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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2006-01-09 00:43:17 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2006-01-09 00:43:17 +0000
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+%
+% manual.tex v2.13
+%
+% LaTeX source file for the manual for the Devanagari for TeX" package.
+% Copyright (C) 1991-2003 University of Groningen, The Netherlands
+%
+% Author : Anshuman Pandey <apandey@u.washington.edu>
+% Revised : 6 April 2005
+%
+% This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+% it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+% the Free Software Foundation.
+%
+% This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+% but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of
+% merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. See the
+% GNU General Public License for more details.
+%
+
+\documentclass[10pt]{article}
+\def\DevnagVersion{new}
+\usepackage{geometry,fancyhdr,multicol,mflogo,textcomp,parskip,array}
+\usepackage{dev}
+\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}
+
+\geometry{paperwidth=8.5in,
+ paperheight=11in,
+ top=.875in,
+ bottom=1in,
+ left=1.25in,
+ right=1.25in,
+ headheight=0pt,
+ headsep=0pt,
+ }
+
+% High resolution pk fonts for pdfTeX
+\ifx\pdfpkresolution\undefined \else
+ \pdfpkresolution 600
+\fi
+
+\newcommand{\moddate}{23 September 2005}
+\newcommand{\version}{2.13}
+\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
+\setlength{\columnseprule}{0pt}
+
+\newcommand{\devnag}{Devan\=agar{\=\i}}
+
+\def\diatop[#1|#2]{{\leavevmode\setbox1=\hbox{{#1{}}}\setbox2=\hbox{{#2{}}}%
+ \dimen0=\ifdim\wd1>\wd2\wd1\else\wd2\fi%
+ \dimen1=\ht2\advance\dimen1by-1ex%
+ \setbox1=\hbox to1\dimen0{\hss#1\hss}%
+ \rlap{\raise1\dimen1\box1}%
+ \hbox to1\dimen0{\hss#2\hss}}}%
+
+\def\underrng #1{\oalign{#1\crcr\hidewidth
+ \vbox to.2ex{\hbox{\char"17}\vss}\hidewidth}}
+
+\begin{document}
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+\fancyhf{}
+\fancyfoot[C]{\thepage}
+
+\fontsize{10}{13}\selectfont
+
+\title{{\LARGE \bfseries \devnag{} for \TeX{}} \\ Version \version{}}
+\author{Anshuman Pandey}
+\date{\large \moddate{}}
+\maketitle
+
+\tableofcontents
+%\newpage
+
+\listoftables
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+The \textit{\devnag{} for \TeX{}} (\textsf{devnag}) package provides a
+way to typeset high-quality \devnag{} text with \TeX{}.
+\devnag{} is a script used for writing and printing Sanskrit and
+a number of languages in Northern and Central India such as Hindi and
+Marathi, as well as Nepali. The \textsf{devnag} package was originally
+developed in May 1991 by Frans Velthuis for the University of Groningen,
+The Netherlands, and it was the first system to provide support for
+the \devnag{} script for \TeX{}.
+
+Several individuals have contributed to the \textsf{devnag} package
+over the years. Kevin Carmody proposed a method for managing variant
+glyphs. Marc Csernel revised the preprocessor to handle standard
+\LaTeX{} commands. Richard Mahoney generated Postscript Type 1
+versions of the \devnag{} fonts. Fran\c{c}ois Patte enhanced the
+\LaTeX{} package by introducing a feature to produce citations
+in \devnag{}. Zden\v{e}k Wagner greatly improved the \LaTeX{}
+package by revising macro definitions and catcodes, eliminating
+conflicts with other packages, and by introducing support for
+section headings and captions in \devnag{}. Rob Adriaanse, Hans Bakker,
+Roelf Barkhuis, and Henk van Linde provided advice and support
+to Frans Velthuis when this package was being developed.
+
+The \textsf{devnag} package is presently maintained by the following
+individuals:
+
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+% Frans Velthuis & \verb+velthuis@rc.rug.nl+ \\
+John Smith & \verb+jds10@cam.ac.uk+ \\
+Anshuman Pandey & \verb+apandey@u.washington.edu+ \\
+Dominik Wujastyk & \verb+d.wujastyk@ucl.ac.uk+ \\
+%Fran\c{c}ois Patte & \verb+patte@math-info.univ-paris5.fr+ \\
+Zden\v{e}k Wagner & \verb+wagner@cesnet.cz+ \\
+Kevin Carmody & \verb+i@kevincarmody.org+
+\end{tabular}
+\end{quote}
+
+
+\section{Project Information}
+
+The \textit{\devnag{} for \TeX{}} package is now a project
+officially housed at Sarovar. The homepage is
+
+\begin{quote}
+\texttt{http://devnag.sarovar.org/}
+\end{quote}
+
+This package is available from the project homepage at Sarovar and
+from the Comprehensive \TeX{} Archive Network (CTAN). The CTAN path
+for the package at the primary UK TUG site is
+
+\begin{quote}
+\texttt{ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/language/devanagari/velthuis/}
+\end{quote}
+
+Please use the tracking system at the project homepage at Sarovar to
+submit feature requests, bugs, comments, and questions to the development
+team.
+
+
+\section{Producing \devnag{} Text with \TeX{}}
+
+\devnag{} text may be included in any \TeX{} document. There are three steps
+to producing \devnag{} text with \TeX{}. First, since \TeX{} does
+not support \devnag{} natively, it is necessary to type \devnag{} using
+\hbox{7-bit} (ASCII) roman characters that represent \devnag{} characters.
+Secondly, transliterated \devnag{} text must be entered within
+\textsf{devnag}-specific delimiters. These delimiters allow the preprocessor
+to recognize the \devnag{} sections of the \TeX{} document. Third, the
+transliterated input must be converted by the preprocessor into a format
+that \TeX{} understands. The preprocessor scans the document for
+\textsf{devnag} delimiters. Once it finds a delimiter, the program operates
+on the text only within the scope of the delimiter. All other document text,
+with the exception of \TeX{} macros and \textsf{devnag}-specific preprocessor
+directives, is ignored.
+
+Shown below is a \devnag{} passage followed by the 7-bit transliterated
+input that produced it.
+
+\begin{quote}
+{\dn Dm\0\322w\?/\? \7{k}z\322w\?/\? smv\?tA \7{y}\7{y}(sv,.\\
+mAmkA, pA\317wXvA\396w\4v Ekm\7{k}v\0t s\2jy..\par}
+\end{quote}
+
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{verbatim}
+{\dn dharmak.setre kuruk.setre samavetaa yuyutsava.h | \\
+maamakaa.h paa.n.davaa"scaiva kimakurvata sa.mjaya ||}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+
+\subsection{Macros and Font Definition Files}
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[\texttt{dnmacs.tex}] This file contains Plain \TeX{} macros for
+\textsf{devnag} and various font-sizing commands. It must be loaded at
+the beginning of the document with the command \verb+\input dnmacs+.
+
+\item[\texttt{dev.sty}] This file provides \LaTeX{} support for
+\textsf{devnag}. It must must be loaded in the preamble of the document
+with the command \verb+\usepackage{dev}+. Section \ref{catcodes}
+discusses advanced package options that may be declared with
+\texttt{dev.sty}. The associated font definition file \texttt{Udn.fd}
+provide NFSS support for \LaTeX{} for the \textsf{dvng} fonts.
+
+\item[\texttt{dev209.sty}] This file provides legacy support for the
+obsolete \LaTeX{} 2.09. It should not be used. \end{description}
+
+\subsection{Text Delimiters}
+
+The preprocessor recognizes the text it is to act upon by use of
+delimiters, of which there are two types. The basic delimiter is the
+\verb+\dn+ macro. This delimiter is used by enclosing \devnag{} text
+between \verb+{\dn ... }+, eg. \verb+{\dn acchaa}+.
+
+The second delimiter is the \verb+$+ character. \devnag{} text
+is enclosed between \verb+$ ... $+, eg. \verb+$acchaa$+. The
+\verb+@dollars+ preprocessor directive must be specified to activate
+this delimiter (section \ref{dol}).
+
+The first delimiter is recommended especially for large blocks of
+\devnag{} text. The second delimiter is useful when there is a need
+to switch often between \devnag{} and roman text. Any text outside
+of delimiters is not parsed by the preprocessor.
+
+There are very few restrictions on what may be placed between the
+delimiters. The 7-bit Velthuis encoding shown in Table \ref{chars}, all
+punctuation marks, and all \TeX{} macro commands are acceptable input.
+The preprocessor will produce a warning for unrecognized input
+characters and commands.
+
+\subsection{Example Input Files}
+
+Two sample \devnag{} documents are bundled with this distribution.
+Please refer to the contents of these files for examples of producing a
+\devnag{} document. The file \texttt{misspaal.dn} contains an excerpt
+from the Hindi short story \textit{Miss Pal} by Mohan Rakesh. The file
+\texttt{examples.dn} contains some advanced examples of \devnag{}
+typesetting. Shown below are two small examples of Plain \TeX{} and
+\LaTeX{} documents with \devnag{} text.
+
+\begin{multicols}{2}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ % Sample TeX input file
+ \input dnmacs
+ {\dn devaanaa.m priya.h}
+ \bye
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\columnbreak
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ % Sample LaTeX input file
+ \documentclass{article}
+ \usepackage{dev}
+ \begin{document}
+ {\dn devaanaa.m priya.h}
+ \end{document}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\end{multicols}
+
+The filename of the \TeX{} document that contains \devnag{} should
+be given a \texttt{.dn} extension. The preprocessor will produce
+a filename with a \texttt{.tex} extension after processing the
+input file.
+
+\section{Input Encoding}
+\label{trans}
+
+\devnag{} text is prepared using a 7-bit (ASCII-based) transliterated
+input encoding in which \devnag{} characters are represented by Roman
+characters. The input encoding for \textsf{devnag} was developed by
+Frans Velthuis with the objective to keep the format of the input source
+text as close as possible to the accepted scholarly practices for
+transliteration of \devnag{}. The Velthuis encoding is widely used and
+has been adapted by other Indic language \TeX{} packages, and also
+serves as the basis of other Indic transliteration schemes.
+
+\subsection{Supplemental Notes}
+Attention should be paid to the following points:
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item There are different ways to produce consonant conjuncts. For
+example, the sequence \texttt{ktrya} can be represented as {\dn \3FCw}
+and as {\dn ?\3ECwy}. The creation of conjuncts may be controlled
+through the use of the preprocessor directives \verb+@sanskrit+,
+\verb+@hindi+, and \verb+@modernhindi+, and more strictly through the
+\verb+@lig+ directive. Please refer to Table \ref{ligs} for a list of
+supported conjuncts.
+
+\item There are two different ways to produce long vowels:
+typing the short vowel twice or by capitalizing the short vowel, eg.
+\texttt{aa} or \texttt{A} for {\dn aA}.
+
+\item Aspirated consonants may be produced alternately by capitalizing
+the voiceless counterpart. For example, the standard encoding for
+{\dn B} is \texttt{bha}, but it may also be produced by \texttt{Ba};
+{\dn G} is \texttt{gha} or \texttt{Ga}; etc.
