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+% $Header: /cvsroot/latex-beamer/latex-beamer/doc/beamerug-fonts.tex,v 1.12 2004/10/07 20:53:05 tantau Exp $
+
+% Copyright 2003, 2004 by Till Tantau <tantau@users.sourceforge.net>.
+%
+% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
+% of the GNU Public License, version 2.
+
+
+\section{Fonts}
+
+\label{section-fonts}
+
+The first subsection introduces the predefined font
+themes that come with \beamer\ and which make it easy to change the
+fonts used in a presentation. The next subsection describes further
+special commands for changing some basic attributes of the fonts used in a 
+presentation. The last subsection explains how you can get a much more
+fine-grained control over the fonts used for every individual element
+of a presentation. 
+
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Font Themes}
+
+\beamer\ comes with a set of font themes. When you use such a theme,
+certain fonts are changed as described below. You can use several font
+themes in concert. For historical reasons, you cannot change all
+aspects of the fonts used using font themes---in same cases special
+commands and options are needed, which are described in the next
+subsection.
+
+The following font themes only change certain font attributes, they do
+not choose special font families (although that would also be possible
+and themes doing just that might be added in the future). Currently,
+to change the font family, you need to load special packages as
+explained in the next subsection.
+
+
+\begin{fontthemeexample}{default}
+  The default font theme installs a sans serif font for all text of
+  the presentation. The default theme installs different font sizes
+  for things like titles or head- and footlines, but does not use
+  boldface or italics for ``hilighting.'' To change some or all text
+  to a serif font, use the |serif| theme.
+
+  Note: The command |\mathrm| will always produce upright (not
+  slanted), serif text and the command |\mathsf| will always produce
+  upright, sans-serif text. The command |\mathbf| will produce
+  upright, bold-face, sans-serif or serif text, depending on whether
+  |mathsans| or |mathserif| is used.
+
+  To produce an upright, sans-serif or serif text, depending on
+  whether |mathsans| or |mathserif| is used, you can use for instance
+  the command |\operatorname| from the |amsmath| package. Using this
+  command instead of |\mathrm| or |\mathsf| directly will
+  automatically adjust  upright mathematical text if you switch from
+  sans-serif to serif or back.
+\end{fontthemeexample}
+
+\begin{fontthemeexample*}{professionalfonts}
+  This font theme does not really change any fonts. Rather, it
+  \emph{suppresses} certain internal replacements performed by
+  \beamer. If you use ``professional fonts'' (fonts that you buy and
+  that come with a complete set of every symbol in all modes), you do
+  not want \beamer\ to meddle with the fonts you use.  \beamer\
+  normally replaces certain character glyphs in mathematical text by
+  more appropriate versions. For example, \beamer\ will normally
+  replace glyphs such that the italic characters from the main font
+  are used for variables in mathematical text. If your professional
+  font package takes care of this already, \beamer's meddling should
+  be switched off. Note that \beamer's substitution is automatically
+  turned off if one of the following packages is loaded: |mathtime|,
+  |mathpmnt|, |lucidabr|, |mtpro|, and |hvmath|. If your favorite
+  professional font package is not among these, use the
+  |professionalfont| option (and write me an email, so that the
+  package can be added). 
+\end{fontthemeexample*}
+
+
+
+\begin{fontthemeexample}[\oarg{options}]{serif}
+  This theme causes all text to be typeset using the default serif font
+  (except if you specify certain \meta{options}). You might wish to
+  consult Section~\ref{section-guidelines-serif} on whether you should
+  use serif fonts.
+
+  The following \meta{options} may be given:
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item
+    \declare{|stillsansserifmath|}
+    causes mathematical text still to be typeset using sans
+    serif. This option only makes sense if you also use the
+    |stillsansseriftext| option since sans serif math inside serif
+    text look silly. 
+  \item
+    \declare{|stillsansserifsmall|}
+    will cause ``small'' text to be still typeset using sans
+    serif. This refers to the text in the headline, footline, and
+    sidebars.  Using this options is often advisable since small text
+    is often easier to read in sans serif.
