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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2011-07-31 18:29:08 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2011-07-31 18:29:08 +0000
commit332d583e34cb464fadc271aac86368fc71af2c40 (patch)
tree24afad6e2f2915364873082b6bfad0bad04ba5bf /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/expl3/source3body.tex
parented6913bb5d71e9779f8714d469d5903b9d328020 (diff)
rm expl3, now l3kernel
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-% \iffalse
-%% File: source3body.tex Copyright (C) 1990-2010 LaTeX3 project
-%%
-%% It may be distributed and/or modified under the conditions of the
-%% LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL), either version 1.3c of this
-%% license or (at your option) any later version. The latest version
-%% of this license is in the file
-%%
-%% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
-%%
-%% This file is part of the ``expl3 bundle'' (The Work in LPPL)
-%% and all files in that bundle must be distributed together.
-%%
-%% The released version of this bundle is available from CTAN.
-%%
-%% -----------------------------------------------------------------------
-%%
-%% The development version of the bundle can be found at
-%%
-%% http://www.latex-project.org/svnroot/experimental/trunk/
-%%
-%% for those people who are interested.
-%%
-%%%%%%%%%%%
-%% NOTE: %%
-%%%%%%%%%%%
-%%
-%% Snapshots taken from the repository represent work in progress and may
-%% not work or may contain conflicting material! We therefore ask
-%% people _not_ to put them into distributions, archives, etc. without
-%% prior consultation with the LaTeX Project Team.
-%%
-%% -----------------------------------------------------------------------
-%% \fi
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%
-% This file is used by
-%
-% source3.tex % documentation including implementation
-%
-% interface3.tex % only interface documentation
-%
-%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-
-\begin{abstract}
-
-\setlength\parindent{0pt}
-\setlength\parskip{\baselineskip}
-
-\noindent This is the reference documentation for the \pkg{expl3}
-programming environment. The \pkg{expl3} modules set up an experimental
-naming scheme for \LaTeX\ commands, which allow the \LaTeX\ programmer
-to systematically name functions and variables, and specify the argument
-types of functions.
-
-The \TeX\ and \eTeX\ primitives are all given a new name according to
-these conventions. However, in the main direct use of the primitives is
-not required or encouraged: the \pkg{expl3} modules define an
-independent low-level \LaTeX3 programming language.
-
-At present, the \pkg{expl3} modules are designed to be loaded on top of
-\LaTeXe. In time, a \LaTeX3 format will be produced based on this code.
-This allows the code to be used in \LaTeXe\ packages \emph{now} while a
-stand-alone \LaTeX3 is developed.
-
-\begin{bfseries}
- While \pkg{expl3} is still experimental, the bundle is now regarded as
- broadly stable. The syntax conventions and functions provided are now
- ready for wider use. There may still be changes to some functions, but
- these will be minor when compared to the scope of \pkg{expl3}.
-
- New modules will be added to the distributed version of \pkg{expl3} as
- they reach maturity.
-\end{bfseries}
-
-\end{abstract}
-
-\clearpage
-
-{\def\\{:}% fix "newlines" in the ToC
-\tableofcontents}
-
-\clearpage
-\pagenumbering{arabic}
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%
-% Each of the following \DocInput lines includes a file with extension
-% .dtx. Each of these files may be typeset separately. For instance
-% pdflatex l3box.dtx
-% will typeset the source of the LaTeX3 box commands. If you use the
-% Makefile, the index will be generated automatically; e.g.,
-% make doc F=l3box
-%
-% If this file is processed, each of these separate dtx files will be
-% contained as a part of a single document.
-%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-\makeatletter
-\def\partname{Part}
-\def\maketitle{\part{\@title}}
-\let\thanks\@gobble
-\let\DelayPrintIndex\PrintIndex
-\let\PrintIndex\@empty
-\makeatother
-
-\part{Introduction to \pkg{expl3} and this document}
-
-This document is intended to act as a comprehensive reference manual
-for the \pkg{expl3} language. A general guide to the \LaTeX3
-programming language is found in \href{expl3.pdf}{expl3.pdf}.
