diff options
| author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2018-03-22 21:44:23 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2018-03-22 21:44:23 +0000 |
| commit | 8624488b93f876d19c3d548c32b4ab773ca07897 (patch) | |
| tree | ce85999b0f7df0e04b68ed29718463a06342a059 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/info | |
| parent | a6cadcb1637d3e9ca4e3bbffc386d6921c18200b (diff) | |
latex2e-help-texinfo (22mar18)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@47078 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/info')
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info | 3174 |
1 files changed, 2460 insertions, 714 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info index 6d1da525ab3..c41980e2072 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from +This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from latex2e.texi. This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document -preparation system, version of August 2017. +preparation system, version of March 2018. This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D. @@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as 'TeXniques' number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied). Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, -2017 Karl Berry. +2017, 2018 Karl Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Top, Next: About this document, Up: (dir) LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual *************************************** -This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of August 2017) +This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of March 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. * Menu: @@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. * Page styles:: Various styles of page layout. * Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space. * Boxes:: Making boxes. +* Color:: Defining and using colors. +* Graphics:: Importing graphics from outside LaTeX. * Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters. * Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting. * Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. @@ -582,8 +584,10 @@ paper size (these show height by width): TeX engines::), options other than 'letterpaper' set the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way to do that is to put '\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth' and '\pdfpageheight=\paperheight' in your -document's preamble. The 'geometry' package provides flexible ways of -setting the print area and physical page size. +document's preamble. + + The 'geometry' package provides flexible ways of setting the print +area and physical page size. Miscellaneous other options: @@ -1223,7 +1227,7 @@ switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. Finally, the command '\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}' will typeset so-called "old-style" numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard "lining" numerals, which all have -the same height as upper-case letters. LaTeX's default fonts support +the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX's default fonts support this, and will respect '\textbf' (but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the 'textcomp' package must be @@ -1277,7 +1281,8 @@ ones. 'T1', also known as the Cork encoding, which has support for the accented characters used by the most widespread European languages (German, French, Italian, Polish and others), which allows TeX to - hyphenate words containing accented letters. + hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see + <https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide>. '\fontfamily{FAMILY}' Select the font family. The web page @@ -1285,60 +1290,62 @@ ones. through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are examples of some common families: - 'pag' Avant Garde - 'fvs' Bitstream Vera Sans - 'pbk' Bookman - 'bch' Charter - 'ccr' Computer Concrete - 'cmr' Computer Modern - 'pcr' Courier - 'phv' Helvetica - 'fi4' Inconsolata - 'lmr' Latin Modern - 'lmss' Latin Modern Sans - 'lmtt' Latin Modern Typewriter - 'pnc' New Century Schoolbook - 'ppl' Palatino - 'ptm' Times - 'uncl' Uncial - 'put' Utopia - 'pzc' Zapf Chancery + 'pag' Avant Garde + 'fvs' Bitstream Vera Sans + 'pbk' Bookman + 'bch' Charter + 'ccr' Computer Concrete + 'cmr' Computer Modern + 'cmss' Computer Modern Sans Serif + 'cmtt' Computer Modern Typewriter + 'pcr' Courier + 'phv' Helvetica + 'fi4' Inconsolata + 'lmr' Latin Modern + 'lmss' Latin Modern Sans + 'lmtt' Latin Modern Typewriter + 'pnc' New Century Schoolbook + 'ppl' Palatino + 'ptm' Times + 'uncl' Uncial + 'put' Utopia + 'pzc' Zapf Chancery '\fontseries{SERIES}' Select the font series. A "series" combines a "weight" and a "width". Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible combinations. Some common combined series values include: - 'm' Medium (normal) - 'b' Bold - 'c' Condensed - 'bc' Bold condensed - 'bx' Bold extended + 'm' Medium (normal) + 'b' Bold + 'c' Condensed + 'bc' Bold condensed + 'bx' Bold extended The possible values for weight, individually, are: - 'ul' Ultra light - 'el' Extra light - 'l' Light - 'sl' Semi light - 'm' Medium (normal) - 'sb' Semi bold - 'b' Bold - 'eb' Extra bold - 'ub' Ultra bold - - The possible values for width, individually, are (the percentages - are just guides and are not followed precisely by all fonts): - - 'uc' Ultra condensed, 50% - 'ec' Extra condensed, 62.5% - 'c' Condensed, 75% - 'sc' Semi condensed, 87.5% - 'm' Medium, 100% - 'sx' Semi expanded, 112.5% - 'x' Expanded, 125% - 'ex' Extra expanded, 150% - 'ux' Ultra expanded, 200% + 'ul' Ultra light + 'el' Extra light + 'l' Light + 'sl' Semi light + 'm' Medium (normal) + 'sb' Semi bold + 'b' Bold + 'eb' Extra bold + 'ub' Ultra bold + + The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and + relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces): + + 'uc' Ultra condensed + 'ec' Extra condensed + 'c' Condensed + 'sc' Semi condensed + 'm' Medium + 'sx' Semi expanded + 'x' Expanded + 'ex' Extra expanded + 'ux' Ultra expanded When forming the SERIES string from the weight and width, drop the 'm' that stands for medium weight or medium width, unless both @@ -1347,12 +1354,12 @@ ones. '\fontshape{SHAPE}' Select font shape. Valid shapes are: - 'n' Upright (normal) - 'it' Italic - 'sl' Slanted (oblique) - 'sc' Small caps - 'ui' Upright italics - 'ol' Outline + 'n' Upright (normal) + 'it' Italic + 'sl' Slanted (oblique) + 'sc' Small caps + 'ui' Upright italics + 'ol' Outline The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and small caps are often missing as well. @@ -1371,7 +1378,8 @@ ones. LaTeX multiplies the line spacing by the value of the '\baselinestretch' parameter; the default factor is 1. A change takes effect when '\selectfont' (see below) is called. You can - make line skip changes happen for the entire document by doing + make a line skip change happen for the entire document, for + instance doubling it, by doing '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}' in the preamble. However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the @@ -1922,7 +1930,8 @@ setting \setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL} suppresses heading numbers at any depth > LEVEL, where 'chapter' is -level zero. (*Note \setcounter::.) +level zero. The default 'secnumdepth' is 3 in LaTeX's 'article' class +and 2 in the 'book' and 'report' classes. (*Note \setcounter::.) * Menu: @@ -1938,8 +1947,8 @@ Synopsis: \@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE} - Redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning divisions -such as '\section' or '\subsection'. + Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning +divisions such as '\section' or '\subsection'. Note that the 'titlesec' package makes manipulation of sectioning easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be @@ -1948,25 +1957,25 @@ standard LaTeX 'book' and 'report' classes the commands '\chapter' and '\report' are not constructed in this way. To make such a command you may want to use the '\secdef' command. - Technically, this command has the form: - \@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE} - *[TOCTITLE]{TITLE} -so that issuing: - \renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}% - {BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE}} -redefine '\section' while keeping its standard calling form -'\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}'. *Note Sectioning:: and the examples -below. + Technically, '\@startsection' has the form + \@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE}*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE} +(the star '*' is optional), so that issuing + \renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE}} +redefines '\section' to have the form '\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}' (here +too, the star '*' is optional). *Note Sectioning::. This implies that +when you write a command like '\renewcommand{section}{...}', the +'\@startsection{...}' must come last in the definition. See the +examples below. NAME - Name of the counter (which must be defined separately) used to - number for the sectioning header. Most commonly either 'section', - 'subsection', or 'paragraph'. Although in those three cases the - name of the counter is also the name of the sectioning command + Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This + counter must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either + 'section', 'subsection', or 'paragraph'. Although in those three + cases the counter name is the same as the sectioning command itself, using the same name is not required. Then '\the'NAME displays the title number and '\'NAME'mark' is for - the page headers. + the page headers. See the third example below. LEVEL An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command: 0 for @@ -1979,21 +1988,21 @@ LEVEL If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of 'secnumdepth' then the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered. For instance, in an 'article', if 'secnumdepth' is 1 then a - '\section{Introduction}' command will produce output like '1 - Introduction' while '\subsection{History}' will produce output like - 'History', without the number prefix. *Note + '\section{Introduction}' command will produce output like "1 + Introduction" while '\subsection{Discussion}' will produce output + like "Discussion", without the number prefix. *Note Sectioning/secnumdepth::. If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of TOCDEPTH then the - table of contents will have an entrie for this sectioning unit. - For instance, in an 'article', if TOCDEPTH is 1 then the table of + table of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit. For + instance, in an 'article', if TOCDEPTH is 1 then the table of contents will list sections but not subsections. INDENT A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect to the left margin. To have the title flush with the - margin use '0pt'. A negative indentation such as '-1em' will move - the title into the left margin. + margin use '0pt'. A negative indentation such as '-\parindent' + will move the title into the left margin. BEFORESKIP The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space @@ -2010,7 +2019,7 @@ BEFORESKIP the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph in the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with 'plus' and 'minus', is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more - flexibility in making up the page. + flexibility in making up the page (*note Lengths::). The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the line prior to this sectioning unit's header and the baseline of @@ -2032,9 +2041,9 @@ AFTERSKIP (Note that the negative of '1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt' is '-1pt plus -2pt minus -3pt'.) - As with BEFORESKIP, using a rubber length with 'plus' and 'minus' - components is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more - flexibility in putting the page together. + As with BEFORESKIP, using a rubber length, with 'plus' and 'minus' + components, is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more + flexibility in putting together the page. If 'afterskip' is non-negative then the full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit's header @@ -2056,13 +2065,31 @@ STYLE '\bfseries\MakeUppercase' would produce titles that are bold and upper case. - Here are examples. To use them, either put them in a package or -class file, or put them in the preamble of a LaTeX document between a -'\makeatletter' command and a '\makeatother'. (Probably the error -message 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode.' means that you -forgot this.) *Note \makeatletter and \makeatother::. - - This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. + These are LaTeX's defaults for the first three sectioning units that +are defined with '\@startsection', for the 'article', 'book', and +'report' classes. + + 'section' 'subsection' 'subsubsection' +----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +*note NAME: \@startsection/name.sectionsubsection subsubsection +*note LEVEL: \@startsection/level.12 3 +*note INDENT: \@startsection/indent.'0pt''0pt' '0pt' +*note BEFORESKIP: \@startsection/beforeskip.'-3.5ex plus -1ex'-3.25ex plus -1ex'-3.25ex plus -1ex + minus -0.2ex' minus -0.2ex' minus -0.2ex' +*note AFTERSKIP: \@startsection/afterskip.'2.3ex plus 0.2ex''1.5ex plus 0.2ex''1.5ex plus 0.2ex' +*note STYLE: \@startsection/style.'\normalfont\Large\bfseries''\normalfont\large\bfseries''\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries' + + Here are examples. They go either in a package or class file or in +the preamble of a LaTeX document. If you put them in the preamble they +must go between a '\makeatletter' command and a '\makeatother'. +(Probably the error message 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical +mode.' means that you forgot this.) *Note \makeatletter and +\makeatother::. + + This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered. It +says '\renewcommand' because LaTeX's standard classes have already +defined a '\section'. For the same reason it does not define a +'section' counter, or the commands '\thesection' and '\l@section'. \renewcommand\section{% \@startsection{section}% *note NAME: \@startsection/name. @@ -2505,19 +2532,30 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: description, Next: displaymath, Prev: center, Up: Synopsis: \begin{description} - \item [FIRST LABEL] text of first item - \item [SECOND LABEL] text of second item + \item[LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{description} - Environment to make a labelled list of items. Each item's LABEL is -typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item's text may contain multiple -paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no -sensible default, so all items should have labels. + Environment to make a labeled list of items. Each item's LABEL is +typeset in bold, and is flush left so that long labels continue into the +first line of the item text. There must be at least one item; having +none causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing +\item'. + + This example shows the environment used for a sequence of +definitions. The labels 'lama' and 'llama' come out in boldface with +their left edges aligned on the left margin. + + \begin{definition} + \item[lama] A priest. + \item[llama] A beast. + \end{definition} - The list consists of at least one item, created with the '\item' -command (*note \item::). Having no items causes the LaTeX error -'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'). + Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). Use the +optional labels, as in '\item[Main point]', because there is no sensible +default. Following the '\item' is optional text, which may contain +multiple paragraphs. Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font change given in argument style (see *note Font styles::) then it @@ -2525,20 +2563,21 @@ will come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with '\item[\texttt{label text}]' then it will appear in bold typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold typewriter is to use declarative style: '\item[{\tt label text}]'. -Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use '\item[{\rm label -text}]'. +Similarly, get the standard roman font with '\item[{\rm label text}]'. For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see *note itemize:: -and *note enumerate::. For information about customizing list layout, -see *note list::; also, the package 'enumitem' is useful for this. +and *note enumerate::. Unlike those environments, nesting 'description' +environments does not change the default label; it is boldface and flush +left at all levels. - This example shows the environment used for a sequence of -definitions. + For information about list layout parameters, including the default +values, and for information about customizing list layout, see *note +list::. The package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists. - \begin{definition} - \item[lama] A priest. - \item[llama] A beast. - \end{definition} + This example changes the description labels to small caps. + + \renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{% + {\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}} File: latex2e.info, Node: displaymath, Next: document, Prev: description, Up: Environments @@ -2602,6 +2641,9 @@ is required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting and ending::. File: latex2e.info, Node: \AtBeginDocument, Next: \AtEndDocument, Up: document +8.6.1 '\AtBeginDocument' +------------------------ + Synopsis: \AtBeginDocument{CODE} @@ -2618,6 +2660,9 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them. File: latex2e.info, Node: \AtEndDocument, Prev: \AtBeginDocument, Up: document +8.6.2 '\AtEndDocument' +---------------------- + Synopsis: \AtEndDocument{CODE} @@ -2640,33 +2685,38 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: enumerate, Next: eqnarray, Prev: document, Up: Env Synopsis: \begin{enumerate} - \item [FIRST LABEL] text of first item - \item [SECOND LABEL] text of second item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{enumerate} Environment to produce a numbered list of items. The format of the -label numbering depends on whether this environment is nested within -another; see below. - - The list consists of at least one item. Having no items causes the -LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. Each item is -produced with an '\item' command. +label numbering depends on the nesting level of this environment; see +below. The default top-level numbering is '1.', '2.', etc. Each +'enumerate' list environment must have at least one item; having none +causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. - This example lists the top two finishers in the 1908 Olympic -marathon. + This example gives the first two finishers in the 1908 Olympic +marathon. As a top-level list the labels would come out as '1.' and +'2.'. \begin{enumerate} \item Johnny Hayes (USA) \item Charles Hefferon (RSA) \end{enumerate} - Enumerations may be nested within a paragraph-making environment, -including 'itemize' (*note itemize::), 'description' (*note -description::) and 'enumeration', up to four levels deep. The format of -the label produced depends on the place in the nesting. This gives -LaTeX's default for the format at each nesting level (where 1 is the -outermost level): + Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). If you +give '\item' an optional argument by following it with square brackets, +as in '\item[Interstitial label]', then the next item will continue the +interrupted sequence (*note \item::). That is, you will get labels like +'1.', then 'Interstitial label', then '2.'. Following the '\item' is +optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs. + + Enumerations may be nested within other 'enumerate' environments, or +within any paragraph-making environment such as 'itemize' (*note +itemize::), up to four levels deep. This gives LaTeX's default for the +format at each nesting level, where 1 is the top level, the outermost +level. 1. arabic number followed by a period: '1.', '2.', ... 2. lower case letter inside parentheses: '(a)', '(b)' ... @@ -2674,27 +2724,27 @@ outermost level): 4. upper case letter followed by a period: 'A.', 'B.', ... The 'enumerate' environment uses the counters '\enumi' through -'\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::). If you use the optional argument -to '\item' then the counter is not incremented for that item (*note -\item::). +'\enumiv' (*note Counters::). + + For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see *note +description:: and *note itemize::. For information about list layout +parameters, including the default values, and for information about +customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package 'enumitem' is +useful for customizing lists. To change the format of the label use '\renewcommand' (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) on the commands '\labelenumi' through '\labelenumiv'. For instance, this first level list will be labelled -with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period: +with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing period. \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}} \begin{enumerate} - \item eI - \item bi: - \item si: + \item Shows as boldface A + \item Shows as boldface B \end{enumerate} - For a list of counter-labelling commands like '\Alph' see *note \alph -\Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::. - - For more on customizing the layout see *note list::. Also, the -package 'enumitem' is useful for this. + For a list of counter-labeling commands see *note \alph \Alph \arabic +\roman \Roman \fnsymbol::. File: latex2e.info, Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Environments @@ -2770,6 +2820,10 @@ equation number in the right margin. The equation number is generated using the 'equation' counter. + You should have no blank lines between '\begin{equation}' and +'\begin{equation}', or LaTeX will tell you that there is a missing +dollar sign, $'$'. + Note that the 'amsmath' package has extensive displayed equation facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in new documents. @@ -2965,88 +3019,69 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: itemize, Next: letter, Prev: flushright, Up: Envir Synopsis: \begin{itemize} - \item ITEM1 - \item ITEM2 + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{itemize} The 'itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list. -Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. -They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such -as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::). +The format of the label numbering depends on the nesting level of this +environment; see below. Each 'itemize' list environment must have at +least one item; having none causes the LaTeX error 'Something's +wrong--perhaps a missing \item'. - Each item of an 'itemize' list begins with an '\item' command. There -must be at least one '\item' command within the environment. + This example gives a two-item list. As a top-level list each label +would come out as a bullet, *. - By default, the marks at each level look like this: - - 1. * (bullet) - 2. -- (bold en-dash) - 3. * (asterisk) - 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) + \begin{itemize} + \item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra + \item Rice portrait + \end{itemize} - The 'itemize' environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through -'\labelitemiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use -'\renewcommand' to change the labels. For instance, to have the first -level use diamonds: + Start list items with the '\item' command (*note \item::). If you +give '\item' an optional argument by following it with square brackets, +as in '\item[Optional label]', then by default it will appear in bold +and be flush right, so it could extend into the left margin. For labels +that are flush left see the *note description:: environment. Following +the '\item' is optional text, which may contain multiple paragraphs. + + Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels +deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making +environments, such as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::). The 'itemize' +environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through '\labelitemiv' to +produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lower case +roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting +level). These are the default marks at each level. + + 1. * (bullet, from '\textbullet') + 2. -- (bold en-dash, from '\normalfont\bfseries\textendash') + 3. * (asterisk, from '\textasteriskcentered') + 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from + '\textperiodcentered') + + Change the labels with '\renewcommand'. For instance, this makes the +first level use diamonds. \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} - The '\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi' parameters define the -distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the -left margin of the list. By convention, '\leftmargin' is set to the -appropriate '\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered. - - The defaults vary from '.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to '2.5em' -(first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example -greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: - - \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em - - Some parameters that affect list formatting: + The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and +the left margin of the 'itemize' list is determined by the parameters +'\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi'. (Note the convention of using +lower case roman numerals a the end of the command name to denote the +nesting level.) The defaults are: '2.5em' in level 1 ('2em' in +two-column mode), '2.2em' in level 2, '1.87em' in level 3, and '1.7em' +in level 4, with smaller values for more deeply nested levels. -'\itemindent' - Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. - -'\labelsep' - Space between the label and text of an item; default '.5em'. - -'\labelwidth' - Width of the label; default '2em', or '1.5em' in two-column mode. - -'\listparindent' - Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within - a list item; default '0pt'. - -'\rightmargin' - Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the - enclosing environment; default '0pt', except in the 'quote', - 'quotation', and 'verse' environments, where it is set equal to - '\leftmargin'. - - Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather -loose, by default). - -'\itemsep' - Vertical space between items. The default is '2pt plus1pt - minus1pt' for '10pt' documents, '3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '11pt', - and '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '12pt'. + For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see *note +description:: and *note enumerate::. For information about list layout +parameters, including the default values, and for information about +customizing list layout, see *note list::. The package 'enumitem' is +useful for customizing lists. -'\parsep' - Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. - Defaults are the same as '\itemsep'. - -'\topsep' - Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. - For top-level lists, the default is '8pt plus2pt minus4pt' for - '10pt' documents, '9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for '11pt', and '10pt - plus4pt minus6pt' for '12pt'. These are reduced for nested lists. + This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized +lists. -'\partopsep' - Extra space added to '\topsep' when the list environment starts a - paragraph. The default is '2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '10pt' - documents, '3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '11pt', and '3pt plus2pt - minus2pt' for '12pt'. + \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide space between items. Here is an example defining an 'itemize*' @@ -3075,57 +3110,316 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: list, Next: math, Prev: letter, Up: Environments 8.16 'list' =========== -The 'list' environment is a generic environment which is used for -defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in -documents, but often in macros. +Synopsis: \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING} - \item ITEM1 - \item ITEM2 + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF FIRST ITEM] text of first item + \item[OPTIONAL LABEL OF SECOND ITEM] text of second item ... \end{list} - The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be -labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to '\item'). This -argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. -It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. + The 'list' environment is a generic environment for constructing more +specialized lists. It is most often used to create lists via the +'description', 'enumerate', and 'itemize' environments (*note +description::, *note enumerate::, and *note itemize::). + + Also, many standard LaTeX environments that are not visually lists +are constructed using 'list', including 'quotation', 'quote', 'center', +'verbatim', and plenty more (*note quotation and quote::, *note +center::, *note flushright::). + + The third-party package 'enumitem' is useful for customizing lists. +Here, we describe the 'list' environment by defining a new custom +environment. + + \newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items + \newenvironment{named} + {\begin{list} + {Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling argument + {\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % spacing argument + \setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}} % still spacing arg + } + {\end{list}} + + \begin{named} + \item Shows as ``Item~I.'' + \item[Special label.] Shows as ``Special label.'' + \item Shows as ``Item~II.'' + \end{named} + + The 'list' environment's mandatory first argument, LABELING, +specifies the default labeling of list items. It can contain text and +LaTeX commands, as above where it contains both 'Item' and +'\Roman{...}'. LaTeX forms the label by putting the LABELING argument +in a box of width '\labelwidth'. If the label is wider than that, the +additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a +list you can override the default labeling by giving '\item' an optional +argument by including square braces and the text, as in the above +'\item[Special label.]'; *note \item::. + + The label box is constructed by the command '\makelabel'. By default +it positions the contents flush right. It takes one argument, the +label. It typesets the contents in LR mode. An example of changing its +definition is that to the above example before the definition of the +'named' environment add '\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}', +and between the '\setlength' command and the parenthesis that closes the +SPACING argument also add '\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel'. Then the +items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the second +code line to '\let\makelabel\fbox' puts the labels inside a framed box. +Another example is at the bottom of this entry. + + The mandatory second argument SPACING can have a list of commands to +redefine the spacing parameters for the list, such as +'\setlength{\labelwidth}{2em}'. If this argument is empty, i.e., '{}', +then the list will have the default spacing given below. To number the +items using a counter, put '\usecounter{COUNTERNAME}' in this argument +(*note \usecounter::). + + Below are the spacing parameters for list formatting. See also the +figure below. Each is a length (*note Lengths::). The vertical spaces +are normally rubber lengths, with 'plus' and 'minus' components, to give +TeX flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a command such as +'\setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}'. For some effects these +lengths should be zero or negative. Default values for derived +environments such as 'itemize' can be changed from the values shown here +for the basic 'list'. - The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the -spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be -empty, i.e., '{}', which leaves the default spacing. +'\itemindent' + Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond 'leftmargin', of the + first line each item. Its default value is '0pt'. + +'\itemsep' + Vertical space between items, beyond the '\parsep'. The defaults + for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and + 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', + '\parsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'), and '\topsep' (that + is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 11 point are: '4.5pt + plus2pt minus1pt', '\parsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'), and + 'topsep' (that is, '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 12 + point are: '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', '\parsep' (that is, '2.5pt + plus1pt minus1pt'), and '\topsep' (that is, '2.5pt plus1pt + minus1pt'). + +'\labelsep' + Horizontal space between the label and text of an item. The + default for LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes is + '0.5em'. + +'\labelwidth' + Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this + wide. If '\makelabel' returns text that is wider than this then + the first line of the item will be indented to make room for this + extra material. If '\makelabel' returns text of width less than or + equal to '\labelwidth' then LaTeX's default is that the label is + typeset flush right in a box of this width. + + The left edge of the label box is + '\leftmargin'+'\itemindent'-'\labelsep'-'\labelwidth' from the left + margin of the enclosing environment. + + The default for LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes at + the top level is '\leftmargini'-'\labelsep', (which is '2em' in one + column mode and '1.5em' in two column mode). At the second level + it is '\leftmarginii'-'\labelsep', and at the third level it is + '\leftmarginiii'-'\labelsep'. These definitions make the label's + left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing + environment. - The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by -'\linewidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). +'\leftmargin' + Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing + environment (or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level + list), and the left margin of this list. It must be non-negative. + + In the standard LaTeX document classes, a top-level list has this + set to the value of '\leftmargini', while a list that is nested + inside a top-level list has this margin set to '\leftmarginii'. + More deeply nested lists get the values of '\leftmarginiii' through + '\leftmarginvi'. (Nesting greater than level five generates the + error message 'Too deeply nested'.) + + The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', + 'book', and 'report' classes are: '\leftmargini' is '2.5em' (in two + column mode, '2em'), '\leftmarginii' is '2.2em', and + '\leftmarginiii' is '1.87em'. + +'\listparindent' + Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond + '\leftmargin', for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list + item. A negative value makes this an "outdent". Its default value + is '0pt'. + +'\parsep' + Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the 'book' + and 'article' classes The defaults for the first three levels in + LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' classes at 10 point size + are: '4pt plus2pt minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '0pt'. + The defaults at 11 point size are: '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt', '2pt + plus1pt minus1pt', and '0pt'. The defaults at 12 point size are: + '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', '2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '0pt'. + +'\partopsep' + Vertical space added, beyond '\topsep'+'\parskip', to the top and + bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded + by a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list + changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the + line following the list is blank does not matter.) + + The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', + 'book', and 'report' classes at 10 point size are: '2pt plus1 + minus1pt', '2pt plus1pt minus1pt', and '1pt plus0pt minus1pt'. The + defaults at 11 point are: '3pt plus1pt minus1pt', '3pt plus1pt + minus1pt', and '1pt plus0pt minus1pt'). The defaults at 12 point + are: '3pt plus2pt minus3pt', '3pt plus2pt minus2pt', and '1pt + plus0pt minus1pt'. + +'\rightmargin' + Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right + margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is '0pt'. + It must be non-negative. + +'\topsep' + Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in + addition to '\parskip' (*note \parskip::). The defaults for the + first three levels in LaTeX's 'article', 'book', and 'report' + classes at 10 point size are: '8pt plus2pt minus4pt', '4pt plus2pt + minus1pt', and '2pt plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults at 11 point + are: '9pt plus3pt minus5pt', '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt', and '2pt + plus1pt minus1pt'. The defaults at 12 point are: '10pt plus4pt + minus6pt', '5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt', and '2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt'. + + This shows the horizontal and vertical distances. + + +..............Surrounding environment, preceding material.............. - + | v0 + |---h0--|-h1-| | + ..Label.. .....First item..................................... - + ............................................................ + ............................................................ - + | v1 + ........First item, second paragraph .................. - + |-h2-| | v2 + | + ..Label.. .....Second item.................................... - + ............................................................ + ............................................................ - +|-h3--|-h4-| |-h5-| |v3 + | +..............Surrounding environment, following material.............. - +......................................................................." + + The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the +right edge of the bracket for H1 equals the right edge of the bracket +for H4, so that the left edge of the label box is at H3+H4-(H0+H1). + +V0 + '\topsep' + '\parskip' if the list environment does not start a new + paragraph, and '\topsep'+'\parskip'+'\partopsep' if it does + +V1 + '\parsep' + +V2 + '\itemsep'+'\parsep' + +V3 + Same as V0. (This space is affected by whether a blank line + appears in the source above the environment; whether a blank line + appears in the source below the environment does not matter.) + +H1 + '\labelsep' + +H2 + '\listparindent' + +H3 + '\leftmargin' + +H4 + '\itemindent' + +H5 + '\rightmargin' + + The list's left and right margins, shown above as H3 and H5, are with +respect to the ones provided by the surrounding environment, or with +respect to the page margins for a top-level list. The line width used +for typesetting the list items is '\linewidth' (*note Page layout +parameters::). For instance, set the list's left margin to be one +quarter of the distance between the left and right margins of the +enclosing environment with '\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}'. + + Page breaking in a list structure is controlled by the three +parameters below. For each, the LaTeX default is '-\@lowpenalty', that +is, '-51'. Because it is negative, it somewhat encourages a page break +at each spot. Change it with, e.g., '\@beginparpenalty=9999'; a value +of 10000 prohibits a page break. + +'\@beginparpenalty' + The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default + '-51'). + +'\@itempenalty' + The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default + '-51'). + +'\@endparpenalty' + The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default + '-51'). + + This example has the labels in red. They are numbered, and the left +edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text. + + \usepackage{color} + \newcounter{cnt} + \newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}} + \newenvironment{redlabel} + {\begin{list} + {\arabic{cnt}} + {\usecounter{cnt} + \setlength{\labelwidth}{0em} + \setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em} + \setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em} + \setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep + \let\makelabel=\makeredlabel + } + } + {\end{list} } * Menu: * \item:: An entry in a list. +* trivlist:: A restricted form of 'list'. -File: latex2e.info, Node: \item, Up: list +File: latex2e.info, Node: \item, Next: trivlist, Up: list -8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list. ------------------------------------ +8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list +---------------------------------- Synopsis: \item text of item or - \item[OPTIONAL LABEL] text of item + \item[OPTIONAL-LABEL] text of item An entry in a list. The entries are prefixed by a label, whose default depends on the list type. - Because the optional argument OPTIONAL LABEL is surrounded by square -brackets ('[' and ']'), to use square brackets inside the optional -argument you must hide them inside curly braces, as in '\item[Close -square bracket, {]}]'. Similarly, to use an open square bracket as -first character in the text of the item, also hide it inside curly -braces. *Note LaTeX command syntax::. + Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets '[...]', +if you have an item whose text starts with '[', you have to to hide the +bracket inside curly braces, as in: '\item {[} is an open square +bracket'; otherwise, LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional +label. - In this example the 'enumerate' list has two items that use the -default label and one that uses the optional label. + Similarly, if the item does have the optional label and you need a +close square bracket inside that label, you must hide it in the same +way: '\item[Close square bracket, {]}]'. *Note LaTeX command syntax::. + + In this example the enumerate list has two items that use the default +label and one that uses the optional label. \begin{enumerate} \item Moe @@ -3134,9 +3428,49 @@ default label and one that uses the optional label. \end{enumerate} The first item is labelled '1.', the second item is labelled -'sometimes', and the third item is labelled '2.' (note that, because of -the optional label in the second item, the third item does not get a -'3.'). +'sometimes', and the third item is labelled '2.'. Because of the +optional label in the second item, the third item is not labelled '3.'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: trivlist, Prev: \item, Up: list + +8.16.2 'trivlist': A restricted form of 'list' +---------------------------------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \begin{trivlist} + ... + \end{trivlist} + + A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are +not indented and an '\item' without an optional argument produces no +text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where +the '\item' command as part of the environment's definition. For +instance, the 'center' environment is defined essentially like this: + + \newenvironment{center} + {\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax} + {\end{trivlist}} + + Using 'trivlist' in this way allows the macro to inherit some common +code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments; detecting +whether the text following the environment should be considered a new +paragraph or a continuation of the previous one; adjusting the left and +right margins for possible nested list environments. + + Specifically, 'trivlist' uses the current values of the list +parameters (*note list::), except that '\parsep' is set to the value of +'\parskip', and '\leftmargin', '\labelwidth', and '\itemindent' are set +to zero. + + This example outputs the items as two paragraphs, except that (by +default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated. + + \begin{trivlist} + \item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old. + \item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines. + \end{trivlist} File: latex2e.info, Node: math, Next: minipage, Prev: list, Up: Environments @@ -3150,7 +3484,7 @@ Synopsis: MATH \end{math} - The 'math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running + The 'math' environment inserts given MATH material within the running text. '\(...\)' and '$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. @@ -3566,23 +3900,64 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quotation and quote, U Synopsis: \begin{tabbing} - ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\ - ROW2COL1 \> \> ROW2COL3 \\ + ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 ... \\ + ROW2COL1 \> ROW2COL2 ... \\ ... \end{tabbing} - The 'tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns. -It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an -ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of -each column is constant and known in advance. + The 'tabbing' environment aligns text in columns. It works by +setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on a typewriter. +It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant +and known in advance. - This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 'tabular' -environment. + This example has a first line where the tab stops are set to explicit +widths, ended by a '\kill' command (which is described below): - The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment: + \begin{tabbing} + \hspace{0.75in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \kill + Ship \> Guns \> Year \\ + \textit{Sophie} \> 14 \> 1800 \\ + \textit{Polychrest} \> 24 \> 1803 \\ + \textit{Lively} \> 38 \> 1804 \\ + \textit{Surprise} \> 28 \> 1805 \\ + \end{tabbing} + + Both the 'tabbing' environment and the more widely-used 'tabular' +environment put text in columns. The most important distinction is that +in 'tabular' the width of columns is determined automatically by LaTeX, +while in 'tabbing' the user sets the tab stops. Another distinction is +that 'tabular' generates a box, but 'tabbing' can be broken across +pages. Finally, while 'tabular' can be used in any mode, 'tabbing' can +be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph. + + A 'tabbing' environment always starts a new paragraph, without +indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need +to use the starred form of the '\hspace' command at the beginning of a +tabbed row. The right margin of the 'tabbing' environment is the end of +line, so that the width of the environment is '\linewidth'. + + The 'tabbing' environment contains a sequence of "tabbed rows". The +first tabbed row begins immediately after '\begin{tabbing}' and each row +ends with '\\' or '\kill'. The last row may omit the '\\' and end with +just '\end{tabbing}'. + + At any point the 'tabbing' environment has a current tab stop +pattern, a sequence of N > 0 tab stops, numbered 0, 1, etc. These +create N corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is always the left margin, +defined by the enclosing environment. Tab stop number I is set if it is +assigned a horizontal position on the page. Tab stop number I can only +be set if all the stops 0, ..., i-1 have already been set; normally +later stops are to the right of earlier ones. + + By default any text typeset in a 'tabbing' environment is typeset +ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is +done in LR mode (*note Modes::). + + The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' environment. +They are all fragile (*note \protect::). '\\ (tabbing)' - End a line. + End a tabbed line and typeset it. '\= (tabbing)' Sets a tab stop at the current position. @@ -3605,28 +3980,28 @@ environment. '\' (tabbing)' Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e., everything from the most recent '\>', '\<', '\'', '\\', or - '\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush against - the current column's tab stop. + '\kill' command, to the previous column and aligned to the right, + flush against the current column's tab stop. '\` (tabbing)' Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The '\`' command moves all the text that follows it, up to the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}' - command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing + command that ends the line, to the right margin of the 'tabbing' environment. There must be no '\>' or '\'' command between the - '\`' and the command that ends the line. + '\`' and the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}' command that ends the line. '\a (tabbing)' In a 'tabbing' environment, the commands '\=', '\'' and '\`' do not - produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, the commands - '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`' are used. + produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, use the + commands '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`'. '\kill' Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like '\\' except that it throws away the current line instead of producing output - for it. The effect of any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line - remain in effect. + for it. Any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line remain in + effect. '\poptabs' Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last '\pushtabs'. @@ -3637,20 +4012,35 @@ environment. environment. '\tabbingsep' - Distance to left of tab stop moved by '\''. + Distance of the text moved by '\'' to left of current tab stop. - This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: + This example typesets a Pascal function: \begin{tabbing} function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ \> begin \= \+ \\ - \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + \> if \= n > 1 then \+ \\ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ else \+ \\ fact := 1; \-\- \\ end;\\ \end{tabbing} + The output looks like this: + function fact(n : integer) : integer; + begin + if n > 1 then + fact := n * fact(n-1); + else + fact := 1; + end; + + (The above example is just for illustration of the environment. To +actually typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim +environment (*note verbatim::) would normally suffice. For +pretty-printed code, there are quite a few packages, including +'algorithm2e', 'fancyvrb', 'listings', and 'minted'.) + File: latex2e.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments @@ -4055,12 +4445,22 @@ Synopsis: The 'thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or reference list. - In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled "References"; -in the 'report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography". You can change -the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command -'\refname'. For instance, this eliminates it entirely: + In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled 'References' +and the label is stored in macro '\refname'; in the 'report' class, it +is labelled 'Bibliography' and the label is stored in macro '\bibname'. + + You can change the label by redefining the command '\refname' or +'\bibname', whichever is applicable depending on the class: - \renewcommand{\refname}{} + * For standard classes whose top level sectioning is '\chapter' (such + as 'book' and 'report'), the label is in the macro '\bibname'; + + * For standard classes whose the top level sectioning is '\section' + (such as 'article'), the label is in macro '\refname'. + + Typically it is neither necessary nor desirable to directly redefine +'\refname' or '\bibname'; language support packages like 'babel' do +this. The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is as wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands. It @@ -4243,7 +4643,8 @@ produces a printed '\'. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter. - The 'verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt'). + The 'verbatim' environment uses a monospaced typewriter-like font +('\tt'). * Menu: @@ -4843,6 +5244,7 @@ LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. * \newtheorem:: Define a new theorem-like environment. * \newfont:: Define a new font name. * \protect:: Using tricky commands. +* \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend:: Discard extra spaces. File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Next: \providecommand, Up: Definitions @@ -5283,7 +5685,7 @@ characters in each: \testfontscaled abc -File: latex2e.info, Node: \protect, Prev: \newfont, Up: Definitions +File: latex2e.info, Node: \protect, Next: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend, Prev: \newfont, Up: Definitions 12.9 '\protect' =============== @@ -5338,6 +5740,82 @@ because the '\(..\)' in the section title expands to illegal TeX in the ... +File: latex2e.info, Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend, Prev: \protect, Up: Definitions + +12.10 '\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend' +============================================= + +Synopsis: + + \ignorespaces + + or + + \ignorespacesafterend + + Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore spaces after the end of the +command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command +from Plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific. + + The 'ignorespaces' is often used when defining commands via +'\newcommand', or '\newenvironment', or '\def'. The example below +illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values for quiz +questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as shown in the +'enumerate' list, users must not put any space between the command and +the question text. + + \newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}} + \begin{enumerate} + \item\points{10}no extra space output here + \item\points{15} extra space output between the number and the word `extra' + \end{enumerate} + + The solution is to change to +'\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}'. + + A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. +The commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. +But, as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then +'\fullname' will reproduce that. + + \makeatletter + \newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\@honorific{#1}} % remember title + \newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\@honorific~#1} % recall title; put before name + \makeatother + \begin{tabular}{|l|} + \honorific{Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} \\ % no extra space here + \honorific{ Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} % extra space before title + \end{tabular} + + To fix this, change to +'\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\@honorific~#1}'. + + The '\ignorespaces' is also often used in a '\newenvironment' at the +end of the BEGIN clause, that is, as part of the second argument, as in +'\begin{newenvironment}{ENV NAME}{... \ignorespaces}{...}'. + + To strip spaces off the end of an environment use +'\ignorespacesafterend'. An example is that this will show a much +larger vertical space between the first and second environments than +between the second and third. + + \newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}} + \begin{eq} + e=mc^2 + \end{eq} + \begin{equation} + F=ma + \end{equation} + \begin{equation} + E=IR + \end{equation} + + Putting a comment character '%' immediately after the '\end{eq}' will +make the vertical space disappear, but that is inconvenient. The +solution is to change to +'\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}'. + + File: latex2e.info, Node: Counters, Next: Lengths, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top 13 Counters @@ -6129,7 +6607,7 @@ mode, see *note \ensuremath::. down arrow '\downarrow'. '\ell' - U+2113 Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary). + U+2113 Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary). '\emptyset' U+2205 Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is @@ -7319,9 +7797,8 @@ LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. Horizontal space * \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space. * \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space. -* \(SPACE) and \@:: Space after a period. +* \spacefactor:: Stretchability of following space * \(SPACE) after control sequence:: Space (gobbling) after a control sequence. -* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space. * \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em. * \/:: Insert italic correction. * \hrulefill \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal rule or dots. @@ -7363,7 +7840,7 @@ the right margin. \noindent\makebox[\linewidth]{\hspace{\fill}Name:\hspace{1in}} -File: latex2e.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \(SPACE) and \@, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \spacefactor, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces 19.2 '\hfill' ============= @@ -7376,43 +7853,123 @@ that does not disappear at line breaks use '\hspace*{\fill}' instead (*note \hspace::). -File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) and \@, Next: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces +File: latex2e.info, Node: \spacefactor, Next: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces -19.3 '\(SPACE)' and \@ -====================== +19.3 '\spacefactor' +=================== + +Synopsis: + + \spacefactor=INTEGER + + While LaTeX is making the page, to give the lines the best appearance +it may stretch or shrink the gaps between words. The '\spacefactor' +command (from Plain TeX) allows you to change the LaTeX's default +behavior. + + After LaTeX places each character, or rule or other box, it sets a +parameter called the "space factor". If the next thing in the input is +a space then this parameter affects how much of a horizontal gap LaTeX +will have it span. (This gap is not a character; it is called +"interword glue".) A larger space factor means that the glue gap can +stretch more and shrink less. + + Normally, the space factor is 1000; this value is in effect following +most characters, and any non-character box or math formula. But it is +3000 after a period, exclamation mark, or question mark, it is 2000 +after a colon, 1500 after a semicolon, 1250 after a comma, and 0 after a +right parenthesis or bracket, or closing double quote or single quote. +Finally, it is 999 after a capital letter. + + If the space factor F is 1000 then the glue gap will be the font's +normal space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point this is +3.3333 points). Otherwise, if the space factor F is greater than 2000 +then TeX adds the font's extra space value (for Computer Modern Roman 10 +point this is 1.11111 points), and then the font's normal stretch value +is multiplied by f /1000 and the normal shrink value is multiplied by +1000/f (for Computer Modern Roman 10 point these are 1.66666 and +1.11111 points). In short, compared to a normal space, such as the +space following a word ending in a lowercase letter, inter-sentence +spacing has a fixed extra space added and then the space can stretch 3 +times as much and shrink 1/3 as much. + + The rules for how TeX uses space factors are even more complex +because they play two more roles. In practice, there are two +consequences. First, if a period or other punctuation is followed by a +close parenthesis or close double quote then its effect is still in +place, that is, the following glue will have increased stretch and +shrink. Second, conversely, if punctuation comes after a capital letter +then its effect is not in place so you get an ordinary space. For how +to adjust to this second case, for instance if an abbreviation does not +end in a capital letter, *note \(SPACE) and \@::. + +* Menu: + +* \(SPACE) and \@:: Space after a period. +* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space. +* \normalsfcodes:: Restore space factor settings to the default. -Mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) and \@, Next: \frenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor + +19.3.1 '\(SPACE)' and '\@' +-------------------------- + +Here, '\(SPACE)' means a backslash followed by a space. These commands +mark a punctuation character, typically a period, as either ending a sentence or as ending an abbreviation. By default, in justifying a line LaTeX adjusts the space after a sentence-ending period (or a question mark, exclamation point, comma, or -colon) more than the space between words (*note \frenchspacing::). -LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless it is preceded by a -capital letter, in which case it takes that period for part of an -abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is immediately -followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or double -quote, then the inter-sentence space follows that parenthesis or quote. - - If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not -a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the +colon) more than the space between words. *Note \spacefactor::. As +described there, LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless it +is preceded by a capital letter, in which case it takes that period for +part of an abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is +immediately followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single +or double quote, then the space effect of that period follows through +that parenthesis or quote. + + So: if you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is +not a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space ('\ ') or a tie -('~'). Examples are 'Nat.\ Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean', and -'(manure, etc.)\ for sale'. - - For another use of '\ ', *note \(SPACE) after control sequence::. +('~') or a '\@'. Examples are 'Nat.\ Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean', +and '(manure, etc.\@) for sale' (note that in the last the '\@' comes +before the closing parenthesis). In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a -period that ends the sentence, then put '\@' before that period. For -example, 'book by the MAA\@.' will have inter-sentence spacing after the -period. +period that does end the sentence, then put '\@' before the period. For +example, 'book by the MAA\@.' will have correct inter-sentence spacing +after the period. + + For another use of '\(SPACE)', *note \(SPACE) after control +sequence::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing, Next: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \(SPACE) and \@, Up: \spacefactor + +19.3.2 '\frenchspacing' +----------------------- + +This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat inter-sentence +spacing in the same way as interword spacing. + + In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, +including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or +after other punctuation marks) more than the space between words. +Following this declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. + + Revert to the default behavior by declaring '\nonfrenchspacing'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \frenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor + +19.3.3 '\normalsfcodes' +----------------------- - In contrast, putting '\@' after a period tells TeX that the period -does not end the sentence. In the example 'reserved words (if, then, -etc.\@) are different', TeX will put interword space after the closing -parenthesis (note that '\@' is before the parenthesis). +Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default. -File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Next: \frenchspacing, Prev: \(SPACE) and \@, Up: Spaces +File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \spacefactor, Up: Spaces 19.4 '\ ' after control sequence ================================ @@ -7435,25 +7992,9 @@ punctuation mark. Compare: package do not follow the standard behavior. -File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Up: Spaces - -19.5 '\frenchspacing' -===================== - -This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat inter-sentence -spacing in the same way as interword spacing. +File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace, Next: \/, Prev: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Up: Spaces - In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions, -including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or -after other punctuation marks) more than the space between words. -Following this declaration, all spaces are instead treated equally. - - Revert to the default behavior by declaring '\nonfrenchspacing'. - - -File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace, Next: \/, Prev: \frenchspacing, Up: Spaces - -19.6 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em +19.5 '\thinspace': Insert 1/6em =============================== '\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6 @@ -7463,7 +8004,7 @@ of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested quotes, as in File: latex2e.info, Node: \/, Next: \hrulefill \dotfill, Prev: \thinspace, Up: Spaces -19.7 '\/': Insert italic correction +19.6 '\/': Insert italic correction =================================== The '\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small space @@ -7491,7 +8032,7 @@ done in a different way. File: latex2e.info, Node: \hrulefill \dotfill, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \/, Up: Spaces -19.8 '\hrulefill \dotfill' +19.7 '\hrulefill \dotfill' ========================== Produce an infinite rubber length (*note Lengths::) filled with a @@ -7517,7 +8058,7 @@ with '\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{\leavevmode\leaders\hrule height File: latex2e.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Prev: \hrulefill \dotfill, Up: Spaces -19.9 '\addvspace' +19.8 '\addvspace' ================= '\addvspace{LENGTH}' @@ -7542,8 +8083,8 @@ change that is to precede this command with a '\par' command. File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Next: \vfill, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces -19.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' -==================================== +19.9 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' +=================================== These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the document class. @@ -7566,7 +8107,7 @@ document class. File: latex2e.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Up: Spaces -19.11 '\vfill' +19.10 '\vfill' ============== End the current paragraph and insert a vertical rubber length (*note @@ -7594,7 +8135,7 @@ halfway between them. File: latex2e.info, Node: \vspace, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces -19.12 '\vspace{LENGTH}' +19.11 '\vspace{LENGTH}' ======================= Synopsis, one of these two: @@ -7625,7 +8166,7 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each. \end{document} -File: latex2e.info, Node: Boxes, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Spaces, Up: Top +File: latex2e.info, Node: Boxes, Next: Color, Prev: Spaces, Up: Top 20 Boxes ******** @@ -7674,7 +8215,7 @@ specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument. Both commands produce a rule of thickness '\fboxrule' (default -'.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the +'0.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the rule and the contents of the box. *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the '\framebox' command in the @@ -7689,7 +8230,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \makebox, Prev: \fbox and \framebox, Synopsis: \begin{lrbox}{\CMD} - TEXT + TEXT \end{lrbox} This is the environment form of *note '\sbox': \sbox. @@ -7834,9 +8375,1064 @@ Synopsis: a '\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). -File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top +File: latex2e.info, Node: Color, Next: Graphics, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top + +21 Color +******** + +You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box +or on an entire page and write text on top of it. + + Color support comes as an additional package. So all the commands +below will only work if your document preamble contains +'\usepackage{color}', that brings in the standard package. + + Many other packages also supplement LaTeX's color abilities. +Particularly worth mentioning is 'xcolor', which is widely used and +significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding +'HTML' and 'Hsb' color models. + +* Menu: + +* Color package options:: Options when you load the standard package. +* Color models:: How colors are represented. +* Commands for color:: The available commands. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Color package options, Next: Color models, Up: Color + +21.1 Color package options +========================== + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{color} + + When you load the 'color' package there are two kinds of available +options. + + The first specifies the "printer driver". LaTeX doesn't contain +information about different output systems but instead depends on +information stored in a file. Normally you should not specify the +driver option in the document, and instead rely on your system's +default. One advantage of this is that it makes the document portable +across systems. For completeness we include a list of the drivers. The +currently relevant ones are: 'dvipdfmx', 'dvips', 'dvisvgm', 'luatex', +'pdftex', 'xetex'. The two 'xdvi' and 'oztex' are essentially aliases +for 'dvips' (and 'xdvi' is monochrome). Ones that should not be used +for new systems are: 'dvipdf', 'dvipdfm', 'dviwin', 'dvipsone', 'emtex', +'pctexps', 'pctexwin', 'pctexhp', 'pctex32', 'truetex', 'tcidvi', 'vtex' +(and 'dviwindo' is an alias for 'dvipsone'). + + The second kind of options, beyond the drivers, are below. + +'monochrome' + Disable the color commands, so that they do not generate errors but + do not generate color either. + +'dvipsnames' + Make available a list of 68 color names that are often used, + particularly in legacy documents. These color names were + originally provided by the 'dvips' driver, giving the option name. + +'nodvipsnames' + Do not load that list of color names, saving LaTeX a tiny amount of + memory space. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Color models, Next: Commands for color, Prev: Color package options, Up: Color + +21.2 Color models +================= + +A "color model" is a way of representing colors. LaTeX's capabilities +depend on the printer driver. However, the 'pdftex', 'xetex', and +'luatex' printer drivers are today by far the most commonly used. The +models below work for those drivers. All but one of these is also +supported by essentially all other printer drivers used today. + + Note that color combination can be additive or subtractive. Additive +mixes colors of light, so that for instance combining full intensities +of red, green, and blue produces white. Subtractive mixes pigments, +such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta, +and yellow makes black. + +'cmyk' + A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1, + inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second + is magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of + 0 means minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This + model is often used in color printing. It is a subtractive model. + +'gray' + A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are + shades of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white. + +'rgb' + A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1, + inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, + the second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 + means that none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full + intensity. This is an additive model. + +'RGB' + ('pdftex', 'xetex', 'luatex' drivers) A comma-separated list with + three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a + convenience for using 'rgb' since outside of LaTeX colors are often + described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range. + The values entered here are converted to the 'rgb' model by + dividing by 255. + +'named' + Colors are accessed by name, such as 'PrussianBlue'. The list of + names depends on the driver, but all support the names 'black', + 'blue', 'cyan', 'green', 'magenta', 'red', 'white', and 'yellow' + (See the 'dvipsnames' option in *note Color package options::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands for color, Prev: Color models, Up: Color + +21.3 Commands for color +======================= + +These are the commands available with the 'color' package. + +* Menu: + +* Define colors:: Give a color a name. +* Colored text:: Text or rules in color. +* Colored boxes:: A box of color, to write over. +* Colored pages:: A whole page colored. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Define colors, Next: Colored text, Up: Commands for color + +21.3.1 Define colors +-------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \definecolor{NAME}{MODEL}{SPECIFICATION} + + Give the name NAME to the color. For example, after +'\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}' you can use that color name +with 'Hi ho, \textcolor{silver}{Silver}!'. + + This example gives the color a more abstract name, so it could change +and not be misleading. + + \definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex + \newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}} + + Often a document's colors are defined in the preamble, or in the +class or style, rather than in the document body. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored text, Next: Colored boxes, Prev: Define colors, Up: Commands for color + +21.3.2 Colored text +------------------- + +Synopses: + + \textcolor{NAME}{...} + \textcolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...} + + or + + \color{NAME} + \color[COLOR MODEL]{SPECIFICATION} + + The affected text gets the color. This line + + \textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:} Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! + + causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. +You can use a color declared with '\definecolor' in exactly the same way +that we just used the builtin color 'magenta'. + + \definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0} + I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}. + + The two '\textcolor' and '\color' differ in that the first is a +command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often +this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second +form is a declaration, as in 'The moon is made of {\color{green} green} +cheese', so it is in effect until the end of the current group or +environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as below +where it colors everything inside the 'center' environment, including +the vertical and horizontal lines. + + \begin{center} \color{blue} + \begin{tabular}{l|r} + UL &UR \\ \hline + LL &LR + \end{tabular} + \end{center} + + You can use color in equations. A document might have +'\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}' in the preamble, and then +contain this equation. + + \begin{equation} + \int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a) + \end{equation} + + Typically the colors used in a document are declared in a class or +style but sometimes you want a one-off. Those are the second forms in +the synopses. + + Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and {\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37} Gold} for the team + + The format of COLOR SPECIFICATION depends on the color model (*note +Color models::). For instance, while 'rgb' takes three numbers, 'gray' +takes only one. + + The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}. + + Colors inside colors do not combine. Thus + + \textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}} + + has a final word that is blue, not a combination of blue and green. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored boxes, Next: Colored pages, Prev: Colored text, Up: Commands for color + +21.3.3 Colored boxes +-------------------- + +Synopses: + + \colorbox{NAME}{...} + \colorbox[MODEL NAME]{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...} + + or + + \fcolorbox{FRAME COLOR}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR}{...} + \fcolorbox[MODEL NAME]{FRAME COLOR SPECIFICATION}{BOX BACKGROUND COLOR SPECIFICATION}{...} + + Make a box with the stated background color. The '\fcolorbox' +command puts a frame around the box. For instance this + + Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}} + + makes a cyan-colored box that is five centimeters long and gets its +depth and height from the '\strut' (so the depth is '-.3\baselineskip' +and the height is '\baselineskip'). This puts white text on a blue +background. + + \colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}} + + The '\fcolorbox' commands use the same parameters as '\fbox' (*note +\fbox and \framebox::), '\fboxrule' and '\fboxsep', to set the thickness +of the rule and the boundary between the box interior and the +surrounding rule. LaTeX's defaults are '0.4pt' and '3pt', respectively. + + This example changes the thickness of the border to 0.8 points. Note +that it is surrounded by curly braces so that the change ends at the end +of the second line. + + {\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt} + \fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Colored pages, Prev: Colored boxes, Up: Commands for color + +21.3.4 Colored pages +-------------------- + +Synopses: + + \pagecolor{NAME} + \pagecolor[COLOR MODEL]{COLOR SPECIFICATION} + \nopagecolor + + The first two set the background of the page, and all subsequent +pages, to the color. For an explanation of the specification in the +second form *note Colored text::. The third returns the background to +normal, which is a transparent background. (If that is not supported +use '\pagecolor{white}', although that will make a white background +rather than the default transparent background.) + + ... + \pagecolor{cyan} + ... + \nopagecolor + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Color, Up: Top + +22 Graphics +*********** + +You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document. +You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX. This +example is the short how-to. + + \include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble + ... + \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf} + + To use the commands described here your document preamble must +contain either '\usepackage{graphicx}' or '\usepackage{graphics}'. Most +of the time, 'graphicx' is the better choice. + + Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use +both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location +in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph, +in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of +instructions such as 'draw a circle with this radius and that center'. +An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote program, in PDF +format. Generally vector graphics are more useful because you can +rescale their size without pixelation or other problems, and because +they often have a smaller size. + + There are systems particularly well-suited to make graphics for a +LaTeX document. For example, these allow you to use the same fonts as +in your document. LaTeX comes with a 'picture' environment (*note +picture::) that has simple capabilities. Besides that, there are other +ways to include the graphic-making commands in the document. Two such +systems are the PSTricks and TikZ packages. There are also systems +external to LaTeX, that generate a graphic that you include using the +commands of this chapter. Two that use a programming language are +Asymptote and MetaPost. One that uses a graphical interface is Xfig. +Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document; +see their documentation. + +* Menu: + +* Graphics package options:: Options when you load the package. +* Graphics package configuration:: Where to look for files, which file types. +* Commands for graphics:: The available commands. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics package options, Next: Graphics package configuration, Up: Graphics + +22.1 Graphics package options +============================= + +Synopsis (must be in the document preamble): + + \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{graphics} + + or + + \usepackage[COMMA-SEPARATED OPTION LIST]{graphicx} + + The 'graphicx' package has a format for optional arguments to the +'\includegraphics' command that is convenient (it is the key-value +format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load +the 'graphics' or 'graphicx' package with '\usepackage' there are two +kinds of available options. + + The first is that LaTeX does not contain information about different +output systems but instead depends on information stored in a "printer +driver" file. Normally you should not specify the driver option in the +document, and instead rely on your system's default. One advantage of +this is that it makes the document portable across systems. + + For completeness here is a list of the drivers. The currently +relevant ones are: 'dvipdfmx', 'dvips', 'dvisvgm', 'luatex', 'pdftex', +'xetex'. The two 'xdvi' and 'oztex' are essentially aliases for 'dvips' +(and 'xdvi' is monochrome). Ones that should not be used for new +systems are: 'dvipdf', 'dvipdfm', 'dviwin', 'dvipsone', 'emtex', +'pctexps', 'pctexwin', 'pctexhp', 'pctex32', 'truetex', 'tcidvi', 'vtex' +(and 'dviwindo' is an alias for 'dvipsone'). These are stored in files +with a '.def' extension, such as 'pdftex.def'. + + The second kind of options are below. + +'demo' + Instead of an image file, LaTeX puts in a 150 pt by 100 pt + rectangle (unless another size is specified in the + '\includegraphics' command). + +'draft' + For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is + printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the + size, the file must be present. + +'final' + (Default) Override any previous 'draft' option, so that the + document shows the contents of the graphic files. + +'hiderotate' + Do not show rotated text. (This allows for the possibility that a + previewer does not have the capability to rotate text.) + +'hidescale' + Do not show scaled text. (This allows for the possibility that a + previewer does not have the capability to scale.) + +'hiresbb' + In a PS or EPS file the graphic size may be specified in two ways. + The '%%BoundingBox' lines describe the graphic size using integer + multiples of a PostScript point, that is, integer multiples of 1/72 + inch. A later addition to the PostScript language allows decimal + multiples, such as 1.23, in '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines. This + option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Graphics package configuration, Next: Commands for graphics, Prev: Graphics package options, Up: Graphics + +22.2 Graphics package configuration +=================================== + +These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for the +graphic. + + The behavior of file system search code is necessarily platform +dependent. In this document we cover Linux, Macintosh, and Windows, as +those systems are typically configured. For other situations consult +the documentation in 'grfguide.pdf', or the LaTeX source, or your TeX +distribution's documentation. + +* Menu: + +* \graphicspath:: Directories to search. +* \DeclareGraphicsExtensions:: File types, such as JPG or EPS. +* \DeclareGraphicsRule:: How to handle file types. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \graphicspath, Next: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration + +22.2.1 '\graphicspath' +---------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \graphicspath{LIST OF DIR NAMES INSIDE CURLY BRACKETS} + + Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This +allows you to later say something like '\includegraphics{lion.png}' +instead of having to give its path. + + LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory. +The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory +'pix', and then '../pix'. + + \usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble + ... + \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } + + The '\graphicspath' declaration is optional. If you don't include it +then LaTeX's default is to search all of the places that it usually +looks for a file (it uses LaTeX's '\input@path'). In particular, in +this case one of the places it looks is the current directory. + + Enclose each directory name in curly braces; for example, above it +says ''{pix}''. Do this even if there is only one directory. Each +directory name must end in a forward slash, '/'. This is true even on +Windows, where good practice is to use forward slashes for all the +directory separators since it makes the document portable to other +platforms. If you have spaces in your directory name then use double +quotes, as with '{"my docs/"}'. Getting one of these rules wrong will +cause LaTeX to report 'Error: File `FILENAME' not found'. + + Basically, the algorithm is that with this example, after looking in +the current directory, + + \graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} } + ... + \usepackage{lion.png} + + for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the +file name and searches for the result, checking for 'pix/lion.png' and +then '../pix/lion.png'. This algorithm means that the '\graphicspath' +command does not recursively search subdirectories: if you issue +'\graphicspath{{a/}}' and the graphic is in 'a/b/lion.png' then LaTeX +will not find it. It also means that you can use absolute paths such as +'\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}}' or +'\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}'. However, using these +means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve +portability by adjusting your TeX system settings configuration file +parameter 'TEXINPUTS'; see the documentation of your system.) + + You can use '\graphicspath' in the preamble or in the document body. +You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with +'\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput@path}\makeatother'. + + The directories are taken with respect to the base file. That is, +suppose that you are working on a document based on 'book/book.tex' and +it contains '\include{chapters/chap1}'. If in 'chap1.tex' you put +'\graphicspath{{plots/}}' then LaTeX will not search for graphics in +'book/chapters/plots', but instead in 'book/plots'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Next: \DeclareGraphicsRule, Prev: \graphicspath, Up: Graphics package configuration + +22.2.2 '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' +----------------------------------- + +Synopses: + + \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{COMMA-SEPARATED LIST OF FILE EXTENSIONS} + + Declare the filename extensions to try. This allows you to specify +the order in which to choose graphic formats when you include graphic +files by giving the filename without the extension, as in +'\includegraphics{functionplot}'. + + In this example, LaTeX will find files in the PNG format before PDF +files. + + \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF} + ... + \includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf + + Because the file name 'lion' does not have a period, LaTeX uses the +extension list. For each directory in the graphics path (*note +\graphicspath::), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order given. If +it does not find such a file after trying all the directories and +extensions then it reports '! LaTeX Error: File `'lion'' not found'. +Note that you must include the periods at the start of the extensions. + + Because Linux and Macintosh filenames are case sensitive, the list of +file extensions is case sensitive on those platforms. The Windows +platform is not case sensitive. + + You are not required to include '\DeclareGraphicsExtensions' in your +document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example, the +most recent 'pdftex.def' has the extension list +''.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2''. + + You can use this command in the preamble or in the document body. +You can use it more than once. For debugging, show its value with +'\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatother'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareGraphicsRule, Prev: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions, Up: Graphics package configuration + +22.2.3 '\DeclareGraphicsRule' +----------------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \DeclareGraphicsRule{EXTENSION}{TYPE}{SIZE-FILE EXTENSION}{COMMAND} + + Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in EXTENSION. + + This example declares that all files with names have the form +'filename-without-dot.mps' will be treated as output from MetaPost, +meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to +input the file. + + \DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{} + + This + + \DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{} + + tells LaTeX that it should handle as MetaPost output any file with an +extension not covered by another rule, so it covers 'filename.1', +'filename.2', etc. + + This describes the four arguments. + +EXTENSION + The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is + anything after and including the first dot in the filename. Use + the Kleene star, '*', to denote the default behaviour for all + undeclared extensions. + +TYPE + The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be + defined in the printer driver. For instance, files with extensions + '.ps', '.eps', or '.ps.gz' may all be classed as type 'eps'. All + files of the same type will be input with the same internal command + by the printer driver. For example, the file types that 'pdftex' + recognizes are: 'jpg', 'jbig2', 'mps', 'pdf', 'png', 'tif'. + +SIZE-FILE EXTENSION + The extension of the file to be read to determine the size of the + graphic, if there is such a file. It may be the same as EXTENSION + but it may be different. + + As an example, consider a PostScript graphic. To make it smaller, + it might be compressed into a '.ps.gz' file. Compressed files are + not easily read by LaTeX so you can put the bounding box + information in a separate file. If SIZE-FILE EXTENSION is empty + then you must specify size information in the arguments of + '\includegraphics'. + + If the driver file has a procedure for reading size files for + 'type' then that will be used, otherwise it will use the procedure + for reading '.eps' files. (Thus you may specify the size of bitmap + files in a file with a PostScript style '%%BoundingBox' line if no + other format is available.) + +COMMAND + A command that will be applied to the file. This is very often + left blank. This command must start with a single backward quote. + Thus, '\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c #1}' + specifies that any file with the extension '.eps.gz' should be + treated as an 'eps' file, with the the BoundingBox information + stored in the file with extension '.eps.bb', and that the command + 'gunzip -c' will run on your platform to decompresses the file. + + Such a command is specific to your platform. In addition, your TeX + system must allow you to run external commands; as a security + measure modern systems restrict running commands unless you + explicitly allow it. See the documentation for your TeX + distribution. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Commands for graphics, Prev: Graphics package configuration, Up: Graphics + +22.3 Commands for graphics +========================== + +These are the commands available with the 'graphics' and 'graphicx' +packages. + +* Menu: + +* \includegraphics:: Using a graphic in your document. +* \rotatebox:: Rotating boxes, including graphics. +* \scalebox:: Scaling boxes, including graphics. +* \resizebox:: Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \includegraphics, Next: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics + +22.3.1 '\includegraphics' +------------------------- + +Synopses for 'graphics' package: + + \includegraphics{FILENAME} + \includegraphics[URX,URY]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics[LLX,LLY][URX,URY]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*[URX,URY]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*[LLX,LLY][URX,URY]{FILENAME} + + Synopses for 'graphicx' package: + + \includegraphics{FILENAME} + \includegraphics[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*{FILENAME} + \includegraphics*[KEY-VALUE LIST]{FILENAME} + + Include a graphics file. The starred form '\includegraphics*' will +clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any +part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will +over-print the surrounding area. + + This + + \usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble + ... + \begin{center} + \includegraphics{plot.pdf} + \end{center} + + will incorporate into the document the graphic in 'plot.pdf', +centered and at its nominal size. You can also give a path to the file, +as with '\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}'. To specify a list of +locations to search for the file, *note \graphicspath::. + + If your filename includes spaces then put it in double quotes, as +with '\includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}'. + + The '\includegraphics{FILENAME}' command decides on the type of +graphic by splitting FILENAME on the first dot. You can use FILENAME +with no dot, as in '\includegraphics{turing}' and then LaTeX tries a +sequence of extensions such as '.png' and '.pdf' until it finds a file +with that extension (*note \DeclareGraphicsExtensions::). + + If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can +hide them with curly braces, as in +'\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}'. Or, if you use the +'graphicx' package then you can use the options 'type' and 'ext'; see +below. This and other filename issues are also handled with the package +'grffile'. + + This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so LaTeX can move +it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward (*note +figure::). + + \begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg} + \caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray} + \end{figure} + + This places a graphic that will not float, so it is sure to appear at +this point in the document even if makes LaTeX stretch the text or +resort to blank areas on the page. It will be centered and will have a +caption. + + \usepackage{caption} % in preamble + ... + \begin{center} + \includegraphics{pix/nix.png} + \captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % if you want a caption + \end{center} + + This example puts a box with a graphic side by side with one having +text, with the two vertically centered. + + \newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begingroup + \setbox0=\hbox{#1}\parbox{\wd0}{\box0}\endgroup} + ... + \begin{center} + \vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}} + \hspace{1em} + \vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth} + \begin{displaymath} + f(x)=x\cdot \sin (1/x) + \end{displaymath} + \end{minipage}} + \end{center} + + If you use the 'graphics' package then the only options involve the +size of the graphic (but see *note \rotatebox:: and *note \scalebox::). +When one optional argument is present then it is '[URX,URY]' and it +gives the coordinates of the top right corner of the image, as a pair of +TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::). If the units are omitted they +default to 'bp'. In this case, the lower left corner of the image is +assumed to be at (0,0). If two optional arguments are present then the +leading one is '[LLX,LLY]', specifying the coordinates of the image's +lower left. Thus, '\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...}' calls for the +graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches tall and so +its origin is at (0,0). + + The 'graphicx' package gives you many more options. Specify them in +a key-value form, as here. + + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion} + \hspace{2em} + \includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion} + \end{center} + + The options are read left-to-right. So the first graphic above is +made one inch wide and then rotated, while the second is rotated and +then made one inch wide. Thus, unless the graphic is perfectly square, +the two will end with different widths and heights. + + There are many options. The primary ones are listed first. + + Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is +traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the +PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic's printed area may +go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a +page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the +graphic. + +'width' + The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An + example is '\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}'. You can use the + standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::) and also + convenient is '\linewidth', or in a two-column document, + '\columnwidth' (*note Page layout parameters::). An example is + that by using the 'calc' package you can make the graphic be 1 cm + narrow than the width of the text with + '\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}'. + +'height' + The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You + can use the standard TeX dimensions (*note Units of length::), and + also convenient are '\pageheight' and '\textheight' (*note Page + layout parameters::). For instance, + '\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}' will make the + graphic be a quarter of the height of the text area. + +'totalheight' + The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus + depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. + For instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero + height but a large depth. + +'keepaspectratio' + If set to 'true', or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}' and you give as + options both 'width' and 'height' (or 'totalheight'), then LaTeX + will make the graphic is as large as possible without distortion. + That is, LaTeX will ensure that neither is the graphic wider than + 'width' nor taller than 'height' (or 'totalheight'). + +'scale' + Factor by which to scale the graphic. Specifying + '\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}' makes the graphic twice its + nominal size. This number may be any value; a number between 1 + and 0 will shrink the graphic and a negative number will reflect + it. + +'angle' + Rotate the picture. The angle is taken in degrees and + counterclockwise. The graphic is rotated about its 'origin'; see + that option. For a complete description of how rotated material is + typeset, *note \rotatebox::. + +'origin' + The point of the graphic about which the rotation happens. + Possible values are any string containing one or two of: 'l' for + left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top, + and 'B' for baseline. Thus, + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}' will turn the picture + upside down from the center, while + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}' will turn its + picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character 'c' + gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc', but gives the vertical + center in 'lc' or 'rc'.) The default is 'lB'. + + To rotate about an arbitrary point, *note \rotatebox::. + + These are lesser-used options. + +'viewport' + Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments, + separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with + '\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. The + dimensions default to big points, 'bp'. They are taken relative to + the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the 'trim' + option. + +'trim' + Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, + separated by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with + '\includegraphics[.., trim= 0in 0.1in 0.2in 0.3in, ...]{...}'. + These give the amounts of the graphic not to show, that is, LaTeX + will crop the picture by 0 inches on the left, 0.1 inches on the + bottom, 0.2 inches on the right, and 0.3 inches on the top. See + also the 'viewport' option. + +'clip' + If set to 'true', or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,clip,...]{...}', then the graphic is cropped + to the bounding box. You can get this effect by instead using the + starred form of the command, as '\includegraphics*[...]{...}'. + +'page' + Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is + 'page=1'. + +'pagebox' + Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among + 'mediabox', 'cropbox', 'bleedbox', 'trimbox', or 'artbox'. PDF + files do not have the BoundingBox that PostScript files have, but + may specify up to four predefined rectangles. The MediaBox gives + the boundaries of the physical medium. The CropBox is the region + to which the contents of the page are to be clipped when displayed. + The BleedBox is the region to which the contents of the page should + be clipped in production. The TrimBox is the intended dimensions + of the finished page. The ArtBox is the extent of the page's + meaningful content. The driver will set the image size based on + CropBox if present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, + with a driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always + present. + +'interpolate' + Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. + Can be set with 'interpolate=true' or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}'. + +'quiet' + Do not write information to the log. You can set it with + 'quiet=true' or just specified it with + '\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}', + +'draft' + If you set it with 'draft=true' or just specified it with + '\includegraphics[...,draft,...]{...}', then the graphic will not + appear in the document, possibly saving color printer ink. + Instead, LaTeX will put an empty box of the correct size with the + filename printed in it. + + These options address the bounding box for Encapsulated PostScript +graphic files, which have a size specified with a line '%%BoundingBox' +that appears in the file. It has four values, giving the lower x +coordinate, lower y coordinate, upper x coordinate, and upper y +coordinate. The units are PostScript points, equivalent to TeX's big +points, 1/72 inch. For example, if an '.eps' file has the line +'%%BoundingBox 10 20 40 80' then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by +60/72 inch tall. + +'bb' + Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is + four dimensions separated by spaces, as with '\includegraphics[.., + bb= 0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}'. Usually '\includegraphics' reads + the BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this + option is only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file + or if you want to change it. + +'bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury' + Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained + for compatibility with old packages. + +'natwidth, natheight' + An alternative for 'bb'. Setting + '\includegraphics[...,natwidth=1in,natheight=0.618in,...]{...}' is + the same as setting 'bb=0 0 1in 0.618in'. + +'hiresbb' + If set to 'true', or just specified as with + '\includegraphics[...,hiresbb,...]{...}', then LaTeX will look for + '%%HiResBoundingBox' lines instead of '%%BoundingBox' lines. (The + 'BoundingBox' lines use only natural numbers while the + 'HiResBoundingBox' lines use decimals; both use units equivalent to + TeX's big points, 1/72 inch.) To override a prior setting of + 'true', you can set it to 'false'. + + These following options allow a user to override LaTeX's method of +choosing the graphic type based on the filename extension. An example +is that '\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}' will read +the file 'lion.xxx' as though it were 'lion.png'. For more on these, +*note \DeclareGraphicsRule::. + +'type' + Specify the graphics type. + +'ext' + Specify the graphics extension. Only use this in conjunction with + the option 'type'. + +'read' + Specify the file extension of the read file. Only use this in + conjunction with the option 'type'. + +'command' + Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in + conjunction with the option 'type'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \rotatebox, Next: \scalebox, Prev: \includegraphics, Up: Commands for graphics + +22.3.2 '\rotatebox' +------------------- + +Synopsis for 'graphics' package: + + \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} + + Synopses for 'graphicx' package: + + \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} + \rotatebox[KEY-VALUE LIST]{ANGLE}{MATERIAL} + + Put MATERIAL in a box and rotate it ANGLE degrees counterclockwise. + + This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees. + + \begin{tabular}{ll} + \rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\ + A &AL-FAH \\ + B &BRAH-VOH + \end{tabular} + + The MATERIAL can be anything that goes in a box, including a graphic. + + \rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}} + + To place the rotated material, the first step is that LaTeX sets +MATERIAL in a box, with a reference point on the left baseline. The +second step is the rotation, by default about the reference point. The +third step is that LaTeX computes a box to bound the rotated material. +Fourth, LaTeX moves this box horizontally so that the left edge of this +new bounding box coincides with the left edge of the box from the first +step (they need not coincide vertically). This new bounding box, in its +new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when typesetting this +material. + + If you use the 'graphics' package then the rotation is about the +reference point of the box. If you use the 'graphicx' package then then +these are the options that can go in the KEY-VALUE LIST, but note that +you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the +'x' and 'y' options (*note \includegraphics::). + +'origin' + The point of the MATERIAL's box about which the rotation happens. + Possible values are any string containing one or two of: 'l' for + left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top, + and 'B' for baseline. Thus, + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}' will turn the picture + upside down from the center, while + '\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}' will turn its + picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character 'c' + gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc' but gives the vertical + center in 'lc' or 'rc'.) The default is 'lB'. + +'x, y' + Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with '\rotatebox[x=TeX + DIMENSION,y=TeX DIMENSION]{...}' (*note Units of length::). These + give the offset from the box's reference point. + +'units' + This key allows you to change the default of degrees + counterclockwise. Setting 'units=-360' changes the direction to + degrees clockwise and setting 'units=6.283185' changes to radians + counterclockwise. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \scalebox, Next: \resizebox, Prev: \rotatebox, Up: Commands for graphics + +22.3.3 '\scalebox' +------------------ + +Synopses: + + \scalebox{HORIZONTAL FACTOR}{MATERIAL} + \scalebox{HORIZONTAL FACTOR}[VERTICAL FACTOR]{MATERIAL} + \reflectbox{MATERIAL} + + Scale the MATERIAL. + + This example halves the size, both horizontally and vertically, of +the first text and doubles the size of the second. + + \scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me} + + If you do not specify the optional VERTICAL FACTOR then it defaults +to the same value as the HORIZONTAL FACTOR. + + You can use this command to resize a graphic, as with +'\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}'. If you use the 'graphicx' +package then you can accomplish the same thing with optional arguments +to '\includegraphics' (*note \includegraphics::). + + The '\reflectbox' command abbreviates '\scalebox{-1}[1]{MATERIAL}'. +Thus, 'Able was I\reflectbox{Able was I}' will show the phrase 'Able was +I' immediately followed by its mirror reflection. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \resizebox, Prev: \scalebox, Up: Commands for graphics -21 Special insertions +22.3.4 '\resizebox' +------------------- + +Synopses: + + \resizebox{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL} + \resizebox*{HORIZONTAL LENGTH}{VERTICAL LENGTH}{MATERIAL} + + Given a size, such as '3cm', transform MATERIAL to make it that size. +If either HORIZONTAL LENGTH or VERTICAL LENGTH is an exclamation +point '!' then the other argument is used to determine a scale factor +for both directions. + + This example makes the graphic be a half inch wide and scales it +vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted. + + \resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}} + + The unstarred form '\resizebox' takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box's +height while the starred form '\resizebox*' takes it to be height+depth. +For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a quarter inch with +'\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This box has both height and +depth.}}'. + + You can use '\depth', '\height', '\totalheight', and '\width' to +refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the text two inches +wide but keep the original height with '\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two +inches}'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Graphics, Up: Top + +23 Special insertions ********************* LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special @@ -7856,7 +9452,7 @@ meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions -21.1 Reserved characters +23.1 Reserved characters ======================== LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for @@ -7890,7 +9486,7 @@ lines. File: latex2e.info, Node: Upper and lower case, Next: Symbols by font position, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions -21.2 Upper and lower case +23.2 Upper and lower case ========================= Synopsis: @@ -7908,11 +9504,11 @@ commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowercase' are robust but they have moving arguments (*note \protect::). These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of -a command within TEXT. But they do change the case of every other latin -character inside the argument TEXT. Thus, '\MakeUppercase{Let -$y=f(x)$'} produces "LET Y=F(X)". Another example is that the name of an +a command within TEXT. But they do change the case of every other Latin +letter inside the argument TEXT. Thus, '\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$'} +produces 'LET Y=F(X)'. Another example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that '\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... -\end{tabular}' will produce an error because the first half is changed +\end{tabular}}' will produce an error because the first half is changed to '\begin{TABULAR}'. LaTeX uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a @@ -7920,20 +9516,24 @@ document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but will cause problems when using other alphabets. - To change the case of text that results from a command inside TEXT -you need to do expansion. Here the '\Schoolname' produces "COLLEGE OF -MATHEMATICS". + To change the case of text that results from a macro inside TEXT you +need to do expansion. Here the '\Schoolname' produces 'COLLEGE OF +MATHEMATICS'. \newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics} - \newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\schoolname}} + \newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase + \expandafter{\schoolname}} - To uppercase only the first letter of words use the package + The 'textcase' package brings some of the missing feature of the +standard LaTeX commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowerCase'. + + To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package 'mfirstuc'. File: latex2e.info, Node: Symbols by font position, Next: Text symbols, Prev: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions -21.3 Symbols by font position +23.3 Symbols by font position ============================= You can access any character of the current font using its number with @@ -7948,7 +9548,7 @@ could also be written as '\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'. File: latex2e.info, Node: Text symbols, Next: Accents, Prev: Symbols by font position, Up: Special insertions -21.4 Text symbols +23.4 Text symbols ================= LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in @@ -8131,7 +9731,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package. File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Additional Latin letters, Prev: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions -21.5 Accents +23.5 Accents ============ LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, @@ -8230,7 +9830,7 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1. File: latex2e.info, Node: Additional Latin letters, Next: \rule, Prev: Accents, Up: Special insertions -21.6 Additional Latin letters +23.6 Additional Latin letters ============================= Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters (beyond A-Z) @@ -8290,7 +9890,7 @@ English. File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: Additional Latin letters, Up: Special insertions -21.7 '\rule' +23.7 '\rule' ============ Synopsis: @@ -8312,7 +9912,7 @@ THICKNESS File: latex2e.info, Node: \today, Prev: \rule, Up: Special insertions -21.8 '\today' +23.8 '\today' ============= The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD, @@ -8337,7 +9937,7 @@ other date formats. File: latex2e.info, Node: Splitting the input, Next: Front/back matter, Prev: Special insertions, Up: Top -22 Splitting the input +24 Splitting the input ********************** A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole @@ -8358,7 +9958,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document. File: latex2e.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input -22.1 '\include' +24.1 '\include' =============== Synopsis: @@ -8379,7 +9979,7 @@ read by another '\include' command. File: latex2e.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the input -22.2 '\includeonly' +24.2 '\includeonly' =================== Synopsis: @@ -8397,7 +9997,7 @@ effective. File: latex2e.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input -22.3 '\input' +24.3 '\input' ============= Synopsis: @@ -8415,7 +10015,7 @@ is not found, the original FILE is tried ('foo' or 'foo.bar'). File: latex2e.info, Node: Front/back matter, Next: Letters, Prev: Splitting the input, Up: Top -23 Front/back matter +25 Front/back matter ******************** * Menu: @@ -8427,7 +10027,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Front/back matter, Next: Letters, Prev: Splitting t File: latex2e.info, Node: Tables of contents, Next: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter -23.1 Tables of contents +25.1 Tables of contents ======================= A table of contents is produced with the '\tableofcontents' command. @@ -8456,7 +10056,7 @@ of these lists from being generated. File: latex2e.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Up: Tables of contents -23.1.1 '\addcontentsline' +25.1.1 '\addcontentsline' ------------------------- Synopsis: @@ -8493,7 +10093,7 @@ counter 'UNIT'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Tables of contents -23.1.2 '\addtocontents' +25.1.2 '\addtocontents' ----------------------- The '\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting @@ -8511,7 +10111,7 @@ TEXT File: latex2e.info, Node: Glossaries, Next: Indexes, Prev: Tables of contents, Up: Front/back matter -23.2 Glossaries +25.2 Glossaries =============== The command '\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries. @@ -8529,7 +10129,7 @@ glossaries. File: latex2e.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter -23.3 Indexes +25.3 Indexes ============ The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes. Put this in the @@ -8572,7 +10172,7 @@ FAQ entry on this topic, File: latex2e.info, Node: Letters, Next: Terminal input/output, Prev: Front/back matter, Up: Top -24 Letters +26 Letters ********** Synopsis: @@ -8668,7 +10268,7 @@ marked as optional are typically omitted. File: latex2e.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Up: Letters -24.1 '\address' +26.1 '\address' =============== Synopsis: @@ -8697,7 +10297,7 @@ as a personal letter. File: latex2e.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters -24.2 '\cc' +26.2 '\cc' ========== Synopsis: @@ -8716,7 +10316,7 @@ in: File: latex2e.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters -24.3 '\closing' +26.3 '\closing' =============== Synopsis: @@ -8731,7 +10331,7 @@ there is a '\closing' (although this command is optional). For example, File: latex2e.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters -24.4 '\encl' +26.4 '\encl' ============ Synopsis: @@ -8749,7 +10349,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash '\\'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters -24.5 '\location' +26.5 '\location' ================ Synopsis: @@ -8762,7 +10362,7 @@ appears if the page style is 'firstpage'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters -24.6 '\makelabels' +26.6 '\makelabels' ================== Synopsis: @@ -8787,7 +10387,7 @@ value passed in the argument to the 'letter' environment. By default File: latex2e.info, Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters -24.7 '\name' +26.7 '\name' ============ Synopsis: @@ -8800,7 +10400,7 @@ return address. File: latex2e.info, Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters -24.8 '\opening' +26.8 '\opening' =============== Synopsis: @@ -8816,7 +10416,7 @@ starts your letter. For instance: File: latex2e.info, Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters -24.9 '\ps' +26.9 '\ps' ========== Synopsis: @@ -8831,7 +10431,7 @@ Synopsis: File: latex2e.info, Node: \signature, Next: \telephone, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters -24.10 '\signature' +26.10 '\signature' ================== Synopsis: @@ -8863,7 +10463,7 @@ name}' (this requires writing '\usepackage{graphicx}' in the preamble). File: latex2e.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters -24.11 '\telephone' +26.11 '\telephone' ================== Synopsis: @@ -8878,7 +10478,7 @@ page. File: latex2e.info, Node: Terminal input/output, Next: Command line, Prev: Letters, Up: Top -25 Terminal input/output +27 Terminal input/output ************************ * Menu: @@ -8889,7 +10489,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Terminal input/output, Next: Command line, Prev: Le File: latex2e.info, Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Up: Terminal input/output -25.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' +27.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}' ======================== Synopsis: @@ -8906,7 +10506,7 @@ This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. File: latex2e.info, Node: \typeout, Prev: \typein, Up: Terminal input/output -25.2 '\typeout{MSG}' +27.2 '\typeout{MSG}' ==================== Synopsis: @@ -8925,7 +10525,7 @@ surrounding spaces. A '^^J' in 'msg' prints a newline. File: latex2e.info, Node: Command line, Next: Document templates, Prev: Terminal input/output, Up: Top -26 Command line +28 Command line *************** The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX @@ -9137,6 +10737,7 @@ Concept Index * additional packages, loading: Additional packages. (line 6) * ae ligature: Additional Latin letters. (line 16) +* algorithm2e package: tabbing. (line 144) * align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 6) * aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 6) * alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6) @@ -9156,7 +10757,9 @@ Concept Index * at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 23) * author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 12) * auxiliary file: Output files. (line 33) -* babel package: Accents. (line 6) +* babel package: thebibliography. (line 29) +* babel package <1>: Accents. (line 6) +* background, colored: Colored pages. (line 6) * backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 73) * bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) * bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 76) @@ -9165,20 +10768,21 @@ Concept Index * bar-under accent: Accents. (line 46) * basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6) * beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 6) -* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3) +* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 6) * bibliography format, open: Document class options. - (line 65) + (line 67) * bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6) * bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6) * bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6) * big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 82) * Big point: Units of length. (line 20) * black boxes, omitting: Document class options. - (line 51) + (line 53) * bold font: Font styles. (line 71) * bold math: Font styles. (line 130) -* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 23) +* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 34) * box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 6) +* box, colored: Colored boxes. (line 6) * boxes: Boxes. (line 6) * brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 85) * brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 88) @@ -9201,7 +10805,7 @@ Concept Index * cedilla accent: Accents. (line 51) * centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 70) * centered equations: Document class options. - (line 55) + (line 57) * centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 138) * centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 6) * centering text, environment for: center. (line 6) @@ -9244,6 +10848,19 @@ Concept Index * closing letters: \closing. (line 6) * closing quote: Text symbols. (line 55) * code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6) +* color: Color. (line 6) +* color <1>: Define colors. (line 6) +* color <2>: Colored text. (line 6) +* color <3>: Colored boxes. (line 6) +* color <4>: Colored pages. (line 6) +* color models: Color models. (line 6) +* color package commands: Commands for color. (line 6) +* color package options: Color package options. + (line 6) +* color, define: Define colors. (line 6) +* colored boxes: Colored boxes. (line 6) +* colored page: Colored pages. (line 6) +* colored text: Colored text. (line 6) * command line: Command line. (line 6) * command syntax: LaTeX command syntax. (line 6) @@ -9254,11 +10871,17 @@ Concept Index * commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 6) * commands, document class: Class and package construction. (line 6) +* commands, graphics package: Commands for graphics. + (line 6) +* commands, ignore spaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 6) * commands, redefining: \newcommand & \renewcommand. (line 6) * commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 6) * composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 99) * computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6) +* configuration, graphics package: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) * contents file: Output files. (line 43) * copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 12) * counters, a list of: Counters. (line 6) @@ -9282,6 +10905,7 @@ Concept Index * date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 18) * date, today's: \today. (line 6) * datetime package: \today. (line 22) +* define color: Define colors. (line 6) * defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand. (line 6) * defining a new command <1>: \providecommand. (line 6) @@ -9328,7 +10952,7 @@ Concept Index * double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 160) * double right quote: Text symbols. (line 147) * double spacing: Low-level font commands. - (line 114) + (line 118) * double vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 79) * e-dash: Text symbols. (line 116) * e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 12) @@ -9339,23 +10963,27 @@ Concept Index * em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 175) * emphasis: Font styles. (line 59) * enclosure list: \encl. (line 6) -* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 3) +* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 6) * ending and starting: Starting and ending. (line 6) * engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 6) * enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6) +* enumitem package: list. (line 24) * environment: Starting and ending. (line 22) * environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem. (line 6) * environments: Environments. (line 6) * environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. (line 6) +* EPS files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* EPS files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6) * equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options. - (line 61) + (line 63) * equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 41) * equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 6) * equations, environment for: equation. (line 6) * equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options. - (line 55) + (line 57) * es-zet German letter: Additional Latin letters. (line 52) * eth, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters. @@ -9371,7 +10999,8 @@ Concept Index (line 6) * external files, writing: filecontents. (line 6) * families, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 20) + (line 21) +* fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 144) * feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 135) * figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 21) @@ -9382,14 +11011,14 @@ Concept Index * float package: Floats. (line 52) * float page: Floats. (line 58) * flush left equations: Document class options. - (line 55) + (line 57) * flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 6) * font catalogue: Low-level font commands. - (line 20) + (line 21) * font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands. (line 6) * font size: Low-level font commands. - (line 98) + (line 101) * font sizes: Font sizes. (line 6) * font styles: Font styles. (line 6) * font symbols, by number: Symbols by font position. @@ -9420,13 +11049,31 @@ Concept Index * functions, math: Math functions. (line 6) * geometry package: Document class options. (line 40) +* geometry package <1>: Document class options. + (line 44) * global options: Document class options. (line 6) * global options <1>: Additional packages. (line 15) * glossaries: Glossaries. (line 6) * glossary package: Glossaries. (line 15) * glue register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 6) +* graphics: Graphics. (line 6) +* graphics <1>: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* graphics <2>: \includegraphics. (line 6) +* graphics package: Graphics. (line 6) +* graphics package <1>: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* graphics package <2>: \includegraphics. (line 6) +* graphics package commands: Commands for graphics. + (line 6) +* graphics package options: Graphics package options. + (line 6) * graphics packages: \line. (line 13) +* graphics, resizing: \scalebox. (line 6) +* graphics, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) +* graphics, scaling: \scalebox. (line 6) +* graphics, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) * grave accent: Accents. (line 37) * grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 29) * greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 125) @@ -9453,7 +11100,9 @@ Concept Index * ij letter, Dutch: Additional Latin letters. (line 32) * implementations of TeX: TeX engines. (line 6) +* importing graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6) * in-line formulas: math. (line 6) +* including graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6) * indent, forcing: \indent. (line 6) * indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 6) * indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 17) @@ -9468,6 +11117,12 @@ Concept Index * insertions of special characters: Special insertions. (line 6) * italic correction: \/. (line 6) * italic font: Font styles. (line 77) +* JPEG files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* JPEG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6) +* JPG files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* JPG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6) * justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 6) * justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 6) * Knuth, Donald E.: Overview. (line 6) @@ -9476,7 +11131,7 @@ Concept Index * Lamport TeX: Overview. (line 24) * Lamport, Leslie: Overview. (line 6) * landscape orientation: Document class options. - (line 58) + (line 60) * LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 21) * LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 6) * LaTeX Project team: About this document. (line 17) @@ -9494,7 +11149,7 @@ Concept Index * left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 144) * left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 150) * left-hand equation numbers: Document class options. - (line 61) + (line 63) * left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6) * left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6) * left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 6) @@ -9524,6 +11179,7 @@ Concept Index * list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6) * list of figures file: Output files. (line 43) * list of tables file: Output files. (line 43) +* listings package: tabbing. (line 144) * lists of items: itemize. (line 6) * lists of items, generic: list. (line 6) * lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6) @@ -9565,8 +11221,11 @@ Concept Index (line 6) * math symbols: Math symbols. (line 6) * math, bold: Font styles. (line 130) +* mfirstuc package: Upper and lower case. + (line 45) * Millimeter: Units of length. (line 27) * minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6) +* minted package: tabbing. (line 144) * modes: Modes. (line 6) * monospace font: Font styles. (line 92) * moving arguments: \protect. (line 19) @@ -9608,11 +11267,15 @@ Concept Index * OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6) * options, class: Class and package commands. (line 66) +* options, color package: Color package options. + (line 6) * options, document class: Document class options. (line 6) * options, document class <1>: Class and package structure. (line 6) * options, global: Additional packages. (line 15) +* options, graphics package: Graphics package options. + (line 6) * options, package: Class and package structure. (line 6) * options, package <1>: Class and package commands. @@ -9629,26 +11292,38 @@ Concept Index (line 6) * package options <1>: Class and package commands. (line 66) +* package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 144) * package, amsmath: array. (line 40) * package, amsmath <1>: displaymath. (line 22) -* package, babel: Accents. (line 6) +* package, babel: thebibliography. (line 29) +* package, babel <1>: Accents. (line 6) * package, datetime: \today. (line 22) +* package, enumitem: list. (line 24) * package, etoolbox: Class and package commands. (line 110) +* package, fancyvrb: tabbing. (line 144) * package, flafter: Floats. (line 82) * package, float: Floats. (line 52) * package, footmisc: Footnotes in section headings. (line 10) * package, geometry: Document class options. (line 40) +* package, geometry <1>: Document class options. + (line 44) +* package, listings: tabbing. (line 144) * package, macros2e: \makeatletter and \makeatother. (line 39) * package, makeidx: Indexes. (line 28) +* package, mfirstuc: Upper and lower case. + (line 45) +* package, minted: tabbing. (line 144) * package, multind: Indexes. (line 39) * package, picture: picture. (line 23) * package, setspace: Low-level font commands. - (line 114) + (line 118) * package, showidx: Indexes. (line 35) +* package, textcase: Upper and lower case. + (line 42) * package, textcomp: Font styles. (line 134) * package, xspace: \(SPACE) after control sequence. (line 20) @@ -9663,6 +11338,7 @@ Concept Index * page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 6) * page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 6) * page styles: Page styles. (line 6) +* page, colored: Colored pages. (line 6) * paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 17) * paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation and quote. (line 6) * paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation and quote. @@ -9674,6 +11350,9 @@ Concept Index * parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters. (line 6) * parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters. (line 6) +* PDF graphic files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* PDF graphic files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6) * pdfTeX: Output files. (line 20) * pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 12) * period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 138) @@ -9683,12 +11362,15 @@ Concept Index * pictures, creating: picture. (line 6) * pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 44) * placement of floats: Floats. (line 31) +* PNG files: Graphics package configuration. + (line 6) +* PNG files <1>: \includegraphics. (line 6) * poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6) * Point: Units of length. (line 10) * polish l: Additional Latin letters. (line 36) * portrait orientation: Document class options. - (line 58) + (line 60) * position, in picture: picture. (line 28) * positional parameter: \newcommand & \renewcommand. (line 37) @@ -9720,6 +11402,8 @@ Concept Index * remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6) * reporting bugs: About this document. (line 21) * reserved characters: Reserved characters. (line 6) +* resizing: \scalebox. (line 6) +* resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) * right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30) * right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 166) * right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 88) @@ -9727,7 +11411,7 @@ Concept Index * right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 147) * right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 153) * right-hand equation numbers: Document class options. - (line 61) + (line 63) * right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 6) * right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 6) * ring accent: Accents. (line 75) @@ -9735,12 +11419,18 @@ Concept Index * robust commands: \protect. (line 6) * roman font: Font styles. (line 80) * root file: Splitting the input. (line 9) +* rotating graphics: \rotatebox. (line 6) +* rotating text: \rotatebox. (line 6) +* rotation: \rotatebox. (line 6) +* row, tabbing: tabbing. (line 45) * rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6) * running header and footer: Page layout parameters. (line 6) * running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6) * sans serif font: Font styles. (line 86) * Scaled point: Units of length. (line 36) +* scaling: \scalebox. (line 6) +* scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) * script letters for math: Font styles. (line 74) * section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 47) @@ -9748,12 +11438,12 @@ Concept Index * section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 6) * sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 6) * series, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 45) + (line 48) * setspace package: Low-level font commands. - (line 114) + (line 118) * setting counters: \setcounter. (line 6) * shapes, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 85) + (line 88) * sharp S letters: Additional Latin letters. (line 52) * showidx package: Indexes. (line 35) @@ -9771,9 +11461,12 @@ Concept Index * space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 6) * space, vertical: \vspace. (line 6) * spaces: Spaces. (line 6) +* spaces, ignore around commands: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 6) * spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode. (line 6) * spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing. (line 6) +* spacing, inter-sentence <1>: \normalsfcodes. (line 6) * Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 135) * special characters: Reserved characters. (line 6) * special characters <1>: Additional Latin letters. @@ -9820,6 +11513,12 @@ Concept Index (line 6) * TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 61) * text symbols: Text symbols. (line 6) +* text, resizing: \scalebox. (line 6) +* text, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) +* text, scaling: \scalebox. (line 6) +* text, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) +* textcase package: Upper and lower case. + (line 42) * textcomp package: Font styles. (line 134) * thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 22) * theorem-like environment: \newtheorem. (line 6) @@ -9833,7 +11532,7 @@ Concept Index * tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 44) * tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 67) * title page, separate or run-in: Document class options. - (line 69) + (line 71) * title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6) * title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 26) * titles, making: \maketitle. (line 6) @@ -9848,7 +11547,7 @@ Concept Index * typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 6) * typefaces: Fonts. (line 6) * typewriter font: Font styles. (line 92) -* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 23) +* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 34) * umlaut accent: Accents. (line 16) * underbar: Accents. (line 89) * underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 178) @@ -9872,12 +11571,12 @@ Concept Index * visible space: \verb. (line 17) * visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 181) * weights, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 55) + (line 58) * white space: Spaces. (line 6) * wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 50) * wide tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 53) * widths, of fonts: Low-level font commands. - (line 67) + (line 70) * writing external files: filecontents. (line 6) * writing letters: Letters. (line 6) * x-height: Units of length. (line 38) @@ -9929,15 +11628,15 @@ Command Index * \%: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \&: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 20) -* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 45) +* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 86) * \(: Math formulas. (line 16) * \(SPACE): \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6) * \): Math formulas. (line 16) * \*: Math miscellany. (line 6) -* \+: tabbing. (line 37) +* \+: tabbing. (line 78) * \,: Spacing in math mode. (line 25) -* \-: tabbing. (line 41) +* \-: tabbing. (line 82) * \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6) * \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 25) * \/: \/. (line 6) @@ -9945,20 +11644,23 @@ Command Index (line 21) * \;: Spacing in math mode. (line 16) -* \<: tabbing. (line 33) +* \<: tabbing. (line 74) * \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 29) -* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 27) -* \>: tabbing. (line 31) +* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 68) +* \>: tabbing. (line 72) * \> <1>: Spacing in math mode. (line 21) -* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 30) +* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 71) * \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6) +* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 234) +* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 242) * \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 23) * \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6) +* \@itempenalty: list. (line 238) * \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6) -* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 60) -* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) -* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) +* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 101) +* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 102) +* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 102) * \aa (aa): Additional Latin letters. (line 12) * \AA (AA): Additional Latin letters. @@ -9975,7 +11677,7 @@ Command Index * \AE (AE): Additional Latin letters. (line 16) * \aleph: Math symbols. (line 22) -* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 52) +* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 61) * \alpha: Math symbols. (line 25) * \alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. (line 14) @@ -9998,23 +11700,23 @@ Command Index * \arraystretch: tabular. (line 162) * \ast: Math symbols. (line 39) * \asymp: Math symbols. (line 48) -* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3) +* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 6) * \AtBeginDvi: Class and package commands. (line 9) -* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 3) +* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 6) * \AtEndOfClass: Class and package commands. (line 14) * \AtEndOfPackage: Class and package commands. (line 14) * \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 11) -* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) +* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 102) * \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 46) * \backslash: Math symbols. (line 51) * \bar: Math accents. (line 13) * \baselineskip: Low-level font commands. - (line 98) + (line 101) * \baselinestretch: Low-level font commands. - (line 108) + (line 111) * \begin: Environments. (line 6) * \beta: Math symbols. (line 55) * \bf: Font styles. (line 70) @@ -10022,6 +11724,7 @@ Command Index * \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6) * \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6) * \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* \bibname: thebibliography. (line 23) * \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 58) * \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 62) * \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 66) @@ -10140,6 +11843,10 @@ Command Index * \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 159) * \ddot: Math accents. (line 22) * \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 29) +* \DeclareGraphicsExtensions: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions. + (line 6) +* \DeclareGraphicsRule: \DeclareGraphicsRule. + (line 6) * \DeclareOption: Class and package commands. (line 66) * \DeclareOption*: Class and package commands. @@ -10181,15 +11888,15 @@ Command Index * \encl: \encl. (line 6) * \end: Environments. (line 6) * \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 6) -* \enumi: enumerate. (line 42) -* \enumii: enumerate. (line 42) -* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 42) -* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 42) +* \enumi: enumerate. (line 47) +* \enumii: enumerate. (line 47) +* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 47) +* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 47) * \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 201) * \equiv: Math symbols. (line 207) * \eta: Math symbols. (line 210) * \evensidemargin: Document class options. - (line 82) + (line 84) * \evensidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters. (line 67) * \evensidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters. @@ -10217,13 +11924,13 @@ Command Index * \fontencoding: Low-level font commands. (line 11) * \fontfamily: Low-level font commands. - (line 20) + (line 21) * \fontseries: Low-level font commands. - (line 45) + (line 48) * \fontshape: Low-level font commands. - (line 85) + (line 88) * \fontsize: Low-level font commands. - (line 98) + (line 101) * \footnote: \footnote. (line 6) * \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 6) * \footnoterule: Footnote parameters. (line 6) @@ -10252,6 +11959,7 @@ Command Index * \gg: Math symbols. (line 242) * \glossary: Glossaries. (line 8) * \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 11) +* \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 6) * \grave: Math accents. (line 28) * \guillemotleft (<<): Text symbols. (line 26) * \guillemotright (>>): Text symbols. (line 27) @@ -10288,6 +11996,10 @@ Command Index * \iff: Math symbols. (line 258) * \IfFileExists: Class and package commands. (line 127) +* \ignorespaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 6) +* \ignorespacesafterend: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. + (line 6) * \ij (ij): Additional Latin letters. (line 32) * \IJ (IJ): Additional Latin letters. @@ -10296,6 +12008,7 @@ Command Index * \imath: Math accents. (line 34) * \in: Math symbols. (line 265) * \include: \include. (line 6) +* \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 6) * \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 6) * \indent: \indent. (line 6) * \index: Indexes. (line 9) @@ -10311,11 +12024,12 @@ Command Index * \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 119) * \iota: Math symbols. (line 277) * \it: Font styles. (line 76) -* \item: description. (line 19) -* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 18) +* \item: description. (line 29) +* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 29) * \item <2>: itemize. (line 6) -* \itemindent: itemize. (line 49) -* \itemsep: itemize. (line 71) +* \item <3>: itemize. (line 28) +* \itemindent: list. (line 80) +* \itemsep: list. (line 84) * \itshape: Font styles. (line 33) * \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 66) * \jmath: Math accents. (line 37) @@ -10323,22 +12037,22 @@ Command Index * \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 70) * \kappa: Math symbols. (line 284) * \ker: Math functions. (line 60) -* \kill: tabbing. (line 65) +* \kill: tabbing. (line 106) * \l (/l): Additional Latin letters. (line 36) * \L (/L): Additional Latin letters. (line 36) * \label: \label. (line 6) -* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 47) -* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 47) -* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 47) -* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 47) -* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 29) -* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 29) -* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 29) -* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 29) -* \labelsep: itemize. (line 52) -* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 55) +* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 56) +* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 56) +* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 56) +* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 56) +* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 35) +* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 35) +* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 35) +* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 35) +* \labelsep: list. (line 96) +* \labelwidth: list. (line 101) * \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 287) * \lambda: Math symbols. (line 290) * \land: Math symbols. (line 293) @@ -10360,13 +12074,14 @@ Command Index * \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 46) * \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 335) * \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 338) -* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 36) -* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 36) +* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 121) +* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 54) +* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 54) * \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 341) * \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 346) * \leq: Math symbols. (line 351) @@ -10380,7 +12095,7 @@ Command Index * \linebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. (line 6) * \linespread: Low-level font commands. - (line 121) + (line 125) * \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 6) * \linewidth: Page layout parameters. (line 33) @@ -10388,7 +12103,7 @@ Command Index (line 34) * \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 16) * \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 16) -* \listparindent: itemize. (line 58) +* \listparindent: list. (line 138) * \ll: Math symbols. (line 366) * \ln: Math functions. (line 75) * \lnot: Math symbols. (line 370) @@ -10408,6 +12123,7 @@ Command Index * \makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6) * \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 6) * \makeindex: Indexes. (line 6) +* \makelabel: list. (line 53) * \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6) * \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6) * \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 395) @@ -10502,6 +12218,7 @@ Command Index (line 6) * \normalfont: Font styles. (line 57) * \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 24) +* \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 6) * \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11) * \not: Math symbols. (line 449) * \notin: Math symbols. (line 457) @@ -10514,7 +12231,7 @@ Command Index * \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr. (line 6) * \oddsidemargin: Document class options. - (line 82) + (line 84) * \oddsidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters. (line 66) * \oddsidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters. @@ -10569,12 +12286,12 @@ Command Index * \parbox: \parbox. (line 6) * \parindent: minipage. (line 17) * \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 6) -* \parsep: itemize. (line 76) +* \parsep: list. (line 144) * \parskip: \parskip. (line 6) -* \parskip example: itemize. (line 92) +* \parskip example: itemize. (line 73) * \part: Sectioning. (line 8) * \partial: Math symbols. (line 505) -* \partopsep: itemize. (line 86) +* \partopsep: list. (line 153) * \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands. (line 198) * \PassOptionsToPackage: Class and package commands. @@ -10589,8 +12306,8 @@ Command Index * \pi: Math symbols. (line 520) * \pm: Math symbols. (line 524) * \pmod: Math functions. (line 87) -* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 71) -* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 72) +* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 112) +* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 113) * \pounds: Text symbols. (line 46) * \Pr: Math functions. (line 90) * \prec: Math symbols. (line 527) @@ -10614,7 +12331,7 @@ Command Index * \ps: \ps. (line 6) * \Psi: Math symbols. (line 550) * \psi: Math symbols. (line 553) -* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 74) +* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 115) * \put: \put. (line 6) * \qquad: Spacing in math mode. (line 38) @@ -10633,6 +12350,8 @@ Command Index * \rceil: Math symbols. (line 568) * \Re: Math symbols. (line 571) * \ref: \ref. (line 6) +* \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 6) +* \refname: thebibliography. (line 26) * \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6) * \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. (line 6) @@ -10640,6 +12359,7 @@ Command Index (line 310) * \RequirePackageWithOptions: Class and package commands. (line 310) +* \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 6) * \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr. (line 6) * \restriction: Math symbols. (line 576) @@ -10654,19 +12374,21 @@ Command Index * \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 610) * \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 613) * \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 616) -* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 62) +* \rightmargin: list. (line 168) * \rm: Font styles. (line 79) * \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 30) * \roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. (line 23) * \Roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. (line 26) +* \rotatebox: \rotatebox. (line 6) * \rq: Text symbols. (line 54) * \rule: \rule. (line 6) * \S: Text symbols. (line 57) * \savebox: \savebox. (line 6) * \sbox: \sbox. (line 6) * \sc: Font styles. (line 82) +* \scalebox: \scalebox. (line 6) * \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11) * \scshape: Font styles. (line 51) * \searrow: Math symbols. (line 619) @@ -10674,7 +12396,7 @@ Command Index * \section: Sectioning. (line 11) * \seename: Indexes. (line 20) * \selectfont: Low-level font commands. - (line 127) + (line 131) * \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 6) * \setlength: \setlength. (line 6) * \setminus: Math symbols. (line 622) @@ -10702,6 +12424,7 @@ Command Index * \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. (line 20) * \smile: Math symbols. (line 648) +* \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 10) * \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 651) * \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 654) * \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 658) @@ -10736,7 +12459,7 @@ Command Index (line 6) * \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 81) * \TAB: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6) -* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 79) +* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 120) * \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 171) * \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 6) * \tan: Math functions. (line 105) @@ -10838,7 +12561,7 @@ Command Index * \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 108) * \topmargin: Page layout parameters. (line 123) -* \topsep: itemize. (line 80) +* \topsep: list. (line 173) * \topskip: Page layout parameters. (line 130) * \topskip <1>: Page layout parameters. @@ -10872,7 +12595,7 @@ Command Index * \usebox: \usebox. (line 6) * \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6) * \usefont: Low-level font commands. - (line 135) + (line 139) * \usepackage: Additional packages. (line 6) * \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 97) * \value: \value. (line 6) @@ -10909,7 +12632,7 @@ Command Index * \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29) * \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12) * \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 20) -* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 24) +* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 65) * \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 12) * \\ for letters: Letters. (line 50) * \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 34) @@ -10923,7 +12646,7 @@ Command Index * \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 33) * \_: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 37) -* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 51) +* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 92) * \{: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \|: Math symbols. (line 19) * \}: Reserved characters. (line 13) @@ -10951,7 +12674,7 @@ Command Index * cc: Units of length. (line 33) * center environment: center. (line 6) * clock option to slides class: Document class options. - (line 97) + (line 99) * cm: Units of length. (line 24) * dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 134) * dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 135) @@ -10961,7 +12684,7 @@ Command Index * displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) * document environment: document. (line 6) * draft option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 10) * dvips command: Output files. (line 10) * dvitype command: Output files. (line 10) @@ -11011,10 +12734,10 @@ Command Index * filecontents environment: filecontents. (line 6) * filecontents* environment: filecontents. (line 6) * final option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * first-latex-doc document: About this document. (line 33) * fleqn option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 6) * flushright environment: flushright. (line 6) * <http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/> home page: About this document. @@ -11023,14 +12746,14 @@ Command Index * inch: Units of length. (line 17) * itemize environment: itemize. (line 6) * landscape option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * latex command: Output files. (line 10) * latex-doc-ptr document: About this document. (line 30) * <latexrefman@tug.org> email address: About this document. (line 17) * legalpaper option: Document class options. (line 19) * leqno option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * letter class: Document classes. (line 11) * letter environment: letter. (line 6) * letterpaper option: Document class options. @@ -11046,17 +12769,17 @@ Command Index * mm: Units of length. (line 27) * mu: Units of length. (line 49) * notitlepage option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * onecolumn option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * oneside option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * openany option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * openbib option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * openright option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * pc: Units of length. (line 14) * pdflatex command: Output files. (line 20) * picture environment: picture. (line 6) @@ -11075,7 +12798,7 @@ Command Index * theorem environment: theorem. (line 6) * titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6) * titlepage option: Document class options. - (line 47) + (line 49) * topmargin: Page layout parameters. (line 124) * topnumber: Floats. (line 138) @@ -11083,9 +12806,9 @@ Command Index * totalnumber: Floats. (line 142) * totalnumber <1>: Floats. (line 143) * twocolumn option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * twoside option: Document class options. - (line 76) + (line 78) * usrguide official documentation: About this document. (line 36) * verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6) * verse environment: verse. (line 6) @@ -11096,243 +12819,266 @@ Command Index Tag Table: -Node: Top1697 -Node: About this document3446 -Node: Overview5306 -Node: Starting and ending6806 -Ref: Starting & ending6941 -Node: Output files7927 -Node: TeX engines10173 -Node: LaTeX command syntax12611 -Node: Environment14445 -Node: Declaration15518 -Node: \makeatletter and \makeatother15904 -Node: \@ifstar18097 -Node: Document classes20926 -Node: Document class options22249 -Node: Additional packages25345 -Node: Class and package construction25976 -Node: Class and package structure27428 -Node: Class and package commands29722 -Node: Fonts47247 -Ref: Typefaces47350 -Node: Font styles47678 -Node: Font sizes52107 -Node: Low-level font commands53338 -Node: Layout58571 -Node: \onecolumn59069 -Node: \twocolumn59400 -Node: \flushbottom63795 -Node: \raggedbottom64895 -Node: Page layout parameters65431 -Node: Floats71129 -Node: Sectioning77594 -Ref: Sectioning/secnumdepth78915 -Node: \@startsection79224 -Ref: \@startsection/name80318 -Ref: \@startsection/level80749 -Ref: \@startsection/indent81814 -Ref: \@startsection/beforeskip82070 -Ref: \@startsection/afterskip83573 -Ref: \@startsection/style84882 -Node: Cross references87617 -Node: \label89483 -Node: \pageref91030 -Node: \ref91700 -Node: Environments92389 -Node: abstract94392 -Node: array95981 -Node: center98239 -Node: \centering99880 -Node: description101252 -Node: displaymath102866 -Node: document104644 -Node: \AtBeginDocument105074 -Node: \AtEndDocument105647 -Node: enumerate106244 -Node: eqnarray108518 -Node: equation110572 -Node: figure111090 -Node: filecontents112902 -Node: flushleft114655 -Node: \raggedright115148 -Node: flushright115707 -Node: \raggedleft116205 -Node: itemize116762 -Node: letter120395 -Node: list120633 -Node: \item121619 -Node: math122750 -Node: minipage123051 -Node: picture124243 -Node: \circle128538 -Node: \makebox (picture)128881 -Node: \framebox (picture)129587 -Node: \dashbox130077 -Node: \frame130600 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