+  \item
+    \declare{|stillsansseriflarge|}
+    will cause ``large'' text like the presentation title or the frame
+    title to be still typeset using sans serif. Sans serif titles with
+    serif text are a popular combination in typography.
+  \item
+    \declare{|stillsansseriftext|}
+    will cause normal text (none of the above three) to be still
+    typeset using sans serif. If you use this option, you should most
+    likely also use the first two. However, by not using
+    |stillsansseriflarge|, you get a serif (possibly italic) title
+    over a sans serif text. This can be an interesting visual
+    effect. Naturally, ``interesting typographic effect'' can mean
+    ``terrible typographic effect'' if you choose the wrong fonts
+    combinations or sizes. You'll need some typographic experience to
+    judge this correctly. If in doubt, try asking someone who should
+    now. 
+  \item
+    \declare{|onlymath|}
+    is a short-cut for selecting all of the above options except for
+    the first. Thus, using this option causes only mathematical text
+    to by typeset using a serif font. Recall that, by default,
+    mathematical formulas are also typeset using sans-serif
+    letters. In most cases, this is visually the most pleasing and
+    easily readable way of typesetting mathematical formulas if the
+    surrounding text is typeset using sans serif. However,
+    in mathematical texts the font used to render, say, a variable is
+    sometimes used to differentiate between different meanings of this
+    variable. In such case, it may be necessary to typeset
+    mathematical text using serif letters. Also, if you have a lot of
+    mathematical text, the audience may be quicker to ``parse'' it if
+    it is typeset the way people usually read mathematical text: in a
+    serif font. 
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{fontthemeexample}
+
+
+
+\begin{fontthemeexample}[\oarg{options}]{structurebold}
+  This font theme will cause titles and text in the headlines,
+  footlines, and sidebars to be typeset in a bold font.
+
+  The following \meta{options} may be given:
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item
+    \declare{|onlysmall|}
+    will cause only ``small'' text to be typeset in bold. More
+    precisely, only the text in the headline, footline, and sidebars
+    is changed to be typeset in bold. Large titles are not affected.
+  \item
+    \declare{|onlylarge|}
+    will cause only ``large'' text to be typeset in bold. These are
+    the main title, frame titles, and section entries in the table of
+    contents.     
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  As pointed out in Section~\ref{section-sizes}, you should use this
+  theme (possibly with the |onlysmall| option) if your font is not
+  scaled down properly or for light-on-dark text.
+
+  The normal themes do not install this theme by default, while the
+  old compatibility themes do. Since you can reload the theme once it
+  has been loaded, you cannot use this theme with the old
+  compatibility themes to set also titles to a bold font. 
+\end{fontthemeexample}
+
+\begin{fontthemeexample}[\oarg{options}]{structureitalicserif}
+  This theme is similarly as the |structurebold| font theme, but where
+  |structurebold| makes text bold, this theme typesets it in italics and
+  in the standard serif font. The same \meta{options} as for the
+  |structurebold| theme are supported. See
+  Section~\ref{section-italics} for the pros and cons 
+  of using italics.  
+\end{fontthemeexample}
+
+\begin{fontthemeexample}[\oarg{options}]{structuresmallcapsserif}
+  Again, this theme does exactly the same as the |structurebold| font theme,
+  only this time text is set using small caps and a serif
+    font. The same \meta{options} as for the |structurebold| theme are
+  supported. See Section~\ref{section-smallcaps} for the pros and cons
+  of using small caps.  
+\end{fontthemeexample}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Font Changes Made Without Using Font Themes} 
+
+While most font decisions can be made using font themes, for
+historical reasons some changes can only be made using class
+options or by loading special packages. These options are explained in
+the following. Possibly, these options will be replaced by themes in
+the future.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Choosing a Font Size for Normal Text}
+
+As pointed out in Section~\ref{section-sizes}, measuring the default
+font size in points is not really a good idea for
+presentations. Nevertheless, \beamer\ does just that, setting the
+default font size to 11pt as usual. This may seem ridiculously small, but 
+the actual size of each frame is just 128mm times 96mm and the viewer
+application enlarges the font. By specifying a default font size
+smaller than 11pt you can put more onto each slide, by specifying a
+larger font size you can fit on less.
