The <replaceable>priority</replaceable> must be a n </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="10" id="Page-breaking"> +<chapter label="11" id="Page-breaking"> <title>Page breaking</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking pages</primary></indexterm> <para>&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has @@ -2401,7 +2453,7 @@ but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. </para> -<sect1 label="10.1"> +<sect1 label="11.1"> <title><literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting on a right-hand page</primary></indexterm> @@ -2412,7 +2464,7 @@ In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.2"> +<sect1 label="11.2"> <title><literal>\clearpage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page and clearing floats</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\clearpage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all @@ -2420,7 +2472,7 @@ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.3"> +<sect1 label="11.3"> <title><literal>\newpage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new page, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\newpage</literal> command ends the current page, but does not clear @@ -2428,7 +2480,7 @@ floats (see <literal>\clearpage</literal> above). </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.4"> +<sect1 label="11.4"> <title><literal>\enlargethispage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enlargethispage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enlarge current page</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\enlargethispage{size}</literal> @@ -2445,7 +2497,7 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.5"> +<sect1 label="11.5"> <title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> & <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, preventing</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopses: @@ -2466,7 +2518,7 @@ insistent the request is. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="11" id="Footnotes"> +<chapter label="12" id="Footnotes"> <title>Footnotes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, creating</primary></indexterm> <para>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced @@ -2476,7 +2528,7 @@ produced with two commands, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> and the </para> -<sect1 label="11.1"> +<sect1 label="12.1"> <title><literal>\footnote</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnote</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2494,7 +2546,7 @@ tables or in a <literal>tabular</literal> environment. (See following sections. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.2"> +<sect1 label="12.2"> <title><literal>\footnotemark</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotemark</primary></indexterm> <para>With no optional argument, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> command puts the @@ -2511,7 +2563,7 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.3"> +<sect1 label="12.3"> <title><literal>\footnotetext</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotetext</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2527,7 +2579,7 @@ appear in outer paragraph mode. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes"> +<sect1 label="12.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes"> <title>Symbolic footnotes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</primary></indexterm><para>If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing @@ -2542,7 +2594,7 @@ redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.5" id="Footnote-parameters"> +<sect1 label="12.5" id="Footnote-parameters"> <title>Footnote parameters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, for footnotes</primary></indexterm> @@ -2564,7 +2616,7 @@ footnotes. This is ‘<literal>6.65pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal> </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="12" id="Definitions"> +<chapter label="13" id="Definitions"> <title>Definitions</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>definitions</primary></indexterm> <para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds. @@ -2573,7 +2625,7 @@ footnotes. This is ‘<literal>6.65pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal> -<sect1 label="12.1"> +<sect1 label="13.1"> <title><literal>\newcommand</literal> & <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining a new command</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new commands, defining</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\renewcommand</literal> define and redefine a @@ -2608,9 +2660,10 @@ text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument. </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +<!-- xx \providecommand, * form (non-\long) --> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.2"> +<sect1 label="13.2"> <title><literal>\newcounter</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, defining new</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2627,7 +2680,7 @@ will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.3"> +<sect1 label="13.3"> <title><literal>\newlength</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining new</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2644,7 +2697,7 @@ for more information about lengths in general. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.4"> +<sect1 label="13.4"> <title><literal>\newsavebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newsavebox</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2656,7 +2709,7 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.5"> +<sect1 label="13.5"> <title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> & <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new environments</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>redefining environments</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopses: @@ -2695,7 +2748,7 @@ may not contain any argument parameters. </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.6"> +<sect1 label="13.6"> <title><literal>\newtheorem</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtheorem</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new theorems</primary></indexterm> <screen>\newtheorem{<replaceable>newenv</replaceable>}{<replaceable>label</replaceable>}[<replaceable>within</replaceable>] @@ -2727,7 +2780,7 @@ not both. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.7"> +<sect1 label="13.7"> <title><literal>\newfont</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newfont</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts, new commands for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new fonts</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2743,7 +2796,7 @@ More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <filename>.fd</filename> fi </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.8"> +<sect1 label="13.8"> <title><literal>\protect</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\protect</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>fragile commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>moving arguments</primary></indexterm><para>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and @@ -2770,7 +2823,7 @@ be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="13" id="Counters"> +<chapter label="14" id="Counters"> <title>Counters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, a list of</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>variables, a list of</primary></indexterm> <para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with @@ -2788,7 +2841,7 @@ subsubsection </screen> -<sect1 label="13.1"> +<sect1 label="14.1"> <title><literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters</title> <para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for @@ -2822,7 +2875,7 @@ double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.2"> +<sect1 label="14.2"> <title><literal>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usecounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>list items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>numbered items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2835,7 +2888,7 @@ the list items. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.3"> +<sect1 label="14.3"> <title><literal>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\value</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, getting value of</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2851,7 +2904,7 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.4"> +<sect1 label="14.4"> <title><literal>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, setting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>setting counters</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -2863,7 +2916,7 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.5"> +<sect1 label="14.5"> <title><literal>\addtocounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocounter</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\addtocounter</literal> command increments <replaceable>counter</replaceable> by the @@ -2871,7 +2924,7 @@ amount specified by the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument, which may be </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.6"> +<sect1 label="14.6"> <title><literal>\refstepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\refstepcounter</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\refstepcounter</literal> command works in the same way as @@ -2880,7 +2933,7 @@ current <literal>\ref</literal> value to be the result of <literal>\thecounter</ </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.7"> +<sect1 label="14.7"> <title><literal>\stepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stepcounter</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\stepcounter</literal> command adds one to <replaceable>counter</replaceable> and @@ -2888,7 +2941,7 @@ resets all subsidiary counters. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.8"> +<sect1 label="14.8"> <title><literal>\day \month \year</literal>: Predefined counters</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\year</primary></indexterm> <para>&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<literal>\day</literal>, @@ -2903,7 +2956,7 @@ current day (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>). </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="14" id="Lengths"> +<chapter label="15" id="Lengths"> <title>Lengths</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining and using</primary></indexterm> <para>A <literal>length</literal> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a @@ -2911,7 +2964,7 @@ length as an argument. </para> -<sect1 label="14.1"> +<sect1 label="15.1"> <title><literal>\setlength{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, setting</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\setlength</literal> sets the value of <replaceable>\len</replaceable> to the <replaceable>value</replaceable> @@ -2921,7 +2974,7 @@ understands, i.e., inches (<literal>in</literal>), millimeters (<literal>mm</lit </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.2"> +<sect1 label="15.2"> <title>\addtolength{<replaceable>\len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>amount</replaceable>}</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtolength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, adding to</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\addtolength</literal> command increments a “length command” @@ -2930,7 +2983,7 @@ may be negative. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.3"> +<sect1 label="15.3"> <title><literal>\settodepth</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settodepth</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</literal> @@ -2940,7 +2993,7 @@ equal to the depth of the <literal>text</literal> argument. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.4"> +<sect1 label="15.4"> <title><literal>\settoheight</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settoheight</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</literal> @@ -2951,7 +3004,7 @@ equal to the height of the <literal>text</literal> argument. </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.5"> +<sect1 label="15.5"> <title><literal>\settowidth{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settowidth</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\settowidth</literal> command sets the value of the command <replaceable>\len</replaceable> @@ -2960,7 +3013,7 @@ to the width of the <replaceable>text</replaceable> argument. </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.6" id="Predefined-lengths"> +<sect1 label="15.6" id="Predefined-lengths"> <title>Predefined lengths</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, predefined</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>predefined lengths</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\width</literal> @@ -2982,7 +3035,7 @@ natural size, e.g., say </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="15" id="Making-paragraphs"> +<chapter label="16" id="Making-paragraphs"> <title>Making paragraphs</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>making paragraphs</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraphs</primary></indexterm> <para>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines—lines not @@ -2992,7 +3045,7 @@ a sectioning command. </para> -<sect1 label="15.1"> +<sect1 label="16.1"> <title><literal>\indent</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, forcing</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\indent</literal> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the @@ -3006,7 +3059,7 @@ mode, otherwise <literal>15pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, < </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.2"> +<sect1 label="16.2"> <title><literal>\noindent</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, suppressing</primary></indexterm> <para>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <literal>\noindent</literal> @@ -3015,7 +3068,7 @@ the middle of a paragraph. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.3"> +<sect1 label="16.3"> <title><literal>\parskip</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space before paragraphs</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\parskip</literal> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added @@ -3023,7 +3076,7 @@ before each paragraph. The default is <literal>0pt plus1pt</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.4" id="Marginal-notes"> +<sect1 label="16.4" id="Marginal-notes"> <title>Marginal notes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>marginal notes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>notes in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>remarks in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\marginpar</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -3084,7 +3137,7 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="16" id="Math-formulas"> +<chapter label="17" id="Math-formulas"> <title>Math formulas</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math formulas</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, entering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm><para>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode: @@ -3126,7 +3179,7 @@ below summations. For example -<sect1 label="16.1" id="Subscripts-&-superscripts"> +<sect1 label="17.1" id="Subscripts-&-superscripts"> <title>Subscripts & superscripts</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exponent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>^</primary></indexterm> <para>To get an expression <wordasword>exp</wordasword> to appear as a subscript, you just type @@ -3138,7 +3191,7 @@ superscript. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="16.2" id="Math-symbols"> +<sect1 label="17.2" id="Math-symbols"> <title>Math symbols</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greek letters</primary></indexterm> <para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to @@ -3780,7 +3833,7 @@ the pi symbol (\pi) in your output. </sect1> -<sect1 label="16.3" id="Math-functions"> +<sect1 label="17.3" id="Math-functions"> <title>Math functions</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math functions</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>functions, math</primary></indexterm> <para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper @@ -3892,7 +3945,7 @@ spacing. </sect1> -<sect1 label="16.4" id="Math-accents"> +<sect1 label="17.4" id="Math-accents"> <title>Math accents</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents, mathematical</primary></indexterm> <para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters @@ -3945,7 +3998,7 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text </sect1> -<sect1 label="16.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode"> +<sect1 label="17.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode"> <title>Spacing in math mode</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing within math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, spacing</primary></indexterm> <para>In a <literal>math</literal> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and @@ -3966,7 +4019,7 @@ commands for use in math mode: </sect1> -<sect1 label="16.6" id="Math-miscellany"> +<sect1 label="17.6" id="Math-miscellany"> <title>Math miscellany</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math miscellany</primary></indexterm> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\*</literal></term> @@ -4022,7 +4075,7 @@ descenders. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="17" id="Modes"> +<chapter label="18" id="Modes"> <title>Modes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>modes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-to-right mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lR mode</primary></indexterm> @@ -4068,7 +4121,7 @@ in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. </para> </chapter> -<chapter label="18" id="Page-styles"> +<chapter label="19" id="Page-styles"> <title>Page styles</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles, page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page styles</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command determines the size and position of @@ -4076,7 +4129,7 @@ the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. </para> -<sect1 label="18.1"> +<sect1 label="19.1"> <title><literal>\maketitle</literal></title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>titles, making</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\maketitle</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\maketitle</literal> command generates a title on a separate title @@ -4107,7 +4160,7 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual. </sect1> -<sect1 label="18.2"> +<sect1 label="19.2"> <title><literal>\pagenumbering</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagenumbering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page numbering style</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4130,7 +4183,7 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual. </sect1> -<sect1 label="18.3"> +<sect1 label="19.3"> <title><literal>\pagestyle</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagestyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer style</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4173,7 +4226,7 @@ the page. </sect1> -<sect1 label="18.4"> +<sect1 label="19.4"> <title><literal>\thispagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thispagestyle</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\thispagestyle</literal> command works in the same manner as the @@ -4183,7 +4236,7 @@ changes to <replaceable>style</replaceable> for the current page only. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="19" id="Spaces"> +<chapter label="20" id="Spaces"> <title>Spaces</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces</primary></indexterm> <para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. @@ -4194,7 +4247,7 @@ more often useful in math mode (see <xref linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode"></xref </para> -<sect1 label="19.1"> +<sect1 label="20.1"> <title><literal>\hspace</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hspace</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4213,7 +4266,7 @@ form. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.2"> +<sect1 label="20.2"> <title><literal>\hfill</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hfill</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\hfill</literal> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has @@ -4226,7 +4279,7 @@ equivalent to <literal>\hfill</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.3"> +<sect1 label="20.3"> <title><literal>\SPACE</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SPACE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TAB</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NEWLINE</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\ </literal> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's @@ -4240,7 +4293,7 @@ are equivalent to <literal>\ </literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.4"> +<sect1 label="20.4"> <title><literal>\@</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\@</literal> command makes the following punctuation character end a @@ -4260,7 +4313,7 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.5"> +<sect1 label="20.5"> <title><literal>\thinspace</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\thinspace</literal> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that @@ -4269,7 +4322,7 @@ in '”. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.6"> +<sect1 label="20.6"> <title><literal>\/</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\/</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\/</literal> command produces an <firstterm>italic correction</firstterm>. This is a @@ -4291,7 +4344,7 @@ with pdf&tex;. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.7"> +<sect1 label="20.7"> <title><literal>\hrulefill</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\hrulefill</literal> fill command produces a “rubber length” which can @@ -4300,7 +4353,7 @@ rule. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.8"> +<sect1 label="20.8"> <title><literal>\dotfill</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm> @@ -4310,7 +4363,7 @@ with dots instead of just white space. <!-- xx undone --> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.9"> +<sect1 label="20.9"> <title><literal>\addvspace</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addvspace</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>space, inserting vertical</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\addvspace{length}</literal> @@ -4323,7 +4376,7 @@ of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.10"> +<sect1 label="20.10"> <title><literal>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</literal></title> <para>These commands produce a given amount of space. @@ -4346,7 +4399,7 @@ quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.11"> +<sect1 label="20.11"> <title><literal>\vfill</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vfill</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\vfill</literal> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which @@ -4355,7 +4408,7 @@ can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.12"> +<sect1 label="20.12"> <title><literal>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vspace</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4372,7 +4425,7 @@ space is not removed. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="20" id="Boxes"> +<chapter label="21" id="Boxes"> <title>Boxes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>boxes</primary></indexterm> @@ -4381,7 +4434,7 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands. </para> -<sect1 label="20.1"> +<sect1 label="21.1"> <title><literal>\mbox{<replaceable>text}</replaceable></literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, preventing</primary></indexterm><para>The <literal>\mbox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the @@ -4390,7 +4443,7 @@ lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.2"> +<sect1 label="21.2"> <title><literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm> @@ -4416,7 +4469,7 @@ argument. <!-- xxref --> </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.3"> +<sect1 label="21.3"> <title><literal>lrbox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>lrbox</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</literal> @@ -4428,7 +4481,7 @@ must have been declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.4"> +<sect1 label="21.4"> <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4457,7 +4510,7 @@ see <xref linkend="\makebox-(picture)"></xref>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.5"> +<sect1 label="21.5"> <title><literal>\parbox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parbox</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4502,7 +4555,7 @@ for this to work. </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.6"> +<sect1 label="21.6"> <title><literal>\raisebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raisebox</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4521,7 +4574,7 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.7"> +<sect1 label="21.7"> <title><literal>\savebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4535,7 +4588,7 @@ declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></ </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.8"> +<sect1 label="21.8"> <title><literal>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4550,7 +4603,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.9"> +<sect1 label="21.9"> <title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable></literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usebox</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4563,7 +4616,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="21" id="Special-insertions"> +<chapter label="22" id="Special-insertions"> <title>Special insertions</title> <para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a @@ -4571,7 +4624,7 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. </para> -<sect1 label="21.1" id="Reserved-characters"> +<sect1 label="22.1" id="Reserved-characters"> <title>Reserved characters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm> <para>The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called @@ -4606,7 +4659,7 @@ with <literal>"</literal>, so the previous example could also be written as </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.2" id="Text-symbols"> +<sect1 label="22.2" id="Text-symbols"> <title>Text symbols</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>textcomp package</primary></indexterm><para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols @@ -4738,9 +4791,6 @@ has the ascender height. <term><literal>\textordmasculine</literal></term> <listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>masculine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</primary></indexterm><para>Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: ª, º. </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textordfeminine</literal></term> -<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>feminine ordinal symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Feminine ordinal symbol: ®. -</para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textperiodcentered</literal></term> <listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>period, centered, in text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered period, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Centered period: \cdot. </para> @@ -4776,7 +4826,7 @@ has the ascender height. <listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>trademark symbol</primary></indexterm><para>Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\texttwelveudash</literal></term> -<listitem><para>Xx 12u-. +<listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>two-thirds em-dash</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>em-dash, two-thirds</primary></indexterm><para>“Two-thirds” em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\textunderscore</literal></term> <listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>underscore, in text</primary></indexterm><para>Underscore: _. @@ -4788,7 +4838,7 @@ has the ascender height. </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.3" id="Accents"> +<sect1 label="22.3" id="Accents"> <title>Accents</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, accented</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, accented</primary></indexterm> @@ -4886,7 +4936,7 @@ descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in <xref linkend="Math-misce </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.4" id="Non-English-characters"> +<sect1 label="22.4" id="Non-English-characters"> <title>Non-English characters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>non-English characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, non-English</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, non-English</primary></indexterm> @@ -4941,7 +4991,7 @@ used in languages other than English. </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.5"> +<sect1 label="22.5"> <title><literal>\rule</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rule</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -4963,7 +5013,7 @@ rectangles. The arguments are: </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.6"> +<sect1 label="22.6"> <title><literal>\today</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\today</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\today</literal> command produces today's date, in the format @@ -4978,7 +5028,7 @@ of other date formats. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="22" id="Splitting-the-input"> +<chapter label="23" id="Splitting-the-input"> <title>Splitting the input</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>splitting the input file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>input file</primary></indexterm> <para>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole @@ -4989,7 +5039,7 @@ when you run &latex;. </para> -<sect1 label="22.1"> +<sect1 label="23.1"> <title><literal>\include</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5010,7 +5060,7 @@ read by another <literal>\include</literal> command. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.2"> +<sect1 label="23.2"> <title>\<literal>includeonly</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5027,7 +5077,7 @@ effective. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.3" id="\input"> +<sect1 label="23.3" id="\input"> <title>\input</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\input</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5046,16 +5096,16 @@ is tried (‘<literal>foo</literal>’ or ‘<literal>foo.bar</liter </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="23" id="Front/back-matter"> +<chapter label="24" id="Front/back-matter"> <title>Front/back matter</title> -<sect1 label="23.1" id="Tables-of-contents"> +<sect1 label="24.1" id="Tables-of-contents"> <title>Tables of contents</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents, creating</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tableofcontents</primary></indexterm><para>A table of contents is produced with the <literal>\tableofcontents</literal> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tableofcontents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.toc file</primary></indexterm><para>A table of contents is produced with the <literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must have generated a <filename>.toc</filename> file. @@ -5074,7 +5124,7 @@ Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. </para> -<sect2 label="23.1.1" id="\addcontentsline"> +<sect2 label="24.1.1" id="\addcontentsline"> <title>\addcontentsline</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addcontentsline{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents entry, manually adding</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\addcontentsline</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} @@ -5109,7 +5159,7 @@ command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>nam </sect2> -<sect2 label="23.1.2" id="\addtocontents"> +<sect2 label="24.1.2" id="\addtocontents"> <title>\addtocontents</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocontents{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\addtocontents</literal>{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} command adds text @@ -5128,7 +5178,7 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="23.2" id="Glossaries"> +<sect1 label="24.2" id="Glossaries"> <title>Glossaries</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossaries</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeglossary</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\makeglossary</literal> enables creating glossaries. @@ -5145,7 +5195,7 @@ glossaries. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="23.3" id="Indexes"> +<sect1 label="24.3" id="Indexes"> <title>Indexes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>indexes</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeindex</primary></indexterm><para>The command <literal>\makeindex</literal> enables creating indexes. Put this in @@ -5192,7 +5242,7 @@ preparing the index. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="24" id="Letters"> +<chapter label="25" id="Letters"> <title>Letters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating letters</primary></indexterm> <para>You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The @@ -5230,7 +5280,7 @@ commands, use <literal>\\</literal> to separate the items. </para> -<sect1 label="24.1"> +<sect1 label="25.1"> <title>\address{<replaceable>return-address}</replaceable></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\address</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\address</literal> specifies the return address of a letter, as it @@ -5245,7 +5295,7 @@ letter will be formatted as a personal letter. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.2"> +<sect1 label="25.2"> <title><literal>\cc</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cc list, in letters</primary></indexterm> @@ -5258,7 +5308,7 @@ printed on a separate line. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.3"> +<sect1 label="25.3"> <title><literal>\closing</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing letters</primary></indexterm> @@ -5271,7 +5321,7 @@ printed on a separate line. </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.4"> +<sect1 label="25.4"> <title><literal>\encl</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\encl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enclosure list</primary></indexterm> @@ -5283,7 +5333,7 @@ printed on a separate line. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.5"> +<sect1 label="25.5"> <title><literal>\location</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\location</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\location{address}</literal> @@ -5293,7 +5343,7 @@ if the <literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.6"> +<sect1 label="25.6"> <title><literal>\makelabels</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makelabels</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\makelabels{number}</literal> @@ -5304,7 +5354,7 @@ address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.7"> +<sect1 label="25.7"> <title><literal>\name</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\name</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\name{June Davenport}</literal> @@ -5314,7 +5364,7 @@ address. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.8"> +<sect1 label="25.8"> <title><literal>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\opening</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, starting</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5329,7 +5379,7 @@ For instance: </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.9"> +<sect1 label="25.9"> <title><literal>\ps</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ps</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>postscript, in letters</primary></indexterm> <para>Use the <literal>\ps</literal> command to start a postscript in a letter, after @@ -5337,7 +5387,7 @@ For instance: </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.10"> +<sect1 label="25.10"> <title><literal>\signature{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\signature</primary></indexterm> <para>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the @@ -5346,7 +5396,7 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.11"> +<sect1 label="25.11"> <title><literal>\startbreaks</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\startbreaks</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\startbreaks</literal> @@ -5356,7 +5406,7 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.12"> +<sect1 label="25.12"> <title><literal>\stopbreaks</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stopbreaks</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\stopbreaks</literal> @@ -5366,7 +5416,7 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.13"> +<sect1 label="25.13"> <title><literal>\telephone</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\telephone</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\telephone{number}</literal> @@ -5377,12 +5427,12 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="25" id="Terminal-input/output"> +<chapter label="26" id="Terminal-input/output"> <title>Terminal input/output</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>input/output</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>terminal input/output</primary></indexterm> -<sect1 label="25.1"> +<sect1 label="26.1"> <title><literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typein</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5399,7 +5449,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.2"> +<sect1 label="26.2"> <title><literal>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typeout</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5420,7 +5470,7 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <literal>^^J</literal> in </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="26" id="Command-line"> +<chapter label="27" id="Command-line"> <title>Command line</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>command line</primary></indexterm> <para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; @@ -5444,7 +5494,8 @@ command; e.g. <title>Document templates</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>document templates</primary></indexterm> <para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will -be useful. +be useful. Additional templates are collected at +<ulink url="http://www.howtotex.com/templates">http://www.howtotex.com/templates</ulink>. </para> |