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author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2006-01-09 00:47:01 +0000 |
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committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2006-01-09 00:47:01 +0000 |
commit | 950209b26f70aa87ed07c54f82a95b6f03b7c3a0 (patch) | |
tree | 32b2d4ab4e36aee3a9aaf41877a5c0c581de9b77 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/croatian | |
parent | 71c5ce4be7e36bdc6bdda98641bc9368e28223ad (diff) |
doc/fonts
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@83 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
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-rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/croatian/crogl.tex | 518 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/croatian/readme.txt | 107 |
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/croatian/crogl.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/croatian/crogl.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..c1644a2e779 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/croatian/crogl.tex @@ -0,0 +1,518 @@ + +% TUGboat, Vol 17, No1, March 1996 + +% two-coloumn style +%% incorporates editing changes by bb; 6 jan 1996 + +\input tugboat.sty + +\input llig +\input ste + +\def\q{\quad} +\long\def\okkvir#1#2#3{% +\hbox{\vrule\vbox{\hrule\vskip#1pt\hbox{\hskip#1pt\vbox{% +\hsize#2cm\parindent=0pt #3% +}\hskip#1pt}\vskip#1pt\hrule}\vrule}% +} + + +\font\ugv=ugve + +\def\d@anger#1{\medbreak\begingroup\clubpenalty=10000 +\def\par{\endgraf\endgroup\medbreak}% +\setbox0=\hbox{\ugv #1\kern2mm}% +\hangindent=\wd0 +\def\slov@{\smash{\lower\baselineskip\hbox{\copy0}}} +\noindent\hangafter=-2% +\hbox to0pt{\hskip-\hangindent +\slov@\hfill}} + +\outer\def\slovo{\d@anger} +\def\enddanger{\endgraf\endgroup} + + +\font\stechak=stechak + + +\title * Croatian Fonts * + +\author * Darko \v Zubrini\'c * +%\address * University of Zagreb \\ FER, Avenija Vukovar 39, Zagreb \\ Croatia * +\address * University of Zagreb \\ FER, Avenija Vukovar 39 \\ Zagreb, Croatia * +\netaddress [\network{Internet}] * darko.zubrinic@fer.hr * + +\article + + + +The aim of this note is to inform the interested reader +about the possibility of obtaining several new fonts: Croatian +Glagolitic (round -- sometimes called Bulgarian glagolitic, +angular, Ba\v ska tablet, cursive, +%% bb -- re the "ba\v{s}ka plate", please see below +%ligatures, the Baromi\'c broken ligatures, caligraphic), +ligatures, the Baromi\'c broken ligatures, calligraphic), +Croatian Cyrillic, ste\'cak ornaments and Croatian wattle patterns. +They represent a considerable extension of the first version +of glagolitic fonts I created in 1992 (see [2]). + +Having in mind that Croatian Glagolitic Script has a long history of +at least 11 centuries (from 9th to 20th), it is not +surprising that there exists a large +%variety of its handwritten and printed versions. The author has +%created several major types of this Script. +variety of handwritten and printed versions. The author has +created several major fonts of type using this Script. +\medskip + +%\noindent$\bullet$ The so called ``round type'', together +\noindent$\bullet$ The so-called ``round type'', together +with the corresponding numerical values, is the following: + +\input ttablo + +\noindent In some documents there appear additional +%versions of letters, +versions of some letters, +%like e.g.\ the ``spider-like h'' {\obl\char'076}. It is interesting +e.g.\ the ``spider-like h'' {\obl\char'076}. The +tops of letters appearing in this font are aligned. The +``hanging style'' the round galgolitic can be illustrated +e.g.\ by +{\obl b3yzzetva}, {\obl svoem}, as it appears on the Kiiv folia +(the first folio +is from Croatia, written in region of Dubrovnik, 11th century; + the remaining six are from Czechia, 10th century). + +\medskip + +%% bb -- to me, ``plate'' often implies a flat dish meant for serving +%% food -- these are sometimes ceremonial, and that's why i first +%% misunderstood this sentence; i know that is not what is meant here. +%% perhaps ``tablet'' or ``plaque'' is close enough in meaning, +%% and would not be as confusing. +\noindent$\bullet$ The font of the Ba\v ska stone tablet +(carved in nd A.D.\ +1100 on the island of Krk): + +\input ttablb + + +The Ba\v ska tablet is one of our most important cultural +monuments ($2\times 1$ m${}^2$). The reason is that it was +written in the Croatian +%language (with the elements of the Church Slavonic) as early as +language (with elements of Church Slavonic) as early as +in the 11th century. Its text comprises more than $400$ +letters and contains the earliest +mention of a Croatian king written in the Croatian +vernacular: Z''v''nimir'', kral'' hr''vat''sk''\"{\i} +(Hrvatska $=$ Croatia), i.e.\ +{\it Zvonimir, the Croatian king\/}, or in the +Glagolitic: +\setbox0=\hbox{\bassv kral3 \ hr3vxt3sk3y} +$$ +\okkvir36{\hbox to \wd0{\hss\bassv z3v3nimir3\hss} +\vskip2mm +\hbox{\bassv kral3 \ hr3vxt3sk3y}} +$$ +There are also earlier monuments from the 9th century that +mention Croatian kings and dukes, but written in the Latin +Script and in the Latin +language. + +%The reader will notice that several Latin and(or) Cyrillic +The reader will notice that several Latin and/or Cyrillic +letters appear on the table: {\bass O, I, M, N, T, V} ($=$ +%V). This +V)\null. This +is only one among numerous proofs of the parallel use of three +%Scripts (Glagolitic, Latin, Cyrillic) and three languages +scripts (Glagolitic, Latin, Cyrillic) and three languages +(Croatian, Church Slavonic and Latin) in Croatia. The +%three-scriptural and three-language character of the +three-script and three-language character of the +Croatian Middle Ages is a unique phenomenon in the history of +European culture (see [1]). + +\medskip + +\noindent$\bullet$ Since the 12th century the Glagolitic +%Script survived only on the Croatian soil. Until that time +Script has survived only in Croatia. Until that time +%it existed also in some other regions, like in Bulgaria, +it existed also in some other regions, e.g.\ Bulgaria, +Macedonia, Roumania, Ukraine, when it was replaced by +%theillic Script. In Croatia there developped the so +%called {\it angular form\/} of the Glagolitic. +the Cyrillic Script, and also in Czechia. In Croatia there developed the so-called +{\it angular form\/} of the Glagolitic. + +\input ttabl + +\noindent Its golden period +falls between the 12th and the 16th century: +After that a +%decline of this Script ensued, as a result of +decline of this script ensued, as a result of +the penetration of the Ottoman Empire. +\medskip + + +\noindent$\bullet$ The Croatian Glagolitic has hundreds of interesting +ligatures. + Let us present some of them: + +\input ttlis + + +\noindent It is +striking that a {\it printed\/} Glagolitic book, the Brozi\'c breviary from 1561 +(1081 pages), has as many as $250$ ligatures. + + +\noindent$\bullet$ A unique +creation in the history of European printing are the so called +{\it Baromi\'c broken ligatures\/}. The idea was to add one half of +a letter (say {\lom A} of {\mgl A}) to another (say {\mgl +B}), to obtain a broken ligature (\hbox{{\mgl B}{\lom A}} -- ba). Other +combinations are also possible with +{\lom D} ({\mgl D}, D), +{\lom ZZ} ({\mgl ZZ}, \v Z), +%{\lom L} ({\mgl L}, T), +{\lom L} ({\mgl L}, L), +{\lom V} ({\mgl V}, V), +{\lom T} ({\mgl T}, T). +Broken ligatures were used in the Baromi\'c Missal, the +incunabula printed in the Croatian city of Senj in 1494 +(last year we celebrated its $500$th +anniversary). Only three samples are preserved: one in +the Saltyko S\v cedrin Library in St.Petersburg (Russia), +one and the only complete copy in +the Szeczenyi Library in Budapest (Hungary), and one +in Croatia on the island of Cres. When looking at the text +containing Baromi\'c broken ligatures, one has the impression as if this +incunabula was handwritten. Few examples: \hbox{{\mgl B}{\lom +A}{\mgl ROMICH}} (Baromi\'c), \hbox{{\mgl D}{\lom AZZD6}} (rain), \hbox{\mgl +MO{\lom L}{\mgl I}{\lom TVA}} (prayer). + + +%Hundreds of Croatian Glagolitic monuments, both handwritten and +Hundreds of Croatian Glagolitic texts, both handwritten and +printed, the oldest from the 12th century, + are held in national museums in more than $20$ European +countries, and also in the USA.\footnote{I would like to +take the opportunity to send an appeal to those readers who maybe +know of any of the Croatian Glagolitic documents +held in private possession to inform me.} + +% The reader living in New York can see the beuatiful + The reader living in New York can see the beautiful +Croatian Missal from around 1410 in the Pierpont Morgan +Library (reprinted by the Martin Sagner Verlag, Munich, 1976). In +%the Congress Library in Washington you can see a sample of +the Library of Congress in Washington you can see a sample of +the first Croatian incunabula, printed in 1483 +(unfortunately, it is not known where precisely). +Six copies are in Croatia, two in the Vatican Library, one +in the National Library in Vienna (Austria) and one in the +Saltykov \v S\v cedrin +Library in St.Petersburg (Russia). It was the first book in +the history of European printing that was not printed in the +Latin characters, as well as the first incunabula not printed in the +Latin language. + +Probably the most valuable +Croatian Glagolitic book is the Missal of Hrvoje (1404), held in +the Library of Turkish sultans (Topkapi Saray) in Constantinople. + + + + It is interesting that a Croat George (Juraj) de Slavonie, or de +Sorbonne (14/15th century), +a professor at Sorbonne in +Paris, +left us several valuable Glagolitic manuscripts +written by his hand, held today in +Municipal Library in Reims (France). One of them contains a prayer +``Our Father'', on which we would like to illustrate the Croatian +Glagolitic: + + +\slovo{O}{\mgl cce nass6 izze esi nanebesih6 * sveti se ime +\tvo e * {\gg\char'005}idi cesars\tv o \tv oe * budi vola \tv oya yako +nanebesi inaze\ml i * \lower1.33pt\hbox{H}lib nass vsedanni dai +nam'ga danas i \ot pusti nam' dl'gi nasse * +\lower1.33pt\hbox{Ya}kozze i mi \ot pusschaem' dl'ge dlzznikom +nassim6 * i nevavedi nas' v' napast' * \lower1.33pt\hbox{N}a +iz'bavinas' od ne{\gg\char'005}iyazni} % \char'005=pr + +\medskip + +%\noindent$\bullet$ In the 16th and 17th century there began +%to appear some caligraphic Glagolitic letters in Crotian +\noindent$\bullet$ In the 16th and 17th century +some calligraphic Glagolitic letters began to appear in Croatian +printed books: +$$ +\gather +\text{ +{\kal A} (A), +{\kal V} (V), +{\kal D} (D), +{\kal Z} (Z), +{\kal I} (I),}\\ +\text{ +{\kal K} (K), +{\kal L} (L), +{\kal M} (M), +{\kal N} (N), +{\kal P} (P),}\\ +\text{ +{\kal R} (R), +{\kal S} (S), +{\kal H} (H), +{\kal CC} (\v C).} +\endgather +$$ +\medskip + +\noindent$\bullet$ There are thousands of +{\it cursive\/} Glagolitic +documents, witnessing above all about the Croatian language +and its very early use in official documents, and about + highly organized civil life + in the Middle Ages. Probably the +%most important is the {\it Vinodole Code\/} from 1288. This +most important is the {\it Vinodol Code\/} from 1288. +%% bb -- this is the spelling used above + Very important +is the {\it Istarski razvod\/} from +the 14th century, written in the region of Istria in three +official copies: +in the Latin and German languages (in Latin Script), and in +the +Croatian language (as was expressly stated), using the +Glagolitic Script. It defined the borders between different +rulers in Istria. +Equally important are the city +statutes of many Croatian cities written in the Glagolitic, the earliest dating from +the 14th century. Here is +a variant of the cursive Croatian Glagolitic + (we provide also the angular type for comparison): + +\input ttablokurz + +\noindent An example: {\kur Darko Zzubrinich}. + +\medskip + +\noindent$\bullet$ Croatian Cyrillic (also called Bosan\v +cica or Bosanica) + was quite widespread +%in Bosnia and in the Dalmatian part of Croatia. Its developement +among the Croats in Bosnia and in the Dalmatian part of Croatia. +Its development +can be traced from the 12th to 19th century. +Here it is: + +\input ttablhc + + +%\noindent Probably the most beutiful Croatian Cyrillic book +\noindent Probably the most beautiful Croatian Cyrillic book +is the Missal of Hval written in 1400-1404, now held in the University +Library in Bologna (Italy), reprinted in Sarajevo in 1986. +\medskip + + +\noindent$\bullet$ There +%exist more that $66,000$ mysterious tombstone monuments, mostly in +exist more than $66,000$ mysterious tombstone monuments, mostly in +%Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, called {\it ste\'cak\/}, +Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, called {\it ste\'cak\/} + (13-14th century), +some of them having short engravings in the +Croatian Cyrillic Script (e.g.\ ``please do not +disturb me, I was like you and +you will be like me''), with interesting and simple border +%decorations, like: +decorations, like these: +\medskip +\cvijet +\smallskip +\kukagd +\smallskip +\dvije8 +\smallskip +\Oo + +\medskip +\noindent dancers: +$$ +\text{\stechak lkkkkkd} +$$ +human-like figures: +$$ +\text{\stechak L\q L\q L} +$$ +birds: +$$ +\text{\stechak p q} +$$ +star-like ornaments: +$$ +\gather +\text{\stechak 4\q Z}\\ +\text{\stechak a\q b\q 5}\\ +\text{\stechak i\q j\q e\q f} +\endgather +$$ +a circle (or a wheel), a symbol of eternal life: +$$ +\text{\stechak g\q h\q K} +$$ +swastika: +$$ +\text{\stechak s} +$$ +various crosses: +$$ +\text{\stechak +A\q B\q C\q D\q T} +$$ +The following ornament is frequent: +$$ +\text{\stechak R P a}\hbox to0pt{\,.\hss} +$$ +%\noindent These monuments belong to Krstyans, memebers of the Bosnian +\noindent These monuments belong to Krstyans, members of the Bosnian +Church, a Christian religious sect about which we still know very +little. + + +\noindent$\bullet$ Let me finish this article with some of +the most typical Croatian wattle patterns appearing in + our preromanesque churches, built between the 9th and 12th + century. From + about $300$ preromanesque Croatian + churches only $15$ are well preserved. The most widespread + wattle pattern is +$$ +\text{\pleter 1eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2} +$$ +\noindent Of course, it is composed of {\pleter 1 e e 2}. +Somewhat more complex +patterns are: +%\centerline{\plet ommp} +$$ +\gather +\text{\ple a}\\ +\vbox to1mm{}\\ +\text{\plet srrt} +\endgather +$$ + +%\noindent Additional informations about the Croatian Glagolitic can be +\noindent Additional information about Croatian Glagolitic can be +seen at the URL: +$$ +\text{\tt http://www.tel.fer.hr/hrvatska/Croatia-HCS.html} +$$ +%(see ``Croatia -- its History, Culture and Science''). +All the fonts appearing in this article will be available + freely via the WWW on the CTAN web. +%see {\tt croatian}). +All ligatures and fonts are defined in the file {\tt llig.tex} of the +package. + The angular glagolitic font is activated by +{\tt$\backslash$mgl} (a slightly larger version can be obtained using +{\tt$\backslash$ngl}). +If one wants to use glagolitic +ligatures, the definition list in {\tt llig.tex} should be +consulted. For example, to obtain {\mgl\ml} (ml) one has to write +{\tt$\backslash$mgl$\backslash$ml}. Other fonts are +activated in a similar way (they contain no glagolitic +ligatures): {\tt$\backslash$obl} (round glagolitic, +{\tt$\backslash$nobl} is a bit larger), +{\tt$\backslash$bass} (Baska tablet), +{\tt$\backslash$kur} (cursive), +{\tt$\backslash$kal} (caligraphic), +{\tt$\backslash$lom} (Baromich broken ligatures) +{\tt$\backslash$hc} (Croatian Cyrillic), +and several wattle +patterns are activated by +{\tt$\backslash$ple}, +{\tt$\backslash$plet}, +{\tt$\backslash$pleter}. +In general, glagolitic letters corresponding to {\it \v c, \v z, +\v s, \'c (\v s\'c, \v st)} are encoded in \TeX\ ligtables as {\tt cc, +zz, ss, ch} respectively. More precisely, \hbox{{\mgl cc}} is +obtained from {\tt$\backslash$mgl cc}. +Capital letters are obtained by using CC (or Cc) etc. +Using {\tt cx} you can obtain yet another version of the +angular \v c: \hbox{{\mgl cx}}. +The so-called `djerv' is obtained by typing {\tt j} (or {\tt +J}) in the +round glagolitic. In the angular form the following two version of the +`djerv' can be obtained: + {\mgl j} ({\tt j}) and \hbox{{\mgl dd}} ({\tt dd}). + `Yat' -- \hbox{\mobl ya}, \hbox{\mgl ya} -- appearing in round and angular + glagolitic can be obtained using {\tt ya} (or {\tt YA, + Ya}). + Moreover, if `yat' is to be read as `ye' (which is the + case when it + appears after a consonant), then you can use {\tt ye} as + well. + The letter `yu' {\mgl yu} is obtained by typing {\tt yu}, + `izze' ({\obl y}, {\mgl y}) by typing {\tt y}. + The same for the Croatian cyrillic. Two versions of + very frequently used {\it Croatian semivowels\/} can be obtained: + either by typing apostrophe {\tt '} (`yerok'; for example + in {\mgl bog'} - God) or + {\tt6} (`yer'; {\mgl bog6}). Definitions of semivowels + `yer' and `yor' and other letters (like +{\mobl\char'003, \char'005}) appearing in some oldest Croatian and Bulgarian -- + Macedonian documents written in the round glagolitic + can be seen in metafont files {\tt oblm.mf} and {\tt + oblv.mf}, that are inputted in {\tt obl.mf} - a round glagolitic + metafont file. + +As you see, an appropriate +hypenation table is necessary to prevent line breaking +between pairs of letters like {\tt cc, zz, ss, ch, dd, +ya, ye,} and it has been +included to the Croatian font package too ({\tt +glhypehn.tex}). The table also +incorporates some basic +hypenation rules of the Croatian language. +Definition +names of many other symbols appearing in various fonts can be seen +by looking into source files accompaning this text. + +%In the case you use Croatian fonts, I would deeply appreciate +%to inform me. + If you should use Croatian fonts, I would deeply appreciate +if you would inform me. + + + +\medskip + +\noindent{\bf References} + + +\item{[1]} Eduard Hercigonja: {\it Tropismena i trojezi\v cna +kultura hrvatskoga srednjovjekovlja\/} (Three-script and +three-language culture of the Croatian Middle Ages), Matica +hrvatska, Zagreb, 1994 (in Croatian), + +\item{[2]} Darko \v Zubrini\'c: {\it The exotic Croatian +Glagolitic Alphabet\/}, TUGboat, Vol 13, No 4, 1992, p.\ +470--471. + + +\makesignature +\endarticle + diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/croatian/readme.txt b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/croatian/readme.txt new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..6b6abb5930f --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/croatian/readme.txt @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + +C R O A T I A N F O N T S + +The basic file is crogl.tex, containing my article ``Croatian +fonts'', accompanied by several files with tables. +There you can see how to use these fonts. + +The definitions of fonts and ligatures are contained in +llig.tex, which should always be inputed in a tex file. +In the case you use Croatian fonts for your own books +or articles, I would appreciate a mention. + +The following files should be metafonted: + +==================================================== + +ANGULAR GLAGOLITIC + +ugl10 (angular glagolitic, 10pt) activated by \mgl +ugl (12pt) activated by \ngl +ugve (large) + +ANGULAR GLAGOLITIC LIGATURES (about 60) + +gg10 (10pt) +gg (12pt) +ggv (large) +ggv1 (large) + + These ligatures are activated also by \ugl or \ngl. + See the definition list of various ligatures in + llig.tex (for example, to get the `ml' glagolitic + ligature, you should write {\mgl\ml}). + +ROUND GLAGOLITIC + +obl10 (10pt) activated by \mobl +obl (12pt) activated by \obl + +BASKA TABLET STYLE + +bass10 (10pt) activated by \bass +bass (12pt) activated by \bassv + +BAROMICH BROKEN LIGATURES + +lom (10pt) activated by \lom + +CURSIVE CROATIAN GLAGOLITIC + +kur (10pt) activated by \kur + +SEVERAL CALYGRAPHIC LETTERS + +cal (12pt) activated by \kal + +CROATIAN CYRILLIC (bosancica) + +hcyr (10pt) activated by \hc + +CROATIAN WATTLE PATERNS + +pleter activated by \pleter +plet activated by \plet +ple activated by \ple + + + A standard way to use \pleter is to write + {\pleter 1eeeeeee2}. In this way you can obtain a very nice + headline composed of the Croatian wattle. You can also + compose vertical patterns. + + To use \plet you write {\plet srrrt} to obtain a rather + complex wattle. + + The ple.mf contains only one symbol ``a'' (a rather complex + circular wattle pattern): {\ple a} + +STECHAK ORNAMENTS + +stechak + + For example, see what happens when you write + {\stechak NNNNNNNN} + +==================================================== + + +Additional informations can be obtained at the end of my +article glcro.tex, accepted for publication in TUG (March +1996). + +Finally, I would be free to inform you that I prepared a +book ``Hrvatska glagoljica'', devoted to the history of +the glagolitic script (``Croatian glagolitic'', written +in Croatian), 414 p. (A5 format). It is planned to be +published in March 1996. + +Best wishes, + +Darko Zubrinic, +Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing +Av. Vukovar 39, Zagreb, Croatia + +e-mail: darko.zubrinic@fer.hr +http://www.tel.fer.hr/hrvatska/Croatia-HCS.html + |