+
+To specify the font size, you can use the following class options:
+
+\begin{classoption}{8pt}
+  This is way too small. Requires that the package |extsize|
+  is installed.
+\end{classoption}
+
+\begin{classoption}{9pt}
+  This is also too small. Requires that the package |extsize|
+  is installed.
+\end{classoption}
+
+\begin{classoption}{10pt}
+  If you really need to fit much onto each frame, use this
+  option. Works without |extsize|.
+\end{classoption}
+
+\begin{classoption}{smaller}
+  Same as the |10pt| option.
+\end{classoption}
+
+\begin{classoption}{11pt}
+  The default font size. You need not specify this option.
+\end{classoption}
+
+\begin{classoption}{12pt}
+  Makes all fonts a little bigger, which makes the text more
+  readable. The downside is that less fits onto each frame.
+\end{classoption}
+
+\begin{classoption}{bigger}
+  Same as the |12pt| option.
+\end{classoption}
+
+\begin{classoption}{14pt}
+  Makes all fonts somewhat bigger. Requires |extsize| to be installed.
+\end{classoption}
+
+\begin{classoption}{17pt}
+  This is about the default size of PowerPoint. Requires |extsize| to
+  be installed. 
+\end{classoption}
+
+\begin{classoption}{20pt}
+  This is really huge. Requires |extsize| to be installed.
+\end{classoption}
+
+
+
+\subsubsection{Choosing a Font Family}
+
+\label{section-substition}
+
+By default, \beamer\ uses the Computer Modern fonts. To change this,
+you can use one of the prepared packages of \LaTeX's font
+mechanism. For example, to change to Times/Helvetica, simply add 
+\begin{verbatim}
+\usepackage{mathptmx}
+\usepackage{helvet}
+\end{verbatim}
+in your preamble. Note that if you do not use the |serif| font theme,
+Helvetica (not Times) will be selected as the text font.
+
+There may be many other fonts available on your
+installation. Typically, at least some of the following packages
+should be available: |avant|, |bookman|, |chancery|, |charter|,
+|euler|, |helvet|, |mathtime|, |mathptm|, |mathptmx|, |newcent|,
+|palatino|, |pifont|, |utopia|.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Choosing a Font Encodings}
+\label{section-font-encoding}
+
+The same font can come in different encodings, which are (very roughly
+spoken) the ways the characters of a text are mapped to glyphs (the
+actual shape of a particular character in a particular font at a
+particular size). In \TeX\ two encodings are often used with Latin
+characters: the T1~encoding and the OT1~encoding (old T1~encoding).
+
+Conceptually, the newer T1~encoding is preferable over the old
+OT1~encoding. For example, hyphenation of words containing umlauts
+(like the famous German word Fr\"aulein) will work only if you use the
+T1~encoding. Unfortunately, the EC fonts, that is, the T1-encoded
+Computer Modern fonts, are distributed on small installations just as
+MetaFont sources and only have bitmap renditions of each glyph. For
+this reason, using the T1-encoded EC fonts on such small installations
+will produce \pdf\ files that render poorly.
+
+MiK\TeX\ (for Windows platforms) and \texttt{teTeX} for
+\textsc{unix}\slash Linux can be installed with different levels of 
+completeness. Concerning the Computer Modern fonts, the following
+packages can be installed: |cm-super| fonts, |lmodern| (Latin Modern)
+fonts, and |lgc| fonts, the latter containing the Latin, Greek, and
+Cyrillic alphabets. Concerning other fonts,  the |txfonts| and
+|pxfonts| are two extended sets of the Times and the Palatino
+PostScript fonts, both packages containing extended sets of
+mathematical glyphs. Most other standard PostScript fonts are also
+available in T1~encoding.
