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author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2017-09-29 20:41:29 +0000 |
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committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2017-09-29 20:41:29 +0000 |
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tree | de346fe321b0341ee63833f2d0dd497eb74bf38d /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/amscls-doc/Graphics_Guidelines.tex | |
parent | 41986a88f25d34ee2c8df6040bbbf4fa51b92d12 (diff) |
amscls-doc (28sep17)
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/amscls-doc/Graphics_Guidelines.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/amscls-doc/Graphics_Guidelines.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..d50988160ff --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/amscls-doc/Graphics_Guidelines.tex @@ -0,0 +1,349 @@ +%% +%% This is file `Graphics_Guidelines.tex' +%% +%% Copyright 2017 American Mathematical Society. +%% +%% This file is part of the collection comprising the AMS Author Handbooks. +%% For details and license information, see the file README-AH.txt. +%% +%% The Current Maintainer of this work is the American Mathematical +%% Society. +%% +%% ======================================================================== +%% + +\chapter{Graphics}\label{ch:graphics} + +\section{Getting started} + +\noindent \textbf{Please take a moment to review the material in this + chapter.} Problems with graphics in production can lead to significant + delays in processing and publishing your work. Graphics are critically + important in conveying large amounts of complex information and by + observing a few relatively simple guidelines, you can assist in the + efficiency of the publishing process. + +\begin{itemize} +\item Use a standard \TeX\ graphics inclusion macro package. + The recommended graphics inclusion package for \latexe/ is \pkg{graphicx}. + Be sure that commands used to include graphics in \TeX\ are compatible + with Radical Eye Software's dvips. +\item Do not place graphics for use in \TeX\ files in subdirectories. +\item Number figures consistently throughout the paper. +\item Use an in-text reference. +\item Set figure captions in \TeX. +\item Set figure captions below the figure. +\item Make sure figures are sized correctly and do not extend into the + margins of the page. +\item Make sure that labels overlaid on a figure using a separate + package do not extend beyond the space allotted to the figure. +\end{itemize} + +\secwnote[ss:electronicgraphics]{File format}% +{The preferred file format for graphics is EPS (Encapsulated PostScript).\\ +Other formats will be converted to EPS at the AMS.} + +\begin{itemize} +\item Characteristics of EPS files can be checked by an automated + procedure. Individual features, e.g., the thickness of a rule, cannot + be evaluated independently in a PDF graphic. +\end{itemize} + +\secwnote[sec:resreq]{Resolution requirements for bitmap graphics}% +{Line art: 600 pixels per inch (PPI) at 100\%.\\ +Halftone: 300 PPI at 100\%.\\ +Combination halftone: 600 PPI at 100\%.} + +\secwnote[sec:grsize]{Size of graphics}% +{Create graphics at 100\% of the size at which they will be printed.} + +\begin{itemize} +\item If the figure is too large, resize the figure in a graphics program, + not in \TeX. +\item This applies also to photographs (see section~\ref{sec:photo}). +\end{itemize} + +\secwnote[sec:namef]{Naming files}% +{File names should be no longer than 20 alphanumeric characters. Do + not use accented alphabetic characters. Avoid overly generic file + names such as \fn{fig01.eps}.} + +\secwnote[sec:placing]{Placing graphics in your document}% +{Use a standard \TeX\ graphics inclusion macro package. +We recommend \pkg{graphicx}.} + +\secwnote[sec:rules]{Lines and rules}% +{Do not use a line/rule weight less than half a point (.5 point) at 100\%.} + +\begin{itemize} +\item % Do not use a line/rule weight less than half a point (.5 point) at 100\%. + If you must scale your figure, be sure that you compensate by making line + weights thicker. A .5 point line scaled at 50\% becomes a .25 point line. + Lines with weights less than half a point \emph{may} disappear during the + printing process. +\item Increase graded lines in half-point increments + (i.e., .5 point, 1 point, 1.5 points). Otherwise, the lines will not + appear as distinctly different lines. +\item Give lines that are a shade of gray (screened) or colored a line + weight of at least 1 point at 100\%. Gray and colored lines with weights + less than 1 point look broken and jagged because of the small dot pattern + used to simulate a shade of gray or color tone. +%\item For best results with graphics intended for online display, do not use a line/rule thinner than 1 point (1 pixel at 72 PPI) at 100\%. +%Although a .5 point line is acceptable for print, screen resolution is 72 PPI and a .5 point line will disappear online. +\end{itemize} + +\secwnote[sec:gray]{Shades of gray (screens)}% + {Screens (a pattern of small black and white dots used to simulate shades + of gray) should not be lower than 10\% or higher than 85\%.} + +\begin{itemize} +\item Screens outside the range 10\% to 85\% are either too light or too + dark to print correctly. +\item Screen density should increase in increments of no less than 10\%. + Screen variations of less than 10\% are not distinguishable. +\item Do not put (black or colored) type on a screen darker than 35\%. + Type on a screen that is above 35\% is not legible. +\item White type can be used only on 100\% black. + White type on a gray background looks broken and jagged because a small + dot pattern is used to simulate shades of gray. +\end{itemize} + +\secwnote[sec:fontu]{Font usage}% +{Fonts should be fully embedded in your graphics.} + +\begin{itemize} +\item Whenever possible, fonts used in graphics should match those used in text. +\item Fonts should be fully embedded in your graphics. + If the fonts are not embedded in a graphic, it is possible that the font + will be replaced with a default font such as Courier and the characters + will not print properly. If you are unable to embed the fonts in your + graphic, convert the fonts to paths (or outlines) prior to exporting the + file to EPS\@. The fonts can be converted in the program you used to create + the graphics. (For assistance, consult your graphics program's + documentation.) +\item Use Type 1 outline fonts instead of bitmap fonts. + Type 1 outline fonts are vector based. These fonts do not lose quality + when they are output to high-resolution printers. +\item Do not subset fonts included in your graphics. + It is imperative that the full font set be included in every graphic. If + only a subset of a font is included, a font error can occur, which may + cause characters to disappear in both the graphic and the DVI file. +\item Avoid using fonts with city names such as Chicago, Monaco, Geneva, etc. +\end{itemize} + +\needspace{4.5\baselineskip} + +\secwnote[sec:multip]{Multiple-part figures}% + {Multiple-part figures should be configured as one figure in a graphics + program, not in \TeX.} + +\begin{itemize} +\item Aligning multiple-part figures is very difficult in \TeX. It is + easier and more cost-effective to do so in a graphics program. +\end{itemize} + +\secwnote[sec:crop]{Cropping and bounding boxes}% +{Do not crop by pasting areas of white over portions of the graphic.} + +\begin{itemize} +\item When using a smaller area of a larger graphic, clip or crop within + the graphics application to delete all but the desired portion. +\item Do not crop by pasting areas of white over portions of the graphic. + Doing this will make the bounding box larger than it should be and will + cause problems when the graphic is included in \TeX. +\item If possible, verify that bounding box information is correct. + If the bounding box is not correct, graphics might be clipped off in + unexpected ways. +\end{itemize} + +\ifmonograph + \section{Color graphics}\label{sec:color} +\else + \secwnote[sec:color]{Color graphics}% + {Graphics submitted in color will appear in color in the online version of + \ifmemoirs \Memos. + \else dual products. + \fi + The print version will normally appear in black and white, except in + special circumstances, when the + \ifjournal Managing \fi + Editor and Publisher mutually agree that color graphics are + warranted. The AMS offers color to authors who are willing to pay for + four-color graphics that aren't deemed essential to the mathematics + by the Editor and Publisher.} +\fi + +\subsection{Color spaces and gamuts} + +\noindent There are two main color spaces in use: RGB (Red-Green-Blue) +and CMYK (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black). The former is used for +light-emitting displays (computer monitors, for instance) while the +latter is used for printing. + +\marginpar{\noindent\lower1.25in\hbox{\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{rgb-cmyk}}} + +One of the characteristics of a color space, such as RGB or CMYK, is +its \emph{gamut}, the range of colors that it can reproduce. The RGB +color space has a much larger color gamut than the CMYK color space, +as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:gamuts} (page~\pageref{fig:gamuts}, left). +Colors in the RGB color space that lie outside the gamut of the CMYK +color space must be approximated by the CMYK color space, with varying +degrees of success: Figure~\ref{fig:gamuts} (page~\pageref{fig:gamuts}, +right) compares the color output from various color technologies. CMYK +colors can generally appear more muted when compared to their RGB +counterparts. All RGB color graphics have to be converted to CMYK for +printing. All color graphics, both RGB and CMYK, are subjected to analysis +here at the AMS and optimized for printed publication. + +\textbf{\emph{Above all, bear in mind that color graphics viewed on a + monitor or printed on a personal printer will not necessarily be an + accurate rendering of how colors will look when printed on a press.}} + Our Graphic Arts group has years of experience in bringing out the best + from a wide variety of graphics, particularly color graphics. + +\begin{figure} +\noindent\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{gamuts}\qquad\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{spectrum} +\caption{\emph{Left:} A comparison of the colors available in various color + spaces. \emph{Right:} A comparison of the colors available with various + display technologies.}\label{fig:gamuts} +\end{figure} +%% websupport1.citytech.cuny.edu/faculty/phenry/gamuts.html. Currently 'Not found'. + +%Dual product (print and electronic) or print-only journals: CMYK format. +%Electronic-only journals: RGB format. +%Books: CMYK format. + +\subsection{Requirements for graphics to be published in color} + +\textbf{Graphics intended to be printed in color should be submitted in + CMYK format. If you submit RGB files they will be converted to CMYK\@.} + The AMS cannot guarantee that color reproduction in the print product will + match the RGB file. + +\ifjournal + For electronic-only journals \emph{only}, RGB files are preferred. +\fi + +\subsection{Color graphics to be printed in black and white or + grayscale\texorpdfstring{\nopunct\ \ignorespaces}{}} +% Color graphics to be printed in black and white or grayscale + \textbf{should be converted to black and white or grayscale before + being submitted to the AMS\@.} + When color graphics are printed in black and white or grayscale, sometimes + lighter colors, such as yellow, disappear, or darker colors, such as red + and blue, appear to be the same tone. It is preferable that you convert + your color graphics to grayscale and check to be sure that all the + elements in your graphics print as desired---see +% Figure~\ref{fig2gray}, page~\pageref{fig2gray}. Check your + Figure~\ref{fig2gray}, \vpageref[above]{fig2gray}. Check your color + figures on a black and white printer to ensure that the black and white + printout of your figure is legible. + +\begin{figure}[t] +\includegraphics{Color2Gray} +\caption{Colors don't always have the intended effect when converted to grayscale.} +\label{fig2gray} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Shades of colors} Inherently light colors should be handled + carefully when using shades of them. Whereas 50\% red turns out to be a + usable pink, a 50\% yellow or cyan may be almost invisible. + +\subsection{Colored lines\texorpdfstring{\nopunct}{}} should be no less + than .5 point in width. Colored lines in inherently light colors + (e.g. yellow and cyan) should always be at or near 100\% in tint. + +\needspace{4.5\baselineskip} + +\secwnote[sec:tsize]{Using type in graphics}% + {Type within graphics requires special attention to reproduce legibly.} + +\begin{itemize} +\item Basic type size should be no less than 10 point at 100\%. + Although 10-point type is acceptable for print, for graphics intended + to be viewed online, screen resolution is 72 PPI and 10-point type + will be difficult to read. +\item Do not put type on a dark background. + Dark type on dark colors is not legible. +\item Check your color figures on a black and white printer to ensure that + the black and white printout of your figure is legible. +\end{itemize} + +\secwnote[sec:tables]{Tables}% +{Tables can be thought of as a special kind of graphic. They often require + a great deal of attention to make them effective.} + +\begin{itemize} + +\item Make sure that the width of the table does not exceed the width of + the text block. + +\item Very wide tables can be rotated using the \pkg{rotating} package + together with the \env{sidewaystable} environment. Remember that tables + (and figures) should be rotated such that the left-hand side of the table + (or figure), after rotation, is at the bottom of the page. + +\item Set table captions above the table. + +\item For more help on the formatting of tables, see \cite[chapter 5]{MG} + and \cite{voss-tbl}. +\end{itemize} + +\secwnote[sec:photo]{Photographs}% +{Photographs must be at a minimum resolution of 300 dpi at the actual size + that the photograph will be printed in the published product.} + +\begin{itemize} +\item Photographs should be at least 300 dpi in resolution at the actual + size that the photograph will be printed in the published product. Do + not scale photographs in \TeX. +\item File format can be EPS, TIFF, or JPEG. +\item Color photographs must be saved in CMYK format. (See Color graphics, + section~\ref{sec:color}.) +\end{itemize} + +\section{\TeX\ graphics} + +There are several ways of providing graphics by the use of \TeX\ coding, +the principal choices being + +\begin{description} +\item[tikz]Based on the PGF (portable graphics format), this is a very + flexible environment for creating graphics within a \TeX\ document. Note + that it functions equally well in dvips-based \latex/ and \pdfLaTeX/ as + well as the newer varieties of \TeX\ such as \XeLaTeX/ and \LuaLaTeX/. + The native documentation \cite{tkz} is excellent, though massive. There + are two very good primers by Mertz and Slough: \cite{MeSlp} and + \cite{MeSlt}. A large set of examples, often generously documented, can be + found at \cite{tkz-ex}. +\item[pstricks]Also a very flexible and useful environment for drawing in + \TeX. It is most easily used with dvips-based \TeX, though, with some + care, it can be used with \pdfLaTeX/. There is an excellent reference + book by Herbert Voss, \emph{PSTricks: Graphics and PostScript for \TeX\ + and \latex/} \cite{voss-pst}. The use of pstricks is also covered in some + detail in \cite[chapters five and six]{GM}. +\item[xy and xypic]Though generally associated with commutative diagrams, + these packages can also serve as a general drawing environment for \TeX. +\end{description} +\noindent A great deal of general information about other \latex/ graphics +packages can be found in \cite{GM}. + +\section{Using a package to apply labels to graphics} + +Several packages exist whose purpose is to place labels on graphics. +Use of such a package does ensure consistent fonts. However, labels +added by such a package do not modify the dimensions of a graphic, +whether it is an EPS file or a drawing prepared by other means. + +If labels are applied outside the edges of the graphic, they can +extend into the margin on the sides, or above or below the graphic +into space intended to separate the page content from the running head, +or the graphic from a caption. In extreme cases, they can overprint +surrounding material, with no warning being issued. Authors using +such packages should be alert to this possibility, and carefully check +the graphics where such labeling has been used. + +If it is not possible to position labels within the boundaries of a +graphic, extra space should be added with \cn{vspace} to compensate. + +\endinput |