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+European Modern (EM)  package for LaTeX:
+========================================
+
+  CM style fonts - but with accented characters - in Adobe Type 1 format.
+
+                                 Copyright 1997 Y&Y, Inc.
+                                 Parts Copyright 1997 David Carlisle
+Important Note:
+===============
+
+The LaTeX PSNFSS support files for "European Modern" (EM) fonts on
+their own are not useful without the actual fonts.  The EM font set
+itself is available from Y&Y, Inc.
+
+Background:
+===========
+
+Do you:
+
+    (1)  like the look of Computer Modern (CM) fonts;  but
+    (2)  need ready-made accented characters for proper hyphenation; and
+    (3)  need scalable outline fonts (a.k.a. `PostScript' or `ATM' fonts)?
+
+Then the EM font set is for you.  The character shapes are from Computer
+Modern, yet the glyph complement is much larger -- including numerous
+ready-made accented and composite characters -- and the fonts are in 
+scalable Adobe Type 1 format (as opposed to METAFONT based PK bitmaps).  
+
+The EM fonts also satisfy the needs of non-TeX users desireous of the CM
+look, because they appear to the operating system as plain vanilla text 
+fonts, and so can be easily used with applications other than TeX.
+
+The EM font set:
+================
+
+The EM font set contains 57 text fonts based on the text fonts in Knuth's
+Computer Modern font (CM) set.  It also contains 13 math italic fonts based
+on the math italic fonts in CM and AMS font sets. The EM text fonts 
+have a much larger glyph set than the corresponding CM fonts.
+
+Each CM text font has about 117 usable glyphs for text (plus eleven
+Greek letters).  The EM fonts add over 90 ready-made composites and
+numerous other `missing' glyphs to bring the total number of glyphs to
+over 300.  This makes it possible, e.g., to use these fonts with 
+T1 (Cork) encoding, or LY1 (TeX 'n ANSI) encoding, or LM1 (Textures) 
+encoding. The AFM files show the actual glyph complement available.
+
+Note that the EM fonts are set up as normal text fonts, unlike the CM fonts --
+all of which have to be set up as pi/math/symbol/decorative/non-text since 
+CM fonts use there own unusual character layout and do not have anywhere 
+near the `standard' complement of 228 glyphs expected of a text font.  
+
+Treated as text fonts, the EM fonts are reencoded to platform
+specific encoding when installed on operating systems with
+system-level support for scalable fonts, such as Windows and Macintosh.  
+Consequently, for optimum use with TeX, you need a system that can
+reencode fonts `on the fly' (or you need to `hard reencode' the PFB
+and PFM files using the REENCODE and AFMtoPFM utilities, or use the
+reencoding feature of psfonts.map for DVIPS when printing to PS printers). 
+
+The EM text fonts are used in conjunction with some of the CM math fonts. 
+CM math fonts do not contain upright uppercase Greek letters -- these are
+normally taken from the roman text fonts (CMR* and CMBX*). Included in the EM
+font set are EMMI* math italic fonts which have these irksome upright
+uppercase Greek letters in character code positions 208 - 218.  Note that
+this is the same scheme used in the MathTime font set, and similar to the
+scheme used with the Lucida Bright + Lucida New Math font set when the Lucida
+Bright Expert set is not available.
+
+The names of the EM fonts are derived directly from those of the CM fonts.
+So, for example, EMR17 is based on CMR17 --- with close to two hundred 
+glyphs added. And EMMI10 is based on CMMI10 --- with upright Greek added.
+
+Relation to the EC font set:
+============================
+
+The "European Computer Modern" (EC) font set was defined to add
+ready-made accented characters to CM, including those needed for some
+Eastern European languages. In order to make space for these
+characters, many typographically important glyphs had to be banished
+to "text companion" (TC) fonts.
+
+The new EM font set differs from the EC font set in several ways:
+
+(1) The EC font set is unmanageably large (500 to 600 fonts), making it
+    unlikely that a well hinted version will become available, and 
+    cluttering operating system files with font listings.
+
+(2) The EC font set uses fixed encoding, just like CM fonts, except
+    it is hard wired to T1/Cork encoding instead of OT1/TeX Text encoding.
+    This means it is less flexible and harder to use with non-TeX applications.
+
+(3) EC fonts are hard-wired for T1/Cork encoding.
+    EM text fonts have a larger glyph complement covering several encodings
+    including T1, LY1, LM1, Windows ANSI, and various ISO standard encodings.
+
+(4) The metric files for EC fonts have a problem with kerning for
+    quotation marks. The EM fonts are setup to deal correctly with 
+    "boundary character" kerning for both left and right quotation marks.
+
+(5) The metric files for EC fonts include a few errors, such as incorrect
+    sign on a few kerning pairs. These have been fixed in the EM font set.
+
+(6) The EM fonts use the old germandbls from the CM fonts instead of the 
+    redesigned one in EC.
+
+(7) The EM font metrics match the CM font metrics exactly for characters that
+    occur in CM.  EC font metrics differ slightly from CM.
+
+As a result EM is not a "drop in" replacement for EC - it is better.