-
-\section{Naming functions and variables}
-
-\LaTeX3 does not use \texttt{@} as a ``letter'' for defining
-internal macros. Instead, the symbols |_| and \texttt{:}
-are used in internal macro names to provide structure. The name of
-each \emph{function} is divided into logical units using \texttt{_},
-while \texttt{:} separates the \emph{name} of the function from the
-\emph{argument specifier} (``arg-spec''). This describes the arguments
-expected by the function. In most cases, each argument is represented
-by a single letter. The complete list of arg-spec letters for a function
-is referred to as the \emph{signature} of the function.
-
-Each function name starts with the \emph{module} to which it belongs.
-Thus apart from a small number of very basic functions, all \pkg{expl3}
-function names contain at least one underscore to divide the module
-name from the descriptive name of the function. For example, all
-functions concerned with comma lists are in module \texttt{clist} and
-begin \cs{clist_}.
-
-Every function must include an argument specifier. For functions which
-take no arguments, this will be blank and the function name will end
-\texttt{:}. Most functions take one or more arguments, and use the
-following argument specifiers:
-\begin{description}
- \item[\texttt{D}] The \texttt{D} specifier means \emph{do not use}.
- All of the \TeX\ primitives are initially \cs{let} to a \texttt{D}
- name, and some are then given a second name. Only the kernel
- team should use anything with a \texttt{D} specifier!
- \item[\texttt{N} and \texttt{n}] These mean \emph{no manipulation},
- of a single token for \texttt{N} and of a set of tokens given in
- braces for \texttt{n}. Both pass the argument though exactly as
- given. Usually, if you use a single token for an \texttt{n} argument,
- all will be well.
- \item[\texttt{c}] This means \emph{csname}, and indicates that the
- argument will be turned into a csname before being used. So
- So \cs{foo:c} |{ArgumentOne}| will act in the same way as \cs{foo:N}
- \cs{ArgumentOne}.
- \item[\texttt{V} and \texttt{v}] These mean \emph{value
- of variable}. The \texttt{V} and \texttt{v} specifiers are used to
- get the content of a variable without needing to worry about the
- underlying \TeX\ structure containing the data. A \texttt{V}
- argument will be a single token (similar to \texttt{N}), for example
- \cs{foo:V} \cs{MyVariable}; on the other hand, using \texttt{v} a
- csname is constructed first, and then the value is recovered, for
- example \cs{foo:v} |{MyVariable}|.
- \item[\texttt{o}] This means \emph{expansion once}. In general, the
- \texttt{V} and \texttt{v} specifiers are favoured over \texttt{o}
- for recovering stored information. However, \texttt{o} is useful
- for correctly processing information with delimited arguments.
- \item[\texttt{x}] The \texttt{x} specifier stands for \emph{exhaustive
- expansion}: the plain \TeX\ \cs{edef}.
- \item[\texttt{f}] The \texttt{f} specifier stands for \emph{full
- expansion}, and in contrast to \emph{x} stops at the first
- non-expandable item without trying to execute it.
- \item[\texttt{T} and \texttt{F}] For logic tests, there are the branch
- specifiers \texttt{T} (\emph{true}) and \texttt{F} (\emph{false}).
- Both specifiers treat the input in the same way as \texttt{n} (no
- change), but make the logic much easier to see.
- \item[\texttt{p}] The letter \texttt{p} indicates \TeX\
- \emph{parameters}. Normally this will be used for delimited
- functions as \pkg{expl3} provides better methods for creating simple
- sequential arguments.
- \item[\texttt{w}] Finally, there is the \texttt{w} specifier for
- \emph{weird} arguments. This covers everything else, but mainly
- applies to delimited values (where the argument must be terminated
- by some arbitrary string).