+
+Among the packages that make available the Computer Modern fonts in the
+T1~encoding, the package |lmodern| may be suggested. If you use
+|lmodern|, several extra fonts become available (like a sans-serif
+boldface math) and extra symbols (like proper guillemots).
+
+To select the T1 encoding, use \verb|\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}|. Thus, if you
+have the LM~fonts installed, you could write
+\begin{verbatim}
+\usepackage{lmodern}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\end{verbatim}
+to get beautiful outline fonts and correct hyphenation. Note, however, that
+certain older versions of the LM~bundle did not include correct glyphs
+for ligatures like ``fi,'' which may cause trouble. Double check
+that all ligatures are displayed correctly and, if not, update.
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Changing the Fonts Used for Different Elements of a Presentation}
+
+This section explains how \beamer's font management works.
+
+\subsubsection{Overview of Beamer's Font Management}
+
+\beamer's font mechanism is somewhat similar to \beamer's color
+mechanism, but not quite the same. As for colors, every \beamer\
+element, like the frame titles, the document title, the footnotes, and
+so on has a certain \beamer-font. As for colors, on the one hand you
+can specify the font of each element individually; on the other hand
+fonts also use inheritance, thereby making it easy to globally change
+the fonts used for, say, ``titlelike things'' or for ``itemizelike
+things.''
+
+While a \beamer-color has a certain foreground and a certain
+background, either of which may be empty, a \beamer-font has a size, a
+shape, a series, and a family, each of which may be empty. The
+inheritance relation among \beamer-fonts is not necessarily the same
+as between \beamer-colors, though I have tried to match them whenever
+possible. 
+
+Multiple inheritance plays a more important rule for
+fonts than it does for colors. A font might inherit the attributes of
+two different fonts. If one of them specifies that the font should be,
+say, boldface and the other specifies that the font should be, say,
+large, then the child font will be both large and bold. 
+
+As for fonts, the description of the font used for an element is given
+after the description of the element. 
+
+
+\subsubsection{Using Beamer's Fonts}
+
+To use a \beamer-font, you can use the command
+|\usebeamerfont|. Inside the templates for elements, this command will
+(typically) have already been called for you, so you will only
+seldomly have to use this command. 
+
+\begin{command}{\usebeamerfont\opt{|*|}\marg{beamer-font name}}
+  This command changes the current font to the font specified by the
+  \meta{beamer-font name}. The \meta{beamer-font name} can be a
+  not-too-fancyful text and may contain spaces. Typical examples are
+  |frametitle| or |section in toc| or |My Font 1|. \beamer-fonts can
+  have (and should) have the same name as \beamer-templates and
+  \beamer-colors.
+
+  \example |\usebeamerfont{frametitle}|
+
+  In the unstarred version of this command, the font is changed
+  according to the attributes specified in the \meta{beamer-font
+  name}, but unspecified attributes remain unchanged. For example, if
+  the font specifies that the font should be ``bold,'' but specifies
+  nothing else, and if the current font is large, then
+  |\usebeamerfont| causes the the current font to become large and
+  bold.
+
+  In the starred version of this command, the font is first reset
+  before the font's attributes are applied. Thus, in the above example
+  of a \beamer-font having only the attribute ``boldface'' set, saying
+  |\usebeamerfont*| will \emph{always} cause the current font to
+  become a normal-size, normal-shape, bold, default-family font.
+\end{command}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Setting Beamer's Fonts}
+
+As for \beamer-colors, there exists a central command for setting and
+changing \beamer-fonts.
+
+\begin{command}{\setbeamerfont\opt{|*|}\marg{beamer-font
+      name}\marg{attributes}}
+  This command sets or resets certain attributes of the \beamer-font
+  \meta{beamer-font name}. In the unstarred version, this command just
+  adds those attributes that have not been mentioned in a previous
+  call and overwrites those that have been mentioned. Thus, the
+  following two command blocks have the same effect:
+
+  \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamerfont{frametitle}{size=\large}
+\setbeamerfont{frametitle}{series=\bfseries}
+
+\setbeamerfont{frametitle}{size=\large,series=\bfseries}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+  In the starred version, the font attributes are first completely
+  reset, that is, set to be empty.
+
+  The following \meta{attributes} may be given:
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item \declare{|size=|\meta{size command}} sets the size
+    attribute of the \beamer font. The \meta{size command} should be a
+    normal \LaTeX-command used for setting the font size or it should
+    be empty. Useful commands include |\tiny|, |\scriptsize|,
+    |\footnotesize|, |\small|, |\normalsize|, |\large|, |\Large|,
+    |\huge|, and |\Huge|. \beamer\ also introduces the two font sizes
+    |\Tiny| and |\TINY| for \emph{really} small text. But you should
+    know \emph{exactly} what you are doing if you use them. You have
+    been warned.
+
+    Note that there is a different between
+    specifying and empty command and specifying |\normalsize|: Making
+    the size attribute ``empty'' means that the font size should not
+    be changed when this font is used, while specifying |\normalsize|
+    means that the size should be set to the normal size whenever this
+    font is used.
+  \item \declare{|size*=|\marg{size in pt}\marg{baselineskip}} sets
+    the size attribute of   the font to the given \meta{size in pt}
+    and the baseline skip to the given value. Note that, depending on
+    what  kind of font you use, not  all font sizes may be
+    available. Also,  certain font sizes are much less desirable than
+    other ones; the standard commands take care of choosing
+    appropriate sizes for you. Do not use this options unless you have
+    a good reason. This command has the same effect as
+    |size={\fontsize|\marg{size in pt}\marg{baselineskip}|}|.  
+  \item \declare{|shape=|\meta{shape command}} sets the shape
+    attribute of the font. The command should be command like
+    |\itshape|, |\slshape|, |\scshape|, or |\upshape|.
+  \item \declare{|shape*=|\marg{shape attribute abbreviation}} sets
+    the shape attribute of the font using the \LaTeX's abbreviations
+    for attributes. This command has the same effect as
+    |shape={\fontshape|\marg{shape attributes abbreviation}|}|.  
+  \item \declare{|series=|\meta{series command}} sets the ``series''
+    attribute of the font. The command should be command like
+    |\bfseries|.
+  \item \declare{|series*=|\marg{series attribute abbreviation}} has
+    the same effect as |series={\fontseries|\marg{series attributes
+        abbreviation}|}|.
+  \item \declare{|family=|\meta{family command}} sets the font family
+    attribute. The command should be a \LaTeX-font command like
+    |\rmfamily| or |\sffamily|. 
+  \item \declare{|family*=|\marg{family name}} sets the font family
+    attribute to the given \meta{family name}. The command has the
+    same effect as |family={\fontfamily|\marg{family name}|}|. The
+    \meta{family name} is, normally, a somewhat cryptic abbreviation
+    of a font family name that installed somewhere on the system. For
+    example, the \meta{family name} for Times happens to be
+    |ptm|. No one can remember these names, so its perfectly normal if
+    you have to look them up laboriously.
+  \item \declare{|parent=|\marg{parent list}} specifies a list of
+    parent fonts. When the \beamer-font is used, the parents are used
+    first. Thus, any font attributes set by one of the parents is
+    inherited by the \beamer-font, except if this attribute is
+    overwritten by the font.
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamerfont{parent A}{size=\large}
+\setbeamerfont{parent B}{series=\bfseries}
+\setbeamerfont{child}{parent={parent A, parent B},size=\small}
+
+\normalfont
+This text is in a normal font.
+\usebeamerfont{parent A}
+This text is large.
+\usebeamerfont{parent B}
+This text is large and bold.
+\usebeamerfont{parent B}
+This text is still large and bold.
+\usebeamerfont*{parent B}
+This text is only bold, but not large.
+\usebeamerfont{child}
+This text is small and bold.
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{command}
+
+
+
+
+%%% Local Variables: 
+%%% mode: latex
+%%% TeX-master: "beameruserguide"
+%%% End: