latex2e-help-texinfo (16oct18)

git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@48918 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751

1 files changed, 1046 insertions, 872 deletions

diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info
index 36a89bb59e9..c2e873d5587 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from
 latex2e.texi.
 
 This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document
-preparation system, version of July 2018.
+preparation system, version of October 2018.
 
    This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the
 VMS Help Library.  The pre-translation version was written by George D.
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ by Torsten Martinsen.  Karl Berry made further updates and additions,
 and gratefully acknowledges using 'Hypertext Help with LaTeX', by
 Sheldon Green, and 'LaTeX Command Summary' (for LaTeX 2.09) by L. Botway
 and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as 'TeXniques'
-number 10), as reference material (no text was directly copied).
+number 10), as reference material.  We also gratefully acknowledge
+additional material appearing in latex2e-reference by Martin Herbert
+Dietze.  (From these references no text was directly copied.)
 
    Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016,
 2017, 2018 Karl Berry.
@@ -42,8 +44,8 @@ File: latex2e.info,  Node: Top,  Next: About this document,  Up: (dir)
 LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual
 ***************************************
 
-This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of July 2018)
-for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of October
+2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
 
 * Menu:
 
@@ -86,10 +88,18 @@ File: latex2e.info,  Node: About this document,  Next: Overview,  Prev: Top,  Up
 
 This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
 preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX typesetting
-program (*note Overview::).  This document's home page is
-<puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman>.  That page has links to the
-current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and
-subscriptions, and other infrastructure.
+program (*note Overview::).
+
+   This document's home page is
+<https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman>.  There you can get
+the sources, subscribe to the mailing list or read its archives, see
+other infrastructure, and get the current output in various formats.  In
+particular, the output comes in two web formats.  Probably the most
+convenient one, shown at <http://latexref.xyz/>, has pages for each
+topic and so is good for a quick lookup; see also the note there about
+easy-to-remember links.  The other, shown at
+<http://svn.gnu.org.ua/viewvc/latexrefman/trunk/latex2e.html?view=co>,
+has all the information on single page.
 
    In this document, we will mostly just use 'LaTeX' rather than
 'LaTeX2e', since the previous version of LaTeX (2.09) was frozen decades
@@ -155,10 +165,11 @@ plain text, write it as 'LaTeX'.
 
 * Menu:
 
-* Starting and ending::    The standard beginning and end of a document.
+* Starting and ending::     The standard beginning and end of a document.
 * Output files::            Files produced.
 * TeX engines::          Programs that can compile TeX and  LaTeX.
 * LaTeX command syntax:: General syntax of LaTeX commands.
+* Environment::             Area of the source giving distinct behavior.
 * CTAN::                    Our repository.
 
 
@@ -300,7 +311,7 @@ support for Japanese and other languages ([u]pTeX,
 <http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex>, <http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex>).
 
 
-File: latex2e.info,  Node: LaTeX command syntax,  Next: CTAN,  Prev: TeX engines,  Up: Overview
+File: latex2e.info,  Node: LaTeX command syntax,  Next: Environment,  Prev: TeX engines,  Up: Overview
 
 2.4 LaTeX command syntax
 ========================
@@ -327,6 +338,12 @@ bracket (']') hide it inside curly braces, as in '\item[closing bracket
 argument after it, then to make the first character of the following
 text be an open square bracket, hide it inside curly braces.
 
+   Some of LaTeX's commands are a "declaration".  Such a command changes
+the value the meaning of some other command or parameter.  For instance,
+the '\mainmatter' declaration changes the typesetting of page numbers
+from roman numerals to arabic (*note \frontmatter & \mainmatter &
+\backmatter::).
+
    LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a '*' form that is
 related to the form without a '*', such as '\chapter' and '\chapter*'.
 The exact difference in behavior varies from command to command.
@@ -334,17 +351,11 @@ The exact difference in behavior varies from command to command.
    This manual describes all accepted options and '*'-forms for the
 commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
 
-* Menu:
-
-* Environment::          Area of the source with distinct behavior.
-* Declaration::          Change the value or meaning of a command.
-* \makeatletter & \makeatother::  Change the status of the at-sign character.
-
 
-File: latex2e.info,  Node: Environment,  Next: Declaration,  Up: LaTeX command syntax
+File: latex2e.info,  Node: Environment,  Next: CTAN,  Prev: LaTeX command syntax,  Up: Overview
 
-2.4.1 Environments
-------------------
+2.5 Environment
+===============
 
 Synopsis:
 
@@ -361,7 +372,9 @@ behavior.  For instance, for poetry in LaTeX put the lines between
        ...
      \end{verse}
 
-   *Note Environments:: for a list of environments.
+   *Note Environments:: for a list of environments.  Particularly
+notable is that every LaTeX document must have a 'document' environment,
+a '\begin{document} ... \end{document}' pair.
 
    The ENVIRONMENT NAME at the beginning must exactly match that at the
 end.  This includes the case where ENVIRONMENT NAME ends in a
@@ -377,135 +390,10 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
      \end{tabular}
 
 
-File: latex2e.info,  Node: Declaration,  Next: \makeatletter & \makeatother,  Prev: Environment,  Up: LaTeX command syntax
-
-2.4.2 Command declarations
---------------------------
-
-A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other
-command or parameter.  For instance, the '\mainmatter' command changes
-the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic.
-
-
-File: latex2e.info,  Node: \makeatletter & \makeatother,  Prev: Declaration,  Up: LaTeX command syntax
-
-2.4.3 '\makeatletter' & '\makeatother'
---------------------------------------
-
-Synopsis:
-
-     \makeatletter
-       ... definition of commands with @ in their name ..
-     \makeatother
-
-   Used to redefine internal LaTeX commands.  '\makeatletter' makes the
-at-sign character '@' have the category code of a letter, 11.
-'\makeatother' sets the category code of '@' to 12, its original value.
-
-   As each character is read by TeX for LaTeX, it is assigned a
-character category code, or "catcode" for short.  For instance, the
-backslash '\' is assigned the catcode 0, for characters that start a
-command.  These two commands alter the catcode assigned to '@'.
-
-   The alteration is needed because many of LaTeX's commands use '@' in
-their name, to prevent users from accidentally defining a command that
-replaces one of LaTeX's own.  Command names consist of a category 0
-character, ordinarily backslash, followed by letters, category 11
-characters (except that a command name can also consist of a category 0
-character followed by a single non-letter symbol).  So under the default
-category codes, user-defined commands cannot contain an '@'.  But
-'\makeatletter' and '\makeatother' allow users to define or redefine
-commands named with '@'.
-
-   Use these two commands inside a '.tex' file, in the preamble, when
-defining or redefining a command with '@' in its name.  Don't use them
-inside '.sty' or '.cls' files since the '\usepackage' and
-'\documentclass' commands set the at sign to have the character code of
-a letter.
-
-   For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
-<http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e>.  These macros are mainly intended to
-package or class authors.
-
-   In this example the class file has a command '\thesis@universityname'
-that the user wants to change.  These three lines should go in the
-preamble, before the '\begin{document}'.
-
-     \makeatletter
-     \renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{Saint Michael's College}
-     \makeatother
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \@ifstar:: Define your own commands with *-variants.
-
-
-File: latex2e.info,  Node: \@ifstar,  Up: \makeatletter & \makeatother
-
-2.4.3.1 '\@ifstar'
-..................
-
-Synopsis:
-
-     \newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}}
-     \newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[NOSTAR-NUM-ARGS]{NOSTAR-BODY}
-     \newcommand{\mycmd@star}[STAR-NUM-ARGS]{STAR-BODY}
-
-   Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the
-same name but ending with a star character '*', an asterisk.  Examples
-are the 'table' and 'table*' environments and the '\section' and
-'\section*' commands.
-
-   When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
-because '\newenvironment' and '\renewenvironment' allow the environment
-name to contain a star.  For commands the situation is more complex.  As
-in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command, given above
-as '\mycmd', which peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star.  For
-instance, LaTeX does not really have a '\section*' command; instead, the
-'\section' command peeks ahead.  This command does not accept arguments
-but instead expands to one of two commands that do accept arguments.  In
-the synopsis these two are '\mycmd@nostar' and '\mycmd@star'.  They
-could take the same number of arguments or a different number, or no
-arguments at all.  As always, in a LaTeX document a command using
-at-sign '@' must be enclosed inside a '\makeatletter ... \makeatother'
-block (*note \makeatletter & \makeatother::).
-
-   This example of '\@ifstar' defines the command '\ciel' and a variant
-'\ciel*'.  Both have one required argument.  A call to '\ciel{night}'
-will return "starry night sky" while '\ciel*{blue}' will return "starry
-not blue sky".
-
-     \newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky}
-     \newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky}
-     \newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel@starred}{\ciel@unstarred}}
-
-   In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
-arguments than the unstarred one.  With this definition, Agent 007's
-'``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, \agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''' is
-equivalent to entering the commands '``My name is \textsc{Bond},
-\textit{James} textsc{Bond}.'''
-
-     \newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
-     \newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
-     \newcommand*{\agentsecret}{%
-       \@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}}
-
-   There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work
-of '\@ifstar'.  The 'suffix' package allows the construct
-'\newcommand\mycommand{UNSTARRED VERSION}' followed by
-'\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{STARRED VERSION}'.  And LaTeX3 has
-the 'xparse' package that allows this code.
-
-     \NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
-       {STARRED VERSION}%
-       {UNSTARRED VERSION}%
-       }
-
-
-File: latex2e.info,  Node: CTAN,  Prev: LaTeX command syntax,  Up: Overview
+File: latex2e.info,  Node: CTAN,  Prev: Environment,  Up: Overview
 