+
+NOTE: the following is largely adapted from David Carlisle's type1cm.txt
+
+Using the LaTeX support for the EM font set
+===========================================
+
+The default way of using the `em' package is as a LaTeX package file.
+Install em.sty as described below and then just add
+
+\usepackage[T1]{em}		 or \usepackage[LY1]{em}	or \usepackage[LM1]{em}
+
+to your document. This will override the definitions for all the fonts
+and so the standard fd files are not used. This will cause LaTeX
+to use the em fonts, and will also call the fontenc package to switch
+to the requested encoding (T1/Cork, or LY1/TeXnANSI, or LM1/Mac).
+
+Installation Instructions:
+==========================
+
+IMPORTANT NOTE: we supply a ready-made em.sty file so the following
+`unpacking' is actually not normally needed; unless you require some
+particular customization.
+
+The installation is controlled by the file em.ins which you may want to
+edit in two places.
+
+1) If you do not have the AMS Font set available in scalable form then
+   remove the `%' from the line           %\def\ams{}
+   This will cause a more restricted font specification to be used.
+
+   If you do not have the `AMS Extra' font set available in scalable form
+   (i.e. msam6, msam8 and msam9 in addition to msam5, msam7 and msam10)
+   then remove the `%' from the line      %\def\ams{ams}
+
+2) If after reading the warning above regarding *.fd files, you decide to
+   make a set of fd files, remove the `%'from the line     %\makefdtrue
+
+Then run TeX (or LaTeX) on the file em.ins.  A package file em.sty (and
+perhaps a set of fd files - see above) will be produced which you should
+place in a directory where TeX looks for input files.  (Alternatively, add
+the directory containing these files to the list in the TEXINPUTS 
+environment variable; or the format specific environment variable LATEX).
+
+Appendix A: Font sizing -- discrete or continuous?
+==================================================
+
+LaTeX separates its internal notion of font specification from the external
+fonts available on the system by means of `Font Shape Specifications', that
+are normally held in `Font Descriptor' (fd) files.
+
+The fd files that come with LaTeX that refer to the standard Computer Modern
+set (and the related AMS set) are based on the classical bitmap fonts which
+are available in discrete `magstep' sizes only.  For instance, the
+specification of the main roman font is
+
+  \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{cmr}{m}{n}
+   {  <5> <6> <7> <8> <9> <10> <12> gen * cmr
+      <10.95> cmr10
+      <14.4>  cmr12
+      <17.28><20.74><24.88>cmr17}{}
+
+which says that no font is available at 10.5pt (LaTeX will substitute the
+nearest available size if you ask for this) and similarly the font is not
+available at all above 25pt.
+
+Such restrictions are essential with bitmap fonts to save generating huge
+numbers of bitmaps for any size that might be requested, however with
+scalable versions of the fonts these restrictions are not really needed. 
+For instance the equivalent definition here is:
+
+\DeclareFontShape{LY1}{cmr}{m}{n}{
+        <-6>    emr5
+        <6-7>   emr6
+        <7-8>   emr7
+        <8-9>   emr8
+        <9-10>  emr9
+        <10-12> emr10
+        <12-17> emr12
+        <17->   emr17
+      }{}
+
+which means that you can (although some may consider it bad style) go
+\fontsize{10.345pt}{12pt}\selectfont and be given a suitably scaled version of
+emr10 and a baseline setting of 12pt.  Similarly if you really want, you can
+go \fontsize{2cm}{2.5cm}\selectfont and use emr17 scaled to 2cm height for a
+special display context.
+
+Appendix B:  Technical note about the Font Shape specifications used:
+==========================================================================
+
+David Carlisle consistently specifies that given a requested size, the
+largest available font size smaller than (or equal to) the requested size
+should be used and then enlarged to the requested size. The exception being
+sizes smaller than the smallest available font, which use a reduced version
+of that font.  The rationale for this is that enlarging a small font
+typically produces a rather `fat' font, but something readable, whereas
+shrinking a font may produce something unreadable quite quickly, particulary
+since the strokes in Computer Modern - and hence European Modern - are
+already quite thin.
+
+So for msam (if `extra' is not specified) he used:
+
+\DeclareFontShape{U}{msa}{m}{n}{
+        <-7>    msam5 
+        <7-10>  msam7
+        <10->   msam10
+        }{}
+
+That is, for sizes strictly below 7pt use msam5, 7pt to (less than) 10pt
+use msam7 and sizes 10pt and above use msam10.
+
+This differs from the specification that the AMS use for the scalable
+AMS fonts (used by the psfonts option to the amsfonts package). They use
+
+\DeclareFontShape{U}{msa}{m}{n}{
+       <-6>      msam5 
+       <6-8>     msam7 
+       <8->      msam10
+  }{}
+
+This scheme has the advantage of minimising the scaling used, so for instance
+a 9pt request is satisfied by msam7 scaled up to 9 by this package, but by
+msam10 scaled down to 9 by the AMS package.
+
+In practice this is not likely to make a difference that anyone might notice,
+but it could in principle affect line breaks etc, so David thought that it
+should be mentioned here.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+(TM) European Modern is a trademark of Y&Y, Inc.  http://www.YandY.com
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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