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+\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
+\usepackage{multicol}
+\usepackage{float}
+\usepackage{makeidx}
+\usepackage{layout}
+\usepackage{array}
+\usepackage{a4wide}
+\usepackage{boxedminipage}
+%%\usepackage{fancyheadings}
+%%\pagestyle{fancy}
+%%\lhead{\rightmark}
+%%\rhead{\thepage}
+%%\cfoot{}
+\makeindex
+\title{Page layout in \LaTeX}
+\author{Piet van Oostrum\thanks{A considerable part of this article was
+    written by  George
+    Gr\"atzer (University of Manitoba) in \emph{Notices Amer. Math. Soc.}
+    Thanks, George!}\\
+  Dept.\ of Computer Science\\
+  Utrecht University}
+\def\latex/{\protect\LaTeX{}}
+\def\tex/{\TeX}
+\def\ams/{\protect\pAmS}
+\def\pAmS{{\the\textfont2
+        A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{M}\kern-.125emS}}
+\def\amslatex/{\ams/-\latex/}
+\newcommand{\PSNFSS}{{\sf
+    PSNFSS}}
+\newcommand{\bs}{\symbol{'134}}
+\newcommand{\Cmd}[1]{\texttt{\def\{{\char`\{}\def\}{\char`\}}\bs#1}}
+\newcommand{\CmdIndex}[1]{\index{#1@\texttt{\bs#1}}}
+\newcommand{\TTindex}[1]{\index{#1@\texttt{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\PSindex}[1]{\index{page style!#1@\texttt{#1}}}
+%\floatstyle{ruled}
+\restylefloat{figure}
+\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.9}
+\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.9}
+\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.05}
+\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
+\setlength{\parskip}{1ex}
+\setlength{\emergencystretch}{4em}
+\addtolength{\textheight}{-0.5in} % make it print better on US letter paper
+\makeatletter
+\renewcommand\l@section      {\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
+\makeatother
+\newenvironment{block}{\vspace{8pt}\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}}{\end{minipage}\vspace{8pt}}
+\newenvironment{fblock}{\vspace{8pt}\begin{boxedminipage}{\textwidth}}{\end{boxedminipage}\vspace{8pt}}
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+\begin{abstract}
+  This article describes how to customize the page layout of your LaTeX
+  documents, i.e how to change page margings and sizes, 
+  headers and footers, and the
+  proper placement of figures and tables (collectively called floats) on
+  the page. 
+
+  Originally this was the documentation of the  \textsf{fancyheadings}
+  package. It did contain also other info, e.g. advanced use of marks.
+  It has now been upgraded to include more, e.g. the handling of floats.
+  The fancyheadings documentation has been upgraded to conform to version 2
+  of this package\footnote{this version is due to be released Real Soon Now}. For reasons of compatibility with certain operating systems, the
+  name of the package has been changed to \textsf{fancyhdr}.
+
+  Although this paper uses \LaTeXe{} commands, most of the techniques can
+  be used with older \LaTeX versions with appropriate changes.
+\end{abstract}
+\tableofcontents
+
+
+\section{Introduction}
+\label{sec:intro}
+
+A page in a \LaTeX{} document is built from various elements as shown in
+figure \ref{fig:layout}. 
+\begin{figure}[htbp]
+  \begin{center}
+    \leavevmode
+    \layout
+    \vspace{3cm}
+    \caption{Page elements. The values shown are those in effect in the current document, not the defaults.}
+    \label{fig:layout}
+  \end{center}
+\end{figure}
+%\thispagestyle{fancy}
+\thispagestyle{plain}
+The body contains the main text of the document
+together with the so called floats (tables and figures). 
+
+The pages are constructed by \LaTeX's output routine, which is quite
+complicated and should therefore not be modified. Some of the packages
+described in this paper contains small modifications to the output routine
+to accomplish things that cannot be done in another way. You should use
+these packages to get the desired result rather than fiddling with the
+output routine yourself.
+
+There a a number of things that you must be aware of:
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item The margins on the left are not called \Cmd{leftmargin}, but
+  \Cmd{evensidemargin} (on even-numbered pages) and \Cmd{oddsidemargin}
+  (on odd-numbered pages). In one-sided documents 
+  \Cmd{oddsidemargin} is used for either.  \Cmd{leftmargin} is also a valid
+  \latex/ parameter but it has a different use (namely the indentation of
+  lists). 
+\item Most of the parameters should not be changed in the middle of a
+  document. Some changes might work at a pagebreak. If you want to change
+  the height of a single page, you can use the \Cmd{enlargethispage}
+  command. 
+\end{enumerate}
+
+The margin notes
+area contains small pieces of information created by the \Cmd{marginpar}
+command. On twosided documents the margin notes appear on the left and right
+alternatively. The margin notes are not on fixed places with respect to the
+paper but at approximately the same height as the paragraph in which they
+appear. Due to the algorithm used to decide the placement of margin notes,
+in a twosided document unfortunately 
+they may appear on the wrong side if they are close
+to a page break.
+If you want to put information on fixed places in the margins you may use
+the technique described in sections \ref{sec:movie} and \ref{sec:thumb}.
+
+The first part of this paper describes how to change the header and footer
+areas. The last part describes how to get your floats at the desired place.
+
+\section{Page headers and footers}
+
+The page headers and footers in \LaTeX{} are defined by the
+\Cmd{pagestyle} and \Cmd{pagenumbering} commands. \Cmd{pagestyle}
+defines the general contents of the headers and footers (e.g. where the
+page number will be printed), while
+\Cmd{pagenumbering} defines the format of the page number.
+\LaTeX{} has four standard pagestyles:
+
+\begin{tabular}{>{\tt}lp{10cm}}
+empty & no headers or footers \\
+plain & no header, footer contains page number centered \\
+headings & no footer, header contains name of chapter/section and/or
+subsection and page number \\
+myheadings & no footer, header contains page number and user supplied information
+\end{tabular}
+
+Although these are useful styles, they are quite limited. Additional page
+styles can be defined by defining commands of the form \Cmd{ps@xxx}. This
+command is executed when a \Cmd{pagestyle\{xxx\}} is given in the document.
+The  \Cmd{ps@xxx} command should define the following 
+commands for the contents of the headers and footers:
+
+\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{lp{10cm}}
+\Cmd{@oddhead} & header on odd numbered pages in two-sided documents
+(on all pages in one-sided) \\
+\Cmd{@evenhead} & header on even numbered pages in two-sided documents \\
+\Cmd{@oddfoot} & footer on odd numbered pages in two-sided documents
+(on all pages in one-sided) \\
+\Cmd{@evenfoot} & footer on even numbered pages in two-sided documents \\
+\end{tabular}
+
+These are not user commands, but rather ``variables'' that are used by
+\latex/'s output routine.
+As the command names contain the character '\texttt{@}', they should
+be defined in a package file, or otherwise be sandwiched between the commands
+\Cmd{makeatletter} and \Cmd{makeatother}.
+
+The \Cmd{pagenumbering} command defines the layout of the page number. It
+has a parameter from the following list:
+
+\begin{tabular}{>{\tt}ll}
+arabic & arabic numerals \\
+roman & lower case roman numerals \\
+Roman & upper case roman numerals \\
+alph & lower case letter \\
+Alph & upper case letter
+\end{tabular}
+
+The  \Cmd{pagenumbering\{xxx\}} defines the command \Cmd{thepage} to be the
+expansion of the page number in the given notation \texttt{xxx}. 
+The pagestyle command
+then would include \Cmd{thepage} in the appropriate place. Additionally
+the  \Cmd{pagenumbering} command resets the page number to~1.
+The  \Cmd{pagestyle} and  \Cmd{pagenumbering} apply to the page that is
+being constructed, so they should be used at a location where it is clear
+to what page they apply (see section \ref{sec:change}).
+
+
+\section{What is \textsf{fancyhdr}}
+
+The \textsf{fancyhdr} macro package allows you to customize
+in \latex/ your page headers and footers in an easy way.  You can
+define:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item three-part headers and footers
+\item decorative lines in headers and footers
+\item headers and footers wider than the width of the text
+\item multi-line headers and footers
+\item separate headers and footers for even and odd pages
+\item different headers and footers for chapter pages
+\item different headers and footer on pages with floats
+\end{itemize}
+
+Of course, you also have complete control over fonts, uppercase
+and lowercase displays, etc.