-2.5 CTAN: Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
-===========================================
+2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
+===============================================
 
 The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and LaTeX
 community's repository of free material.  It is a set of Internet sites
@@ -732,23 +620,26 @@ File: latex2e.info,  Node: Class and package structure,  Next: Class and package
 ---------------------------------
 
 A class file or package file typically has four parts.
-     In the "identification part", the file says that it is a LaTeX
+  1. In the "identification part", the file says that it is a LaTeX
      package or class and describes itself, using the '\NeedsTeXFormat'
      and '\ProvidesClass' or '\ProvidesPackage' commands.
-  1. The "preliminary declarations part" declares some commands and can
+
+  2. The "preliminary declarations part" declares some commands and can
      also load other files.  Usually these commands will be those needed
      for the code used in the next part.  For example, an 'smcmemo'
      class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list
      of people for the to-head, as '\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}',
      and therefore needs to define a command
      '\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}' used in that file.
-  2. In the "handle options part" the class or package declares and
+
+  3. In the "handle options part" the class or package declares and
      processes its options.  Class options allow a user to start their
      document as '\documentclass[OPTION LIST]{CLASS NAME}', to modify
      the behavior of the class.  An example is when you declare
      '\documentclass[11pt]{article}' to set the default document font
      size.
-  3. Finally, in the "more declarations part" the class or package
+
+  4. Finally, in the "more declarations part" the class or package
      usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands
      and fonts, and loading other files.
 
@@ -4066,7 +3957,7 @@ or
 default depends on the list type.
 
    Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets '[...]',
-if you have an item whose text starts with '[', you have to to hide the
+if you have an item whose text starts with '[', you have to hide the
 bracket inside curly braces, as in: '\item {[} is an open square
 bracket'; otherwise, LaTeX will think it marks the start of an optional
 label.
@@ -4235,10 +4126,9 @@ is the value of POSITION).
      Stretch CONTENTS out vertically; it must contain vertically
      stretchable space.
 
-   The INNER-POS argument makes sense when the HEIGHT options is set to
-a value larger than the 'minipage''s natural height.  To see the effect
-of the options, run this example with the various choices in place of
-'b'.
+   The INNER-POS argument makes sense when the HEIGHT option is set to a
+value larger than the 'minipage''s natural height.  To see the effect of
+the options, run this example with the various choices in place of 'b'.
 
      Text before
      \begin{center}
@@ -5183,8 +5073,8 @@ between them.  This is specified in 'tabular''s argument '{l|l}'.  Put
 the entries into different columns by separating them with an ampersand,
 '&'.  The end of each row is marked with a double backslash, '\\'.  Put
 a horizontal rule below a row, after a double backslash, with '\hline'.
-This '\\' is optional after the last row unless an '\hline' command
-follows, to put a rule below the table.
+After the last row the '\\' is optional, unless an '\hline' command
+follows to put a rule below the table.
 
    The required and optional arguments to 'tabular' consist of:
 
@@ -5236,10 +5126,9 @@ COLS
           space yourself, as in '@{\hspace{1em}}'.
 
           An empty expression '@{}' will eliminate the space.  In
-          particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the the space
-          before the first column or after the last one, as in the
-          example below where the tabular lines need to lie on the left
-          margin.
+          particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the space before
+          the first column or after the last one, as in the example
+          below where the tabular lines need to lie on the left margin.
 
                \begin{flushleft}
                  \begin{tabular}{@{}l}
@@ -5415,10 +5304,10 @@ center those two columns on the page range en-dash.
        Impressionistic  &1875           &1925
      \end{tabular}
 
-Note that although the 'tabular' specification by default puts a
-vertical rule between the first and second columns, because there is no
-vertical bar in the COLS of either of the first row's '\multicolumn'
-commands, no rule appears in the first row.
+Although the 'tabular' specification by default puts a vertical rule
+between the first and second columns, no such vertical rule appears in
+the first row here.  That's because there is no vertical bar in the COLS
+part of the first row's first '\multicolumn' command.
 
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \vline,  Next: \cline,  Prev: \multicolumn,  Up: tabular
@@ -5648,12 +5537,20 @@ citation keys (*note \bibitem::).
        Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983.
      \end{thebibliography}
 
-produces the output '... source is [1]'.
+produces output like '... source is [1]'.  (You can change the
+appearance of the citation with bibliography styles.  More is in *note
+Using BibTeX::.)
 
    The optional argument SUBCITE is appended to the citation.  For
 example, 'See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}' might produce 'See 14.3 in
 [1, p. 314]'.
 
+   In addition to what appears in the output, '\cite' writes information
+to the auxiliary file 'FILENAME.aux'.  For instance, '\cite{latexdps}'
+writes '\citation{latexdps}' to that file.  This information is used by
+BibTeX to include in your reference list only those works that you have
+actually cited; see *note \nocite:: also.
+
    If KEYS is not in your bibliography information then you get 'LaTeX
 Warning: There were undefined references', and in the output the
 citation shows as a boldface question mark between square brackets.
@@ -5661,13 +5558,7 @@ There are two possible causes.  If you have mistyped something, as in
 '\cite{texbok}' then you need to correct the spelling.  On the other
 hand, if you have just added or modified the bibliographic information
 and so changed the '.aux' file (*note \bibitem::) then the fix may be to
-just run LaTeX again.
-
-   In addition to what appears in the output, '\cite' writes information
-to the auxiliary file 'FILENAME.aux'.  For instance, '\cite{latexdps}'
-writes '\citation{latexdps}' to that file.  This information is used by
-BibTeX to include in your reference list only those works that you have
-actually cited; see *note \nocite:: also.
+run LaTeX again.
 
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \nocite,  Next: Using BibTeX,  Prev: \cite,  Up: thebibliography
@@ -6788,15 +6679,17 @@ LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
 
 * Menu:
 
-* \newcommand & \renewcommand::           (Re)define a new command.
-* \providecommand::                       Define a new command, if name not used.
-* \newcounter::                           Define a new counter.
-* \newlength::                            Define a new length.
-* \newsavebox::                           Define a new box.
+* \newcommand & \renewcommand::    (Re)define a new command.
+* \providecommand::                Define a new command, if name not used.
+* \makeatletter & \makeatother::   Change the status of the at-sign character.
+* \@ifstar::                      Define your own commands with *-variants.
+* \newcounter::                    Define a new counter.
+* \newlength::                     Define a new length.
+* \newsavebox::                    Define a new box.
 * \newenvironment & \renewenvironment::   Define a new environment.
-* \newtheorem::                           Define a new theorem-like environment.
-* \newfont::                              Define a new font name.
-* \protect::                              Using tricky commands.
+* \newtheorem::                    Define a new theorem-like environment.
+* \newfont::                       Define a new font name.
+* \protect::                       Using tricky commands.
 * \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend:: Discard extra spaces.
 
 
@@ -6928,7 +6821,7 @@ put another pair of braces inside the definition:
 '\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}'.
 
 
-File: latex2e.info,  Node: \providecommand,  Next: \newcounter,  Prev: \newcommand & \renewcommand,  Up: Definitions
+File: latex2e.info,  Node: \providecommand,  Next: \makeatletter & \makeatother,  Prev: \newcommand & \renewcommand,  Up: Definitions
 
 12.2 '\providecommand'
 ======================
@@ -6959,9 +6852,121 @@ outputs 'From Saint Michael's College'.  Unlike '\newcommand', the
 repeated use of '\providecommand' does not give an error.
 
 
-File: latex2e.info,  Node: \newcounter,  Next: \newlength,  Prev: \providecommand,  Up: Definitions
+File: latex2e.info,  Node: \makeatletter & \makeatother,  Next: \@ifstar,  Prev: \providecommand,  Up: Definitions
+
+12.3 '\makeatletter' & '\makeatother'
+=====================================
+
+Synopsis:
 
-12.3 '\newcounter': Allocating a counter
+     \makeatletter
+       ... definition of commands with @ in their name ..
+     \makeatother
+
+   Use this pair when you redefine LaTeX commands that are named with an
+at-sign character ''@''.  The '\makeatletter' declaration makes the
+at-sign character have the category code of a letter, code 11.  The
+'\makeatother' declaration sets the category code of the at-sign to
+code 12, its default value.
+
+   As TeX reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or
+"catcode".  For instance, it assigns the backslash character ''\'' the
+catcode 0.  Command names consist of a category 0 character, ordinarily
+backslash, followed by letters, category 11 characters (except that a
+command name can also consist of a category 0 character followed by a
+single non-letter symbol).
+
+   LaTeX's source code has the convention that some commands use '@' in
+their name.  These commands are mainly intended for package or class
+writers.  The convention prevents authors who are just using a package
+or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of their
+own, because by default the at-sign has catcode 12.
+
+   The pair '\makeatletter' and '\makeatother' changes the default code
+and then changes it back.  Use them inside a '.tex' file, in the
+preamble, when you are defining or redefining commands named with '@',
+by having them surround your definition.  Don't use these inside '.sty'
+or '.cls' files since the '\usepackage' and '\documentclass' commands
+already arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter,
+catcode 11.
+
+   For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
+<http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e>.
+
+   In this example the class file has a command '\thesis@universityname'
+that the user wants to change.  These three lines should go in the
+preamble, before the '\begin{document}'.
+
+     \makeatletter
+     \renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{Saint Michael's College}
+     \makeatother
+
+
+File: latex2e.info,  Node: \@ifstar,  Next: \newcounter,  Prev: \makeatletter & \makeatother,  Up: Definitions
+
+12.4 '\@ifstar'
+===============
+
+Synopsis:
+
+     \newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}}
+     \newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[NOSTAR-NUM-ARGS]{NOSTAR-BODY}
+     \newcommand{\mycmd@star}[STAR-NUM-ARGS]{STAR-BODY}
+
+   Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the
+same name but ending with a star character '*', an asterisk.  Examples
+are the 'table' and 'table*' environments and the '\section' and
+'\section*' commands.
+
+   When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
+because '\newenvironment' and '\renewenvironment' allow the environment
+name to contain a star.  For commands the situation is more complex.  As
+in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command, given above
+as '\mycmd', which peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star.  For
+instance, LaTeX does not really have a '\section*' command; instead, the
+'\section' command peeks ahead.  This command does not accept arguments
+but instead expands to one of two commands that do accept arguments.  In
+the synopsis these two are '\mycmd@nostar' and '\mycmd@star'.  They
+could take the same number of arguments or a different number, or no
+arguments at all.  As always, in a LaTeX document a command using
+at-sign '@' must be enclosed inside a '\makeatletter ... \makeatother'
+block (*note \makeatletter & \makeatother::).
+
+   This example of '\@ifstar' defines the command '\ciel' and a variant
+'\ciel*'.  Both have one required argument.  A call to '\ciel{night}'
+will return "starry night sky" while '\ciel*{blue}' will return "starry
+not blue sky".
+
+     \newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky}
+     \newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky}
+     \newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel@starred}{\ciel@unstarred}}
+
+   In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
+arguments than the unstarred one.  With this definition, Agent 007's
+'``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond}, \agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''' is
+equivalent to entering the commands '``My name is \textsc{Bond},
+\textit{James} textsc{Bond}.'''
+
+     \newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
+     \newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
+     \newcommand*{\agentsecret}{%
+       \@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}}
+
+   There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work
+of '\@ifstar'.  The 'suffix' package allows the construct
+'\newcommand\mycommand{UNSTARRED VERSION}' followed by
+'\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{STARRED VERSION}'.  And LaTeX3 has
+the 'xparse' package that allows this code.
+
+     \NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
+       {STARRED VERSION}%
+       {UNSTARRED VERSION}%
+       }
+
+
+File: latex2e.info,  Node: \newcounter,  Next: \newlength,  Prev: \@ifstar,  Up: Definitions
+
+12.5 '\newcounter': Allocating a counter
 ========================================
 
 Synopsis, one of:
@@ -7005,7 +7010,7 @@ counter will get you 'LaTeX Error: No counter 'lh' defined.'
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \newlength,  Next: \newsavebox,  Prev: \newcounter,  Up: Definitions
 
-12.4 '\newlength'
+12.6 '\newlength'
 =================
 
 Synopsis:
@@ -7030,20 +7035,21 @@ name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual'.
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \newsavebox,  Next: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment,  Prev: \newlength,  Up: Definitions
 
-12.5 '\newsavebox'
+12.7 '\newsavebox'
 ==================
 
 Synopsis:
 
-     \newsavebox{CMD}
+     \newsavebox{\CMD}
 
-   Define '\CMD' to refer to a new "bin" for storing boxes.  Such a box
-is for holding typeset material, to use multiple times or to measure or
-manipulate (*note Boxes::).  The required bin name 'CMD' must start with
-a backslash, '\', and must not already be defined.  This command is
-fragile (*note \protect::).
+   Define \CMD, the string consisting of a backslash followed by CMD, to
+refer to a new bin for storing material.  These bins hold material that
+has been typeset, to use multiple times or to measure or manipulate
+(*note Boxes::).  The bin name \CMD is required, must start with a
+backslash, \, and must not already be a defined command.  This command
+is fragile (*note \protect::).
 
-   The first line here sets you up to save the material for later use.
+   This allocates a bin and then puts typeset material into it.
 
      \newsavebox{\logobox}
      \savebox{\logobox}{LoGo}
@@ -7060,7 +7066,7 @@ p.192 of the manual'.
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment,  Next: \newtheorem,  Prev: \newsavebox,  Up: Definitions
 
-12.6 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment'
+12.8 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment'
 ============================================
 
 Synopses, one of:
@@ -7197,7 +7203,7 @@ in ENDDEF, in this case in a box (*note \sbox & \savebox::).
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \newtheorem,  Next: \newfont,  Prev: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment,  Up: Definitions
 
-12.7 '\newtheorem'
+12.9 '\newtheorem'
 ==================
 
 Synopses:
@@ -7312,8 +7318,8 @@ and 'Definition 2.2'.
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \newfont,  Next: \protect,  Prev: \newtheorem,  Up: Definitions
 
-12.8 '\newfont'
-===============
+12.10 '\newfont'
+================
 
 This command is obsolete.  This description is here only to help with
 old documents.  New documents should define fonts in families through
@@ -7325,7 +7331,7 @@ associate a boldface with a roman (*note Fonts::).
      \newfont{\CMD}{FONT DESCRIPTION}
 
    Define a command '\CMD' that will change the current font.  The
-control sequence must must not already be defined.  It must begin with a
+control sequence must not already be defined.  It must begin with a
 backslash, '\'.
 
    The FONT DESCRIPTION consists of a FONTNAME and an optional "at
@@ -7347,8 +7353,8 @@ each.
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \protect,  Next: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend,  Prev: \newfont,  Up: Definitions
 
-12.9 '\protect'
-===============
+12.11 '\protect'
+================
 
 All LaTeX commands are either "fragile" or "robust".  A fragile command
 can break when it is used in the argument to certain other commands.
@@ -7402,7 +7408,7 @@ because the '\(..\)' in the section title expands to illegal TeX in the
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend,  Prev: \protect,  Up: Definitions
 
-12.10 '\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend'
+12.12 '\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend'
 =============================================
 
 Synopsis:
@@ -7752,24 +7758,30 @@ File: latex2e.info,  Node: Lengths,  Next: Making paragraphs,  Prev: Counters,
 A "length" is a measure of distance.  Many LaTeX commands take a length
 as an argument.
 
-   This shows a box of the given length.
+   Lengths come in two types.  A "rigid length" such as '10pt' does not
+contain a 'plus' or 'minus' component.  (Plain TeX calls this a
+"dimen".)  A "rubber length" (what Plain TeX calls a "skip") such as as
+with '1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm' can contain either or both of those
+components.  In that rubber length, the '1cm' is the "natural length"
+while the other two, the 'plus' and 'minus' components, allow TeX to
+stretch or shrink the length to optimize placement.
 
-     \newcommand{\blackbar}[1]{\rule{#1}{10pt}}   % make a bar
-     \newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}} % box it
-     XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+   The illustrations below use these two commands.
+
+     % make a black bar 10pt tall and #1 wide
+     \newcommand{\blackbar}[1]{\rule{#1}{10pt}}
 
-It produces a black bar 100 points long between 'XXX' and 'YYY'.
+     % Make a box around #2 that is #1 wide (excluding the border)
+     \newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{%
+       \fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}}
 
-   Lengths come in two types.  A "rigid length" (what Plain TeX calls a
-"dimen") such as '10pt' does not contain a 'plus' or 'minus' component.
-The above example shows a rigid length.  A "rubber length" (what Plain
-TeX calls a "skip") can contain those components, as with '1cm
-plus0.05cm minus0.01cm'.  Here the '1cm' is the "natural length" while
-the other two, the 'plus' and 'minus' components, allow the length to
-stretch or shrink.
+This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100 points long
+between 'XXX' and 'YYY'.  This length is rigid.
 
-   Shrinking is simpler: with '1cm minus 0.05cm', the natural length is
-1cm but if smaller is needed then TeX can shrink it down as far as
+     XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+
+   As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with '1cm minus
+0.05cm', the natural length is 1cm but TeX can shrink it down as far as
 0.95cm.  Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more.  Thus, below the
 first one works fine, producing a space of 98 points between the two
 bars.
@@ -7787,7 +7799,7 @@ allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink the total to less than
 309 points.
 
    Stretching is like shrinking except that if TeX is asked to stretch
-beyond the given amount, it won't refuse.  Here the first line is fine,
+beyond the given amount, it will do it.  Here the first line is fine,
 producing a space of 110 points between the bars.
 
      XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
@@ -7797,10 +7809,9 @@ producing a space of 110 points between the bars.
        \blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 1pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
 
 In the second line TeX needs a stretch of 10 points and only 1 point was
-specified.  In this situation, TeX stretches the space to the required
-length, but it complains with a warning like 'Underfull \hbox (badness
-10000) detected at line 22'.  (We won't discuss badness; the point is
-that the system was not given as much stretch as needed.)
+specified.  TeX stretches the space to the required length but it gives
+you a warning like 'Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line
+22'.  (We won't discuss badness.)
 
    You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in '1ex
 plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex'.
@@ -7808,14 +7819,15 @@ plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex'.
    If TeX is setting two or more rubber lengths then it allocates the
 stretch or shrink in proportion.
 
-     XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{100pt}%  left
+     XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+       \blackbar{100pt}%  left
        \hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}%  middle
        \blackbar{100pt}}YYY  % right
 
-The outside bars take up 100 points, so the middle needs another 100.
-In the middle the bar takes up 80 points, so the two '\hspace''s must
-stretch 20 points.  Because the two say 'plus 50pt' and 'plus 10pt', TeX
-gets 5/6 of the stretch from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
+The left and right bars take up 100 points, so the middle needs another
+100.  The middle bar is 80 points so the two '\hspace''s must stretch
+20 points.  Because the two are 'plus 50pt' and 'plus 10pt', TeX gets
+5/6 of the stretch from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
 
    The 'plus' or 'minus' component of a rubber length can contain a
 "fill" component, as in '1in plus2fill'.  This gives the length infinite
@@ -7828,10 +7840,10 @@ distance.  Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across the page.
        \hspace{0pt plus 1fill}
      \end{minipage}
 
-   TeX actually has three infinite glue components 'fil', 'fill', and
-'filll'.  The later ones are more infinite than the earlier ones.
-Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one (*note \hfill:: and
-*note \vfill::).
+   TeX actually has three levels of infinity for glue components: 'fil',
+'fill', and 'filll'.  The later ones are more infinite than the earlier
+ones.  Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one (*note
+\hfill:: and *note \vfill::).
 
    Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length,
 so that after '\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}' and
@@ -7856,8 +7868,8 @@ TeX and LaTeX know about these units both inside and outside of math
 mode.
 
 'pt'
-     Point 1/72.27 inch.  The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
-     places, is 1point = 2.85mm = 28.45cm.
+     Point, 1/72.27 inch.  The conversion to metric units, to two
+     decimal places, is 1point = 2.85mm = 28.45cm.
 
 'pc'
      Pica, 12 pt
@@ -7922,8 +7934,13 @@ while the second will not.
      \setlength{\parindent}{0em}
      He said stop going to those places.
 
-   If there is no such length LEN then you get something like 'Undefined
-control sequence. <argument> \praindent'.
+   If you did not declare LEN with '\newlength', for example if you
+mistype the above as
+'\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}', then you
+get an error like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent'.
+If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name then you get
+an error like 'Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again>
+\relax l.19 \setlength{specparindent}{0.6\parindent}'
 
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \addtolength,  Next: \settodepth,  Prev: \setlength,  Up: Lengths
@@ -7942,18 +7959,20 @@ understands (*note Units of length::).
 
    Below, if '\parskip' starts with the value '0pt plus 1pt'
 
-     \addtolength{\parskip}{1pt}
      Doctor: how is the boy who swallowed the silver dollar?
+     \addtolength{\parskip}{1pt}
 
      Nurse: no change.
 
 then it has the value '1pt plus 1pt' for the second paragraph.
 
-   If there is no such length LEN then you get something like 'Undefined
-control sequence. <argument> \praindent'.  If you leave off the
-backslash at the start of LEN, as in '\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}',
-then you get something like 'You can't use `the letter p' after
-\advance'.
+   If you did not declare the length LEN with '\newlength', if for
+example you mistype the above as
+'\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}', then you get something
+like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent'.  If you leave
+off the backslash at the start of LEN, as in
+'\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}', then you get something like 'You can't
+use `the letter p' after \advance'.
 
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \settodepth,  Next: \settoheight,  Prev: \addtolength,  Up: Lengths
@@ -7975,11 +7994,12 @@ the TEXT argument.  The length name LEN must begin with a backslash,
      \settodepth{\alphabetdepth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
      \the\alphabetdepth
 
-   If there is no such length LEN then you get something like 'Undefined
-control sequence. <argument> \alphabetdepth'.  If you leave the
-backslash out of LEN, as in '\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}' then you
-get something like 'Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again>
-\setbox'.
+   If you did not set aside the length LEN, if for example you mistype
+the above as '\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}', then you get
+something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetdepth'.
+If you leave the backslash out of LEN, as in
+'\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing
+number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'.
 
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \settoheight,  Next: \settowidth,  Prev: \settodepth,  Up: Lengths
@@ -8001,11 +8021,12 @@ backslash, '\'.
      \settoheight{\alphabetheight}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
      \the\alphabetheight
 
-   If there is no such length LEN then you get something like 'Undefined
-control sequence. <argument> \alphabetheight'.  If you leave the
-backslash out of LEN, as in '\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}' then you
-get something like 'Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again>
-\setbox'.
+   If no such length LEN has been declared with '\newlength', if for
+example you mistype as '\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}', then you
+get something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument>
+\alphabetheight'.  If you leave the backslash out of LEN, as in
+'\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing
+number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'.
 
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \settowidth,  Prev: \settoheight,  Up: Lengths
@@ -8027,11 +8048,12 @@ backslash, '\'.
      \settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
      \the\alphabetwidth
 
-   If there is no such length LEN then you get something like 'Undefined
-control sequence. <argument> \alphabetwidth'.  If you leave the
-backslash out of LEN, as in '\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}' then you
-get something like 'Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again>
-\setbox'.
+   If no such length LEN has been set aside, if for example you mistype
+the above as '\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}', then you get
+something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetwidth'.
+If you leave the backslash out of LEN, as in
+'\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing
+number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'.
 
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: Making paragraphs,  Next: Math formulas,  Prev: Lengths,  Up: Top
@@ -8039,9 +8061,9 @@ File: latex2e.info,  Node: Making paragraphs,  Next: Math formulas,  Prev: Lengt
 15 Making paragraphs
 ********************
 
-Once LaTeX has all of a paragraph's contents it divides it into lines,
-in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph (*note Line
-breaking::).  To end the current paragraph, put an empty line.
+To start a paragraph, just type some text.  To end the current
+paragraph, put an empty line.  This is three paragraphs, separated by
+two empty lines.
 
      It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession
      of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.
@@ -8057,6 +8079,10 @@ breaking::).  To end the current paragraph, put an empty line.
    The separator lines must be empty, including not containing a comment
 character, '%'.
 
+   Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph's contents it divides that
+content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph
+(*note Line breaking::).
+
    There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted.  Don't put a
 blank line in math mode (*note Modes::); here the line before the
 '\end{equation}'
@@ -8089,8 +8115,8 @@ File: latex2e.info,  Node: \par,  Next: \indent & \noindent,  Up: Making paragra
 15.1 '\par'
 ===========
 
-Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX, converts two
-consecutive newlines to a '\par'):
+Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts two consecutive
+newlines to a '\par'):
 
      \par
 
@@ -8104,22 +8130,24 @@ readability.
      \newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{%
        \whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}
 
-   The '\par' command does nothing in LR mode or a vertical mode but it
-terminates paragraph mode, bringing LaTeX to vertical mode (*note
+   In LR mode or a vertical mode the '\par' command does nothing but it
+terminates paragraph mode, switching LaTeX to vertical mode (*note
 Modes::).
 
-   You cannot use the '\par' command in math mode or in the argument of
-many commands, such as the '\section' command (*note Making paragraphs::
-and *note \newcommand & \renewcommand::).
+   You cannot use the '\par' command in a math mode.  You also cannot
+use it in the argument of many commands, such as the '\section' command
+(*note Making paragraphs:: and *note \newcommand & \renewcommand::).
 
-   The '\par' command differs from the '\paragraph' command in that the
+   The '\par' command is not the same as the '\paragraph' command.  The
 latter is, like '\section' or '\subsection', a sectioning unit used by
-the standard LaTeX documents.
+the standard LaTeX documents (*note \subsubsection & \paragraph &
+\subparagraph::).
 
-   The '\par' command differs from '\newline' and the line break double
-backslash, '\\', in that \par ends the paragraph not just the line.  It
-also triggers the addition of the between-paragraph vertical space
-'\parskip' (*note \parindent & \parskip::).
+   The '\par' command is not the same as '\newline' or the line break
+double backslash, '\\'.  The difference is that '\par' ends the
+paragraph, not just the line, and also triggers the addition of the
+between-paragraph vertical space '\parskip' (*note \parindent &
+\parskip::).
 
    The output from this example
 
@@ -8246,7 +8274,7 @@ paragraph.  Revert that to the default position with '\normalmarginpar'.
 
    When you specify the optional argument LEFT then it is used for a
 note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument RIGHT is used for
-a note in the the right margin.
+a note in the right margin.
 
    Normally, a note's first word will not be hyphenated.  You can enable
 hyphenation there by beginning LEFT or RIGHT with '\hspace{0pt}'.
@@ -9765,6 +9793,128 @@ something like 5/18 times the width of a 'M'.
      A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em.  It is available in both
      text and math mode.
 
+* Menu:
+
+* \smash::                            Eliminate height or depth of a subformula.
+* \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom::  Make empty box with the same size as the argument.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info,  Node: \smash,  Next: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom,  Up: Spacing in math mode
+
+16.6.1 '\smash'
+---------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+     \smash{SUBFORMULA}
+
+   Typeset SUBFORMULA as if its height and depth were zero.
+
+   In this example the exponential is so tall that without the '\smash'
+command LaTeX would separate its line from the line above it, and the
+uneven line spacing might be unsightly.
+
+     To compute the tetration $\smash{2^{2^{2^2}}}$,
+     evaluate from the top down, as $2^{2^4}=2^{16}=65536$.
+
+   (Because of the '\smash' the printed expression could run into the
+line above so you may want to wait until the final version of the
+document to make such adjustments.)
+
+   This pictures the effect of '\smash' by using '\fbox' to surround the
+box that LaTeX will put on the line.  The '\blackbar' command makes a
+bar extending from 10 points below the baseline to 20 points above.
+
+     \newcommand{\blackbar}{\rule[-10pt]{5pt}{30pt}}
+     \fbox{\blackbar}
+     \fbox{\smash{\blackbar}}
+
+   The first box that LaTeX places is 20 points high and 10 points deep.
+But the second box is treated by LaTeX as having zero height and zero
+depth, despite that the ink printed on the page still extends well above
+and below the line.
+
+   The '\smash' command appears often in mathematics to adjust the size
+of an element that surrounds a subformula.  Here the first radical
+extends below the baseline while the second lies just on the baseline.
+
+     \begin{equation}
+     \sqrt{\sum_{0\leq k< n} f(k)}
+     \sqrt{\vphantom{\sum}\smash{\sum_{0\leq k< n}} f(k)}
+     \end{equation}
+
+   Note the use of '\vphantom' to give the '\sqrt' command an argument
+with the height of the '\sum' (*note \phantom & \vphantom &
+\hphantom::).
+
+   While most often used in mathematics, the '\smash' command can appear
+in other contexts.  However, it doesn't change into horizontal mode.  So
+if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a '\leavevmode', as
+in the bottom line below.
+
+     xxx xxx xxx
+
+     \smash{yyy}  % no paragraph indent
+
+     \leavevmode\smash{zzz}  % usual paragraph indent
+
+   The package 'mathtools' has operators that provide even finer control
+over smashing a subformula box.
+
+
+File: latex2e.info,  Node: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom,  Prev: \smash,  Up: Spacing in math mode
+
+16.6.2 '\phantom' & '\vphantom' & '\hphantom'
+---------------------------------------------
+
+Synopsis:
+
+     \phantom{SUBFORMULA}
+
+   or
+
+     \vphantom{SUBFORMULA}
+
+   or
+
+     \hphantom{SUBFORMULA}
+
+   The '\phantom' command creates a box with the same height, depth, and
+width as SUBFORMULA, but empty.  That is, this command causes LaTeX to
+typeset the box but not its ink.  The '\vphantom' variant also produces
+an invisible box with the same height and depth as SUBFORMULA, but it
+has width zero.  And '\hphantom' makes a box with the same width as
+SUBFORMULA but with height and depth zero.
+
+   Without the '\vphantom' in this example, the top bars of the two
+square roots would be at different heights.
+
+     \( \sqrt{\vphantom{a^3}a}\cdot\sqrt{a^3} \)
+
+   The '\vphantom{a^3}' causes the first '\sqrt' to have inside it a box
+of the same height as the second '\sqrt', so LaTeX makes the bars align.
+
+   These commands often are combined with '\smash'.  *Note \smash:: for
+another example of the use of '\vphantom'.
+
+   The three phantom commands appear often but note that LaTeX provides
+a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more
+convenient, including '\makebox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::) as well as
+'\settodepth' (*note \settodepth::), '\settoheight' (*note
+\settoheight::), and '\settowidth' (*note \settowidth::).  In addition,
+the 'mathtools' package has many commands that offer fine-grained
+control over spacing.
+
+   All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special
+mathematics status.  So to do something like attaching a superscript you
+should give it such a status, for example with the '\operatorname'
+command from the package 'amsmath'.
+
+   While most often used in mathematics, these three can appear in other
+contexts.  However, they don't cause LaTeX to change into horizontal
+mode.  So if one of these starts a paragraph then you should prefix it
+with '\leavevmode'.
+
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: Math miscellany,  Prev: Spacing in math mode,  Up: Math formulas
 
@@ -9957,15 +10107,15 @@ mode, then it reads the 'L' and switches to paragraph mode, then the
 next switch happens at the '\(' where LaTeX changes to math mode, and
 then when it leaves the formula it pops back to paragraph mode.
 
-   Paragraph mode has two subcases.  If you use a '\parbox' command or
-or a 'minipage' then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode.  But it will not
-put a page break here.  Inside one of these boxes, called a "parbox",
-LaTeX is in "inner paragraph mode".  Its more usual situation, where it
-can put page breaks, is "outer paragraph mode" (*note Page breaking::).
+   Paragraph mode has two subcases.  If you use a '\parbox' command or a
+'minipage' then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode.  But it will not put a
+page break here.  Inside one of these boxes, called a "parbox", LaTeX is
+in "inner paragraph mode".  Its more usual situation, where it can put
+page breaks, is "outer paragraph mode" (*note Page breaking::).
 
 * Menu:
 
-* \ensuremath:: Ensure that math mode is active
+* \ensuremath:: Ensure that math mode is active.
 
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \ensuremath,  Up: Modes
@@ -10074,21 +10224,21 @@ either in the preamble or in the document body.
 
 '\thanks{TEXT}'
      Optional.  Produce a footnote.  You can use it in the author
-     information for acknowledgements, as illustrated below, but you can
+     information for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can
      also use it in the title, or any place a footnote makes sense.  It
-     can be any text so you can use it to print an email address, or for
-     any purpose.
+     can be any text at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as
+     to print an email address.
 
 '\title{TEXT}'
      Required.  Declare TEXT to be the title of the document.  Get line
      breaks inside TEXT with a double backslash, '\\'.  If you omit the
      '\title' declaration then you get 'LaTeX Error: No \title given'.
 
-   Many publishers will provide a class to use in place of 'article' in
-that example, that formats the title according to their house
-requirements.  To make your own, see *note titlepage::.  You can either
+   To make your own title page, see *note titlepage::.  You can either
 create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed
-'\maketitle' command.
+'\maketitle' command.  (Many publishers will provide a class to use in
+place of 'article' that formats the title according to their house
+requirements.)
 
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \pagenumbering,  Next: \pagestyle,  Prev: \maketitle,  Up: Page styles
@@ -10118,7 +10268,7 @@ numbered '1', etc.
 \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::).
 
 'arabic'
-     arabic numerals: 1, 2, ...
+     Arabic numerals: 1, 2, ...
 
 'roman'
      lowercase Roman numerals: i, ii, ...
@@ -10254,7 +10404,7 @@ or environments.
 
    Often the first page of a chapter or section has a different style.
 For example, this LaTeX book document has the first page of the first
-chapter in in 'plain' style, as is the default (*note Page styles::).
+chapter in 'plain' style, as is the default (*note Page styles::).
 
      \documentclass{book}
      \pagestyle{headings}
@@ -10613,32 +10763,32 @@ backslash followed by a space.  Synopsis:
    Produce a space.  By default it produces white space of length
 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt.
 
-   A blank is not a space.  When you type a blank between words, LaTeX
-produces white space.  That's different from an explicit space.  This
-illustrates.
+   When you type one or more blanks between words, LaTeX produces white
+space.  But that is different than an explicit space.  This illustrates.
 
      \begin{tabular}{l}
+     One blank: makes some space \\
      Three blanks:   in a row \\
      Three spaces:\ \ \ in a row \\
      \end{tabular}
 
-On the first line LaTeX collapses the three blanks to output one
-whitespace (it would be the same with a single blank or, for instance,
-with a blank and an tab and a blank, or a blank and a newline and a
-blank).  But the second line asks for three spaces so the white area is
-wider.  Thus, the backslash-space command will create some horizontal
-space.  (But the best way to create horizontal space is with '\hspace';
-*Note \hspace::.)
-
-   The backslash-space command has two main uses.  First, it is often
-used after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the space that
-follows, as in '\TeX\ is nice'.  (But the approach of using curly
-parentheses, as in '\TeX{} is nice', has the advantage of still working
-if the next character is a period.)
-
-   The second common use is that it mark a period as ending an
-abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in 'So says Prof.\ Smith'
-(*note \@::).
+On the first line LaTeX puts some space after the colon.  On the second
+line LaTeX collapses the three blanks to output one whitespace, so you
+end with the same space after the colon as in the first line.  LaTeX
+would similarly collapse a blank followed by a tab, or a blank and a
+newline and a blank.  However, the bottom line asks for three spaces so
+the white area is wider.  That is, the backslash-space command creates a
+fixed amount of horizontal space.  (Note that you can define a
+horizontal space of any width at all with '\hspace'; see *note
+\hspace::.)
+
+   The backslash-space command has two main uses.  It is often used
+after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the space that
+follows, as in '\TeX\ is nice'.  (But using curly parentheses, as in
+'\TeX{} is best', has the advantage of still working if the next
+character is a period.)  The other common use is that it marks a period
+as ending an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in 'So says
+Prof.\ Smith' (*note \@::).
 
    Under normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent
 to backslash-space, '\ '.
@@ -10957,7 +11107,7 @@ line.
      \end{enumerate}
      \end{minipage}%
 
-The final two lists use 'fbox' to show what's happening.  The third
+The final two lists use '\fbox' to show what's happening.  The third
 list's '\parbox' goes only to the bottom of its second 'test', which
 happens not have any characters that descend below the baseline.  The
 fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra below-baseline
@@ -11160,7 +11310,7 @@ Synopsis, one of:
      \makebox[WIDTH]{TEXT}
      \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}
 
-   Create a box, a container for material.  The TEXT is is typeset in LR
+   Create a box, a container for material.  The TEXT is typeset in LR
 mode (*note Modes::) so it is not broken into lines.  The '\mbox'
 command is robust, while '\makebox' is fragile (*note \protect::).
 
@@ -11548,9 +11698,9 @@ File: latex2e.info,  Node: Color,  Next: Graphics,  Prev: Boxes,  Up: Top
 You can add color to text, rules, etc.  You can also have color in a box
 or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
 
-   Color support comes as an additional package.  So all the commands
-below will only work if your document preamble contains
-'\usepackage{color}', that brings in the standard package.
+   Color support comes as an additional package.  So put
+'\usepackage{color}' in your document preamble to use the commands
+described here.
 
    Many other packages also supplement LaTeX's color abilities.
 Particularly worth mentioning is 'xcolor', which is widely used and
@@ -12140,9 +12290,9 @@ COMMAND
      left blank.  This command must start with a single backward quote.
      Thus, '\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c #1}'
      specifies that any file with the extension '.eps.gz' should be
-     treated as an 'eps' file, with the the BoundingBox information
-     stored in the file with extension '.eps.bb', and that the command
-     'gunzip -c' will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
+     treated as an 'eps' file, with the BoundingBox information stored
+     in the file with extension '.eps.bb', and that the command 'gunzip
+     -c' will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
 
      Such a command is specific to your platform.  In addition, your TeX
      system must allow you to run external commands; as a security
@@ -12490,11 +12640,11 @@ File: latex2e.info,  Node: \rotatebox,  Next: \scalebox,  Prev: \includegraphics
 22.3.2 '\rotatebox'
 -------------------
 
-Synopsis for 'graphics' package:
+Synopsis if you use the 'graphics' package:
 
      \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL}
 
-   Synopses for 'graphicx' package:
+   Synopses if you use the 'graphicx' package:
 
      \rotatebox{ANGLE}{MATERIAL}
      \rotatebox[KEY-VALUE LIST]{ANGLE}{MATERIAL}
@@ -12524,7 +12674,7 @@ new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when typesetting this
 material.
 
    If you use the 'graphics' package then the rotation is about the
-reference point of the box.  If you use the 'graphicx' package then then
+reference point of the box.  If you use the 'graphicx' package then
 these are the options that can go in the KEY-VALUE LIST, but note that
 you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the
 'x' and 'y' options (*note \includegraphics::).
@@ -12535,13 +12685,14 @@ you can get the same effect without needing this package, except for the
      left, 'r' for right, 'b' for bottom, 'c' for center, 't' for top,
      and 'B' for baseline.  Thus, the first line here
 
-          \includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}
-          \includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}
+          \rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{moon}
+          \rotatebox[origin=lB]{180}{LeBateau}
 
      will turn the picture upside down from the center while the second
      will turn its picture upside down about its left baseline.  (The
      character 'c' gives the horizontal center in 'bc' or 'tc' but gives
-     the vertical center in 'lc' or 'rc'.)  The default is 'lB'.
+     the vertical center in 'lc' or 'rc', and gives both in 'c'.)  The
+     default is 'lB'.
 
 'x, y'
      Specify an arbitrary point of rotation with '\rotatebox[x=TeX
@@ -13808,10 +13959,9 @@ the INDEX-ENTRY-STRING as well as indexing it.
 
    The '\index' command writes the indexing information to the file
 'ROOT-NAME.idx' file.  Specifically, it writes text of the command
-'\indexentry{INDEX-ENTRY-STRING}{PAGE-NUM}', where where PAGE-NUM is the
-value of the '\thepage' counter.  On occasion, when the '\printindex'
-command is confused, you have to delete this file to start with a fresh
-slate.
+'\indexentry{INDEX-ENTRY-STRING}{PAGE-NUM}', where PAGE-NUM is the value
+of the '\thepage' counter.  On occasion, when the '\printindex' command
+is confused, you have to delete this file to start with a fresh slate.
 
    If you omit the closing brace of an '\index' command then you get a
 message like this.
@@ -13886,9 +14036,9 @@ then it is a comment.
 'lethead_flag'
      An integer.  It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter.
      If it is 0 (which is the default) then other than 'group_skip'
-     nothing will be inserted before the group.  If it is is positive
-     then at a new letter the 'lethead_prefix' and 'lethead_suffix' will
-     be inserted, with that letter in uppercase between them.  If it is
+     nothing will be inserted before the group.  If it is positive then
+     at a new letter the 'lethead_prefix' and 'lethead_suffix' will be
+     inserted, with that letter in uppercase between them.  If it is
      negative then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase.
      The default is 0.
 
@@ -13973,9 +14123,8 @@ then it is a comment.
    There are a number of other programs that do the job 'makeindex'
 does.  One is 'xindy', which does internationalization and can process
 indexes for documents marked up using LaTeX and a number of other
-languages.  It is is highly configurable, both in markup terms and in
-terms of the collating order of the text.  See the documentation on
-CTAN.
+languages.  It is highly configurable, both in markup terms and in terms
+of the collating order of the text, as described in its documentation.
 
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: \printindex,  Prev: makeindex,  Up: Indexes
@@ -14684,17 +14833,17 @@ prefixing them with '-' or '--'.  This is the case for both TeX Live
      start with a backslash then TeX considers it the name of a file to
      input.  Otherwise it waits for the first '\input' instruction and
      the name of the input file will be the job name.  This is used to
-     name the log file the output file.  This option overrides that
-     process and directly specifies the name.  *Note Command line
+     name the log file the output file.  The 'jobname' option overrides
+     that process and directly specifies the name.  *Note Command line
      input:: for an example of its use.
 
 '-output-directory=DIRECTORY'
      Write files in the directory DIRECTORY.  It must already exist.
 
-'shell-escape'
-'no-shell-escape'
-'enable-write18'
-'disable-write18'
+'--shell-escape'
+'--no-shell-escape'
+'--enable-write18'
+'--disable-write18'
      Enable or disable '\write18{SHELL COMMAND}'.  The first two options
      are for with TeX Live or MacTeX while the second two are for
      MiKTeX.
@@ -14747,9 +14896,9 @@ PDF.
      \href{https://www.ctan.org}{CTAN}  % in body
        ...
 
-Compiling this document 'book.tex' with the command line 'pdflatex test'
+Compiling this document 'book.tex' with the command line 'pdflatex book'
 will give the 'CTAN' link in blue.  But compiling it with 'pdflatex
-"\def\paperversion{}\input test.tex"' has the link in black.  (Note the
+"\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex"' has the link in black.  (Note the
 use of double quotes to prevent interpretation of the symbols by the
 command line shell; your system may do this differently.)
 
@@ -14768,7 +14917,7 @@ called 'main.pdf' and the second would overwrite the first.
      pdflatex -jobname=aa "\RequirePackage[draft]{graphicx}\input{aa.tex}"
 
 so the graphic files are read for their size information but not
-incorporated into the PDF. (The 'jobname' option is needed because
+incorporated into the PDF. (The 'jobname' option is there because
 otherwise the output file would be 'graphicx.pdf', as '\RequirePackage'
 does an '\input' of its own.)
 
@@ -14809,8 +14958,8 @@ instead of 'pdflatex test' you might type 'pdflatex tste'.
      (Press Enter to retry, or Control-D to exit)
      Please type another input file name:
 
-The simplest thing is to enter '<Contol>' and 'd' (holding them down at
-the same time), and just fix the command line.
+The simplest thing is to enter '<Control>' and 'd' (holding them down at
+the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
 
 
 File: latex2e.info,  Node: Document templates,  Next: Index,  Prev: Command line,  Up: Top
@@ -15203,8 +15352,8 @@ Index
 * \arctan:                               Math functions.      (line  15)
 * \arg:                                  Math functions.      (line  18)
 * \arraycolsep:                          array.               (line  51)
-* \arrayrulewidth:                       tabular.             (line 158)
-* \arraystretch:                         tabular.             (line 164)
+* \arrayrulewidth:                       tabular.             (line 157)
+* \arraystretch:                         tabular.             (line 163)
 * \ast:                                  Math symbols.        (line  38)
 * \asymp:                                Math symbols.        (line  47)
 * \AtBeginDocument:                      \AtBeginDocument.    (line   6)
@@ -15396,7 +15545,7 @@ Index
 * \dotfill:                              \hrulefill & \dotfill.
                                                               (line   6)
 * \dots:                                 Text symbols.        (line  35)
-* \doublerulesep:                        tabular.             (line 169)
+* \doublerulesep:                        tabular.             (line 168)
 * \downarrow:                            Math symbols.        (line 185)
 * \Downarrow:                            Math symbols.        (line 189)
 * \ell:                                  Math symbols.        (line 193)
@@ -15425,7 +15574,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line 172)
 * \exists:                               Math symbols.        (line 212)
 * \exp:                                  Math functions.      (line  48)
-* \extracolsep:                          tabular.             (line 109)
+* \extracolsep:                          tabular.             (line 108)
 * \fbox:                                 \fbox & \framebox.   (line   6)
 * \fboxrule:                             \framebox (picture). (line  31)
 * \fboxrule <1>:                         \fbox & \framebox.   (line  39)
@@ -15826,7 +15975,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * \parallel:                             Math symbols.        (line 508)
 * \parbox:                               \parbox.             (line   6)
-* \parindent:                            minipage.            (line 104)
+* \parindent:                            minipage.            (line 103)
 * \parindent <1>:                        \indent & \noindent. (line   6)
 * \parindent <2>:                        \parindent & \parskip.
                                                               (line   6)
@@ -16021,7 +16170,7 @@ Index
 * \t (tie-after accent):                 Accents.             (line  81)
 * \TAB:                                  \(SPACE).            (line   6)
 * \tabbingsep:                           tabbing.             (line 121)
-* \tabcolsep:                            tabular.             (line 173)
+* \tabcolsep:                            tabular.             (line 172)
 * \tableofcontents:                      Table of contents etc..
                                                               (line   6)
 * \tan:                                  Math functions.      (line 105)
@@ -16255,9 +16404,11 @@ Index
 * amsmath package <5>:                   Math formulas.       (line  86)
 * amsmath package <6>:                   Dots.                (line  37)
 * amsmath package <7>:                   Math functions.      (line 111)
-* amsmath package <8>:                   Colon character & \colon.
-                                                              (line  15)
+* amsmath package <8>:                   \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+                                                              (line  44)
 * amsmath package <9>:                   Colon character & \colon.
+                                                              (line  15)
+* amsmath package <10>:                  Colon character & \colon.
                                                               (line  19)
 * amsmath package, replacing eqnarray:   eqnarray.            (line   6)
 * amsthm package:                        theorem.             (line  28)
@@ -16347,7 +16498,7 @@ Index
 * breaks, multiplication discretionary:  \*.                  (line   6)
 * breve accent:                          Accents.             (line  85)
 * breve accent, math:                    Math accents.        (line  17)
-* bug reporting:                         About this document. (line  21)
+* bug reporting:                         About this document. (line  29)
 * bullet lists:                          itemize.             (line   6)
 * bullet symbol:                         Math symbols.        (line 113)
 * bullet, in text:                       Text symbols.        (line  93)
@@ -16357,9 +16508,9 @@ Index
 * cap height:                            Text symbols.        (line 101)
 * caron accent:                          Accents.             (line  89)
 * catcode:                               \makeatletter & \makeatother.
-                                                              (line  18)
+                                                              (line  19)
 * category code, character:              \makeatletter & \makeatother.
-                                                              (line  18)
+                                                              (line  19)
 * cc:                                    Units of length.     (line  33)
 * cc list, in letters:                   \cc.                 (line   6)
 * cedilla accent:                        Accents.             (line  59)
@@ -16374,7 +16525,9 @@ Index
 * chapter:                               Sectioning.          (line   6)
 * chapter <1>:                           \chapter.            (line   6)
 * character category code:               \makeatletter & \makeatother.
-                                                              (line  18)
+                                                              (line  19)
+* character, invisible:                  \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+                                                              (line   6)
 * characters, accented:                  Accents.             (line   6)
 * characters, case of:                   Upper and lower case.
                                                               (line   6)
@@ -16398,7 +16551,7 @@ Index
 * class and package structure:           Class and package structure.
                                                               (line   6)
 * class file example:                    Class and package structure.
-                                                              (line  36)
+                                                              (line  39)
 * class file layout:                     Class and package structure.
                                                               (line   6)
 * class options:                         Document class options.
@@ -16650,14 +16803,14 @@ Index
 * feminine ordinal symbol:               Text symbols.        (line 144)
 * figure environment:                    figure.              (line   6)
 * figure number, cross referencing:      \ref.                (line   6)
-* figures, footnotes in:                 minipage.            (line 108)
+* figures, footnotes in:                 minipage.            (line 107)
 * figures, inserting:                    figure.              (line   6)
 * file, root:                            Splitting the input. (line  10)
 * filecontents environment:              filecontents.        (line   6)
 * filecontents* environment:             filecontents.        (line   6)
 * final option:                          Document class options.
                                                               (line  49)
-* first-latex-doc document:              About this document. (line  33)
+* first-latex-doc document:              About this document. (line  41)
 * fixed-width font:                      Font styles.         (line  96)
 * flafter package:                       Floats.              (line  82)
 * fleqn option:                          Document class options.
@@ -16694,7 +16847,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * footnote, of a footnote:               Footnotes of footnotes.
                                                               (line   6)
-* footnotes in figures:                  minipage.            (line 108)
+* footnotes in figures:                  minipage.            (line 107)
 * footnotes, creating:                   Footnotes.           (line   6)
 * Footnotes, in a minipage:              \footnote.           (line  62)
 * footnotes, symbols instead of numbers: \footnote.           (line  24)
@@ -16757,6 +16910,8 @@ Index
 * home page for manual:                  About this document. (line   6)
 * horizontal space:                      \hss.                (line   6)
 * horizontal space, stretchable:         \hss.                (line   6)
+* horizontal spacing:                    \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+                                                              (line   6)
 * hungarian umlaut accent:               Accents.             (line  67)
 * hyperref package:                      \footnotemark.       (line  48)
 * hyperref package <1>:                  \footnotemark.       (line  57)
@@ -16780,7 +16935,7 @@ Index
 * inch:                                  Units of length.     (line  17)
 * including graphics:                    \includegraphics.    (line   6)
 * indent, forcing:                       \indent & \noindent. (line   6)
-* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage.           (line 104)
+* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage.           (line 103)
 * indentfirst package:                   \part.               (line  50)
 * indentfirst package <1>:               \chapter.            (line  58)
 * indentfirst package <2>:               \section.            (line  60)
@@ -16808,6 +16963,8 @@ Index
 * inserting figures:                     figure.              (line   6)
 * insertions of special characters:      Special insertions.  (line   6)
 * internal vertical mode:                Modes.               (line  38)
+* invisible character:                   \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+                                                              (line   6)
 * italic correction:                     \/.                  (line   6)
 * italic font:                           Font styles.         (line  81)
 * itemize environment:                   itemize.             (line   6)
@@ -16838,11 +16995,11 @@ Index
 * latex command:                         Output files.        (line  10)
 * LaTeX logo:                            Text symbols.        (line  22)
 * LaTeX overview:                        Overview.            (line   6)
-* LaTeX Project team:                    About this document. (line  17)
-* LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e:                     About this document. (line  13)
-* latex-doc-ptr document:                About this document. (line  30)
+* LaTeX Project team:                    About this document. (line  25)
+* LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e:                     About this document. (line  21)
+* latex-doc-ptr document:                About this document. (line  38)
 * LaTeX2e logo:                          Text symbols.        (line  25)
-* <latexrefman@tug.org> email address:   About this document. (line  17)
+* <latexrefman@tug.org> email address:   About this document. (line  25)
 * Latin letters, additional:             Additional Latin letters.
                                                               (line   6)
 * layout commands:                       Layout.              (line   6)
@@ -16919,7 +17076,7 @@ Index
 * LR box:                                picture.             (line 103)
 * LR mode:                               Modes.               (line  16)
 * lrbox:                                 lrbox.               (line   6)
-* lshort document:                       About this document. (line  41)
+* lshort document:                       About this document. (line  49)
 * ltugboat class:                        tugboat template.    (line   6)
 * lualatex command:                      TeX engines.         (line  30)
 * LuaTeX:                                TeX engines.         (line  30)
@@ -16928,7 +17085,7 @@ Index
 * macron accent:                         Accents.             (line  34)
 * macron accent, math:                   Math accents.        (line  14)
 * macros2e package:                      \makeatletter & \makeatother.
-                                                              (line  39)
+                                                              (line  43)
 * Madsen, Lars:                          eqnarray.            (line   6)
 * make a box:                            \mbox & \makebox.    (line   6)
 * makeindex:                             makeindex.           (line   6)
@@ -16950,11 +17107,17 @@ Index
 * math mode, entering:                   Math formulas.       (line   6)
 * math mode, spacing:                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                               (line   6)
+* math mode, spacing <1>:                \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* math mode, vertical space:             \smash.              (line   6)
 * math symbols:                          Math symbols.        (line   6)
 * math, bold:                            Font styles.         (line 128)
 * mathtools package:                     Math formulas.       (line  86)
 * mathtools package <1>:                 Over- and Underlining.
                                                               (line  45)
+* mathtools package <2>:                 \smash.              (line  61)
+* mathtools package <3>:                 \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+                                                              (line  36)
 * MetaPost package:                      \line.               (line  36)
 * mfirstuc package:                      Upper and lower case.
                                                               (line  45)
@@ -17064,9 +17227,11 @@ Index
 * package, amsmath <5>:                  Math formulas.       (line  86)
 * package, amsmath <6>:                  Dots.                (line  37)
 * package, amsmath <7>:                  Math functions.      (line 111)
-* package, amsmath <8>:                  Colon character & \colon.
-                                                              (line  15)
+* package, amsmath <8>:                  \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+                                                              (line  44)
 * package, amsmath <9>:                  Colon character & \colon.
+                                                              (line  15)
+* package, amsmath <10>:                 Colon character & \colon.
                                                               (line  19)
 * package, amsthm:                       theorem.             (line  28)
 * package, amsthm <1>:                   \rule.               (line  18)
@@ -17124,10 +17289,13 @@ Index
 * package, listings <1>:                 verbatim.            (line  31)
 * package, listings <2>:                 \verb.               (line  42)
 * package, macros2e:                     \makeatletter & \makeatother.
-                                                              (line  39)
+                                                              (line  43)
 * package, mathtools:                    Math formulas.       (line  86)
 * package, mathtools <1>:                Over- and Underlining.
                                                               (line  45)
+* package, mathtools <2>:                \smash.              (line  61)
+* package, mathtools <3>:                \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+                                                              (line  36)
 * package, MetaPost:                     \line.               (line  36)
 * package, mfirstuc:                     Upper and lower case.
                                                               (line  45)
@@ -17191,7 +17359,7 @@ Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * paragraph indentation:                 \parindent & \parskip.
                                                               (line   6)
-* paragraph indentation, in minipage:    minipage.            (line 104)
+* paragraph indentation, in minipage:    minipage.            (line 103)
 * paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation & quote.   (line   6)
 * paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quotation & quote.
                                                               (line   6)
@@ -17277,7 +17445,7 @@ Index
 * relation, text above:                  \stackrel.           (line   6)
 * remarks in the margin:                 Marginal notes.      (line   6)
 * report class:                          Document classes.    (line  11)
-* reporting bugs:                        About this document. (line  21)
+* reporting bugs:                        About this document. (line  29)
 * reserved characters:                   Reserved characters. (line   6)
 * resizing:                              \scalebox.           (line   6)
 * resizing <1>:                          \resizebox.          (line   6)
@@ -17366,6 +17534,8 @@ Index
                                                               (line   6)
 * spacing, inter-sentence:               \frenchspacing.      (line   6)
 * spacing, inter-sentence <1>:           \normalsfcodes.      (line   6)
+* spacing, math mode:                    \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+                                                              (line   6)
 * Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols.     (line 144)
 * special characters:                    Reserved characters. (line   6)
 * special characters <1>:                Additional Latin letters.
@@ -17520,13 +17690,13 @@ Index
 * underscore, in text:                   Text symbols.        (line 187)
 * Unicode input, native:                 TeX engines.         (line   6)
 * units, of length:                      Units of length.     (line   6)
-* unofficial nature of this manual:      About this document. (line  17)
+* unofficial nature of this manual:      About this document. (line  25)
 * unordered lists:                       itemize.             (line   6)
 * uppercase:                             Upper and lower case.
                                                               (line   6)
 * url package:                           \verb.               (line  38)
 * using BibTeX:                          Using BibTeX.        (line   6)
-* usrguide official documentation:       About this document. (line  36)
+* usrguide official documentation:       About this document. (line  44)
 * UTF-8:                                 TeX engines.         (line   6)
 * variables, a list of:                  Counters.            (line   6)
 * vector symbol, math:                   Math accents.        (line  41)
@@ -17542,6 +17712,9 @@ Index
 * vertical space <1>:                    \addvspace.          (line   6)
 * vertical space before paragraphs:      \parindent & \parskip.
                                                               (line   6)
+* vertical spacing:                      \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom.
+                                                              (line   6)
+* vertical spacing, math mode:           \smash.              (line   6)
 * visible space:                         \verb.               (line  31)
 * visible space symbol, in text:         Text symbols.        (line 190)
 * weights, of fonts:                     Low-level font commands.
@@ -17564,504 +17737,505 @@ Index
 
 
 Tag Table:
-Node: Top1701
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 End Tag Table