-\end{description}
-Notice that the argument specifier describes how the argument is
-processed prior to being passed to the underlying function. For example,
-\cs{foo:c} will take its argument, convert it to a control sequence and
-pass it to \cs{foo:N}.
-
-Variables are named in a similar manner to functions, but begin with
-a single letter to define the type of variable:
-\begin{description}
- \item[\texttt{c}] Constant: global parameters whose value should not
- be changed.
- \item[\texttt{g}] Parameters whose value should only be set globally.
- \item[\texttt{l}] Parameters whose value should only be set locally.
-\end{description}
-Each variable name is then build up in a similar way to that of a
-function, typically starting with the module\footnote{The module names are
- not used in case of generic scratch registers defined in the data
- type modules, e.g., the
- \texttt{int} module contains some scratch variables called \cs{l_tmpa_int},
- \cs{l_tmpb_int}, and so on. In such a case adding the module name up front
- to denote the module
- and in the back to indicate the type, as in
- \cs{l_int_tmpa_int} would be very unreadable.} name
-and then a descriptive part.
-Variables end with a short identifier to show the variable type:
-\begin{description}
- \item[\texttt{bool}] Either true or false.
- \item[\texttt{box}] Box register.
- \item[\texttt{clist}] Comma separated list.
- \item[\texttt{dim}] `Rigid' lengths.
- \item[\texttt{int}] Integer-valued count register.
- \item[\texttt{num}] A `fake' integer type using only macros. Useful for
- setting up allocation routines.
- \item[\texttt{prop}] Property list.
- \item[\texttt{skip}] `Rubber' lengths.
- \item[\texttt{seq}] `Sequence': a data-type used to implement lists
- (with access at both ends) and stacks.
- \item[\texttt{stream}] An input or output stream (for reading from or
- writing to, respectively).
- \item[\texttt{tl}] Token list variables: placeholder for a token list.
- \item[\texttt{toks}] Token register.
-\end{description}
-
-\subsubsection{Terminological inexactitude}
-
-A word of warning. In this document, and others referring to the \pkg{expl3}
-programming modules, we often refer to `variables' and `functions' as if they
-were actual constructs from a real programming language. In truth, \TeX\ is a
-macro processor, and functions are simply macros that may or mayn't take
-arguments and expand to their replacement text. Many of the common variables
-are \emph{also} macros, and if placed into the input stream will simply expand
-to their definition as well~--- a `function' with no arguments and a `token
-list variable' are in truth one and the same. On the other hand, some
-`variables' are actually registers that must be initialised and their values
-set and retreived with specific functions.
-
-The conventions of the \pkg{expl3} code are designed to clearly separate the
-ideas of `macros that contain data' and `macros that contain code', and a
-consistent wrapper is applied to all forms of `data' whether they be macros or
-actually registers. This means that sometimes we will use phrases like `the
-function returns a value', when actually we just mean `the macro expands to
-something'. Similarly, the term `execute' might be used in place of `expand'
-or it might refer to the more specific case of `processing in \TeX's stomach'
-(if you are familiar with the \TeX{}book parlance).
-
-If in doubt, please ask; chances are we've been hasty in writing certain
-definitions and need to be told to tighten up our terminology.
-
-\section{Documentation conventions}
-
-This document is typeset with the experimental \pkg{l3doc} class;
-several conventions are used to help describe the features of the code.
-A number of conventions are used here to make the documentation clearer.
-
-Each group of related functions is given in a box. For a function with
-a ``user'' name, this might read:
-\begin{function}{
- \ExplSyntaxOn |
- \ExplSyntaxOff
- }
- \begin{syntax}
- "\ExplSyntaxOn" \dots\ "\ExplSyntaxOff"
- \end{syntax}
- The textual description of how the function works would appear here. The
- syntax of the function is shown in mono-spaced text to the right of
- the box. In this example, the function takes no arguments and so the
- name of the function is simply reprinted.
-\end{function}
-
-For programming functions, which use \texttt{_} and \texttt{:} in their name
-there are a few additional conventions: If two related functions are given
-with identical names but different argument specifiers, these are termed
-\emph{variants} of each other, and the latter functions are printed in grey to
-show this more clearly. They will carry out the same function but will take
-different types of argument:
-\begin{function}{
- \seq_new:N |
- \seq_new:c
- }
- \begin{syntax}
- "\seq_new:N" <sequence>
- \end{syntax}
- When a number of variants are described, the arguments are usually
- illustrated only for the base function. Here, <sequence> indicates
- that \cs{seq_new:N} expects the name of a sequence. From the argument
- specifier, \cs{seq_new:c} also expects a sequence name, but as a
- name rather than as a control sequence. Each argument given in the
- illustration should be described in the following text.
-\end{function}
-
-Some functions are fully expandable, which allows it to be used within
-an \texttt{x}-type argument (in plain \TeX\ terms, inside an \cs{edef}).
-These fully expandable functions are indicated in the documentation by
-a star:
-\begin{function}{
- \cs_to_str:N / (EXP)
- }
- \begin{syntax}
- "\cs_to_str:N" <cs>
- \end{syntax}
- As with other functions, some text should follow which explains how
- the function works. Usually, only the star will indicate that the
- function is expandable. In this case, the function expects a <cs>,
- shorthand for a <control sequence>.
-\end{function}
-
-Conditional (\texttt{if}) functions are normally defined in three variants, with
-\texttt{T}, \texttt{F} and \texttt{TF} argument specifiers. This allows
-them to be used for different `true'/`false' branches, depending on
-which outcome the conditional is being used to test. To indicate this
-without repetition, this information is given in a shortened form:
-\begin{function}{
- \xetex_if_engine: / (TF) (EXP)
- }
- \begin{syntax}
- "\xetex_if_engine:TF" <true code> <false code>
- \end{syntax}
- The underlining and italic of \texttt{TF} indicates that
- \cs{xetex_if_engine:T}, \cs{xetex_if_engine:F} and
- \cs{xetex_if_engine:TF} are all available. Usually, the illustration
- will use the \texttt{TF} variant, and so both <true code>
- and <false code> will be shown. The two variant forms \texttt{T} and
- \texttt{F} take only <true code> and <false code>, respectively.
- Here, the star also shows that this function is expandable.
- With some minor exceptions, \emph{all} conditional functions in the
- \pkg{expl3} modules should be defined in this way.
-\end{function}
-
-Variables, constants and so on are described in a similar manner:
-\begin{variable}{
- \l_tmpa_tl
- }
- A short piece of text will describe the variable: there is no
- syntax illustration in this case.
-\end{variable}
-
-In some cases, the function is similar to one in \LaTeXe\ or plain \TeX.
-In these cases, the text will include an extra `\textbf{\TeX{}hackers
-note}' section:
-\begin{function}{
- \token_to_str:N / (EXP)
- }
- \begin{syntax}
- "\token_to_str:N" <token>
- \end{syntax}
- The normal description text.
- \begin{texnote}
- Detail for the experienced \TeX\ or \LaTeXe\ programmer. In this
- case, it would point out that this function is the \TeX\ primitive
- \cs{string}.
- \end{texnote}
-\end{function}
-
-\DisableImplementation
-
-\DocInput{l3names.dtx}
-
-\DocInput{l3basics.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3expan.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3prg.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3quark.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3token.dtx}
-
-\DocInput{l3int.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3skip.dtx}
-
-\DocInput{l3tl.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3toks.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3seq.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3clist.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3prop.dtx}
-
-%\DocInput{l3font.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3box.dtx}
-
-\DocInput{l3io.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3msg.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3xref.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3keyval.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3keys.dtx}
-%\DocInput{l3calc.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3file.dtx}
-
-% \DocInput{l3precom.dtx}
-% \DocInput{l3alloc.dtx}
-% \DocInput{l3chk.dtx}
-
-\DocInput{l3fp.dtx}
-\DocInput{l3luatex.dtx}
-
-\endinput