+
+%%% \section{Where to get it?}\label{get}
+%%% You only need the file \verb|fancyhdr.sty| which you can find at the
+%%% \index{ftp}
+%%% CTAN sites: \verb|ftp.shsu.edu| (U.S.), \verb|ftp.tex.ac.uk| (U.K.), and
+%%% \verb|ftp.dante.de| (Germany).
+%%% You will find it in the directory\\
+%%% \verb|/tex-archive/macros/latex209/contrib/fancyhdr|. Although
+%%% \textsf{fancyhdr}
+%%% is a \latex/ 2.09 style file, it will work with \LaTeXe{}. Also this
+%%% \TTindex{fixmarks.sty}
+%%% \TTindex{extramarks.sty}
+%%% article and the two packages \texttt{fixmarks} and \texttt{extramarks} can
+%%% be found there. (The code for these packages given in this article is a
+%%% simplified version.)
+
+
+\section{Simple use of \textsf{fancyhdr}}  To use this package in a
+\LaTeXe\ document, place the file \verb|fancyhdr.sty| in a
+directory/folder where \tex/ can find it (normally in the input
+directory/folder), and include in the preamble of your document
+after
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\documentclass{...}
+\end{verbatim}
+the commands\footnote{For LaTeX2.09 you should specify \texttt{[fancyhdr]}
+  in the \Cmd{documentstyle} instead of the \Cmd{usepackage}
+  command.}: 
+
+\PSindex{fancy}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+We can visualize the page layout we can create with \textsf{fancyhdr}
+as follows:
+
+\begin{fblock}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{LeftHeader\hfill
+CenteredHeader\hfill RightHeader}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}\\[\baselineskip]
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill page body\hfill}\\[\baselineskip]
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{LeftFooter\hfill
+CenteredFooter\hfill RightFooter}
+\end{fblock}
+
+The LeftHeader and LeftFooter are left justified; the
+CenteredHeader and CenteredFooter are centered; the
+RightHeader and RightFooter are right justified.
+
+We define each of the six ``fields'' and the two decorative lines
+separately.
+
+\section{A simple example}  K. Grant is writing a report to Dean
+A. Smith, on ``The performance of new graduates'' with the
+following page layout:
+
+\begin{fblock}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill\bfseries The performance of new
+graduates}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}\\[\baselineskip]
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill page body\hfill}\\[\baselineskip]
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{From: K. Grant\phantom{3}\hfill
+To: Dean A. Smith\hfill \phantom{From: K. Grant}3}
+\end{fblock}
+
+\noindent where ``3'' is the page number.  The title: ``The
+performance of new graduates'' is bold.
+
+This is accomplished by these commands following \Cmd{pagestyle\{fancy\}}
+\footnote{Note that version 1 of fancyheadings used the
+\Cmd{setlength} command to change the \texttt{\bs...rulewidth} parameters.}:
+\CmdIndex{lhead}
+\CmdIndex{rhead}
+\CmdIndex{chead}
+\CmdIndex{lfoot}
+\CmdIndex{rfoot}
+\CmdIndex{cfoot}
+\CmdIndex{headrulewidth}
+\CmdIndex{footrulewidth}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\lhead{}
+\chead{}
+\rhead{\bfseries The performance of new graduates}
+\lfoot{From: K. Grant}
+\cfoot{To: Dean A. Smith}
+\rfoot{\thepage}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.4pt}
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.4pt}
+\end{verbatim}
+(The \Cmd{thepage} macro displays the current page number.
+\Cmd{bfseries} is the \LaTeXe's way of selecting bold face.)
+
+This is now fine, except that the first page does not need
+all these headers and footers.  To eliminate all but the
+centered page number, issue the command
+
+\CmdIndex{thispagestyle}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\thispagestyle{plain}
+\end{verbatim}
+after the
+\Cmd{begin\{document\}}
+and the
+\CmdIndex{maketitle}
+\Cmd{maketitle}
+commands.
+
+Alternatively, issue
+\begin{verbatim}
+\thispagestyle{empty}
+\end{verbatim}
+if you do not want any headers or footers.
+
+In fact the standard \latex/ classes have the command \Cmd{maketitle}
+defined in such a way that a \Cmd{thispagestyle\{plain\}} is automatically
+issued. So if you \emph{do} want the fancy layout on a page containing
+\Cmd{maketitle} you must issue a \Cmd{thispagestyle\{fancy\}} after the
+\Cmd{maketitle}.
+
+\section{An example of two-sided printing}\label{two-sided}
+
+\TTindex{twoside}
+Some document classes, such as \verb|book.cls|, print two-sided by default: the even
+pages and the odd pages have different layouts; other document classes
+use the \verb|twoside| option to print two-sided.
+
+Now let us print the report two-sided.  Let the above page
+layout be used for the odd (right-side) pages, and the
+following for the even (left-side) pages:
+
+\begin{fblock}
+
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\bfseries The performance of new
+graduates\hfill}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}\\[\baselineskip]
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill page body\hfill}\\[\baselineskip]
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{4\phantom{To: Dean A. Smith}\hfill
+ From: K. Grant\hfill \phantom{4}To: Dean A. Smith}
+
+\end{fblock}
+\noindent where ``4'' is the page number.
+
+Here are the commands:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\fancyhead{} % clear all header fields
+\fancyhead[RO,LE]{\bfseries The performance of new graduates}
+\fancyfoot{} % clear all footer fields
+\fancyfoot[LE,RO]{\thepage}
+\fancyfoot[LO,CE]{From: K. Grant}
+\fancyfoot[CO,RE]{To: Dean A. Smith}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.4pt}
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0.4pt}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\CmdIndex{fancyhead}
+\CmdIndex{fancyfoot}
+We use the more general commands \Cmd{fancyhead} and \Cmd{fancyfoot}.
+These have an additional parameter between square brackets that specifies
+for which pages and/or parts of the header/footer they apply. The first
+\Cmd{fancyhead} command omits this parameter, and thus applies to all
+header fields. In general this is only useful to get rid of the defaults or
+a previous definition, as is done here. Similar the \Cmd{fancyfoot} command
+without square brackets clears all footer fields. In this particular
+example it could be omitted as all footer fields are specified.
+The selectors that can be used
+between the square brackets are given in figure~\ref{fig:sel}. Selectors can be combined so
+\Cmd{fancyhead[LE,RO]\{text\}}
+will define the field for both the left header on even pages and the right
+header on odd pages. If you don't give an E or O the definition applies to
+both. Similar for LRC. So the use of \Cmd{lhead} in the previous section
+is just an abbreviation for \Cmd{fancyhead[L]}.
+The selectors may be given as uppercase or lowercase letters.
+
+\CmdIndex{fancyhf}
+There is also a more general command \Cmd{fancyhf} that you can use to
+combine the specifications for headers and footers. This allows additional
+selectors H (header) and F (footer). In fact  \Cmd{fancyhead} and
+\Cmd{fancyfoot} are just  \Cmd{fancyhf} with H and F prespecified.
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+  \begin{center}
+    \leavevmode
+    \begin{tabular}{|l|l|}
+      \hline
+      E & Even page         \\
+      O & Odd page          \\
+      \hline
+      L & Left field        \\
+      C & Center field      \\
+      R & Right field       \\
+      \hline
+      H & Header            \\
+      F & Footer            \\
+      \hline
+%%      T & float at Top      \\
+%%      B & float at Bottom   \\
+%%      F & Float page         \\
+%%      \hline
+    \end{tabular}
+  \end{center}
+  \caption{Selectors}
+  \label{fig:sel}
+\end{figure}
+
+Again, you may
+use  \Cmd{thispagestyle\{plain\}} for a simple page layout for
+page~1.
+
+\section{Redefining \texttt{plain} style}
+
+Some \latex/ commands, like \Cmd{chapter}, use the \Cmd{thispagestyle}
+command to automatically switch to the \texttt{plain} page style, thus
+ignoring the page style currently in effect. 
+To customize even such pages you must redefine the \texttt{plain}
+pagestyle. As we indicated before you could do this by defining the
+\Cmd{ps@plain} command, but \textsf{fancyhdr} gives you an easier way
+with the \Cmd{fancypagestyle} command. This command can be used to
+redefine existing pagestyles (like \texttt{plain}) or to define new ones,
+e.g. if part of your document is to use a different pagestyle. This command
+has two parameters: one is the name of the pagestyle to be defined, the
+second consists of commands that change the headers and/or footers, i.e.
+\verb|fancyhead| etc. Also allowed are changes to \Cmd{headrulewidth} and
+\Cmd{footrulewidth}. 
+  As an example, let us
+redefine the \texttt{plain} style for the report in Section~\ref{two-sided} by
+making the page number bold. 
+\PSindex{plain}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
+\fancyhf{} % clear all header and footer fields
+\fancyfoot[C]{\bfseries \thepage} % except the center
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\section{The default layout}\label{default}
+Let us use the \verb|book.cls| documentclass and the default settings for
+\textsf{fancyhdr}; so we only issue the commands
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+\end{verbatim}
+and let \textsf{fancyhdr} take care of everything.  On the
+pages where new chapters start, we get a centered page number in
+the footer; there is no header, and there are no decorative lines.
+
+On an even page, we get the layout:
+
+\begin{fblock}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\sl 1.2  EVALUATION\hfill
+ CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}\\[\baselineskip]
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill page body\hfill}\\[\baselineskip]
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill4\hfill}
+\end{fblock}
+
+On an odd page, we get the layout:
+
+\begin{fblock}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\sl CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION\hfill
+ 1.2  EVALUATION}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}\\[\baselineskip]
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill page body\hfill}\\[\baselineskip]
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hrulefill}
+\noindent\makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill
+3\hfill }
+\end{fblock}
+
+\noindent where the header text is slanted uppercase.
+
+This default layout is produced by the following commands:
+\CmdIndex{rightmark}
+\CmdIndex{leftmark}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\slshape \rightmark}
+\fancyhead[LO,RE]{\slshape \leftmark}
+\fancyfoot[C]{\thepage}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The following settings are used for the decorative lines:
+
+\begin{tabbing}
+\CmdIndex{headrulewidth}
+\noindent \Cmd{headrulewidth}\qquad \qquad \qquad \=0.4\=pt\\
+\CmdIndex{footrulewidth}
+\Cmd{footrulewidth}\>0\>pt
+\end{tabbing}
+
+The header text is turned into all uppercase in \verb|book.cls|.
+
+\section{The scoop on \latex/'s marks}\label{sec:custom}
+
+Usually, for documents of class \verb|book| and \verb|report|, you may
+want to use chapter and section information in the headings (chapter only
+for one-sided printing), and for documents of class \verb|article|,
+section and subsection information (section only for one-sided
+printing).  \latex/ uses a marker mechanism to remember the chapter and
+section (section and subsection) information for a page; this is
+discussed in detail in the
+\latex/ \emph{Companion}, Section 4.3.1.
+
+There are two ways you can use and change the higher- and lower-level
+sectioning information available to you.  The macros:
+\CmdIndex{rightmark}
+\CmdIndex{leftmark}
+\Cmd{leftmark}
+(higher-level) and \Cmd{rightmark} (lower-level) contain the information
+processed by \latex/, and you can use them directly as shown in 
+Section~\ref{default}.
+
+The \Cmd{leftmark} contains the Left argument of the \emph{Last}
+\Cmd{markboth} on the page, the \Cmd{rightmark} contains the Right
+argument of the \emph{fiRst} \Cmd{markboth} or the only argument of the
+\emph{fiRst} \Cmd{markright} on the page. If no marks are present on a
+page they are ``inherited'' from the previous page.
+
+You can influence how chapter, section, and subsection
+information (only two of them!) is displayed by redefining the
+\CmdIndex{chaptermark}
+\Cmd{chaptermark},
+\CmdIndex{sectionmark}
+\CmdIndex{subsectionmark}
+\Cmd{sectionmark}, and \Cmd{subsectionmark} commands\footnote{There are
+  similar commands for \texttt{paragraph} and \texttt{subparagraph} but
+  they are seldom used.}. You must put the redefinition
+after the first call of \Cmd{pagestyle\{fancy\}} as this
+sets up the defaults.
+
+Let us illustrate this with chapter info. It is made up of three parts:
+\begin{itemize}
+\CmdIndex{thechapter}
+\item  the number (say, 2), displayed by the macro \Cmd{thechapter}
+\item  the name (in English, Chapter), displayed by the macro
+\CmdIndex{chaptername}
+   \Cmd{chaptername}
+\item  the title, contained in the  argument of
+   \Cmd{chaptermark}.
+\end{itemize}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:markers} shows some variants for ``Chapter 2.\ Do it now''
+(the last example is appropriate in some non-English languages). The \%
+signs at the end of the lines are to prevent unwanted space. Normally you
+would continue the lines and remove these \% signs\footnote{the \texttt{\bs
+    MakeUppercase} command is used in \LaTeXe{} to generate uppercase text,
+  while in \LaTeX{} 2.09 \Cmd{uppercase} is used. The difference is
+  that \Cmd{MakeUppercase} also deals with non-ASCII letters.
+  Fancyhdr defines \Cmd{MakeUppercase} to be an alias for
+  \Cmd{uppercase} if it isn't defined.}.
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\CmdIndex{chaptermark}
+\CmdIndex{uppercase}
+\CmdIndex{MakeUppercase}
+\setlength{\columnsep}{20pt}\small
+\begin{multicols}{2}
+\noindent Code:\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
+\verb| \markboth{\chaptername|\\
+\verb| \ \thechapter.\ #1}{}}|\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
+\verb| \markboth{\MakeUppercase{%|\\
+\verb| \chaptername}\ \thechapter.%|\\
+\verb| \ #1}{}}|\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
+\verb| \markboth{\MakeUppercase{%|\\
+\verb| \chaptername\ \thechapter.%|\\
+\verb| \ #1}}{}}|\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
+\verb| \markboth{#1}{}}|\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
+\verb| \markboth{\thechapter.\ #1}{}}|\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\verb|\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{%|\\
+\verb| \markboth{\thechapter.%|\\
+\verb| \ \chaptername.\ #1}{}}|\\
+Prints:\\
+\mbox{}\\
+Chapter 2.\ Do it now\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\mbox{}\\
+CHAPTER 2.\ Do it now\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\mbox{}\\
+CHAPTER 2.\ DO IT NOW\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\mbox{}\\
+Do it now\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\mbox{}\\
+2.\ Do it now\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\mbox{}\\
+2.\ Chapter.\ Do it now\\
+\mbox{}\\
+\end{multicols}
+\caption{Marker variants}\label{fig:markers}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+For the lower-level sectioning information, do the same with
+\Cmd{markright}.
+
+So if ``Section 2.2.\ First steps'' is the current section,
+then
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesection.\ #1}}
+\end{verbatim}
+will give
+   ``2.2.\ First steps''
+
+Redefining the \Cmd{chaptermark} and \Cmd{sectionmark} commands may
+not eliminate all uppercaseness. E.g.\ the bibliography will have a title
+\CmdIndex{uppercase}
+\index{BIBLIOGRAPHY}
+of \textsc{bibliography} in the header, as the \Cmd{MakeUppercase} is
+explicitly given in the definition of \Cmd{thebibliography}. Similar for
+\index{INDEX}
+\textsc{index} etc.\ If you don't want to redefine these commands, you can
+use the \Cmd{nouppercase} command that \textsf{fancyhdr} makes available in the header
+and footer fields. Note that this may screw other things, like uppercase
+roman numerals in your headers, so it should be used with care. Essentially
+this command typesets its argument in an environment where
+\Cmd{MakeUppercase} and \Cmd{uppercase} are changed into do-nothing operations.
+
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\lhead{\nouppercase{\rightmark}}
+\rhead{\nouppercase{\leftmark}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+It should be noted that the \latex/ marking mechanism works fine with
+chapters (which always start on a new page) and sections (which are
+reasonably long).  It does not work quite as well with short sections and
+subsections.  This is a problem with \latex/, not with
+\textsf{fancyhdr}.
+
+As an example let's take a page layout where the leftmarks are generated by
+the sections and the rightmarks by the subsections (as is default in the
+\texttt{article} class). Take a page with some short sections, e.g. 
+
+\begin{samepage}
+\noindent Section 1.\\
+subsection 1.1\\
+subsection 1.2\\
+Section 2.  
+\end{samepage}
+
+As the leftmark contains the \emph{last} mark of the page it will be
+``Section 2.'', and the rightmark will be ``subsection 1.1'' as it will be
+the \emph{first} mark of the page. So the page header info will combine 
+section 2 with subsection 1.1 which isn't very nice.
+The best you can do in these cases is use only the \Cmd{rightmark}s and
+redefine \Cmd{sectionmark} accordingly. A \latex/ command
+\CmdIndex{firstleftmark}
+\Cmd{firstleftmark} would also be a nice addition (see the 
+\texttt{extramarks} package in section~\ref{sec:xmarks}).
+
+Another problem with the marks in the standard \latex/ classes is that the
+higher level sectioning commands (e.g. \Cmd{chapter}) call
+\Cmd{markboth} with an empty right argument. This means that on the first
+page of a chapter (or a section in article style) the \Cmd{rightmark}
+will be empty. If this is a problem you must manually insert extra
+\Cmd{markright} commands or redefine the \Cmd{chaptermark}
+(\Cmd{sectionmark}) commands to issue a \Cmd{markboth} command with
+two decent parameters.
+
+As a final remark you should also note that the \verb|*| forms of the
+\Cmd{chapter} etc.\ commands do \emph{not} call the mark commands. So if
+you want your preface to set the header info but not be numbered nor be put in
+the table of contents, you must issue the \Cmd{markboth} command
+yourself, e.g.
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\chapter*{Preface\markboth{Preface}{}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Entering the \Cmd{markboth} command inside the \Cmd{chapter*} insures
+that the mark will not be separated from the title by a page break. Of
+course with \Cmd{chapter*} this wouldn't be  a problem if you put the mark
+command after the chapter title, as the \Cmd{chapter*} command starts at a
+new page. However with a \Cmd{section*} it could be dangerous to say:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\section*{Preface}
+\markboth{Preface}{}
+\end{verbatim}
+as a page break may occur between the two commands.
+
+\section{Dictionary style headers}
+
+\index{dictionary}
+\index{concordance}
+Dictionaries and concordances usually have a header containing the first
+word defined on the page or both the first and the last words. This can
+easily be accomplished with \textsf{fancyhdr} and \latex/'s
+\texttt{mark} mechanism. Of course if you use the marks for dictionary
+style headers, you cannot use them for chapter and section information, so
+if there are also chapters and sections present, you must redefine the
+\Cmd{chaptermark} and \Cmd{sectionmark} to make them harmless:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{}
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Now you do a \Cmd{markboth\{\#1\}\{\#1\}} for each dictionary or concordance
+entry \verb|#1| and use \Cmd{rightmark} for the first entry defined on
+the page and \Cmd{leftmark} for the last one.
+
+If you want to use a header entry of the form \textsf{firstword--lastword}
+it would be nice if this would be reduced to just the form
+\textsf{firstword} if both are the same. This could happen if there is just
+one entry on the page. In this case a test must be made to check if the
+marks are the same.  However, \tex/'s marks are strange beasts, which
+cannot be compared out of the box with the plain \tex/ \Cmd{if} commands.
+\TTindex{ifthen}
+Fortunately the \texttt{ifthen} package works well:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\mymarks}{
+  \ifthenelse{\equal{\leftmark}{\rightmark}}
+    {\rightmark} % if equal
+    {\rightmark--\leftmark}} % if not equal
+\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\mymarks}
+\fancyhead[LO,RE]{\thepage}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Dictionaries are often done with two columns. Unfortunately there is a bug
+in \latex/'s twocolumn option which causes some marks to be lost. If you
+use David Carlisle's fix2col.sty\TTindex{fix2col.sty} this will be solved.
+
+
+\section{Fancy layouts}
+
+\index{multi-line}
+You can make a multi-line field with the \Cmd{\bs} command.  It is also
+possible to put extra space in a field with the \Cmd{vspace} command.
+Note that if you do this you will probably have to increase the height of
+\CmdIndex{headheight}
+\CmdIndex{footskip}
+the header (\Cmd{headheight}) and/or of the footer (\Cmd{footskip}),
+\index{Overfull \verb+\vbox+ \ldots}
+otherwise you may get error messages ``Overfull \Cmd{vbox} \ldots has
+occurred while \Cmd{output} is active''%
+\footnote{If you use \texttt{11pt} or \texttt{12pt} you will probably also
+  have to do this, because \LaTeX's defaults are quite small}.
+See Section 4.1 of the \latex/ \emph{Companion} for detail.
+
+For instance, the following code will place  the section title and the
+subsection title of an article in two lines in the upper right hand
+corner:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+\addtolength{\headheight}{\baselineskip}
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markboth{#1}{}}
+\renewcommand{\subsectionmark}[1]{\markright{#1}}
+\rhead{\leftmark\\\rightmark}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+You can also customize the decorative lines.  You can make the decorative
+line in the header quite thick with
+
+\CmdIndex{headrulewidth}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.6pt}
+\end{verbatim}
+or you can make the decorative line in the footer disappear with
+\CmdIndex{footrulewidth}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The decorative lines, themselves, are defined in the two macros
+\Cmd{headrule} and \Cmd{footrule}.  For instance,
+if you want a dotted line rather than a solid line in the header,
+redefine the command \Cmd{headrule}:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\renewcommand{\headrule}{\vbox to 0pt{\hbox
+    to\headwidth{\dotfill}\vss}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\CmdIndex{footruleskip}
+There is one additional parameter that you can set: \Cmd{footruleskip}. It
+defines the distance between the decorative line in the footer and the top
+of the footer text line. By default it is set to 30\% of the normal line
+distance. You may want to adjust it if you use unusally large or small
+fonts in the footer. Change it with \Cmd{renewcommand}.
+
+
+\section{The width of the headers and footers}
+
+
+The width of headers and footers is \Cmd{headwidth}, which by default
+equals the width of the text: \Cmd{textwidth}. You can make the width
+\CmdIndex{headwidth}
+wider (or narrower) by using the commands 
+\CmdIndex{fancyheadoffset}
+\CmdIndex{fancyfootoffset}
+\CmdIndex{fancyhfoffset}
+\Cmd{fancyheadoffset}, \Cmd{fancyfootoffset} and \Cmd{fancyhfoffset}%
+\footnote{These commands are defined since fancyhdr version 3.0. In older
+  versions you just changed \Cmd{headwidth} with the
+\Cmd{setlength} and \Cmd{addtolength} commands. You are encouraged to use
+  these newer offset commands instead. You certainly can't mix the two
+  approaches.}.
+These are similar to \Cmd{fancyhead}, \Cmd{fancyfoot} and \Cmd{fancyhf}.
+The only difference is that the offsets don't accept the C option.
+
+Usage: \Cmd{fancyhfoffset[place]\{length\}}
+and similar for the others.
+
+It defines offsets to be applied to the header/footer to let it stick into
+the margins if length $>$ 0 and to be smaller if length $<$ 0.
+place is like in \Cmd{fancyhead}, except that only E,O,L,R (or the lowercase)
+can be used.
+
+With these commands  \Cmd{headwidth} will be dynamically calculated in
+the headers/footers to be \Cmd{textwidth} + left offset + right offset, so
+that e.g. you can use the following to define a red line in the header
+and a blue line in the footer (please note that the width of the footer is
+also called \Cmd{headwidth} although it may differ from the width of the
+header):
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\renewcommand{\headrule}{{\color{red}%
+  \hrule width\headwidth height\headrulewidth \vskip-\headrulewidth}}
+
+\setlength{\footrulewidth}{\headrulewidth}
+
+\renewcommand{\footrule}{{\color{blue}%
+  \vskip-\footruleskip\vskip-\footrulewidth
+\hrule width\headwidth height\footrulewidth\vskip\footruleskip}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\section{Two book examples}
+
+The following definitions give an approximation of the style
+used in Leslie Lamport's \latex/ book.
+
+Lamport's header overhangs the outside margin.  This is done with the
+offset commands described in the previous section.
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\documentclass{book}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+\usepackage{calc}
+\fancyheadoffset[LE,RO]{\marginparsep+\marginparwidth}
+\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{\markboth{#1}{}}
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesection\ #1}}
+\fancyhf{}
+\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\bfseries\thepage}
+\fancyhead[LO]{\bfseries\rightmark}
+\fancyhead[RE]{\bfseries\leftmark}
+\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
+   \fancyhead{} % get rid of headers
+   \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % and the line
+}
+\end{verbatim}
+\PSindex{plain}
+
+Notice that the \Cmd{chaptermark} and \Cmd{sectionmark} commands have
+been redefined to eliminate the chapter numbers and the uppercaseness.
+
+For the second example, we take the \amslatex/ book.% \cite{gG93B}.
+% George Gratzer, Math into LaTeX, An Introduction to LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX,
+% Birkhauser Boston, ISBN 0-8176-3805-9
+
+Chapter pages have no headers or footers.  So we declare
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\thispagestyle{empty}
+\end{verbatim}
+for every chapter page, and we do not need to redefine plain.
+
+Chapter and section titles appear in the form: 2.\ DO IT NOW, so we have
+to redefine \Cmd{chaptermark} and \Cmd{sectionmark} as follows (see
+Section~\ref{sec:custom}):
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]%
+   {\markboth{\MakeUppercase{\thechapter.\ #1}}{}}
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]%
+   {\markright{\MakeUppercase{\thesection.\ #1}}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+In an even-header, the page number is printed as the LeftHeader and
+the chapter info as the RightHeader; in an odd-header, the section info
+is printed as the LeftHeader and the page number as the RightHeader.  The
+CenteredHeaders are empty.  There are no footers.
+
+There is a decorative line in the header.  It is 0.5pt wide, so we need
+the commands:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The font used in the headers is 9 pt bold Helvetica.  The \PSNFSS\ system
+by Sebastian Rahtz uses the short (Karl Berry) name \verb|phv| for
+Helvetica, so this font is selected with the commands:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\fontfamily{phv}\fontseries{b}\fontsize{9}{11}\selectfont
+\end{verbatim}
+(See Sections 7.6.1 and 11.9.1 of the \latex/ \emph{Companion}.)
+Let us define a shorthand for this:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\helv}{%
+   \fontfamily{phv}\fontseries{b}\fontsize{9}{11}\selectfont}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Now we are ready for the page layout:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\documentclass{book}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]%
+   {\markboth{\MakeUppercase{\thechapter.\ #1}}{}}
+\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]%
+   {\markright{\MakeUppercase{\thesection.\ #1}}}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
+\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
+\newcommand{\helv}{%
+   \fontfamily{phv}\fontseries{b}\fontsize{9}{11}\selectfont}
+\fancyhf{}
+\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\helv \thepage}
+\fancyhead[LO]{\helv \rightmark}
+\fancyhead[RE]{\helv \leftmark}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+\section{Special page layout for float pages}
+\label{sec:float}
+
+\index{float page}
+Some people want to have a special layout for float pages (pages only
+containing floats). As these pages
+are generated autonomically by \latex/, the user doesn't have any control
+over them. There is no \Cmd{thispagestyle} for float pages and any change
+of the page style will at least also affect the page before the float page.
+With \textsf{fancyhdr}, however, you can specify in each of
+the header- or footer fields
+
+\Cmd{iffloatpage\{}value for float page\verb|}{|value for other pages\verb|}|
+
+You can even use this to get rid of the decorative line on float pages only
+by defining:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{\iffloatpage{0pt}{0.4pt}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Sometimes you may want to change the layout also for pages that contain a
+float on the top of the page or a float on the bottom of the page.
+
+\textsf{fancyhdr} gives you the commands \Cmd{iftopfloat} and  \Cmd{ifbotfloat}
+similar to
+ \Cmd{iffloatpage}.
+
+Note: Marks in floats will not be visible in \latex/'s output routine, so
+it is not useful to put marks in floats. So there is currently no way to
+let a float (e.g.\ a figure caption) influence the page header or footer.
+
+\section{Those blank pages}
+\label{sec:blank}
+
+In the \texttt{book} class when the \texttt{openany} option is not given or
+in the \texttt{report} class when the \texttt{openright} option is given,
+chapters start at odd-numbered pages, half of the time causing a blank page
+to be inserted. Some people prefer this page to be completely empty, i.e.\ 
+without headers and footers. This cannot be done with \Cmd{thispagestyle}
+as this command would have to be issued on the \emph{previous} page. There
+is, however, no magic necessary to get this done:
+
+\PSindex{empty}
+\CmdIndex{clearpage}
+\CmdIndex{cleardoublepage}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\clearpage{\pagestyle{empty}\cleardoublepage}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+As the \Cmd{pagestyle\{empty\}} is enclosed in a group it only affects the
+page that may be generated by the \Cmd{cleardoublepage}.  You can of
+course put the above in a private command. If you want to have this done
+automatically at each chapter start or when you want some other text on the
+page then you must redefine the \Cmd{cleardoublepage} command.
+\index{blank page}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\makeatletter
+\def\cleardoublepage{\clearpage\if@twoside \ifodd\c@page\else
+  \hbox{}
+  \vspace*{\fill}
+  \begin{center}
+    This page intentionally contains only this sentence.
+  \end{center}
+  \vspace{\fill}
+  \thispagestyle{empty}
+  \newpage
+  \if@twocolumn\hbox{}\newpage\fi\fi\fi}
+\makeatother
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\section{\textsf{N} of \textsf{M} style page numbers}
+\label{sec:nofm}
+
+Some document writers prefer the pages to be numbered as \textsf{n} of
+\textsf{m} where \textsf{m} is the number of pages in the document. There
+\TTindex{nofm.sty}
+is a package \texttt{nofm.sty} available, but some versions of it are
+defective, and most don't work with fancyhdr because they take over the
+\TTindex{lastpage.sty}
+complete page layout. For \LaTeXe{} there is a package \texttt{lastpage}
+available which you can use with \textsf{fancyhdr} as follows:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\usepackage{lastpage}
+...
+\cfoot{\thepage\ of \pageref{LastPage}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+If you are still using \latex/2.09 and you are not able to switch to
+\LaTeXe{} you can use the \latex/2.09 compatible \texttt{lastpage209.sty}.
+which is defined as
+follows:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\let\origenddocument=\enddocument
+\def\enddocument{\clearpage\if@filesw
+  {\addtocounter{page}{-1} \immediate\write\@mainaux
+    {\string\newlabel{LastPage}{{}{\thepage}}}}\origenddocument}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The value of the \texttt{LastPage} label can be used to
+make different headers or footers on the last page of a document. E.g.\ if
+you want the footer of every odd page, except if it is the last one, to
+contain the text ``please turn over'', this can be done as
+follows\footnote{This requires a reasonably recent version of the
+  \texttt{ifthen} package.}:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\usepackage{lastpage}
+\usepackage{ifthen}
+...
+\rfoot{\ifthenelse{\isodd{\value{page}} \and \not
+    \value{page}=\pageref{LastPage}{please turn over}{}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\section{Chapter or section related page numbers}
+
+In technical documentation very often page numbers are used of the form
+2-10 where the first number is the chapter number and the second is the
+pagenumber relative to the chapter. Sometimes section is used rather than
+chapter. The package \textsf{chappg} can be used to get this format. If you
+want to change the layout e.g. use a dot rather than a dash, or a section
+rather than a chapter, you should make a private copy and edit it.
+
+This package redefines \Cmd{thepage} as 
+\Cmd{arabic\{chapter\}-}\Cmd{arabic\{page\}}.
+Unfortunately this gives numbers rather than letters for appendices. A
+better definition would be  \Cmd{thechapter-}\Cmd{arabic\{page\}} but you can
+give this definition yourself after the \Cmd{usepackage\{chappg\}} command.
+What the package also does is reset the page number to 1 at the beginning
+of each chapter.
+
+There is a fundamental difference between the page numbering of the style
+``\emph{m} of \emph{n}'' as described in the previous section and the
+current one. The \emph{m} of \emph{n} style is only used in the page header
+or footer, but not in the table of contents, index, or references like
+``\emph{See page \emph{xx}}''. Therefore it does not change the command
+\Cmd{thepage}. The page numbering style ``2-10'', however should be used
+in all references to the page number, therefore it must be done by redefining
+\Cmd{thepage}. 
+
+
+\section{When to change the headers and footers?}
+\label{sec:change}
+
+Sometimes you want to change the header or footer layout in the course of a
+document. Some of these changes can be accomplished by using the mark
+mechanism as may be seen in section~\ref{sec:custom} and \ref{sec:xmarks}.
+However, sometimes we want a more drastic change, e.g to change the page
+numbering from roman to arabic (with \Cmd{pagenumbering}), to change one of
+\index{page style!changes}
+the \textsf{fancyhdr} fields or to change to another page style.
+Sometimes you may be surprised to find the change to occur too early. In
+general the above mentioned changes take effect immediately, i.e.\ on the
+page that is currently being built. If you want the change to take effect
+at the next page you must make sure that the current page is finished. In
+\CmdIndex{clearpage}
+most cases this can be done by issuing a \Cmd{clearpage} command before
+any of the above mentioned changes. If this is not possible you can use the 
+\TTindex{afterpage.sty}
+\texttt{afterpage} package with:\\
+\Cmd{afterpage\{}\Cmd{lhead\{new value\}\}} or
+\CmdIndex{pagenumbering}
+\Cmd{afterpage\{}\Cmd{pagenumbering\{roman\}}. You cannot use \Cmd{afterpage}
+to change the \Cmd{pagestyle} as the commands issued by \Cmd{afterpage}
+are local in a group, and the \Cmd{pagestyle} command makes only local
+changes. The \Cmd{pagenumbering} and the \textsf{fancyhdr} commands
+make global changes so they will work, as will the \Cmd{thispagestyle}
+command. 
+
+It should be noted that although the \textsf{fancyhdr} commands like
+\Cmd{fancyhead} take effect immediately, this does not mean that any
+``variables'' used in these commands get the value they have at the place
+where these commands are given. E.g.\ if \Cmd{fancyfoot[C]\{}\Cmd{thepage\}} is given
+the page number that will be inserted in the footer is not the page number
+of the page where this command is given, but rather the page number of
+the actual page where the footer is constructed. Of course for the page
+number this is what you expect, but it is also true for other commands.
+
+So if you have a book where each chapter is written by a different author
+and you want the name of the author in the lower left-hand corner you can
+use the following commands:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\TheAuthor}{}
+\newcommand{\Author}[1]{\renewcommand{\TheAuthor}{#1}}
+\lfoot{\TheAuthor}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\noindent and start each chapter with the command 
+\Cmd{Author\{Real Name\}}.
+ If however, the author name would be changed before a page is
+completed the wrong author could come in the footer. This would be the case
+if you gave the above command \emph{before} the \Cmd{chapter} command
+rather than after it. 
+Another source of problems is the fact that \tex/'s output routine processes
+commands ahead, so it may already have processed some commands that produce
+text that will appear on the next page. See the next section for an example.
+
+\section{Headers and footers induced by the text}
+\label{sec:xmarks}
+
+We have seen how we can use \LaTeX's marks to get information from the
+document contents to the headers and footers. The marks mechanism is the
+only reliable mechanism that you can use to get changing information to the
+headers or footers. This is because \latex/ may be processing your document
+ahead before deciding to break the page. 
+
+Sometimes the two marks that \latex/ offers are not enough. An example is
+the following:
+\begin{quote}
+ If a solution to an exercise goes across a page break, then I would like
+ to have ``(Continued on next page\ldots)'' at the bottom of the
+\index{Continued\ldots}
+ first page and ``(Continued\ldots)'' at the top in the margin of the next page.
+\end{quote}
+
+You cannot use \latex/'s mark mechanisms for this if you also want to use
+chapter and section information.
+
+The fancyhdr distribution includes a package that gives you
+two extra marks that can be used in this situation\footnote{After I made
+  this package I discovered a package \texttt{secret.sty} that does a
+  similar thing to mark confidential paragraphs if they cross a page
+  boundary. It does it, however, by changing the output routine.}.
+Here is a way to use this package:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\usepackage{extramarks}
+...
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+\lhead{\firstxmark}
+\rfoot{\lastxmark}
+...
+\extramarks{}{Continued on next page\ldots}
+Some text that may or may not cross a page boundary...
+\extramarks{Continued\ldots}{}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\CmdIndex{extramarks}
+Note that the \Cmd{extramarks} command must be close to the text, i.e no
+empty lines (paragraph boundaries) should intervene. Otherwise the page may
+be broken at that boundary and the extramarks would come on the wrong page.
+
+There are two new marks that can be used in the page layout with this
+package: If commands of the form
+\verb|\extramarks{|$m_1$\verb|}{|$m_2$\verb|}| are given
+\CmdIndex{firstleftxmark}
+\Cmd{firstleftxmark}\footnote{%
+  In extramarks.sty before version 2.0 only the shorthand commands
+  \Cmd{firstxmark} and \Cmd{lastxmark} were defined.}
+gives you the first $m_1$ value,
+\CmdIndex{lastleftxmark}
+\Cmd{lastleftxmark} gives you the last $m_1$ value,
+\CmdIndex{firstrightxmark}
+\Cmd{firstrightxmark} gives you the first $m_2$ value and
+\CmdIndex{lastrightxmark}
+\Cmd{lastrightxmark} gives you the last $m_2$ value
+of the current page.
+\CmdIndex{firstxmark}
+Also for convenience (similar to the standard \latex/ marks)
+\Cmd{firstxmark} is an alias for \Cmd{firstleftxmark} and
+\CmdIndex{lastxmark}
+\Cmd{lastxmark} is an alias for \Cmd{lastrightxmark}.
+There is also a \Cmd{topxmark} or \Cmd{topleftxmark} similar to \tex/'s
+\Cmd{topmark} but it probably is not of much use.
+
+\CmdIndex{firstleftmark}
+\CmdIndex{lastrightmark}
+Finally it also gives you the \Cmd{firstleftmark} and \Cmd{lastrightmark}
+commands that complement the standard \latex/ marks.
+
+
+
+To stress the point that marks are the correct way to do this, let me
+give you a ``solution'' that will not work\footnote{Actually there is
+  another way but it requires two \latex/ passes: you can put \Cmd{label}
+  commands before and after the text and compare the \Cmd{pageref}s.}:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\lhead{Continued}
+\rfoot{Continued on next page\ldots}
+Some text that may or may not cross a page boundary...
+\lhead{}
+\rfoot{}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+You may be tempted to think that the first \Cmd{lhead} and \Cmd{rfoot}
+will be in effect when \tex/ breaks the page in the middle of the text,
+and the last ones when the page breaks after the text. This is not true as
+the whole paragraph (including the last definitions) will be processed
+\index{page break}
+before \tex/ considers the page break, so at the time of the page break the
+last definitions are effective, whether the page break occurs inside the text
+or outside of it. Putting a paragraph boundary between the
+text and the last definitions will not work either, because you don't want
+the first definitions to be in effect when \tex/ decides to break the page
+exactly at this boundary. Actually the marks mechanism was invented to get
+rid of these kinds of problems.
+
+In the above example the text ``Continued'' appears in the page header. It
+\index{margin}
+may be nicer to put it in the  margin. This can be easily
+accomplished by positioning it at a fixed place relative to the page header.
+In plain \tex/ you would use a concoction of \Cmd{hbox to 0pt},
+\Cmd{vbox to 0pt}, \Cmd{hskip},\Cmd{vskip}, \Cmd{hss} and
+\Cmd{vss} but fortunately 
+\latex/'s \texttt{picture} environment gives a much cleaner way to do this.
+In order not to disturb the normal header layout we put the text in a zero-sized
+\texttt{picture}. Generally this is the best way to position things on fixed
+places on the page. You can then also use the normal headings. See also
+section~\ref{sec:thumb} for another example of 
+this technique.
+
+\TTindex{picture}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\lhead{\setlength{\unitlength}{\baselineskip}%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)
+  \put(-2,-3){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\firstxmark}}
+  \end{picture}\leftmark}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+This solution can of course also be used for the footer. Make sure you put the
+\texttt{picture} as the first thing in left-handside entries and last in right-handside
+ones.
+
+Finally you may want to put ``(Continued\ldots)'' in the \emph{text}
+rather than in the header or the margin. Then you have to use the
+\TTindex{afterpage.sty}
+\texttt{afterpage} package. We also decide to make a separate
+environment for it.
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newenvironment{continued}{\par
+  \extramarks{}{Continued on next page\ldots}
+  \afterpage{\noindent\firstxmark\vspace{1ex}}
+  }{\extramarks{(Continued\ldots)}{}\par}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+It is a bit dangerous to use \Cmd{firstxmark} outside the page layout
+routine, but apparently with \Cmd{afterpage} this works. If you would
+need the information further on in the page you must remember the state of
+the marks in your own variable. You can set this in one of the
+\textsf{fancyhdr} fields. For example if you want to add something
+\emph{after} the broken piece of text you can use the following:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newcommand{\mysaved}{}
+
+\newenvironment{continued}{\par
+  \extramarks{}{Continued on next page\ldots}
+  }{\extramarks{(Continued\ldots)}{}\par\vspace{1ex}\mysaved}
+\lhead{\leftmark}
+\chead{\ifthenelse{\equal{\lastxmark}{}}
+  {\gdef\mysaved{}}
+  {\gdef\mysaved{\noindent[Continued from previous page]}}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+If you want to include one of the marks or other varying information in the
+saved text, you must use \Cmd{xdef} rather than \Cmd{gdef}.
+
+
+\section{A movie}
+\label{sec:movie}
+
+\index{movie}
+\TTindex{picture}
+If you put at each page on the same place a picture that slightly changes
+from page to page you can get a movie-like effect by flipping through the
+pages. You can create such a movie easily with fancyhdr. For
+simplicity we assume that each picture is in a postscript (EPS) file called
+\texttt{pic}$\langle n\rangle$.\texttt{ps} where $\langle n\rangle$ is the page number and that we use
+the \texttt{graphics} or  \texttt{graphicx} package\footnote{If you use an older version of
+  \LaTeX{} you could use the \texttt{epsf} or \texttt{epsfig} package.}. 
+\TTindex{graphics}
+\TTindex{graphicx}
+\TTindex{epsf}
+\TTindex{epsfig}
+To put the movie in the  righthandside bottom corner the following will work:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\rfoot{\setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
+  \begin{picture}(0,0)
+    \put(5,0){\includegraphics{pic\thepage.ps}}
+  \end{picture}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Notice that the \Cmd{unitlength} parameter should
+be set locally in the fancyhdr field in order to avoid unwanted
+interference with its value in the text.
+
+\section{Thumb-indexes}
+\label{sec:thumb}
+
+\index{bible}
+Some railroad guides and expensive bibles have so called
+\index{thumb-index}
+\emph{thumb-indexes}, i.e.\ there are marks on the sides of the pages that
+indicate where the chapters are. You can create these by printing black
+blobs in the margin of the pages. The vertical position should be
+determined by the chapter number or some other counter. As the position is
+independent of the contents of the page, we print these blobs as part of
+the header in a zero-sized \texttt{picture} as described in the previous
+section.
+
+Of course we have to take care of two-sided printing, and we may want to
+have an index page with all the blobs in the correct position. The solution
+requires some hand-tuning to get the blobs nicely spaced out vertically.
+For the application that I had there were 12 sections, so I made the blobs
+18 mm apart, i.e. 9~mm blob separated by 9~mm whitespace. In order to avoid
+calculations they are set in a \texttt{picture} environment with the
+\Cmd{unitlength} set to 18~mm. Page numbers are set in the headers at the
+outer sides, and the blobs are attached to these. In this example the
+section numbers are used to position the blobs, but you can replace this
+with any numeric value. 
+See figure~\ref{fig:overview} for the resulting
+overview page and figure~\ref{fig:thumb} for the code.
+
+\begin{figure}[htbp]
+\setlength{\unitlength}{9mm}
+\newcommand{\blob}{\rule[-.2\unitlength]{1\unitlength}{.5\unitlength}}
+\newcounter{line}
+\newcommand{\secname}[1]{\addtocounter{line}{1}%
+  \put(1,-\value{line}){\blob}
+  \put(-7.5,-\value{line}){\arabic{line}}
+  \put(-7,-\value{line}){#1}}
+
+\newcommand{\overview}{1
+  \begin{picture}(0,0)
+    \secname{Introduction}
+    \secname{The first year}
+    \secname{Specialisation}
+  \end{picture}}
+ 
+  \begin{center}
+    \leavevmode
+    \begin{picture}(11.3,5)
+      \put(0,0){\framebox(11.3,5)[tr]{}}
+      \put(9,4.5){\overview}
+    \end{picture}
+  \end{center}
+  \caption{Thumb-index overview page}
+  \label{fig:overview}
+\end{figure}
+\begin{figure}[hp]\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setlength{\unitlength}{18mm}
+\newcommand{\blob}{\rule[-.2\unitlength]{2\unitlength}{.5\unitlength}}
+
+\newcommand\rblob{\thepage
+  \begin{picture}(0,0)
+    \put(1,-\value{section}){\blob}
+  \end{picture}}
+
+\newcommand\lblob{%
+  \begin{picture}(0,0)
+    \put(-3,-\value{section}){\blob}
+  \end{picture}%
+  \thepage}
+
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+\cfoot{}
+
+\newcounter{line}
+\newcommand{\secname}[1]{\addtocounter{line}{1}%
+  \put(1,-\value{line}){\blob}
+  \put(-7.5,-\value{line}){\Large \arabic{line}}
+  \put(-7,-\value{line}){\Large #1}}
+
+\newcommand{\overview}{\thepage
+  \begin{picture}(0,0)
+    \secname{Introduction}
+    \secname{The first year}
+    \secname{Specialisation}
+...etc...
+  \end{picture}}
+
+\begin{document}
+\fancyhead[R]{\overview}\mbox{}\newpage % This produces the overview page
+\fancyhead[R]{} % Front matter may follow here
+\clearpage
+\fancyhead[RE]{\rightmark}
+\fancyhead[RO]{\rblob}
+\fancyhead[LE]{\lblob}
+\fancyhead[LO]{{\leftmark}
+...
+\end{verbatim}
+  \caption{Thumb-index code}
+  \label{fig:thumb}
+\end{figure}
+
+\section{Float placement}
+
+Floats are page elements that float with respect to the rest of the
+document. Standard floats are tables and figures, but with the
+\textsf{float} package you can easily make new ones, like algorithms. Most
+of the time floats work satisfactory, but sometimes \LaTeX{} seems too
+stubborn to do what you want. This section describes how you can influence
+\LaTeX{} so that it will do most of the time what you want. There might,
+however be some pathological cases where it is impossible to convince
+\LaTeX{} to do things your way. In the following we will use figures as an
+example but everything applies to other floats as well.
+
+The most encountered problems with floats are:
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item You want a float at a certain position in the text, but \LaTeX{}
+  moves it, usually to the next page.
+\item From a certain point, \LaTeX{} moves all your floats to the end of
+  the document or the end of a chapter.
+\item \LaTeX{} complains about ``Too many floats''.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+In the first two cases you must first check if you have given the correct
+``placement'' parameter to you float, e.g. \Cmd{begin\{figure\}[htp]}
+specifies that your figure may be placed either: Here (i.e. in the text
+position where the command is given), on the Top of a page (which may be
+the page where you put the command), or on a separate Page of floats. You
+could also have specified ``b'' for Bottom of the page. The order of the
+letters is insignificant, you cannot force \LaTeX{} to try Bottom first
+and then Top by specifying \texttt{[bt]}.
+
+If \LaTeX{} doesn't put the float at the place where you expected it, it is
+usually caused by the following:
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item The float didn't fit on the page. In this case it has to move to the
+  next page or even further. If you didn't specify either \texttt{[t]} or
+  \texttt{[b]} in the position parameter, \latex/ must save it until it has
+  enough for a page of floats. So don't specify only \texttt{[h]}. If you
+  want to give \latex/ a chance to put the float on a page of floats, you
+  must also specify ``p''.
+\item The placement would violate the constraints imposed by \latex/'s
+  float placement parameters. This is one of the most occurring causes and
+  it can easily be corrected by changing the parameters. Here is a list of
+  them:
+\end{enumerate}
+\begin{center}
+\CmdIndex{topfraction}
+\CmdIndex{bottomfraction}
+\CmdIndex{textfraction}
+\CmdIndex{floatpagefraction}
+\TTindex{topnumber}
+\TTindex{bottomnumber}
+\TTindex{totalnumber}
+  \begin{tabular}{>{\tt}llc}
+    \hline
+    \multicolumn{3}{c}{Counters -- change with \Cmd{setcounter}}\\
+    \hline
+    topnumber & max. number of floats at top of page & 2 \\
+    bottomnumber & max. number of floats at bottom of page & 1 \\
+    totalnumber &  max. number of floats on a page & 3\\
+    \hline
+    \multicolumn{3}{c}{Other -- change with \Cmd{renewcommand}}\\
+    \hline
+    \bs topfraction & max fraction of page for floats at top & 0.7 \\
+    \bs bottomfraction & max fraction of page for floats at bottom & 0.3 \\
+    \bs textfraction & min fraction of page for text & 0.2 \\
+    \bs floatpagefraction & min fraction of floatpage that should have
+    floats  & 0.5 \\ 
+    \hline
+  \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+There are also some others for double column floats in two-column documents.
+
+The values in the righthand column are the defaults for the standard
+\latex/ classes. Other classes could use different defaults. As you see
+with the default values a float will not be put in the bottom of a page if
+its height is more than 30\% of the page height. So if you specify [hb] for
+a float which is taller it has to move to a float page. But if it is less
+than 50\% of the page height it will have to wait until some more floats
+are given before a float page can be filled to satisfy the
+\Cmd{floatpagefraction} parameter. If you have this kind of behaviour you
+can easily adapt the parameters, e.g. with:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.05}
+\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.95}
+\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.95}
+\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.35}
+\setcounter{totalnumber}{5}
+\end{verbatim}
+You may want to be careful not to make \Cmd{floatpagefraction} too small,
+otherwise you may get too many small floatpages.
+
+You can force \latex/ to ignore most of the parameters for one specific float
+occurrence by
+including an exclamation mark (!) in the placement parameters, e.g.
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{figure}[!htb]
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Floats which contain a ``\texttt{t}'' in the position parameter could be
+placed before the place where they are referenced (but on the same page).
+This is normal behaviour for \latex/ but some people just don't like it.
+There are a number of ways to prevent this: 
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item Of course deleting the ``\texttt{t}'' will help, but in general this is
+  undesirable, as you may want the float to be placed at the top of the
+  next page.
+\item use the \texttt{flafter} package which causes floats never to be
+  placed ``backwards''.
+\item use the command \Cmd{suppressfloats[t]}\footnote{This command and the
+    ``!'' placement parameter are not defined in \LaTeX2.09.}.  This
+  command will cause floats for the top position \emph{on this page} to be
+  moved to the next page. This can also be done with \texttt{[b]} or
+  without parameter for all floats on this page.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+If in spite of all your attempts \latex/ still moves your floats to the end
+of the document or the end of a chapter, you can insert a \Cmd{clearpage}
+command. This will start a new page and insert all pending floats before
+continueing. If it is undesirable to have a pagebreak you can use the
+\textsf{afterpage} package and the following command:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\afterpage{clearpage}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+This will wait until the current page is finished and then flush all
+outstanding floats. In some pathological circumstances \texttt{afterpage}
+may give strange results, however.
+
+Finally, if you want a float only at the place where you define it, without
+\latex/ moving it whatsoever, you can use the \textsf{float} package and
+give the command:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\restylefloat{figure}
+\end{verbatim}
+ in the preamble. Now you will be able to
+specify \texttt{[H]} as the position parameter, which will mean ``HERE and only
+HERE''. This may cause an unwanted page break however\footnote{There used
+to be a \texttt{here.sty} with the same effect, but this is incompatible
+with \LaTeXe}. If you want to avoid the unwanted pagebreak, i.e. let
+\LaTeX{} move the float only if it doesn't fit on the page, the use the
+\textsf{afterpage} package with:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\afterpage{\clearpage \begin{figure}[H] ... \end{figure}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Complaints from \latex/ about ``Too many floats'' are usually caused by one
+of the above problems: floats not being able to be placed and \latex/
+collecting too many of them. The solutions given above, especially those
+with \Cmd{clearpage} in them will usually help. In some cases there
+really are too many floats, as \latex/ has a limited number of ``boxes'' to
+store the floats. The package \textsf{morefloats} can be used to increase
+this number. If you need still more then you must edit a private copy of
+this file, but even then there will be some limit that you cannot pass.
+Then your only resort will be to change your document.
+
+\section{Multipage Floats}
+
+\LaTeX's floats cannot be split across pages. Sometimes, however, you want
+to have a table or figure that doesn't fit on one page. The easiest way is
+to split these into multiple table or figure environments, but this has a
+number of undesirable effects:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Where do you split it? This is in general more difficult for tables
+  than for figures.
+\item How do you keep them together?
+\item You don't want more than one entry in the list of figures/tables.
+\end{itemize}
+
+Although these problems are not fully solvable in all cases, here are a
+couple of suggestions:
+
+
+\subsection{Tables}
+
+For tables longer than a page you can use the \texttt{longtable} package.
+\TTindex{longtable}
+This package defines a \texttt{longtable} environment that is a kind of
+amalgamation of \texttt{table} and \texttt{tabular}. It has approximately
+the same syntax as the  \texttt{tabular} environment, but it adds some
+features of \texttt{table}, like captions. Longtables will be automatically
+split when they don't fit on the page. And they will be entered in the list
+of tables when a caption is given. They will not float, however, and cannot
+be used inside a float environment. This could mean that another
+\texttt{table} environment, which was defined before the
+\texttt{longtable}, will float past it, and therefore the numbers may get
+out of order. Another problem could be that the \texttt{longtable} starts
+rather far down the page, which isn't a pleasant sight. If you want the
+\texttt{longtable} to start at the top of the page, the best thing to do is
+to include it in an \Cmd{afterpage} command (using the \texttt{afterpage}
+package). As a \texttt{longtable} is by definition large, it is best to put
+it in a separate file, and \Cmd{input} it in the \Cmd{afterpage} command:
+\CmdIndex{afterpage}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\afterpage{\input{mytable}}
+\end{verbatim}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\afterpage{\clearpage\input{mytable}}
+\end{verbatim}
+The last form has the additional advantage that most of the outstanding
+floats will be printed first.
+
+
+\subsection{Figures}
+
+There isn't an equivalent \texttt{longfigure} solution, so for figures you
+will usually have to split it yourself. In general this is less of a
+problem. However, the problem you get now is how to keep them together,
+i.e. how to get the parts on subsequent pages, and how to get a single
+entry in the list of figures.
+
+You will have to split the figure into pieces and put each part
+in a separate \texttt{figure} environment. To keep them together it is best
+to use only the \texttt{[p]} placement, so that they will be put on
+floatpages. As they are bigger than a page this is appropriate. The first
+part would then get a \Cmd{caption}, the subsequent parts would be used
+without a caption. If you want to add a caption-like text, enter it as
+normal text rather than a \Cmd{caption}, so that it will not be entered in
+the list of figures. It may also be desirable to issue a \Cmd{clearpage}
+first, just like we did for the \texttt{longtable}, and to encapsulate this
+in the \Cmd{afterpage} command. E.g.
+\begin{verbatim}
+\afterpage{\clearpage\input{myfigure}}
+\end{verbatim}
+where \texttt{myfigure.tex} contains:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{figure}[p]
+\includegraphics{myfig1.eps}
+\caption{This is a multipage figure}
+\label{fig:xxx}
+\end{figure}
+\begin{figure}[p]
+\includegraphics{myfig2.eps}
+\begin{center}
+Figure~\ref{fig:xxx} (continued)
+\end{center}
+\end{figure}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+You have to make sure that the last part is big enough, otherwise \LaTeX{}
+could decide to postpone it until it has collected some more floats. This
+can be done either by making the figure big enough (e.g. by adding some
+\Cmd{vspace}), or by tweaking the \Cmd{floatpagefraction} 
+\CmdIndex{floatpagefraction} parameter.
+
+If you want your multipage figure to start at a lefthand-side
+(even-numbered) page you can use a test in the \Cmd{afterpage} command
+(using the \texttt{ifthen} package):
+\begin{verbatim}
+\afterpage{\clearpage
+\ifthenelse{\isodd{\value{page}}{\afterpage{\input{myfigure}}} % odd page
+    {\input{myfigure}}}} % even page
+\end{verbatim}
+If there are too many floats on the skipped page, this may still fail to
+start your multipage figure on an even page, however.
+
+\section{Contact information}
+
+Piet van Oostrum\\
+Dept.\ of Computer Science\\
+Utrecht University\\
+P.O. Box 80.089\\
+3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands\\
+Telephone: +31 30 2532180 Telefax: +31 30 2513791\\
+E-mail: piet@cs.uu.nl \\
+WWW: http://www.cs.uu.nl/people/piet
+
+\printindex
+
+\end{document}
+
+
+% Local Variables:
+% mode: latex
+% TeX-master: t
+% End: