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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2015-05-12 22:34:18 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2015-05-12 22:34:18 +0000
commit03c75c44272fafbdc68ad57c2895873f73a46a27 (patch)
tree3c6f5da3d39808a8a00258242b0c7d01825efa98 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
parent728988c17d5e8201bbfd874e54dc9a95f1985145 (diff)
latex2e-help-texinfo (12may15)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@37355 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
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index 10eb5b9ea47..960c331c619 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
@@ -4,28 +4,29 @@
<!ENTITY latex "LaTeX">
]>
<book id="latex2e.dbk" lang="en">
-<title>&latex;2e reference manual (May 2014)</title>
+<title>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (May 2015)</title>
<!-- %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<!-- latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, -->
<!-- xx but latex2e stuff is missing. -->
+<!-- xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file -->
<!-- -->
-<!-- xx mention \nocorr, \textit and ic -->
-<!-- xx give actual smallskip/etc. defaults -->
+<!-- xx ending a run with errors -->
+<!-- xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX -->
+<!-- xx classes and packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts -->
<!-- -->
-<!-- xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) -->
+<!-- xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) -->
+<!-- xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/latex2e-reference.tar.gz -->
<!-- xx merge permuted-index -->
<!-- xx merge latex-manual from savannah -->
<!-- -->
<!-- xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel -->
<!-- xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. -->
<!-- xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands. -->
-<!-- xx See also http://www.ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. -->
-<!-- -->
-<!-- xx packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts -->
+<!-- xx See also http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. -->
<bookinfo><legalnotice><para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of May 2014.
+document preparation system, version of May 2015.
</para>
<para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in
the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -34,13 +35,13 @@ George&#160;D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The
&latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl
Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges
using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and
-<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L.&#160;Botway
-and C.&#160;Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as
-<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no text was
-directly copied).
+<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex;&#160;2.09) by
+L.&#160;Botway and C.&#160;Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users
+Group as <citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no
+text was directly copied).
</para>
<para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
-2014 Karl Berry.
+2014, 2015 Karl Berry.
Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of May 2014.
+document preparation system, version of May 2015.
</para>
<para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in
the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -71,13 +72,13 @@ George&#160;D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The
&latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl
Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges
using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and
-<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L.&#160;Botway
-and C.&#160;Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as
-<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no text was
-directly copied).
+<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex;&#160;2.09) by
+L.&#160;Botway and C.&#160;Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users
+Group as <citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no
+text was directly copied).
</para>
<para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
-2014 Karl Berry.
+2014, 2015 Karl Berry.
Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
@@ -99,12 +100,10 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<chapter label="" id="Top">
-<title>&latex;2e</title>
+<title>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
-<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version as of May 2014. It is
-intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of
-&latex; for many years.
+<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
+May 2015) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
</para>
@@ -112,183 +111,350 @@ intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of
<chapter label="1" id="About-this-document">
<title>About this document</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The &latex; document preparation system is implemented as a macro
-package for Donald&#160;E. Knuth&#8217;s &tex; typesetting program.
-&latex; was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now
-maintained by a group of volunteers (<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>).
-The official documentation written by the &latex; project is
-available from their web site.
-</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bug reporting</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>reporting bugs</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary><email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email> email address</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The present document is completely unofficial and has not been
-reviewed by the &latex; maintainers. Do not send bug reports or
-anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all
-comments to <email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email>.
-</para>
-<para>The home page for this document is
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary><ulink url="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</ulink> home page</primary></indexterm>
+<para>This is an unofficial reference manual for the &latex;2e document
+preparation system, which is a macro package for the &tex;
+typesetting program (see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>). This document&#8217;s home page is
<ulink url="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</ulink>. That page has links to the
-current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other
-infrastructure.
-</para>
-<para>Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about
-&latex;. Here are a few:
+current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and
+subscriptions, and other infrastructure.
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</ulink>
-</term><listitem><para>Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation.
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; vs. &latex;2e</primary></indexterm>
+<para>In this document, we will mostly just use &#8216;&latex;&#8217; rather than
+&#8216;&latex;2e&#8217;, since the previous version of &latex;&#160;(2.09) was
+retired many years ago.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</ulink>
-</term><listitem><para>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
-</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</ulink>
-</term><listitem><para>The guide for document authors maintained as part of &latex;; there
-are several others.
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>unofficial nature of this manual</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary><email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email> email address</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; is currently maintained by a group of volunteers
+(<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). The official documentation written by
+the &latex; project is available from their web site. This document is
+completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex;
+maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this
+document to them. Instead, please send all comments to
+<email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email>.
+</para>
+<para>This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources
+of information about &latex;, at all levels. Here are a few
+introductions.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</ulink>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>latex-doc-ptr document</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</ulink>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>first-latex-doc document</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</ulink>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>usrguide official documentation</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of &latex;;
+there are plenty of others available elsewhere.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</ulink>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lshort document</primary></indexterm>
+<para>A short introduction to &latex;, translated to many languages.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://tug.org/begin.html">http://tug.org/begin.html</ulink>
-</term><listitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+</term><listitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;, with further
+references.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</chapter>
<chapter label="2" id="Overview">
<title>Overview of &latex;</title>
-<para>What is &latex;?
-</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>basics of &latex;</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm>
-<para>&latex; typesets a file of text using the &tex; program and the
-&latex; &#8220;macro package&#8221; for &tex;. That is, it processes an input
-file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that
-describe how the text should be formatted. &latex; files are plain
-text that can be written in any reasonable editor. It produces at
-least three files as output:
+
+<para>&latex; is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally
+created by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers
+(<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). It is widely used, particularly for
+complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>macro package, &latex; as</primary></indexterm>
+<para>A &latex; user writes an input file containing text along with
+interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text
+should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands
+that interface with Donald&#160;E. Knuth&#8217;s &tex; typesetting program
+(the technical term is that &latex; is a <firstterm>macro package</firstterm> for the
+&tex; engine). The user produces the output document by giving that
+file to the &tex; engine.
+</para>
+<para>The term &latex; is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
+the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
+available to a &latex; user.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport &tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>pronunciation</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The name &latex; is short for &#8220;Lamport &tex;&#8221;. It is pronounced
+LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document,
+produce the logo with <literal>\LaTeX</literal>. Where use of the logo is not
+sensible, such as in plain text, write it as &#8216;<literal>LaTeX</literal>&#8217;.
+</para>
+
+
+<sect1 label="2.1" id="Starting-and-ending">
+<title>Starting and ending</title>
+
+<anchor id="Starting-_0026-ending"/><!-- old name -->
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting &amp; ending</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending &amp; starting</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hello, world</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>&latex; files have a simple global structure, with a standard
+starting and ending. Here is a &#8220;hello, world&#8221; example:
+</para>
+<screen>\documentclass{article}
+\begin{document}
+Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
+\end{document}
+</screen>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class, defined</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Here, the &#8216;<literal>article</literal>&#8217; is the so-called <firstterm>document class</firstterm>,
+implemented in a file <filename>article.cls</filename>. Any document class can be
+used. A few document classes are defined by &latex; itself, and vast
+array of others are widely available. See <link linkend="Document-classes">Document classes</link>.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm>
+<para>You can include other &latex; commands between the
+<literal>\documentclass</literal> and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands.
+This area is called the <firstterm>preamble</firstterm>.
+</para>
+<para>The <literal>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</literal> is a so-called
+<firstterm>environment</firstterm>; the &#8216;<literal>document</literal>&#8217; environment (and no others) is
+required in all &latex; documents. &latex; provides many
+environments itself, and many more are defined separately.
+See <link linkend="Environments">Environments</link>.
</para>
-<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>The main output file, which is one of:
+<para>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from
+a &latex; input file.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="2.2" id="Output-files">
+<title>Output files</title>
+
+<para>&latex; produces a main output file and at least two accessory files.
+The main output file&#8217;s name ends in either <filename>.dvi</filename> or <filename>.pdf</filename>.
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>.dvi</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.dvi file</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>latex command</primary></indexterm>
-<para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a &#8220;Device Independent&#8221; (<filename>.dvi</filename>)
-file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into
-commands for virtually any output device. You can view such
-<filename>.dvi</filename> output of &latex; by using a program such as
-<command>xdvi</command> (display directly), <command>dvips</command> (convert to
-PostScript), or <command>dvipdfmx</command> (convert to PDF).
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>xdvi command</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>dvips command</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>dvipdfmx command</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>dvitype command</primary></indexterm>
+<para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>latex</command> then it
+produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <filename>.dvi</filename>. You
+can view this file with a command such as <command>xdvi</command>, or convert
+it to a PostScript <literal>.ps</literal> file with <command>dvips</command> or to a
+Portable Document Format <literal>.pdf</literal> file with <command>dvipdfmx</command>.
+The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with
+<command>dvitype</command>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are
+available (<ulink url="http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware">http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware</ulink>).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>.pdf</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.pdf file</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>pdf&tex;</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>pdflatex command</primary></indexterm>
-<para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a &#8220;Portable Document Format&#8221;
-(<filename>.pdf</filename>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
-all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does
-make the output much larger than the <filename>.dvi</filename> produced from the
-same document.
-</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lualatex command</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lua&tex;</primary></indexterm>
-<para>If invoked as <command>lualatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using
-the Lua&tex; engine (<ulink url="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</ulink>).
-</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>xelatex command</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Xe&tex;</primary></indexterm>
-<para>If invoked as <command>xelatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using
-the Xe&tex; engine (<ulink url="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</ulink>).
+<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>pdflatex</command>,
+among other commands (see <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>), then the main output is
+a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a
+self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-<para>Many other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) exist, which
-can produce HTML, XML, and other things.
+<para>&latex; also produces at least two additional files.
</para>
-</listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>transcript file</primary></indexterm>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>.log</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>transcript file</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>log file</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.log file</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The &#8220;transcript&#8221; or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary
-information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the
-input file.
+<para>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
+loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
+additional information for any errors.
</para>
-</listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>auxiliary file</primary></indexterm>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>.aux</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>auxiliary file</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.aux file</primary></indexterm>
-<para>An &#8220;auxiliary&#8221; or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself,
-for things such as cross-references.
-</para></listitem></orderedlist>
-<para>An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won&#8217;t try to
-list them all. Xxx components?
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references, resolving</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>forward references, resolving</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>references, resolving forward</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Auxiliary information is used by &latex; for things such as
+cross references. For example, the first time that &latex; finds a
+forward reference&#8212;a cross reference to something that has not yet
+appeared in the source&#8212;it will appear in the output as a doubled
+question mark <literal>??</literal>. When the referred-to spot does eventually
+appear in the source then &latex; writes its location information to
+this <literal>.aux</literal> file. On the next invocation, &latex; reads the
+location information from this file and uses it to resolve the
+reference, replacing the double question mark with the remembered
+location.
</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lof file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>list of figures file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lot file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>list of tables file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.toc file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>contents file</primary></indexterm>
+<para>&latex; may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
+ending. These include a <literal>.lof</literal> file that is used to make a list
+of figures, a <literal>.lot</literal> file used to make a list of tables, and a
+<literal>.toc</literal> file used to make a table of contents. A particular class
+may create others; the list is open-ended.
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="2.3" id="TeX-engines">
+<title>&tex; engines</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>engines, &tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>implementations of &tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>UTF-8</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Unicode input, native</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>TrueType fonts</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>OpenType fonts</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>&latex; is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a &tex;
+implementation (see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>). This section gives a terse
+overview of the main programs.
+</para>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>latex</literal>
+</term><term><literal>pdflatex</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pdf&tex; engine</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>etex command</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>e-&tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<para>In &tex; Live (<ulink url="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</ulink>, if &latex; is invoked
+via either the system command <command>latex</command> or <command>pdflatex</command>,
+then the pdf&tex; engine is run (<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</ulink>).
+When invoked as <command>latex</command>, the main output is a <filename>.dvi</filename>
+file; as <command>pdflatex</command>, the main output is a <filename>.pdf</filename> file.
+</para>
+<para>pdf&tex; incorporates the e-&tex; extensions to Knuth&#8217;s original
+program (<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/etex">http://ctan.org/pkg/etex</ulink>), including additional
+programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of
+extensions of its own. e-&tex; is available on its own as the
+command <command>etex</command>, but this is plain &tex; (and produces
+<filename>.dvi</filename>).
+</para>
+<para>In other &tex; distributions, <command>latex</command> may invoke e-&tex;
+rather than pdf&tex;. In any case, the e-&tex; extensions can be
+assumed to be available in &latex;.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>lualatex</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lualatex command</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lua&tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>lualatex</command>, the
+Lua&tex; engine is run (<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</ulink>). This
+program allows code written in the scripting language Lua
+(<ulink url="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</ulink>) to interact with &tex;&#8217;s typesetting.
+Lua&tex; handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType
+and TrueType fonts, and produces a <filename>.pdf</filename> file by default.
+There is also <command>dvilualatex</command> to produce a <filename>.dvi</filename> file,
+but this is rarely used.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>xelatex</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>xelatex command</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Xe&tex;</primary></indexterm>
+<para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>xelatex</command>, the
+Xe&tex; engine is run (<ulink url="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</ulink>). Like Lua&tex;,
+Xe&tex; also natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and
+OpenType fonts, though the implementation is completely different,
+mainly using external libraries instead of internal code. Xe&tex;
+produces a <filename>.pdf</filename> file as output; it does not support DVI output.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<para>Other variants of &latex; and &tex; exist, e.g., to provide
+additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]p&tex;,
+<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</ulink>, <ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</ulink>).
+</para>
+
+</sect1>
+<sect1 label="2.4" id="LaTeX-command-syntax">
+<title>&latex; command syntax</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>command syntax</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ character starting commands</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>[...] for optional arguments</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>{...} for required arguments</primary></indexterm>
-<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <literal>\</literal>,
-followed by either (a)&#160;a string of letters or (b)&#160;a single
-non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <literal>[]</literal>, are
-optional while arguments contained in braces, <literal>{}</literal>, are
-required.
+<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <literal>\</literal>; the
+name itself then consists of either (a)&#160;a string of letters or
+(b)&#160;a single non-letter.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>case sensitivity of &latex;</primary></indexterm>
-<para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
-explicitly directed to do otherwise.
+<para>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either
+required or optional. Required arguments are contained in curly
+braces, <literal>{...}</literal>. Optional arguments are contained in square
+brackets, <literal>[...]</literal>. Generally, but not universally, if the
+command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any
+required arguments.
</para>
-
-</chapter>
-<chapter label="3" id="Starting-_0026-ending">
-<title>Starting &amp; ending</title>
-
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting &amp; ending</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending &amp; starting</primary></indexterm>
-
-<para>A minimal input file looks like the following:
+<para>Some commands have a <literal>*</literal> form that is related to the form without
+a <literal>*</literal>, such as <literal>\chapter</literal> and <literal>\chapter*</literal>.
</para>
-<screen>\documentclass{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
-\begin{document}
-<replaceable>your text</replaceable>
-\end{document}
-</screen>
-<para>where the <replaceable>class</replaceable> is a valid document class for &latex;.
-See <link linkend="Document-classes">Document classes</link>, for details of the various document classes
-available locally.
+<para>&latex; commands are case sensitive; neither <literal>\Begin{document}</literal>
+nor <literal>\begin{Document}</literal> will work. Most commands are lowercase,
+but in any event you must enter all commands in the same case as they
+are defined.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm>
-<para>You may include other &latex; commands between the <literal>\documentclass</literal>
-and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands (this area is called the
-<firstterm>preamble</firstterm>).
+<para>This manual describes all accepted options and <literal>*</literal>-forms for the
+commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
</para>
+</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="4" id="Document-classes">
+<chapter label="3" id="Document-classes">
<title>Document classes</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The class of a given document is defined with the command:
+<para>The document&#8217;s overall class is defined with this command, which is
+normally the first command in a &latex; source file.
</para>
<screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
</screen>
-<para>The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command must be the first command in a
-&latex; source file.
-</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>article class</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>report class</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>book class</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter class</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>slides class</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Built-in &latex; document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are (many other document
-classes are available as add-ons; see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>):
+<para>The following document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are built into &latex;.
+(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
+see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>.)
</para>
-<screen>article report book letter slides
-</screen>
-<!-- xx briefly describe each one -->
-
-<para>Standard <replaceable>options</replaceable> are described below.
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>article</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>book</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
+matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix
+(see <link linkend="Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</link>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>report</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>For documents of length between an <literal>article</literal> and a <literal>book</literal>,
+such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>slides</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>For slide presentations&#8212;rarely used today. In its place the
+<literal>beamer</literal> package is perhaps the most prevalent (see <link linkend="beamer-template">beamer
+template</link>).
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<para>Standard <replaceable>options</replaceable> are described in the next section.
</para>
-<sect1 label="4.1" id="Document-class-options">
+<sect1 label="3.1" id="Document-class-options">
<title>Document class options</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class options</primary></indexterm>
@@ -296,10 +462,9 @@ classes are available as add-ons; see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>):
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm>
-<para>You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm>
-to the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command by enclosing them in square
-brackets as usual. To specify more than one <replaceable>option</replaceable>, separate
-them with a comma:
+<para>You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm> to
+the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command by enclosing them in square brackets.
+To specify more than one <replaceable>option</replaceable>, separate them with a comma, as in:
</para>
<screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>option1</replaceable>,<replaceable>option2</replaceable>,...]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
</screen>
@@ -334,21 +499,39 @@ size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>):
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>notitlepage option</primary></indexterm>
<para>Miscellaneous other options:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>draft, final</literal>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>draft</literal>
+</term><term><literal>final</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>black boxes, omitting</primary></indexterm>
-<para>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <literal>final</literal>.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fleqn</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>landscape</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>leqno</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openbib</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Use &#8220;open&#8221; bibliography format.
-</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>titlepage, notitlepage</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
+<para>Mark (<literal>draft</literal>) or do not mark (<literal>final</literal>) overfull boxes with a
+black box in the margin; default is <literal>final</literal>.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fleqn</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>flush left equations</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered equations</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, flush left vs. centered</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>landscape</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>landscape orientation</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>portrait orientation</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>leqno</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-hand equation numbers</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-hand equation numbers</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation numbers, left vs. right</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openbib</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography format, open</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Use &#8220;open&#8221; bibliography format.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>titlepage</literal>
+</term><term><literal>notitlepage</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title page, separate or run-in</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-<para>These options are not available with the slides class:
+<para>The following options are not available with the <literal>slides</literal> class.
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>onecolumn option</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>twocolumn option</primary></indexterm>
@@ -365,34 +548,35 @@ size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>):
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\evensidemargin</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oddsidemargin</primary></indexterm>
<para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <literal>oneside</literal>, except
-for the <literal>book</literal> class.
+that in the <literal>book</literal> class the default is <literal>twoside</literal>.
</para>
-<para>The <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> parameter determines
-the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the
-page and the text&#8217;s left margin. The defaults vary with the paper
-size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided
-printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> is
-40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and <literal>\textwidth</literal>,
-with <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> the remainder.
+<para>For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For two-sided
+printing, the <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal>) parameter
+determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left
+side of the page and the text&#8217;s left margin, with <literal>\oddsidemargin</literal>
+being 40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and
+<literal>\textwidth</literal>, and <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> is the remainder.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openright</literal>
</term><term><literal>openany</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a
-right-hand page; default is <literal>openright</literal> for book.
+</term><listitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is
+<literal>openright</literal> for <literal>book</literal>, and <literal>openany</literal> for <literal>report</literal>.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>clock option to <literal>slides</literal> class</primary></indexterm>
<para>The <literal>slides</literal> class offers the option <literal>clock</literal> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</para>
-
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>loading additional packages</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading additional</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>additional packages, loading</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usepackage</primary></indexterm>
<para>Additional packages are loaded like this:
</para>
<screen>\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkg</replaceable>}
</screen>
-<para>To specify more than one <replaceable>pkg</replaceable>, you can separate them with a
-comma, or use multiple <literal>\usepackage</literal> commands.
+<para>To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma,
+as in <literal>\usepackage{<replaceable>pkg1</replaceable>,<replaceable>pkg2</replaceable>,...}</literal>, or use multiple
+<literal>\usepackage</literal> commands.
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global</primary></indexterm>
@@ -403,7 +587,7 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="5" id="Fonts">
+<chapter label="4" id="Fonts">
<title>Fonts</title>
<anchor id="Typefaces"/><!-- old name -->
@@ -415,7 +599,7 @@ and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
</para>
-<sect1 label="5.1" id="Font-styles">
+<sect1 label="4.1" id="Font-styles">
<title>Font styles</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font styles</primary></indexterm>
@@ -431,13 +615,22 @@ arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type
style command or the end of the current group.
</para>
<para>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form,
-are cumulative; e.g.,, you can say either <literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or
+are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or
<literal>\bfseries\sffamily</literal> to get bold sans serif.
</para>
<para>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for
instance, <literal>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</literal>.
</para>
-<para>These commands automatically supply an italic correction if needed.
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorrlist</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorr</primary></indexterm>
+<para>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections
+if needed. (See <link linkend="_005c_002f">\/</link>, for the details of italic corrections.)
+Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following
+character is in the list <literal>\nocorrlist</literal>, which by default consists
+of a period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of
+italic correction, use <literal>\nocorr</literal> at the start or end of the
+command argument, such as <literal>\textit{\nocorr text}</literal> or
+<literal>\textsc{text \nocorr}</literal>.
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\textrm (\rmfamily)</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textrm</primary></indexterm>
@@ -548,8 +741,8 @@ FAQ entry: <ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf">http:
<para>&latex; also provides the following commands, which unconditionally
switch to the given style, that is, are <emphasis>not</emphasis> cumulative. Also,
they are used differently than the above commands: <literal>{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>
-...}</literal> instead of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>{...}</literal>. These are two very
-different things.
+...}</literal> instead of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>{...}</literal>. These are two unrelated
+constructs.
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bf</primary></indexterm><literal>\bf</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold font</primary></indexterm>
@@ -602,7 +795,7 @@ their place.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="5.2" id="Font-sizes">
+<sect1 label="4.2" id="Font-sizes">
<title>Font sizes</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font sizes</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface sizes</primary></indexterm>
@@ -654,7 +847,7 @@ these commands; for instance, <literal>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="5.3" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands">
+<sect1 label="4.3" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands">
<title>Low-level font commands</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-level font commands</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>font commands, low-level</primary></indexterm>
@@ -743,7 +936,7 @@ followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>.
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="6" id="Layout">
+<chapter label="5" id="Layout">
<title>Layout</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout commands</primary></indexterm>
@@ -751,7 +944,7 @@ followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>.
</para>
-<sect1 label="6.1" id="_005conecolumn">
+<sect1 label="5.1" id="_005conecolumn">
<title><literal>\onecolumn</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\onecolumn</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>one-column output</primary></indexterm>
@@ -761,7 +954,7 @@ single-column output. This is the default.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="6.2" id="_005ctwocolumn">
+<sect1 label="5.2" id="_005ctwocolumn">
<title><literal>\twocolumn</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\twocolumn</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>multicolumn text</primary></indexterm>
@@ -812,7 +1005,7 @@ and the main text. Default &#8216;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&#821
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="6.3" id="_005cflushbottom">
+<sect1 label="5.3" id="_005cflushbottom">
<title><literal>\flushbottom</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm>
@@ -826,7 +1019,7 @@ page.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="6.4" id="_005craggedbottom">
+<sect1 label="5.4" id="_005craggedbottom">
<title><literal>\raggedbottom</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedbottom</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, omitting vertical</primary></indexterm>
@@ -837,7 +1030,7 @@ stretched.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="6.5" id="Page-layout-parameters">
+<sect1 label="5.5" id="Page-layout-parameters">
<title>Page layout parameters</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page layout parameters</primary></indexterm>
@@ -914,14 +1107,14 @@ then divided by two.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\topskip</primary></indexterm><literal>\topskip</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
-the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the
+the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
same as the font size, e.g., &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217; at &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="7" id="Sectioning">
+<chapter label="6" id="Sectioning">
<title>Sectioning</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>sectioning</primary></indexterm>
@@ -929,7 +1122,7 @@ same as the font size, e.g., &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217; at &#8216;<li
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\part</primary></indexterm><literal>\part</literal>
</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\chapter</primary></indexterm><literal>\chapter</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>(report and book class only)
+</term><listitem><para>(<literal>report</literal> and <literal>book</literal> class only)
</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\section</primary></indexterm><literal>\section</literal>
</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsection</primary></indexterm><literal>\subsection</literal>
</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsubsection</primary></indexterm><literal>\subsubsection</literal>
@@ -982,7 +1175,7 @@ The setting
</para>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="8" id="Cross-references">
+<chapter label="7" id="Cross-references">
<title>Cross references</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references</primary></indexterm>
@@ -991,7 +1184,7 @@ the reader to them, as in &#8220;See Figure 3 for more details.&#8221;
</para>
-<sect1 label="8.1" id="_005clabel">
+<sect1 label="7.1" id="_005clabel">
<title><literal>\label</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\label</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1004,7 +1197,8 @@ the reader to them, as in &#8220;See Figure 3 for more details.&#8221;
inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <replaceable>key</replaceable>.
</para>
<para>A <replaceable>key</replaceable> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
-punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.
+punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are
+distinguished, as usual.
</para>
<para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by
@@ -1026,7 +1220,7 @@ a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="8.2" id="_005cpageref">
+<sect1 label="7.2" id="_005cpageref">
<title><literal>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pageref</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing with page number</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1042,7 +1236,7 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="8.3" id="_005cref">
+<sect1 label="7.3" id="_005cref">
<title><literal>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ref</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing, symbolic</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1063,7 +1257,7 @@ such as the word &#8216;Section&#8217; or &#8216;Figure&#8217;, just the bare nu
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="9" id="Environments">
+<chapter label="8" id="Environments">
<title>Environments</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1079,7 +1273,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
</screen>
-<sect1 label="9.1" id="abstract">
+<sect1 label="8.1" id="abstract">
<title><literal>abstract</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>abstract environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1094,7 +1288,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.2" id="array">
+<sect1 label="8.2" id="array">
<title><literal>array</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>array environment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrays, math</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1110,8 +1304,8 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:
within an <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <link linkend="equation">equation</link>). It has a
single mandatory <replaceable>template</replaceable> argument describing the number of
columns and the alignment within them. Each column <replaceable>col</replaceable> is
-specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should
-be formatted, as follows:
+specified by a single letter that tells how items in each row of that
+column should be formatted, as follows:
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal>
</term><listitem><para>centered
@@ -1148,7 +1342,7 @@ namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.3" id="center">
+<sect1 label="8.3" id="center">
<title><literal>center</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>center environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1169,7 +1363,7 @@ string <literal>\\</literal>.
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.3.1" id="_005ccentering">
+<sect2 label="8.3.1" id="_005ccentering">
<title><literal>\centering</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\centering</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1198,7 +1392,7 @@ second line \\
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.4" id="description">
+<sect1 label="8.4" id="description">
<title><literal>description</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>description environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1231,7 +1425,7 @@ plain typewriter}]</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.5" id="displaymath">
+<sect1 label="8.5" id="displaymath">
<title><literal>displaymath</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1256,17 +1450,17 @@ equation number, use the <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <link link
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.6" id="document">
+<sect1 label="8.6" id="document">
<title><literal>document</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>document environment</primary></indexterm>
<para>The <literal>document</literal> environment encloses the body of a document.
-It is required in every &latex; document. See <link linkend="Starting-_0026-ending">Starting &amp; ending</link>.
+It is required in every &latex; document. See <link linkend="Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</link>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.7" id="enumerate">
+<sect1 label="8.7" id="enumerate">
<title><literal>enumerate</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>enumerate environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1322,7 +1516,7 @@ letters:
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.8" id="eqnarray">
+<sect1 label="8.8" id="eqnarray">
<title><literal>eqnarray</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>eqnarray environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1349,7 +1543,7 @@ others) from the <literal>amsmath</literal> package.
</screen>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
<para>The <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment is used to display a sequence of
-equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column
+equations or inequalities. It is similar to a three-column
<literal>array</literal> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <literal>\\</literal>
and consecutive items within a row separated by an <literal>&amp;</literal>.
</para>
@@ -1372,7 +1566,7 @@ zero width.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.9" id="equation">
+<sect1 label="8.9" id="equation">
<title><literal>equation</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1391,7 +1585,7 @@ on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.10" id="figure">
+<sect1 label="8.10" id="figure">
<title><literal>figure</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>figure</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>inserting figures</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1427,9 +1621,8 @@ output. To ameliorate this, use the <literal>stfloats</literal> or
FAQ: <ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>h</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>float</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-<para>(Here)&#8212;at the position in the text where the figure environment
-appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; <literal>t</literal> is
+</term><listitem><para>(Here)&#8212;at the position in the text where the <literal>figure</literal> environment
+appears. However, <literal>t</literal> is not allowed by itself; <literal>t</literal> is
automatically added.
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>here, putting floats</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1451,7 +1644,7 @@ The <literal>!</literal> specifier does <emphasis>not</emphasis> mean &#8220;put
see above.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-<para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement
+<para>The standard <literal>report</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes use the default placement
<literal>tbp</literal>.
</para>
<para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands,
@@ -1467,7 +1660,7 @@ present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <replaceable>text</replace
non-float text:
</para>
<variablelist><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomfraction</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at
+<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default &#8216;<literal>.3</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
<varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\floatpagefraction</primary></indexterm><literal>\floatpagefraction</literal>
@@ -1498,17 +1691,21 @@ floats; default &#8216;<literal>.7</literal>&#8217;.
</term><listitem><para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default &#8216;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&#8217;.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-<para>Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page:
+<para>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page:
</para>
-<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\bottomnumber</literal>
+<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>bottomnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>bottomnumber</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\topnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\topnumber</literal>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>dbltopnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>dbltopnumber</literal>
+</term><listitem><para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
+two-column page; default 2.
+</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>topnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>topnumber</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\totalnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\totalnumber</literal>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>totalnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>totalnumber</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
<para>The principal &tex; FAQ entry relating to floats:
@@ -1516,7 +1713,7 @@ default 2.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.11" id="filecontents">
+<sect1 label="8.11" id="filecontents">
<title><literal>filecontents</literal>: Create external files</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>filecontents</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>external files, creating</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1561,13 +1758,13 @@ unrelated to using the created file. So you need to use, for
instance, <literal>\input</literal> or <literal>\usepackage</literal> or <literal>\bibliography</literal>
or whatever is applicable, to use the created file.
</para>
-<para>This environment is also useful to make a self-contained document, for
-example, for a bug report, or to keep a <filename>.bib</filename> file with the main
-document.
+<para>This environment is also useful to make a document in a self-contained
+file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the content of a
+<filename>.bib</filename> file in the same file as the main document.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.12" id="flushleft">
+<sect1 label="8.12" id="flushleft">
<title><literal>flushleft</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushleft environment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1586,7 +1783,7 @@ right Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.12.1" id="_005craggedright">
+<sect2 label="8.12.1" id="_005craggedright">
<title><literal>\raggedright</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedright</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1606,7 +1803,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.13" id="flushright">
+<sect1 label="8.13" id="flushright">
<title><literal>flushright</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushright environment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1625,7 +1822,7 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.13.1" id="_005craggedleft">
+<sect2 label="8.13.1" id="_005craggedleft">
<title><literal>\raggedleft</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedleft</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1645,7 +1842,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.14" id="itemize">
+<sect1 label="8.14" id="itemize">
<title><literal>itemize</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>itemize environment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1771,7 +1968,7 @@ see <link linkend="_005cparskip">\parskip</link>):
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.15" id="letter">
+<sect1 label="8.15" id="letter">
<title><literal>letter</literal> environment: writing letters</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1779,7 +1976,7 @@ see <link linkend="_005cparskip">\parskip</link>):
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.16" id="list">
+<sect1 label="8.16" id="list">
<title><literal>list</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>list</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, generic</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1808,7 +2005,7 @@ empty, i.e., <literal>{}</literal>, which leaves the default spacing.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.17" id="math">
+<sect1 label="8.17" id="math">
<title><literal>math</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1826,7 +2023,7 @@ See <link linkend="Math-formulas">Math formulas</link>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.18" id="minipage">
+<sect1 label="8.18" id="minipage">
<title><literal>minipage</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>minipage environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1865,7 +2062,7 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.19" id="picture">
+<sect1 label="8.19" id="picture">
<title><literal>picture</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>picture</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1946,32 +2143,34 @@ be the lower left corner of the box.
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.19.1" id="_005ccircle">
+<sect2 label="8.19.1" id="_005ccircle">
<title><literal>\circle</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\circle</primary></indexterm>
-<screen>\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>}
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para><screen>\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>The <literal>\circle</literal> command produces a circle with a diameter as close
to the specified one as possible. The <literal>*</literal>-form of the command
draws a solid circle.
</para>
-<para>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
+<para>Circles up to 40pt can be drawn.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.2" id="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">
+<sect2 label="8.19.2" id="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">
<title><literal>\makebox</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (picture)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (for <literal>picture</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
-<para><literal>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</literal>
-</para>
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para><screen>\makebox(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
<para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command for the picture environment is similar to
the normal <literal>\makebox</literal> command except that you must specify a
-<literal>width</literal> and <literal>height</literal> in multiples of <literal>\unitlength</literal>.
+<replaceable>width</replaceable> and <replaceable>height</replaceable> in multiples of <literal>\unitlength</literal>.
</para>
-<para>The optional argument, <literal>[position]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that
-your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
+<para>The optional argument, <literal>[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that
+your <replaceable>text</replaceable> appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.
@@ -1990,7 +2189,7 @@ your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.3" id="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">
+<sect2 label="8.19.3" id="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">
<title><literal>\framebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2010,7 +2209,7 @@ and the contents of the box.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.4" id="_005cdashbox">
+<sect2 label="8.19.4" id="_005cdashbox">
<title><literal>\dashbox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dashbox</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2024,12 +2223,12 @@ and the contents of the box.
rectangle has overall width <replaceable>rwidth</replaceable> and height <replaceable>rheight</replaceable>.
The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is positioned at optional <replaceable>pos</replaceable>. <!-- xxref positions. -->
</para>
-<para>A dashed box looks best when the <literal>rwidth</literal> and <literal>rheight</literal> are
-multiples of the <literal>dlen</literal>.
+<para>A dashed box looks best when the <replaceable>rwidth</replaceable> and <replaceable>rheight</replaceable> are
+multiples of the <replaceable>dlen</replaceable>.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.5" id="_005cframe">
+<sect2 label="8.19.5" id="_005cframe">
<title><literal>\frame</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frame</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2043,7 +2242,7 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.6" id="_005cline">
+<sect2 label="8.19.6" id="_005cline">
<title><literal>\line</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\line</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2054,14 +2253,16 @@ space is put between the frame and the object.
<para>The <literal>\line</literal> command draws a line with the given <replaceable>length</replaceable> and
slope <replaceable>xslope</replaceable>/<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>.
</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>pict2e</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>graphics packages</primary></indexterm>
<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>slope</replaceable> = x/y</mathphrase></inlineequation>,
where <inlineequation><mathphrase>x</mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase>y</mathphrase></inlineequation> have integer values from &#8722;6
-through&#160;6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes,
-see the <literal>curve2e</literal> and many many other packages on CTAN.
+through&#160;6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes,
+see <literal>pict2e</literal> and many other packages on CTAN.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.7" id="_005clinethickness">
+<sect2 label="8.19.7" id="_005clinethickness">
<title><literal>\linethickness</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linethickness</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2074,7 +2275,7 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <literal>\oval</literal>.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.8" id="_005cthicklines">
+<sect2 label="8.19.8" id="_005cthicklines">
<title><literal>\thicklines</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thicklines</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2084,7 +2285,7 @@ cf.&#160;<link linkend="_005clinethickness">\linethickness</link> and <link link
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.9" id="_005cthinlines">
+<sect2 label="8.19.9" id="_005cthinlines">
<title><literal>\thinlines</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinlines</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2094,7 +2295,7 @@ cf.&#160;<link linkend="_005clinethickness">\linethickness</link> and <link link
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.10" id="_005cmultiput">
+<sect2 label="8.19.10" id="_005cmultiput">
<title><literal>\multiput</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multiput</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2108,7 +2309,7 @@ pattern across a picture. <replaceable>obj</replaceable> is first placed at pos
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.11" id="_005coval">
+<sect2 label="8.19.11" id="_005coval">
<title><literal>\oval</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oval</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2135,19 +2336,21 @@ boxes with rounded corners.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.12" id="_005cput">
+<sect2 label="8.19.12" id="_005cput">
<title><literal>\put</literal></title>
-
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\put</primary></indexterm>
-<para><literal>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</literal>
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
-<para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the item specified by the mandatory
-argument at the given coordinates.
+<screen>\put(<replaceable>xcoord</replaceable>,<replaceable>ycoord</replaceable>){ ... }
+</screen>
+<para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the material specified by the
+(mandatory) argument in braces at the given coordinate,
+(<replaceable>xcoord</replaceable>,<replaceable>ycoord</replaceable>).
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.13" id="_005cshortstack">
+<sect2 label="8.19.13" id="_005cshortstack">
<title><literal>\shortstack</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\shortstack</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2170,22 +2373,22 @@ positions are:
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.19.14" id="_005cvector">
+<sect2 label="8.19.14" id="_005cvector">
<title><literal>\vector</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vector</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
-<screen>\vector(<replaceable>x-slope</replaceable>,<replaceable>y-slope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
+<screen>\vector(<replaceable>xslope</replaceable>,<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>The <literal>\vector</literal> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
-length and slope. The <inlineequation><mathphrase>x</mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase>y</mathphrase></inlineequation> values must lie between
-&#8722;4 and +4, inclusive.
+length and slope. The <inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>xslope</replaceable></mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>yslope</replaceable></mathphrase></inlineequation>
+values must lie between &#8722;4 and +4, inclusive.
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.20" id="quotation">
+<sect1 label="8.20" id="quotation">
<title><literal>quotation</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>quotation</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2208,7 +2411,7 @@ normally.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.21" id="quote">
+<sect1 label="8.21" id="quote">
<title><literal>quote</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>quote</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2216,7 +2419,7 @@ normally.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Snyopsis:
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\begin{quote}
<replaceable>text</replaceable>
@@ -2230,7 +2433,7 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.22" id="tabbing">
+<sect1 label="8.22" id="tabbing">
<title><literal>tabbing</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabbing environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2254,7 +2457,7 @@ the width of each column is constant and known in advance.
<para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <literal>tabular</literal>
environment.
</para>
-<para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> enviroment:
+<para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment:
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (tabbing)</primary></indexterm><literal>\\ (tabbing)</literal>
</term><listitem><para>End a line.
@@ -2335,7 +2538,7 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.23" id="table">
+<sect1 label="8.23" id="table">
<title><literal>table</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>table</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2368,7 +2571,7 @@ you wish. The <literal>\caption</literal> command allows you to title your tabl
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.24" id="tabular">
+<sect1 label="8.24" id="tabular">
<title><literal>tabular</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabular environment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lines in tables</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2491,7 +2694,7 @@ environment:
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.24.1" id="_005cmulticolumn">
+<sect2 label="8.24.1" id="_005cmulticolumn">
<title><literal>\multicolumn</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multicolumn</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2517,7 +2720,7 @@ for flushleft, <literal>r</literal> for flushright. The third mandatory argumen
</screen>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.24.2" id="_005ccline">
+<sect2 label="8.24.2" id="_005ccline">
<title><literal>\cline</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cline</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2531,7 +2734,7 @@ which are specified in the mandatory argument.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.24.3" id="_005chline">
+<sect2 label="8.24.3" id="_005chline">
<title><literal>\hline</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hline</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2542,7 +2745,7 @@ of a table.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.24.4" id="_005cvline">
+<sect2 label="8.24.4" id="_005cvline">
<title><literal>\vline</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vline</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2554,7 +2757,7 @@ move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.25" id="thebibliography">
+<sect1 label="8.25" id="thebibliography">
<title><literal>thebibliography</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>thebibliography</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2585,7 +2788,7 @@ less than 10 references, <literal>99</literal> for ones with less than 100, etc.
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.25.1" id="_005cbibitem">
+<sect2 label="8.25.1" id="_005cbibitem">
<title><literal>\bibitem</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibitem</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2608,7 +2811,7 @@ associated label.
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.25.2" id="_005ccite">
+<sect2 label="8.25.2" id="_005ccite">
<title><literal>\cite</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cite</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2628,7 +2831,7 @@ citation. For example, <literal>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</literal> might produce
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.25.3" id="_005cnocite">
+<sect2 label="8.25.3" id="_005cnocite">
<title><literal>\nocite</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocite</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2639,7 +2842,7 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <filename>.aux</filename> f
</para>
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="9.25.4" id="Using-BibTeX">
+<sect2 label="8.25.4" id="Using-BibTeX">
<title>Using Bib&tex;</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>using Bib&tex;</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2675,7 +2878,7 @@ publication.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
<para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to
the demands of various publications. See
-<ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>.
+<ulink url="http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>.
</para>
<para>The <literal>\bibliography</literal> command is what actually produces the
bibliography. The argument to <literal>\bibliography</literal> refers to files
@@ -2686,7 +2889,7 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <literal>\cite</literal> and
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.26" id="theorem">
+<sect1 label="8.26" id="theorem">
<title><literal>theorem</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>theorem environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2705,7 +2908,7 @@ possibilities for <replaceable>n</replaceable> are described under <literal>\new
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.27" id="titlepage">
+<sect1 label="8.27" id="titlepage">
<title><literal>titlepage</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2729,7 +2932,7 @@ produce a standard title page without a <literal>titlepage</literal> environment
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.28" id="verbatim">
+<sect1 label="8.28" id="verbatim">
<title><literal>verbatim</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>verbatim environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2754,7 +2957,7 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter.
<para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<literal>\tt</literal>).
</para>
-<sect2 label="9.28.1" id="_005cverb">
+<sect2 label="8.28.1" id="_005cverb">
<title><literal>\verb</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2778,7 +2981,7 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <replaceable>literal-text</repl
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="9.29" id="verse">
+<sect1 label="8.29" id="verse">
<title><literal>verse</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>verse environment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2804,7 +3007,7 @@ stanzas.
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="10" id="Line-breaking">
+<chapter label="9" id="Line-breaking">
<title>Line breaking</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaking</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking lines</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2820,7 +3023,7 @@ some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
</para>
-<sect1 label="10.1" id="_005c_005c">
+<sect1 label="9.1" id="_005c_005c">
<title><literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>]</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2836,7 +3039,7 @@ except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.2" id="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">
+<sect1 label="9.2" id="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">
<title><literal>\obeycr</literal> &amp; <literal>\restorecr</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2851,7 +3054,7 @@ in the output.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.3" id="_005cnewline">
+<sect1 label="9.3" id="_005cnewline">
<title><literal>\newline</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newline</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting (paragraph mode)</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2862,14 +3065,14 @@ mode.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.4" id="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">
+<sect1 label="9.4" id="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">
<title><literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen)</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\- (hyphenation)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, forcing</primary></indexterm>
<para>The <literal>\-</literal> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at
-that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually
-find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an
+that point. &latex; is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds
+most of the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an
incorrect one. The <literal>\-</literal> command is used for the exceptional
cases.
</para>
@@ -2880,7 +3083,7 @@ that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.5" id="_005cfussy">
+<sect1 label="9.5" id="_005cfussy">
<title><literal>\fussy</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2893,7 +3096,7 @@ words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.6" id="_005csloppy">
+<sect1 label="9.6" id="_005csloppy">
<title><literal>\sloppy</literal></title>
<para>The declaration <literal>\sloppy</literal> makes &tex; less fussy about line
@@ -2904,7 +3107,7 @@ interword spacing.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.7" id="_005chyphenation">
+<sect1 label="9.7" id="_005chyphenation">
<title><literal>\hyphenation</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, defining</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2924,7 +3127,7 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words):
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="10.8" id="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">
+<sect1 label="9.8" id="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">
<title><literal>\linebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2948,7 +3151,7 @@ from a demand to a request. The <replaceable>priority</replaceable> must be a n
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="11" id="Page-breaking">
+<chapter label="10" id="Page-breaking">
<title>Page breaking</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page breaking</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking pages</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2959,7 +3162,7 @@ but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.
</para>
-<sect1 label="11.1" id="_005ccleardoublepage">
+<sect1 label="10.1" id="_005ccleardoublepage">
<title><literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2972,7 +3175,7 @@ In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="11.2" id="_005cclearpage">
+<sect1 label="10.2" id="_005cclearpage">
<title><literal>\clearpage</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2983,7 +3186,7 @@ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="11.3" id="_005cnewpage">
+<sect1 label="10.3" id="_005cnewpage">
<title><literal>\newpage</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newpage</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new page, starting</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2994,7 +3197,7 @@ floats (see <literal>\clearpage</literal> above).
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="11.4" id="_005cenlargethispage">
+<sect1 label="10.4" id="_005cenlargethispage">
<title><literal>\enlargethispage</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enlargethispage</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>enlarge current page</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3013,7 +3216,7 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="11.5" id="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">
+<sect1 label="10.5" id="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">
<title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3038,7 +3241,7 @@ insistent the request is.
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="12" id="Footnotes">
+<chapter label="11" id="Footnotes">
<title>Footnotes</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, creating</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3049,7 +3252,7 @@ produced with two commands, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> and the
</para>
-<sect1 label="12.1" id="_005cfootnote">
+<sect1 label="11.1" id="_005cfootnote">
<title><literal>\footnote</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnote</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3068,7 +3271,7 @@ tables or in a <literal>tabular</literal> environment. (See following sections.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="12.2" id="_005cfootnotemark">
+<sect1 label="11.2" id="_005cfootnotemark">
<title><literal>\footnotemark</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotemark</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3086,7 +3289,7 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="12.3" id="_005cfootnotetext">
+<sect1 label="11.3" id="_005cfootnotetext">
<title><literal>\footnotetext</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotetext</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3103,7 +3306,7 @@ appear in outer paragraph mode.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="12.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes">
+<sect1 label="11.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes">
<title>Symbolic footnotes</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3121,7 +3324,7 @@ redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="12.5" id="Footnote-parameters">
+<sect1 label="11.5" id="Footnote-parameters">
<title>Footnote parameters</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote parameters</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3131,7 +3334,7 @@ redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>.
</term><listitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&#8217;s
footnotes. Default dimensions: <literal>0.4pt</literal> thick (or wide), and
<literal>0.4\columnwidth</literal> long in the standard document classes (except
-slides, where it does not appear).
+<literal>slides</literal>, where it does not appear).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotesep</primary></indexterm><literal>\footnotesep</literal>
</term><listitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By
@@ -3144,7 +3347,7 @@ footnotes. This is &#8216;<literal>6.65pt</literal>&#8217; for &#8216;<literal>
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="13" id="Definitions">
+<chapter label="12" id="Definitions">
<title>Definitions</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>definitions</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3154,7 +3357,7 @@ footnotes. This is &#8216;<literal>6.65pt</literal>&#8217; for &#8216;<literal>
-<sect1 label="13.1" id="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">
+<sect1 label="12.1" id="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">
<title><literal>\newcommand</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3164,8 +3367,8 @@ footnotes. This is &#8216;<literal>6.65pt</literal>&#8217; for &#8216;<literal>
<para><literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\renewcommand</literal> define and redefine a
command, respectively. Synopses:
</para>
-<screen> \newcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optarg</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
-\renewcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optarg</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
+<screen> \newcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargval</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
+\renewcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargval</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
</screen>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable><literal>*</literal></replaceable>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form of defining new commands</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3173,7 +3376,7 @@ command, respectively. Synopses:
multiple paragraphs of text (not <literal>\long</literal>, in plain &tex; terms).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable>
-</term><listitem><para>The command name beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it
+</term><listitem><para>The command name, beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it
must not be already defined and must not begin with <literal>\end</literal>; for
<literal>\renewcommand</literal>, it must already be defined.
</para>
@@ -3182,12 +3385,14 @@ must not be already defined and must not begin with <literal>\end</literal>; for
that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no
arguments.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>optarg</replaceable>
-</term><listitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command&#8217;s
-first argument is optional. The default value of the optional
-argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is <replaceable>optarg</replaceable>,
-or, if that argument is present in the <literal>\newcommand</literal> but has an
-empty value, the string &#8216;<literal>def</literal>&#8217;.
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>optargval</replaceable>
+</term><listitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first
+argument of command <replaceable>cmd</replaceable> is optional and its default value (i.e.,
+if it is not specified in the call) is <replaceable>optarg</replaceable>. In otherwise,
+when calling the macro, if no <literal>[<replaceable>value</replaceable>]</literal> is given after
+<literal><replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>&#8212;which is different from having <literal>[]</literal> for an
+empty <replaceable>value</replaceable>&#8212;then string &#8216;<literal><replaceable>optargval</replaceable></literal>&#8217; becomes the
+value of <literal>#1</literal> within <replaceable>defn</replaceable> when the macro is expanded.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>defn</replaceable>
</term><listitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <literal>cmd</literal>; a
@@ -3198,26 +3403,26 @@ text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument.
<!-- xx \providecommand, * form (non-\long) -->
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.2" id="_005cnewcounter">
+<sect1 label="12.2" id="_005cnewcounter">
<title><literal>\newcounter</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcounter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, defining new</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
-<screen>\newcounter{<replaceable>cnt</replaceable>}[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]
+<screen>\newcounter{<replaceable>countername</replaceable>}[<replaceable>supercounter</replaceable>]
</screen>
-<para>The <literal>\newcounter</literal> command defines a new counter named <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>.
+<para>The <literal>\newcounter</literal> command defines a new counter named <replaceable>countername</replaceable>.
The new counter is initialized to zero.
</para>
-<para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>
-will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented.
+<para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>super</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>countername</replaceable>
+will be reset whenever the counter named <replaceable>supercounter</replaceable> is incremented.
</para>
<para>See <link linkend="Counters">Counters</link>, for more information about counters.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.3" id="_005cnewlength">
+<sect1 label="12.3" id="_005cnewlength">
<title><literal>\newlength</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newlength</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining new</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3227,7 +3432,7 @@ will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented.
<screen>\newlength{\<replaceable>arg</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>The <literal>\newlength</literal> command defines the mandatory argument as a
-<literal>length</literal> command with a value of <literal>0in</literal>. The argument must
+<firstterm>length</firstterm> command with a value of zero. The argument must
be a control sequence, as in <literal>\newlength{\foo}</literal>. An error
occurs if <literal>\foo</literal> is already defined.
</para>
@@ -3236,7 +3441,7 @@ for more information about lengths in general.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.4" id="_005cnewsavebox">
+<sect1 label="12.4" id="_005cnewsavebox">
<title><literal>\newsavebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newsavebox</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3249,7 +3454,7 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.5" id="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">
+<sect1 label="12.5" id="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">
<title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3296,7 +3501,7 @@ may not contain any argument parameters.
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.6" id="_005cnewtheorem">
+<sect1 label="12.6" id="_005cnewtheorem">
<title><literal>\newtheorem</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtheorem</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, defining</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3330,7 +3535,7 @@ not both.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.7" id="_005cnewfont">
+<sect1 label="12.7" id="_005cnewfont">
<title><literal>\newfont</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newfont</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts, new commands for</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3349,7 +3554,7 @@ More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <filename>.fd</filename> fi
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="13.8" id="_005cprotect">
+<sect1 label="12.8" id="_005cprotect">
<title><literal>\protect</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\protect</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3380,7 +3585,7 @@ be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>.
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="14" id="Counters">
+<chapter label="13" id="Counters">
<title>Counters</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, a list of</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>variables, a list of</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3400,7 +3605,7 @@ subsubsection
</screen>
-<sect1 label="14.1" id="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">
+<sect1 label="13.1" id="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">
<title><literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters</title>
<para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
@@ -3418,7 +3623,7 @@ instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>.
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\roman</primary></indexterm><literal>\roman</literal>
</term><listitem><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: &#8216;i&#8217;, &#8216;ii&#8217;, ...
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\roman</primary></indexterm><literal>\roman</literal>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Roman</primary></indexterm><literal>\Roman</literal>
</term><listitem><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: &#8216;I&#8217;, &#8216;II&#8217;, ...
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fnsymbol</primary></indexterm><literal>\fnsymbol</literal>
@@ -3426,14 +3631,16 @@ instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>.
symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
<replaceable>counter</replaceable> must be between&#160;1 and&#160;9, inclusive.
</para>
-<para>The symbols mostly aren&#8217;t supported in Info, but here are the names:
-</para><literallayout>asterisk(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
-double-asterisk(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
+<para>Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output):
+</para>
+<literallayout>asterisk(*) dagger(&#x2021;) ddagger(&#x2021;)
+section-sign(&#x00A7;) paragraph-sign(&#x00B6;) parallel(&#x2225;)
+double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(&#x2021;&#x2021;) double-ddagger(&#x2021;&#x2021;)
</literallayout>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.2" id="_005cusecounter">
+<sect1 label="13.2" id="_005cusecounter">
<title><literal>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usecounter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>list items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3449,7 +3656,7 @@ the list items.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.3" id="_005cvalue">
+<sect1 label="13.3" id="_005cvalue">
<title><literal>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\value</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, getting value of</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3467,7 +3674,7 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.4" id="_005csetcounter">
+<sect1 label="13.4" id="_005csetcounter">
<title><literal>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setcounter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, setting</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3475,14 +3682,14 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
-<screen>\setcounter{<replaceable>\counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}
+<screen>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}
</screen>
-<para>The <literal>\setcounter</literal> command sets the value of <replaceable>\counter</replaceable> to the
+<para>The <literal>\setcounter</literal> command sets the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> to the
<replaceable>value</replaceable> argument.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.5" id="_005caddtocounter">
+<sect1 label="13.5" id="_005caddtocounter">
<title><literal>\addtocounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocounter</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3491,7 +3698,7 @@ amount specified by the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument, which may be
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.6" id="_005crefstepcounter">
+<sect1 label="13.6" id="_005crefstepcounter">
<title><literal>\refstepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\refstepcounter</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3501,7 +3708,7 @@ current <literal>\ref</literal> value to be the result of <literal>\thecounter</
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.7" id="_005cstepcounter">
+<sect1 label="13.7" id="_005cstepcounter">
<title><literal>\stepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stepcounter</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3510,7 +3717,7 @@ resets all subsidiary counters.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="14.8" id="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">
+<sect1 label="13.8" id="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear">
<title><literal>\day \month \year</literal>: Predefined counters</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3528,7 +3735,7 @@ current day (see <link linkend="_005ctoday">\today</link>).
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="15" id="Lengths">
+<chapter label="14" id="Lengths">
<title>Lengths</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining and using</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3537,7 +3744,7 @@ length as an argument.
</para>
-<sect1 label="15.1" id="_005csetlength">
+<sect1 label="14.1" id="_005csetlength">
<title><literal>\setlength{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setlength</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, setting</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3549,7 +3756,7 @@ understands, i.e., inches (<literal>in</literal>), millimeters (<literal>mm</lit
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="15.2" id="_005caddtolength">
+<sect1 label="14.2" id="_005caddtolength">
<title>\addtolength{<replaceable>\len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>amount</replaceable>}</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtolength</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, adding to</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3560,7 +3767,7 @@ may be negative.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="15.3" id="_005csettodepth">
+<sect1 label="14.3" id="_005csettodepth">
<title><literal>\settodepth</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settodepth</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3571,7 +3778,7 @@ equal to the depth of the <literal>text</literal> argument.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="15.4" id="_005csettoheight">
+<sect1 label="14.4" id="_005csettoheight">
<title><literal>\settoheight</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settoheight</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3583,7 +3790,7 @@ equal to the height of the <literal>text</literal> argument.
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="15.5" id="_005csettowidth">
+<sect1 label="14.5" id="_005csettowidth">
<title><literal>\settowidth{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settowidth</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3592,7 +3799,7 @@ to the width of the <replaceable>text</replaceable> argument.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="15.6" id="Predefined-lengths">
+<sect1 label="14.6" id="Predefined-lengths">
<title>Predefined lengths</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, predefined</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>predefined lengths</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3620,7 +3827,7 @@ natural size, e.g., say
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="16" id="Making-paragraphs">
+<chapter label="15" id="Making-paragraphs">
<title>Making paragraphs</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>making paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3632,7 +3839,7 @@ a sectioning command.
</para>
-<sect1 label="16.1" id="_005cindent">
+<sect1 label="15.1" id="_005cindent">
<title><literal>\indent</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3649,7 +3856,7 @@ mode, otherwise <literal>15pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, <
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="16.2" id="_005cnoindent">
+<sect1 label="15.2" id="_005cnoindent">
<title><literal>\noindent</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, suppressing</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3660,7 +3867,7 @@ the middle of a paragraph.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="16.3" id="_005cparskip">
+<sect1 label="15.3" id="_005cparskip">
<title><literal>\parskip</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space before paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3670,7 +3877,7 @@ before each paragraph. The default is <literal>0pt plus1pt</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="16.4" id="Marginal-notes">
+<sect1 label="15.4" id="Marginal-notes">
<title>Marginal notes</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>marginal notes</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>notes in the margin</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3730,7 +3937,7 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="17" id="Math-formulas">
+<chapter label="16" id="Math-formulas">
<title>Math formulas</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math formulas</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, math</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3785,7 +3992,7 @@ below summations. For example
-<sect1 label="17.1" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">
+<sect1 label="16.1" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">
<title>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3802,7 +4009,7 @@ superscript.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="17.2" id="Math-symbols">
+<sect1 label="16.2" id="Math-symbols">
<title>Math symbols</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math symbols</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, math</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4447,7 +4654,7 @@ the pi symbol (<inlineequation><mathphrase>\pi</mathphrase></inlineequation>) in
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="17.3" id="Math-functions">
+<sect1 label="16.3" id="Math-functions">
<title>Math functions</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math functions</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>functions, math</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4549,7 +4756,10 @@ spacing.
</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sinh</mathphrase></inlineequation>
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sup</primary></indexterm><literal>\sup</literal>
-</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sup</mathphrase></inlineequation>
+</term><listitem><para>sup
+<!-- don't try to use \sup since that turned into a Texinfo command -->
+<!-- and it's not worth hassling with different versions when it's -->
+<!-- just three roman letters anyway. -->
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tan</primary></indexterm><literal>\tan</literal>
</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\tan</mathphrase></inlineequation>
@@ -4560,7 +4770,7 @@ spacing.
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="17.4" id="Math-accents">
+<sect1 label="16.4" id="Math-accents">
<title>Math accents</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math accents</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents, mathematical</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4636,7 +4846,7 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="17.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode">
+<sect1 label="16.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode">
<title>Spacing in math mode</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing within math mode</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, spacing</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4662,7 +4872,7 @@ commands for use in math mode:
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="17.6" id="Math-miscellany">
+<sect1 label="16.6" id="Math-miscellany">
<title>Math miscellany</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math miscellany</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4697,7 +4907,7 @@ For example, <inlineequation><mathphrase>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <replaceable>tex</replaceable>.
-For exampe, <inlineequation><mathphrase>\overline{x+y}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
+For example, <inlineequation><mathphrase>\overline{x+y}</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</primary></indexterm><literal>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The
@@ -4725,14 +4935,13 @@ descenders.
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="18" id="Modes">
+<chapter label="17" id="Modes">
<title>Modes</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>modes</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph mode</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-to-right mode</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lR mode</primary></indexterm>
-
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>LR mode</primary></indexterm>
<para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
modes:
@@ -4741,36 +4950,39 @@ modes:
</para></listitem><listitem><para>Math mode
</para></listitem><listitem><para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
-different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
-Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
+<para>Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
&latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
</para>
-<para>&#8220;Paragraph mode&#8221; is the most common; it&#8217;s the one &latex; is in
-when processing ordinary text. In that mode, &latex; breaks your
-text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. &latex; is in
-&#8220;math mode&#8221; when it&#8217;s generating a mathematical formula. In &#8220;LR
-mode&#8221;, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output that it
-produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However,
-unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to right; it
-never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words
-into an <literal>\mbox</literal>, &latex; would keep typesetting them from left
-to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting
-box was too wide to fit on the line.
-</para>
-<para>&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <literal>\mbox</literal>
-command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
-example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.
-There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
-making a box that put &latex; in paragraph mode. The box make by one of
-these commands or environments will be called a <literal>parbox</literal>. When
-&latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in
-&#8220;inner paragraph mode&#8221;. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out
-in, is called &#8220;outer paragraph mode&#8221;.
+<para><firstterm>Paragraph mode</firstterm> is the most common; it&#8217;s the one &latex; is in
+when processing ordinary text. In this mode, &latex; breaks the
+input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; is in <firstterm>math mode</firstterm> when it&#8217;s generating a mathematical
+formula, either displayed math or within a line.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox, and LR mode</primary></indexterm>
+<para>In <firstterm>LR mode</firstterm>, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output
+that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.
+However, unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to
+right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a
+hundred words into an <literal>\mbox</literal>, &latex; would keep typesetting
+them from left to right inside a single box (and then most likely
+complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line).
+&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an
+<literal>\mbox</literal> command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside
+the box&#8212;for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a
+formula in the box.
+</para>
+<para>There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
+making a box that put &latex; into paragraph mode. The box made by
+one of these commands or environments will be called a <literal>parbox</literal>.
+When &latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to
+be in &#8220;inner paragraph mode&#8221; (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph
+mode, which it starts out in, is called &#8220;outer paragraph mode&#8221;.
</para>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="19" id="Page-styles">
+<chapter label="18" id="Page-styles">
<title>Page styles</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles, page</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page styles</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4780,7 +4992,7 @@ the page&#8217;s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
</para>
-<sect1 label="19.1" id="_005cmaketitle">
+<sect1 label="18.1" id="_005cmaketitle">
<title><literal>\maketitle</literal></title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>titles, making</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\maketitle</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4820,7 +5032,7 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual.
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="19.2" id="_005cpagenumbering">
+<sect1 label="18.2" id="_005cpagenumbering">
<title><literal>\pagenumbering</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagenumbering</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page numbering style</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4829,7 +5041,9 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual.
</para>
<screen>\pagenumbering{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}
</screen>
-<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>:
+<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>; also
+resets the page number to 1. The <replaceable>style</replaceable> argument is one of
+the following:
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>arabic</literal>
</term><listitem><para>arabic numerals
@@ -4848,7 +5062,7 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="19.3" id="_005cpagestyle">
+<sect1 label="18.3" id="_005cpagestyle">
<title><literal>\pagestyle</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagestyle</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>header style</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4893,7 +5107,7 @@ the page.
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="19.4" id="_005cthispagestyle">
+<sect1 label="18.4" id="_005cthispagestyle">
<title><literal>\thispagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thispagestyle</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4904,7 +5118,7 @@ changes to <replaceable>style</replaceable> for the current page only.
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="20" id="Spaces">
+<chapter label="19" id="Spaces">
<title>Spaces</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4916,7 +5130,7 @@ more often useful in math mode (see <link linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacin
</para>
-<sect1 label="20.1" id="_005chspace">
+<sect1 label="19.1" id="_005chspace">
<title><literal>\hspace</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hspace</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4936,10 +5150,12 @@ form.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.2" id="_005chfill">
+<sect1 label="19.2" id="_005chfill">
<title><literal>\hfill</literal></title>
-
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hfill</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, infinite horizontal</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>infinite horizontal stretch</primary></indexterm>
<para>The <literal>\hfill</literal> fill command produces a &#8220;rubber length&#8221; which has
no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as
needed.
@@ -4951,16 +5167,16 @@ equivalent to <literal>\hfill</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.3" id="_005cSPACE">
-<title><literal>\SPACE</literal></title>
+<sect1 label="19.3" id="_005cSPACE">
+<title><literal>\SPACE</literal>: Normal interword space</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SPACE</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TAB</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NEWLINE</primary></indexterm>
<para>The <literal>\ </literal> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It&#8217;s
-useful after punctuation which shouldn&#8217;t end a sentence. For example
-<literal>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</literal>.
-It is also often used after control sequences, as in <literal>\TeX\ is a
+useful after punctuation which shouldn&#8217;t end a sentence. For example,
+<literal>the article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</literal>. It
+is also often used after control sequences, as in <literal>\TeX\ is a
nice system.</literal>
</para>
<para>In normal circumstances, <literal>\</literal><keycap>tab</keycap> and <literal>\</literal><keycap>newline</keycap>
@@ -4968,9 +5184,10 @@ are equivalent to <literal>\ </literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.4" id="_005cAT">
-<title><literal>\@</literal></title>
+<sect1 label="19.4" id="_005c_0040">
+<title><literal>\@</literal>: Force sentence-ending punctuation</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cAT"/><!-- old name -->
<para>The <literal>\@</literal> command makes the following punctuation character end a
sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after
@@ -4982,26 +5199,27 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without
</screen>
<para>produces
</para>
-<!-- Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. -->
+<!-- Texinfo has different commands, but the result is the same. -->
<blockquote><para>&#8230; in C. Pascal, though &#8230;
&#8230; in C. Pascal, though &#8230;
</para></blockquote>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.5" id="_005cthinspace">
-<title><literal>\thinspace</literal></title>
+<sect1 label="19.5" id="_005cthinspace">
+<title><literal>\thinspace</literal>: Insert 1/6em</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm>
<para><literal>\thinspace</literal> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
-is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as
-in &#8217;&#8221;.
+is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested
+quotes, as in &#8217;&#8221;.<!-- Abuse @dmn, which is a thin space in Texinfo. -->
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.6" id="_005c_002f">
-<title><literal>\/</literal></title>
+<sect1 label="19.6" id="_005c_002f">
+<title><literal>\/</literal>: Insert italic correction</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\/</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>italic correction</primary></indexterm>
<para>The <literal>\/</literal> command produces an <firstterm>italic correction</firstterm>. This is a
small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
@@ -5015,14 +5233,22 @@ normal letters, it can help. Compare
<emphasis>f: f;</emphasis> (in the &tex; output, the &#8216;f&#8217;s are nicely separated)
with <emphasis>f: f;</emphasis>.
</para>
+<para>When changing fonts with commands such as <literal>\textit{italic
+text}</literal> or <literal>{\itshape italic text}</literal>, &latex; will
+automatically insert an italic correction if appropriate (see <link linkend="Font-styles">Font
+styles</link>).
+</para>
<para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
correction. Compare
pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the &#8216;f&#8217;)
with pdf&tex;.
</para>
+<para>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done
+in a different way.
+</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.7" id="_005chrulefill">
+<sect1 label="19.7" id="_005chrulefill">
<title><literal>\hrulefill</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5032,7 +5258,7 @@ rule.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.8" id="_005cdotfill">
+<sect1 label="19.8" id="_005cdotfill">
<title><literal>\dotfill</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5043,7 +5269,7 @@ with dots instead of just white space.
<!-- xx undone -->
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.9" id="_005caddvspace">
+<sect1 label="19.9" id="_005caddvspace">
<title><literal>\addvspace</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addvspace</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5054,50 +5280,56 @@ with dots instead of just white space.
<para>The <literal>\addvspace</literal> command normally adds a vertical space of height
length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
point in the output by a previous <literal>\addvspace</literal> command, then this
-command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
-of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>.
+command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural
+length of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.10" id="_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">
+<sect1 label="19.10" id="_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip">
<title><literal>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</literal></title>
-<para>These commands produce a given amount of space.
+<para>These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the
+document class.
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigskip</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskipamount</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line
-space (with stretch and shrink).
+<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line
+space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <literal>book</literal> and
+<literal>article</literal> classes is <literal>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</literal>).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\medskip</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskipamount</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily
-about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
+<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{\medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about half of
+a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <literal>book</literal>
+and <literal>article</literal> classes is <literal>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</literal>).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smallskip</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskipamount</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a
-quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink).
+<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a
+quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the
+<literal>book</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes is <literal>3pt plus 1pt minus
+1pt</literal>).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-<para>The <literal>\...amount</literal> parameters are determined by the document class.
-</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.11" id="_005cvfill">
+<sect1 label="19.11" id="_005cvfill">
<title><literal>\vfill</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vfill</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, infinite vertical</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>infinite vertical stretch</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>The <literal>\vfill</literal> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which
can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It&#8217;s equivalent to
<literal>\vspace{\fill}</literal> (see <link linkend="_005chfill">\hfill</link>).
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="20.12" id="_005cvspace">
+<sect1 label="19.12" id="_005cvspace">
<title><literal>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vspace</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5115,7 +5347,7 @@ space is not removed.
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="21" id="Boxes">
+<chapter label="20" id="Boxes">
<title>Boxes</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>boxes</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5125,7 +5357,7 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
</para>
-<sect1 label="21.1" id="_005cmbox">
+<sect1 label="20.1" id="_005cmbox">
<title><literal>\mbox{<replaceable>text}</replaceable></literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5136,7 +5368,7 @@ lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.2" id="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">
+<sect1 label="20.2" id="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox">
<title><literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5166,7 +5398,7 @@ argument. <!-- xxref -->
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.3" id="lrbox">
+<sect1 label="20.3" id="lrbox">
<title><literal>lrbox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lrbox</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5179,7 +5411,7 @@ must have been declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.4" id="_005cmakebox">
+<sect1 label="20.4" id="_005cmakebox">
<title><literal>\makebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5208,7 +5440,7 @@ see <link linkend="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</link>.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.5" id="_005cparbox">
+<sect1 label="20.5" id="_005cparbox">
<title><literal>\parbox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parbox</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5252,7 +5484,7 @@ for this to work.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.6" id="_005craisebox">
+<sect1 label="20.6" id="_005craisebox">
<title><literal>\raisebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raisebox</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5272,7 +5504,7 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.7" id="_005csavebox">
+<sect1 label="20.7" id="_005csavebox">
<title><literal>\savebox</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5287,7 +5519,7 @@ declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewsavebox
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.8" id="_005csbox">
+<sect1 label="20.8" id="_005csbox">
<title><literal>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5303,8 +5535,8 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="21.9" id="_005cusebox">
-<title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable></literal></title>
+<sect1 label="20.9" id="_005cusebox">
+<title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usebox</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -5317,7 +5549,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="22" id="Special-insertions">
+<chapter label="21" id="Special-insertions">
<title>Special insertions</title>
<para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a
@@ -5325,7 +5557,7 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</para>
-<sect1 label="22.1" id="Reserved-characters">
+<sect1 label="21.1" id="Reserved-characters">
<title>Reserved characters</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5374,7 +5606,7 @@ with <literal>&quot;</literal>, so the previous example could also be written as
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="22.2" id="Text-symbols">
+<sect1 label="21.2" id="Text-symbols">
<title>Text symbols</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5402,6 +5634,11 @@ not available in OT1; you may need to load the <literal>textcomp</literal> packa
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;</primary></indexterm>
<para>The &latex; logo.
</para>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LaTeXe</primary></indexterm><literal>\LaTeXe</literal>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex;2e logo</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;2e</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The &latex;2e logo.
+</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemotleft (&#171;)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemotleft (&#171;)</literal>
</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemotright (&#187;)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemotright (&#187;)</literal>
</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guilsinglleft (&#8249;)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guilsinglleft (&#8249;)</literal>
@@ -5446,7 +5683,7 @@ and <literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode.
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>single low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-9 quotation marks, single and double</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline:
+<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline:
&#8222; and &#8218;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rq</primary></indexterm><literal>\rq</literal>
@@ -5584,8 +5821,8 @@ has the ascender height.
<para>Centered period: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\cdot</mathphrase></inlineequation>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquestiondown (or <literal>?`</literal>)</primary></indexterm><literal>\textquestiondown (or <literal>?`</literal>)</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>questionation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Upside down questionation point: &#191;.
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>question mark, upside-down</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Upside down question mark: &#191;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquotedblleft (or <literal>``</literal>)</primary></indexterm><literal>\textquotedblleft (or <literal>``</literal>)</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, double</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5649,13 +5886,15 @@ has the ascender height.
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="22.3" id="Accents">
+<sect1 label="21.3" id="Accents">
<title>Accents</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, accented</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, accented</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>babel</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>multilingual support</primary></indexterm>
<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&#8217;s scripts and
languages, through the <literal>babel</literal> package and related support. This
section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists
@@ -5810,7 +6049,7 @@ descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in <link linkend="Math-misce
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="22.4" id="Non_002dEnglish-characters">
+<sect1 label="21.4" id="Non_002dEnglish-characters">
<title>Non-English characters</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5838,8 +6077,8 @@ used in languages other than English.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dh</literal>
</term><term><literal>\DH</literal>
-</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (&#230;)</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (&#198;)</primary></indexterm>
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (&#240;)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (&#208;)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic eth</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>eth, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm>
<para>Icelandic letter eth: &#240; and &#208;.
@@ -5848,7 +6087,7 @@ used in languages other than English.
</term><term><literal>\DJ</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dj</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DJ</primary></indexterm>
-<para>xxxx
+<para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ij</literal>
</term><term><literal>\IJ</literal>
@@ -5868,7 +6107,7 @@ used in languages other than English.
</term><term><literal>\NG</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ng</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NG</primary></indexterm>
-<para>xxxx
+<para>Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\o</literal>
</term><term><literal>\O</literal>
@@ -5903,7 +6142,7 @@ used in languages other than English.
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="22.5" id="_005crule">
+<sect1 label="21.5" id="_005crule">
<title><literal>\rule</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rule</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5925,7 +6164,7 @@ rectangles. The arguments are:
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="22.6" id="_005ctoday">
+<sect1 label="21.6" id="_005ctoday">
<title><literal>\today</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\today</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5942,7 +6181,7 @@ of other date formats.
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="23" id="Splitting-the-input">
+<chapter label="22" id="Splitting-the-input">
<title>Splitting the input</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>splitting the input file</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>input file</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5958,7 +6197,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document.
</para>
-<sect1 label="23.1" id="_005cinclude">
+<sect1 label="22.1" id="_005cinclude">
<title><literal>\include</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5981,7 +6220,7 @@ read by another <literal>\include</literal> command.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="23.2" id="_005cincludeonly">
+<sect1 label="22.2" id="_005cincludeonly">
<title>\<literal>includeonly</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm>
@@ -5999,7 +6238,7 @@ effective.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="23.3" id="_005cinput">
+<sect1 label="22.3" id="_005cinput">
<title>\input</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\input</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6018,12 +6257,12 @@ is tried (&#8216;<literal>foo</literal>&#8217; or &#8216;<literal>foo.bar</liter
</para>
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="24" id="Front_002fback-matter">
+<chapter label="23" id="Front_002fback-matter">
<title>Front/back matter</title>
-<sect1 label="24.1" id="Tables-of-contents">
+<sect1 label="23.1" id="Tables-of-contents">
<title>Tables of contents</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents, creating</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6042,9 +6281,12 @@ table of contents, write a <literal>\newpage</literal> command after the
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoffigures</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoftables</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lof file</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lot file</primary></indexterm>
<para>The analogous commands <literal>\listoffigures</literal> and <literal>\listoftables</literal>
-produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
-Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
+produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from <filename>.lof</filename> and
+<filename>.lot</filename> files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same
+as for the table of contents.
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nofiles</primary></indexterm>
<para>The command <literal>\nofiles</literal> overrides these commands, and
@@ -6052,7 +6294,7 @@ Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
</para>
-<sect2 label="24.1.1" id="_005caddcontentsline">
+<sect2 label="23.1.1" id="_005caddcontentsline">
<title>\addcontentsline</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addcontentsline{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents entry, manually adding</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6078,17 +6320,17 @@ following, matching the value of the <replaceable>ext</replaceable> argument:
</term><listitem><para>For the list of tables.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>entry</replaceable>
-</term><listitem><para>The actual text of the entry.
+</term><listitem><para>The text of the entry.
</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\contentsline</primary></indexterm>
<para>What is written to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file is the
command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}</literal>.
</para>
-<!-- ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? -->
+<!-- xx how hardwired are these values? other unit names? -->
</sect2>
-<sect2 label="24.1.2" id="_005caddtocontents">
+<sect2 label="23.1.2" id="_005caddtocontents">
<title>\addtocontents</title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocontents{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6097,9 +6339,9 @@ command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>nam
generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>ext</replaceable>
-</term><listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
-<filename>toc</filename> (table of contents), <filename>lof</filename> (list of figures), or
-<filename>lot</filename> (list of tables).
+</term><listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
+typically one of: <filename>toc</filename> (table of contents), <filename>lof</filename> (list of
+figures), or <filename>lot</filename> (list of tables).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>text</replaceable>
</term><listitem><para>The text to be written.
@@ -6107,7 +6349,7 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="24.2" id="Glossaries">
+<sect1 label="23.2" id="Glossaries">
<title>Glossaries</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossaries</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6124,12 +6366,13 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables.
<literal>\glossaryentry{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pageno</replaceable>}</literal>, where
<replaceable>pageno</replaceable> is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.
</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossary package</primary></indexterm>
<para>The <literal>glossary</literal> package on CTAN provides support for fancier
glossaries.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="24.3" id="Indexes">
+<sect1 label="23.3" id="Indexes">
<title>Indexes</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indexes</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6148,6 +6391,7 @@ the preamble.
is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&#8216;see&#8217; and &#8216;see also&#8217; index entries</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>index entries, &#8216;see&#8217; and &#8216;see also&#8217;</primary></indexterm>
<para>To generate a index entry for &#8216;bar&#8217; that says &#8216;See foo&#8217;, use a
vertical bar: <literal>\index{bar|see{foo}}</literal>. Use <literal>seealso</literal>
instead of <literal>see</literal> to make a &#8216;See also&#8217; entry.
@@ -6192,7 +6436,7 @@ preparing the index.
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="25" id="Letters">
+<chapter label="24" id="Letters">
<title>Letters</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating letters</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6233,7 +6477,7 @@ commands, use <literal>\\</literal> to separate the items.
</para>
-<sect1 label="25.1" id="_005caddress">
+<sect1 label="24.1" id="_005caddress">
<title>\address{<replaceable>return-address}</replaceable></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\address</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6242,14 +6486,14 @@ should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the
address should be separated by <literal>\\</literal> commands.
</para>
<para>If you do not make an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the letter
-will be formatted for copying onto your organisation&#8217;s standard
+will be formatted for copying onto your organization&#8217;s standard
letterhead. (See <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>, for details on your local
implementation). If you give an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the
letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.2" id="_005ccc">
+<sect1 label="24.2" id="_005ccc">
<title><literal>\cc</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cc</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6264,7 +6508,7 @@ printed on a separate line.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.3" id="_005cclosing">
+<sect1 label="24.3" id="_005cclosing">
<title><literal>\closing</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closing</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6280,7 +6524,7 @@ printed on a separate line.
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.4" id="_005cencl">
+<sect1 label="24.4" id="_005cencl">
<title><literal>\encl</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\encl</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6294,18 +6538,18 @@ printed on a separate line.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.5" id="_005clocation">
+<sect1 label="24.5" id="_005clocation">
<title><literal>\location</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\location</primary></indexterm>
<para><literal>\location{address}</literal>
</para>
-<para>This modifies your organisation&#8217;s standard address. This only appears
+<para>This modifies your organization&#8217;s standard address. This only appears
if the <literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.6" id="_005cmakelabels">
+<sect1 label="24.6" id="_005cmakelabels">
<title><literal>\makelabels</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makelabels</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6317,7 +6561,7 @@ address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.7" id="_005cname">
+<sect1 label="24.7" id="_005cname">
<title><literal>\name</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\name</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6328,7 +6572,7 @@ address.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.8" id="_005copening">
+<sect1 label="24.8" id="_005copening">
<title><literal>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\opening</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, starting</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6345,7 +6589,7 @@ For instance:
</screen>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.9" id="_005cps">
+<sect1 label="24.9" id="_005cps">
<title><literal>\ps</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ps</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>postscript, in letters</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6355,7 +6599,7 @@ For instance:
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.10" id="_005csignature">
+<sect1 label="24.10" id="_005csignature">
<title><literal>\signature{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\signature</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6365,7 +6609,7 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.11" id="_005cstartbreaks">
+<sect1 label="24.11" id="_005cstartbreaks">
<title><literal>\startbreaks</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\startbreaks</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6374,9 +6618,8 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within
<para>Used after a <literal>\stopbreaks</literal> command to allow page breaks again.
</para>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.12" id="_005cstopbreaks">
+<sect1 label="24.12" id="_005cstopbreaks">
<title><literal>\stopbreaks</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stopbreaks</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6385,9 +6628,8 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within
<para>Inhibit page breaks until a <literal>\startbreaks</literal> command occurs.
</para>
-
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="25.13" id="_005ctelephone">
+<sect1 label="24.13" id="_005ctelephone">
<title><literal>\telephone</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\telephone</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6399,14 +6641,14 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="26" id="Terminal-input_002foutput">
+<chapter label="25" id="Terminal-input_002foutput">
<title>Terminal input/output</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>input/output</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>terminal input/output</primary></indexterm>
-<sect1 label="26.1" id="_005ctypein">
+<sect1 label="25.1" id="_005ctypein">
<title><literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typein</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6424,7 +6666,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input.
</para>
</sect1>
-<sect1 label="26.2" id="_005ctypeout">
+<sect1 label="25.2" id="_005ctypeout">
<title><literal>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typeout</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6446,19 +6688,24 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <literal>^^J</literal> in
</sect1>
</chapter>
-<chapter label="27" id="Command-line">
+<chapter label="26" id="Command-line">
<title>Command line</title>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>command line</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.tex, default extension</primary></indexterm>
<para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
&tex; uses <filename>.tex</filename> as a default file extension. If you omit the
-input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You
-specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the
-command; e.g.
+input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You can
+also specify arbitrary &latex; input by starting with a backslash.
+For example, this processes <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every
+error:
</para>
<screen>latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
</screen>
-<para>will process <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every error.
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>&#8211;help command-line option</primary></indexterm>
+<para>With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also
+be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with &#8216;<literal>-</literal>&#8217; or
+&#8216;<literal>--</literal>&#8217;. For a list of those options, try &#8216;<literal>latex --help</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&#8216;<literal>*</literal>&#8217; prompt</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>prompt, &#8216;<literal>*</literal>&#8217;</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6467,7 +6714,8 @@ command; e.g.
&#8216;<literal>*</literal>&#8217; prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <literal>\stop</literal>
(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.
</para>
-
+<para>See <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>, for other system commands invoking &latex;.
+</para>
</chapter>
<appendix label="A" id="Document-templates">
@@ -6475,37 +6723,17 @@ command; e.g.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document templates</primary></indexterm>
<para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
-be useful. Additional template resources are listed
+be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
<ulink url="http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</ulink>.
</para>
-<sect1 label="A.1" id="book-template">
-<title><literal>book</literal> template</title>
-
-<screen>\documentclass{book}
-\title{Book Class Template}
-\author{Alex Author}
-
-\begin{document}
-\maketitle
-
-\chapter{First}
-Some text.
-
-\chapter{Second}
-Some other text.
-
-\section{A subtopic}
-The end.
-\end{document}
-</screen>
-
-</sect1>
-<sect1 label="A.2" id="beamer-template">
+<sect1 label="A.1" id="beamer-template">
<title><literal>beamer</literal> template</title>
-<para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates slides presentations.
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>beamer</literal> template and class</primary></indexterm>
+<para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
+array of features, but here is a basic template:
</para>
<screen>\documentclass{beamer}
@@ -6534,9 +6762,34 @@ The end.
</para>
</sect1>
+<sect1 label="A.2" id="book-template">
+<title><literal>book</literal> template</title>
+
+<screen>\documentclass{book}
+\title{Book Class Template}
+\author{Alex Author}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\chapter{First}
+Some text.
+
+\chapter{Second}
+Some other text.
+
+\section{A subtopic}
+The end.
+\end{document}
+</screen>
+
+</sect1>
<sect1 label="A.3" id="tugboat-template">
<title><literal>tugboat</literal> template</title>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>TUGboat template</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>ltugboat</literal> class</primary></indexterm>
+
<para><citetitle>TUGboat</citetitle> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group,
<ulink url="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</ulink>.
</para>
@@ -6570,8 +6823,8 @@ This is an example article for \TUB{}.
This is an example article for \TUB, from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
-We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the
-hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output).
+We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
+\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output.
Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more: