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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2017-08-08 20:38:58 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2017-08-08 20:38:58 +0000
commit75f529a8c99a457b98e31992cb965bbc447813c8 (patch)
treedc201d667d9cefaca2e3e2297e949a32daca2af3 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/info
parentbb5a582a3651ea6fe3c4fce9580cc248f5953f43 (diff)
latex2e-help-texinfo (8aug17)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@44985 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/info')
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info4074
1 files changed, 2728 insertions, 1346 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info
index 811d97f92a6..6d1da525ab3 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.0 from
+This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from
latex2e.texi.
This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document
-preparation system, version of October 2015.
+preparation system, version of August 2017.
This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D.
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ Sheldon Green, and 'LaTeX Command Summary' (for LaTeX 2.09) by L. Botway
and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as 'TeXniques'
number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied).
- Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Karl
-Berry.
+ Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016,
+2017 Karl Berry.
Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Top, Next: About this document, Up: (dir)
LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
***************************************
-This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of October
-2015) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of August 2017)
+for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
* Menu:
@@ -86,13 +86,13 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: About this document, Next: Overview, Prev: Top, Up
This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX typesetting
program (*note Overview::). This document's home page is
-<http://home.gna.org/latexrefman>. That page has links to the current
-output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and
-subscriptions, and other infrastructure.
+<http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/>. That page has links
+to the current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives
+and subscriptions, and other infrastructure.
In this document, we will mostly just use 'LaTeX' rather than
-'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was retired many
-years ago.
+'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades
+ago.
LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers
(<http://latex-project.org>). The official documentation written by the
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ LaTeX project is available from their web site. This document is
completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX
maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this
document to them. Instead, please send all comments to
-<latexrefman-discuss@gna.org>.
+<latexrefman@tug.org>.
This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources
of information about LaTeX, at all levels. Here are a few
@@ -113,8 +113,9 @@ introductions.
Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
<http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide>
- The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX;
- there are plenty of others available elsewhere.
+ The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX.
+ Many other guides by many other people are also available,
+ independent of LaTeX itself; one such is the next item:
<http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort>
A short introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ main output file's name ends in either '.dvi' or '.pdf'.
'.pdf' file with 'dvipdfmx'. The contents of the file can be
dumped in human-readable form with 'dvitype'. A vast array of
other DVI utility programs are available
- (<http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware>).
+ (<http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware>).
'.pdf'
If LaTeX is invoked via the system command 'pdflatex', among other
@@ -331,14 +332,18 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
* Environment:: Area of the source with distinct behavior.
* Declaration:: Change the value or meaning of a command.
+* \makeatletter and \makeatother:: Change the status of the at-sign character.

File: latex2e.info, Node: Environment, Next: Declaration, Up: LaTeX command syntax
+2.4.1 Environments
+------------------
+
Synopsis:
\begin{ENVIRONMENT NAME}
- ..
+ ...
\end{ENVIRONMENT NAME}
An area of LaTeX source, inside of which there is a distinct
@@ -346,10 +351,12 @@ behavior. For instance, for poetry in LaTeX put the lines between
'\begin{verse}' and '\end{verse}'.
\begin{verse}
- There once was a man from Nantucket \\
- ..
+ There once was a man from Nantucket \\
+ ...
\end{verse}
+ See *note Environments:: for a list of environments.
+
The ENVIRONMENT NAME at the beginning must exactly match that at the
end. This includes the case where ENVIRONMENT NAME ends in a
star ('*'); both the '\begin' and '\end' texts must include the star.
@@ -360,17 +367,135 @@ the table to be aligned on its top row) while the second argument is
required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
- .. rows of table ..
+ ... rows of table ...
\end{tabular}

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Declaration, Prev: Environment, Up: LaTeX command syntax
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Declaration, Next: \makeatletter and \makeatother, Prev: Environment, Up: LaTeX command syntax
+
+2.4.2 Command declarations
+--------------------------
A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other
command or parameter. For instance, the '\mainmatter' command changes
the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic.

+File: latex2e.info, Node: \makeatletter and \makeatother, Prev: Declaration, Up: LaTeX command syntax
+
+2.4.3 '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother'
+----------------------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \makeatletter
+ ... definition of commands with @ in their name ..
+ \makeatother
+
+ Used to redefine internal LaTeX commands. '\makeatletter' makes the
+at-sign character '@' have the category code of a letter, 11.
+'\makeatother' sets the category code of '@' to 12, its original value.
+
+ As each character is read by TeX for LaTeX, it is assigned a
+character category code, or "catcode" for short. For instance, the
+backslash '\' is assigned the catcode 0, for characters that start a
+command. These two commands alter the catcode assigned to '@'.
+
+ The alteration is needed because many of LaTeX's commands use '@' in
+their name, to prevent users from accidentally defining a command that
+replaces one of LaTeX's own. Command names consist of a category 0
+character, ordinarily backslash, followed by letters, category 11
+characters (except that a command name can also consist of a category 0
+character followed by a single non-letter symbol). So under the default
+category codes, user-defined commands cannot contain an '@'. But
+'\makeatletter' and '\makeatother' allow users to define or redefine
+commands named with '@'.
+
+ Use these two commands inside a '.tex' file, in the preamble, when
+defining or redefining a command with '@' in its name. Don't use them
+inside '.sty' or '.cls' files since the '\usepackage' and
+'\documentclass' commands set the at sign to have the character code of
+a letter.
+
+ For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
+<http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e>. These macros are mainly intended to
+package or class authors.
+
+ The example below is typical. In the user's class file is a command
+'\thesis@universityname'. The user wants to change the definition.
+These three lines should go in the preamble, before the
+'\begin{document}'.
+
+ \makeatletter
+ \renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{Saint Michael's College}
+ \makeatother
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \@ifstar:: Define your own commands with *-variants.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \@ifstar, Up: \makeatletter and \makeatother
+
+2.4.3.1 '\@ifstar'
+..................
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}}
+ \newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[NON-STARRED COMMAND NUMBER OF ARGS]{BODY OF NON-STARRED COMMAND}
+ \newcommand{\mycmd@star}[STARRED COMMAND NUMBER OF ARGS]{BODY OF STARRED COMMAND}
+
+ Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the
+same name but ending with a star character '*', an asterisk. Examples
+are the 'table' and 'table*' environments and the '\section' and
+'\section*' commands.
+
+ When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
+because '\newenvironment' and '\renewenvironment' allow the environment
+name to contain a star. For commands the situation is more complex. As
+in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command, given above
+as '\mycmd', which peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star. For
+instance, LaTeX does not really have a '\section*' command; instead, the
+'\section' command peeks ahead. This command does not accept arguments
+but instead expands to one of two commands that do accept arguments. In
+the synopsis these two are '\mycmd@nostar' and '\mycmd@star'. They
+could take the same number of arguments or a different number, or no
+arguments at all. As always, in a LaTeX document a command using
+at-sign '@' must be enclosed inside a '\makeatletter ... \makeatother'
+block (*note \makeatletter and \makeatother::).
+
+ This example of '\@ifstar' defines the command '\ciel' and a variant
+'\ciel*'. Both have one required argument. A call to '\ciel{night}'
+will return "starry night sky" while '\ciel*{blue}' will return "starry
+not blue sky".
+
+ \newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky}
+ \newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky}
+ \newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel@starred}{\ciel@unstarred}}
+
+ In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
+arguments than does the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent
+007's '``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, \agentsecret{James}{Bond}.'''
+is equivalent to '``My name is \textsc{Bond}, \textit{James}
+textsc{Bond}.'''
+
+ \newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
+ \newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
+ \newcommand*{\agentsecret}{\@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}}
+
+ There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work
+of '\@ifstar'. The 'suffix' package allows the construct
+'\newcommand\mycommand{UNSTARRED VERSION}' followed by
+'\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{STARRED VERSION}'. And LaTeX3 has
+the 'xparse' package that allows this code.
+
+ \NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
+ {STARRED VERSION}%
+ {UNSTARRED VERSION}%
+ }
+
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Document classes, Next: Fonts, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
3 Document classes
@@ -410,9 +535,11 @@ document classes are available as separate packages; *note Overview::.)
* Menu:
* Document class options:: Global options.
+* Additional packages:: Bring in packages.
+* Class and package construction:: Create new classes and packages.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Document class options, Up: Document classes
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Document class options, Next: Additional packages, Up: Document classes
3.1 Document class options
==========================
@@ -434,10 +561,13 @@ options for selecting the typeface size (default is '10pt'):
paper size (these show height by width):
'a4paper'
- 210 by 297 mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches)
+ 210 by 297mm (about 8.25 by 11.75 inches)
+
+'a5paper'
+ 148 by 210mm (about 5.8 by 8.3 inches)
'b5paper'
- 176 by 250 mm (about 7 by 9.875 inches)
+ 176 by 250mm (about 6.9 by 9.8 inches)
'executivepaper'
7.25 by 10.5 inches
@@ -477,8 +607,10 @@ setting the print area and physical page size.
'titlepage'
'notitlepage'
- Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on
- the class.
+ Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title
+ information and for the abstract also, if there is one. The
+ default for the 'report' class is 'titlepage', for the other
+ classes it is 'notitlepage'.
The following options are not available with the 'slides' class.
@@ -506,19 +638,440 @@ setting the print area and physical page size.
The 'slides' class offers the option 'clock' for printing the time at
the bottom of each note.
- Additional packages are loaded like this:
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Additional packages, Next: Class and package construction, Prev: Document class options, Up: Document classes
- \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}
+3.2 Additional packages
+=======================
- To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma,
+Load a package PKG, with the package options given in the
+comma-separated list OPTIONS, as here.
+
+ \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}.
+
+ To specify more than one package you can separate them with a comma,
as in '\usepackage{PKG1,PKG2,...}', or use multiple '\usepackage'
commands.
- Any options given in the '\documentclass' command that are unknown by
+ Any options given in the '\documentclass' command that are unknown to
the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
'\usepackage'.

+File: latex2e.info, Node: Class and package construction, Prev: Additional packages, Up: Document classes
+
+3.3 Class and package construction
+==================================
+
+You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
+your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a standard
+header for each page, then you could create a new class 'smcmemo.cls'
+and begin your documents with '\documentclass{smcmemo}'.
+
+ What separates a package from a document class is that the commands
+in a package are useful across classes while those in a document class
+are specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for
+a package while a command to make the page headers say 'Memo from the
+SMC Math Department' is for a class.
+
+ Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign '@' as a
+character in command names without having to surround the code
+containing that command with '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother'. *Note
+\makeatletter and \makeatother::. This allow you to create commands
+that users will not accidentally redefine. Another technique is to
+preface class- or package-specific commands with some string to prevent
+your class or package from interfering with others. For instance, the
+class 'smcmemo' might have commands '\smc@tolist', '\smc@fromlist', etc.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Class and package structure:: Layout of the file.
+* Class and package commands:: List of commands.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Class and package structure, Next: Class and package commands, Up: Class and package construction
+
+3.3.1 Class and package structure
+---------------------------------
+
+A class file or package file typically has four parts.
+ In the "identification part", the file says that it is a LaTeX
+ package or class and describes itself, using the '\NeedsTeXFormat'
+ and '\ProvidesClass' or '\ProvidesPackage' commands.
+ 1. The "preliminary declarations part" declares some commands and can
+ also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed
+ for the code used in the next part. For example, an 'smcmemo'
+ class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list
+ of people for the to-head, as '\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}',
+ and therefore needs to define a command
+ '\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}' used in that file.
+ 2. In the "handle options part" the class or package declares and
+ processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their
+ document as '\documentclass[OPTION LIST]{CLASS NAME}', to modify
+ the behavior of the class. An example is when you declare
+ '\documentclass[11pt]{article}' to set the default document font
+ size.
+ 3. Finally, in the "more declarations part" the class or package
+ usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands
+ and fonts, and loading other files.
+
+ Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as 'stub.cls'
+where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the '.tex'
+file.
+
+ \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+ \ProvidesClass{stub}[2017/07/06 stub to start building classes from]
+ \DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}
+ \ProcessOptions\relax
+ \LoadClass{article}
+
+ It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
+passing them all to the 'article' class, and then loads the 'article'
+class to provide the basis for this class's code.
+
+ For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
+Class Guide, at
+<http://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf> (much of
+the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
+<https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf>.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Class and package commands, Prev: Class and package structure, Up: Class and package construction
+
+3.3.2 Class and package commands
+--------------------------------
+
+These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
+
+'\AtBeginDvi{specials}'
+ Save in a box register things that are written to the '.dvi' file
+ at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
+
+'\AtEndOfClass{CODE}'
+'\AtEndOfPackage{CODE}'
+ Hook to insert CODE to be executed when LaTeX finishes processing
+ the current class or package. You can use these hooks multiple
+ times; the 'code' will be executed in the order that you called it.
+ See also *note \AtBeginDocument::.
+
+'\CheckCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}'
+'\CheckCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}'
+ Like '\newcommand' (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::) but does
+ not define CMD; instead it checks that the current definition of
+ CMD is exactly as given by DEFINITION and is or is not "long" as
+ expected. A long command is a command that accepts '\par' within
+ an argument. The CMD command is expected to be long with the
+ unstarred version of '\CheckCommand'. Raises an error when the
+ check fails. This allows you to check before you start redefining
+ 'cmd' yourself that no other package has already redefined this
+ command.
+
+'\ClassError{CLASS NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}'
+'\PackageError{PACKAGE NAME}{ERROR TEXT}{HELP TEXT}'
+'\ClassWarning{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}'
+'\PackageWarning{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}'
+'\ClassWarningNoLine{CLASS NAME}{WARNING TEXT}'
+'\PackageWarningNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{WARNING TEXT}'
+'\ClassInfo{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}'
+'\PackageInfo{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}'
+'\ClassInfoNoLine{CLASS NAME}{INFO TEXT}'
+'\PackageInfoNoLine{PACKAGE NAME}{INFO TEXT}'
+ Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
+
+ For '\ClassError' and '\PackageError' the message is ERROR TEXT,
+ followed by TeX's '?' error prompt. If the user then asks for help
+ by typing 'h', they see the HELP TEXT.
+
+ The four warning commands are similar except that they write
+ WARNING TEXT on the screen with no error prompt. The four info
+ commands write INFO TEXT only in the transcript file. The 'NoLine'
+ versions do not show the number of the line generating the message,
+ while the other versions do show that number.
+
+ To format the messages, including the HELP TEXT: use '\protect' to
+ stop a command from expanding, get a line break with
+ '\MessageBreak', and get a space with '\space' when a space
+ character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that LaTeX
+ appends a period to the messages.
+
+'\CurrentOption'
+ Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can
+ only be used within the CODE argument of either '\DeclareOption' or
+ '\DeclareOption*'.
+
+'\DeclareOption{OPTION}{CODE}'
+'\DeclareOption*{CODE}'
+ Make an option available to a user, for invoking in their
+ '\documentclass' command. For example, the 'smcmemo' class could
+ have an option allowing users to put the institutional logo on the
+ first page with '\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}'. The class file
+ must contain '\DeclareOption{logo}{CODE}' (and later,
+ '\ProcessOptions').
+
+ If you request an option that has not been declared, by default
+ this will produce a warning like 'Unused global option(s):
+ [badoption].' Change this behaviour with the starred version
+ '\DeclareOption*{CODE}'. For example, many classes extend an
+ existing class, using a declaration such as '\LoadClass{article}',
+ and for passing extra options to the underlying class use code such
+ as this.
+
+ \DeclareOption*{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}%
+ }
+
+ Another example is that the class 'smcmemo' may allow users to keep
+ lists of memo recipients in external files. Then the user could
+ invoke '\documentclass[math]{smcmemo}' and it will read the file
+ 'math.memo'. This code handles the file if it exists and otherwise
+ passes the option to the 'article' class.
+
+ \DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{\CurrentOption.memo}{}{%
+ \PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
+
+'\DeclareRobustCommand{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}'
+'\DeclareRobustCommand*{CMD}[NUM][DEFAULT]{DEFINITION}'
+ Like '\newcommand' and '\newcommand*' (*note \newcommand &
+ \renewcommand::) but these declare a robust command, even if some
+ code within the DEFINITION is fragile. (For a discussion of robust
+ and fragile commands *note \protect::.) Use this command to define
+ new robust commands or to redefine existing commands and make them
+ robust. Unlike '\newcommand' these do not give an error if macro
+ CMD already exists; instead, a log message is put into the
+ transcript file if a command is redefined.
+
+ Commands defined this way are a bit less efficient than those
+ defined using '\newcommand' so unless the command's data is fragile
+ and the command is used within a moving argument, use
+ '\newcommand'.
+
+ The 'etoolbox' package offers commands '\newrobustcmd',
+ '\newrobustcmd*', '\renewrobustcmd', '\renewrobustcmd*',
+ '\providerobustcmd', and '\providerobustcmd*' which are similar to
+ '\newcommand', '\newcommand*', '\renewcommand', '\renewcommand*',
+ '\providecommand', and '\providecommand*', but define a robust CMD
+ with two advantages as compared to '\DeclareRobustCommand':
+ 1. They use the low-level e-TeX protection mechanism rather than
+ the higher level LaTeX '\protect' mechanism, so they do not
+ incur the slight loss of performance mentioned above, and
+ 2. They make the same distinction between '\new...', '\renew...',
+ and '\provide...', as the standard commands, so they do not
+ just make a log message when you redefine CMD that already
+ exists, in that case you need to use either '\renew...' or
+ '\provide...' or you get an error.
+
+'\IfFileExists{FILE NAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}'
+'\InputIfFileExists{FILE NAME}{TRUE CODE}{FALSE CODE}'
+ Execute TRUE CODE if LaTeX can find the file 'FILE NAME' and FALSE
+ CODE otherwise. In the second case it inputs the file immediately
+ after executing TRUE CODE. Thus
+ '\IfFileExists{img.pdf}{\includegraphics{img.pdf}}{\typeout{WARNING:
+ img.pdf not found}}' will include the graphic 'img.pdf' if it is
+ found but otherwise just give a warning.
+
+ This command looks for the file in all search paths that LaTeX
+ uses, not only in the current directory. To look only in the
+ current directory do something like '\IfFileExists{./filename}{TRUE
+ CODE}{FALSE CODE}'. If you ask for a filename without a '.tex'
+ extension then LaTeX will first look for the file by appending the
+ '.tex'; for more on how LaTeX handles file extensions see *note
+ \input::.
+
+'\LoadClass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
+'\LoadClassWithOptions{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
+ Load a class, as with '\documentclass[OPTIONS LIST]{CLASS
+ NAME}[RELEASE INFO]'. An example is
+ '\LoadClass[twoside]{article}'.
+
+ The OPTIONS LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+ RELEASE DATE is optional. If present it must have the form
+ YYYY/MM/DD.
+
+ If you request a RELEASE DATE and the date of the package installed
+ on your system is earlier, then you get a warning on the screen and
+ in the log like 'You have requested, on input line 4, version
+ `2038/01/19' of document class article, but only version
+ `2014/09/29 v1.4h Standard LaTeX document class' is available.'
+
+ The command version '\LoadClassWithOptions' uses the list of
+ options for the current class. This means it ignores any options
+ passed to it via '\PassOptionsToClass'. This is a convenience
+ command that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the
+ standard 'article' class, without having to track which options
+ were passed.
+
+'\ExecuteOptions{OPTIONS-LIST}'
+ For each option OPTION in the OPTIONS-LIST, in order, this command
+ executes the command '\ds@OPTION'. If this command is not defined
+ then that option is silently ignored.
+
+ It can be used to provide a default option list before
+ '\ProcessOptions'. For example, if in a class file you want the
+ default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
+ '\ExecuteOptions{11pt}\ProcessOptions\relax'.
+
+'\NeedsTeXFormat{FORMAT}[FORMAT DATE]'
+ Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often
+ issued as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
+ '\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}'. When a document using that class is
+ processed, the format name given here must match the format that is
+ actually being run (including that the FORMAT string is case
+ sensitive). If it does not match then execution stops with an
+ error like 'This file needs format `LaTeX2e' but this is `xxx'.'
+
+ To specify a version of the format that you know to have certain
+ features, include the optional FORMAT DATE on which those features
+ were implemented. If present it must be in the form 'YYYY/MM/DD'.
+ If the format version installed on your system is earlier than
+ FORMAT DATE then you get a warning like 'You have requested release
+ `2038/01/20' of LaTeX, but only release `2016/02/01' is available.'
+
+'\OptionNotUsed'
+ Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be
+ used within the CODE argument of either '\DeclareOption' or
+ '\DeclareOption*'.
+
+'\PassOptionsToClass{OPTION LIST}{CLASS NAME}'
+'\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTION LIST}{PACKAGE NAME}'
+ Adds the options in the comma-separated list OPTION LIST to the
+ options used by any future '\RequirePackage' or '\usepackage'
+ command for package PACKAGE NAME or the class CLASS NAME.
+
+ The reason for these commands is: you may load a package any number
+ of times with no options but if you want options then you may only
+ supply them when you first load the package. Loading a package
+ with options more than once will get you an error like 'Option
+ clash for package foo.' (LaTeX throws an error even if there is no
+ conflict between the options.)
+
+ If your own code is bringing in a package twice then you can
+ collapse that to once, for example replacing the two
+ '\RequirePackage[landscape]{geometry}\RequirePackage[margins=1in]{geometry}'
+ with the single '\RequirePackage[landscape,margins=1in]{geometry}'.
+ But if you are loading a package that in turn loads another package
+ then you need to queue up the options you desire for this other
+ package. For instance, suppose the package 'foo' loads the package
+ 'geometry'. Instead of
+ '\RequirePackage{foo}\RequirePackage[draft]{graphics}' you must
+ write '\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphics}
+ \RequirePackage{foo}'. (If 'foo.sty' loads an option in conflict
+ with what you want then you may have to look into altering its
+ source.)
+
+ These commands are useful for general users as well as class and
+ package writers. For instance, suppose a user wants to load the
+ 'graphicx' package with the option 'draft' and also wants to use a
+ class 'foo' that loads the 'graphicx' package, but without that
+ option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
+ '\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}'.
+
+'\ProcessOptions'
+'\ProcessOptions*\@OPTIONS'
+ Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked.
+ Include it in the class file as '\ProcessOptions\relax' (because of
+ the existence of the starred command).
+
+ Options come in two types. "Local options" have been specified for
+ this particular package in the OPTIONS argument of
+ '\PassOptionsToPackage{OPTIONS}', '\usepackage[OPTIONS]', or
+ '\RequirePackage[OPTIONS]'. "Global options" are those given by
+ the class user in '\documentclass[OPTIONS]' (If an option is
+ specified both locally and globally then it is local.)
+
+ When '\ProcessOptions' is called for a package 'pkg.sty', the
+ following happens:
+ 1. For each option OPTION so far declared with '\DeclareOption',
+ it looks to see if that option is either a global or a local
+ option for 'pkg'. If so then it executes the declared code.
+ This is done in the order in which these options were given in
+ 'pkg.sty'.
+ 2. For each remaining local option, it executes the command
+ '\ds@'OPTION if it has been defined somewhere (other than by a
+ '\DeclareOption'); otherwise, it executes the default option
+ code given in '\DeclareOption*'. If no default option code
+ has been declared then it gives an error message. This is
+ done in the order in which these options were specified.
+
+ When '\ProcessOptions' is called for a class it works in the same
+ way except that all options are local, and the default CODE for
+ '\DeclareOption*' is '\OptionNotUsed' rather than an error.
+
+ The starred version '\ProcessOptions*' executes the options in the
+ order specified in the calling commands, rather than in the order
+ of declaration in the class or package. For a package this means
+ that the global options are processed first.
+
+'\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]'
+'\ProvidesClass{CLASS NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
+'\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE BRIEF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]'
+'\ProvidesPackage{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
+ Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen
+ and the log file.
+
+ When a user writes '\documentclass{smcmemo}' then LaTeX loads the
+ file 'smcmemo.cls'. Similarly, a user writing '\usepackage{test}'
+ prompts LaTeX to load the file 'test.sty'. If the name of the file
+ does not match the declared class or package name then you get a
+ warning. Thus, if you invoke '\documentclass{smcmemo}', and the
+ file 'smcmemo.cls' has the statement '\ProvidesClass{xxx}' then you
+ get a warning like 'You have requested document class `smcmemo',
+ but the document class provides 'xxx'.' This warning does not
+ prevent LaTeX from processing the rest of the class file normally.
+
+ If you include the optional argument, then you must include the
+ date, before the first space if any, and it must have the form
+ 'YYYY/MM/DD'. The rest of the optional argument is free-form,
+ although it traditionally identifies the class, and is written to
+ the screen during compilation and to the log file. Thus, if your
+ file 'smcmemo.cls' contains the line
+ '\ProvidesClass{smcmemo}[2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class]' and your
+ document's first line is '\documentclass{smcmemo}' then you will
+ see 'Document Class: smcmemo 2008/06/01 v1.0 SMC memo class'.
+
+ The date in the optional argument allows class and package users to
+ ask to be warned if the version of the class or package installed
+ on their system is earlier than RELEASE DATE, by using the optional
+ arguments such as '\documentclass{smcmemo}[2018/10/12]' or
+ '\usepackage{foo}[[2017/07/07]]'. (Note that package users only
+ rarely include a date, and class users almost never do.)
+
+'\ProvidesFile{FILE NAME}[ADDITIONAL INFORMATION]'
+ Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
+ configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in
+ that file and you get in the log a string like 'File: test.config
+ 2017/10/12 config file for test.cls' for FILE NAME equal to
+ 'test.config' and ADDITIONAL INFORMATION equal to '2017/10/12
+ config file for test.cls'.
+
+'\RequirePackage[OPTION LIST]{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
+'\RequirePackageWithOptions{PACKAGE NAME}[RELEASE DATE]'
+ Load a package, like the document author command '\usepackage'.
+ *Note Additional packages::. An example is
+ '\RequirePackage[landscape,margin=1in]{geometry}'. Note that the
+ LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of these commands
+ over Plain TeX's '\input'; see the Class Guide.
+
+ The OPTION LIST, if present, is a comma-separated list. The
+ RELEASE DATE, if present, must have the form YYYY/MM/DD. If the
+ release date of the package as installed on your system is earlier
+ than RELEASE DATE then you get a warning like 'You have requested,
+ on input line 9, version `2017/07/03' of package jhtest, but only
+ version `2000/01/01' is available'.
+
+ The '\RequirePackageWithOptions' version uses the list of options
+ for the current class. This means it ignores any options passed to
+ it via '\PassOptionsToClass'. This is a convenience command to
+ allow easily building classes on existing ones without having to
+ track which options were passed.
+
+ The difference between '\usepackage' and '\RequirePackage' is
+ small. The '\usepackage' command is intended for the document file
+ while '\RequirePackage' is intended for package and class files.
+ Thus, using '\usepackage' before the '\documentclass' command
+ causes LaTeX to give error like '\usepackage before
+ \documentclass', but you can use '\RequirePackage' there.
+
+
File: latex2e.info, Node: Fonts, Next: Layout, Prev: Document classes, Up: Top
4 Fonts
@@ -871,10 +1424,9 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \onecolumn, Next: \twocolumn, Up: Layout
5.1 '\onecolumn'
================
-The '\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
-single-column output. If the document is given the class option
-'onecolumn' then this is the default behavior (*note Document class
-options::).
+Start a new page and produce single-column output. If the document is
+given the class option 'onecolumn' then this is the default behavior
+(*note Document class options::).
This command is fragile (*note \protect::).
@@ -884,13 +1436,14 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \twocolumn, Next: \flushbottom, Prev: \onecolumn,
5.2 '\twocolumn'
================
-Synopsis:
+Synopses:
+ \twocolumn
\twocolumn[PRELIM ONE COLUMN TEXT]
- The '\twocolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
-two-column output. If the document is given the class option
-'twocolumn' then this is the default (*note Document class options::).
+ Start a new page and produce two-column output. If the document is
+given the class option 'twocolumn' then this is the default (*note
+Document class options::).
If the optional PRELIM ONE COLUMN TEXT argument is present, it is
typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts.
@@ -929,7 +1482,7 @@ following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning
that the height of a 'table*' or 'figure*' environment must not
exceed '0.7\textheight' . If the height of your starred float
- environment exceeeds this then you can take one of the following
+ environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following
actions to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the
document:
@@ -969,24 +1522,24 @@ following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The LaTeX
default is '2'.
- This example shows the use of the optional argument of '\twocolumn'
-to create a title that spans the two-column article:
+ This example uses '\twocolumn''s optional argument of to create a
+title that spans the two-column article:
\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
\newcommand{\authormark}[1]{\textsuperscript{#1}}
\begin{document}
\twocolumn[{% inside this optional argument goes one-column text
- \centering
- \LARGE The Title \\[1.5em]
- \large Author One\authormark{1},
- Author Two\authormark{2},
- Author Three\authormark{1} \\[1em]
- \normalsize
- \begin{tabular}{p{.2\textwidth}@{\hspace{2em}}p{.2\textwidth}}
- \authormark{1}Department one &\authormark{2}Department two \\
- School one &School two
- \end{tabular}\\[3em] % space below title part
- }]
+ \centering
+ \LARGE The Title \\[1.5em]
+ \large Author One\authormark{1},
+ Author Two\authormark{2},
+ Author Three\authormark{1} \\[1em]
+ \normalsize
+ \begin{tabular}{p{.2\textwidth}@{\hspace{2em}}p{.2\textwidth}}
+ \authormark{1}Department one &\authormark{2}Department two \\
+ School one &School two
+ \end{tabular}\\[3em] % space below title part
+ }]
Two column text here.
@@ -996,21 +1549,23 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \flushbottom, Next: \raggedbottom, Prev: \twocolumn
5.3 '\flushbottom'
==================
-The '\flushbottom' command can go at any point in the document body. It
-makes all later pages the same height, stretching the vertical space
-where necessary to fill out the page.
+Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same
+height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
+page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the
+differences in facing pages can be glaring.
If TeX cannot satisfactorily stretch the vertical space in a page
then you get a message like 'Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
-occurred while \output is active'. You can change to '\raggedbottom'
-(see below). Alternatively, you can try to adjust the 'textheight' to
-be compatible, or you can add some vertical stretch glue between lines
-or between paragraphs, as in '\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}'. In
-a final editing stage you can adjust the height of individual pages
-(*note \enlargethispage::).
-
- This is the default only if you select the 'twoside' document class
-option (*note Document class options::).
+occurred while \output is active'. If you get that, one option is to
+change to '\raggedbottom' (*note \raggedbottom::). Alternatively, you
+can adjust the 'textheight' to make compatible pages, or you can add
+some vertical stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs, as in
+'\setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}'. Your last option is to, in a
+final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages (*note
+\enlargethispage::).
+
+ The '\flushbottom' state is the default only if you select the
+'twoside' document class option (*note Document class options::).

File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedbottom, Next: Page layout parameters, Prev: \flushbottom, Up: Layout
@@ -1018,11 +1573,10 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedbottom, Next: Page layout parameters, Prev:
5.4 '\raggedbottom'
===================
-The '\raggedbottom' command can go at any point in the document body.
-It makes all later pages the natural height of the material on that
-page; no rubber lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
-document the facing pages may be different heights. See also
-'\flushbottom' above.
+Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
+rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
+document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go
+at any point in the document body. See *note \flushbottom::.
This is the default unless you select the 'twoside' document class
option (*note Document class options::).
@@ -1185,13 +1739,13 @@ appears in the output after it.
The placement of floats is subject to parameters, given below, that
limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and the
-bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued up that the limits prevent
-them all from fitting on a page then LaTeX places what it can and defers
-the rest to the next page. In this way, floats may be typset far from
-their place in the source. In particular, a float that is big can
-migrate to the end of the document. But then because all floats in a
-class must appear in sequential order, every subsequent float in that
-class also appears at the end.
+bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued that the limits prevent them
+all from fitting on a page then LaTeX places what it can and defers the
+rest to the next page. In this way, floats may end up being typeset far
+from their place in the source. In particular, a float that is big may
+migrate to the end of the document. In which event, because all floats
+in a class must appear in sequential order, every following float in
+that class also appears at the end.
In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
@@ -1246,7 +1800,7 @@ outstanding floats.
LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
(although on the same output page) if there is a 't' specifier in the
-PLACEMENT paramater. If this is not desired, and deleting the 't' is
+PLACEMENT parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting the 't' is
not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed at the top of the
next page, then you can prevent it by either using the 'flafter' package
or using the command '\suppressfloats[t]', which causes floats for the
@@ -1310,10 +1864,10 @@ BETWEEN 0 AND 1}'):
The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats> contains
suggestions for relaxing LaTeX's default parameters to reduce the
-problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explaination of the
-float placement algorithm is Frank Mittelbach's article "How to infuence
-the position of float environments like figure and table in LaTeX?"
-<http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf>.
+problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explanation of the
+float placement algorithm is in Frank Mittelbach's article "How to
+influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
+LaTeX?" (<http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf>).

File: latex2e.info, Node: Sectioning, Next: Cross references, Prev: Layout, Up: Top
@@ -1370,14 +1924,218 @@ setting
suppresses heading numbers at any depth > LEVEL, where 'chapter' is
level zero. (*Note \setcounter::.)
+* Menu:
+
+* \@startsection:: Redefine layout of start of sections, subsections, etc.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \@startsection, Up: Sectioning
+
+6.1 '\@startsection'
+====================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE}
+
+ Redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning divisions
+such as '\section' or '\subsection'.
+
+ Note that the 'titlesec' package makes manipulation of sectioning
+easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
+satisfied with '\@startsection', some cannot. For instance, in the
+standard LaTeX 'book' and 'report' classes the commands '\chapter' and
+'\report' are not constructed in this way. To make such a command you
+may want to use the '\secdef' command.
+
+ Technically, this command has the form:
+ \@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE}
+ *[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}
+so that issuing:
+ \renewcommand{\section}{\@startsection{NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}%
+ {BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE}}
+redefine '\section' while keeping its standard calling form
+'\section*[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}'. *Note Sectioning:: and the examples
+below.
+
+NAME
+ Name of the counter (which must be defined separately) used to
+ number for the sectioning header. Most commonly either 'section',
+ 'subsection', or 'paragraph'. Although in those three cases the
+ name of the counter is also the name of the sectioning command
+ itself, using the same name is not required.
+
+ Then '\the'NAME displays the title number and '\'NAME'mark' is for
+ the page headers.
+
+LEVEL
+ An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command: 0 for
+ 'chapter' (only applies to the standard 'book' and 'report'
+ classes), 1 for 'section', 2 for 'subsection', 3 for
+ 'subsubsection', 4 for 'paragraph', and 5 for 'subparagraph'. In
+ the 'book' and 'report' classes 'part' has level -1, while in the
+ 'article' class 'part' has level 0.
+
+ If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of 'secnumdepth' then
+ the titles for this sectioning command will be numbered. For
+ instance, in an 'article', if 'secnumdepth' is 1 then a
+ '\section{Introduction}' command will produce output like '1
+ Introduction' while '\subsection{History}' will produce output like
+ 'History', without the number prefix. *Note
+ Sectioning/secnumdepth::.
+
+ If LEVEL is less than or equal to the value of TOCDEPTH then the
+ table of contents will have an entrie for this sectioning unit.
+ For instance, in an 'article', if TOCDEPTH is 1 then the table of
+ contents will list sections but not subsections.
+
+INDENT
+ A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with
+ respect to the left margin. To have the title flush with the
+ margin use '0pt'. A negative indentation such as '-1em' will move
+ the title into the left margin.
+
+BEFORESKIP
+ The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space
+ that is inserted before this sectioning unit's title. This space
+ will be discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the
+ top of a fresh page. If this number is negative then the first
+ paragraph following the header is not indented, if it is
+ non-negative then the first paragraph is indented. (Note that the
+ negative of '1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt' is '-1pt plus -2pt minus
+ -3pt'.)
+
+ For example, if BEFORESKIP is '-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex' then
+ to start the new sectioning unit, LaTeX will add about 3.5 times
+ the height of a letter x in vertical space, and the first paragraph
+ in the section will not be indented. Using a rubber length, with
+ 'plus' and 'minus', is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more
+ flexibility in making up the page.
+
+ The full accounting of the vertical space between the baseline of
+ the line prior to this sectioning unit's header and the baseline of
+ the header is that it is the sum of the '\parskip' of the text
+ font, the '\baselineskip' of the title font, and the absolute value
+ of the BEFORESKIP. This space is typically rubber so it may
+ stretch or shrink. (If the sectioning unit starts on a fresh page
+ so that the vertical space is discarded then the baseline of the
+ header text will be where LaTeX would put the baseline of the first
+ text line on that page.)
+
+AFTERSKIP
+ This is a length. If AFTERSKIP is non-negative then this is the
+ vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit's title header.
+ If it is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so
+ that it becomes part of the next paragraph. In this case the
+ absolute value of the length gives the horizontal space between the
+ end of the title and the beginning of the following paragraph.
+ (Note that the negative of '1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt' is '-1pt plus
+ -2pt minus -3pt'.)
+
+ As with BEFORESKIP, using a rubber length with 'plus' and 'minus'
+ components is good practice here since it gives LaTeX more
+ flexibility in putting the page together.
+
+ If 'afterskip' is non-negative then the full accounting of the
+ vertical space between the baseline of the sectioning unit's header
+ and the baseline of the first line of the following paragraph is
+ that it is the sum of the '\parskip' of the title font, the
+ '\baselineskip' of the text font, and the value of AFTER. That
+ space is typically rubber so it may stretch or shrink. (Note that
+ because the sign of 'afterskip' changes the sectioning unit
+ header's from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
+ 'afterskip' to cancel part of the '\parskip'.)
+
+STYLE
+ Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below.
+ Typical commands to use here are '\centering', '\raggedright',
+ '\normalfont', '\hrule', or '\newpage'. The last command in STYLE
+ may be one such as '\MakeUppercase' or '\fbox' that takes one
+ argument. The section title will be supplied as the argument to
+ this command. For instance, setting STYLE to
+ '\bfseries\MakeUppercase' would produce titles that are bold and
+ upper case.
+
+ Here are examples. To use them, either put them in a package or
+class file, or put them in the preamble of a LaTeX document between a
+'\makeatletter' command and a '\makeatother'. (Probably the error
+message 'You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode.' means that you
+forgot this.) *Note \makeatletter and \makeatother::.
+
+ This will put section titles in large boldface type, centered.
+
+ \renewcommand\section{%
+ \@startsection{section}% *note NAME: \@startsection/name.
+ {1}% *note LEVEL: \@startsection/level.
+ {0pt}% *note INDENT: \@startsection/indent.
+ {-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% *note BEFORESKIP: \@startsection/beforeskip.
+ {2.3ex plus.2ex}% *note AFTERSKIP: \@startsection/afterskip.
+ {\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% *note STYLE: \@startsection/style.
+ }
+
+ This will put 'subsection' titles in small caps type, inline with the
+paragraph.
+
+ \renewcommand\subsection{%
+ \@startsection{subsection}% *note NAME: \@startsection/name.
+ {2}% *note LEVEL: \@startsection/level.
+ {0em}% *note INDENT: \@startsection/indent.
+ {-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% *note BEFORESKIP: \@startsection/beforeskip.
+ {-1em plus 0.2em}% *note AFTERSKIP: \@startsection/afterskip.
+ {\scshape}% *note STYLE: \@startsection/style.
+ }
+
+ The prior examples redefined existing sectional unit title commands.
+This defines a new one, illustrating the needed counter and macros to
+display that counter.
+
+ \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down
+ \newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]% counter for numbering
+ \renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}% how to display
+ {\thesubparagraph.\@arabic\c@subsubparagraph}% numbering
+ \newcommand{\subsubparagraph}{\@startsection
+ {subsubparagraph}%
+ {6}%
+ {0em}%
+ {\baselineskip}%
+ {0.5\baselineskip}%
+ {\normalfont\normalsize}}
+ \newcommand*\l@subsubparagraph{\@dottedtocline{6}{10em}{5em}}% for toc
+ \newcommand{\subsubparagraphmark}[1]{}% for page headers
+

File: latex2e.info, Node: Cross references, Next: Environments, Prev: Sectioning, Up: Top
7 Cross references
******************
-One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
-the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."
+One reason for numbering things such as figures and equations is to
+refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure~3 for more details."
+
+ Including the figure number in the source is poor practice since if
+that number changes as the document evolves then you must remember to
+update this reference by hand. Instead, LaTeX has you write a "label"
+like '\label{eq:GreensThm}' and refer to it with 'See
+equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}'.
+
+ LaTeX writes the information from the labels to a file with the same
+name as the file containing the '\label{...}' but with an '.aux'
+extension. (The information has the format
+'\newlabel{LABEL}{{CURRENTLABEL}{PAGENUMBER}}' where CURRENTLABEL is the
+current value of the macro '\@currentlabel' that is usually updated
+whenever you call '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'.)
+
+ The most common side effect of the prior paragraph happens when your
+document has a "forward reference", a '\ref{KEY}' that appears earlier
+than the associated '\label{KEY}'; see the example in the
+'\pageref{...}' description. LaTeX gets the information for references
+from the '.aux' file. If this is the first time you are compiling the
+document then you will get a message 'LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have
+changed. Rerun to get cross references right.' and in the output the
+reference will appear as two question marks '??', in boldface. Or, if
+you change some things so the references change then you get the same
+warning and the output contains the old reference information. The
+solution in either case is just to compile the document a second time.
* Menu:
@@ -1395,33 +2153,20 @@ Synopsis:
\label{KEY}
- A '\label' command appearing in ordinary text assigns to KEY the
-number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered
-environment assigns that number to KEY. The assigned number can be
-retrieved with the '\ref{KEY}' command (*note \ref::).
-
- Thus, in the example below the key 'sec:test' holds the number of the
-current section and the key 'fig:test' that of the figure.
-(Incidentally, labels must appear after captions in figures and tables.)
-
- \section{section name}
- \label{sec:test}
- This is Section~\ref{sec:test}.
- \begin{figure}
- ...
- \caption{caption text}
- \label{fig:test}
- \end{figure}
- See Figure~\ref{fig:test}.
+ Assign a reference number to KEY. In ordinary text '\label{KEY}'
+assigns to KEY the number of the current sectional unit. Inside an
+environment with numbering, such as a 'table' or 'theorem' environment,
+'\label{KEY}' assigns to KEY the number of that environment. Retrieve
+the assigned number with the '\ref{KEY}' command (*note \ref::).
A key name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or common
punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished,
as usual.
- Although the name can be more or less anything, a common convention
-is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a
-colon or period. This helps to avoid accidentally creating two labels
-with the same name. Some commonly-used prefixes:
+ A common convention is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a
+suffix separated by a colon or period. This helps to avoid accidentally
+creating two labels with the same name, and makes your source more
+readable. Some commonly-used prefixes:
'ch'
for chapters
@@ -1434,7 +2179,23 @@ with the same name. Some commonly-used prefixes:
'eq'
for equations
- Thus, a label for a figure would look like 'fig:test' or 'fig.test'.
+ Thus, '\label{fig:Euler}' is a label for a figure with a portrait of
+the great man.
+
+ In this example below the key 'sec:test' will get the number of the
+current section and the key 'fig:test' will get the number of the
+figure. (Incidentally, put labels after captions in figures and
+tables.)
+
+ \section{section name}
+ \label{sec:test}
+ This is Section~\ref{sec:test}.
+ \begin{figure}
+ ...
+ \caption{caption text}
+ \label{fig:test}
+ \end{figure}
+ See Figure~\ref{fig:test}.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \pageref, Next: \ref, Prev: \label, Up: Cross references
@@ -1446,8 +2207,19 @@ Synopsis:
\pageref{KEY}
- The '\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in
-the text where the corresponding '\label'{KEY} command appears.
+ Produce the page number of the place in the text where the
+corresponding '\label'{KEY} command appears.
+
+ In this example the '\label{eq:main}' is used both for the formula
+number and for the page number. (Note that the two references are
+forward references, so this document would need to be compiled twice to
+resolve those.)
+
+ The main result is formula~\ref{eq:main} on page~\pageref{eq:main}.
+ ...
+ \begin{equation} \label{eq:main}
+ \mathbf{P}=\mathbf{NP}
+ \end{equation}

File: latex2e.info, Node: \ref, Prev: \pageref, Up: Cross references
@@ -1459,10 +2231,20 @@ Synopsis:
\ref{KEY}
- The '\ref' command produces the number of the sectional unit,
-equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding '\label' command
-(*note \label::). It does not produce any text, such as the word
-'Section' or 'Figure', just the bare number itself.
+ Produces the number of the sectional unit, equation, footnote,
+figure, ..., of the corresponding '\label' command (*note \label::). It
+does not produce any text, such as the word 'Section' or 'Figure', just
+the bare number itself.
+
+ In this example, the '\ref{popular}' produces '2'. Note that it is a
+forward reference since it comes before '\label{popular}'.
+
+ The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}.
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item Plain \TeX
+ \item \label{popular} \LaTeX
+ \item Con\TeX t
+ \end{enumerate}

File: latex2e.info, Node: Environments, Next: Line breaking, Prev: Cross references, Up: Top
@@ -1470,12 +2252,19 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Environments, Next: Line breaking, Prev: Cross refe
8 Environments
**************
-LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each
-environment begins and ends in the same manner:
+LaTeX provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior. An
+environment begins with '\begin' and ends with '\end', like this:
- \begin{ENVNAME}
- ...
- \end{ENVNAME}
+ \begin{ENVIRONMENT-NAME}
+ ...
+ \end{ENVIRONMENT-NAME}
+
+ The ENVIRONMENT-NAME at the beginning must exactly match that at the
+end. For instance, the input '\begin{table*}...\end{table}' will cause
+an error like: '! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by
+\end{table}.'
+
+ Environments are executed within a group.
* Menu:
@@ -1520,8 +2309,42 @@ Synopsis:
...
\end{abstract}
- Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple
-paragraphs.
+ Produce an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs. This
+environment is only defined in the 'article' and 'report' document
+classes (*note Document classes::).
+
+ Using the example below in the 'article' class produces a displayed
+paragraph. Document class option 'titlepage' causes the abstract to be
+on a separate page (*note Document class options::); this is the default
+only in the 'report' class.
+
+ \begin{abstract}
+ We compare all known accounts of the proposal made by Porter Alexander
+ to Robert E Lee at the Appomattox Court House that the army continue
+ in a guerrilla war, which Lee refused.
+ \end{abstract}
+
+ The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column
+document (for a more flexible solution, use the package 'abstract').
+
+ \documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
+ ...
+ \begin{document}
+ \title{Babe Ruth as Cultural Progenitor: a Atavistic Approach}
+ \author{Smith \\ Jones \\ Robinson\thanks{Railroad tracking grant.}}
+ \twocolumn[
+ \begin{@twocolumnfalse}
+ \maketitle
+ \begin{abstract}
+ Ruth was not just the Sultan of Swat, he was the entire swat
+ team.
+ \end{abstract}
+ \end{@twocolumnfalse}
+ ]
+ { % by-hand insert a footnote at page bottom
+ \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
+ \footnotetext[1]{Thanks for all the fish.}
+ }

File: latex2e.info, Node: array, Next: center, Prev: abstract, Up: Environments
@@ -1532,22 +2355,22 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: array, Next: center, Prev: abstract, Up: Environme
Synopsis:
\begin{array}{COLS}
- COLUMN 1 ENTRY &COLUMN 2 ENTRY ... &COLUMN N ENTRY \\
- ...
+ COLUMN 1 ENTRY &COLUMN 2 ENTRY ... &COLUMN N ENTRY \\
+ ...
\end{array}
or
\begin{array}[POS]{COLS}
- COLUMN 1 ENTRY &COLUMN 2 ENTRY ... &COLUMN N ENTRY \\
- ...
+ COLUMN 1 ENTRY &COLUMN 2 ENTRY ... &COLUMN N ENTRY \\
+ ...
\end{array}
Produce a mathematical array. This environment can only be used in
math mode, and normally appears within a displayed mathematics
environment such as 'equation' (*note equation::). Column entries are
separated by an ampersand ('&'). Rows are terminated with
-double-backslashes ('\\') (*note \\::).
+double-backslashes (*note \\::).
The required argument COLS describes the number of columns, their
alignment, and the formatting of the intercolumn regions. See *note
@@ -1555,20 +2378,20 @@ tabular:: for the complete description of COLS, and of the other common
features of the two environments, including the optional POS argument.
There are two ways that 'array' diverges from 'tabular'. The first
-is that 'array' entries are typeset in mathematics mode, in textstyle
-(except if the COLS definition specifies the column with '@p{..}', which
-causes the entry to be typeset in text mode). The second is that,
-instead of 'tabular''s parameter '\tabcolsep', LaTeX's intercolumn space
-in an array is governed by '\arraycolsep' which gives half the width
+is that 'array' entries are typeset in math mode, in textstyle (except
+if the COLS definition specifies the column with 'p{...}', which causes
+the entry to be typeset in text mode). The second is that, instead of
+'tabular''s parameter '\tabcolsep', LaTeX's intercolumn space in an
+'array' is governed by '\arraycolsep', which gives half the width
between columns. The default for this is '5pt'.
To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the 'amsmath'
package. It comes with environments 'pmatrix' for an array surrounded
-by parentheses '(..)', 'bmatrix' for an array surrounded by square
-brackets '[..]', 'Bmatrix' for an array surrounded by curly
-braces '{..}', 'vmatrix' for an array surrounded by vertical
-bars '|..|', and 'Vmatrix' for an array surrounded by double vertical
-bars '||..||', along with a number of other array constructs.
+by parentheses '(...)', 'bmatrix' for an array surrounded by square
+brackets '[...]', 'Bmatrix' for an array surrounded by curly
+braces '{...}', 'vmatrix' for an array surrounded by vertical
+bars '|...|', and 'Vmatrix' for an array surrounded by double vertical
+bars '||...||', along with a number of other array constructs.
Here is an example of an array:
@@ -1579,6 +2402,15 @@ bars '||..||', along with a number of other array constructs.
\end{array}
\end{equation}
+ The next example works if '\usepackage{amsmath}' is in the preamble:
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ \begin{vmatrix}{cc}
+ a &b \\
+ c &d
+ \end{vmatrix}=ad-bc
+ \end{equation}
+

File: latex2e.info, Node: center, Next: description, Prev: array, Up: Environments
@@ -1588,23 +2420,33 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: center, Next: description, Prev: array, Up: Enviro
Synopsis:
\begin{center}
- .. text ..
+ ... text ...
\end{center}
- Environment to create a sequence of lines that are centered within
-the left and right margins on the current page. If the text in the
-environment body is too long to fit on a line, LaTeX will insert line
-breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
-interword space. To force a line break at a particular spot use
-double-backslash '\\' (*note \\::).
+ Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
+centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Use
+double-backslash to get a line break at a particular spot (*note \\::).
+If some text environment body is too long to fit on a line, LaTeX will
+insert line breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or
+shrinking any interword space.
This environment inserts space above and below the text body. See
*note \centering:: to avoid such space, for example inside a 'figure'
environment.
- In this example, depending on the line width, LaTeX may choose a
-break for the part before the double backslash, will center the line or
-two, then will break at the double backslash, and will center the
+ This example produces three centered lines. There is extra vertical
+space between the last two lines.
+
+ \begin{center}
+ A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fufillment \\
+ of the Requirements of \\[0.5ex]
+ the School of Environmental Engineering
+ \end{center}
+
+ In this example, depending on the page's line width, LaTeX may choose
+a line break for the part before the double backslash. If so, it will
+center each of the two lines and if not it will center the single line.
+Then LaTeX will break at the double backslash, and will center the
ending.
\begin{center}
@@ -1625,7 +2467,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \centering, Up: center
8.3.1 '\centering'
------------------
-Declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
+A declaration that causes material in its scope to be centered. It is
most often used inside an environment such as 'figure', or in a
'parbox'.
@@ -1673,17 +2515,18 @@ typeset in bold, flush-left. Each item's text may contain multiple
paragraphs. Although the labels on the items are optional there is no
sensible default, so all items should have labels.
- The list consists of at least one item; see *note \item:: (having no
-items causes the LaTeX error 'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing
-\item'). Each item is produced with an '\item' command.
+ The list consists of at least one item, created with the '\item'
+command (*note \item::). Having no items causes the LaTeX error
+'Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item').
Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a
font change given in argument style (see *note Font styles::) then it
will come out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for
typewriter with '\item[\texttt{label text}]' then it will appear in bold
-typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bolded
-typewriter is to use declaritive style '\item[{\tt label text}]'.
-Similarly, get normal text use '\item[{\rm label text}]'.
+typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way to get non-bold
+typewriter is to use declarative style: '\item[{\tt label text}]'.
+Similarly, to get the standard roman font, use '\item[{\rm label
+text}]'.
For other major LaTeX labelled list environments, see *note itemize::
and *note enumerate::. For information about customizing list layout,
@@ -1706,32 +2549,31 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: displaymath, Next: document, Prev: description, Up
Synopsis:
\begin{displaymath}
- .. math text ..
+ MATH TEXT
\end{displaymath}
Environment to typeset the math text on its own line, in display
style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global
option 'fleqn'; see *note Document class options::.
- LaTeX will not break the math text across lines.
-
In the 'displaymath' environment no equation number is added to the
math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the 'equation'
environment (*note equation::).
- Note that the 'amsmath' package has extensive displayed equation
-facilities. Those facilities are the best approach for such output in
-new documents. For example, there are a number of options in that
-package for having math text broken across lines.
-
- The construct '\[..math text..\]' is essentially a synonym for
-'\begin{displaymath}..math text..\end{displaymath}' but the latter is
-easier to work with in the source file; for instance, searching for a
-square bracket may get false positives but the word 'displaymath' will
-likely be unique. (The construct '$$..math text..$$' from Plain TeX is
-sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for 'displaymath'. It is not a
-synonym, because the 'displaymath' environment checks that it isn't
-started in math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching
+ LaTeX will not break the MATH TEXT across lines.
+
+ Note that the 'amsmath' package has significantly more extensive
+displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of ways
+in that package for having math text broken across lines.
+
+ The construct '\[MATH TEXT\]' is essentially a synonym for
+'\begin{displaymath}MATH TEXT\end{displaymath}' but the latter is easier
+to work with in the source file; for instance, searching for a square
+bracket may get false positives but the word 'displaymath' will likely
+be unique. (The construct '$$MATH TEXT$$' from Plain TeX is sometimes
+mistakenly used as a synonym for 'displaymath'. It is not a synonym,
+because the 'displaymath' environment checks that it isn't started in
+math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching
environment start, because the 'displaymath' environment has different
vertical spacing, and because the 'displaymath' environment honors the
'fleqn' option.)
@@ -1971,7 +2813,7 @@ Floats::.
The figure body is typeset in a 'parbox' of width '\textwidth' and so
it can contain text, commands, etc.
- The label is optional; it is used for cross-references (*note Cross
+ The label is optional; it is used for cross references (*note Cross
references::). The optional '\caption' command specifies caption text
for the figure. By default it is numbered. If LOFTITLE is present, it
is used in the list of figures instead of TITLE (*note Tables of
@@ -2129,7 +2971,7 @@ Synopsis:
\end{itemize}
The 'itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list.
-Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
+Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::).
@@ -2262,6 +3104,9 @@ empty, i.e., '{}', which leaves the default spacing.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \item, Up: list
+8.16.1 '\item': An entry in a list.
+-----------------------------------
+
Synopsis:
\item text of item
@@ -2362,6 +3207,11 @@ a length of 2.54 centimeters.
'\setlength' command, outside of a 'picture' environment. The default
value is '1pt'.
+ The 'picture' package redefine the 'picture' environment so that
+everywhere a number is used in a PICTURE COMMANDS to specify a
+coordinate, one can use alternatively a length. Be aware however that
+this will prevent scaling those lengths by changing '\unitlength'.
+
A "position" is a pair of coordinates, such as '(2.4,-5)', specifying
the point with x-coordinate '2.4' and y-coordinate '-5'. Coordinates
are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
@@ -2703,7 +3553,7 @@ short quotation or a sequence of short quotations.
\begin{quotation}
\it Four score and seven years ago
- .. shall not perish from the earth.
+ ... shall not perish from the earth.
\hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln
\end{quotation}
@@ -2826,7 +3676,7 @@ placement algorithm, see *note Floats::.
The table body is typeset in a 'parbox' of width '\textwidth' and so
it can contain text, commands, etc.
- The label is optional; it is used for cross-references (*note Cross
+ The label is optional; it is used for cross references (*note Cross
references::). The optional '\caption' command specifies caption text
for the table. By default it is numbered. If LOTTITLE is present, it
is used in the list of tables instead of TITLE (*note Tables of
@@ -2892,7 +3742,7 @@ WIDTH
should be rubber, as with '@{\extracolsep{\fill}}', to allow the
table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
are likely to get the 'Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
- ..' warning.
+ ...' warning.
POS
Optional. Specifies the table's vertical position. The default is
@@ -2927,15 +3777,15 @@ COLS
TEXT OR SPACE material is typeset in LR mode. This text is
fragile (*note \protect::).
- This specifier is optional: unless you put in your own
- @-expression then LaTeX's book, article, and report classes
- will put on either side of each column a space of length
- '\tabcolsep', which by default is '6pt'. That is, by default
- adjacent columns are separated by 12pt (so '\tabcolsep' is
- misleadingly-named since it is not the separation between
- tabular columns). Also by default a space of 6pt comes before
- the first column as well as after the final column, unless you
- put a '@{..}' or '|' there.
+ This specifier is optional: with no @-expression, LaTeX's
+ 'book', 'article', and 'report' classes will put on either
+ side of each column a space of length '\tabcolsep', which by
+ default is '6pt'. That is, by default adjacent columns are
+ separated by 12pt (so '\tabcolsep' is misleadingly-named since
+ it is not the separation between tabular columns). By
+ implication, a space of 6pt also comes before the first column
+ and after the final column, unless you put a '@{...}' or '|'
+ there.
If you override the default and use an @-expression then you
must insert any desired space yourself, as in
@@ -2947,7 +3797,7 @@ COLS
\begin{flushleft}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l}
- ..
+ ...
\end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
@@ -2997,7 +3847,7 @@ COLS
integer and COLS is a list of specifiers. Thus
'\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{l|r}|}' is equivalent to
'\begin{tabular}{|l|rl|rl|r|}'. Note that COLS may contain
- another '*-expression'.
+ another '*'-expression.
Parameters that control formatting:
@@ -3053,7 +3903,7 @@ spanned by the single heading 'Name'.
\begin{tabular}{lccl}
\textit{ID} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &\textit{Age} \\ \hline % row one
978-0-393-03701-2 &O'Brian &Patrick &55 \\ % row two
- ..
+ ...
\end{tabular}
What counts as a column is: the column format specifier for the
@@ -3065,7 +3915,7 @@ and 'p{1.5in}|'.
The COLS argument overrides the 'array' or 'tabular' environment's
intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn entry. To affect
that area, this argument can contain vertical bars '|' indicating the
-placement of vertical rules, and '@{..}' expressions. Thus if COLS is
+placement of vertical rules, and '@{...}' expressions. Thus if COLS is
'|c|' then this multicolumn entry will be centered and a vertical rule
will come in the intercolumn area before it and after it. This table
details the exact behavior.
@@ -3076,6 +3926,7 @@ details the exact behavior.
&\multicolumn{1}{|r}{y} % entry three
&z % entry four
\end{tabular}
+
Before the first entry the output will not have a vertical rule
because the '\multicolumn' has the COLS specifier 'r' with no initial
vertical bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a vertical
@@ -3123,9 +3974,9 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \vline, Next: \cline, Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabu
Draw a vertical line in a 'tabular' or 'array' environment extending the
full height and depth of an entry's row. Can also be used in an
@-expression, although its synonym vertical bar '|' is more common.
-This command is rarely used; typically a table's vertical lines are
-specified in 'tabular''s COLS argument and overriden as needed with
-'\multicolumn'.
+This command is rarely used in the body of a table; typically a table's
+vertical lines are specified in 'tabular''s COLS argument and overridden
+as needed with '\multicolumn'.
This example illustrates some pitfalls. In the first line's second
entry the '\hfill' moves the '\vline' to the left edge of the cell. But
@@ -3235,14 +4086,15 @@ Synopsis:
The '\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL. If the
LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the
-'enumi' counter. The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers, and
-punctuation symbols not containing a comma.
+'enumi' counter. The CITE_KEY is a "citation key" consisting in any
+sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a
+comma.
This command writes an entry to the '.aux' file containing the item's
-CITE_KEY and label. When the '.aux' file is read by the
-'\begin{document}' command, the item's 'label' is associated with
-'cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a '\cite' command (see
-next section) to produce the associated label.
+CITE_KEY and LABEL. When the '.aux' file is read by the
+'\begin{document}' command, the item's LABEL is associated with
+'cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a '\cite' command (*note
+\cite::) to produce the associated LABEL.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \cite, Next: \nocite, Prev: \bibitem, Up: thebibliography
@@ -3254,9 +4106,10 @@ Synopsis:
\cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS}
- The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated
-by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the references
-associated with KEYS by entries in the '.aux' file.
+ The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys (*note
+\bibitem::), separated by commas. This command generates an in-text
+citation to the references associated with KEYS by entries in the '.aux'
+file.
The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the citation.
For example, '\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce '[Knuth, p. 314]'.
@@ -3267,7 +4120,9 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \nocite, Next: Using BibTeX, Prev: \cite, Up: theb
8.24.3 '\nocite'
----------------
-'\nocite{KEYS}'
+Synopsis:
+
+ \nocite{KEYS}
The '\nocite' command produces no text, but writes KEYS, which is a
list of one or more citation keys, to the '.aux' file.
@@ -3289,7 +4144,7 @@ your bibliography, you don't use the 'thebibliography' environment
The '\bibliographystyle' command does not produce any output of its
own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be
produced: BIBSTYLE refers to a file BIBSTYLE'.bst', which defines how
-your citations will look. The standard STYLE names distributed with
+your citations will look. The standard BIBSTYLE names distributed with
BibTeX are:
'alpha'
@@ -3308,9 +4163,9 @@ demands of various publications. See
The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the
bibliography. The argument to '\bibliography' refers to files named
-'BIBFILE.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format.
-Only the entries referred to via '\cite' and '\nocite' will be listed in
-the bibliography.
+'BIBFILE1.bib', 'BIBFILE2.bib', ..., which should contain your database
+in BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via '\cite' and
+'\nocite' will be listed in the bibliography.

File: latex2e.info, Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments
@@ -3337,16 +4192,38 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Envi
Synopsis:
\begin{titlepage}
- TEXT
+ ... text and spacing ...
\end{titlepage}
- The 'titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with
-no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to
-be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The
-'\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::).
+ Create a title page, a page with no printed page number or heading.
+The following page will be numbered page one.
+
+ To instead produce a standard title page without a 'titlepage'
+environment you can use '\maketitle' (*note \maketitle::).
+
+ Notice in this example that all formatting, including vertical
+spacing, is left to the author.
- You can use the '\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce
-a standard title page without a 'titlepage' environment.
+ \begin{titlepage}
+ \vspace*{\stretch{1}}
+ \begin{center}
+ {\huge\bfseries Thesis \\[1ex]
+ title} \\[6.5ex]
+ {\large\bfseries Author name} \\
+ \vspace{4ex}
+ Thesis submitted to \\[5pt]
+ \textit{University name} \\[2cm]
+ in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of \\[2cm]
+ \textsc{\Large Doctor of Philosophy} \\[2ex]
+ \textsc{\large Mathematics} \\[12ex]
+ \vfill
+ Department of Mathematics \\
+ Address \\
+ \vfill
+ \today
+ \end{center}
+ \vspace{\stretch{2}}
+ \end{titlepage}

File: latex2e.info, Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments
@@ -3434,6 +4311,7 @@ you but in some environments you manually force line breaks.
* \obeycr & \restorecr:: Make each input line start a new output line.
* \newline:: Break the line
* \- (hyphenation):: Insert explicit hyphenation.
+* \discretionary:: Insert explicit hyphenation with control of hyphen character.
* \fussy:: Be fussy about line breaking.
* \sloppy:: Be sloppy about line breaking.
* \hyphenation:: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
@@ -3463,7 +4341,7 @@ particular, to start a new paragraph instead leave a blank line. This
command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text such as in a
'tabular' or 'array' environment.
- Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a 'p{..}' column in a
+ Under ordinary circumstances (e.g., outside of a 'p{...}' column in a
'tabular' environment) the '\newline' command is a synonym for '\\'
(*note \newline::).
@@ -3496,7 +4374,7 @@ In ordinary text this is equivalent to double-backslash (*note \\::); it
breaks a line, with no stretching of the text before it.
Inside a 'tabular' or 'array' environment, in a column with a
-specifier producing a paragraph box, like typically 'p{..}', '\newline'
+specifier producing a paragraph box, like typically 'p{...}', '\newline'
will insert a line break inside of the column, that is, it does not
break the entire row. To break the entire row use '\\' or its
equivalent '\tabularnewline'.
@@ -3511,7 +4389,7 @@ of the table.
The 'Date:' will be baseline-aligned with 'Name:'.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \fussy, Prev: \newline, Up: Line breaking
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \discretionary, Prev: \newline, Up: Line breaking
9.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen)
===============================
@@ -3526,9 +4404,19 @@ hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that
LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: \fussy, Next: \sloppy, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line breaking
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \discretionary, Next: \fussy, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line breaking
+
+9.5 '\discretionary' (generalized hyphenation point)
+====================================================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \discretionary{PRE-BREAK-TEXT}{POST-BREAK-TEXT}{NO-BREAK-TEXT}
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \fussy, Next: \sloppy, Prev: \discretionary, Up: Line breaking
-9.5 '\fussy'
+9.6 '\fussy'
============
The declaration '\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about
@@ -3536,12 +4424,12 @@ line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at the
cost of an occasional overfull box.
This command cancels the effect of a previous '\sloppy' command
-(*note \sloppy::.
+(*note \sloppy::).

File: latex2e.info, Node: \sloppy, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \fussy, Up: Line breaking
-9.6 '\sloppy'
+9.7 '\sloppy'
=============
The declaration '\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking.
@@ -3552,7 +4440,7 @@ This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \sloppy, Up: Line breaking
-9.7 '\hyphenation'
+9.8 '\hyphenation'
==================
Synopsis:
@@ -3571,7 +4459,7 @@ words):

File: latex2e.info, Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line breaking
-9.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak'
+9.9 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak'
=================================
Synopses:
@@ -3816,7 +4704,8 @@ set at the bottom of the page.
\textit{HMS Sophie} &Master and Commander \\
\textit{HMS Polychrest} &Post Captain \\
\textit{HMS Lively} &Post Captain \\
- \textit{HMS Surprise} &A number of books\footnote{Starting with HMS Surprise.}
+ \textit{HMS Surprise} &A number of books\footnote{Starting with
+ HMS Surprise.}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
@@ -3825,7 +4714,7 @@ set at the bottom of the page.
\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
- .. tabular material ..
+ ... tabular material ...
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
@@ -3853,23 +4742,24 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnotes in section headings, Next: Footnotes of fo
11.5 Footnotes in section headings
==================================
-Putting a footnote in a section heading
+Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
- \section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material is due to R~Jones.}}
+ \section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}}
- causes the footnote to appear both at the bottom of the page where
-the section starts and at the bottom of the table of contents page. To
-have it not appear on the table of contents use the package 'footmisc'
-with the 'stable' option.
+causes the footnote to appear at the bottom of the page where the
+section starts, as usual, but also at the bottom of the table of
+contents, where it is not likely to be desired. To have it not appear
+on the table of contents use the package 'footmisc' with the 'stable'
+option.
\usepackage[stable]{footmisc}
- ..
+ ...
\begin{document}
- ..
- \section{Full sets\footnote{This material is due to R~Jones.}}
+ ...
+ \section{Full sets\footnote{This material due to ...}}
- Note that the '\protect' is gone; putting it in causes the footnote
-to reappear on the table of contents.
+ Note that the '\protect' is gone; including it would cause the
+footnote to reappear on the table of contents.

File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnotes of footnotes, Next: Multiple reference to footnotes, Prev: Footnotes in section headings, Up: Footnotes
@@ -3885,12 +4775,12 @@ including allow these two, as in this example.
\usepackage{bigfoot}
\DeclareNewFootnote{Default}
\DeclareNewFootnote{from}[alph] % create class \footnotefrom{}
- ..
+ ...
\begin{document}
- ..
+ ...
The third theorem is a partial converse of the
second.\footnotefrom{First noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}}
- ..
+ ...

File: latex2e.info, Node: Multiple reference to footnotes, Next: Footnote parameters, Prev: Footnotes of footnotes, Up: Footnotes
@@ -3903,13 +4793,13 @@ the package 'cleverref'.
\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % this version of package or later
\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3}
- ..
+ ...
\begin{document}
- ..
+ ...
The theorem is from Evers.\footnote{\label{fn:TE}Tinker and Evers, 1994.}
The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers and Chance, 1990.}
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
- ..
+ ...
This solution will work with the package 'hyperref'. See *note
\footnotemark:: for a simpler solution in the common case of multiple
@@ -3963,84 +4853,90 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Next: \providecommand,
'\newcommand' and '\renewcommand' define and redefine a command,
respectively. Synopses:
- \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
- \newcommand*{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
- \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
- \renewcommand*{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
+ \newcommand{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
+ \newcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
+ \renewcommand{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
+ \renewcommand*{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN}
- The '*'-form of these two commands requires that the arguments not
-contain multiple paragraphs of text (not '\long', in plain TeX terms).
+ The starred form of these two commands requires that the arguments
+not contain multiple paragraphs of text (not '\long', in plain TeX
+terms).
CMD
- Required; the command name. It must begin with '\'. For
- '\newcommand', it must not be already defined and must not begin
- with '\end'. For '\renewcommand', it must already be defined.
+ Required; '\CMD' is the command name. For '\newcommand', it must
+ not be already defined and must not begin with '\end'. For
+ '\renewcommand', it must already be defined.
NARGS
Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of
- arguments that the command will take. If this argument is not
- present, the default is for the command to have no arguments. When
- redefining a command, the new version can have a different number
- of arguments than the old version.
+ arguments that the command can take, including any optional
+ argument. If this argument is not present, the default is for the
+ command to have no arguments. When redefining a command, the new
+ version can have a different number of arguments than the old
+ version.
OPTARGDEFAULT
Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
- defined command \CMD is optional, with default value OPTARGDEFAULT
- (which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present
- then \CMD does not take an optional argument.
+ defined command '\CMD' is optional, with default value
+ OPTARGDEFAULT (which may be the empty string). If this argument is
+ not present then '\CMD' does not take an optional argument.
- That is, if \CMD is used with square brackets following, as in
- '\CMD[MYVAL]', then within DEFN '#1' expands MYVAL. While if \CMD
- is called without square brackets following, then within DEFN the
- '#1' expands to the default OPTARGDEFAULT. In either case, any
- required arguments will be referred to starting with '#2'.
+ That is, if '\CMD' is used with square brackets following, as in
+ '\CMD[MYVAL]', then within DEFN the first "positional parameter"
+ '#1' expands MYVAL. On the other hand, if '\CMD' is called without
+ square brackets following, then within DEFN the positional
+ parameter '#1' expands to the default OPTARGDEFAULT. In either
+ case, any required arguments will be referred to starting with
+ '#2'.
- Omitting '[MYVAL]' in the call is different from having the square
+ Omitting '[MYVAL]' in a call is different from having the square
brackets with no contents, as in '[]'. The former results in '#1'
expanding to OPTARGDEFAULT; the latter results in '#1' expanding to
the empty string.
DEFN
- The text to be substituted for every occurrence of 'cmd'; a
- construct of the form '#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the
+ The text to be substituted for every occurrence of '\CMD'; the
+ positional parameter '#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the
Nth argument.
- A command with no arguments that is followed in the source by a space
-will swallow that space. The solution is to type '{}' after the command
-and before the space.
+ TeX ignores spaces in the source following an alphabetic control
+sequence, as in '\cmd '. If you actually want a space there, one
+solution is to type '{}' after the command ('\cmd{} '; another solution
+is to use an explicit control space ('\cmd\ ').
- A simple example of defining a new command: '\newcommand{\JH}{Jim
-Hef{}feron}' causes the abbreviation '\JH' to be replaced by the longer
-text.
+ A simple example of defining a new command: '\newcommand{\RS}{Robin
+Smith}' results in '\RS' being replaced by the longer text.
- Redefining a command is basically the same:
+ Redefining an existing command is similar:
'\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}'.
- Here's a command definition that uses arguments:
+ Here's a command definition with one required argument:
- \newcommand{\defreference}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
+ \newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
-Then, '\defreference{def:basis}' will expand to something like
-'Definition~3.14'.
+Then, '\defref{def:basis}' expands to 'Definition~\ref{def:basis}',
+which will ultimately expand to something like 'Definition~3.14'.
- An example with two arguments:
-'\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{#1\!\times\!#2}' is invoked as '\nbym{2}{k}'.
+ An example with two required arguments: '\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1
+\times #2$}' is invoked as '\nbym{2}{k}'.
- An example with optional arguments:
+ An example with an optional argument:
\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:}
Then, '\salutation' gives 'Dear Sir or Madam:' while '\salutation[John]'
gives 'Dear John:'. And '\salutation[]' gives 'Dear :'.
- The braces around DEFN do not delimit the scope of the result of
-expanding DEFN. So '\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}' is wrong since
-in the sentence
+ The braces around DEFN do not define a group, that is, they do not
+delimit the scope of the result of expanding DEFN. So
+'\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}' is problematic; in this sentence,
- The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Virginia}.
+ The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}.
-the words 'met the' will incorrectly be in italics. An extra pair of
-braces '\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}' fixes it.
+the words 'met the' would incorrectly be in italics. Another pair of
+braces in the definition is needed, like this:
+'\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}'. Those braces are part of the
+definition and thus do define a group.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \providecommand, Next: \newcounter, Prev: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Up: Definitions
@@ -4066,21 +4962,24 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcounter, Next: \newlength, Prev: \providecomman
12.3 '\newcounter': Allocating a counter
========================================
-Synopsis:
+Synopsis, one of:
+ \newcounter{COUNTERNAME}
\newcounter{COUNTERNAME}[SUPERCOUNTER]
- The '\newcounter' command globally defines a new counter named
-COUNTERNAME. The name consists of letters only and does not begin with
-a backslash ('\'). The name must not already be used by another
-counter. The new counter is initialized to zero.
+ Globally defines a new counter named COUNTERNAME and initialize the
+new counter to zero.
- If the optional argument '[SUPERCOUNTER]' appears, then COUNTERNAME
+ The name COUNTERNAME must consists of letters only, and does not
+begin with a backslash. This name must not already be in use by another
+counter.
+
+ When you use the optional argument '[SUPERCOUNTER]' then COUNTERNAME
will be numbered within, or subsidiary to, the existing counter
SUPERCOUNTER. For example, ordinarily 'subsection' is numbered within
-'section'. Any time SUPERCOUNTER is incremented with '\stepcounter'
-(*note \stepcounter::) or '\refstepcounter' (*note \refstepcounter::)
-then COUNTERNAME is reset to zero.
+'section' so that any time SUPERCOUNTER is incremented with
+'\stepcounter' (*note \stepcounter::) or '\refstepcounter' (*note
+\refstepcounter::) then COUNTERNAME is reset to zero.
*Note Counters::, for more information about counters.
@@ -4127,32 +5026,34 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Next: \newtheor
============================================
These commands define or redefine an environment ENV, that is,
-'\begin{ENV} ... \end{ENV}'. Synopses:
+'\begin{ENV} BODY \end{ENV}'. Synopses:
- \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{BEGDEFN}{ENDDEFN}
+ \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{BEGDEFN}{ENDDEFN}
\newenvironment*{ENV}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{BEGDEFN}{ENDDEFN}
- \renewenvironment{ENV}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{BEGDEFN}{ENDDEFN}
+ \renewenvironment{ENV}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{BEGDEFN}{ENDDEFN}
\renewenvironment*{ENV}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{BEGDEFN}{ENDDEFN}
- Unlike '\newcommand' and '\renewcommand', the '*'-forms
-'\newenvironment*' and '\renewcommand*' have the same effect as the
-forms with no '*'.
+ The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
+contain multiple paragraphs of text. The body of these environments can
+still contain multiple paragraphs.
ENV
- Required; the environment name. It does not begin with backslash
- ('\'). It must not begin with the string 'end'. For
- '\newenvironment', the name ENV must not be the name of an already
- existing environment, and also the command '\ENV' must be
- undefined. For '\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an
- existing environment.
+ Required; the environment name. It consists only of letters or the
+ '*' character, and thus does not begin with backslash ('\'). It
+ must not begin with the string 'end'. For '\newenvironment', the
+ name ENV must not be the name of an already existing environment,
+ and also the command '\ENV' must be undefined. For
+ '\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an existing
+ environment.
NARGS
Optional; an integer from 0 to 9 denoting the number of arguments
- of that the environment will take. These arguments appear after
- the '\begin', as in '\begin{ENV}{ARG1}...{ARGN}'. If this argument
- is not present then the default is for the environment to have no
- arguments. When redefining an environment, the new version can
- have a different number of arguments than the old version.
+ of that the environment will take. When the environment is used
+ these arguments appear after the '\begin', as in
+ '\begin{ENV}{ARG1}...{ARGN}'. If this argument is not present then
+ the default is for the environment to have no arguments. When
+ redefining an environment, the new version can have a different
+ number of arguments than the old version.
OPTARGDEFAULT
Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
@@ -4163,11 +5064,12 @@ OPTARGDEFAULT
That is, when '[OPTARGDEFAULT]' is present in the environment
definition, if '\begin{ENV}' is used with square brackets
- following, as in '\begin{ENV}[MYVAL]', then within the environment
- '#1' expands MYVAL. If '\begin{ENV}' is called without square
- brackets following, then within the environment the '#1' expands to
- the default OPTARGDEFAULT. In either case, any required arguments
- will be referred to starting with '#2'.
+ following, as in '\begin{ENV}[MYVAL]', then, within BEGDEFN, the
+ positional parameter '#1' expands to MYVAL. If '\begin{ENV}' is
+ called without square brackets following, then, within within
+ BEGDEFN, the positional parameter '#1' expands to the default
+ OPTARGDEFAULT. In either case, any required arguments will be
+ referred to starting with '#2'.
Omitting '[MYVAL]' in the call is different from having the square
brackets with no contents, as in '[]'. The former results in '#1'
@@ -4175,22 +5077,22 @@ OPTARGDEFAULT
the empty string.
BEGDEFN
- Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of '\begin{ENV}'; a
- construct of the form '#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of the
- Nth argument.
+ Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of '\begin{ENV}'.
+ Within BEGDEF, the Nth positional parameter (i.e., '#N') is
+ replaced by the text of the Nth argument.
ENDDEFN
Required; the text expanded at every occurrence of '\end{ENV}'.
- Note that it may not contain any argument parameters, so '#N'
- cannot be used here.
+ This may not contain any positional parameters, so '#N' cannot be
+ used here (but see the final example below).
- The environment ENV delimits the scope of the result of expanding
-BEGDEFN and ENDDEFN. Thus, in the first example below, the effect of
-the '\small' is limited to the quote and does not extend to material
-following the environment.
+ All environments, that is to say the BEGDEFN code, the environment
+body and the ENDDEFN code, are processed within a group. Thus, in the
+first example below, the effect of the '\small' is limited to the quote
+and does not extend to material following the environment.
This example gives an environment like LaTeX's 'quotation' except
-that it will be set in smaller type.
+that it will be set in smaller type:
\newenvironment{smallquote}{%
\small\begin{quotation}
@@ -4198,8 +5100,8 @@ that it will be set in smaller type.
\end{quotation}
}
- This shows the use of arguments; it gives a quotation environment
-that cites the author.
+ This one shows the use of arguments; it gives a quotation environment
+that cites the author:
\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%
\begin{quotation}
@@ -4208,15 +5110,15 @@ that cites the author.
\end{quotation}
}
-The author's name is optional, and defaults to Shakespeare. In the
-document, use the environment as here:
+The author's name is optional, and defaults to 'Shakespeare'. In the
+document, use the environment like this:
\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]
- ..
+ ...
\end{citequote}
The final example shows how to save the value of an argument to use
-in ENDDEFN.
+in ENDDEFN, in this case in a box (*note \sbox::):
\newsavebox{\quoteauthor}
\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%
@@ -4233,33 +5135,33 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \newtheorem, Next: \newfont, Prev: \newenvironment
12.7 '\newtheorem'
==================
-Define a new "theorem-like environment". Synopses:
+Define a new theorem-like environment. Synopses:
+ \newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}
\newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}[NUMBERED_WITHIN]
\newtheorem{NAME}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{TITLE}
- Both create a theorem-like environment NAME. Using the first form,
-
- \newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}[NUMBERED_WITHIN]
+ Using the first form, '\newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}' creates an
+environment that will be labelled with TITLE. See the first example
+below.
-with the optional argument after the second required argument, creates
+ The second form '\newtheorem{NAME}{TITLE}[NUMBERED_WITHIN]' creates
an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing counter
-NUMBERED_WITHIN: it will be reset when NUMBERED_WITHIN is reset).
+NUMBERED_WITHIN (its counter will be reset when NUMBERED_WITHIN is
+reset).
- Using the second form,
-
- \newtheorem{NAME}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{TITLE}
-
-with the optional argument between the two required arguments, will
-create an environment whose counter will share the previously defined
-counter NUMBERED_LIKE.
+ The third form '\newtheorem{NAME}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{TITLE}', with
+optional argument between the two required arguments, will create an
+environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter
+NUMBERED_LIKE.
You can specify one of NUMBERED_WITHIN and NUMBERED_LIKE, or neither,
but not both.
This command creates a counter named NAME. In addition, unless the
-optional argument NUMBERED_LIKE is used, the current '\ref' value will
-be that of '\theNUMBERED_WITHIN' (*note \ref::).
+optional argument NUMBERED_LIKE is used, inside of the theorem-like
+environment the current '\ref' value will be that of
+'\theNUMBERED_WITHIN' (*note \ref::).
This declaration is global. It is fragile (*note \protect::).
@@ -4289,7 +5191,7 @@ NUMBERED_LIKE
NUMBERED_LIKE.
Without any optional arguments the environments are numbered
-sequentially. This example has a declaration in the preamble that
+sequentially. The example below has a declaration in the preamble that
results in 'Definition 1' and 'Definition 2' in the output.
\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}
@@ -4304,9 +5206,9 @@ results in 'Definition 1' and 'Definition 2' in the output.
Second def
\end{defn}
- Because this example specifies the optional argument NUMBERED_WITHIN
-to '\newtheorem' as 'section', the example, with the same document body,
-gives 'Definition 1.1' and 'Definition 2.1'.
+ Because the next example specifies the optional argument
+NUMBERED_WITHIN to '\newtheorem' as 'section', the example, with the
+same document body, gives 'Definition 1.1' and 'Definition 2.1'.
\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
\begin{document}
@@ -4320,7 +5222,7 @@ gives 'Definition 1.1' and 'Definition 2.1'.
Second def
\end{defn}
- In this example there are two declarations in the preamble, the
+ In the next example there are two declarations in the preamble, the
second of which calls for the new 'thm' environment to use the same
counter as 'defn'. It gives 'Definition 1.1', followed by 'Theorem 2.1'
and 'Definition 2.2'.
@@ -4376,7 +5278,7 @@ design size, which is a value defined in the '.tfm' file.
characters in each:
\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10 at 11pt}
- \newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10 scaled 11pt}
+ \newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10 scaled 1100}
\testfontat abc
\testfontscaled abc
@@ -4386,11 +5288,14 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \protect, Prev: \newfont, Up: Definitions
12.9 '\protect'
===============
-All LaTeX commands are either "fragile" or "robust". Footnotes, line
-breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and many more, are
-fragile. A fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to
-certain commands. To prevent such commands from breaking they must be
-preceded by the command '\protect'.
+All LaTeX commands are either "fragile" or "robust". A fragile command
+can break when it is used in the argument to certain other commands.
+Commands that contain data that LaTeX writes to an auxiliary file and
+re-reads later are fragile. This includes material that goes into a
+table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, etc. Fragile
+commands also include line breaks, any command that has an optional
+argument, and many more. To prevent such commands from breaking, one
+solution is to preceded them with the command '\protect'.
For example, when LaTeX runs the '\section{SECTION NAME}' command it
writes the SECTION NAME text to the '.aux' auxiliary file, moving it
@@ -4399,7 +5304,7 @@ contents. Any argument that is internally expanded by LaTeX without
typesetting it directly is referred to as a "moving argument". A
command is fragile if it can expand during this process into invalid TeX
code. Some examples of moving arguments are those that appear in the
-'\caption{..}' command (*note figure::), in the '\thanks{..}' command
+'\caption{...}' command (*note figure::), in the '\thanks{...}' command
(*note \maketitle::), and in @-expressions in the 'tabular' and 'array'
environments (*note tabular::).
@@ -4412,12 +5317,12 @@ are robust and should not be preceded by a '\protect' command. Nor can
a '\protect' command be used in the argument to '\addtocounter' or
'\setcounter' command.
- In this example the 'caption' command gives a mysterious error about
+ In this example the '\caption' command gives a mysterious error about
an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each '\raisebox'
command with '\protect'.
\begin{figure}
- ..
+ ...
\caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}}
\end{figure}
@@ -4428,9 +5333,9 @@ because the '\(..\)' in the section title expands to illegal TeX in the
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
- ..
+ ...
\section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)}
- ..
+ ...

File: latex2e.info, Node: Counters, Next: Lengths, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top
@@ -4440,10 +5345,12 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Counters, Next: Lengths, Prev: Definitions, Up: To
Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
name of the counter is often the same as the name of the environment or
-command associated with the number, except with no backslash ('\').
-Thus the '\chapter' command starts a chapter and the 'chapter' counter
-keeps track of the chapter number. Below is a list of the counters used
-in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering.
+command associated with the number, except that the counter's name has
+no backslash '\'. Thus, associated with the '\chapter' command is the
+'chapter' counter that keeps track of the chapter number.
+
+ Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document
+classes to control numbering.
part paragraph figure enumi
chapter subparagraph table enumii
@@ -4452,23 +5359,22 @@ in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering.
subsubsection
The 'mpfootnote' counter is used by the '\footnote' command inside of
-a minipage (*note minipage::).
-
- The 'enumi' through 'enumiv' counters are used in the 'enumerate'
-environment, for up to four nested levels (*note enumerate::).
+a minipage (*note minipage::). The counters 'enumi' through 'enumiv'
+are used in the 'enumerate' environment, for up to four levels of
+nesting (*note enumerate::).
New counters are created with '\newcounter'. *Note \newcounter::.
* Menu:
-* \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol:: Print value of a counter.
-* \usecounter:: Use a specified counter in a list environment.
-* \value:: Use the value of a counter in an expression.
-* \setcounter:: Set the value of a counter.
-* \addtocounter:: Add a quantity to a counter.
-* \refstepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-* \stepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-* \day \month \year:: Numeric date values.
+* \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol:: Print value of a counter.
+* \usecounter:: Use a specified counter in a list environment.
+* \value:: Use the value of a counter in an expression.
+* \setcounter:: Set the value of a counter.
+* \addtocounter:: Add a quantity to a counter.
+* \refstepcounter:: Add to a counter.
+* \stepcounter:: Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
+* \day \month \year:: Numeric date values.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Next: \usecounter, Up: Counters
@@ -4476,35 +5382,49 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Next: \
13.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters
=====================================================================
-All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
+Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
+the counter COUNTER has the value 1 then a '\alph{COUNTER}' in your
+source will result in a lower case letter a appearing in the output.
+
+ All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
instance, '\alph{enumi}'. Note that the counter name does not start
with a backslash.
-'\alph'
- prints COUNTER using lowercase letters: 'a', 'b', ...
+'\alph{COUNTER}'
+ Print the value of COUNTER in lowercase letters: 'a', 'b', ...
-'\Alph'
- uses uppercase letters: 'A', 'B', ...
+'\Alph{COUNTER}'
+ Print in uppercase letters: 'A', 'B', ...
-'\arabic'
- uses Arabic numbers: '1', '2', ...
+'\arabic{COUNTER}'
+ Print in Arabic numbers: '1', '2', ...
-'\roman'
- uses lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ...
+'\roman{COUNTER}'
+ Print in lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ...
-'\Roman'
- uses uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ...
+'\Roman{COUNTER}'
+ Print in uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ...
-'\fnsymbol'
- prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols
+'\fnsymbol{COUNTER}'
+ Prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols
(conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of COUNTER
must be between 1 and 9, inclusive.
- Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output):
+ Here are the symbols:
- asterisk(*) dagger(U+2021) ddagger(U+2021)
- section-sign(U+00A7) paragraph-sign(U+00B6) parallel(U+2225)
- double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(U+2020U+2020) double-ddagger(U+2021U+2021)
+ Name Command Equivalent Unicode
+ symbol and/or numeric
+ code point
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ asterisk '\ast' *
+ dagger '\dagger' U+2020
+ ddagger '\ddagger' U+2021
+ section-sign '\S' U+00A7
+ paragraph-sign '\P' U+00B6
+ double-vert '\parallel' U+2016
+ double-asterisk '\ast\ast' **
+ double-dagger '\dagger\dagger' U+2020U+2020
+ double-ddagger '\ddagger\ddagger' U+2021U+2021

File: latex2e.info, Node: \usecounter, Next: \value, Prev: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Up: Counters
@@ -4581,6 +5501,11 @@ Synopsis:
VALUE argument. Note that the counter name does not start with a
backslash.
+ In this example the section value appears as 'V'.
+
+ \setcounter{section}{5}
+ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
+

File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocounter, Next: \refstepcounter, Prev: \setcounter, Up: Counters
@@ -4590,6 +5515,12 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocounter, Next: \refstepcounter, Prev: \setcou
The '\addtocounter' command globally increments COUNTER by the amount
specified by the VALUE argument, which may be negative.
+ In this example the section value appears as 'VII'.
+
+ \setcounter{section}{5}
+ \addtocounter{section}{2}
+ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
+

File: latex2e.info, Node: \refstepcounter, Next: \stepcounter, Prev: \addtocounter, Up: Counters
@@ -4727,20 +5658,29 @@ math symbols family. *Note Spacing in math mode::.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Prev: Units of length, Up: Lengths
-14.2 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}'
-==============================
+14.2 '\setlength'
+=================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \setlength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
-The '\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which can
-be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches ('in'),
-millimeters ('mm'), points ('pt'), big points ('bp', etc.
+ The '\setlength' sets the value of "length command" '\LEN' to the
+VALUE argument which can be expressed in any units that LaTeX
+understands, i.e., inches ('in'), millimeters ('mm'), points ('pt'), big
+points ('bp'), etc.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settodepth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths
-14.3 '\addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}'
-=================================
+14.3 '\addtolength'
+===================
+
+Synopsis:
-The '\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the
+ \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
+
+ The '\addtolength' command increments a length command '\LEN' by the
amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative.

@@ -4749,10 +5689,12 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \settodepth, Next: \settoheight, Prev: \addtolength
14.4 '\settodepth'
==================
-'\settodepth{\gnat}{text}'
+Synopsis:
+
+ \settodepth{\LEN}{TEXT}
- The '\settodepth' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal
-to the depth of the 'text' argument.
+ The '\settodepth' command sets the value of a length command '\LEN'
+equal to the depth of the TEXT argument.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \settoheight, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \settodepth, Up: Lengths
@@ -4760,10 +5702,12 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \settoheight, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \settodepth,
14.5 '\settoheight'
===================
-'\settoheight{\gnat}{text}'
+Synopsis:
+
+ \settoheight{\LEN}{text}
- The '\settoheight' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal
-to the height of the 'text' argument.
+ The '\settoheight' command sets the value of a length command '\LEN'
+equal to the height of the 'text' argument.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \settowidth, Next: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settoheight, Up: Lengths
@@ -4771,7 +5715,11 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \settowidth, Next: Predefined lengths, Prev: \setto
14.6 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}'
==============================
-The '\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the
+Synopsis:
+
+ \settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}
+
+ The '\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the
width of the TEXT argument.

@@ -4794,7 +5742,7 @@ etc., of the text in the box. '\totalheight' equals '\height' +
'\depth'. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural
size, e.g., say
- '\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}'
+ \makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}

File: latex2e.info, Node: Making paragraphs, Next: Math formulas, Prev: Lengths, Up: Top
@@ -4837,7 +5785,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \noindent, Next: \parskip, Prev: \indent, Up: Maki
When used at the beginning of the paragraph, this command suppresses any
paragraph indentation, as in this example.
- .. end of the prior paragraph.
+ ... end of the prior paragraph.
\noindent This paragraph is not indented.
@@ -4964,8 +5912,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Subscripts & superscripts, Next: Math symbols, Up:
==============================
In math mode, use the caret character '^' to make the EXP appear as a
-superscript, ie. type '^{EXP}'. Similarly, in math mode,
-underscore '_{EXP}' makes a subscript out of EXP.
+superscript: '^{EXP}'. Similarly, in math mode, underscore '_{EXP}'
+makes a subscript out of EXP.
In this example the '0' and '1' appear as subscripts while the '2' is
a superscript.
@@ -5006,8 +5954,11 @@ symbol U+03C0.
Below is a list of commonly-available symbols. It is by no means an
exhaustive list. Each symbol here is described with a short phrase, and
its symbol class (which determines the spacing around it) is given in
-parenthesis. The commands for these symbols can be used only in math
-mode.
+parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can
+be used only in math mode.
+
+ To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current
+mode, see *note \ensuremath::.
'\|'
U+2225 Parallel (relation). Synonym: '\parallel'.
@@ -5036,7 +5987,7 @@ mode.
reserved for cross-correlation.
'\asymp'
- U+224D Asymptomatically equivalent (relation).
+ U+224D Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
'\backslash'
\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus '\setminus', and
@@ -5088,15 +6039,15 @@ mode.
U+22C0 Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
'\bot'
- U+22A5 Up tack, bottom, least element of a poset, or a
- contradiction (ordinary). See also '\top'.
+ U+22A5 Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered set,
+ or a contradiction (ordinary). See also '\top'.
'\bowtie'
U+22C8 Natural join of two relations (relation).
'\Box'
U+25A1 Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary).
- This is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the
+ Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the
'amssymb' package.
'\bullet'
@@ -5121,8 +6072,8 @@ mode.
'\complement'
U+2201 Set complement, used as a superscript as in
- '$S^\complement$' (ordinary). This is not available in Plain TeX.
- In LaTeX you should load the 'amssymb' package. Also used:
+ '$S^\complement$' (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In
+ LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb' package. Also used:
'$S^{\mathsf{c}}$' or '$\bar{S}$'.
'\cong'
@@ -5152,8 +6103,8 @@ mode.
U+03B4 Greek lower case delta (ordinary).
'\Diamond'
- U+25C7 Large diamond operator (ordinary). This is not available in
- Plain TeX. In LaTeX you must load the 'amssymb' package.
+ U+25C7 Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain
+ TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb' package.
'\diamond'
U+22C4 Diamond operator, or diamond bullet (binary). Similar:
@@ -5181,13 +6132,14 @@ mode.
U+2113 Lower-case cursive letter l (ordinary).
'\emptyset'
- U+2205 Empty set symbol (ordinary). Similar: reversed empty
- set '\varnothing'.
+ U+2205 Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
+ '\varnothing'.
'\epsilon'
- U+03F5 Lower case Greek-text letter (ordinary). More widely used
- in mathematics is the curly epsilon '\varepsilon' U+03B5. Related:
- the set membership relation '\in' U+2208.
+ U+03F5 Lower case lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to Greek text
+ letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small letter
+ epsilon '\varepsilon' U+03B5. Related: the set membership relation
+ '\in' U+2208.
'\equiv'
U+2261 Equivalence (relation).
@@ -5248,8 +6200,9 @@ mode.
U+2111 Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part '\Re'.
'\in'
- U+2208 Set element (relation). See also: lower case Greek letter
- epsilon '\epsilon'U+03F5 and rounded small epsilon '\varepsilon'.
+ U+2208 Set element (relation). See also: lower case lunate
+ epsilon '\epsilon'U+03F5 and small letter script
+ epsilon '\varepsilon'.
'\infty'
U+221E Infinity (ordinary).
@@ -5298,9 +6251,9 @@ mode.
for '\leq'.
'\leadsto'
- U+21DD Squiggly right arrow (relation). This is not available in
- Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the 'amssymb' package. To get
- this symbol outside of math mode you can put
+ U+21DD Squiggly right arrow (relation). Not available in plain
+ TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb' package. To get this
+ symbol outside of math mode you can put
'\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}' in the preamble and
then use '\Leadsto' instead.
@@ -5331,14 +6284,14 @@ mode.
for '\le'.
'\lfloor'
- U+230A Left floor bracket (opening).
+ U+230A Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: '\floor'.
'\lhd'
- U+25C1 Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). This
- is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the
- 'amssymb' package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
- 'amssymb' and use '\vartriangleleft' (which is a relation and so
- gives better spacing).
+ U+25C1 Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). Not
+ available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb'
+ package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load 'amssymb'
+ and use '\vartriangleleft' (which is a relation and so gives better
+ spacing).
'\ll'
U+226A Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
@@ -5372,7 +6325,7 @@ mode.
'\mho'
U+2127 Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
- This is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the
+ Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the
'amssymb' package.
'\mid'
@@ -5494,21 +6447,20 @@ mode.
U+00B1 Plus or minus (binary).
'\prec'
- U+227A Preceeds (relation). Similar: less than '<'.
+ U+227A Precedes (relation). Similar: less than '<'.
'\preceq'
- U+2AAF Preceeds or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
+ U+2AAF Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals '\leq'.
'\prime'
U+2032 Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically
- used as a superscript '$A^\prime$'. Note that '$f^\prime$' and
- '$f'$' produce the same result. An advantage of the second is that
- '$f'''$' produces the the desired symbol, that is, the same result
- as '$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$', but uses somewhat less typing. Note
- that you can only use '\prime' in math mode but you can type right
- single quote ''' in text mode also, although it resuts in a
- different look than in math mode.
+ used as a superscript: '$f^\prime$'; '$f^\prime$' and '$f'$'
+ produce the same result. An advantage of the second is that
+ '$f'''$' produces the desired symbol, that is, the same result as
+ '$f^{\prime\prime\prime}$', but uses rather less typing. You can
+ only use '\prime' in math mode. Using the right single quote '''
+ in text mode produces a different character (apostrophe).
'\prod'
U+220F Product (operator).
@@ -5523,7 +6475,7 @@ mode.
U+03C8 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
'\rangle'
- U+27B9 Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar:
+ U+27E9 Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar:
greater than '>'. Matches:'\langle'.
'\rbrace'
@@ -5544,19 +6496,24 @@ mode.
'\restriction'
U+21BE Restriction of a function (relation).
- Synonym: '\upharpoonright'. Not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX
- you should load the 'amssymb' package.
+ Synonym: '\upharpoonright'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX
+ you need to load the 'amssymb' package.
+
+'\revemptyset'
+ U+29B0 Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
+ '\varnothing'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to
+ load the 'stix' package.
'\rfloor'
U+230B Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
off (closing). Matches '\lfloor'.
'\rhd'
- U+25C1 Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). This
- is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the
- 'amssymb' package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should
- instead load 'amssymb' and use '\vartriangleright' (which is a
- relation and so gives better spacing).
+ U+25C1 Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). Not
+ available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb'
+ package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
+ 'amssymb' and use '\vartriangleright' (which is a relation and so
+ gives better spacing).
'\rho'
U+03C1 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
@@ -5608,7 +6565,7 @@ mode.
display (operator).
'\smile'
- U+2323 Upward curving arc (ordinary).
+ U+2323 Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
'\spadesuit'
U+2660 Spade card suit (ordinary).
@@ -5623,7 +6580,7 @@ mode.
'\sqsubset'
U+228F Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: subset '\subset'.
- This is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you should load the
+ Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the
'amssymb' package.
'\sqsubseteq'
@@ -5632,8 +6589,8 @@ mode.
'\sqsupset'
U+2290 Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
- superset '\supset'. This is not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX
- you should load the 'amssymb' package.
+ superset '\supset'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need
+ to load the 'amssymb' package.
'\sqsupseteq'
U+2292 Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset
@@ -5671,7 +6628,7 @@ mode.
U+2287 Superset or equal to (relation).
'\surd'
- U+221A Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command '\sqrt{..}'
+ U+221A Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command '\sqrt{...}'
typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar that extends
to cover the argument.
@@ -5694,8 +6651,8 @@ mode.
Synonym: '\rightarrow'.
'\top'
- U+22A4 Top, greatest element of a poset (ordinary). See
- also '\bot'.
+ U+22A4 Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set (ordinary).
+ See also '\bot'.
'\triangle'
U+25B3 Triangle (ordinary).
@@ -5713,16 +6670,16 @@ mode.
spacing).
'\unlhd'
- U+22B4 Left-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with
- a line under (binary). This is not available in Plain TeX. In
- LaTeX you should load the 'amssymb' package. For the normal
+ U+22B4 Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
+ triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX.
+ In LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb' package. For the normal
subgroup symbol load 'amssymb' and use '\vartrianglelefteq' (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
'\unrhd'
- U+22B5 Right-pointing not-filled arrowhead, that is, triangle, with
- a line under (binary). This is not available in Plain TeX. In
- LaTeX you should load the 'amssymb' package. For the normal
+ U+22B5 Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
+ triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX.
+ In LaTeX you need to load the 'amssymb' package. For the normal
subgroup symbol load 'amssymb' and use '\vartrianglerighteq' (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
@@ -5746,8 +6703,8 @@ mode.
'\upharpoonright'
U+21BE Up harpoon, with barb on right side (relation).
- Synonym: '\restriction'. Not available in Plain TeX. In LaTeX you
- should load the 'amssymb' package.
+ Synonym: '\restriction'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you
+ need to load the 'amssymb' package.
'\uplus'
U+228E Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the
@@ -5761,9 +6718,14 @@ mode.
U+03C5 Lower case Greek letter (ordinary).
'\varepsilon'
- U+03B5 Rounded small epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used
- in mathematics than the non-variant lower case Greek-text letter
- form '\epsilon' U+03F5. Related: set membership '\in'.
+ U+03B5 Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely
+ used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
+ '\epsilon' U+03F5. Related: set membership '\in'.
+
+'\vanothing'
+ U+2205 Empty set symbol. Similar: '\emptyset'. Related:
+ '\revemptyset'. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to
+ load the 'amssymb' package.
'\varphi'
U+03C6 Variant on the lower case Greek letter (ordinary). The
@@ -5797,7 +6759,7 @@ mode.
U+2016 Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
bar '\vert'.
- For a norm you can use the 'mathtools' package and add
+ For a norm symbol, you can use the 'mathtools' package and add
'\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}' to your preamble.
This gives you three command variants for double-line vertical bars
that are correctly horizontally spaced: if in the document body you
@@ -5946,7 +6908,7 @@ spacing.
\sinh
'\sup'
- sup
+ \sup
'\tan'
\tan
@@ -6035,7 +6997,7 @@ following commands for use in math mode:
'\,'
Normally '3mu'. The longer name is '\thinspace'. This can be used
- in both math mode and text mode.
+ in both math mode and text mode. *Note \thinspace::.
'\!'
A negative thin space. Normally '-3mu'. Math mode only.
@@ -6063,7 +7025,22 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Ma
'\*'
A "discretionary" multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
- allowed.
+ allowed. Without the break multiplication is implicitly indicated
+ by a space, while in the case of a break a U+00D7 symbol is printed
+ immediately before the break. So
+
+ \documentclass{article}
+ \begin{document}
+ Now \(A_3 = 0\), hence the product of all terms \(A_1\)
+ through \(A_4\), that is \(A_1\* A_2\* A_3 \* A_4\), is
+ equal to zero.
+ \end{document}
+
+ will make that sort of output (the ellipsis '[...]' is here to show
+ the line break at the same place as in a TeX output):
+
+ Now A_3 = 0, [...] A_1 through A_4, that is A_1 A_2 \times
+ A_3 A_4, is equal to zero.
'\cdots'
A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the
@@ -6072,35 +7049,54 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Ma
'\ddots'
A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.
-'\frac{num}{den}'
- Produces the fraction 'num' divided by 'den'.
+'\frac{NUM}{DEN}'
+ Produces the fraction NUM divided by DEN.
'\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2'
- The two delimiters need not match; '.' acts as a null delimiter,
+ The two delimiters need not match; '.' acts as a "null delimiter",
producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the
- math in between. Example: '\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]'.
+ math in between. Example: '\left( \sum_{i=1}^{10} a_i \right]'.
+
+'\mathdollar'
+ Dollar sign in math mode: $.
+
+'\mathellipsis'
+ Ellipsis (spaced for text) in math mode: ....
+
+'\mathparagraph'
+ Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode: U+00B6.
+
+'\mathsection'
+ Section sign in math mode.
+
+'\mathsterling'
+ Sterling sign in math mode: #.
-'\overbrace{TEXT}'
- Generates a brace over TEXT. For example,
- \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}.
+'\mathunderscore'
+ Underscore in math mode: _.
+
+'\overbrace{MATH}'
+ Generates a brace over MATH. For example,
+ '\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \;\textrm{times}}'.
'\overline{TEXT}'
- Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For example, \overline{x+y}.
+ Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For example,
+ '\overline{x+y}'.
-'\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}'
+'\sqrt[ROOT]{ARG}'
Produces the representation of the square root of ARG. The
optional argument ROOT determines what root to produce. For
- example, the cube root of 'x+y' would be typed as
- '$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'.
+ example, the cube root of 'x+y' would be typed as '\sqrt[3]{x+y}'.
'\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}'
Puts TEXT above RELATION. For example,
'\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'.
-'\underbrace{math}'
- Generates MATH with a brace underneath.
+'\underbrace{MATH}'
+ Generates MATH with a brace underneath. For example,
+ '\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}'
-'\underline{text}'
+'\underline{TEXT}'
Causes TEXT, which may be either math mode or not, to be
underlined. The line is always below the text, taking account of
descenders.
@@ -6150,6 +7146,44 @@ in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner
paragraph mode" (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph mode, which it
starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode".
+* Menu:
+
+* \ensuremath:: Ensure that math mode is active
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \ensuremath, Up: Modes
+
+17.1 '\ensuremath'
+==================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \ensuremath{FORMULA}
+
+ The '\ensuremath' command ensures that FORMULA is typeset in math
+mode whatever the current mode in which the command is used.
+
+ For instance:
+
+ \documentclass{report}
+ \newcommand{\ab}{\ensuremath{(\delta, \varepsilon)}}
+ \begin{document}
+ Now, the \ab\ pair is equal to \(\ab = (\frac{1}{\pi}, 0)\), ...
+ \end{document}
+
+ One can redefine commands that can be used only in math mode so that
+they ca be used in any mode like in the following example given for
+'\leadsto':
+
+ \documentclass{report}
+ \usepackage{amssymb}
+ \newcommand{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}{}
+ \let\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo\leadsto
+ \renewcommand\leadsto{\ensuremath{\originalMeaningOfLeadsTo}}
+ \begin{document}
+ All roads \leadsto\ Rome.
+ \end{document}
+

File: latex2e.info, Node: Page styles, Next: Spaces, Prev: Modes, Up: Top
@@ -6285,9 +7319,9 @@ LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.
Horizontal space
* \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space.
* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space.
-* \(SPACE) and \@:: Space after a period.
-* \(SPACE) after CS:: Controlling space gobbling after a control sequence.
-* \frenchspacing:: Make interword and intersentence space equal.
+* \(SPACE) and \@:: Space after a period.
+* \(SPACE) after control sequence:: Space (gobbling) after a control sequence.
+* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
* \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em.
* \/:: Insert italic correction.
* \hrulefill \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
@@ -6319,7 +7353,7 @@ negative space is like backspacing.
Normally when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines it discards white
space (glues and kerns) that would come at the start of a line, so you
get an inter-word space or a line break between words but not both.
-This command's starred version '\hspace*{..}' puts a non-discardable
+This command's starred version '\hspace*{...}' puts a non-discardable
invisible item in front of the space, so the space appears in the
output.
@@ -6342,7 +7376,7 @@ that does not disappear at line breaks use '\hspace*{\fill}' instead
(*note \hspace::).

-File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) and \@, Next: \(SPACE) after CS, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) and \@, Next: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces
19.3 '\(SPACE)' and \@
======================
@@ -6357,7 +7391,7 @@ LaTeX assumes that the period ends a sentence unless it is preceded by a
capital letter, in which case it takes that period for part of an
abbreviation. Note that if a sentence-ending period is immediately
followed by a right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or double
-quote, then the intersentence space follows that parenthesis or quote.
+quote, then the inter-sentence space follows that parenthesis or quote.
If you have a period ending an abbreviation whose last letter is not
a capital letter, and that abbreviation is not the last word in the
@@ -6365,66 +7399,48 @@ sentence, then follow that period with a backslash-space ('\ ') or a tie
('~'). Examples are 'Nat.\ Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean', and
'(manure, etc.)\ for sale'.
- For other use of '\ ', see also *note \(SPACE) after CS::.
+ For another use of '\ ', *note \(SPACE) after control sequence::.
In the opposite situation, if you have a capital letter followed by a
-period that ends the sentence, then put '\@' on the left of that period.
-For example, 'book by the MAA\@.' will have intersentence spacing after
-the period.
+period that ends the sentence, then put '\@' before that period. For
+example, 'book by the MAA\@.' will have inter-sentence spacing after the
+period.
- In contrast, putting '\@' on the right of a period tells TeX that the
-period does not end the sentence. In the example 'reserved words (if,
-then, etc.\@) are different', TeX will put interword space after the
-closing parenthesis (note that '\@' is before the parenthesis).
+ In contrast, putting '\@' after a period tells TeX that the period
+does not end the sentence. In the example 'reserved words (if, then,
+etc.\@) are different', TeX will put interword space after the closing
+parenthesis (note that '\@' is before the parenthesis).

-File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) after CS, Next: \frenchspacing, Prev: \(SPACE) and \@, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Next: \frenchspacing, Prev: \(SPACE) and \@, Up: Spaces
-19.4 '\ ' after a control sequence
-==================================
+19.4 '\ ' after control sequence
+================================
The '\ ' command is often used after control sequences to keep them from
-gobbling the space that follows, as in '\TeX\ is a nice system.' And,
-under normal circumstances '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent to
-'\ '. For other use of '\ ', see also *note \(SPACE) and \@::.
+gobbling the space that follows, as in '\TeX\ is nice'. And, under
+normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent to '\ '.
+For another use of '\ ', see also *note \(SPACE) and \@::.
Some people prefer to use '{}' for the same purpose, as in '\TeX{} is
-a nice system.' This has the advantage that you can always write it the
-same way, like '\TeX{}', whether it is followed by a space or by a
-punctuation mark. Please compare:
+nice'. This has the advantage that you can always write it the same
+way, namely '\TeX{}', whether it is followed by a space or by a
+punctuation mark. Compare:
\TeX\ is a nice system. \TeX, a nice system.
\TeX{} is a nice system. \TeX{}, a nice system.
- When you define user commands (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::)
-you can prevent the space gobbling after the command by using the
-package 'xspace' and inserting '\xspace' at the end of the definition
-For instance:
- \documentclass{minimal}
- \usepackage{xspace}
- \newcommand*{\Loup}{Grand Cric\xspace}
- \begin{document}
- Que le \Loup me croque !
- \end{document}
-
- A quick hack to use '\xspace' for existing command is as follows:
- \documentclass{minimal}
- \usepackage{xspace}
- \newcommand*{\SansXspaceTeX}{}
- \let\SansXspaceTeX\TeX
- \renewcommand{\TeX}{\SansXspaceTeX\xspace}
- \begin{document}
- \TeX is a nice system.
- \end{document}
+ Some individual commands, notably those defined with the 'xspace',
+package do not follow the standard behavior.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \(SPACE) after CS, Up: Spaces
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \(SPACE) after control sequence, Up: Spaces
19.5 '\frenchspacing'
=====================
-This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat intersentence
+This declaration (from Plain TeX) causes LaTeX to treat inter-sentence
spacing in the same way as interword spacing.
In justifying the text in a line, some typographic traditions,
@@ -6513,9 +7529,9 @@ this command will not add more space than what is needed to make the
natural length of the total vertical space equal to LENGTH.
Use this command to adjust the vertical space above or below an
-environment that starts a new paragraph. (For instance, a Theorem
-environment is defined to begin and end in '\addvspace{..}' so that two
-consecutive Theorem's are separated by one vertical space, not two.)
+environment that starts a new paragraph. For instance, a Theorem
+environment is defined to begin and end with '\addvspace{...}' so that
+two consecutive Theorem's are separated by one vertical space, not two.
This command is fragile (*note \protect::).
@@ -6589,10 +7605,14 @@ Synopsis, one of these two:
Add the vertical space LENGTH. This can be negative or positive, and
is a rubber length (*note Lengths::).
- LaTeX removes the vertical space from '\vfill' at a page break, that
-is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version '\vspace*{..}'
+ LaTeX removes the vertical space from '\vspace' at a page break, that
+is, at the top or bottom of a page. The starred version '\vspace*{...}'
causes the space to stay.
+ If '\vspace' is used in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
+horizontal mode), the space is inserted _after_ the line with the
+'\vspace' command. A new paragraph is not started.
+
In this example the two questions will be evenly spaced vertically on
the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
@@ -6666,12 +7686,16 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \makebox, Prev: \fbox and \framebox,
20.3 'lrbox'
============
-'\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}'
+Synopsis:
+
+ \begin{lrbox}{\CMD}
+ TEXT
+ \end{lrbox}
- This is the environment form of '\sbox'.
+ This is the environment form of *note '\sbox': \sbox.
- The text inside the environment is saved in the box 'cmd', which must
-have been declared with '\newsavebox'.
+ The TEXT inside the environment is saved in the box '\CMD', which
+must have been declared with '\newsavebox'.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \makebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: lrbox, Up: Boxes
@@ -6712,7 +7736,7 @@ Synopsis:
\parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT}
The '\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in
-'paragraph' mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of text,
+"paragraph mode". It should be used to make a box small pieces of text,
with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any
paragraph-making environments inside a '\parbox' argument. For larger
pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
@@ -6725,9 +7749,12 @@ WIDTH
TEXT
the text that goes inside the parbox.
- The optional POSITION argument allows you to align either the top or
-bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text
-(default is top).
+ By default LaTeX will position vertically a parbox so its center
+lines up with the center of the surrounding text line. When the
+optional POSITION argument is present and equal either to 't' or 'b',
+this allows you respectively to align either the top or bottom line in
+the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text. You may also
+specify 'm' for POSITION to get the default behaviour.
The optional HEIGHT argument overrides the natural height of the box.
@@ -6752,7 +7779,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \savebox, Prev: \parbox, Up: Boxe
Synopsis:
- \raisebox{distance}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{text}
+ \raisebox{DISTANCE}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{TEXT}
The '\raisebox' command raises or lowers TEXT. The first mandatory
argument specifies how high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a
@@ -6760,7 +7787,7 @@ negative amount). TEXT itself is processed in LR mode.
The optional arguments HEIGHT and DEPTH are dimensions. If they are
specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the
-baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and
+baseline (HEIGHT) or below (DEPTH), ignoring its natural height and
depth.

@@ -6817,51 +7844,111 @@ meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
* Menu:
-* Reserved characters:: Inserting '# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }'
-* Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
-* Accents:: Inserting accents.
-* Non-English characters:: Inserting other non-English characters.
-* \rule:: Inserting lines and rectangles.
-* \today:: Inserting today's date.
+* Reserved characters:: Inserting '# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \'
+* Upper and lower case:: Make text upper or lower case.
+* Symbols by font position:: Inserting font symbols by number.
+* Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
+* Accents:: Inserting accents.
+* Additional Latin letters:: Inserting other non-English characters.
+* \rule:: Inserting lines and rectangles.
+* \today:: Inserting today's date.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions
21.1 Reserved characters
========================
-The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
+LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes (for
+example, the percent sign '%' is for comments) so they are called
"reserved characters" or "special characters".
- # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
+ # $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
+
+ If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
+body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
+put a backslash '\' in front of the character. Thus, '\$1.23' will
+produce '$1.23' in your output.
+
+ As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
+use '\~{}' (omitting the curly braces would result in the next character
+receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text body font
+circumflex use '\^{}'. A text body font backslash results from
+'\textbackslash{}'.
+
+ To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
+'\verb!!', as below.
+
+ \begin{center}
+ \# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
+ \verb!# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \!
+ \end{center}
+
+ In that example the double backslash '\\' is only there to split the
+lines.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Upper and lower case, Next: Symbols by font position, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions
+
+21.2 Upper and lower case
+=========================
+
+Synopsis:
+
+ \uppercase{TEXT}
+ \lowercase{TEXT}
+ \MakeUppercase{TEXT}
+ \MakeLowercase{TEXT}
+
+ Change the case of characters. The TeX primitives commands
+'\uppercase' and '\lowercase' only work for American characters. The
+LaTeX commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowercase' commands also
+change characters accessed by commands such as '\ae' or '\aa'. The
+commands '\MakeUppercase' and '\MakeLowercase' are robust but they have
+moving arguments (*note \protect::).
+
+ These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of
+a command within TEXT. But they do change the case of every other latin
+character inside the argument TEXT. Thus, '\MakeUppercase{Let
+$y=f(x)$'} produces "LET Y=F(X)". Another example is that the name of an
+environment will be changed, so that '\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ...
+\end{tabular}' will produce an error because the first half is changed
+to '\begin{TABULAR}'.
+
+ LaTeX uses the same fixed table for changing case throughout a
+document, The table used is designed for the font encoding T1; this
+works well with the standard TeX fonts for all Latin alphabets but will
+cause problems when using other alphabets.
- Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX will
-do something special. If you simply want the character to be printed as
-itself, include a '\' in front of the character. For example, '\$' will
-produce '$' in your output.
+ To change the case of text that results from a command inside TEXT
+you need to do expansion. Here the '\Schoolname' produces "COLLEGE OF
+MATHEMATICS".
- One exception to this rule is '\' itself, because '\\' has its own
-special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing
-'$\backslash$' in your file, and a typewriter '\' is produced by using
-'\' in a verbatim command (*note verbatim::).
+ \newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics}
+ \newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase\expandafter{\schoolname}}
- Also, '\~' and '\^' place tilde and circumflex accents over the
-following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a standalone
-'~' or '^', you can again use a verbatim command.
+ To uppercase only the first letter of words use the package
+'mfirstuc'.
- Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
-know its number by using the '\symbol' command. For example, the
-visible space character used in the '\verb*' command has the code
-decimal 32, so it can be typed as '\symbol{32}'.
+
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Symbols by font position, Next: Text symbols, Prev: Upper and lower case, Up: Special insertions
+
+21.3 Symbols by font position
+=============================
- You can also specify octal numbers with ''' or hexadecimal numbers
-with '"', so the previous example could also be written as
-'\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'.
+You can access any character of the current font using its number with
+the '\symbol' command. For example, the visible space character used in
+the '\verb*' command has the code decimal 32, so it can be typed as
+'\symbol{32}'.
+
+ You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a ''' prefix,
+or hexadecimal (base 16) with a '"' prefix, so the previous example
+could also be written as '\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Text symbols, Next: Accents, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Text symbols, Next: Accents, Prev: Symbols by font position, Up: Special insertions
-21.2 Text symbols
+21.4 Text symbols
=================
LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in
@@ -6902,7 +7989,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.
'\P'
'\textparagraph'
- Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
+ Paragraph sign (pilcrow): U+00B6.
'\pounds'
'\textsterling'
@@ -6916,7 +8003,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.
Right (closing) quote: '.
'\S'
- Section symbol.
+ \itemx \textsection Section sign: U+00A7.
'\TeX'
The TeX logo.
@@ -6955,8 +8042,8 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.
LETTER in a circle, as in (R).
'\textcompwordmark'
-'\textcapitalwordmark'
-'\textascenderwordmark'
+'\textcapitalcompwordmark'
+'\textascendercompwordmark'
Composite word mark (invisible). The '\textcapital...' form has
the cap height of the font, while the '\textascender...' form has
the ascender height.
@@ -6967,7 +8054,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.
'\textdaggerdbl'
Double dagger: \ddag.
-'\textdollar (or '$')'
+'\textdollar (or '\$')'
Dollar sign: $.
'\textemdash (or '---')'
@@ -6996,7 +8083,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.
Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: a, o.
'\textperiodcentered'
- Centered period: \cdot.
+ Centered period: U+00B7.
'\textquestiondown (or '?`')'
Upside down question mark: ?.
@@ -7004,7 +8091,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.
'\textquotedblleft (or '``')'
Double left quote: ".
-'\textquotedblright (or ''')'
+'\textquotedblright (or '''')'
Double right quote: ".
'\textquoteleft (or '`')'
@@ -7013,6 +8100,9 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.
'\textquoteright (or ''')'
Single right quote: '.
+'\textquotesingle'
+ Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
+
'\textquotestraightbase'
'\textquotestraightdblbase'
Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
@@ -7027,7 +8117,7 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.
"Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
'\texttrademark'
- Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}.
+ Trademark symbol: U+2122.
'\texttwelveudash'
"Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
@@ -7039,9 +8129,9 @@ available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.
Visible space symbol.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Non-English characters, Prev: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Additional Latin letters, Prev: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions
-21.3 Accents
+21.5 Accents
============
LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages,
@@ -7138,13 +8228,14 @@ capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
Produces a ha'c<ek (check, caron) accent, as in 'o<'.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: Non-English characters, Next: \rule, Prev: Accents, Up: Special insertions
+File: latex2e.info, Node: Additional Latin letters, Next: \rule, Prev: Accents, Up: Special insertions
-21.4 Non-English characters
-===========================
+21.6 Additional Latin letters
+=============================
-Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used
-in languages other than English.
+Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters (beyond A-Z)
+extending the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other than
+English.
'\aa'
'\AA'
@@ -7156,11 +8247,15 @@ in languages other than English.
'\dh'
'\DH'
- Icelandic letter eth: d and D.
+ Icelandic letter eth: d and D. Not available with OT1 encoding, you
+ need the 'fontenc' package to select an alternate font encoding,
+ such as T1.
'\dj'
'\DJ'
Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke.
+ Not available with OT1 encoding, you need the 'fontenc' package to
+ select an alternate font encoding, such as T1.
'\ij'
'\IJ'
@@ -7172,7 +8267,7 @@ in languages other than English.
'\ng'
'\NG'
- Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics.
+ Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
'\o'
'\O'
@@ -7188,12 +8283,14 @@ in languages other than English.
'\th'
'\TH'
- Icelandic letter thorn: th and TH.
+ Icelandic letter thorn: th and TH. Not available with OT1 encoding,
+ you need the 'fontenc' package to select an alternate font
+ encoding, such as T1.

-File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: Non-English characters, Up: Special insertions
+File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: Additional Latin letters, Up: Special insertions
-21.5 '\rule'
+21.7 '\rule'
============
Synopsis:
@@ -7215,7 +8312,7 @@ THICKNESS

File: latex2e.info, Node: \today, Prev: \rule, Up: Special insertions
-21.6 '\today'
+21.8 '\today'
=============
The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD,
@@ -7223,6 +8320,17 @@ YYYY'; for example, 'July 4, 1976'. It uses the predefined counters
'\day', '\month', and '\year' (*note \day \month \year::) to do this.
It is not updated as the program runs.
+ Multilingual packages like 'babel' or classes like 'lettre', among
+others, will localize '\today'. For example, the following will output
+'4 juillet 1976':
+
+ \year=1976 \month=7 \day=4
+ \documentclass{minimal}
+ \usepackage[french]{babel}
+ \begin{document}
+ \today
+ \end{document}
+
The 'datetime' package, among others, can produce a wide variety of
other date formats.
@@ -7235,7 +8343,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Splitting the input, Next: Front/back matter, Prev:
A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
-there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
+there is one that is the "root file"; it is the one whose name you type
when you run LaTeX.
*Note filecontents::, for an environment that allows bundling an
@@ -7262,8 +8370,8 @@ executes '\clearpage' to start a new page (*note \clearpage::), then
reads FILE, then does another '\clearpage'.
Given an '\includeonly' command, the '\include' actions are only run
-if FILE is listed as an argument to '\includeonly'. See the next
-section.
+if FILE is listed as an argument to '\includeonly'. See *note
+\includeonly::.
The '\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another '\include' command.
@@ -7271,7 +8379,7 @@ read by another '\include' command.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the input
-22.2 \'includeonly'
+22.2 '\includeonly'
===================
Synopsis:
@@ -7280,8 +8388,9 @@ Synopsis:
The '\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by
subsequent '\include' commands. The list of filenames is
-comma-separated. Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a
-'\include' command for the selection to be effective.
+comma-separated. Each element FILE1, FILE2, ... must exactly match a
+filename specified in a '\include' command for the selection to be
+effective.
This command can only appear in the preamble.
@@ -7350,13 +8459,17 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Up: Tables
23.1.1 '\addcontentsline'
-------------------------
-The '\addcontentsline'{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT} command adds an entry to the
-specified list or table where:
+Synopsis:
+
+ \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}
+
+ The '\addcontentsline' command adds an entry to the specified list or
+table where:
EXT
- The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
- typically one of: 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of
- figures), or 'lot' (list of tables).
+ The filename extension of the file on which information is to be
+ written, typically one of: 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list
+ of figures), or 'lot' (list of tables).
UNIT
The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
@@ -7366,15 +8479,16 @@ UNIT
The name of the sectional unit: 'part', 'chapter', 'section',
'subsection', 'subsubsection'.
'lof'
- For the list of figures.
+ For the list of figures: 'figure'.
'lot'
- For the list of tables.
+ For the list of tables: 'table'.
-ENTRY
+TEXT
The text of the entry.
What is written to the '.EXT' file is the command
-'\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'.
+'\contentsline{UNIT}{TEXT}{NUM}', where 'NUM' is the current value of
+counter 'UNIT'.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Tables of contents
@@ -7422,7 +8536,7 @@ The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes. Put this in the
preamble.
The command '\index{TEXT}' writes an index entry for TEXT to an
-auxiliary file with the '.idx' extension.
+auxiliary file named with the '.idx' extension.
Specifically, what gets written is the command
'\indexentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current '\thepage'
@@ -7472,7 +8586,7 @@ Synopsis:
LETTER BODY
\closing{CLOSING TEXT}
\end{letter}
- ... more letters ...
+ ... more letters ...
\end{document}
Produce one or more letters.
@@ -7497,12 +8611,12 @@ separated by a double backslash ('\\'). LaTeX will put the SENDER NAME
under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional
hand-written signature; it also can contain multiple lines.
- Each letter environment begins with a required '\opening' command
-such as '\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}'. The LETTER BODY text is
-ordinary LaTeX so it can contain everything from from enumerated lists
-to displayed math, except that commands such as '\chapter' that make no
-sense in a letter are turned off. Each letter environment typically
-ends with a '\closing' command such as '\closing{Yours,}'.
+ Each 'letter' environment body begins with a required '\opening'
+command such as '\opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}'. The LETTER BODY text is
+ordinary LaTeX so it can contain everything from enumerated lists to
+displayed math, except that commands such as '\chapter' that make no
+sense in a letter are turned off. Each 'letter' environment body
+typically ends with a '\closing' command such as '\closing{Yours,}'.
Additional material may come after the '\closing'. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like '\cc{the Boss \\
@@ -7589,11 +8703,12 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters
Synopsis:
\cc{FIRST NAME \\
- .. }
+ ... }
Produce a list of names to which copies of the letter were sent.
This command is optional. If it appears then typically it comes after
-'\closing'. Separate multiple lines with a double backslash '\\'.
+'\closing'. Separate multiple lines with a double backslash '\\', as
+in:
\cc{President \\
Vice President}
@@ -7606,7 +8721,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters
Synopsis:
- \closing{text}
+ \closing{TEXT}
Usually at the end of a letter, above the handwritten signature,
there is a '\closing' (although this command is optional). For example,
@@ -7622,7 +8737,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letter
Synopsis:
\encl{FIRST ENCLOSED OBJECT \\
- .. }
+ ... }
Produce a list of things included with the letter. This command is
optional; when it is used, it typically is put after '\closing'.
@@ -7693,7 +8808,7 @@ Synopsis:
\opening{TEXT}
This command is required. It starts a letter, following the
-'\begin{letter}{..}'. The mandatory argument TEXT is the text that
+'\begin{letter}{...}'. The mandatory argument TEXT is the text that
starts your letter. For instance:
\opening{Dear John:}
@@ -7711,7 +8826,7 @@ Synopsis:
Add a postscript. This command is optional and usually is used after
'\closing'.
- \ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.}
+ \ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.}

File: latex2e.info, Node: \signature, Next: \telephone, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters
@@ -7722,7 +8837,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \signature, Next: \telephone, Prev: \ps, Up: Lette
Synopsis:
\signature{FIRST LINE \\
- .. }
+ ... }
The sender's name. This command is optional, although its inclusion
is usual.
@@ -7783,10 +8898,10 @@ Synopsis:
'\typein' prints MSG on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and
wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the
-optional \CMD argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it
-had been included in the input file in place of the '\typein' command.
-If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name. This
-command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.
+optional '\CMD' argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if
+it had been included in the input file in place of the '\typein'
+command. If the '\CMD' argument is present, it must be a command name.
+This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.

File: latex2e.info, Node: \typeout, Prev: \typein, Up: Terminal input/output
@@ -7914,6 +9029,7 @@ A.3 'tugboat' template
<http://tug.org/TUGboat>.
\documentclass{ltugboat}
+
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
@@ -7922,6 +9038,8 @@ A.3 'tugboat' template
\usepackage{url}
\fi
+%%% Start of metadata %%%
+
\title{Example \TUB\ article}
% repeat info for each author.
@@ -7930,51 +9048,56 @@ A.3 'tugboat' template
\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
+%%% End of metadata %%%
+
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
This is an example article for \TUB{}.
+Please write an abstract.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
-This is an example article for \TUB, from
+This is an example article for \TUB, linked from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
-\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output.
-Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
-
-The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more:
+\texttt{hyperref} package if active urls are desired (in the \acro{PDF}
+output). Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
+The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations (and many more):
% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
-\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX
-\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
-\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP
+\mf \MFB
+\plain \POBox \PS
+\SGML \TANGLE \TB \TP
\TUB \TUG \tug
-\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
+\UNIX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
-\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
-\careof \thinskip
+\, \bull \Dash \dash \hyph
\acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred} % please use!
\cs{fred} -> \fred
-\env{fred} -> \begin{fred}
\meta{fred} -> <fred>
\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ...
\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
\booktitle{Book of Fred}
\end{verbatim}
-For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
-\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
-(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references).
+For references to other \TUB\ issue, please use the format
+\textsl{volno:issno}, e.g., ``\TUB\ 32:1'' for our \nth{100} issue.
+
+This file is just a template. The \TUB\ style documentation is the
+\texttt{ltubguid} document at \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}. (For
+\CTAN\ references, where sensible we recommend that form of url, using
+\texttt{/pkg/}; or, if you need to refer to a specific file location,
+\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.)
Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
@@ -7994,32 +9117,38 @@ Concept Index
* Menu:
-* '*' prompt: Command line. (line 18)
-* '*'-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 31)
-* '.glo' file: Glossaries. (line 8)
-* '.idx' file: Indexes. (line 9)
-* '.ind' file: Indexes. (line 23)
+* * prompt: Command line. (line 18)
+* *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
+ (line 14)
+* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 31)
+* *-form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 14)
+* .glo file: Glossaries. (line 8)
+* .idx file: Indexes. (line 9)
+* .ind file: Indexes. (line 23)
* 'see' and 'see also' index entries: Indexes. (line 16)
* abstracts: abstract. (line 6)
* accents: Accents. (line 6)
* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 6)
-* accessing any character of a font: Reserved characters. (line 25)
+* accessing any character of a font: Symbols by font position.
+ (line 6)
* acute accent: Accents. (line 20)
* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 11)
-* additional packages, loading: Document class options.
- (line 95)
-* ae ligature: Non-English characters.
- (line 15)
-* align environment, from 'amsmath': eqnarray. (line 6)
+* additional packages, loading: Additional packages. (line 6)
+* ae ligature: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 16)
+* align environment, from amsmath: eqnarray. (line 6)
* aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 6)
* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6)
-* amsmath package, replacing 'eqnarray': eqnarray. (line 6)
+* amsmath package: array. (line 40)
+* amsmath package <1>: displaymath. (line 22)
+* amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 6)
* appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 37)
-* aring: Non-English characters.
- (line 11)
+* aring: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 12)
* arrays, math: array. (line 6)
* arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 131)
-* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 163)
+* arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 166)
* ascender height: Text symbols. (line 99)
* ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 64)
* ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 67)
@@ -8027,7 +9156,7 @@ Concept Index
* at clause, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 23)
* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 12)
* auxiliary file: Output files. (line 33)
-* 'babel' package: Accents. (line 6)
+* babel package: Accents. (line 6)
* backslash, in text: Text symbols. (line 73)
* bar, double vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 79)
* bar, vertical, in text: Text symbols. (line 76)
@@ -8035,17 +9164,17 @@ Concept Index
* bar-over accent, math: Math accents. (line 14)
* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 46)
* basics of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6)
-* 'beamer' template and class: beamer template. (line 6)
+* beamer template and class: beamer template. (line 6)
* beginning of document hook: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3)
* bibliography format, open: Document class options.
- (line 62)
+ (line 65)
* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6)
* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6)
* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
* big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 82)
* Big point: Units of length. (line 20)
* black boxes, omitting: Document class options.
- (line 48)
+ (line 51)
* bold font: Font styles. (line 71)
* bold math: Font styles. (line 130)
* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 23)
@@ -8057,26 +9186,35 @@ Concept Index
* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 6)
* breve accent: Accents. (line 86)
* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 17)
-* bug reporting: About this document. (line 6)
-* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 110)
+* bug reporting: About this document. (line 21)
+* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 114)
* bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 91)
* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 6)
* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 74)
* cap height: Text symbols. (line 99)
* caron accent: Accents. (line 97)
+* catcode: \makeatletter and \makeatother.
+ (line 18)
+* category code, character: \makeatletter and \makeatother.
+ (line 18)
* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 6)
* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 51)
* centered asterisk, in text: Text symbols. (line 70)
* centered equations: Document class options.
- (line 52)
+ (line 55)
* centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 138)
* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 6)
* centering text, environment for: center. (line 6)
* Centimeter: Units of length. (line 24)
+* character category code: \makeatletter and \makeatother.
+ (line 18)
* characters, accented: Accents. (line 6)
-* characters, non-English: Non-English characters.
+* characters, case: Upper and lower case.
+ (line 6)
+* characters, non-English: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
* characters, reserved: Reserved characters. (line 6)
+* characters, special: Reserved characters. (line 6)
* check accent: Accents. (line 97)
* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 20)
* Cicero: Units of length. (line 33)
@@ -8085,8 +9223,23 @@ Concept Index
* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 33)
* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 32)
* circumflex, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 64)
+* citation key: \bibitem. (line 12)
+* class and package commands: Class and package commands.
+ (line 6)
+* class and package difference: Class and package construction.
+ (line 15)
+* class and package structure: Class and package structure.
+ (line 6)
+* class file example: Class and package structure.
+ (line 36)
+* class file layout: Class and package structure.
+ (line 6)
* class options: Document class options.
(line 6)
+* class options <1>: Class and package structure.
+ (line 6)
+* class options <2>: Class and package commands.
+ (line 66)
* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 6)
* closing letters: \closing. (line 6)
* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 55)
@@ -8094,11 +9247,16 @@ Concept Index
* command line: Command line. (line 6)
* command syntax: LaTeX command syntax.
(line 6)
+* commands, class and package: Class and package commands.
+ (line 6)
* commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
* commands, defining new ones <1>: \providecommand. (line 6)
+* commands, document class: Class and package construction.
+ (line 6)
* commands, redefining: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
+* commands, star-variants: \@ifstar. (line 6)
* composite word mark, in text: Text symbols. (line 99)
* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6)
* contents file: Output files. (line 43)
@@ -8123,7 +9281,7 @@ Concept Index
* dagger, in text <1>: Text symbols. (line 104)
* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 18)
* date, today's: \today. (line 6)
-* 'datetime' package: \today. (line 11)
+* datetime package: \today. (line 22)
* defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
* defining a new command <1>: \providecommand. (line 6)
@@ -8136,11 +9294,16 @@ Concept Index
* design size, in font definitions: \newfont. (line 23)
* Didot point: Units of length. (line 30)
* dieresis accent: Accents. (line 16)
+* difference between class and package: Class and package construction.
+ (line 15)
+* discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 6)
* discretionary multiplication: Math miscellany. (line 7)
* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation and quote.
(line 6)
* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quotation and quote.
(line 6)
+* document class commands: Class and package construction.
+ (line 6)
* document class options: Document class options.
(line 6)
* document class, defined: Starting and ending. (line 14)
@@ -8162,7 +9325,7 @@ Concept Index
* double guillemets: Text symbols. (line 30)
* double left quote: Text symbols. (line 144)
* double low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 52)
-* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 157)
+* double quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 160)
* double right quote: Text symbols. (line 147)
* double spacing: Low-level font commands.
(line 114)
@@ -8172,8 +9335,8 @@ Concept Index
* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 36)
* em: Units of length. (line 38)
* em-dash: Text symbols. (line 113)
-* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 166)
-* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 172)
+* em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 169)
+* em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 175)
* emphasis: Font styles. (line 59)
* enclosure list: \encl. (line 6)
* end of document hook: \AtEndDocument. (line 3)
@@ -8187,21 +9350,25 @@ Concept Index
(line 6)
* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options.
- (line 58)
+ (line 61)
* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 41)
* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 6)
* equations, environment for: equation. (line 6)
* equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options.
+ (line 55)
+* es-zet German letter: Additional Latin letters.
(line 52)
-* es-zet German letter: Non-English characters.
- (line 47)
-* eth, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters.
- (line 19)
+* eth, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 20)
+* etoolbox package: Class and package commands.
+ (line 110)
* euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 119)
* ex: Units of length. (line 38)
* exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 122)
* exponent: Subscripts & superscripts.
(line 6)
+* extended Latin: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 6)
* external files, writing: filecontents. (line 6)
* families, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 20)
@@ -8209,11 +9376,13 @@ Concept Index
* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 21)
* figures, inserting: figure. (line 6)
+* file, root: Splitting the input. (line 9)
* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 92)
-* 'float' package: Floats. (line 52)
+* flafter package: Floats. (line 82)
+* float package: Floats. (line 52)
* float page: Floats. (line 58)
* flush left equations: Document class options.
- (line 52)
+ (line 55)
* flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 6)
* font catalogue: Low-level font commands.
(line 20)
@@ -8223,11 +9392,15 @@ Concept Index
(line 98)
* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 6)
* font styles: Font styles. (line 6)
+* font symbols, by number: Symbols by font position.
+ (line 6)
* fonts: Fonts. (line 6)
* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 6)
* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6)
* footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
+* footmisc package: Footnotes in section headings.
+ (line 10)
* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* footnote parameters: Footnote parameters. (line 6)
* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 21)
@@ -8235,19 +9408,21 @@ Concept Index
* Footnotes, in a minipage: \footnote. (line 35)
* Footnotes, in a table: Footnotes in a table.
(line 6)
+* footnotes, in section headings: Footnotes in section headings.
+ (line 6)
* footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote. (line 23)
* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 6)
* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 6)
+* forward reference: Cross references. (line 22)
* forward references, resolving: Output files. (line 33)
* fragile commands: \protect. (line 6)
* French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30)
* functions, math: Math functions. (line 6)
-* 'geometry' package: Document class options.
- (line 37)
+* geometry package: Document class options.
+ (line 40)
* global options: Document class options.
(line 6)
-* global options <1>: Document class options.
- (line 103)
+* global options <1>: Additional packages. (line 15)
* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 6)
* glossary package: Glossaries. (line 15)
* glue register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 6)
@@ -8256,6 +9431,7 @@ Concept Index
* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 29)
* greater than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 125)
* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 6)
+* group, and environments: Environments. (line 18)
* ha'c<ek accent, math: Math accents. (line 20)
* hacek accent: Accents. (line 97)
* hat accent: Accents. (line 33)
@@ -8267,14 +9443,15 @@ Concept Index
* here, putting floats: Floats. (line 52)
* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 59)
* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6)
+* hyphenation, discretionary: \discretionary. (line 6)
* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox. (line 6)
-* Icelandic eth: Non-English characters.
- (line 19)
-* Icelandic thorn: Non-English characters.
- (line 51)
-* ij letter, Dutch: Non-English characters.
- (line 27)
+* Icelandic eth: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 20)
+* Icelandic thorn: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 56)
+* ij letter, Dutch: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 32)
* implementations of TeX: TeX engines. (line 6)
* in-line formulas: math. (line 6)
* indent, forcing: \indent. (line 6)
@@ -8294,16 +9471,19 @@ Concept Index
* justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 6)
* justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 6)
* Knuth, Donald E.: Overview. (line 6)
+* label: Cross references. (line 9)
* labelled lists, creating: description. (line 6)
* Lamport TeX: Overview. (line 24)
* Lamport, Leslie: Overview. (line 6)
* landscape orientation: Document class options.
- (line 55)
+ (line 58)
* LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 21)
* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 6)
* LaTeX Project team: About this document. (line 17)
* LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e: About this document. (line 13)
* LaTeX2e logo: Text symbols. (line 24)
+* Latin letters, additional: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 6)
* layout commands: Layout. (line 6)
* layout, page parameters for: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
@@ -8314,10 +9494,11 @@ Concept Index
* left quote, double: Text symbols. (line 144)
* left quote, single: Text symbols. (line 150)
* left-hand equation numbers: Document class options.
- (line 58)
+ (line 61)
* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6)
* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6)
* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 6)
+* length command: \setlength. (line 10)
* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 6)
* lengths, allocating new: \newlength. (line 6)
* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 6)
@@ -8325,9 +9506,9 @@ Concept Index
* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 6)
* less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 128)
* letters, accented: Accents. (line 6)
-* letters, ending: \closing. (line 6)
-* letters, non-English: Non-English characters.
+* letters, additional Latin: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
+* letters, ending: \closing. (line 6)
* letters, starting: \opening. (line 6)
* letters, writing: Letters. (line 6)
* line break, forcing: \\. (line 6)
@@ -8346,25 +9527,30 @@ Concept Index
* lists of items: itemize. (line 6)
* lists of items, generic: list. (line 6)
* lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6)
-* loading additional packages: Document class options.
- (line 95)
+* loading additional packages: Additional packages. (line 6)
* log file: Output files. (line 28)
* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 21)
* logo, LaTeX2e: Text symbols. (line 24)
* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 61)
+* long command: Class and package commands.
+ (line 23)
* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols. (line 52)
* low-level font commands: Low-level font commands.
(line 6)
+* Lower case: Upper and lower case.
+ (line 6)
* LR mode: Modes. (line 6)
-* 'ltugboat' class: tugboat template. (line 6)
+* ltugboat class: tugboat template. (line 6)
* LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 29)
* m-width: Units of length. (line 38)
* macro package, LaTeX as: Overview. (line 11)
* macron accent: Accents. (line 29)
* macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 14)
+* macros2e package: \makeatletter and \makeatother.
+ (line 39)
* Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 6)
-* 'makeidx' package: Indexes. (line 28)
-* 'makeindex' program: Indexes. (line 23)
+* makeidx package: Indexes. (line 28)
+* makeindex program: Indexes. (line 23)
* making a title page: titlepage. (line 6)
* making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6)
* marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 6)
@@ -8383,15 +9569,21 @@ Concept Index
* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6)
* modes: Modes. (line 6)
* monospace font: Font styles. (line 92)
-* moving arguments: \protect. (line 6)
+* moving arguments: \protect. (line 19)
* mpfootnote counter: \footnote. (line 35)
* mu, math unit: Units of length. (line 49)
* multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 6)
* multilingual support: Accents. (line 6)
-* 'multind' package: Indexes. (line 39)
+* multind package: Indexes. (line 39)
* multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math miscellany.
(line 7)
-* nested '\include', not allowed: \include. (line 18)
+* nested \include, not allowed: \include. (line 18)
+* new class commands: Class and package construction.
+ (line 6)
+* new command, check: Class and package commands.
+ (line 21)
+* new command, definition: Class and package commands.
+ (line 96)
* new commands, defining: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
* new commands, defining <1>: \providecommand. (line 6)
@@ -8400,32 +9592,67 @@ Concept Index
* new line, starting: \\. (line 6)
* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 6)
* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 6)
-* non-English characters: Non-English characters.
+* non-English characters: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6)
-* null delimiter: Math miscellany. (line 21)
+* null delimiter: Math miscellany. (line 36)
* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6)
* numerals, old-style: Font styles. (line 134)
* oblique font: Font styles. (line 89)
-* oe ligature: Non-English characters.
- (line 43)
+* oe ligature: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 48)
* ogonek: Accents. (line 70)
* old-style numerals: Font styles. (line 134)
* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 6)
* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 40)
* OpenType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6)
+* options, class: Class and package commands.
+ (line 66)
* options, document class: Document class options.
(line 6)
-* options, global: Document class options.
- (line 103)
+* options, document class <1>: Class and package structure.
+ (line 6)
+* options, global: Additional packages. (line 15)
+* options, package: Class and package structure.
+ (line 6)
+* options, package <1>: Class and package commands.
+ (line 66)
* ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 135)
-* oslash: Non-English characters.
- (line 39)
+* oslash: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 44)
* overbar accent: Accents. (line 29)
* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 26)
* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6)
-* packages, loading additional: Document class options.
- (line 95)
+* package file layout: Class and package structure.
+ (line 6)
+* package options: Class and package structure.
+ (line 6)
+* package options <1>: Class and package commands.
+ (line 66)
+* package, amsmath: array. (line 40)
+* package, amsmath <1>: displaymath. (line 22)
+* package, babel: Accents. (line 6)
+* package, datetime: \today. (line 22)
+* package, etoolbox: Class and package commands.
+ (line 110)
+* package, flafter: Floats. (line 82)
+* package, float: Floats. (line 52)
+* package, footmisc: Footnotes in section headings.
+ (line 10)
+* package, geometry: Document class options.
+ (line 40)
+* package, macros2e: \makeatletter and \makeatother.
+ (line 39)
+* package, makeidx: Indexes. (line 28)
+* package, multind: Indexes. (line 39)
+* package, picture: picture. (line 23)
+* package, setspace: Low-level font commands.
+ (line 114)
+* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 35)
+* package, textcomp: Font styles. (line 134)
+* package, xspace: \(SPACE) after control sequence.
+ (line 20)
+* packages, loading additional: Additional packages. (line 6)
* page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
(line 6)
* page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
@@ -8441,6 +9668,7 @@ Concept Index
* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation and quote.
(line 6)
* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 6)
+* paragraph mode <1>: \parbox. (line 10)
* paragraph symbol: Text symbols. (line 44)
* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6)
* parameters, for footnotes: Footnote parameters. (line 6)
@@ -8450,28 +9678,32 @@ Concept Index
* pdfTeX engine: TeX engines. (line 12)
* period, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 138)
* pica: Units of length. (line 14)
-* 'pict2e' package: \line. (line 13)
+* pict2e package: \line. (line 13)
+* picture package: picture. (line 23)
* pictures, creating: picture. (line 6)
* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 44)
* placement of floats: Floats. (line 31)
* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6)
* Point: Units of length. (line 10)
-* polish l: Non-English characters.
- (line 31)
+* polish l: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 36)
* portrait orientation: Document class options.
- (line 55)
-* position, in picture: picture. (line 23)
+ (line 58)
+* position, in picture: picture. (line 28)
+* positional parameter: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 37)
* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 6)
* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 48)
* preamble, defined: Starting and ending. (line 19)
* predefined lengths: Predefined lengths. (line 6)
-* prompt, '*': Command line. (line 18)
+* prompt, *: Command line. (line 18)
* pronunciation: Overview. (line 24)
* quad: Spacing in math mode.
(line 32)
* question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 141)
* quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 30)
-* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 157)
+* quote, single straight: Text symbols. (line 156)
+* quote, straight base: Text symbols. (line 160)
* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation and quote.
(line 6)
* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation and quote.
@@ -8482,25 +9714,27 @@ Concept Index
* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6)
* redefining environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
(line 6)
+* reference, forward: Cross references. (line 22)
* references, resolving forward: Output files. (line 33)
-* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 160)
+* registered symbol: Text symbols. (line 163)
* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6)
-* reporting bugs: About this document. (line 6)
+* reporting bugs: About this document. (line 21)
* reserved characters: Reserved characters. (line 6)
* right angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30)
-* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 163)
+* right arrow, in text: Text symbols. (line 166)
* right brace, in text: Text symbols. (line 88)
* right quote: Text symbols. (line 55)
* right quote, double: Text symbols. (line 147)
* right quote, single: Text symbols. (line 153)
* right-hand equation numbers: Document class options.
- (line 58)
+ (line 61)
* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 6)
* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 6)
* ring accent: Accents. (line 75)
* ring accent, math: Math accents. (line 41)
* robust commands: \protect. (line 6)
* roman font: Font styles. (line 80)
+* root file: Splitting the input. (line 9)
* rubber lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6)
* running header and footer: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
@@ -8511,22 +9745,24 @@ Concept Index
* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6)
* section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 47)
* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 58)
+* section, redefining: \@startsection. (line 6)
* sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 6)
* series, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 45)
-* 'setspace' package: Low-level font commands.
+* setspace package: Low-level font commands.
(line 114)
* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 6)
* shapes, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 85)
-* sharp S letters: Non-English characters.
- (line 47)
-* 'showidx' package: Indexes. (line 35)
+* sharp S letters: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 52)
+* showidx package: Indexes. (line 35)
* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6)
* single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 30)
* single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 30)
* single left quote: Text symbols. (line 150)
* single low-9 quotation mark: Text symbols. (line 52)
+* single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 156)
* single right quote: Text symbols. (line 153)
* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 6)
* skip register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 6)
@@ -8537,20 +9773,27 @@ Concept Index
* spaces: Spaces. (line 6)
* spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode.
(line 6)
-* spacing, intersentence: \frenchspacing. (line 6)
+* spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing. (line 6)
* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols. (line 135)
-* special characters: Non-English characters.
+* special characters: Reserved characters. (line 6)
+* special characters <1>: Additional Latin letters.
(line 6)
* special insertions: Special insertions. (line 6)
* specifier, float placement: Floats. (line 31)
* splitting the input file: Splitting the input. (line 6)
+* stable option to footmisc package: Footnotes in section headings.
+ (line 10)
+* star-variants, commands: \@ifstar. (line 6)
+* starred form, defining new commands: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
+ (line 14)
* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 6)
* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage. (line 6)
* starting and ending: Starting and ending. (line 6)
* starting on a right-hand page: \cleardoublepage. (line 6)
* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 48)
-* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 157)
-* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 157)
+* straight double quote, base: Text symbols. (line 160)
+* straight quote, base: Text symbols. (line 160)
+* straight single quote: Text symbols. (line 156)
* stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 6)
* stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 6)
* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 6)
@@ -8565,39 +9808,41 @@ Concept Index
* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 6)
* table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline. (line 6)
* table of contents file: Output files. (line 43)
+* table of contents, avoiding footnotes: Footnotes in section headings.
+ (line 6)
* table of contents, creating: Tables of contents. (line 6)
* tables, creating: table. (line 6)
-* template, 'beamer': beamer template. (line 6)
-* template, 'book': book template. (line 6)
+* template, beamer: beamer template. (line 6)
+* template, book: book template. (line 6)
* template, TUGboat: tugboat template. (line 6)
* templates, document: Document templates. (line 6)
* terminal input/output: Terminal input/output.
(line 6)
* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 61)
* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 6)
-* 'textcomp' package: Font styles. (line 134)
+* textcomp package: Font styles. (line 134)
* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 22)
* theorem-like environment: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6)
-* thorn, Icelandic letter: Non-English characters.
- (line 51)
-* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 166)
+* thorn, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 56)
+* three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 169)
* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 81)
* tilde accent: Accents. (line 43)
* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 44)
* tilde, ASCII, in text: Text symbols. (line 67)
* title page, separate or run-in: Document class options.
- (line 66)
+ (line 69)
* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6)
* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 26)
* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 6)
-* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 169)
+* trademark symbol: Text symbols. (line 172)
* transcript file: Output files. (line 28)
* TrueType fonts: TeX engines. (line 6)
* TUGboat template: tugboat template. (line 6)
* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 6)
-* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 172)
+* two-thirds em-dash: Text symbols. (line 175)
* type styles: Font styles. (line 6)
* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 6)
* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 6)
@@ -8606,11 +9851,13 @@ Concept Index
* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 23)
* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 16)
* underbar: Accents. (line 89)
-* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 175)
+* underscore, in text: Text symbols. (line 178)
* Unicode input, native: TeX engines. (line 6)
* units, of length: Units of length. (line 6)
* unofficial nature of this manual: About this document. (line 17)
* unordered lists: itemize. (line 6)
+* Upper case: Upper and lower case.
+ (line 6)
* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
* UTF-8: TeX engines. (line 6)
* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 6)
@@ -8623,7 +9870,7 @@ Concept Index
* vertical space <1>: \vspace. (line 6)
* vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip. (line 6)
* visible space: \verb. (line 17)
-* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 178)
+* visible space symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 181)
* weights, of fonts: Low-level font commands.
(line 55)
* white space: Spaces. (line 6)
@@ -8635,7 +9882,9 @@ Concept Index
* writing letters: Letters. (line 6)
* x-height: Units of length. (line 38)
* XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 38)
-* 'xindy' program: Indexes. (line 23)
+* xindy program: Indexes. (line 23)
+* xspace package: \(SPACE) after control sequence.
+ (line 20)

File: latex2e.info, Node: Command Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top
@@ -8675,10 +9924,10 @@ Command Index
* \!: Spacing in math mode.
(line 29)
* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 16)
-* \#: Reserved characters. (line 11)
-* \$: Reserved characters. (line 11)
-* \%: Reserved characters. (line 11)
-* \&: Reserved characters. (line 11)
+* \#: Reserved characters. (line 13)
+* \$: Reserved characters. (line 13)
+* \%: Reserved characters. (line 13)
+* \&: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 20)
* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 45)
* \(: Math formulas. (line 16)
@@ -8705,95 +9954,102 @@ Command Index
* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 30)
* \@: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
* \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 23)
+* \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6)
+* \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6)
* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 60)
* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61)
* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61)
-* \aa (aa): Non-English characters.
- (line 11)
-* \AA (AA): Non-English characters.
- (line 11)
+* \aa (aa): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 12)
+* \AA (AA): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 12)
* \acute: Math accents. (line 10)
-* \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}: \addcontentsline. (line 6)
+* \addcontentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 6)
* \address: \address. (line 6)
* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 6)
* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 6)
* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 6)
* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 6)
-* \ae (ae): Non-English characters.
- (line 15)
-* \AE (AE): Non-English characters.
- (line 15)
-* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 19)
-* \alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 10)
-* \Alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 13)
+* \ae (ae): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 16)
+* \AE (AE): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 16)
+* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 22)
* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 52)
-* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 22)
+* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 25)
+* \alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 14)
+* \Alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 17)
* \alsoname: Indexes. (line 20)
-* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 25)
-* \and for '\author': \maketitle. (line 12)
-* \angle: Math symbols. (line 28)
+* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 28)
+* \and for \author: \maketitle. (line 12)
+* \angle: Math symbols. (line 31)
* \appendix: Sectioning. (line 37)
-* \approx: Math symbols. (line 33)
-* \arabic: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 16)
+* \approx: Math symbols. (line 36)
+* \arabic{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 20)
* \arccos: Math functions. (line 9)
* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 12)
* \arctan: Math functions. (line 15)
* \arg: Math functions. (line 18)
-* \arraycolsep: array. (line 38)
+* \arraycolsep: array. (line 37)
* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 156)
* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 162)
-* \ast: Math symbols. (line 36)
-* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 45)
+* \ast: Math symbols. (line 39)
+* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 48)
* \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 3)
+* \AtBeginDvi: Class and package commands.
+ (line 9)
* \AtEndDocument: \AtEndDocument. (line 3)
+* \AtEndOfClass: Class and package commands.
+ (line 14)
+* \AtEndOfPackage: Class and package commands.
+ (line 14)
* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 11)
* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61)
* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 46)
-* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 48)
-* \backslash <1>: Reserved characters. (line 16)
+* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 51)
* \bar: Math accents. (line 13)
* \baselineskip: Low-level font commands.
(line 98)
* \baselinestretch: Low-level font commands.
(line 108)
* \begin: Environments. (line 6)
-* \beta: Math symbols. (line 52)
+* \beta: Math symbols. (line 55)
* \bf: Font styles. (line 70)
* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 39)
* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6)
* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
-* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 55)
-* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 59)
-* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 63)
-* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 67)
-* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 70)
-* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 73)
+* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 58)
+* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 62)
+* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 66)
+* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 70)
+* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 73)
+* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 76)
* \bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
- (line 10)
+ (line 9)
* \bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
(line 10)
-* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 84)
-* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 76)
-* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 80)
-* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 87)
-* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 91)
-* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 94)
+* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 87)
+* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 79)
+* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 83)
+* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 90)
+* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 94)
+* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 97)
* \bmod: Math functions. (line 21)
* \boldmath: Math formulas. (line 29)
-* \bot: Math symbols. (line 97)
+* \bot: Math symbols. (line 100)
* \bottomfraction: Floats. (line 94)
* \bottomfraction <1>: Floats. (line 95)
-* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 101)
-* \Box: Math symbols. (line 104)
+* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 105)
+* \Box: Math symbols. (line 108)
* \breve: Math accents. (line 16)
-* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 109)
+* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 113)
* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 51)
* \cal: Font styles. (line 73)
-* \cap: Math symbols. (line 112)
+* \cap: Math symbols. (line 116)
* \capitalacute: Accents. (line 20)
* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 86)
* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 97)
@@ -8812,92 +10068,116 @@ Command Index
* \caption: figure. (line 40)
* \caption <1>: table. (line 26)
* \cc: \cc. (line 6)
-* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 117)
-* \cdots: Math miscellany. (line 10)
+* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 121)
+* \cdots: Math miscellany. (line 25)
* \centering: \centering. (line 6)
* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 9)
* \check: Math accents. (line 19)
-* \chi: Math symbols. (line 120)
-* \circ: Math symbols. (line 123)
+* \CheckCommand: Class and package commands.
+ (line 21)
+* \CheckCommand*: Class and package commands.
+ (line 21)
+* \chi: Math symbols. (line 124)
+* \circ: Math symbols. (line 127)
* \circle: \circle. (line 6)
* \cite: \cite. (line 6)
+* \ClassError: Class and package commands.
+ (line 41)
+* \ClassInfo: Class and package commands.
+ (line 41)
+* \ClassInfoNoLine: Class and package commands.
+ (line 41)
+* \ClassWarning: Class and package commands.
+ (line 41)
+* \ClassWarningNoLine: Class and package commands.
+ (line 41)
* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 6)
* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 6)
* \cline: \cline. (line 6)
* \closing: \closing. (line 6)
-* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 128)
-* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 21)
+* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 132)
+* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 22)
* \columnsep <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 6)
* \columnsep <2>: Page layout parameters.
(line 9)
-* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 27)
+* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 28)
* \columnseprule <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 7)
* \columnseprule <2>: Page layout parameters.
(line 9)
-* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 34)
+* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 35)
* \columnwidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 8)
* \columnwidth <2>: Page layout parameters.
(line 9)
-* \complement: Math symbols. (line 131)
-* \cong: Math symbols. (line 137)
-* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 29)
-* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 140)
+* \complement: Math symbols. (line 135)
+* \cong: Math symbols. (line 141)
+* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 33)
+* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 144)
* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 10)
* \cos: Math functions. (line 24)
* \cosh: Math functions. (line 27)
* \cot: Math functions. (line 30)
* \coth: Math functions. (line 33)
* \csc: Math functions. (line 36)
-* \cup: Math symbols. (line 143)
+* \cup: Math symbols. (line 147)
+* \CurrentOption: Class and package commands.
+ (line 60)
* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 55)
* \dag: Text symbols. (line 14)
-* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 148)
+* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 152)
* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 6)
-* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 151)
+* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 155)
* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 17)
* \day: \day \month \year. (line 6)
-* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 68)
-* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 74)
-* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 81)
-* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 46)
-* \dbltopnumber: \twocolumn. (line 86)
+* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 69)
+* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 75)
+* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 82)
+* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 47)
+* \dbltopnumber: \twocolumn. (line 87)
* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 17)
-* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 155)
+* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 159)
* \ddot: Math accents. (line 22)
-* \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 14)
+* \ddots: Math miscellany. (line 29)
+* \DeclareOption: Class and package commands.
+ (line 66)
+* \DeclareOption*: Class and package commands.
+ (line 66)
+* \DeclareRobustCommand: Class and package commands.
+ (line 96)
+* \DeclareRobustCommand*: Class and package commands.
+ (line 96)
* \deg: Math functions. (line 39)
-* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 158)
-* \delta: Math symbols. (line 161)
+* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 162)
+* \delta: Math symbols. (line 165)
* \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 10)
* \det: Math functions. (line 42)
-* \dh (d): Non-English characters.
- (line 19)
-* \DH (D): Non-English characters.
- (line 19)
-* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 164)
-* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 168)
-* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 172)
+* \dh (d): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 20)
+* \DH (D): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 20)
+* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 168)
+* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 172)
+* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 176)
* \dim: Math functions. (line 45)
* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 34)
-* \div: Math symbols. (line 175)
-* \dj: Non-English characters.
- (line 23)
-* \DJ: Non-English characters.
- (line 23)
+* \div: Math symbols. (line 179)
+* \dj: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 26)
+* \DJ: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 26)
* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 6)
* \dot: Math accents. (line 25)
-* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 178)
+* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 182)
* \dotfill: \hrulefill \dotfill. (line 6)
* \dots: Text symbols. (line 34)
* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 167)
-* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 182)
-* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 186)
-* \ell: Math symbols. (line 190)
+* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 186)
+* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 190)
+* \ell: Math symbols. (line 194)
* \emph: Font styles. (line 59)
-* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 193)
+* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 197)
* \encl: \encl. (line 6)
* \end: Environments. (line 6)
* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 6)
@@ -8905,16 +10185,18 @@ Command Index
* \enumii: enumerate. (line 42)
* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 42)
* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 42)
-* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 197)
-* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 202)
-* \eta: Math symbols. (line 205)
+* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 201)
+* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 207)
+* \eta: Math symbols. (line 210)
* \evensidemargin: Document class options.
- (line 77)
+ (line 82)
* \evensidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 67)
* \evensidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters.
(line 68)
-* \exists: Math symbols. (line 208)
+* \ExecuteOptions: Class and package commands.
+ (line 166)
+* \exists: Math symbols. (line 213)
* \exp: Math functions. (line 48)
* \extracolsep: tabular. (line 115)
* \fbox: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6)
@@ -8923,15 +10205,15 @@ Command Index
* \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). (line 14)
* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 18)
* \fill: \hfill. (line 9)
-* \flat: Math symbols. (line 211)
+* \flat: Math symbols. (line 216)
* \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 98)
* \floatpagefraction <1>: Floats. (line 99)
* \floatsep: Floats. (line 114)
* \floatsep <1>: Floats. (line 115)
* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 6)
-* \fnsymbol: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 25)
* \fnsymbol, and footnotes: \footnote. (line 23)
+* \fnsymbol{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 29)
* \fontencoding: Low-level font commands.
(line 11)
* \fontfamily: Low-level font commands.
@@ -8952,22 +10234,22 @@ Command Index
(line 26)
* \footskip <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 27)
-* \forall: Math symbols. (line 214)
-* \frac: Math miscellany. (line 18)
-* \frac{num}{den}: Math miscellany. (line 17)
+* \forall: Math symbols. (line 219)
+* \frac: Math miscellany. (line 33)
+* \frac{NUM}{DEN}: Math miscellany. (line 32)
* \frame: \frame. (line 6)
* \framebox: \framebox (picture). (line 6)
* \framebox <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6)
* \frenchspacing: \frenchspacing. (line 6)
-* \frown: Math symbols. (line 217)
+* \frown: Math symbols. (line 222)
* \fussy: \fussy. (line 6)
-* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 220)
-* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 223)
+* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 225)
+* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 228)
* \gcd: Math functions. (line 51)
-* \ge: Math symbols. (line 226)
-* \geq: Math symbols. (line 230)
-* \gets: Math symbols. (line 234)
-* \gg: Math symbols. (line 237)
+* \ge: Math symbols. (line 231)
+* \geq: Math symbols. (line 235)
+* \gets: Math symbols. (line 239)
+* \gg: Math symbols. (line 242)
* \glossary: Glossaries. (line 8)
* \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 11)
* \grave: Math accents. (line 28)
@@ -8977,7 +10259,7 @@ Command Index
* \guilsinglright (>): Text symbols. (line 29)
* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 59)
* \hat: Math accents. (line 31)
-* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 241)
+* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 246)
* \headheight: Page layout parameters.
(line 14)
* \headheight <1>: Page layout parameters.
@@ -8986,13 +10268,13 @@ Command Index
(line 19)
* \headsep <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 20)
-* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 244)
+* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 249)
* \height: Predefined lengths. (line 8)
* \hfill: \hfill. (line 6)
* \hline: \hline. (line 6)
* \hom: Math functions. (line 54)
-* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 247)
-* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 250)
+* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 252)
+* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 255)
* \hrulefill: \hrulefill \dotfill. (line 6)
* \hsize: Page layout parameters.
(line 119)
@@ -9003,45 +10285,49 @@ Command Index
* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6)
* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 63)
-* \iff: Math symbols. (line 253)
-* \ij (ij): Non-English characters.
- (line 27)
-* \IJ (IJ): Non-English characters.
- (line 27)
-* \Im: Math symbols. (line 257)
+* \iff: Math symbols. (line 258)
+* \IfFileExists: Class and package commands.
+ (line 127)
+* \ij (ij): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 32)
+* \IJ (IJ): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 32)
+* \Im: Math symbols. (line 262)
* \imath: Math accents. (line 34)
-* \in: Math symbols. (line 260)
+* \in: Math symbols. (line 265)
* \include: \include. (line 6)
* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 6)
* \indent: \indent. (line 6)
* \index: Indexes. (line 9)
* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 12)
+* \indexspace: Indexes. (line 32)
* \inf: Math functions. (line 57)
-* \infty: Math symbols. (line 265)
+* \infty: Math symbols. (line 271)
* \input: \input. (line 6)
-* \int: Math symbols. (line 268)
+* \InputIfFileExists: Class and package commands.
+ (line 127)
+* \int: Math symbols. (line 274)
* \intextsep: Floats. (line 118)
* \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 119)
-* \iota: Math symbols. (line 271)
+* \iota: Math symbols. (line 277)
* \it: Font styles. (line 76)
-* \item: description. (line 14)
-* \item <1>: description. (line 19)
-* \item <2>: enumerate. (line 18)
-* \item <3>: itemize. (line 6)
+* \item: description. (line 19)
+* \item <1>: enumerate. (line 18)
+* \item <2>: itemize. (line 6)
* \itemindent: itemize. (line 49)
* \itemsep: itemize. (line 71)
* \itshape: Font styles. (line 33)
* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 66)
* \jmath: Math accents. (line 37)
-* \Join: Math symbols. (line 274)
+* \Join: Math symbols. (line 280)
* \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 70)
-* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 278)
+* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 284)
* \ker: Math functions. (line 60)
* \kill: tabbing. (line 65)
-* \l (/l): Non-English characters.
- (line 31)
-* \L (/L): Non-English characters.
- (line 31)
+* \l (/l): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 36)
+* \L (/L): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 36)
* \label: \label. (line 6)
* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 47)
* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 47)
@@ -9053,27 +10339,27 @@ Command Index
* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 29)
* \labelsep: itemize. (line 52)
* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 55)
-* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 281)
-* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 284)
-* \land: Math symbols. (line 287)
-* \langle: Math symbols. (line 292)
+* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 287)
+* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 290)
+* \land: Math symbols. (line 293)
+* \langle: Math symbols. (line 298)
* \large: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \Large: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 20)
* \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 23)
-* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 297)
-* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 301)
-* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 305)
+* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 303)
+* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 307)
+* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 311)
* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 33)
-* \le: Math symbols. (line 309)
-* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 313)
-* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math miscellany. (line 20)
-* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 320)
-* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 325)
+* \le: Math symbols. (line 315)
+* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 319)
+* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math miscellany. (line 35)
+* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 326)
+* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 331)
* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 46)
-* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 329)
-* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 332)
+* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 335)
+* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 338)
* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 36)
* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 36)
* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 36)
@@ -9081,12 +10367,12 @@ Command Index
* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 36)
* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 36)
* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 36)
-* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 335)
-* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 340)
-* \leq: Math symbols. (line 345)
-* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 349)
+* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 341)
+* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 346)
+* \leq: Math symbols. (line 351)
+* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 355)
* \lg: Math functions. (line 63)
-* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 352)
+* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 358)
* \lim: Math functions. (line 66)
* \liminf: Math functions. (line 69)
* \limsup: Math functions. (line 72)
@@ -9103,24 +10389,28 @@ Command Index
* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 16)
* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 16)
* \listparindent: itemize. (line 58)
-* \ll: Math symbols. (line 359)
+* \ll: Math symbols. (line 366)
* \ln: Math functions. (line 75)
-* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 363)
+* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 370)
+* \LoadClass: Class and package commands.
+ (line 144)
+* \LoadClassWithOptions: Class and package commands.
+ (line 144)
* \location: \location. (line 6)
* \log: Math functions. (line 78)
-* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 366)
-* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 371)
-* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 375)
-* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 380)
-* \lor: Math symbols. (line 385)
+* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 373)
+* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 378)
+* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 382)
+* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 387)
+* \lor: Math symbols. (line 392)
* \lq: Text symbols. (line 39)
* \makebox: \makebox. (line 6)
-* \makebox (for 'picture'): \makebox (picture). (line 6)
+* \makebox (for picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6)
* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 6)
* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 6)
* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6)
* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6)
-* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 388)
+* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 395)
* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 6)
* \marginparpush: Page layout parameters.
(line 40)
@@ -9141,38 +10431,46 @@ Command Index
* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 36)
* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 112)
* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 128)
+* \mathdollar: Math miscellany. (line 40)
+* \mathellipsis: Math miscellany. (line 43)
* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 125)
+* \mathparagraph: Math miscellany. (line 46)
* \mathring: Math accents. (line 40)
* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 109)
+* \mathsection: Math miscellany. (line 49)
* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 115)
+* \mathsterling: Math miscellany. (line 52)
* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 118)
+* \mathunderscore: Math miscellany. (line 55)
* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 130)
* \max: Math functions. (line 81)
* \mbox: \mbox. (line 6)
* \mbox, and LR mode: Modes. (line 24)
* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 36)
* \medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
- (line 15)
+ (line 14)
* \medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
(line 15)
* \medspace: Spacing in math mode.
(line 21)
-* \mho: Math symbols. (line 392)
-* \mid: Math symbols. (line 397)
+* \mho: Math symbols. (line 399)
+* \mid: Math symbols. (line 404)
* \min: Math functions. (line 84)
-* \models: Math symbols. (line 407)
+* \models: Math symbols. (line 414)
* \month: \day \month \year. (line 6)
-* \mp: Math symbols. (line 412)
-* \mu: Math symbols. (line 415)
+* \mp: Math symbols. (line 419)
+* \mu: Math symbols. (line 422)
* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 6)
* \multiput: \multiput. (line 6)
-* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 418)
+* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 425)
* \name: \name. (line 6)
-* \natural: Math symbols. (line 421)
-* \ne: Math symbols. (line 424)
-* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 427)
-* \neg: Math symbols. (line 430)
-* \neq: Math symbols. (line 434)
+* \natural: Math symbols. (line 428)
+* \ne: Math symbols. (line 431)
+* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 434)
+* \NeedsTeXFormat: Class and package commands.
+ (line 176)
+* \neg: Math symbols. (line 437)
+* \neq: Math symbols. (line 441)
* \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand.
(line 6)
* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 6)
@@ -9186,11 +10484,11 @@ Command Index
* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 6)
* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 6)
* \newtie: Accents. (line 81)
-* \ng: Non-English characters.
- (line 35)
-* \NG: Non-English characters.
- (line 35)
-* \ni: Math symbols. (line 437)
+* \ng: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 40)
+* \NG: Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 40)
+* \ni: Math symbols. (line 444)
* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6)
* \nocorr: Font styles. (line 21)
* \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 21)
@@ -9205,42 +10503,54 @@ Command Index
* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 57)
* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 24)
* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
-* \not: Math symbols. (line 442)
-* \notin: Math symbols. (line 450)
-* \nu: Math symbols. (line 454)
-* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 457)
-* \o (/o): Non-English characters.
- (line 39)
-* \O (/O): Non-English characters.
- (line 39)
+* \not: Math symbols. (line 449)
+* \notin: Math symbols. (line 457)
+* \nu: Math symbols. (line 461)
+* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 464)
+* \o (/o): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 44)
+* \O (/O): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 44)
* \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr.
(line 6)
* \oddsidemargin: Document class options.
- (line 77)
+ (line 82)
* \oddsidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 66)
* \oddsidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters.
(line 68)
-* \odot: Math symbols. (line 460)
-* \oe (oe): Non-English characters.
- (line 43)
-* \OE (OE): Non-English characters.
- (line 43)
-* \oint: Math symbols. (line 465)
+* \odot: Math symbols. (line 467)
+* \oe (oe): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 48)
+* \OE (OE): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 48)
+* \oint: Math symbols. (line 472)
* \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 134)
-* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 469)
-* \omega: Math symbols. (line 472)
-* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 475)
+* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 476)
+* \omega: Math symbols. (line 479)
+* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 482)
* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 6)
* \opening: \opening. (line 6)
-* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 478)
-* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 482)
-* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 485)
+* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 485)
+* \OptionNotUsed: Class and package commands.
+ (line 192)
+* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 489)
+* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 492)
* \oval: \oval. (line 6)
-* \overbrace{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 25)
-* \overline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 29)
-* \owns: Math symbols. (line 490)
+* \overbrace{MATH}: Math miscellany. (line 58)
+* \overline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 62)
+* \owns: Math symbols. (line 497)
* \P: Text symbols. (line 42)
+* \PackageError: Class and package commands.
+ (line 41)
+* \PackageInfo: Class and package commands.
+ (line 41)
+* \PackageInfoNoLine: Class and package commands.
+ (line 41)
+* \PackageWarning: Class and package commands.
+ (line 41)
+* \PackageWarningNoLine: Class and package commands.
+ (line 41)
* \pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
(line 6)
* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 6)
@@ -9255,7 +10565,7 @@ Command Index
* \paperwidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 86)
* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 14)
-* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 495)
+* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 502)
* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6)
* \parindent: minipage. (line 17)
* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 6)
@@ -9263,32 +10573,47 @@ Command Index
* \parskip: \parskip. (line 6)
* \parskip example: itemize. (line 92)
* \part: Sectioning. (line 8)
-* \partial: Math symbols. (line 498)
+* \partial: Math symbols. (line 505)
* \partopsep: itemize. (line 86)
+* \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands.
+ (line 198)
+* \PassOptionsToPackage: Class and package commands.
+ (line 198)
* \pdfpageheight: Document class options.
- (line 37)
+ (line 40)
* \pdfpagewidth: Document class options.
- (line 37)
-* \perp: Math symbols. (line 501)
-* \phi: Math symbols. (line 506)
-* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 510)
-* \pi: Math symbols. (line 513)
-* \pm: Math symbols. (line 517)
+ (line 40)
+* \perp: Math symbols. (line 508)
+* \phi: Math symbols. (line 513)
+* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 517)
+* \pi: Math symbols. (line 520)
+* \pm: Math symbols. (line 524)
* \pmod: Math functions. (line 87)
* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 71)
* \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 72)
* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 46)
* \Pr: Math functions. (line 90)
-* \prec: Math symbols. (line 520)
-* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 523)
-* \prime: Math symbols. (line 528)
-* \prod: Math symbols. (line 539)
-* \propto: Math symbols. (line 542)
+* \prec: Math symbols. (line 527)
+* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 530)
+* \prime: Math symbols. (line 535)
+* \printindex: Indexes. (line 28)
+* \ProcessOptions: Class and package commands.
+ (line 232)
+* \ProcessOptions*: Class and package commands.
+ (line 232)
+* \prod: Math symbols. (line 544)
+* \propto: Math symbols. (line 547)
* \protect: \protect. (line 6)
* \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 6)
+* \ProvidesClass: Class and package commands.
+ (line 270)
+* \ProvidesFile: Class and package commands.
+ (line 301)
+* \ProvidesPackage: Class and package commands.
+ (line 270)
* \ps: \ps. (line 6)
-* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 545)
-* \psi: Math symbols. (line 548)
+* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 550)
+* \psi: Math symbols. (line 553)
* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 74)
* \put: \put. (line 6)
* \qquad: Spacing in math mode.
@@ -9302,35 +10627,40 @@ Command Index
* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 6)
* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 6)
* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 6)
-* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 551)
-* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 555)
-* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 559)
-* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 563)
-* \Re: Math symbols. (line 566)
+* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 556)
+* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 560)
+* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 564)
+* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 568)
+* \Re: Math symbols. (line 571)
* \ref: \ref. (line 6)
* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6)
* \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
(line 6)
+* \RequirePackage: Class and package commands.
+ (line 310)
+* \RequirePackageWithOptions: Class and package commands.
+ (line 310)
* \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr.
(line 6)
-* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 571)
+* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 576)
+* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 581)
* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 24)
-* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 576)
-* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 580)
-* \rho: Math symbols. (line 587)
-* \right: Math miscellany. (line 21)
-* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 591)
-* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 595)
-* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 600)
-* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 603)
-* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 606)
+* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 586)
+* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 590)
+* \rho: Math symbols. (line 597)
+* \right: Math miscellany. (line 36)
+* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 601)
+* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 605)
+* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 610)
+* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 613)
+* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 616)
* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 62)
* \rm: Font styles. (line 79)
* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 30)
-* \roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 19)
-* \Roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
- (line 22)
+* \roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 23)
+* \Roman{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
+ (line 26)
* \rq: Text symbols. (line 54)
* \rule: \rule. (line 6)
* \S: Text symbols. (line 57)
@@ -9339,7 +10669,7 @@ Command Index
* \sc: Font styles. (line 82)
* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \scshape: Font styles. (line 51)
-* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 609)
+* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 619)
* \sec: Math functions. (line 93)
* \section: Sectioning. (line 11)
* \seename: Indexes. (line 20)
@@ -9347,62 +10677,63 @@ Command Index
(line 127)
* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 6)
* \setlength: \setlength. (line 6)
-* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 612)
+* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 622)
* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 6)
* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 6)
* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 6)
* \sf: Font styles. (line 85)
* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 48)
-* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 618)
+* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 628)
* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 6)
-* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 621)
-* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 624)
+* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 631)
+* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 634)
* \signature: \signature. (line 11)
-* \sim: Math symbols. (line 628)
-* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 631)
+* \sim: Math symbols. (line 638)
+* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 641)
* \sin: Math functions. (line 96)
* \sinh: Math functions. (line 99)
* \sl: Font styles. (line 88)
* \sloppy: \sloppy. (line 6)
* \slshape: Font styles. (line 45)
* \small: Font sizes. (line 11)
-* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 634)
+* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 644)
* \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
- (line 20)
+ (line 19)
* \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
(line 20)
-* \smile: Math symbols. (line 638)
-* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 641)
-* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 644)
-* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 648)
-* \sqrt[ROOT]{arg}: Math miscellany. (line 32)
-* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 652)
-* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 657)
-* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 662)
-* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 667)
-* \ss (ss): Non-English characters.
- (line 47)
-* \SS (SS): Non-English characters.
- (line 47)
-* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: Math miscellany. (line 38)
-* \star: Math symbols. (line 671)
+* \smile: Math symbols. (line 648)
+* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 651)
+* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 654)
+* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 658)
+* \sqrt[ROOT]{ARG}: Math miscellany. (line 66)
+* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 662)
+* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 667)
+* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 672)
+* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 677)
+* \ss (ss): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 52)
+* \SS (SS): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 52)
+* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: Math miscellany. (line 71)
+* \star: Math symbols. (line 681)
* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 6)
* \stop: Command line. (line 18)
* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 15)
* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 12)
-* \subset: Math symbols. (line 678)
-* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 681)
+* \subset: Math symbols. (line 688)
+* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 691)
* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 13)
-* \succ: Math symbols. (line 684)
-* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 688)
-* \sum: Math symbols. (line 693)
+* \succ: Math symbols. (line 694)
+* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 698)
+* \sum: Math symbols. (line 703)
* \sup: Math functions. (line 102)
* \suppressfloats: Floats. (line 87)
-* \supset: Math symbols. (line 697)
-* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 700)
-* \surd: Math symbols. (line 703)
-* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 708)
-* \symbol: Reserved characters. (line 25)
+* \supset: Math symbols. (line 707)
+* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 710)
+* \surd: Math symbols. (line 713)
+* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 718)
+* \symbol: Symbols by font position.
+ (line 6)
* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 81)
* \TAB: \(SPACE) and \@. (line 6)
* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 79)
@@ -9410,14 +10741,15 @@ Command Index
* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 6)
* \tan: Math functions. (line 105)
* \tanh: Math functions. (line 108)
-* \tau: Math symbols. (line 711)
+* \tau: Math symbols. (line 721)
* \telephone: \telephone. (line 6)
* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 60)
-* \textascenderwordmark: Text symbols. (line 98)
+* \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 98)
* \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 63)
* \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 66)
* \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 69)
-* \textbackslash: Text symbols. (line 72)
+* \textbackslash: Reserved characters. (line 20)
+* \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 72)
* \textbar: Text symbols. (line 75)
* \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 78)
* \textbf: Font styles. (line 39)
@@ -9425,18 +10757,18 @@ Command Index
* \textbraceleft: Text symbols. (line 84)
* \textbraceright: Text symbols. (line 87)
* \textbullet: Text symbols. (line 90)
-* \textcapitalwordmark: Text symbols. (line 97)
+* \textcapitalcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 97)
* \textcircled{LETTER}: Text symbols. (line 93)
* \textcompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 96)
* \textcopyright: Text symbols. (line 11)
* \textdagger: Text symbols. (line 103)
* \textdaggerdbl: Text symbols. (line 106)
-* \textdollar (or '$'): Text symbols. (line 109)
+* \textdollar (or \$): Text symbols. (line 109)
* \textellipsis: Text symbols. (line 35)
-* \textemdash (or '---'): Text symbols. (line 112)
-* \textendash (or '--'): Text symbols. (line 115)
+* \textemdash (or ---): Text symbols. (line 112)
+* \textendash (or --): Text symbols. (line 115)
* \texteuro: Text symbols. (line 118)
-* \textexclamdown (or '!`'): Text symbols. (line 121)
+* \textexclamdown (or !`): Text symbols. (line 121)
* \textfloatsep: Floats. (line 123)
* \textfloatsep <1>: Floats. (line 124)
* \textfraction: Floats. (line 102)
@@ -9455,37 +10787,38 @@ Command Index
* \textordmasculine: Text symbols. (line 134)
* \textparagraph: Text symbols. (line 43)
* \textperiodcentered: Text symbols. (line 137)
-* \textquestiondown (or '?`'): Text symbols. (line 140)
-* \textquotedblleft (or '``'): Text symbols. (line 143)
-* \textquotedblright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 146)
-* \textquoteleft (or '`'): Text symbols. (line 149)
-* \textquoteright (or '''): Text symbols. (line 152)
-* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 155)
-* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 156)
-* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 159)
-* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 162)
+* \textquestiondown (or ?`): Text symbols. (line 140)
+* \textquotedblleft (or ``): Text symbols. (line 143)
+* \textquotedblright (or ''): Text symbols. (line 146)
+* \textquoteleft (or `): Text symbols. (line 149)
+* \textquoteright (or '): Text symbols. (line 152)
+* \textquotesingle: Text symbols. (line 155)
+* \textquotestraightbase: Text symbols. (line 158)
+* \textquotestraightdblbase: Text symbols. (line 159)
+* \textregistered: Text symbols. (line 162)
+* \textrightarrow: Text symbols. (line 165)
* \textrm: Font styles. (line 30)
* \textsc: Font styles. (line 51)
* \textsf: Font styles. (line 48)
* \textsl: Font styles. (line 45)
* \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 47)
-* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 165)
-* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 168)
+* \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 168)
+* \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 171)
* \texttt: Font styles. (line 54)
-* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 171)
-* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 174)
+* \texttwelveudash: Text symbols. (line 174)
+* \textunderscore: Text symbols. (line 177)
* \textup: Font styles. (line 42)
-* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 177)
+* \textvisiblespace: Text symbols. (line 180)
* \textwidth: Page layout parameters.
(line 99)
* \textwidth <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 100)
-* \th (th): Non-English characters.
- (line 51)
-* \TH (TH): Non-English characters.
- (line 51)
+* \th (th): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 56)
+* \TH (TH): Additional Latin letters.
+ (line 56)
* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 21)
-* \theta: Math symbols. (line 714)
+* \theta: Math symbols. (line 724)
* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 6)
* \thickspace: Spacing in math mode.
(line 16)
@@ -9495,12 +10828,12 @@ Command Index
* \thinspace <1>: \thinspace. (line 6)
* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 6)
* \tilde: Math accents. (line 43)
-* \times: Math symbols. (line 718)
+* \times: Math symbols. (line 728)
* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 11)
* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 25)
-* \to: Math symbols. (line 722)
+* \to: Math symbols. (line 732)
* \today: \today. (line 6)
-* \top: Math symbols. (line 726)
+* \top: Math symbols. (line 736)
* \topfraction: Floats. (line 107)
* \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 108)
* \topmargin: Page layout parameters.
@@ -9511,9 +10844,9 @@ Command Index
* \topskip <1>: Page layout parameters.
(line 131)
* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 12)
-* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 730)
-* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 733)
-* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 739)
+* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 741)
+* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 744)
+* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 750)
* \tt: Font styles. (line 91)
* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 54)
* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 6)
@@ -9522,80 +10855,79 @@ Command Index
* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 86)
* \unboldmath: Math formulas. (line 29)
* \underbar: Accents. (line 89)
-* \underbrace{math}: Math miscellany. (line 42)
-* \underline{text}: Math miscellany. (line 45)
+* \underbrace{MATH}: Math miscellany. (line 75)
+* \underline{TEXT}: Math miscellany. (line 79)
* \unitlength: picture. (line 10)
-* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 745)
-* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 752)
-* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 759)
-* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 764)
-* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 768)
-* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 773)
-* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 778)
-* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 783)
+* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 756)
+* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 763)
+* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 770)
+* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 774)
+* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 778)
+* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 783)
+* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 788)
+* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 793)
* \upshape: Font styles. (line 42)
-* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 789)
-* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 792)
+* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 800)
+* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 803)
* \usebox: \usebox. (line 6)
* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6)
* \usefont: Low-level font commands.
(line 135)
-* \usepackage: Document class options.
- (line 95)
+* \usepackage: Additional packages. (line 6)
* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 97)
* \value: \value. (line 6)
-* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 795)
-* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 800)
-* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 804)
-* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 808)
-* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 812)
-* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 816)
-* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 820)
-* \vdots: Math miscellany. (line 50)
-* \vdots <1>: Math miscellany. (line 51)
+* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 811)
+* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 806)
+* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 816)
+* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 820)
+* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 824)
+* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 828)
+* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 832)
+* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 836)
+* \vdots: Math miscellany. (line 84)
* \vec: Math accents. (line 46)
* \vector: \vector. (line 6)
-* \vee: Math symbols. (line 824)
+* \vee: Math symbols. (line 840)
* \verb: \verb. (line 6)
-* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 829)
-* \vert: Math symbols. (line 845)
+* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 845)
+* \vert: Math symbols. (line 861)
* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6)
* \vline: \vline. (line 6)
* \vspace: \vspace. (line 6)
-* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 863)
+* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 879)
* \widehat: Math accents. (line 49)
* \widetilde: Math accents. (line 52)
* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 6)
-* \wp: Math symbols. (line 867)
-* \wr: Math symbols. (line 870)
-* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 873)
-* \xi: Math symbols. (line 876)
+* \wp: Math symbols. (line 883)
+* \wr: Math symbols. (line 886)
+* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 889)
+* \xi: Math symbols. (line 892)
* \year: \day \month \year. (line 6)
-* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 879)
+* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 895)
* \[: Math formulas. (line 16)
-* \\ (for 'center'): center. (line 18)
-* \\ (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 29)
-* \\ (for 'flushright'): flushright. (line 12)
-* \\ (for '\shortstack' objects): \shortstack. (line 20)
+* \\ (for center): center. (line 14)
+* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29)
+* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12)
+* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 20)
* \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 24)
-* \\ for 'flushleft': flushleft. (line 12)
+* \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 12)
* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 50)
-* \\ for 'tabular': tabular. (line 34)
-* \\ for 'verse': verse. (line 17)
-* \\ for '\author': \maketitle. (line 12)
-* \\ for '\title': \maketitle. (line 26)
+* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 34)
+* \\ for verse: verse. (line 17)
+* \\ for \author: \maketitle. (line 12)
+* \\ for \title: \maketitle. (line 26)
* \\ force line break: \\. (line 6)
-* \\* (for 'eqnarray'): eqnarray. (line 37)
+* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 37)
* \]: Math formulas. (line 16)
-* \^: Reserved characters. (line 21)
+* \^: Reserved characters. (line 20)
* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 33)
-* \_: Reserved characters. (line 11)
+* \_: Reserved characters. (line 13)
* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 37)
* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 51)
-* \{: Reserved characters. (line 11)
-* \|: Math symbols. (line 16)
-* \}: Reserved characters. (line 11)
-* \~: Reserved characters. (line 21)
+* \{: Reserved characters. (line 13)
+* \|: Math symbols. (line 19)
+* \}: Reserved characters. (line 13)
+* \~: Reserved characters. (line 20)
* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 43)
* ^: Subscripts & superscripts.
(line 6)
@@ -9618,8 +10950,8 @@ Command Index
* bp: Units of length. (line 20)
* cc: Units of length. (line 33)
* center environment: center. (line 6)
-* clock option to 'slides' class: Document class options.
- (line 92)
+* clock option to slides class: Document class options.
+ (line 97)
* cm: Units of length. (line 24)
* dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 134)
* dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 135)
@@ -9629,12 +10961,45 @@ Command Index
* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
* document environment: document. (line 6)
* draft option: Document class options.
- (line 44)
+ (line 47)
* dvipdfmx command: Output files. (line 10)
* dvips command: Output files. (line 10)
* dvitype command: Output files. (line 10)
* em: Units of length. (line 38)
* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 6)
+* environment, abstract: abstract. (line 6)
+* environment, array: array. (line 6)
+* environment, center: center. (line 6)
+* environment, description: description. (line 6)
+* environment, displaymath: displaymath. (line 6)
+* environment, displaymath <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
+* environment, document: document. (line 6)
+* environment, enumerate: enumerate. (line 6)
+* environment, eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 6)
+* environment, equation: equation. (line 6)
+* environment, equation <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
+* environment, figure: figure. (line 6)
+* environment, filecontents: filecontents. (line 6)
+* environment, filecontents*: filecontents. (line 6)
+* environment, flushleft: flushleft. (line 6)
+* environment, flushright: flushright. (line 6)
+* environment, itemize: itemize. (line 6)
+* environment, letter: letter. (line 6)
+* environment, list: list. (line 6)
+* environment, math: math. (line 6)
+* environment, math <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
+* environment, minipage: minipage. (line 6)
+* environment, picture: picture. (line 6)
+* environment, quotation: quotation and quote. (line 6)
+* environment, quote: quotation and quote. (line 6)
+* environment, tabbing: tabbing. (line 6)
+* environment, table: table. (line 6)
+* environment, tabular: tabular. (line 6)
+* environment, thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 6)
+* environment, theorem: theorem. (line 6)
+* environment, titlepage: titlepage. (line 6)
+* environment, verbatim: verbatim. (line 6)
+* environment, verse: verse. (line 6)
* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 6)
* equation environment: equation. (line 6)
* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
@@ -9642,39 +11007,38 @@ Command Index
* ex: Units of length. (line 38)
* executivepaper option: Document class options.
(line 19)
-* figure: figure. (line 6)
-* filecontents: filecontents. (line 6)
+* figure environment: figure. (line 6)
+* filecontents environment: filecontents. (line 6)
+* filecontents* environment: filecontents. (line 6)
* final option: Document class options.
- (line 44)
+ (line 47)
* first-latex-doc document: About this document. (line 33)
* fleqn option: Document class options.
- (line 44)
+ (line 47)
* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 6)
* flushright environment: flushright. (line 6)
-* <http://home.gna.org/latexrefman> home page: About this document.
+* <http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman/> home page: About this document.
(line 6)
* in: Units of length. (line 17)
* inch: Units of length. (line 17)
-* indexspace: Indexes. (line 32)
* itemize environment: itemize. (line 6)
* landscape option: Document class options.
- (line 44)
+ (line 47)
* latex command: Output files. (line 10)
* latex-doc-ptr document: About this document. (line 30)
-* <latexrefman-discuss@gna.org> email address: About this document.
- (line 17)
+* <latexrefman@tug.org> email address: About this document. (line 17)
* legalpaper option: Document class options.
(line 19)
* leqno option: Document class options.
- (line 44)
+ (line 47)
* letter class: Document classes. (line 11)
* letter environment: letter. (line 6)
* letterpaper option: Document class options.
(line 19)
-* list: list. (line 6)
-* lR box: picture. (line 66)
+* list environment: list. (line 6)
+* lR box: picture. (line 71)
* lrbox: lrbox. (line 6)
-* lshort document: About this document. (line 40)
+* lshort document: About this document. (line 41)
* lualatex command: TeX engines. (line 29)
* math environment: math. (line 6)
* math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6)
@@ -9682,37 +11046,36 @@ Command Index
* mm: Units of length. (line 27)
* mu: Units of length. (line 49)
* notitlepage option: Document class options.
- (line 44)
+ (line 47)
* onecolumn option: Document class options.
- (line 71)
+ (line 76)
* oneside option: Document class options.
- (line 71)
+ (line 76)
* openany option: Document class options.
- (line 71)
+ (line 76)
* openbib option: Document class options.
- (line 44)
+ (line 47)
* openright option: Document class options.
- (line 71)
+ (line 76)
* pc: Units of length. (line 14)
* pdflatex command: Output files. (line 20)
-* picture: picture. (line 6)
-* printindex: Indexes. (line 28)
+* picture environment: picture. (line 6)
* pt: Units of length. (line 10)
-* quotation: quotation and quote. (line 6)
-* quote: quotation and quote. (line 6)
+* quotation environment: quotation and quote. (line 6)
+* quote environment: quotation and quote. (line 6)
* report class: Document classes. (line 11)
* secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 47)
* slides class: Document classes. (line 11)
* sp: Units of length. (line 36)
* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 6)
-* table: table. (line 6)
+* table environment: table. (line 6)
* tabular environment: tabular. (line 6)
* textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 6)
* thebibliography environment: thebibliography. (line 6)
* theorem environment: theorem. (line 6)
* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6)
* titlepage option: Document class options.
- (line 44)
+ (line 47)
* topmargin: Page layout parameters.
(line 124)
* topnumber: Floats. (line 138)
@@ -9720,9 +11083,9 @@ Command Index
* totalnumber: Floats. (line 142)
* totalnumber <1>: Floats. (line 143)
* twocolumn option: Document class options.
- (line 71)
+ (line 76)
* twoside option: Document class options.
- (line 71)
+ (line 76)
* usrguide official documentation: About this document. (line 36)
* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6)
* verse environment: verse. (line 6)
@@ -9733,224 +11096,243 @@ Command Index

Tag Table:
-Node: Top1686
-Node: About this document3436
-Node: Overview5220
-Node: Starting and ending6720
-Ref: Starting & ending6855
-Node: Output files7841
-Node: TeX engines10099
-Node: LaTeX command syntax12537
-Node: Environment14289
-Node: Declaration15267
-Node: Document classes15559
-Node: Document class options16763
-Node: Fonts20023
-Ref: Typefaces20126
-Node: Font styles20454
-Node: Font sizes24883
-Node: Low-level font commands26114
-Node: Layout31347
-Node: \onecolumn31845
-Node: \twocolumn32207
-Node: \flushbottom36620
-Node: \raggedbottom37565
-Node: Page layout parameters38115
-Node: Floats43813
-Node: Sectioning50258
-Node: Cross references51803
-Node: \label52234
-Node: \pageref53687
-Node: \ref53986
-Node: Environments54376
-Node: abstract56064
-Node: array56306
-Node: center58359
-Node: \centering59635
-Node: description61005
-Node: displaymath62620
-Node: document64476
-Node: \AtBeginDocument64906
-Node: \AtEndDocument65479
-Node: enumerate66076
-Node: eqnarray68350
-Node: equation70404
-Node: figure70922
-Node: filecontents72734
-Node: flushleft74487
-Node: \raggedright74980
-Node: flushright75539
-Node: \raggedleft76037
-Node: itemize76594
-Node: letter80225
-Node: list80463
-Node: \item81449
-Node: math82507
-Node: minipage82808
-Node: picture84000
-Node: \circle88025
-Node: \makebox (picture)88368
-Node: \framebox (picture)89074
-Node: \dashbox89564
-Node: \frame90087
-Node: \line90413
-Node: \linethickness90871
-Node: \thicklines91292
-Node: \thinlines91602
-Node: \multiput91904
-Node: \oval92271
-Node: \put92992
-Node: \shortstack93283
-Node: \vector93757
-Node: quotation and quote94071
-Node: tabbing95277
-Node: table98458
-Node: tabular99885
-Node: \multicolumn107109
-Node: \vline110991
-Node: \cline112312
-Node: \hline112996
-Node: thebibliography113679
-Node: \bibitem114821
-Node: \cite115553
-Node: \nocite116053
-Node: Using BibTeX116327
-Node: theorem117810
-Node: titlepage118196
-Node: verbatim118798
-Node: \verb119425
-Node: verse119975
-Node: Line breaking120469
-Node: \\121473
-Node: \obeycr & \restorecr122510
-Node: \newline122912
-Node: \- (hyphenation)123745
-Node: \fussy124352
-Node: \sloppy124743
-Node: \hyphenation125070
-Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak125695
-Node: Page breaking126347
-Node: \cleardoublepage126955
-Node: \clearpage127384
-Node: \newpage127681
-Node: \enlargethispage127912
-Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak128439
-Node: Footnotes129133
-Node: \footnote130387
-Node: \footnotemark132183
-Node: \footnotetext133427
-Node: Footnotes in a table133917
-Node: Footnotes in section headings135735
-Node: Footnotes of footnotes136554
-Node: Multiple reference to footnotes137322
-Node: Footnote parameters138183
-Node: Definitions138933
-Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand139746
-Node: \providecommand143194
-Node: \newcounter143855
-Node: \newlength144791
-Node: \newsavebox145438
-Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment146049
-Node: \newtheorem150099
-Node: \newfont153495
-Node: \protect155060
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