+
+\item For words which have two successive short vowels, a sequence of
+brackets \verb+{}+ may be used to separate the vowels, eg. {\dn
+\3FEw{}ug} \verb+pra{}uga+, as opposed to {\dn \3FEwOg} \verb+prauga+ .
+This is required because the combinations \verb+ai+ and \verb+au+
+represent the dipthongs {\dn e\?} and {\dn aO}.
+
+\item The use of uppercase letters to indicate long vowels may be
+preferred in cases where ambiguity might arise. When encoding a word
+like {\dn kI}, the sequence \verb+kaii+ will produce the incorrect form
+{\dn k\4i}, while \verb+kaI+ will yield the correct form {\dn kI}. A
+sequence of brackets, as in the previous note, will also produce the
+correct form, eg. \verb+ka{}ii+.
+
+\item The standard ligatures {\dn\symbol{34}}, {\dn \3E2w}, and {\dn /}
+are produced by \verb+k.sa+, \verb+j~na+, and \verb+tra+.
+
+\item Candrabindu may be encoded either as a slash, as given in
+Table~\ref{chars}, or by \verb+~m+.
+
+% \item \verb+~a+ produces an `English a' Marathi style. For example,
+% Hindi {\dn V\4?sF} and Marathi {\dn V\<?sF}.
+
+\item Numerals are printed as Arabic numerals by default. The command
+\verb+\dnnum+ switches to \devnag{} numerals. Every numeral after this
+command is printed as a \devnag{} numeral. The command \verb+\cmnum+
+switches back to Arabic numerals.
+
+\item In Hindi mode the character \verb+&+ can be put at the end of a
+word to produce a \textit{vir\={a}ma} sign under the final consonant.
+For example, \verb+pari.sad&+ produces {\dn pErq\qq{d}} . The underscore
+character \verb+_+ also produces a \textit{vir\=ama}.
+
+\item In many Hindi words an \verb+a+ needs to be written between
+consonants to produce the correct spelling, otherwise a conjunct
+consonant will be produced. The correct form of Hindi {\dn krnA} is
+\verb+karanaa+, not \verb+karnaa+, which produces {\dn knA\0}.
+
+\item Tab characters in the input file, which previously were treated as
+fatal errors, are now silently converted to spaces.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+%%% Velthuis Encoding Scheme %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\begin{table}[p]
+\begin{center}
+\renewcommand{\doublerulesep}{.5cm}
+\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.40}
+
+\raggedcolumns
+\begin{multicols}{3}
+
+{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.40}
+\begin{tabular}{|llll|}
+\hline
+\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\textsc{vowels}} \\
+\hline
+\textit{a} & \texttt{a} & {\dn a} & \\
+\textit{\=a} & \texttt{aa} & {\dn a\symbol{'101}} & {\dn\symbol{'101}} \\
+\textit{i} & \texttt{i} & {\dn i} & {\dn\symbol{'105}} \\
+\textit{\={\i}} & \texttt{ii} & {\dn I} & {\dn\symbol{'106}} \\
+\textit{u} & \texttt{u} & {\dn u} & {\dn\symbol{0}} \\
+\textit{\=u} & \texttt{uu} & {\dn U} & {\dn\symbol{'1}} \\
+\textit{\underrng{r}} & \texttt{.r} & {\dn\symbol{'33}} & {\dn\symbol{2}} \\
+\textit{\diatop[\=|\underrng{r}]} & \texttt{.R} & {\dn\symbol{'21}} & {\dn\symbol{'16}} \\
+\textit{\underrng{l}} & \texttt{.l} & {\dn\symbol{'30}} & {\dn\symbol{'37}} \\
+\textit{\diatop[\=|\underrng{l}]} & \texttt{.L} & {\dn\symbol{'31}} & {\dn\symbol{'174}} \\
+\textit{e} & \texttt{e} & {\dn e} & {\dn\symbol{3}} \\
+\textit{ai} & \texttt{ai} & {\dn e\?} & {\dn\symbol{'173}} \\
+\textit{o} & \texttt{o} & {\dn ao} & {\dn o} \\
+\textit{au} & \texttt{au} & {\dn aO} & {\dn O} \\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}}
+\vspace{.325in}
+
+{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.40}
+\begin{tabular}{|lll|}
+\hline
+\multicolumn{3}{|c|}{\textsc{signs}} \\
+\hline
+\textit{anusv\=ara} & \texttt{.m} & {\dn\symbol{'25}} \\
+\textit{candrabindu} & \texttt{/} & {\dn\symbol{'40}} \\
+\textit{visarga} & \texttt{.h} & {\dn\symbol{'54}} \\
+\textit{avagraha} & \texttt{.a} & {\dn\symbol{'137}} \\
+\textit{vir\=ama} & \texttt{\&} & {\dn\symbol{'136}} \\
+\textit{candra a} & \texttt{\char`~a} & {\dn\symbol{'4}} \\
+\textit{candra o} & \texttt{\char`~o} & {\dn A\<} \\
+\textit{AUM} & \texttt{.o} & {\dn\symbol{'72}} \\
+\textit{da\d{n}\d{d}\=a} & \texttt{\symbol{'174}} & {\dn\symbol{'56}} \\
+double \textit{da\d{n}\d{d}\=a} & \texttt{\symbol{'174}\symbol{'174}} & {\dn\symbol{'73}} \\
+`eyelash' \textit{repha} & \texttt{\char`~r} & {\dn\symbol{'35}} \\
+abbreviation & \texttt{@} & {\dn\symbol{'177}} \\
+ellipsis & \texttt{\symbol{'43}} & {\dn\symbol{'25}} \\
+period & \texttt{..} & {\dn\symbol{'24}} \\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}}
+
+\columnbreak
+
+{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.40}
+\begin{tabular}{|lll|}
+\hline
+\multicolumn{3}{|c|}{\textsc{consonants}} \\
+\hline
+\textit{ka} & \texttt{ka} & {\dn k} \\
+\textit{kha} & \texttt{kha} & {\dn K} \\
+\textit{ga} & \texttt{ga} & {\dn g} \\
+\textit{gha} & \texttt{gha} & {\dn G} \\
+\textit{\.na} & \texttt{"na} & {\dn R} \\
+\textit{ca} & \texttt{ca} & {\dn c} \\
+\textit{cha} & \texttt{cha} & {\dn C} \\
+\textit{ja} & \texttt{ja} & {\dn j} \\
+\textit{jha} & \texttt{jha} & {\dn J} \\
+\textit{\~na} & \texttt{\char`~na} & {\dn\symbol{'32}} \\
+\textit{\d{t}a} & \texttt{.ta} & {\dn V} \\
+\textit{\d{t}ha} & \texttt{.tha} & {\dn W} \\
+\textit{\d{d}a} & \texttt{.da} & {\dn X} \\
+\textit{\d{d}ha} & \texttt{.dha} & {\dn Y} \\
+\textit{\d{n}a} & \texttt{.na} & {\dn Z} \\
+\textit{ta} & \texttt{ta} & {\dn t} \\
+\textit{tha} & \texttt{tha} & {\dn T} \\
+\textit{da} & \texttt{da} & {\dn d} \\
+\textit{dha} & \texttt{tha} & {\dn D} \\
+\textit{na} & \texttt{na} & {\dn n} \\
+\textit{pa} & \texttt{pa} & {\dn p} \\
+\textit{pha} & \texttt{pha} & {\dn P} \\
+\textit{ba} & \texttt{ba} & {\dn b} \\
+\textit{bha} & \texttt{bha} & {\dn B} \\
+\textit{ma} & \texttt{ma} & {\dn m} \\
+\textit{ya} & \texttt{ya} & {\dn y} \\
+\textit{ra} & \texttt{ra} & {\dn r} \\
+\textit{la} & \texttt{la} & {\dn l} \\
+\textit{va} & \texttt{va} & {\dn v} \\
+\textit{\'sa} & \texttt{"sa} & {\dn f} \\
+\textit{\d{s}a} & \texttt{.sa} & {\dn q} \\
+\textit{sa} & \texttt{sa} & {\dn s} \\
+\textit{ha} & \texttt{ha} & {\dn h} \\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}}
+
+\columnbreak
+
+{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.40}
+\begin{tabular}{|lll|}
+\hline
+\multicolumn{3}{|c|}{\textsc{consonants}} \\
+\hline
+\textit{qa} & \texttt{qa} & {\dn\symbol{'52}} \\
+\textit{\underbar{kh}a} & \texttt{.kha} & {\dn\symbol{'14}} \\
+\textit{\.ga} & \texttt{.ga} & {\dn\symbol{'13}} \\
+\textit{za} & \texttt{za} & {\dn\symbol{'51}} \\
+\textit{\d{r}a} & \texttt{Ra} & {\dn w} \\
+\textit{\d{r}ha} & \texttt{Rha} & {\dn x} \\
+\textit{fa} & \texttt{fa} & {\dn\symbol{'47}} \\
+\textit{\d{l}a} & \texttt{La} & {\dn\symbol{'17}} \\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}}
+\vspace{.325in}
+
+{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.20}
+\begin{tabular}{|lll|}
+\hline
+\multicolumn{3}{|c|}{\textsc{digits}} \\
+\hline
+\textit{0} & \texttt{0} & {\dn\dnnum \rn{0}} \\
+\textit{1} & \texttt{1} & {\dn\dnnum \rn{1}} \\
+\textit{2} & \texttt{2} & {\dn\dnnum \rn{2}} \\
+\textit{3} & \texttt{3} & {\dn\dnnum \rn{3}} \\
+\textit{4} & \texttt{4} & {\dn\dnnum \rn{4}} \\
+\textit{5} & \texttt{5} & {\dn\dnnum \rn{5}} \\
+\textit{6} & \texttt{6} & {\dn\dnnum \rn{6}} \\
+\textit{7} & \texttt{7} & {\dn\dnnum \rn{7}} \\
+\textit{8} & \texttt{8} & {\dn\dnnum \rn{8}} \\
+\textit{9} & \texttt{9} & {\dn\dnnum \rn{9}} \\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}}
+
+\end{multicols}
+
+\caption{The Velthuis Encoding Scheme}
+\label{chars}
+\end{center}
+\end{table}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\section{The Preprocessor}
+The ANSI C program \texttt{devnag.c} is a preprocessor that
+reads transliterated \devnag{} input delimited by \verb+\dn+ and
+converts it into a form with which \TeX{} is familiar.
+To use the preprocessor, \texttt{devnag.c} must be compiled into
+an executable.
+
+The preprocessor
+handles the details of character placement such as the alignment of
+vowel diacritics and consonant ligatures. The rest of the layout,
+however, must be managed by the user. The preprocessor is invoked
+as
+
+\begin{center}
+\texttt{devnag} \textit{in}[\texttt{.dn}] (\textit{out}[\texttt{.tex}])
+\end{center}
+
+The default file extension for an input file is \verb+.dn+ and for an output
+file \verb+.tex+. The output filename is optional. If an output filename is
+not specified, the preprocessor will name it after the input file.
+
+For example, typing \texttt{devnag hindi} will instruct the preprocessor
+to read from the file \texttt{hindi.dn} and write to the file
+\texttt{hindi.tex}. The program will prompt for the names of the
+input and output files if they are not given in the command-line.
+
+If the input file has a name such as \texttt{x.y.dn}, the
+output file name will be \texttt{x.y.tex}. Addition, files must have
+the suffixes \texttt{.dn} and \texttt{.tex}, though as before these are
+supplied by the program if omitted by the user. This change has been
+made for safety reasons: formerly, typing \texttt{devnag myfile.tex}
+would delete the contents of \texttt{myfile.tex}.
+
+If \texttt{devnag} is invoked with the \texttt{-v} option, it will
+display the version number and then exit.
+
+\subsection{Preprocessor Directives}
+\label{directives}
+The preprocessor creates a \TeX{} file from the input file by acting on
+two different parts of the input: directives and transliterated input.
+As it creates a \TeX{} file from the input file, the preprocessor can be
+told to modify the way in which it operates by means of special commands
+called directives. Directives are optional commands to the preprocessor
+that instruct it to process the input text in a given manner, such as
+permitting hyphenation, suppressing the use of certain ligatures, etc.
+Directives do not affect typesetting or layout.
+
+Directives must occupy a line by themselves and always begin with the
+character \verb+@+. Directives may occur anywhere in the document,
+but not within \devnag{} delimiters (where \verb+@+ is the
+continuation symbol {\dn \char`\^^?}). Directives specific to a
+particular passage of text should appear immediately before that passage;
+directives applying to the entire file should appear just before the first
+line of actual text to be typeset.
+
+Since \verb+@+ is a perfectly legal character in \TeX{}, lines beginning
+with \verb+@+ that do not match any valid \verb+@+ command are flagged
+with a warning, but processing of the file continues. (In the somewhat
+unlikely event that there is actually a need to have a line of \TeX{} text
+consisting exactly of, for example, \verb+@hindi+, the preprocessor may
+be fooled by typing \verb+{}@hindi+ or \verb+{@hindi}+.
+
+New ``negative'' commands have
+been added to reverse the effect of most existing commands: thus it is
+now possible to enable or disable specific features for specific
+passages of text, eg. \verb+@hindi+ may be disabled with
+\verb+@sanskrit+.
+
+In previous releases of \textsf{devnag}, the preprocessor would split
+long lines in its output. The \verb+@obeylines+ command was provided
+to disable this feature. The line-splitting feature has been disabled,
+so that the preprocessor now outputs lines as they appear in the input
+file. The \verb+@obeylines+ directive is no longer recognized by the
+preprocessor as a valid directive and will be ignored; it will therefore
+be typeset as a part of the text of the document.
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[\texttt{@sanskrit}]
+The \verb+@sanskrit+ directive is the default mode for the preprocessor.
+This command may also be used to reinstate the default behavior of the
+preprocessor after the use of \verb+@hindi+ and \verb+@modernhindi+.
+See Table \ref{ligs} for a list of conjuncts and the forms produced in
+\texttt{@sanskrit} mode.
+
+\item[\texttt{@hindi}]
+The \verb+@hindi+ directive switches the preprocessor to Hindi mode. The
+difference between the Sanskrit and Hindi modes is that in Sanskrit mode
+the full forms of conjuncts are used, whereas in Hindi mode certain
+simplified forms are used instead, eg. {\dn Qc} in place of {\dn \3CEw}.
+See Table \ref{ligs} for a list of conjuncts and the forms produced by
+\texttt{@hindi}. Additionally, in Sanskrit mode a \textit{vir\=ama} is
+automatically added at the end of a word if it ends in a consonant,
+while in Hindi mode the preprocessor assumes the presence of the
+inherent vowel \textit{a}. The directive \verb+@hindi+, if used, must
+precede the \verb+@lig+ and \verb+@nolig+ commands. See Table \ref{ligs}
+for a list of conjuncts and the forms produced in \texttt{@hindi} mode.
+
+\item[\texttt{@modernhindi}]
+This directive switches the preprocessor to Hindi mode, similar to
+\verb+@hindi+, but uses far fewer Sanskrit-style ligatures. Conjuncts are
+created from half-consonant forms wherever possible. See Table \ref{ligs}
+for a list of conjuncts and the forms produced in \texttt{@modernhindi}
+mode.
+
+\item[\texttt{@dollars} / \texttt{@nodollars}]
+\label{dol}
+In addition to the \verb+{\dn+ ... \verb+}+ delimiters, \devnag{} text
+can also be delimited by dollar signs, eg. \verb+$acchaa$+. The directive
+\verb+@dollars+ instructs the preprocessor to switch to dollar mode and to
+recognize \verb+$+ as a delimiter. In dollar mode, the dollar sign cannot
+be used for other purposes, such as printing a dollar sign or switching to
+math mode. Dollar signs may be printed by through low-level font commands,
+eg. \verb+\char36+ in Plain \TeX{} or \verb+\symbol{36}+ in \LaTeX{}.
+Switching to math mode when \texttt{@dollars} is active is accomplished
+by using \verb+\(+ and \verb+\)+ as math delimiters.
+
+\item[\texttt{@dolmode0} / \texttt{@dolmode1} / \texttt{@dolmode2} / \texttt{dolmode3}]
+\label{advtop}
+
+When \texttt{@dollars} is active, the behavior of the preprocessor
+can be modified further through the \verb+@dolmode0+, \verb+@dolmode1+,
+\verb+@dolmode2+, and \verb+@dolmode3+ directives.
+
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{tabular}{llll}
+\verb+@dolmode0+ & \verb+$acchaa$+ & $\rightarrow$ & \verb+$acchaa$+ \\
+\verb+@dolmode1+ & \verb+$acchaa$+ & $\rightarrow$ & \verb+\dn aQCA+ \\
+\verb+@dolmode2+ & \verb+$acchaa$+ & $\rightarrow$ & \verb+\pdn aQCA+ \\
+\verb+@dolmode3+ & \verb+$acchaa$+ & $\rightarrow$ & \verb+aQCA+
+\end{tabular}
+\end{quote}
+
+Alternately, \verb+@dolmode3+ can be mimicked using the macro
+\verb+\dn#+, \verb+{\dn# acchaa}+ $\rightarrow$ \texttt{aQCA}. Also, the
+Plain \TeX{} macro \verb+\pdn+ changes the current font into \devnag{}
+in the current size. \LaTeX{} automatically adjusts the font sizing for
+\devnag{} to the document font size.
+
+\item[\texttt{@lig} / \texttt{@nolig}]
+\label{ligcom}
+Certain conjuncts may be enabled or disabled by using the directives
+\verb+@lig+ and \verb+@nolig+. The former enables conjuncts while
+the latter disables them. Supported conjuncts are assigned codes
+and are showned in Table \ref{ligs}. For example, the command
+\verb+@nolig 2+ produces {\dn ?t} instead of {\dn \3C4w} from
+the input \verb+kta+.
+
+More than one conjunct may be specified with a \verb+@lig+ or
+\verb+@nolig+ command, eg. \verb+@lig 20 43 90+. There is no limit to
+the number of \verb+@lig+ or \verb+@nolig+ directives issued within a
+document. However, when a certain conjunct is disabled, all other
+conjunct combinations involving the disabled conjunct are also disabled.
+For example, if conjunct 3 {\dn\symbol{'307}} (\verb+kna+) is disabled
+then conjunct 10 {\dn\symbol{'346}} (\verb+knya+) will also be disabled.
+
+Some basic \devnag{} conjuncts like {\dn\symbol{34}}, {\dn \3E2w} and
+{\dn /} cannot be disabled and are not shown in Table \ref{ligs}. Also,
+most two element ligatures involving \textit{ra}, eg. {\dn\symbol{135}},
+{\dn g\5}, and {\dn \3FEw} cannot be disabled.
+
+\item[\texttt{@hyphen} / \texttt{@nohyphen}]
+These directives control hyphenation of \devnag{} text. They
+provide the ability to enclose a section of particularly dense text
+between \verb+@hyphen+ and \verb+@nohyphen+ without affecting other
+parts of text in the document. To type a hyphen
+in a \devnag{} document simply type \texttt{-}. For example, typing
+\verb+{\dn dive-dive}+ will produce {\dn Edv\?{\rs -\re}Edv\?}. Please
+refer to section \ref{hyphenation} for more information.
+
+\item[\texttt{@tabs} / \texttt{@notabs}]
+The \verb+@tabs+ directive instructs the preprocessor to recognize
+the \verb+&+ character as a \TeX{} tabular character, not as a method
+of encoding \textit{vir\=ama}. The command \verb+@notabs+ resets
+this feature. If \verb+&+ appears word medially, eg.
+\verb+.sa.t&"siraa.h+, it will be processed as a \textit{vir\=ama} even
+if \verb+@tabs+ is specified. This avoids possible incompatibility
+issues with legacy documents. The \verb+_+ character now doubles as a
+way of producing \textit{vir\=ama}, particularly if \verb+@tabs+ is
+used, eg. \verb+pari.sad_+
+
+\item[\texttt{@vconjuncts}]
+A change has been introduced in the way text like \verb+{\dn .sa.t"siraa.h}+
+is processed; specifically, instances where an \textit{i} vowel is associated
+with a consonant sequence containing a \textit{vir\=ama}. The previous
+behavior was to treat the consonant sequence as if it were a normal conjunct
+by placing the vowel diacritic before the sequence as a whole, eg.
+{\dn qE\qq{V}frA,}. The majority opinion seems to be that this is undesirable,
+and that the vowel symbol should follow the consonant to which the
+\textit{vir\=ama} is attached, eg. {\dn q\qq{V}EfrA,}. This is now the
+default behavior of the preprocessor, but the \verb+@vconjuncts+
+directive has been implemented to reinstate the previous output method.
+\end{description}
+
+\subsection{Protecting Text from Conversion}
+The preprocessor will convert all text found in a \devnag{} environment.
+Text may be protected from the preprocessor using the \verb+<+ and \verb+>+
+delimiters. In the example below, the font command between the angle brackets
+will be ignored by the preprocessor, but will be removed from the
+output file.
+
+For example, with \verb+{\dn dharmak.setre <\font\zzz=dvng10 at 18pt> kuruk.setre}+
+the preprocessor will operate on \texttt{dharmak.setre} and \texttt{kuruk.setre},
+but will ignore \verb+\font\zzz=dvng10 at 18pt+ because it occurs within the
+\verb+<+ and \verb+>+ delimiters.
+
+\subsection{Breaking Pre-Defined Conjuncts}
+The preprocessor will automatically produce predefined ligatures
+from certain sequences of consonants. Placing the \texttt{+} character
+between two consonants prevents any predefined ligature representing
+those consonants from being produced. Instead a conjunct will be
+created from half-forms, or, if half-forms do not exist, full forms
+stopped with \textit{vir\=ama} will be used.
+
+For example, the sequence \texttt{kha} will produce {\dn K}. Using
+\texttt{+} to break the sequence -- \texttt{k+ha} -- will create {\dn ?h}.
+
+The use of \texttt{+} is similar to the use of \verb+{}+.
+For example, write \verb+t{}ha+ to produce {\dn \qq{t}{}h}, if
+desired instead of \verb+tha+ {\dn T}.
+
+The \texttt{+} character can be used independently of the \verb+@lig+/\verb+@nolig+
+directives, and it can disable any conjunct. Note that the \texttt{+} character
+only disables single occurrences of a conjunct. To disable all occurrence
+of a conjunct use the \verb+@lig+ directive.
+
+\subsection{Supported \LaTeX{} Commands}
+The preprocessor recognizes some \LaTeX{} macros with arguments. The
+following command types are legal within delimiters.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Font commands: Standard \TeX{} size-changing commands,
+eg. \verb+\small+, \verb+\large+, \verb+\huge+.
+
+\item Environments, including the three table environments:
+\verb+tabular+, \verb+supertabular+, and \verb+longtable+. Note: To use
+table environments within delimited text, the \verb+@tabs+ directive
+must be specified in order to enable the use of the ampersand as a tab
+marker instead of a marker for \textit{vir\=ama}. Refer to Section
+\ref{directives} for more details on preprocessor directives.
+
+\item Spaces: \verb+\hspace+, \verb+\hspace*+, \verb+\vspace+,
+\verb+\vspace*+, \verb+\addvspace+, \verb+\setlength+, \verb+\addtolength+,
+\verb+\enlargethispage+, \verb+\enlargethispage*+, and
+\verb+\\[+\textit{n}\verb+]+. Plain \TeX{} commands may also be used
+when placed between brackets: \verb+{\hskip }+, \verb+{\vskip }+,
+\verb+{\vadjust }+, and \verb+{\kern }+.
+
+\item Counters: \verb+\setcounter+, \verb+\stepcounter+,
+\verb+\addtocounter+, and \verb+\refstepcounter+. Page numbering in
+\devnag{} is also available through the \verb+dev+ counter.
+
+\item Boxes and rules: \verb+\parbox+, \verb+\makebox+,
+\verb+\framebox+, \verb+raisebox+, and \verb+\rule+.
+
+\item References: \verb+\label+, \verb+\ref+, \verb+\pageref+,
+\verb+\index+, \verb+\cite+, and \verb+\bibitem+. If the argument of the
+\verb+\index+ command is in \devnag{}, it will appear in \devnag{}
+in the index file.
+
+\item File commands: \verb+\input+ and \verb+\include+.
+
+\item Roman text may also be embedded within \devnag{} delimited text as
+long as the Roman does not exceed the length of one line. Use
+\verb+{\rm ... }+ to produce embedded Roman text.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\section{\devnag{} Fonts}
+
+The \textsf{devnag} package provides three font families in addition to
+the Standard family: Bombay, Calcutta, and Nepali. All families are
+available in regular, oblique, bold, bold oblique, and pen shapes
+and weights. The Bombay, Calcutta, and Nepali families provide
+variant glyphs which are predominant regional forms for certain
+characters, as shown in Table \ref{diffs}.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \verb+\dnbombay+ switches to the Bombay family
+\item \verb+\dncalcutta+ switches to the Calcutta family
+\item \verb+\dnnepali+ switches to the Nepali family
+\item \verb+\dnoriginal+ switches back to the default regular family
+\item \verb+\dnpen+ switches to the Pen family
+\item \verb+\dnpenbombay+ switches to the Bombay Pen family
+\item \verb+\dnpencalcutta+ switches to the Calcutta Pen family
+\item \verb+\dnpennepali+ switches to the Nepali Pen family
+\end{itemize}
+
+The oblique, bold, and bold oblique shapes and weights are produced
+using standard \LaTeX{} macros. Oblique is obtained with either of the
+\verb+\textit{}+ or \verb+\itshape+ font-changing commands. Bold is
+obtained with either \verb+\textbf{}+ or \verb+\bfseries+. Bold oblique
+requires a combination of the bold and oblique commands, such as
+\verb+\bfseries\itshape+.
+
+To use bold, oblique, and bold oblique varieties in Plain \TeX{}, use the macros
+\verb+\dnbf+ and \verb+\dnit+. The regional families are accessed using the
+macro commands described above. See \texttt{dnmacs.tex} for further information.
+
+Font size may be controlled in \LaTeX{} with the standard font sizing
+commands. In Plain \TeX{}, font size may be controlled with the following
+macros: \verb+\dnsmall+, \verb+\dnnine+, \verb+\dnnormal+,
+\verb+\dnhalf+, \verb+\dnbig+, \verb+\dnlarge+, and \verb+\dnhuge+. See
+\texttt{dnmacs.tex} for further information.
+
+\subsection{Bombay-Style Fonts}
+
+The family name for the Bombay \devnag{} fonts is \textsf{dnb}. To
+access this family, use the command \verb+\dnbombay+ after the
+\verb+\dn+ macro. Standard \LaTeX{} font commands like
+\verb+\fontfamily{dnb}+ and \verb+\usefont{U}{dnb}{}{}+ may be used to
+access the Bombay fonts, however, these commands conflict with the
+preprocessor. Access to the Bombay family within \devnag{}
+environments should be restricted to the \verb+\dnbombay+ macro.
+Use the command \verb+\dnoriginal+ to return to the standard \devnag{}
+font.
+
+\subsection{Calcutta-Style Fonts}
+
+The family name for the Calcutta \devnag{} fonts is \textsf{dnc}. To
+access this family, use the command \verb+\dncalcutta+ after the
+\verb+\dn+ macro. Standard \LaTeX{} font commands like
+\verb+\fontfamily{dnc}+ and \verb+\usefont{U}{dnb}{}{}+ may be used to
+access the Calcutta fonts, however, these commands conflict with the
+preprocessor. Access to the Calcutta family within \devnag{}
+environments should be restricted to the \verb+\dncalcutta+ macro.
+Use the command \verb+\dnoriginal+ to return to the standard \devnag{}
+font.
+
+\subsection{Nepali-Style Fonts}
+
+The family name for the Nepali \devnag{} fonts is \textsf{dnn}. To
+access this family, use the command \verb+\dnnepali+ after the
+\verb+\dn+ macro. Standard \LaTeX{} font commands like
+\verb+\fontfamily{dnn}+ and \verb+\usefont{U}{dnn}{}{}+ may be used to
+access the Nepali fonts, however, these commands conflict with the
+preprocessor. Access to the Nepali family within \devnag{}
+environments should be restricted to the \verb+\dnnepali+ macro.
+Use the command \verb+\dnoriginal+ to return to the standard \devnag{}
+font.
+
+
+\subsection{\devnag{} Pen Fonts}
+
+The \devnag{} Pen family is a simple modification of the Standard
+face created by Tom Ridgeway, which resembles Devanagari written
+with a pen. Standard Pen fonts are available as the family \textsf{dnp} and may be
+accessed within \devnag{} environments with the command \verb+\dnpen+. The
+Pen family for the Bombay style are available as the family \textsf{dnpb},
+and may be accessed with the command \verb+\dnpenbombay+. The Pen family for
+the Calcutta style is called \textsf{dnpc} and may be accessed with the command
+\verb+\dnpencalcutta+. The Pen family for the Nepali style is called \textsf{dnpn}
+and may be accessed with the command \verb+\dnpennepali+. Use the command
+\verb+\dnpen+ to return to the standard \devnag{} Pen font.
+
+
+\subsection{Default \devnag{} Font (\LaTeX{} Only)}
+
+The \devnag{} package provides options \verb+bombay+, \verb+calcutta+,
+\verb+nepali+, \verb+pen+, \verb+penbombay+, \verb+pencalcutta+, and
+\verb+pennepali+ so as to set the corresponding font as the default one. It may
+seem that using \verb+\dncalcutta+ at the beginning of the document is
+sufficient. However, as we will show later in this document, the \devnag{}
+package may create automatically some captions as well as a running head. When
+producing such texts, \LaTeX{} is set to use Roman fonts and the automatic text
+switches to \devnag{} just by \verb+\dn+. You would thus see {\dn\dncalcutta
+a@yAy} in the normal text but {\dn a@yAy} in automatic captions which is
+undesirable. The package options inform which font style should be used as
+default.
+
+It is also possible to change the default font by defining macro
+\verb+\dnfamilydefault+.
+
+The font switching commands described in the previous subsections can be used
+for local changes of the style.
+
+\subsection{Postscript Type-1}
+
+PostScript Type 1 scalable fonts of Frans Velthuis' \devnag{} fonts
+were produced by Richard Mahoney and Zden\v{e}k Wagner. These fonts were
+generated as
+follows. First, \MF{} and TFM files were passed through Han-Wen
+Nienhuys' Python script, \texttt{mftrace}, to produce Adobe Type 1
+font programs in ASCII format, PFA files. While it ran,
+\texttt{mftrace} called Peter Selinger's \texttt{potrace} to generate
+smooth, scalable images, \MF{} at a magnification ranging from 2900 to
+3250 to produce decent PFA files, and George Williams'
+\texttt{fontforge} to simplify and hint glyphs. Next, the PFA files
+were edited using a Perl script, and
+reassembled as Adobe Type 1 font programs in binary format, PFB
+files. Reassembly was accomplished with
+\texttt{t1binary} from Lee Hetherington's and Eddie
+Kohler's \texttt{t1utils}. AFM metrics files were generated from the PFA files
+by Robert Joop's and Angus Duggan's \texttt{getafm}. The PFB Adobe Type 1 font
+programs and
+Adobe Font Metrics, AFM files, are bundled with the \textsf{devnag}
+package.
+
+To use the Type 1 fonts with \texttt{dvips} and pdf\TeX, it is in modern
+\TeX{} distributions sufficient to run
+\texttt{mktexlsr} or \texttt{texhash} and then issue:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+updmap --enable MixedMap dvng.map
+\end{verbatim}
+
+If you do not have \texttt{updmap}, you must
+edit the local \textsf{dvips} \texttt{psfonts.map}
+file to contain a reference to \texttt{dvng.map}; or copy the contents
+of \texttt{dvng.map} into \texttt{config.ps}.
+
+% \subsection{Creating Custom Font Varieties}
+%
+% The \MF{} source files have been organized to make it easy to produce
+% custom font varieties, such as larger point sizes, fonts that contain
+% some alternate letters but not others, and non-standard bold and oblique
+% fonts. For further information, see the comments in \texttt{dngen.mf}.
+% If you are using \LaTeX{}, you may need to modify \texttt{dev.sty}, and
+% add or modify \texttt{.fd} files. For Plain \TeX{}, you may want to
+% modify \texttt{dnmacs.tex}.
+
+\section{Special Topics}\label{spec}
+
+\subsection{Delimiter Scope}
+The \LaTeX{} font-size commands may be used within
+\devnag{} delimited text, however, as a general rule, the font-size
+command should follow the \verb+\dn+ delimiter, otherwise
+the font definition commands of \verb+\dn+ will be overridden. For
+example, items 1, 2, and 3 below produce the correct forms, but
+4 does not:
+
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{tabular}{llcl}
+1. & \verb+{\dn \large acchaa}+ & $\rightarrow$ & {\dn aQCA} \\
+2. & \verb+{\dn {\large acchaa}}+ & $\rightarrow$ & {\dn aQCA} \\
+3. & \verb+{\large {\dn acchaa}}+ & $\rightarrow$ & {\dn aQCA} \\
+4. & \verb+{\large \dn acchaa}+ & $\rightarrow$ & {\dn acchaa} \\
+\end{tabular}
+\end{quote}
+
+\subsection{Line Spacing}
+Due to the super- and subscript characters of the \devnag{} script, the
+default line spacing (leading) often needs to be increased to prevent
+the crowding of lines. The parameter \verb+\baselineskip+
+(\verb+\linespread+ for \LaTeX{}) controls the line spacing.
+
+\TeX{} determines and adjusts the value of \verb+\baselineskip+ after it
+finishes processing a paragraph. If a paragraph contains a mixture of
+\devnag{} and Roman text, and ends with Roman text, then \TeX{} will set
+the value of \verb+\baselineskip+ according to the Roman text. This may
+result in crowding of \devnag{} text.
+
+There are, however, solutions to this. An explicit value can be assigned
+to \verb+\baselineskip+ before the paragraph ends. The macro file
+\texttt{dnmacs.tex} shows examples of the value of \verb+\baselineskip+
+at different font sizes. Default line spacing is also set in
+\texttt{dev.sty}. Alternately, `dummy' \textsf{devnag} text containing
+\verb+\par+ can be placed at the end of the paragraph, eg.
+\verb+{\dn \par}+.
+
+Even when a paragraph has only \textsf{devnag} text, the paragraph-end
+command must be included within \textsf{devnag} text, meaning that the
+closing delimiter, which ends the \textsf{devnag} text, must follow
+the empty line or the \verb+\par+ command that forces the paragraph to
+end.
+
+\subsection{Hyphenation}
+\label{hyphenation}
+
+The \texttt{devnag} package does more or less all that needs to be done
+from the point of view of hyphenating Sanskrit in \devnag{} through the
+\texttt{@hyphen} and \texttt{@nohyphen} directives, which are discussed in
+section \ref{directives}. If hyphenation is off, then there are no hyphens,
+and very stretchy inter-word space. This is acceptable for ragged-right
+settings or for text in verse form, but may produce poor results
+in right-justified prose text, especially if the given passage contains
+long compound words. If hyphenation is on then discretionary hyphens are
+set between all syllables.
+
+\subsection{Captions and Date Formats (\LaTeX{} only)}
+The language modules of the \textsf{babel} package change captions texts and
+date formats. Although \textsf{dev.sty} is not a \textsf{babel} module, similar
+mechanism is implemented here. Macros \verb=\datehindi= and
+\verb=\datemodernhindi= enable Europian style Hindi date generated by the
+standard \verb=\today= command. The ``traditional'' and ``modern'' variants
+comtain the same names of the months, they differ only in the ligatures used.
+You should therefore use \verb=\datemodernhindi= in documents processed with
+\verb=@modernhindi=. The names of the months used in the definition of
+\verb=\datemodernhindi= are summarized in Table~\ref{months}.
+
+\begin{table}[bth]
+\centering
+\extrarowheight 2pt
+\begin{tabular}{|rl|rl|}\hline
+1 & {\dn jnvrF} & 7 & {\dn \7{j}lAI}\\
+2 & {\dn \327wrvrF} & 8 & {\dn ag-t}\\
+3 & {\dn mAc\0} & 9 & {\dn EstMbr}\\
+4 & {\dn a\3FEw\4l} & 10 & {\dn a?\8{t}br}\\
+5 & {\dn mI} & 11 & {\dn nvMbr}\\
+6 & {\dn \8{j}n} & 12 & {\dn EdsMbr}\\\hline
+\end{tabular}
+
+\caption{Names of the months in the definition of
+\texttt{\char92 datemodernhindi}}\label{months}
+\end{table}
+
+The captions are similarly switched to Hindi by \verb=\captionshindi= or
+\verb=\captionsmodernhindi=, respectively. Again the texts differ only in the
+ligatures used. The captions for the modern Hindi variant are given in
+Table~\ref{captions}.
+
+\begin{table}[bt]
+\centering
+\extrarowheight 2pt
+\begin{tabular}{|>{\tt\char92 }l|l|}\hline
+\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{\bfseries Macro} & \bfseries Caption \\\hline
+abstractname & {\dn sArA\2f}\\
+appendixname & {\dn pErEf\309wV}\\
+bibname & {\dn s\2df\0 g\5\306wT}\\
+ccname & \\
+chaptername & {\dn a@yAy}\\
+contentsname & {\dn Evqy{\rs -\re}\8{s}cF}\\
+enclname & {\dn }\\
+figurename & {\dn Ec/}\\
+headpagename & {\dn \9{p}\309wW}\\
+headtoname & \\
+indexname & {\dn \8{s}cF}\\
+listfigurename & {\dn Ec/o{\qva} kF \8{s}cF}\\
+listtablename & {\dn tAElkAao\2 kF \8{s}cF}\\
+pagename & {\dn \9{p}\309wW}\\
+partname & {\dn K\317wX}\\
+prefacename & {\dn \3FEw-tAvnA}\\
+refname & {\dn hvAl\?}\\
+tablename & {\dn tAElkA}\\
+seename & {\dn d\?EKe}\\
+alsoname & {\dn aOr d\?EKe}\\
+alsoseename & {\dn aOr d\?EKe}\\\hline
+\end{tabular}
+
+\caption{Modern Hindi captions}\label{captions}
+\end{table}
+
+The macros for the \textsc{letter} class are left intentionally empty. The idea
+of the \textsf{babel} package is to prepare a universal template for business
+letters using a set of macros. The header of the letter would make use of the
+\verb=\headtoname= macro which will produce ``To: Mr.\@ Kumar'' in English
+letters and ``Komu: pan Kumar'' in Czech letters. If we simply defined
+\verb=\headtoname= to {\dn ko}, the universal template would put it before the
+name which would be wrong. Hindi requires different word order, namely {\dn
+\399wF \7{k}mAr ko}. The universal templates are thus useless in Hindi and the
+letter template must be redesigned almost from scratch. It therefore makes no
+sense to define the letter macros.
+
+Two package options are provided: \verb=hindi= and \verb=modernhindi=. If used,
+they cause the \verb=\dn= command to switch the caption text and date format as
+well. The date format and captions may be switched back by macros
+\verb=\dateenglish=, \verb=\dateUSenglish=, and \verb=\captionsenglish=.
+
+\subsection{Customizing the date and captions}
+The user might prefer different caption texts. If just a few texts are to be
+changed, they can simply be redefined in the main document, for instace by:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\def\indexname{{\dn anukrama.nikaa}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+This redefinition must appear \textbf{after} \verb=\captionshindi= or
+\verb=\captionsmodernhindi= was invoked.
+
+It is also possible to change all definitions. The source texts in the Velthuis
+transliteration can be found in the \texttt{input} directory
+(\verb=$TEXMF/tex/latex/devanagr=) in file
+\texttt{captions.dn} with some suggested variants in comments. You can either
+put modified definitions to your main document (after \textsf{dev.sty}) or to a
+package of your own. Remember that the preprocessor will not see your package,
+you must preprocess it separately. Your package must either reside in the same
+directory as your document or in some directory which is searched by \LaTeX. In
+the latter case you will have to rebuild the database by running
+\textsf{mktexlsr} or \textsf{texhash} in many \TeX{} distributions.
+
+Do not put your packages to standard distribution directories. You may lose
+them when upgrading your \TeX{} distribution.
+
+\renewcommand\thepage{{\dn\arabic{page}}}
+
+\subsection{Using {\dn d\?vnAgrF} in Sections and References}
+All macros necessary for typesetting \devnag{} text are robust. The
+section/chapter titles as well as figure and table captions can contain
+\devnag{} words. However, the font is changed to the standard document
+font before the title is typeset. It is therefore mandatory to use
+\verb+\dn+ even if the section title appears inside the \verb+\dn+
+environment. Thus, \verb+\chapter{{\dn mis paal}}+ will be printed
+correctly while \verb+{\dn\chapter{mis paal}}+ will always
+create garbage text. Section numbers as well as page numbers will be
+printed in Roman numerals.
+
+\subsection{\devnag{} Page Numbers}
+Changing page numbers to print \devnag{} numerals is possible by
+redefining the \verb+\thepage+ macro. This redefinition places the
+\verb+page+ counter in the scope of the \verb+\dn+ delimiter. However,
+note that \verb+\arabic{page}+ is enclosed within angle brackets. This
+is required because the preprocessor does not recognize the counter
+as a command. The pagination for this page till the end of Chapter~\ref{spec}
+occurs in \devnag{} through
+the following redefintion of \verb+\thepage+:
+
+\begin{quote}
+\verb+\renewcommand\thepage{{\dn<\arabic{page}>}}+
+\end{quote}
+
+Other counters can be printed in \devnag{} by redefinition macros. For
+example, to change section numbering to \devnag{}, redefine
+\verb+\thesection+ in a manner similar to \verb+\thepage+ above, using
+the \verb+section+ counter instead of \verb+page+:
+
+\begin{quote}
+\verb+\renewcommand\thesection{{\dn<\arabic{section}>}}+
+\end{quote}
+
+\subsection{Category Codes}
+\label{catcodes}
+\TeX{} assigns a category code (\verb+\catcode+) to each character. For
+example, normal characters are assigned to category 11, and because the
+backslash belongs to category 0, it is treated as the first character of
+macro commands.
+
+The fonts in the \textsf{devnag} package use characters with codes below
+32. In previous releases of the package the category of these characters was
+to 11. However, these catcode assignments caused conflicts with some
+packages and with tables where tab characters were used.
+Most of these problems could be solved at the macro level, but
+unfortunately not all of them. The most serious problem is that words
+like {\dn v\char10 t} do not get correctly transfered from section
+titles to the table-of-contents.
+
+A modification of the preprocessor was necessary to resolve this
+issue. As a result, a change of character categories is no longer
+needed. The output of the revised preprocessor is compatible with
+previous releases of \texttt{dev.sty}. This fix solves the
+table-of-contents problem, but not the conflicts. The new
+\texttt{dev.sty} is still able to process files generated by the
+previous versions of the preprocessor.
+
+To indicate which version of the preprocessor was used to process a
+given \devnag{} file, a string is written to the beginning of the output
+\TeX{} file. The macro definition \verb+\DevnagVersion+ is written to
+the first line of the output file and indicates the preprocessor
+version. If the whole document is present in a single file, the
+definition will appear before reading the macro package. The package
+then changes its behaviour according to the existence or non-existence
+of the above mentioned macro. If the macro is defined, no categories are
+changed. If the macro is undefined, the \textsf{dev} package assumes
+that it is processing an output from an older version of the
+preprocessor and the categories of the characters are changed.
+
+The \textsf{nocatcodes} option is intended for use with files produced
+by the old preprocessor. This option changes the categories only within
+the \verb+\dn+ environment, not globally for the document. The
+\textsf{catcodes} option instructs the package to change the categories
+globally. This does not, however, change the categories as a part of
+the \verb+\dn+ command. If you assume that the categories can be changed
+somewhere in the middle of the document and you wish to set them
+properly by \verb+\dn+, you can use the \textsf{compat} option. The
+macro \verb+\UnDevCatcodes+ changes catcodes back to the normal values
+within the \verb+\dn+ environment.
+
+\section{Vedic Macros}
+
+\renewcommand\thepage{{\arabic{page}}}
+
+These macros put Vedic intonation marks above and below individual
+Devanagari letters and construct other characters generally used only in
+Vedic text.
+
+There are two groups of these macros, one for Rig Veda, and one for Sama
+Veda. To use the Rig Veda macros, you must first enter the command
+\verb=\dnveda=
+at some point after \verb=\input dnmacs= or \verb=\usepackage{dev}=, and to use the Sama Veda accents, you must
+first type \verb=\dnsamaveda=.
+
+Both of these modes redefine standard macro names already used in Plain \TeX{}
+and \LaTeX. In Rig Veda mode the macros \verb=\_=, \verb+\=+, \verb=\|=, and
+\verb=\~= are redefined,
+while in Sama Veda mode, \verb=\^= and \verb=\@= are redefined. If your document already
+uses these macros in their original sense, then use \verb=\dnveda= or
+\verb=\dnsamaveda= only within \verb=\dn= mode. Otherwise, use \verb=\dnveda=
+or \verb=\dnsamaveda= once
+at the beginning of the document.
+
+This approach to macro names has been used because, when intonation marks
+are needed, they are needed very frequently and are inserted into parts of
+words, so the macro names should be very short and symbolic.
+
+\subsection{Rig Veda Macros}
+
+\subsubsection{Anudatta (low) tone macro \texttt{\char92\_}, variable width}
+
+This macro takes one argument, the text letter.
+Example: \verb=\dnveda ... {\dn \_{a}gnim}=
+
+This macro may be combined with \verb=\|= for a pluta mark: \verb=\_{\|{3}}=.
+
+The anudatta mark produced by this macro is nearly as wide as the letter and
+thus varies in width from one letter to another.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Anudatta (low) tone macro \texttt{\char92=}, fixed width}
+
+This macro takes one argument, the text letter.
+Example: \verb+\dnveda ... {\dn \={a}gnim}+
+
+This macro may be combined with \verb=\|= for a pluta mark: \verb+\={\|{3}}+.
+
+The anudatta mark produced by this macro has a fixed width and is centered
+under the letter.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Svarita (rising) tone macro \texttt{\char92|}}
+
+This macro takes one argument, the text letter.
+Example: \verb=\dnveda ... {\dn \|{ii}Le}=
+
+This macro may be combined with \verb=\|= for a pluta mark: \verb=\|{\_{3}}=.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Pada separator macro \texttt{\char92\~}}
+
+This macro inserts a pada separtor between two Devanagari letters.
+Example: \verb=\dnveda ... {\dn na\_{ra}\~maa}=
+
+\subsection{Usage Samples}
+This subsection provides two small usage samples of Vedic macros.
+
+
+{\dn\dnnum\Large\dncalcutta
+{\dnveda
+
+\_{a}E`n\|{mF}\30Fw\? \_{\7{p}}ro\|{Eh}t\2 \_{y}\3E2w\|{-y}
+\_{d\?}v\_{\9{m}}E(v\|{j}\qq{m} . \
+ho\|{tA}r\2 r\_{\3D7w}DA\|{t}m\qq{m} \quad \rn{1}
+
+}}
+
+The text above was typeset by:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+{\dn\dnnum\Large\dncalcutta
+{\dnveda
+
+\_{a}gni\|{mii}Le \_{pu}ro\|{hi}ta.m \_{ya}j~na\|{sya}
+\_{de}va\_{m.r}tvi\|{ja}m | \
+ho\|{taa}ra.m ra\_{tna}dhaa\|{ta}mam \quad 1
+
+}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\def\samaindent{\parindent=1.0in}
+\def\dnitem#1{\noindent\llap{#1\space}\leftskip\parindent}
+{\dn\dnnum\dncalcutta
+{\dnsamaveda\samaindent
+\dnitem{\rn{1}} \^{a}{\rn{2}}\^{`n}{\rn{3}} \^{aA}{\rn{1}} \^{yA}{\rn{2}}Eh
+\^{vF}{\rn{3}}\^{t}{\rn{1}}\^{y\?}{\rn{2}} \9{g}\^{ZA}{\rn{3}}\^{no}{\rn{2}}
+\^{h}{\rn{3}}\^{\326wy}{\rn{1}}\^{dA}{\rn{2}}ty\? \\
+\^{En}{\rn{1}} ho\^{tA}{\rn{2}r} sE(s \^{b}{\rn{3}}\^{Eh\0}{\rn{1}}\^{Eq}{\rn{2}} \quad \rn{1}
+
+}}
+
+The text above was typeset by:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\def\samaindent{\parindent=1.0in}
+\def\dnitem#1{\noindent\llap{#1\space}\leftskip\parindent}
+{\dn\dnnum\dncalcutta
+{\dnsamaveda\samaindent
+\dnitem{1} \^{a}{2}\^{gna}{3} \^{aa}{1} \^{yaa}{2}hi
+\^{vii}{3}\^{ta}{1}\^{ye}{2} g.r\^{.naa}{3}\^{no}{2}
+\^{ha}{3}\^{vya}{1}\^{daa}{2}taye \\
+\^{ni}{1} ho\^{taa}{2ra} satsi \^{ba}{3}\^{rhi}{1}\^{.si}{2} \quad 1
+
+}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\begin{table}[pt]
+\begin{center}
+\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.35}
+\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|}
+\hline
+ & \textsc{original} & \textsc{bombay} & \textsc{calcutta} & \textsc{nepali} \\
+\hline
+\textit{a} & {\dn a} & {\dn\dnbombay a} & {\dn\dncalcutta a} & \\
+\textit{\underrng{r}} & {\dn \31Bw} & {\dn\dnbombay \31Bw} & {\dn\dncalcutta \31Bw} & \\
+\textit{\diatop[\=|\underrng{r}]} & {\dn \311w} & {\dn\dnbombay \311w} & {\dn\dncalcutta \311w} & \\
+\textit{\underrng{l}} & {\dn \318w} & {\dn\dnbombay \318w} & {\dn\dncalcutta \318w} & \\
+\textit{\diatop[\=|\underrng{l}]} & {\dn \319w} & {\dn\dnbombay \319w} & {\dn\dncalcutta \319w} & \\
+\textit{cha} & {\dn C} & {\dn\dnbombay C} & {\dn\dncalcutta C} & \\
+\textit{jha} & {\dn J} & {\dn\dnbombay J} & {\dn\dncalcutta J} & {\dn\dnnepali J} \\
+\textit{\d{n}a} & {\dn Z} & {\dn\dnbombay Z} & {\dn\dncalcutta Z} & \\
+\textit{la} & {\dn l} & {\dn\dnbombay l} & {\dn\dncalcutta l} & \\
+\textit{\'sa} & {\dn f} & {\dn\dnbombay f} & {\dn\dncalcutta f} & \\
+\textit{1} & {\dn\dnnum 1} & {\dn\dnnum\dnbombay 1} & {\dn\dnnum\dncalcutta 1} & {\dn\dnnum\dnnepali 1}\\
+\textit{5} & {\dn\dnnum 5} & {\dn\dnnum\dnbombay 5} & {\dn\dnnum\dncalcutta 5} & \\
+\textit{8} & {\dn\dnnum 8} & {\dn\dnnum\dnbombay 8} & {\dn\dnnum\dncalcutta 8} & \\
+\textit{9} & {\dn\dnnum 9} & {\dn\dnnum\dnbombay 9} & {\dn\dnnum\dncalcutta 9} & {\dn\dnnum\dnnepali 9}\\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+\bigskip
+
+\begin{center}
+\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.35}
+\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|}
+\hline
+ & \textsc{original} & \textsc{bombay} & \textsc{calcutta} & \textsc{nepali} \\
+\hline
+\textit{k\d{s}a} & {\dn "} & {\dn\dnbombay "} & {\dn\dncalcutta "} & \\
+\textit{k\d{s}}- & {\dn \symbol{'43}} & {\dn\dnbombay \symbol{'43}} & {\dn\dncalcutta \symbol{'43}} & \\
+\textit{\.nk\d{s}a} & {\dn \3B0w} & {\dn\dnbombay \3B0w} & {\dn\dncalcutta \3B0w} & \\
+\textit{\.nk\d{s}va} & {\dn \3B1w} & {\dn\dnbombay \3B1w} & {\dn\dncalcutta \3B1w} & \\
+\textit{chya} & {\dn \3D0w} & {\dn\dnbombay \3D0w} & {\dn\dncalcutta \3D0w} & \\
+\textit{j\~na} & {\dn \3E2w} & {\dn\dnbombay \3E2w} & {\dn\dncalcutta \3E2w} & \\
+\textit{j\~n}- & {\dn \symbol{'352}} & {\dn\dnbombay \symbol{'352}} & {\dn\dncalcutta \symbol{'352}} & \\
+\textit{jh}- & {\dn \324w} & {\dn\dnbombay \324w} & {\dn\dncalcutta \324w} & {\dn\dnnepali \324w} \\
+\textit{\d{n}}- & {\dn \symbol{'27}} & {\dn\dnbombay \symbol{'27}} & {\dn\dncalcutta \symbol{'27}} & \\
+\textit{\d{n}\d{n}a} & {\dn \symbol{'233}} & {\dn\dnbombay \symbol{'233}} & {\dn\dncalcutta \symbol{'233}} & \\
+\textit{lla} & {\dn \3A5w} & {\dn\dnbombay \3A5w} & {\dn\dncalcutta \3A5w} & \\
+\textit{\'{s}}- & {\dn \symbol{'133}} & {\dn\dnbombay \symbol{'133}} & {\dn\dncalcutta \symbol{'133}} & \\
+\textit{-ya} & {\dn \symbol{'053}} & {\dn\dnbombay \symbol{'053}} & {\dn\dncalcutta \symbol{'053}} & \\
+\textit{h\d{n}a} & {\dn \3A2w} & {\dn\dnbombay \3A2w} & {\dn\dncalcutta \3A2w} & \\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+\caption{Standard and Variant \devnag{} Characters}
+\label{diffs}
+\end{table}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\begin{center}
+\begin{table}[p]
+\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.35}
+\begin{tabular}{|lllll||lllll||lllll|}
+\hline
+\# & & \textsc{s} & \textsc{h} & \textsc{mh} &
+\# & & \textsc{s} & \textsc{h} & \textsc{mh} &
+\# & & \textsc{s} & \textsc{h} & \textsc{mh} \\ \hline
+1 & {\dn k k} & {\dn\symbol{'303}} & {\dn \3C3w} & {\dn ?k} &
+36 & {\dn\symbol{'32} c} & {\dn\symbol{'321}} & {\dn \316wc} & {\dn \316wc} &
+71 & {\dn d r y} & {\dn\symbol{'357}} & {\dn \3EFw} & {\dn \qb{d}+}\\
+2 & {\dn k t } & {\dn\symbol{'304}} & {\dn \3C4w} & {\dn ?t} &
+37 & {\dn\symbol{'32} j} & {\dn\symbol{'322}} & {\dn \316wj} & {\dn \316wj} &
+72 & {\dn d v y} & {\dn\symbol{'225}} & {\dn \395w} & {\dn \392w+}\\
+3 & {\dn k n} & {\dn\symbol{'307}} & {\dn ?n} & {\dn ?n} &
+38 & {\dn V k} & {\dn\symbol{'326}} & {\dn \3D6w} & {\dn \qq{V}k} &
+73 & {\dn D n} & {\dn\symbol{'360}} & {\dn @n} & {\dn @n}\\
+4 & {\dn k m} & {\dn\symbol{'311}} & {\dn ?m} & {\dn ?m} &
+39 & {\dn V V} & {\dn\symbol{'323}} & {\dn \3D3w} & {\dn \qq{V}V} &
+74 & {\dn n n} & {\dn\symbol{'340}} & {\dn \3E0w} & {\dn \306wn}\\
+5 & {\dn k y} & {\dn\symbol{'310}} & {\dn \3C8w} & {\dn ?y} &
+40 & {\dn V W} & {\dn\symbol{'341}} & {\dn \3E1w} & {\dn \qq{V}W} &
+75 & {\dn p t} & {\dn\symbol{'330}} & {\dn =t} & {\dn =t}\\
+6 & {\dn k l} & {\dn\symbol{'312}} & {\dn ?l} & {\dn ?l} &
+41 & {\dn V y} & {\dn\symbol{'324}} & {\dn \3D4w} & {\dn V+} &
+76 & {\dn p n} & {\dn\symbol{'331}} & {\dn =n} & {\dn =n}\\
+7 & {\dn k v} & {\dn\symbol{'313}} & {\dn ?v} & {\dn ?v} &
+42 & {\dn W y} & {\dn\symbol{'325}} & {\dn \3D5w} & {\dn W+} &
+77 & {\dn p l} & {\dn\symbol{'332}} & {\dn =l} & {\dn =l}\\
+8 & {\dn k t y} & {\dn\symbol{'305}} & {\dn \3C5w} & {\dn ?(y} &
+43 & {\dn X g} & {\dn\symbol{'263}} & {\dn \qq{X}g} & {\dn \qq{X}g} &
+78 & {\dn b n} & {\dn\symbol{'247}} & {\dn Nn} & {\dn Nn}\\
+9 & {\dn k t v} & {\dn\symbol{'306}} & {\dn \3C6w} & {\dn ?(v} &
+44 & {\dn X G} & {\dn\symbol{'264}} & {\dn \qq{X}G} & {\dn \qq{X}G} &
+79 & {\dn b b} & {\dn\symbol{'251}} & {\dn Nb} & {\dn Nb}\\
+10 & {\dn k n y} & {\dn\symbol{'346}} & {\dn ?\306wy} & {\dn ?\306wy} &
+45 & {\dn X X} & {\dn\symbol{'345}} & {\dn \3E5w} & {\dn \qq{X}X} &
+80 & {\dn b v} & {\dn\symbol{'333}} & {\dn Nv} & {\dn Nv}\\
+11 & {\dn k r y} & {\dn\symbol{'347}} & {\dn \3E7w} & {\dn \3E7w} &
+46 & {\dn X m} & {\dn\symbol{'273}} & {\dn \qq{X}m} & {\dn \qq{X}m} &
+81 & {\dn B n} & {\dn\symbol{'336}} & {\dn <n} & {\dn <n}\\
+12 & {\dn k v y} & {\dn\symbol{'314}} & {\dn ?\&y} & {\dn ?\&y} &
+47 & {\dn X y} & {\dn\symbol{'267}} & {\dn \3B7w} & {\dn X+} &
+82 & {\dn m n} & {\dn\symbol{'337}} & {\dn Mn} & {\dn Mn}\\
+13 & {\dn k t r y} & {\dn\symbol{'374}} & {\dn \3FCw} & {\dn ?\3ECwy} &
+48 & {\dn X g y} & {\dn\symbol{'270}} & {\dn \qq{X}`y} & {\dn \qq{X}`y} &
+83 & {\dn m l} & {\dn\symbol{'335}} & {\dn Ml} & {\dn Ml}\\
+14 & {\dn G n} & {\dn\symbol{'315}} & {\dn \35Dwn} & {\dn \35Dwn} &
+49 & {\dn X G r} & {\dn\symbol{'266}} & {\dn \qq{X}G\5} & {\dn \qq{X}G\5} &
+84 & {\dn l l} & {\dn\symbol{'245}} & {\dn Sl} & {\dn Sl}\\
+15 & {\dn R k} & {\dn\symbol{'254}} & {\dn \3ACw} & {\dn \qq{R}k} &
+50 & {\dn X r y} & {\dn\symbol{'373}} & {\dn \3FBw} & {\dn \6{X}+} &
+85 & {\dn v n} & {\dn\symbol{'246}} & {\dn \&n} & {\dn \&n}\\
+16 & {\dn R K} & {\dn\symbol{'262}} & {\dn \3B2w} & {\dn \qq{R}K} &
+51 & {\dn Y y} & {\dn\symbol{'344}} & {\dn \3E4w} & {\dn Y+} &
+86 & {\dn v v} & {\dn\symbol{'250}} & {\dn \&v} & {\dn \&v}\\
+17 & {\dn R g} & {\dn\symbol{'275}} & {\dn \3BDw} & {\dn \qq{R}g} &
+52 & {\dn t t} & {\dn\symbol{'201}} & {\dn \381w} & {\dn \381w} &
+87 & {\dn f c} & {\dn\symbol{'226}} & {\dn \35Bwc} & {\dn \35Bwc}\\
+18 & {\dn R G} & {\dn\symbol{'277}} & {\dn \3BFw} & {\dn \qq{R}G} &
+53 & {\dn t n} & {\dn\symbol{'327}} & {\dn (n} & {\dn (n} &
+88 & {\dn f n} & {\dn\symbol{'227}} & {\dn \35Bwn} & {\dn \35Bwn}\\
+19 & {\dn R R} & {\dn\symbol{'274}} & {\dn \3BCw} & {\dn \qq{R}R} &
+54 & {\dn d g} & {\dn\symbol{'213}} & {\dn \qq{d}g} & {\dn \qq{d}g} &
+% 89 & {\dn f b} & {\dn\symbol{'233}} & {\dn \35Bwb} & {\dn \35Bwb}\\
+89 & --- & --- & --- & --- \\
+20 & {\dn R n} & {\dn\symbol{'265}} & {\dn \3B5w} & {\dn \qq{R}n} &
+55 & {\dn d G} & {\dn\symbol{'212}} & {\dn \qq{d}G} & {\dn \qq{d}G} &
+90 & {\dn f l} & {\dn\symbol{'232}} & {\dn \35Bwl} & {\dn \35Bwl}\\
+21 & {\dn R m} & {\dn\symbol{'301}} & {\dn \3C1w} & {\dn \qq{R}m} &
+56 & {\dn d d} & {\dn\symbol{'214}} & {\dn \38Cw} & {\dn \38Cw} &
+91 & {\dn f v} & {\dn\symbol{'230}} & {\dn \35Bwv} & {\dn \35Bwv}\\
+22 & {\dn R y} & {\dn\symbol{'302}} & {\dn \3C2w} & {\dn R+} &
+57 & {\dn d D} & {\dn\symbol{'210}} & {\dn \388w} & {\dn \388w} &
+92 & {\dn q V} & {\dn\symbol{'243}} & {\dn \309wV} & {\dn \309wV}\\
+23 & {\dn R k t} & {\dn\symbol{'255}} & {\dn \qq{\3ACw}t} & {\dn \qq{R}?t} &
+58 & {\dn d n} & {\dn\symbol{'221}} & {\dn \qq{d}n} & {\dn \qq{d}n} &
+93 & {\dn q W} & {\dn\symbol{'244}} & {\dn \309wW} & {\dn \309wW}\\
+24 & {\dn R k y} & {\dn\symbol{'257}} & {\dn \3AFw} & {\dn \qq{R}?y} &
+59 & {\dn d b} & {\dn\symbol{'223}} & {\dn \393w} & {\dn \393w} &
+94 & {\dn q V y} & {\dn\symbol{'367}} & {\dn \309w\3D4w} & {\dn \309wV+}\\
+25 & {\dn R k q} & {\dn\symbol{'260}} & {\dn \qq{\3ACw}q} & {\dn \qq{R}"} &
+60 & {\dn d B} & {\dn\symbol{'211}} & {\dn \389w} & {\dn \qq{d}B} &
+95 & {\dn q V v} & {\dn\symbol{'253}} & {\dn \309w\qq{V}v} & {\dn \309w\qq{V}v}\\
+26 & {\dn R K y} & {\dn\symbol{'272}} & {\dn \3BAw} & {\dn \qq{R}Hy} &
+61 & {\dn d m} & {\dn\symbol{'224}} & {\dn \qq{d}m} & {\dn \qq{d}m} &
+96 & {\dn q V r y} & {\dn\symbol{'252}} & {\dn \3AAw} & {\dn \309w\6{V}+}\\
+27 & {\dn R g y} & {\dn\symbol{'276}} & {\dn \3BEw} & {\dn \qq{R}`y} &
+62 & {\dn d y} & {\dn\symbol{'215}} & {\dn \38Dw} & {\dn \38Dw} &
+97 & {\dn s n} & {\dn\symbol{'334}} & {\dn -n} & {\dn -n}\\
+28 & {\dn R G y} & {\dn\symbol{'271}} & {\dn \3B9w} & {\dn \qq{R}\35Dwy} &
+63 & {\dn d v} & {\dn\symbol{'222}} & {\dn \392w} & {\dn \392w} &
+98 & {\dn s r} & {\dn\symbol{'372}} & {\dn \3FAw} & {\dn \3FAw}\\
+29 & {\dn R G r} & {\dn\symbol{'300}} & {\dn \3C0w} & {\dn \qq{R}G\5} &
+64 & {\dn d g r} & {\dn\symbol{'355}} & {\dn \qq{d}g\5} & {\dn \qq{d}g\5} &
+99 & {\dn h Z} & {\dn\symbol{'242}} & {\dn \3A2w} & {\dn \3A2w}\\
+30 & {\dn R k t y} & {\dn\symbol{'256}} & {\dn \qq{\3ACw}(y} & {\dn \qq{R}?(y} &
+65 & {\dn d G r} & {\dn\symbol{'356}} & {\dn \qq{d}G\5} & {\dn \qq{d}G\5} &
+100 & {\dn h n} & {\dn\symbol{'241}} & {\dn \3A1w} & {\dn \3A1w}\\
+31 & {\dn R k q v} & {\dn\symbol{'261}} & {\dn \qq{\3ACw}\309wv} & {\dn \qq{R}\#v} &
+66 & {\dn d d y} & {\dn\symbol{'220}} & {\dn \390w} & {\dn \38Cw+} &
+101 & {\dn h m} & {\dn\symbol{'234}} & {\dn \39Cw} & {\dn \39Cw}\\
+32 & {\dn c c} & {\dn\symbol{'316}} & {\dn Qc} & {\dn Qc} &
+67 & {\dn d d v} & {\dn\symbol{'370}} & {\dn \3F8w} & {\dn \qq{d}\392w} &
+102 & {\dn h y} & {\dn\symbol{'235}} & {\dn \39Dw} & {\dn \39Dw}\\
+33 & {\dn c \symbol{'32}} & {\dn\symbol{'317}} & {\dn Q\31Aw} & {\dn Q\31Aw} &
+68 & {\dn d D y} & {\dn\symbol{'217}} & {\dn \38Fw} & {\dn \388w+} &
+103 & {\dn h r} & {\dn\symbol{'240}} & {\dn \3A0w} & {\dn \3A0w}\\
+34 & {\dn C y} & {\dn\symbol{'320}} & {\dn \3D0w} & {\dn C+} &
+69 & {\dn d D v} & {\dn\symbol{'371}} & {\dn \3F9w} & {\dn \qq{d}@v} &
+104 & {\dn h l} & {\dn\symbol{'236}} & {\dn \39Ew} & {\dn \39Ew}\\
+35 & {\dn j r} & {\dn\symbol{'205}} & {\dn \385w} & {\dn \385w} &
+70 & {\dn d B y} & {\dn\symbol{'216}} & {\dn \38Ew} & {\dn \qq{d}<y} &
+105 & {\dn h v} & {\dn\symbol{'237}} & {\dn \39Fw} & {\dn \39Fw}\\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{Supported \devnag{} Ligatures}
+\label{ligs}
+\end{table}
+\end{center}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\begin{table}[pt]
+
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+\multicolumn{2}{c}{Regular} \\
+& \\
+Original (\texttt{dvng}) & {\dn \dnnum \large a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Bombay (\texttt{dvnb}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnbombay a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Calcutta (\texttt{dvnc}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dncalcutta a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Nepali (\texttt{dvnn}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnnepali a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+& \\ \hline
+& \\
+\multicolumn{2}{c}{Oblique} \\
+& \\
+Original (\texttt{dvngi}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \itshape a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Bombay (\texttt{dvnbi}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnbombay \itshape a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Calcutta (\texttt{dvnci}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dncalcutta \itshape a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Nepali (\texttt{dvnni}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnnepali \itshape a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+& \\ \hline
+& \\
+\multicolumn{2}{c}{Bold} \\
+& \\
+Original (\texttt{dvngb}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \bfseries a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Bombay (\texttt{dvnbb}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnbombay \bfseries a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Calcutta (\texttt{dvncb}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dncalcutta \bfseries a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Nepali (\texttt{dvnnb}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnnepali \bfseries a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+& \\ \hline
+& \\
+\multicolumn{2}{c}{Bold Oblique} \\
+& \\
+Original (\texttt{dvngbi}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \bfseries\itshape a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Bombay (\texttt{dvnbbi}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnbombay \bfseries\itshape a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Calcutta (\texttt{dvncbi}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dncalcutta \bfseries\itshape a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Nepali (\texttt{dvnnbi}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnnepali \bfseries\itshape a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \322w \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+& \\ \hline
+& \\
+\multicolumn{2}{c}{Pen} \\
+& \\
+Original (\texttt{dvpn}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnpen a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Bombay (\texttt{dvpb}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnpenbombay a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Calcutta (\texttt{dvpc}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnpencalcutta a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+Nepali (\texttt{dvpnn}) & {\dn \dnnum \large \dnpennepali a \31Bw C f l \rn{5} \rn{8} Z \3A2w J \317wX \35Bwl} \\
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+\caption{\devnag{} Font Specimens}
+\label{specs}
+\end{table}
+\newpage
+
+\begin{table}[pt]
+
+\begin{center}
+Devanagari Regular
+\end{center}
+
+{\dn b\7{h}t s\? CoV\? CoV\? rAjAao\2 kF bol cAl kA Y\2g
+BF{\rs ,\re} {\itshape Ejs smy v\? vA{}isrAy} s\? Emln\? aAe T\?{\rs ,\re}
+{\bfseries s\2"\?p k\? sAT} ElKn\? k\? yo`y h\4. koI to
+\8{d}r hF s\? {\itshape hAT jow\?} aAe{\rs ,\re} {\bfseries aOr do ek e\?s\?
+T\? Ek} jb eEXkA\2g k\? bdn {\bfseries \itshape \7{J}kAkr
+ifArA krn\?} pr BF u\306who{\qva} n\? {\bfseries slAm n EkyA}
+to eEXkA\2g n\? {\itshape pFW pkw kr} u\306wh\?{\qva} DFr\? s\?
+\7{J}kA EdyA.\par}
+\bigskip
+
+\begin{center}
+Devanagari Bombay
+\end{center}
+
+{\dn \dnbombay b\7{h}t s\? CoV\? CoV\? rAjAao\2 kF bol cAl kA Y\2g
+BF{\rs ,\re} {\itshape Ejs smy v\? vA{}isrAy} s\? Emln\? aAe T\?{\rs ,\re}
+{\bfseries s\2"\?p k\? sAT} ElKn\? k\? yo`y h\4. koI to
+\8{d}r hF s\? {\itshape hAT jow\?} aAe{\rs ,\re} {\bfseries aOr do ek e\?s\?
+T\? Ek} jb eEXkA\2g k\? bdn {\bfseries \itshape \7{J}kAkr
+ifArA krn\?} pr BF u\306who{\qva} n\? {\bfseries slAm n EkyA}
+to eEXkA\2g n\? {\itshape pFW pkw kr} u\306wh\?{\qva} DFr\? s\?
+\7{J}kA EdyA.\par}
+\bigskip
+
+\begin{center}
+Devanagari Calcutta
+\end{center}
+
+{\dn \dncalcutta b\7{h}t s\? CoV\? CoV\? rAjAao\2 kF bol cAl kA Y\2g
+BF{\rs ,\re} {\itshape Ejs smy v\? vA{}isrAy} s\? Emln\? aAe T\?{\rs ,\re}
+{\bfseries s\2"\?p k\? sAT} ElKn\? k\? yo`y h\4. koI to
+\8{d}r hF s\? {\itshape hAT jow\?} aAe{\rs ,\re} {\bfseries aOr do ek e\?s\?
+T\? Ek} jb eEXkA\2g k\? bdn {\bfseries \itshape \7{J}kAkr
+ifArA krn\?} pr BF u\306who{\qva} n\? {\bfseries slAm n EkyA}
+to eEXkA\2g n\? {\itshape pFW pkw kr} u\306wh\?{\qva} DFr\? s\?
+\7{J}kA EdyA.\par}
+\bigskip
+
+\begin{center}
+Devanagari Pen Regular
+\end{center}
+
+{\dn \dnpen b\7{h}t s\? CoV\? CoV\? rAjAao\2 kF bol cAl kA Y\2g
+BF{\rs ,\re} {\itshape Ejs smy v\? vA{}isrAy} s\? Emln\? aAe T\?{\rs ,\re}
+{\bfseries s\2"\?p k\? sAT} ElKn\? k\? yo`y h\4. koI to
+\8{d}r hF s\? {\itshape hAT jow\?} aAe{\rs ,\re} {\bfseries aOr do ek e\?s\?
+T\? Ek} jb eEXkA\2g k\? bdn {\bfseries \itshape \7{J}kAkr
+ifArA krn\?} pr BF u\306who{\qva} n\? {\bfseries slAm n EkyA}
+to eEXkA\2g n\? {\itshape pFW pkw kr} u\306wh\?{\qva} DFr\? s\?
+\7{J}kA EdyA.\par}
+\bigskip
+
+\begin{center}
+Devanagari Pen Bombay
+\end{center}
+
+{\dn \dnpenbombay b\7{h}t s\? CoV\? CoV\? rAjAao\2 kF bol cAl kA Y\2g
+BF{\rs ,\re} {\itshape Ejs smy v\? vA{}isrAy} s\? Emln\? aAe T\?{\rs ,\re}
+{\bfseries s\2"\?p k\? sAT} ElKn\? k\? yo`y h\4. koI to
+\8{d}r hF s\? {\itshape hAT jow\?} aAe{\rs ,\re} {\bfseries aOr do ek e\?s\?
+T\? Ek} jb eEXkA\2g k\? bdn {\bfseries \itshape \7{J}kAkr
+ifArA krn\?} pr BF u\306who{\qva} n\? {\bfseries slAm n EkyA}
+to eEXkA\2g n\? {\itshape pFW pkw kr} u\306wh\?{\qva} DFr\? s\?
+\7{J}kA EdyA.\par}
+\bigskip
+
+\begin{center}
+Devanagari Pen Calcutta
+\end{center}
+
+{\dn \dnpencalcutta b\7{h}t s\? CoV\? CoV\? rAjAao\2 kF bol cAl kA Y\2g
+BF{\rs ,\re} {\itshape Ejs smy v\? vA{}isrAy} s\? Emln\? aAe T\?{\rs ,\re}
+{\bfseries s\2"\?p k\? sAT} ElKn\? k\? yo`y h\4. koI to
+\8{d}r hF s\? {\itshape hAT jow\?} aAe{\rs ,\re} {\bfseries aOr do ek e\?s\?
+T\? Ek} jb eEXkA\2g k\? bdn {\bfseries \itshape \7{J}kAkr
+ifArA krn\?} pr BF u\306who{\qva} n\? {\bfseries slAm n EkyA}
+to eEXkA\2g n\? {\itshape pFW pkw kr} u\306wh\?{\qva} DFr\? s\?
+\7{J}kA EdyA.\par}
+\bigskip
+
+\begin{center}
+Devanagari Pen Nepali
+\end{center}
+
+{\dn \dnpennepali b\7{h}t s\? CoV\? CoV\? rAjAao\2 kF bol cAl kA Y\2g
+BF{\rs ,\re} {\itshape Ejs smy v\? vA{}isrAy} s\? Emln\? aAe T\?{\rs ,\re}
+{\bfseries s\2"\?p k\? sAT} ElKn\? k\? yo`y h\4. koI to
+\8{d}r hF s\? {\itshape hAT jow\?} aAe{\rs ,\re} {\bfseries aOr do ek e\?s\?
+T\? Ek} jb eEXkA\2g k\? bdn {\bfseries \itshape \7{J}kAkr
+ifArA krn\?} pr BF u\306who{\qva} n\? {\bfseries slAm n EkyA}
+to eEXkA\2g n\? {\itshape pFW pkw kr} u\306wh\?{\qva} DFr\? s\?
+\7{J}kA EdyA.\par}
+\bigskip
+
+% \begin{center}
+% Source text
+% \end{center}
+
+% \begin{verbatim}
+% @hindi
+% {\dn bahut se cho.te cho.te raajaao.m kii bol caal kaa .dha.mg bhii,
+% {\itshape jis samay ve vaa{}isaraay} se milane aae the,
+% {\bfseries sa.mk.sep ke saath} likhane ke yogya hai| koii to duur
+% hii se {\itshape haath joRe} aae, {\bfseries aur do ek aise the ki}
+% jab e.dikaa.mg ke badan {\bfseries \itshape jhukaakar i"saaraa karane}
+% par bhii unho.m ne {\bfseries salaam na kiyaa} to e.dikaa.mg ne
+% {\itshape pii.th pakaR kar} unhe.m dhiire se jhukaa diyaa|}
+% \end{verbatim}
+
+\caption{Examples of \devnag{} Faces}
+\label{mixedface}
+\end{table}
+
+\end{document}