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+% $Id: texlive-en.tex 54188 2020-03-08 22:52:11Z karl $
+% TeX Live documentation.  Originally written by Sebastian Rahtz and
+% Michel Goossens, now maintained by Karl Berry and others.
+% Public domain.
+%
+\documentclass{article}
+\let\tldocenglish=1  % for live4ht.cfg
+\usepackage{tex-live}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} % translators: use your preferred encodings.
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+
+\title{%
+  {\huge \textit{The \TeX\ Live Guide---2020}}
+}
+
+\author{Karl Berry, editor \\[3mm]
+        \url{https://tug.org/texlive/}
+       }
+
+\date{March 2020}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{multicols}{2}
+\tableofcontents
+%\listoftables
+\end{multicols}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+\label{sec:intro}
+
+\subsection{\protect\TeX\protect\ Live and the \protect\TeX\protect\ Collection}
+
+This document describes the main features of the \TL{} software
+distribution\Dash \TeX{} and related programs for \GNU/Linux
+and other Unix flavors, \MacOSX, and Windows systems.
+
+You may have acquired \TL{} by downloading, or on the \TK{} \DVD, which
+\TeX{} user groups distribute among their members, or in other ways.
+Section \ref{sec:tl-coll-dists} briefly describes the contents of the
+\DVD.  Both \TL{} and the \TK{} are cooperative efforts by the \TeX{}
+user groups. This document mainly describes \TL{} itself.
+
+\TL{} includes executables for \TeX{}, \LaTeXe{}, \ConTeXt,
+\MF, \MP, \BibTeX{} and many other programs; an extensive collection
+of macros, fonts and documentation; and support for typesetting in
+many different scripts from around the world.
+
+For a brief summary of the major changes in this edition of \TL{},
+see the end of the document, section~\ref{sec:history}
+(\p.\pageref{sec:history}).
+
+
+\htmlanchor{platforms}
+\subsection{Operating system support}
+\label{sec:os-support}
+
+\TL{} contains binaries for many Unix-based platforms, including
+\GNU/Linux, \MacOSX, and Cygwin.  The included sources can be compiled
+on platforms for which we do not provide binaries.
+
+As to Windows: Windows~7 and later are supported. Windows Vista
+may still mostly work, but \TL{} will no longer even install on Windows
+XP or earlier.  \TL{} includes no
+64-bit executables for Windows, but the 32-bit executables should
+run on 64-bit systems.
+
+See section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists} for alternate solutions
+for Windows and \MacOSX.
+
+\subsection{Basic installation of \protect\TL{}}
+\label{sec:basic}
+
+You can install \TL{} either from \DVD{} or over the Internet
+(\url{https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html}). The net installer itself is
+small, and downloads everything requested from the Internet.
+
+The \DVD{} installer lets you install to a local disk.  You cannot run
+\TL{} directly from the \TK{} \DVD{} (or its \code{.iso} image), but you
+can prepare a runnable installation on, e.g., a \USB{} stick (see
+section~\ref{sec:portable-tl}).  Installation is described in later
+sections (\p.\pageref{sec:install}), but here is a quick start:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+
+\item The installation script is named \filename{install-tl}.  It
+  can operate in a ``gui mode'' given the option \code{-gui}
+  (default for Windows and \MacOSX), a text mode given
+  \code{-gui=text} (default for everything else). On Unix
+  platforms, the former Perl/Tk and wizard modes are still available
+  if Perl/Tk is installed; see section~\ref{sec:wininst} for
+  Windows.
+
+\item One of the installed items is the `\TL\ Manager' program,
+  named \prog{tlmgr}.  Like the installer, it can be used in both \GUI{}
+  mode and in text mode. You can use it to install and uninstall
+  packages and do various configuration tasks.
+
+\end{itemize*}
+
+
+\htmlanchor{security}
+\subsection{Security considerations}
+\label{sec:security}
+
+To the best of our knowledge, the core \TeX\ programs themselves are
+(and always have been) extremely robust.  However, the contributed
+programs in \TeX\ Live may not reach the same level, despite everyone's
+best efforts.  As always, you should be careful when running programs on
+untrusted input; to improve safety, use a new subdirectory or chroot.
+
+This need for care is especially urgent on Windows, since in general
+Windows finds programs in the current directory before anything else,
+regardless of the search path.  This opens up a wide variety of possible
+attacks.  We have closed many holes, but undoubtedly some remain,
+especially with third-party programs.  Thus, we recommend checking for
+suspicious files in the current directory, especially executables
+(binaries or scripts).  Ordinarily they should not be present, and
+definitely should not normally be created by merely processing a document.
+
+Finally, \TeX\ (and its companion programs) are able to write files when
+processing documents, a feature that can also be abused in a wide
+variety of ways.  Again, processing unknown documents in a new
+subdirectory is the safest bet.
+
+Another aspect of security is ensuring that downloaded material has not
+been changed from what was created. The \prog{tlmgr} program
+(section~\ref{sec:tlmgr}) will automatically perform cryptographic
+verification on downloads if the \prog{gpg} (GNU Privacy Guard) program
+is available. It is not distributed as part of \TL, but see
+\url{https://texlive.info/tlgpg/} for information about \prog{gpg} if
+need be.
+
+\subsection{Getting help}
+\label{sec:help}
+
+The \TeX{} community is active and friendly, and most serious questions
+end up getting answered.  However, the support is informal, done by
+volunteers and casual users, so it's especially important that you do
+your homework before asking.  (If you prefer guaranteed commercial
+support, you can forgo \TL{} completely and purchase a vendor's system;
+\url{https://tug.org/interest.html#vendors} has a list.)
+
+Here is a list of resources, approximately in the order we recommend
+using them:
+
+\begin{description}
+\item [Getting started] If you are new to \TeX, the web page
+\url{https://tug.org/begin.html} gives a brief introduction to the system.
+
+\item [\TeX{} FAQ] The \TeX{} FAQ is a huge compendium
+  of answers to all sorts of questions, from the most basic to the
+  most arcane.  It is included on \TL{} in
+  \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/generic/FAQ-en/}, and is available
+  on the Internet through \url{https://texfaq.org}.  Please
+  check here first.
+
+\item [\TeX{} Catalogue] If you are looking for a particular package,
+font, program, etc., the \TeX{} Catalogue is the place to look.  It is a
+huge collection of all \TeX{}-related items.  See
+\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/catalogue}.
+
+\item [\TeX{} Web Resources] The web page
+\url{https://tug.org/interest.html} has many \TeX{}-related links, in
+particular for numerous books, manuals, and articles on all aspects of
+the system.
+
+\item [support archives] Principal support forums for \TeX\ include
+the \LaTeX{} community site at \url{https://latex.org}, the
+q\&a site \url{https://tex.stackexchange.com}, the Usenet newsgroup
+\url{news:comp.text.tex}, and the mailing list \email{texhax@tug.org}.
+Their archives have years of past questions and answers for your
+searching pleasure, via, for the latter two,
+\url{http://groups.google.com/group/comp.text.tex/topics} and
+\url{https://tug.org/mail-archives/texhax}.  And a general web search
+never hurts.
+
+\item [asking questions] If you cannot find an answer, you can post to 
+\url{http://latex-community.org/} and
+\url{https://tex.stackexchange.com/} through their web interfaces, to
+\dirname{comp.text.tex} through Google or your newsreader, or to
+\email{texhax@tug.org} through email.  But before you post anywhere,
+please read this FAQ entry, to maximize your chances of getting a useful
+answer:
+\url{https://texfaq.org/FAQ-askquestion}.
+
+\item [\TL{} support] If you want to report a bug or have
+suggestions or comments on the \TL{} distribution, installation, or
+documentation, the mailing list is \email{tex-live@tug.org}.  However,
+if your question is about how to use a particular program included in
+\TL{}, please write to that program's maintainer or
+mailing list.  Often running a program with the \code{-{}-help} option
+will provide a bug reporting address.
+
+\end{description}
+
+The other side of the coin is helping others who have questions.  All
+the above resources are open to anyone, so feel free to join, start
+reading, and help out where you can.
+
+
+% don't use \TL so the \uppercase in the headline works.  Also so
+% tex4ht ends up with the right TeX.  Likewise the \protect's.
+\section{Overview of \protect\TeX\protect\ Live}
+\label{sec:overview-tl}
+
+This section describes the contents of \TL{} and the \TK{} of which it
+is a part.
+
+\subsection{The \protect\TeX\protect\ Collection: \protect\TL,
+           pro\protect\TeX{}t, Mac\protect\TeX}
+\label{sec:tl-coll-dists}
+
+The \TK{} \DVD{} comprises the following:
+
+\begin{description}
+
+\item [\TL] A complete \TeX{} system to be installed to disk.  Home
+page: \url{https://tug.org/texlive/}.
+
+\item [Mac\TeX] for \MacOSX\ (currently named macOS by Apple, but we
+continue to use the older name in this document), this adds a native
+\MacOSX\ installer and other Mac applications to \TL{}. Home page:
+\url{https://tug.org/mactex/}.
+
+\item [pro\TeX{}t] An enhancement of the \MIKTEX\ distribution for Windows,
+\ProTeXt\ adds a few extra tools to \MIKTEX, and simplifies
+installation.  It is entirely independent of \TL{}, and has its own
+installation instructions.  Home page:
+\url{https://tug.org/protext/}.
+
+\item [CTAN] A snapshot of the \CTAN{} repository (\url{https://ctan.org/}).
+
+\end{description}
+
+\CTAN{} and \pkgname{protext} do not follow the same copying conditions
+as \TL{}, so be careful when redistributing or modifying.
+
+
+\subsection{Top level \protect\TL{} directories}
+\label{sec:tld}
+
+Here is a brief listing and description of the top level directories in a
+\TL{} installation.  
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[bin] The \TeX{} system programs, arranged by platform.
+%
+\item[readme-*.dir] Quick overview and useful links for \TL{},
+in various languages, in both \HTML{} and plain text.
+%
+\item[source] The source to all included programs, including the main
+  \Webc{}-based \TeX{} distributions.
+%
+\item[texmf-dist] The principal tree; see \dirname{TEXMFDIST} below.
+%
+\item[tlpkg] Scripts, programs and data for managing the
+  installation, and special support for Windows.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+For documentation, the comprehensive links in the top-level file
+\OnCD{doc.html} may be helpful.  The documentation for nearly everything
+(packages, formats, fonts, program manuals, man pages, Info files) is in
+\dirname{texmf-dist/doc}.  You can use the \cmdname{texdoc} program to
+find documentation wherever it is located.
+
+This \TL\ documentation itself is in \dirname{texmf-dist/doc/texlive},
+available in several languages:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item{Czech/Slovak:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-cz}
+\item{German:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-de}
+\item{English:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en}
+\item{French:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-fr}
+\item{Italian:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-it}
+\item{Japanese:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ja}
+\item{Polish:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-pl}
+\item{Russian:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-ru}
+\item{Serbian:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-sr}
+\item{Simplified Chinese:} \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-zh-cn}
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\subsection{Overview of the predefined texmf trees}
+\label{sec:texmftrees}
+
+This section lists the predefined variables specifying the texmf trees
+used by the system, and their intended purpose, and the default layout
+of \TL{}. The command \texttt{tlmgr~conf} shows the values of these
+variables, so that you can easily find out how they map to particular
+directories in your installation.
+
+All of the trees, including the personal ones, should follow the \TeX\
+Directory Structure (\TDS, \url{https://tug.org/tds}), with all its
+myriad subdirectories, or files may not be found.  Section
+\ref{sec:local-personal-macros} (\p.\pageref{sec:local-personal-macros})
+describes this in more detail.  The order here is the reverse order in
+which the trees are searched, that is, later trees in the list override
+earlier ones.
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item [TEXMFDIST] The tree which holds nearly all of the files in the original
+  distribution---configuration files, scripts, packages, fonts, etc.
+  (The main exception are the per-platform executables, which are stored
+  in a sibling directory \code{bin/}.)
+\item [TEXMFSYSVAR] The (site-wide) tree used by \verb+texconfig-sys+,
+  \verb+updmap-sys+ and \verb+fmtutil-sys+, and also by \verb+tlmgr+, to
+  store (cached) runtime data such as format files and generated map files.
+\item [TEXMFSYSCONFIG] The (site-wide) tree used by the utilities
+  \verb+texconfig-sys+, \verb+updmap-sys+, and \verb+fmtutil-sys+ to
+  store modified configuration data.
+\item [TEXMFLOCAL] The tree which administrators can use for system-wide
+  installation of additional or updated macros, fonts, etc.
+\item [TEXMFHOME] The tree which users can use for their own individual
+  installations of additional or updated macros, fonts, etc.
+  The expansion of this variable dynamically adjusts for each user to
+  their own individual directory.
+\item [TEXMFVAR] The (personal) tree used by \verb+texconfig+,
+  \verb+updmap-user+ and \verb+fmtutil-user+ to store (cached) runtime data such
+  as format files and generated map files.
+\item [TEXMFCONFIG] The (personal) tree used by the utilities
+  \verb+texconfig+, \verb+updmap-sys+, and \verb+fmtutil-sys+ to store modified
+  configuration data.
+\item [TEXMFCACHE] The tree(s) used by \ConTeXt\ MkIV and Lua\LaTeX\
+  to store (cached) runtime data; defaults to \code{TEXMFSYSVAR},
+  or (if that's not writable), \code{TEXMFVAR}.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+\noindent
+The default layout is:
+\begin{description}
+  \item[system-wide root] can span multiple \TL{} releases
+  (\texttt{/usr/local/texlive} by default on Unix):
+  \begin{ttdescription}
+    \item[2019] A previous release.
+    \item[2020] The current release.
+    \begin{ttdescription}
+      \item [bin] ~
+      \begin{ttdescription}
+        \item [i386-linux] \GNU/Linux binaries (32-bit)
+        \item [...]
+        \item [x86\_64-darwin] \MacOSX\ binaries
+        \item [x86\_64-linux] \GNU/Linux binaries (64-bit)
+        \item [win32] Windows binaries
+      \end{ttdescription}
+      \item [texmf-dist\ \ ]      \envname{TEXMFDIST} and \envname{TEXMFMAIN}
+      \item [texmf-var \ \ ]      \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, \envname{TEXMFCACHE}
+      \item [texmf-config]        \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}
+    \end{ttdescription}
+    \item [texmf-local] \envname{TEXMFLOCAL}, intended to be
+      retained from release to release.
+  \end{ttdescription}
+  \item[user's home directory] (\texttt{\$HOME} or
+      \texttt{\%USERPROFILE\%})
+    \begin{ttdescription}
+      \item[.texlive2019] Privately generated and configuration data
+        for a previous release.
+      \item[.texlive2020] Privately generated and configuration data
+        for the current release.
+      \begin{ttdescription}
+        \item [texmf-var\ \ \ ] \envname{TEXMFVAR}, \envname{TEXMFCACHE}
+        \item [texmf-config]    \envname{TEXMFCONFIG}
+      \end{ttdescription}
+    \item[texmf] \envname{TEXMFHOME} Personal macros, etc.
+  \end{ttdescription}
+\end{description}
+
+
+\subsection{Extensions to \protect\TeX}
+\label{sec:tex-extensions}
+
+Knuth's original \TeX{} itself is frozen, apart from rare bug fixes. It
+is present in \TL\ as the program \prog{tex}, and will remain so
+for the foreseeable future.  \TL{} also contains several extended versions of
+\TeX\ (also known as \TeX\ engines):
+
+\begin{description}
+
+\item [\eTeX] adds a set of new primitives
+\label{text:etex} (related to macro expansion, character scanning,
+classes of marks, additional debugging features, and more) and the
+\TeXXeT{} extensions for bidirectional typesetting.  In default mode,
+\eTeX{} is 100\% compatible with ordinary \TeX. See
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf}.
+
+\item [pdf\TeX] builds on the \eTeX\ extensions, adding support for
+writing PDF output as well as \dvi{}, and many non-output-related
+extensions.  This is the program invoked for most formats, e.g.,
+\prog{etex}, \prog{latex}, \prog{pdflatex}.  Its web site is
+\url{http://www.pdftex.org/}.  See
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf} for the manual, and
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/samplepdftex/samplepdf.tex} for example
+usage of some of its features.
+
+\item [Lua\TeX] is the designated successor of pdf\TeX,
+and is mostly (but not entirely) backward-compatible.  It is also
+intended to be a functional superset of Aleph (see below), though
+perfect compatibility is not intended. The incorporated Lua
+interpreter (\url{https://lua.org/}) enables elegant solutions for
+many thorny \TeX{} problems. When called as \filename{texlua}, it
+functions as a standalone Lua interpreter, and is used as such
+within \TL.  Its web site is \url{http://www.luatex.org/}, and the
+reference manual is \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf}.
+
+\item [\XeTeX] adds support for Unicode input and OpenType- and system
+fonts, implemented using standard third-party libraries.  See
+\url{https://tug.org/xetex}.
+
+\item [\OMEGA\ (Omega)] is based on Unicode (16-bit characters), thus
+supports working with almost all the world's scripts simultaneously. It
+also supports so-called `\OMEGA{} Translation Processes' (OTPs),
+for performing complex transformations on arbitrary input.  Omega is no
+longer included in \TL{} as a separate program; only Aleph is provided:
+
+\item [Aleph] combines the \OMEGA\ and \eTeX\ extensions.
+See \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base}.
+
+\end{description}
+
+
+\subsection{Other notable programs in \protect\TL}
+
+Here are a few other commonly-used programs included in \TL{}:
+
+\begin{cmddescription}
+
+\item [bibtex, biber] bibliography support.
+
+\item [makeindex, xindy] index support.
+
+\item [dvips] convert \dvi{} to \PS{}.
+
+\item [xdvi] \dvi{} previewer for the X Window System.
+
+\item [dviconcat, dviselect] cut and paste pages
+from \dvi{} files.
+
+\item [dvipdfmx] convert \dvi{} to PDF, an alternative approach
+to pdf\TeX\ (mentioned above).
+
+\item [psselect, psnup, \ldots] \PS{} utilities.
+
+\item [pdfjam, pdfjoin, \ldots] PDF utilities.
+
+\item [context, mtxrun] Con\TeX{}t and PDF processor.
+
+\item [htlatex, \ldots] \cmdname{tex4ht}: \AllTeX{} to HTML (and
+XML and more) converter.
+
+\end{cmddescription}
+
+
+\htmlanchor{installation}
+\section{Installation}
+\label{sec:install}
+
+\subsection{Starting the installer}
+\label{sec:inst-start}
+
+To begin, get the \TK{} \DVD{} or download the \TL{} net installer.  See
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html} for more information and other
+methods of getting the software.
+
+\begin{description}
+\item [Net installer, .zip or .tar.gz:] Download from \CTAN, under
+\dirname{systems/texlive/tlnet}; the url
+\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet} should redirect to a
+nearby, up-to-date, mirror.  You can retrieve either
+\filename{install-tl.zip} which can be used under Unix and Windows, or
+the considerably smaller \filename{install-unx.tar.gz} for Unix
+only. After unpacking, \filename{install-tl} and
+\filename{install-tl-windows.bat} will be in the \dirname{install-tl}
+subdirectory.
+
+\item[Net installer, Windows .exe:] Download from \CTAN{} as above,
+and double-click. This starts up a first-stage installer and unpacker;
+see figure~\ref{fig:nsis}. It gives two choices: ``Install''
+and``Unpack only''.
+
+\item [\TeX{} Collection \DVD:] go to the \DVD's \dirname{texlive}
+subdirectory. Under Windows, the installer normally starts automatically
+when you insert the \DVD.  You can get the \DVD\ by becoming a member of
+a \TeX\ user group (highly recommended,
+\url{https://tug.org/usergroups.html}), or purchasing it separately
+(\url{https://tug.org/store}), or burning your own from the \ISO\ image.
+You can also mount the \ISO\ directly on most systems.  After installing
+from \DVD\ or \ISO, if you want to get continuing updates from the
+Internet, please see \ref{sec:dvd-install-net-updates}.
+
+\end{description}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{nsis_installer}{.6\linewidth}
+\caption{First stage of Windows \code{.exe} installer}\label{fig:nsis}
+\end{figure}
+
+The same installer program is run, whatever the source.  The most
+visible difference between the two is that with the net installer, what
+you end up with is the packages that are currently available.  This is
+in contrast to the \DVD\ and \ISO\ images, which are not updated between
+the major public releases.
+
+If you need to download through proxies, use a \filename{~/.wgetrc} file
+or environment variables with the proxy settings for Wget
+(\url{https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Proxies.html}),
+or the equivalent for whatever download program you are using. This does
+not matter if you are installing from the \DVD\ or \ISO\ image.
+
+The following sections explain installer start-up in more detail.
+
+\subsubsection{Unix}
+
+Below, \texttt{>} denotes the shell prompt; user input is
+\Ucom{\texttt{bold}}.
+The script \filename{install-tl} is a Perl script.  The simplest way
+to start it on a Unix-compatible system is as follows:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{perl /path/to/installer/install-tl}
+\end{alltt}
+(Or you can invoke \Ucom{/path/to/installer/install-tl} if it stayed
+executable, or \texttt{cd} to the directory first, etc.; we won't repeat
+all the variations.)  You may have to enlarge your terminal window so
+that it shows the full text installer screen
+(figure~\ref{fig:text-main}).
+
+To install in \GUI\ mode (figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}), you'll need to
+have Tcl/Tk installed.  Given that, you can run:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{perl install-tl -gui}
+\end{alltt}
+
+The old \code{wizard} and \code{perltk}/\code{expert} options are still
+available. These require the \dirname{Perl::Tk} module compiled with XFT
+support, which is generally no problem with \GNU/Linux, but often is
+with other systems. For a complete listing of the various options:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{perl install-tl -help}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\textbf{About Unix permissions:} Your \code{umask} at the time
+of installation will be respected by the \TL{} installer.  Therefore, if
+you want your installation to be usable by users other than you, make
+sure your setting is sufficiently permissive, for instance, \code{umask
+002}.  For more information about \code{umask}, consult your system
+documentation.
+
+\textbf{Special considerations for Cygwin:} Unlike other
+Unix-compatible systems, Cygwin does not by default include all of the
+prerequisite programs needed by the \TL{} installer.  See
+section~\ref{sec:cygwin}.
+
+
+\subsubsection{\MacOSX}
+\label{sec:macosx}
+
+As mentioned in section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists}, a separate distribution
+is prepared for \MacOSX, named Mac\TeX\ (\url{https://tug.org/mactex}).
+We recommend using the native Mac\TeX\ installer instead of the \TL\
+installer on \MacOSX, because the native installer makes a few
+Mac-specific adjustments, in particular to allow easily switching
+between the various \TeX\ distributions for \MacOSX\ (Mac\TeX, Fink,
+MacPorts, \ldots) using the so-called \TeX{}Dist data structure.
+
+Mac\TeX\ is firmly based on \TL, and the main \TeX\ trees and binaries
+are precisely the same.  It adds a few extra folders with Mac-specific
+documentation and applications.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Windows}\label{sec:wininst}
+
+If you are using the unpacked downloaded zip file, or the \DVD\
+installer failed to start automatically, double-click
+\filename{install-tl-windows.bat}.
+
+You can also start the installer from the command-prompt.  Below,
+\texttt{>} denotes the prompt; user input is \Ucom{\texttt{bold}}.  If
+you are in the installer directory, run just:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl-windows}
+\end{alltt}
+
+Or you can invoke it with an absolute location, such as:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{D:\bs{}texlive\bs{}install-tl-windows}
+\end{alltt}
+for the \TK\ \DVD, supposing that \dirname{D:} is the optical
+drive. Figure~\ref{fig:basic-w32} displays the initial basic screen
+of the \GUI\ installer, which is the default for Windows.
+
+To install in text mode, use:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl-windows -no-gui}
+\end{alltt}
+
+For a complete listing of the various options:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl-windows -help}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+Installing TeX Live 2020 from: ...
+Platform: x86_64-linux => 'GNU/Linux on x86_64'
+Distribution: inst (compressed)
+Directory for temporary files: /tmp
+...
+ Detected platform: GNU/Linux on Intel x86_64
+ 
+ <B> binary platforms: 1 out of 16
+
+ <S> set installation scheme: scheme-full
+
+ <C> customizing installation collections
+     40 collections out of 41, disk space required: 6536 MB
+
+ <D> directories:
+   TEXDIR (the main TeX directory):
+     /usr/local/texlive/2020
+   ...
+
+ <O> options:
+   [ ] use letter size instead of A4 by default
+   ...
+ 
+ <V> set up for portable installation
+
+Actions:
+ <I> start installation to hard disk
+ <P> save installation profile to 'texlive.profile' and exit
+ <H> help
+ <Q> quit
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\vskip-\baselineskip
+\caption{Main text installer screen (\GNU/Linux)}\label{fig:text-main}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{basic-w32}{.6\linewidth}
+\caption{Basic installer screen (Windows); the Advanced button will
+  result in something like figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}}\label{fig:basic-w32}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{advanced-lnx}{\linewidth}
+\caption{Advanced \GUI{} installer screen
+  (\GNU/Linux)}\label{fig:advanced-lnx}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+\htmlanchor{cygwin}
+\subsubsection{Cygwin}
+\label{sec:cygwin}
+
+Before beginning the installation, use Cygwin's \filename{setup.exe} program to
+install the \filename{perl} and \filename{wget} packages if you have
+not already done so.  The following additional packages are
+recommended:
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item \filename{fontconfig} [needed by \XeTeX\ and Lua\TeX]
+\item \filename{ghostscript} [needed by various utilities]
+\item \filename{libXaw7} [needed by \code{xdvi}]
+\item \filename{ncurses} [provides the \code{clear} command used by the installer]
+\end{itemize*}
+
+
+\subsubsection{The text installer}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:text-main} displays the main text mode screen under
+Unix.  The text installer is the default on Unix.
+
+This is only a command-line installer; there is no cursor support at
+all.  For instance, you cannot tab around checkboxes or input fields.
+You just type something (case-sensitive) at the prompt and press the
+Enter key, and then the entire terminal screen will be rewritten, with
+adjusted content.
+
+The text installer interface is this primitive in order to make it run
+on as many platforms as possible, even with a minimal Perl.
+
+\subsubsection{The graphical installer}
+\label{sec:graphical-inst}
+
+The default graphical installer starts out simple, with just a
+few options; see figure~\ref{fig:basic-w32}. It can be started with
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl -gui}
+\end{alltt}
+The Advanced button gives access to most of the options of the text
+installer; see figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}.
+
+\subsubsection{The legacy installers}
+
+The \texttt{perltk}/\texttt{expert} and \texttt{wizard} modes are
+still available for systems with have Perl/Tk installed. These can
+be specified with \texttt{-gui=perltk} and \texttt{-gui=wizard}
+arguments respectively.
+
+\subsection{Running the installer}
+\label{sec:runinstall}
+
+The installer is intended to be mostly self-explanatory, but following are a
+few notes about the various options and submenus.
+
+\subsubsection{Binary systems menu (Unix only)}
+\label{sec:binary}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+Available platforms:
+===============================================================================
+   a [ ] Cygwin on Intel x86 (i386-cygwin)
+   b [ ] Cygwin on x86_64 (x86_64-cygwin)
+   c [ ] MacOSX current (10.13-) on x86_64 (x86_64-darwin)
+   d [ ] MacOSX legacy (10.6-) on x86_64 (x86_64-darwinlegacy)
+   e [ ] FreeBSD on x86_64 (amd64-freebsd)
+   f [ ] FreeBSD on Intel x86 (i386-freebsd)
+   g [ ] GNU/Linux on ARM64 (aarch64-linux)
+   h [ ] GNU/Linux on ARMv6/RPi (armhf-linux)
+   i [ ] GNU/Linux on Intel x86 (i386-linux)
+   j [X] GNU/Linux on x86_64 (x86_64-linux)
+   k [ ] GNU/Linux on x86_64 with musl (x86_64-linuxmusl)
+   l [ ] NetBSD on x86_64 (amd64-netbsd)
+   m [ ] NetBSD on Intel x86 (i386-netbsd)
+   o [ ] Solaris on Intel x86 (i386-solaris)
+   p [ ] Solaris on x86_64 (x86_64-solaris)
+   s [ ] Windows (win32)
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\vskip-\baselineskip
+\caption{Binaries menu}\label{fig:bin-text}
+\end{figure}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:bin-text} displays the text mode binaries menu.  By
+default, only the binaries for your current platform will be installed.
+From this menu, you can select installation of binaries for other
+platforms as well.  This can be useful if you are sharing a \TeX\
+tree across a network of heterogeneous machines, or for a dual-boot
+system.
+
+\subsubsection{Selecting what is to be installed}
+\label{sec:components}
+
+\begin{figure}[tbh]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+Select scheme:
+===============================================================================
+ a [X] full scheme (everything)
+ b [ ] medium scheme (small + more packages and languages)
+ c [ ] small scheme (basic + xetex, metapost, a few languages)
+ d [ ] basic scheme (plain and latex)
+ e [ ] minimal scheme (plain only)
+ f [ ] ConTeXt scheme
+ g [ ] GUST TeX Live scheme
+ h [ ] infrastructure-only scheme (no TeX at all)
+ i [ ] teTeX scheme (more than medium, but nowhere near full)
+ j [ ] custom selection of collections
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\vskip-\baselineskip
+\caption{Scheme menu}\label{fig:scheme-text}
+\end{figure}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:scheme-text} displays the \TL\ scheme menu; from here,
+you choose a ``scheme'', which is an overall set of package collections.
+The default \optname{full} scheme installs everything available. This is
+recommended, but you can also choose the \optname{basic} scheme for
+just plain and \LaTeX, \optname{small} for a few more programs
+(equivalent to the so-called Basic\TeX\ installation of Mac\TeX),
+\optname{minimal} for testing purposes, and \optname{medium} or
+\optname{teTeX} to get something in between. There are also various
+specialized and country-specific schemes.
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\centering \tlpng{stdcoll}{.7\linewidth}
+\caption{Collections menu}\label{fig:collections-gui}
+\end{figure}
+
+You can refine your scheme selection with the `collections' menu
+(figure~\ref{fig:collections-gui}, shown in \GUI\ mode for a change).
+
+Collections are one level more detailed than schemes\Dash in essence, a
+scheme consists of several collections, a collection consists of one or
+more packages, and a package (the lowest level grouping in \TL) contains
+the actual \TeX\ macro files, font files, and so on.
+
+If you want more control than the collection menus provide, you can use
+the \TeX\ Live Manager (\prog{tlmgr}) program after installation (see
+section~\ref{sec:tlmgr}); using that, you can control the installation
+at the package level.
+
+\subsubsection{Directories}
+\label{sec:directories}
+
+The default layout is described in section~\ref{sec:texmftrees},
+\p.\pageref{sec:texmftrees}.  The default installation directory is
+\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/2020} on Unix and
+|%SystemDrive%\texlive\2020| on Windows.  This arrangement enables
+having many parallel \TL\ installations, such as one for each release
+(typically by year, as here), and you can switch between them merely by
+altering your search path.
+
+That installation directory can be overridden by setting the so-called
+\dirname{TEXDIR} in the installer.  The \GUI\ screen for this and other
+options is shown in figure~\ref{fig:advanced-lnx}.  The most common reasons
+to change it are either lacking enough disk space in that partition (the
+full \TL\ needs several gigabytes), or lacking write permission for the
+default location (you don't have to be root or administrator to install
+\TL, but you do need write access to the target directory).
+
+The installation directories can also be changed by setting a variety of
+environment variables before running the installer (most likely,
+\envname{TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_PREFIX} or
+\envname{TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_TEXDIR}); see the documentation from
+|install-tl --help| (available online at
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/doc/install-tl.html}) for the full list and
+more details.
+
+A reasonable alternative destination is a directory under your home,
+especially if you will be the sole user. Use `|~|' to indicate this, as
+in `|~/texlive/2020|'.
+
+We recommend including the year in the name, to enable keeping different
+releases of \TL{} side by side.  (You may wish to also maintain a
+version-independent name, such as \dirname{/usr/local/texlive-cur}, via a
+symbolic link, which you can then repoint after testing the new release.)
+
+Changing \dirname{TEXDIR} in the installer will also change
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL}, \dirname{TEXMFSYSVAR} and
+\dirname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}.
+
+\dirname{TEXMFHOME} is the recommended location for personal macro files
+or packages.  The default value is |~/texmf| (|~/Library/texmf| on
+Macs).  In contrast to \dirname{TEXDIR}, here a |~| is preserved in the
+newly-written configuration files, since it usefully refers to the home
+directory of the user running \TeX.  It expands to \dirname{$HOME} on
+Unix and \verb|%USERPROFILE%| on Windows.  Special redundant note:
+\envname{TEXMFHOME}, like all trees, must be organized according to the
+\TDS, or files may not be found.
+
+\dirname{TEXMFVAR} is the location for storing most cached runtime data
+specific to each user.  \dirname{TEXMFCACHE} is the variable name used
+for that purpose by Lua\LaTeX and \ConTeXt\ MkIV (see
+section~\ref{sec:context-mkiv}, \p.\pageref{sec:context-mkiv}); its
+default value is \dirname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, or (if that's not writable),
+\dirname{TEXMFVAR}.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Options}
+\label{sec:options}
+
+\begin{figure}[tbh]
+\begin{boxedverbatim}
+Options customization:
+===============================================================================
+ <P> use letter size instead of A4 by default: [ ]
+ <E> execution of restricted list of programs: [X]
+ <F> create all format files:                  [X]
+ <D> install font/macro doc tree:              [X]
+ <S> install font/macro source tree:           [X]
+ <L> create symlinks in standard directories:  [ ]
+            binaries to:
+            manpages to:
+                info to:
+ <Y> after install, set CTAN as source for package updates: [X]
+\end{boxedverbatim}
+\vskip-\baselineskip
+\caption{Options menu (Unix)}\label{fig:options-text}
+\end{figure}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:options-text} shows the text mode options menu.
+More info on each:
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[use letter size instead of A4 by default:] The default paper
+  size selection.  Of course, individual documents can and should
+  specify a specific paper size, if desired.
+
+\item[execution of restricted list of programs:] As of \TL\ 2010,
+  execution of a few external programs is allowed by default.  The (very
+  short) list of allowed programs is given in the \filename{texmf.cnf}.
+  See the 2010 news (section~\ref{sec:2010news}) for more details.
+
+\item[create all format files:] Although unnecessary format files
+  take time to generate and disk space to store, it is still recommended
+  to leave this option checked: if you don't, then format files will be
+  generated in people's private \dirname{TEXMFVAR} tree as they are
+  needed.  In that location, they will not be updated automatically if
+  (for example) core packages or hyphenation patterns are updated in the
+  installation, and thus you could end up with incompatible format files.
+
+\item[install font/macro \ldots\ tree:] Download/install the
+  documentation and source files included in most packages.  Unchecking
+  is not recommended.
+
+\item[create symlinks in standard directories:]
+  This option (Unix only) bypasses the need to change environment
+  variables. Without this option, \TL{} directories usually have to be
+  added to \envname{PATH}, \envname{MANPATH} and \envname{INFOPATH}. You
+  will need write permissions to the target directories.  This option is
+  intended for accessing the \TeX\ system through directories that are
+  already known to users, such as \dirname{/usr/local/bin}, which don't
+  already contain any \TeX\ files.  Do not overwrite existing files on
+  your system with this option, e.g., by specifying system directories.
+  The safest and recommended approach is to leave the option unchecked.
+
+\item[after install, set CTAN as source for package updates:]
+  When installing from \DVD, this
+  option is enabled by default, since usually one wants to take any
+  subsequent package updates from the \CTAN\ area that is updated
+  throughout the year.  The only likely reason to disable it is if you
+  install only a subset from the \DVD\ and plan to augment the
+  installation later.  In any case, the package repository for the
+  installer, and for updates after installation, can be set
+  independently as needed; see section~\ref{sec:location} and
+  section~\ref{sec:dvd-install-net-updates}.
+\end{description}
+Windows-specific options, as displayed in the advanced Perl/Tk
+interface:
+\begin{description}
+\item[adjust PATH setting in registry] This ensures that all
+  programs will see the \TL{} binary directory on their search path.
+
+\item[add menu shortcuts] If set, there will be a \TL{} submenu of
+  the Start menu. There is a third option `Launcher entry' besides
+  `TeX Live menu' and `No shortcuts'. This option is described in
+  section \ref{sec:sharedinstall}.
+
+\item[change file associations] The options are `Only new' (create
+  file associations, but do not overwrite existing ones), `All' and
+  `None'.
+
+\item[install \TeX{}works front end]
+\end{description}
+When all the settings are to your liking, you can type `I' in the
+text interface, or press the `Install TeX Live' button in the
+Perl/Tk \GUI, to start the installation process. When it is done,
+skip to section~\ref{sec:postinstall} to read what else needs to be
+done, if anything.
+
+\subsection{Command-line install-tl options}
+\label{sec:cmdline}
+
+Type
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{install-tl -help}
+\end{alltt}
+for a listing of command-line options.  Either |-| or |--| can be used
+to introduce option names.  These are the most common ones:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[-gui] Use the \GUI{} installer if possible. This requires
+  Tcl/Tk version 8.5 or higher. This is the case on \MacOSX\ and is
+  distributed with \TL{} on Windows. The legacy options
+  \texttt{-gui=perltk} and \texttt{-gui=wizard} are still available
+  and require the Perl/Tk module
+  (\url{https://tug.org/texlive/distro.html#perltk}) compiled with
+  XFT support; if Tcl/Tk and Perl/Tk are not available, installation
+  continues in text mode.
+
+\item[-no-gui] Force using the text mode installer.
+
+\item[-lang {\sl LL}] Specify the installer interface
+  language as a standard (usually two-letter) code.  The installer tries
+  to automatically determine the right language but if it fails, or if
+  the right language is not available, then it uses English as a
+  fallback.  Run \verb|install-tl --help| to get the list of available
+  languages.
+
+\item[-portable] Install for portable use on, e.g., a \USB{} stick.
+  Also selectable from within the text installer with the \code{V}
+  command, and from the \GUI{} installer.  See
+  section~\ref{sec:portable-tl}.
+
+\item[-profile {\sl file}] Load the installation profile \var{file} and
+  do the installation with no user interaction.  The installer always
+  writes a file \filename{texlive.profile} to the \dirname{tlpkg}
+  subdirectory of your installation.  That file can be given as the
+  argument to redo the exact same installation on a different system,
+  for example.  Alternatively, you can use a custom profile, most easily
+  created by starting from a generated one and changing values, or an
+  empty file, which will take all the defaults.
+
+\item [-repository {\sl url-or-directory}] Specify package
+  repository from which to install; see following.
+
+\htmlanchor{opt-in-place}
+\item[-in-place] (Documented only for completeness: Do not use this
+  unless you know what you are doing.) If you already have an rsync, svn,
+  or other copy of \TL{} (see
+  \url{https://tug.org/texlive/acquire-mirror.html}) then this option
+  will use what you've got, as-is, and do only the necessary
+  post-install.  Be warned that the file \filename{tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb}
+  may be overwritten; saving it is your responsibility.  Also, package
+  removal has to be done manually. This option cannot be toggled via the
+  installer interface.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+
+\subsubsection{The \optname{-repository} option}
+\label{sec:location}
+
+The default network package repository is a \CTAN{} mirror chosen
+automatically via \url{http://mirror.ctan.org}.
+
+If you want to override that, the location value can be a url starting
+with \texttt{ftp:}, \texttt{http:}, or \texttt{file:/}, or a plain
+directory path.  (When giving an \texttt{http:}\ or \texttt{ftp:}\
+location, trailing `\texttt{/}' characters and/or a trailing
+`\texttt{/tlpkg}' component are ignored.)
+
+For example, you could choose a particular \CTAN\ mirror with something
+like: \url{http://ctan.example.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/},
+substituting a real hostname and its particular top-level \CTAN\ path
+for |ctan.example.org/tex-archive|.  The list of \CTAN\ mirrors is
+maintained at \url{https://ctan.org/mirrors}.
+
+If the given argument is local (either a path or a \texttt{file:/} url),
+compressed files in an \dirname{archive} subdirectory of the repository
+path are used (even if uncompressed files are available as well).
+
+
+\subsection{Post-install actions}
+\label{sec:postinstall}
+
+Some post-installation may be required.
+
+\subsubsection{Environment variables for Unix}
+\label{sec:env}
+
+If you elected to create symlinks in standard directories (described in
+section~\ref{sec:options}), then there is no need to edit environment
+variables.  Otherwise, on Unix systems, the directory of the binaries
+for your platform must be added to the search path.  (On Windows, the
+installer takes care of this.)
+
+Each supported platform has its own subdirectory under
+\dirname{TEXDIR/bin}. See figure~\ref{fig:bin-text} for the list of
+subdirectories and corresponding platforms.
+
+Optionally, you can also add the documentation man and Info directories
+to their respective search paths, if you want the system tools to find
+them.  The man pages might be found automatically after the addition to
+\envname{PATH}.
+
+For Bourne-compatible shells such as \prog{bash}, and using Intel x86
+GNU/Linux and a default directory setup as an example, the file to edit
+might be \filename{$HOME/.profile} (or another file sourced by
+\filename{.profile}), and the lines to add would look like this:
+
+\begin{sverbatim}
+PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH; export PATH
+MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH; export MANPATH
+INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH; export INFOPATH
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+For csh or tcsh, the file to edit is typically \filename{$HOME/.cshrc}, and
+the lines to add might look like:
+
+\begin{sverbatim}
+setenv PATH /usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH
+setenv MANPATH /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH
+setenv INFOPATH /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+If you already have settings somewhere in your ``dot'' files, naturally
+the \TL\ directories should be merged in as appropriate.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Environment variables: Global configuration}
+\label{sec:envglobal}
+
+If you want to make these changes globally, or for a user newly added to
+the system, then you are on your own; there is just too much variation
+between systems in how and where these things are configured.
+
+Our two hints are: 1)~you may want to check for a file
+\filename{/etc/manpath.config} and, if present, add lines such as
+
+\begin{sverbatim}
+MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux \
+            /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+And 2)~check for a file \filename{/etc/environment} which may define the
+search path and other default environment variables.
+
+In each (Unix) binary directory, we also create a symbolic link named
+\code{man} to the directory \dirname{texmf-dist/doc/man}.  Some \code{man}
+programs, such as the standard \MacOSX\ \code{man}, will automatically
+find that, obviating the need for any man page setup.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Internet updates after \DVD\ installation}
+\label{sec:dvd-install-net-updates}
+
+If you installed \TL\ from \DVD\ and then wish to get updates from the
+Internet, you need to run this command---\emph{after} you've updated
+your search path (as described in the previous section):
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr option repository http://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet}
+\end{alltt}
+
+This tells \cmdname{tlmgr} to use a nearby \CTAN\ mirror for future updates.
+This is done by default when installing from \DVD, via the option
+described in section~\ref{sec:options}.
+
+If there are problems with the automatic mirror selection, you can
+specify a particular \CTAN\ mirror from the list at
+\url{https://ctan.org/mirrors}.  Use the exact path to the
+\dirname{tlnet} subdir on that mirror, as shown above.
+
+
+\htmlanchor{xetexfontconfig}  % keep historical anchor working
+\htmlanchor{sysfontconfig}
+\subsubsection{System font configuration for \protect\XeTeX\protect\ and Lua\protect\TeX}
+\label{sec:font-conf-sys}
+
+\XeTeX\ and Lua\TeX\ can use any font installed on the system, not just
+those in the \TeX\ trees.  They do these via related but not identical
+methods.
+
+On Windows, fonts shipped with \TL\ are automatically made available to
+\XeTeX\ by font name.  On \MacOSX, supporting font name lookups requires
+additional steps; please see the Mac\TeX\ web pages
+(\url{https://tug.org/mactex}).  For other Unix systems, the procedure to
+be able to find the fonts shipped with \TL\ via font name follows.
+
+To facilitate this, when the \pkgname{xetex} package is installed
+(either at initial installation or later), the necessary configuration
+file is created in
+\filename{TEXMFSYSVAR/fonts/conf/texlive-fontconfig.conf}.
+
+To set up the \TL{} fonts for system-wide use (assuming you have
+suitable privileges), proceed as follows:
+\begin{enumerate*}
+\item Copy the \filename{texlive-fontconfig.conf} file to
+\dirname{/etc/fonts/conf.d/09-texlive.conf}.
+\item Run \Ucom{fc-cache -fsv}.
+\end{enumerate*}
+
+If you do not have sufficient privileges to carry out the steps above,
+or if you want to make the \TL{} fonts available to only one user,
+you can do the following:
+\begin{enumerate*}
+\item Copy the \filename{texlive-fontconfig.conf} file to
+      \filename{~/.fonts.conf}, where \filename{~} is your home directory.
+\item Run \Ucom{fc-cache -fv}.
+\end{enumerate*}
+
+You can run \code{fc-list} to see the names of the system fonts.  The
+incantation \code{fc-list : family style file spacing} (all arguments
+are literal strings) shows some generally interesting information.
+
+
+\subsubsection{\protect\ConTeXt{} Mark IV}
+\label{sec:context-mkiv}
+
+Both the `old' \ConTeXt{} (Mark II) and the `new' \ConTeXt{}
+(Mark IV) should run out of the box after \TL{} installation,
+and should need no special attention as long as you stick to
+using \verb+tlmgr+ for updates.
+
+However, because \ConTeXt{} MkIV does not use the kpathsea
+library, some setup will be required whenever you install new 
+files manually (without using \verb+tlmgr+). After each such 
+installation, each MkIV user must run:
+\begin{sverbatim}
+context --generate
+\end{sverbatim}
+to refresh the \ConTeXt{} disk cache data.
+The resulting files are stored under \code{TEXMFCACHE},
+whose default value in \TL\ is \verb+TEXMFSYSVAR;TEXMFVAR+. 
+
+\ConTeXt\ MkIV will read from
+all paths mentioned in \verb+TEXMFCACHE+, and write to the first
+path that is writable. While reading, the last found match will 
+take precedence in the case of duplicated cache data.
+
+For more information, see
+\url{https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Running_Mark_IV}.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Integrating local and personal macros}
+\label{sec:local-personal-macros}
+
+This is already mentioned implicitly in section~\ref{sec:texmftrees}:
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} (by default,
+\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local} or
+\verb|%SystemDrive%\texlive\texmf-local| on Windows)
+is intended for system-wide local fonts and macros; and
+\dirname{TEXMFHOME} (by default, \dirname{$HOME/texmf} or
+\verb|%USERPROFILE%\texmf|), is for personal fonts and macros.  These
+directories are intended to stick around from release to release, and
+have their content seen automatically by a new \TL{} release.
+Therefore, it is best to refrain from changing the definition of
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} to be too far away from the main \TL{} directory,
+or you will need to manually change future releases.
+
+For both trees, files should be placed in their proper \TeX\ Directory
+Structure (\TDS) subdirectories; see \url{https://tug.org/tds} or consult
+\filename{texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf}. For instance, a \LaTeX{} class file or
+package should be placed in \dirname{TEXMFLOCAL/tex/latex} or
+\dirname{TEXMFHOME/tex/latex}, or a subdirectory thereof.
+
+\dirname{TEXMFLOCAL} requires an up-to-date filename database, or files
+will not be found.  You can update it with the command
+\cmdname{mktexlsr} or use the `Reinit file database' button on the
+configuration tab of the \TeX\ Live Manager \GUI.
+
+By default, each of these variables is defined to be a single directory,
+as shown.  This is not a hard-and-fast requirement.  If you need to
+easily switch back and forth between different versions of large
+packages, for example, you can maintain multiple trees for your own
+purposes.  This is done by setting \dirname{TEXMFHOME} to the
+list of directories, within braces, separated by commas:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+  TEXMFHOME = {/my/dir1,/mydir2,/a/third/dir}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Section~\ref{sec:brace-expansion} describes brace expansion further.
+
+
+\subsubsection{Integrating third-party fonts}
+
+This is unfortunately a messy topic.  Forget about it unless you want to
+delve into many details of the \TeX{} installation.  Many fonts are
+included in \TL\ already, so take a look if you don't already know 
+that what you want isn't there.
+
+A possible alternative is to use \XeTeX\ or Lua\TeX\ (see
+section~\ref{sec:tex-extensions}), which let you use operating system
+fonts without any installation in \TeX.
+
+If you do need to do this, see
+\url{https://tug.org/fonts/fontinstall.html} for our best effort at
+describing the procedure.
+
+
+\subsection{Testing the installation}
+\label{sec:test-install}
+
+After installing \TL{}, you naturally want to test it out, so you can
+start creating beautiful documents and\slash or fonts.
+
+One thing you may immediately be looking for is a front-end with which
+to edit files.  \TL{} installs \TeX{}works
+(\url{https://tug.org/texworks}) on Windows (only), and Mac\TeX\ installs
+TeXShop (\url{https://pages.uoregon.edu/koch/texshop}).  On other Unix
+systems, it's left up to you to choose an editor.  There are many
+choices available, some of which are listed in the next section; see
+also \url{https://tug.org/interest.html#editors}.  Any plain text editor
+will work; something \TeX-specific is not required.
+
+The rest of this section gives some basic procedures for testing that
+the new system is functional.  We give Unix commands here; under
+\MacOSX{} and Windows, you're more likely to run the tests through a
+graphical interface, but the principles are the same.
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+
+\item Make sure that you can run the \cmdname{tex} program in the first
+place:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tex -{}-version}
+TeX 3.14159265 (TeX Live ...)
+Copyright ... D.E. Knuth.
+...
+\end{alltt}
+If this comes back with `command not found' instead of version and
+copyright information, or with an older version, most likely you don't
+have the correct \dirname{bin} subdirectory in your \envname{PATH}.  See
+the environment-setting information on \p.\pageref{sec:env}.
+
+\item Process a basic \LaTeX{} file:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{latex sample2e.tex}
+This is pdfTeX 3.14...
+...
+Output written on sample2e.dvi (3 pages, 7484 bytes).
+Transcript written on sample2e.log.
+\end{alltt}
+If this fails to find \filename{sample2e.tex} or other files, most
+likely you have interference from old environment variables or
+configuration files; we recommend unsetting all \TeX-related environment
+variables for a start.  (For a deep analysis, you can ask \TeX{} to
+report on exactly what it is searching for, and finding; see ``Debugging
+actions'' on page~\pageref{sec:debugging}.)
+
+\item Preview the result online:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{xdvi sample2e.dvi}    # Unix
+> \Ucom{dviout sample2e.dvi}  # Windows
+\end{alltt}
+You should see a new window with a nice document explaining some of the
+basics of \LaTeX{}.  (Well worth reading, by the way, if you're new to
+\TeX.)  You do have to be running under X for \cmdname{xdvi} to work; if
+you're not, or your \envname{DISPLAY} environment variable is set
+incorrectly, you'll get an error \samp{Can't open display}.
+
+\item Create a \PS{} file for printing or display:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{dvips sample2e.dvi -o sample2e.ps}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\item Create a PDF file instead of \dvi{}; this processes the
+\filename{.tex} file and writes PDF directly:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{pdflatex sample2e.tex}
+\end{alltt}
+
+\item Preview the PDF file:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{gv sample2e.pdf}
+\textrm{or:}
+> \Ucom{xpdf sample2e.pdf}
+\end{alltt}
+Neither \cmdname{gv} nor \cmdname{xpdf} are included in \TL{}, so
+you must install them separately.  See
+\url{https://www.gnu.org/software/gv} and
+\url{https://www.xpdfreader.com}, respectively.  There are plenty
+of other PDF viewers, too.  For Windows, we recommend trying Sumatra
+PDF (\url{https://www.sumatrapdfreader.org/free-pdf-reader.html}).
+
+\item Standard test files you may find useful in addition to
+\filename{sample2e.tex}:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item [small2e.tex] A simpler document than \filename{sample2e}, to
+reduce the input size if you're having troubles.
+\item [testpage.tex] Test if your printer introduces any offsets.
+\item [nfssfont.tex] For printing font tables and tests.
+\item [testfont.tex] Also for font tables, but using plain \TeX{}.
+\item [story.tex] The most canonical (plain) \TeX{} test file of all.
+You must type \samp{\bs bye} to the \code{*} prompt after \samp{tex
+story.tex}.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+\item If you have installed the \filename{xetex} package, you can test
+its access to system fonts as follows:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{xetex opentype-info.tex}
+This is XeTeX, Version 3.14\dots
+...
+Output written on opentype-info.pdf (1 page).
+Transcript written on opentype-info.log.
+\end{alltt}
+
+If you get an error message saying ``Invalid fontname `Latin Modern
+Roman/ICU'\dots'', then you need to configure your system so that the
+fonts shipped with \TL\ can be found.  See
+section~\ref{sec:font-conf-sys}.
+
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\subsection{Links for additional downloadable software}
+
+If you are new to \TeX{}, or otherwise need help with actually writing
+\TeX{} or \LaTeX{} documents, please visit
+\url{https://tug.org/begin.html} for some introductory resources.
+
+Links for some other tools you may consider installing:
+\begin{description}
+\item[Ghostscript] \url{https://ghostscript.com/}
+\item[Perl] \url{https://perl.org/} with
+      supplementary packages from CPAN, \url{https://cpan.org/}
+\item[ImageMagick] \url{https://imagemagick.org}, for graphics
+      processing and conversion
+\item[NetPBM] \url{http://netpbm.sourceforge.net}, also for graphics.
+
+\item[\TeX-oriented editors] There is a wide choice, and it is a matter of the
+      user's taste. Here is a selection in alphabetical order (a few
+      here are for Windows only).
+  \begin{itemize*}
+  \item \cmdname{GNU Emacs} is also available natively under Windows, see
+        \url{https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs.html}.
+  \item \cmdname{Emacs with Auc\TeX} for Windows is available from \CTAN.
+        The AuC\TeX\ home page is \url{https://www.gnu.org/software/auctex}.
+  \item \cmdname{SciTE} is available from
+        \url{https://www.scintilla.org/SciTE.html}.
+  \item \cmdname{Texmaker} is free software, available from
+        \url{https://www.xm1math.net/texmaker}.
+  \item \cmdname{TeXstudio} started out as a fork of \cmdname{Texmaker} with
+        additional features; \url{https://texstudio.org/}.
+  \item \cmdname{TeXnicCenter} is free software, available from
+        \url{https://www.texniccenter.org} and in the pro\TeX{}t distribution.
+  \item \cmdname{TeXworks} is free software, available from
+        \url{https://tug.org/texworks} and installed as part of \TL\ for
+        Windows (only).
+  \item \cmdname{Vim} is free software, available from
+        \url{https://www.vim.org}.
+  \item \cmdname{WinEdt} is shareware available though
+        \url{https://tug.org/winedt} or \url{https://www.winedt.com}.
+  \item \cmdname{WinShell} is available from \url{https://www.winshell.de}.
+  \end{itemize*}
+\end{description}
+For a much longer list of packages and programs, see
+\url{https://tug.org/interest.html}.
+
+
+\section{Specialized installations}
+
+The previous sections described the basic installation process.  Here we
+turn to some specialized cases.
+
+\htmlanchor{tlsharedinstall}
+\subsection{Shared-user (or cross-machine) installations}
+\label{sec:sharedinstall}
+
+\TL{} has been designed to be shared between different systems on a
+network. With a standard directory layout, no hard paths are
+configured: the locations for files needed by \TL{} programs are
+found relative to the programs.  You can see this in the principal
+configuration file
+\filename{$TEXMFDIST/web2c/texmf.cnf}, which contains lines such as
+\begin{sverbatim}
+TEXMFROOT = $SELFAUTOPARENT
+...
+TEXMFDIST = $TEXMFROOT/texmf-dist
+...
+TEXMFLOCAL = $SELFAUTOGRANDPARENT/texmf-local
+\end{sverbatim}
+This means that adding the directory for \TL{} executables for their
+platform to their search path is sufficient to get a working setup.
+
+By the same token, you can also install \TL{} locally and then move
+the entire hierarchy afterwards to a network location.
+
+For Windows, \TL{} includes a launcher \filename{tlaunch}. Its main
+window contains menu entries and buttons for various \TeX-related
+programs and documentation, customizable via an \code{ini} file.  On
+first use, it replicates the usual Windows-specific post-install,
+\emph{i.e.}, search path modification and file associations, but only
+for the current user. Therefore, workstations with access to \TL{} on
+the local network only need a menu shortcut for the launcher.  See the
+\code{tlaunch} manual (\code{texdoc tlaunch}, or
+\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/tlaunch}).
+
+
+\htmlanchor{tlportable}
+\subsection{Portable (\USB{}) installations}
+\label{sec:portable-tl}
+
+The \code{-portable} installer option (or \code{V} command in the text
+installer or corresponding \GUI{} option) creates a completely
+self-contained \TL{} installation under a common root and forgoes system
+integration. You can create such an installation directly on a \USB{}
+stick, or copy it to a \USB{} stick afterwards.
+
+To run \TeX\ using this portable installation, you need to add the
+appropriate binary directory to the search path during your terminal
+session, as usual.
+
+On Windows, you can double-click \filename{tl-tray-menu} at the root
+of the installation and create a temporary `tray menu' offering a
+choice of a few common tasks, as shown in this screenshot:
+
+\medskip
+\tlpng{tray-menu}{4cm}
+\smallskip
+
+\noindent The `More\ldots' entry explains how you can customize this menu.
+
+
+%\htmlanchor{tlisoinstall}
+%\subsection{\ISO\ (or \DVD) installations}
+%\label{sec:isoinstall}
+%
+%If you don't need to update or otherwise modify your installation often,
+%and\slash or have several systems on which to use \TL{}, it may be
+%convenient to create an \ISO\ of your \TL{} installation, because:
+%
+%\begin{itemize}
+%\item Copying an \ISO\ between different computers is much
+%  faster than copying a normal installation.
+%\item If you are dual-booting between different operating systems
+%  and want them to share a \TL{} installation, an \ISO
+%  installation is not tied to the idiosyncrasies and limitations of
+%  other mutually supported filesystems (FAT32, NTFS,
+%  HFS+).
+%\item Virtual machines can simply mount such an \ISO.
+%\end{itemize}
+%
+%Of course you can also burn an \ISO\ to \DVD, if that is useful for you.
+%
+%Desktop \GNU/Linux/Unix systems, including \MacOSX, are able to
+%mount an \ISO. Windows 8 is the first(!) Windows version which can
+%do this. Apart from that, nothing changes compared to a normal hard
+%disk installation, see section \ref{sec:env}.
+%
+%When preparing such an \ISO\ installation, it is best to omit the
+%subdirectory for the release year, and have
+%\filename{texmf-local} at the same level as the other trees
+%(\filename{texmf-dist}, \filename{texmf-var}, etc.).  You can do this with
+%the normal directory options in the installer.
+%
+%For a physical (rather than virtual) Windows system, you can burn
+%the \ISO\ to DVD. However, it may be worth your while to
+%investigate free \ISO-mounting options such as WinCDEmu at
+%\url{http://wincdemu.sysprogs.org/}.
+%
+%For Windows system integration, you can include the \filename{w32client}
+%scripts described in section~\ref{sec:sharedinstall} and at
+%\url{http://tug.org/texlive/w32client.html}, which work just as well for
+%an \ISO\ as for a network installation.
+%
+%On \MacOSX, TeXShop will be able to use the DVD
+%installation if a symlink \filename{/usr/texbin} points to the
+%appropriate binary directory, e.g.,
+%\begin{verbatim}
+%sudo ln -s /Volumes/MyTeXLive/bin/universal-darwin /usr/texbin
+%\end{verbatim}
+%
+%Historical note: \TL{} 2010 was the first \TL{} edition which was no
+%longer distributed `live'.  However, it always required some acrobatics
+%to run from \DVD\ or \ISO; in particular, there was no way around
+%setting at least one extra environment variable.  If you create your
+%\ISO\ from an existing installation then there is no need for this.
+
+
+\htmlanchor{tlmgr}
+\section{\cmdname{tlmgr}: Managing your installation}
+\label{sec:tlmgr}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{tlshell-macos}{\linewidth}
+\caption{\prog{tlshell} \GUI, showing the Actions menu (\MacOSX)}
+\label{fig:tlshell}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{tlcockpit-packages}{.8\linewidth}
+\caption{\prog{tlcockpit} \GUI{} for \prog{tlmgr}}
+\label{fig:tlcockpit}
+\end{figure}
+
+\begin{figure}[tb]
+\tlpng{tlmgr-gui}{\linewidth}
+\caption{Legacy \prog{tlmgr} \GUI\ mode: main window, after `Load'}
+\label{fig:tlmgr-gui}
+\end{figure}
+
+\TL{} includes a program named \prog{tlmgr} for managing \TL{} after the
+initial installation.  Its capabilities include:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item installing, updating, backing up, restoring, and uninstalling
+  individual packages, optionally taking dependencies into account;
+\item searching for and listing packages and their descriptions;
+\item listing, adding, and removing platforms;
+\item changing installation options such as paper size and source
+  location (see section~\ref{sec:location}).
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\prog{tlmgr}'s functionality completely subsumes the \prog{texconfig}
+program.  We still distribute and maintain \prog{texconfig} for the sake
+of anyone used to its interface, but we recommend using \prog{tlmgr}
+nowadays.
+
+\subsection{\GUI{} interfaces for \cmdname{tlmgr}}
+
+\TL{} contains several \GUI{} front-ends for \prog{tlmgr}. Two notable
+ones: (1)~Figure~\ref{fig:tlshell} shows \cmdname{tlshell}, which is
+written in Tcl/Tk and runs out of the box under Windows and \MacOSX;
+(2)~Figure~\ref{fig:tlcockpit} shows \prog{tlcockpit}, which requires
+Java version~8 or higher and JavaFX. Both are separate packages.
+
+\prog{tlmgr} also has a native \GUI{} mode (shown in
+figure~\ref{fig:tlmgr-gui}), which is started with:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr -gui}
+\end{alltt}
+However, this \GUI\ extension requires Perl/Tk, which module is no
+longer included in \TL's Perl distribution for Windows.
+
+\subsection{Sample \cmdname{tlmgr} command-line invocations}
+
+After the initial installation, you can update your system to the latest
+versions available with:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr update -all}
+\end{alltt}
+If this makes you nervous, first try
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr update -all -dry-run}
+\end{alltt}
+or (less verbose):
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr update -list}
+\end{alltt}
+
+This more complex example adds a collection, for the engine \XeTeX, from
+a local directory:
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr -repository /local/mirror/tlnet install collection-xetex}
+\end{alltt}
+It generates the following output (abridged):
+\begin{fverbatim}
+install: collection-xetex
+install: arabxetex
+...
+install: xetex
+install: xetexconfig
+install: xetex.i386-linux
+running post install action for xetex
+install: xetex-def
+...
+running mktexlsr
+mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/ls-R...
+...
+running fmtutil-sys --missing
+...
+Transcript written on xelatex.log.
+fmtutil: /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-var/web2c/xetex/xelatex.fmt installed.
+\end{fverbatim}
+
+As you can see, \prog{tlmgr} installs dependencies, and takes care of any
+necessary post-install actions, including updating the filename database
+and (re)generating formats.  In the above, we generated new formats for
+\XeTeX.
+
+To describe a package (or collection or scheme):
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr show collection-latexextra}
+\end{alltt}
+which produces output like this:
+\begin{fverbatim}
+package:    collection-latexextra
+category:   Collection
+shortdesc:  LaTeX supplementary packages
+longdesc:   A very large collection of add-on packages for LaTeX.
+installed:  Yes
+revision:   46963
+sizes:      657941k
+\end{fverbatim}
+
+Last and most important, for full documentation see
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/tlmgr.html}, or:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{tlmgr -help}
+\end{alltt}
+
+
+\section{Notes on Windows}
+\label{sec:windows}
+
+\subsection{Windows-specific features}
+\label{sec:winfeatures}
+
+Under Windows, the installer does some extra things:
+\begin{description}
+\item[Menus and shortcuts.] A new `\TL{}' submenu of the
+  Start menu is installed, which contains entries for some \GUI{}
+  programs (\prog{tlmgr}, \prog{texdoctk} and some documentation.
+\item[File associations.] If enabled, \prog{TeXworks} and \prog{Dviout}
+  become either the default program for
+  their respective filetypes, or get an entry in the `Open with'
+  right-click menus of those filetypes.
+\item[Bitmap to eps converter.] Various bitmapped formats get an
+  entry \cmdname{bitmap2eps} in their `Open with' right-click
+  menu. Bitmap2eps is a simple script which lets \cmdname{sam2p} or
+  \cmdname{bmeps} do the real work.
+\item[Automatic path adjustment.] No manual configuration steps are required.
+\item[Uninstaller.] The installer creates an entry under `Add/Remove
+  Programs' for \TL. The uninstall tab of the \TeX\ Live Manager \GUI\
+  refers to this. For a single-user install, the installer also
+  creates an uninstall entry under the Start menu.
+\item[Write-protect.] For an admin install, the \TL\ directories are
+  write-protected, at least if \TL\ is installed on a normal
+  NTFS-formatted non-removable disk.
+\end{description}
+
+Also, have a look at \filename{tlaunch}, described in
+section~\ref{sec:sharedinstall}, for a different approach.
+
+\subsection{Additional software included on Windows}
+
+To be complete, a \TL{} installation needs support packages that are not
+commonly found on a Windows machine. \TL{} provides the missing pieces.
+These programs are all installed as part of \TL{} only on Windows.
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[Perl and Ghostscript.] Because of the importance of Perl and
+  Ghostscript, \TL{} includes `hidden' copies of these
+  programs. \TL{} programs that need them know where to find them,
+  but they don't betray their presence through environment variables
+  or registry settings. They aren't full-scale installations, and
+  shouldn't interfere with any system installations of Perl or
+  Ghostscript.
+
+\item[dviout.] Also installed is \prog{dviout}, a DVI viewer.
+  At first, when you preview files with \cmdname{dviout}, it will create
+  fonts, because screen fonts were not installed. After a while, you
+  will have created most of the fonts you use, and you will rarely see
+  the font-creation window.  More information can be found in the
+  (highly recommended) on-line help.
+
+\item[\TeX{}works.]  \TeX{}works is a \TeX-oriented editor with
+  an integrated PDF viewer.
+
+\item[Command-line tools.] A number of Windows ports of common Unix
+  command-line programs are installed along with the usual \TL{}
+  binaries. These include \cmdname{gzip}, \cmdname{zip},
+  \cmdname{unzip}, and the utilities from the \cmdname{poppler} suite
+  (\cmdname{pdfinfo}, \cmdname{pdffonts}, \ldots); no standalone PDF
+  viewer for Windows is included.  One option for that is the Sumatra
+  PDF viewer, available from \url{https://sumatrapdfreader.org/}.
+
+\item[fc-list, fc-cache, \ldots] The tools from the fontconfig library allow
+  \XeTeX{} to handle system fonts on Windows.  You can use
+  \prog{fc-list} to determine the font names to pass to \XeTeX's
+  extended \cs{font} command. If necessary, run \prog{fc-cache}
+  first to update font information.
+
+\end{description}
+
+
+\subsection{User Profile is Home}
+\label{sec:winhome}
+
+The Windows counterpart of a Unix home directory is the
+\verb|%USERPROFILE%| directory.  Under Windows Vista and later it is
+\verb|C:\Users\<username>|.  In the
+\filename{texmf.cnf} file, and \KPS{} in general, \verb|~| will
+expand appropriately on both Windows and Unix.
+
+
+\subsection{The Windows registry}
+\label{sec:registry}
+
+Windows stores nearly all configuration data in its registry.  The
+registry contains a set of hierarchically organized keys, with several
+root keys. The most important ones for installation programs are
+\path{HKEY_CURRENT_USER} and \path{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE}, \path{HKCU} and
+\path{HKLM} in short. The \path{HKCU} part of the registry is in the
+user's home directory (see section~\ref{sec:winhome}).  \path{HKLM} is
+normally in a subdirectory of the Windows directory.
+
+In some cases, system information could be obtained from environment
+variables but for other information, for example the location of
+shortcuts, it is necessary to consult the registry.  Setting environment
+variables permanently also requires registry access.
+
+
+\subsection{Windows permissions}
+\label{sec:winpermissions}
+
+In later versions of Windows, a distinction is made between regular
+users and administrators, where only the latter have free access to the
+entire operating system. We have made an effort to make \TL{}
+installable without administrative privileges.
+
+If the installer is started with administrative permissions, there is an
+option to install for all users.  If this option is chosen, shortcuts
+are created for all users, and the system search path is
+modified. Otherwise, shortcuts and menu entries are created for the
+current user, and the user search path is modified.
+
+Regardless of administrator status, the default root of \TL{} proposed
+by the installer is always under \verb|%SystemDrive%|. The installer
+always tests whether the root is writable for the current user.
+
+A problem may arise if the user is not an administrator and \TeX{}
+already exists in the search path.  Since the effective search path
+consists of the system search path followed by the user search path, the
+new \TL{} would never get precedence.  As a safeguard, the installer
+creates a shortcut to the command-prompt in which the new \TL{} binary
+directory is prepended to the local search path.  The new \TL{} will be
+always usable from within such a command-prompt. The shortcut for
+\TeX{}works, if installed, also prepends \TL{} to the search path, so it
+should also be immune to this path problem.
+
+You should be aware that even if you are logged in as administrator, you
+need to explicitly ask for administrator privileges. In fact, there is
+not much point in logging in as administrator. Instead, right-clicking
+on the program or shortcut that you want to run usually gives you a
+choice `Run as administrator'.
+
+
+\subsection{Increasing maximum memory on Windows and Cygwin}
+\label{sec:cygwin-maxmem}
+
+Windows and Cygwin (see section~\ref{sec:cygwin} for Cygwin installation
+specifics) users may find that they run out of memory when running some
+of the programs shipped with \TL.  For example, \prog{asy} might run out
+of memory if you try to allocate an array of 25,000,000 reals, and
+Lua\TeX\ might run out of memory if you try to process a document with a
+lot of big fonts.
+
+For Cygwin, you can increase the amount of available memory by following
+the instructions in the Cygwin User's Guide
+(\url{https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-maxmem.html}).
+
+For Windows, you have to create a file, say \code{moremem.reg}, with
+these four lines:
+
+\begin{sverbatim}
+Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
+
+[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Cygwin]
+"heap_chunk_in_mb"=dword:ffffff00
+\end{sverbatim}
+
+\noindent and then execute the command \code{regedit /s moremem.reg} as
+administrator.  (If you want to change memory only for the current user
+instead of system-wide, use \code{HKEY\_CURRENT\_USER}.)
+
+
+\section{A user's guide to Web2C}
+
+\Webc{} is an integrated collection of \TeX-related programs: \TeX{}
+itself, \MF{}, \MP, \BibTeX{}, etc.  It is the heart of \TL{}.  The home
+page for \Webc{}, with the current manual and more, is
+\url{https://tug.org/web2c}.
+
+A bit of history: The original implementation was by Tomas Rokicki who,
+in 1987, developed a first \TeX{}-to-C system based on change files
+under Unix, which were primarily the original work of Howard Trickey and
+Pavel Curtis.  Tim Morgan became the maintainer of the system, and
+during this period the name changed to Web-to-C\@.  In 1990, Karl Berry
+took over the work, assisted by dozens of additional contributors, and
+in 1997 he handed the baton to Olaf Weber, who returned it to Karl in
+2006.
+
+The \Webc{} system runs on Unix, 32-bit Windows systems, \MacOSX{}, and
+other operating systems. It uses Knuth's original sources for \TeX{} and
+other basic programs written in the \web{} literate programming system
+and translates them into C source code.  The core \TeX{} programs
+handled in this way are:
+
+\begin{cmddescription}
+\item[bibtex]    Maintaining bibliographies.
+\item[dvicopy]   Expands virtual font references in \dvi{} files.
+\item[dvitomp]   \dvi{} to MPX (MetaPost pictures).
+\item[dvitype]   \dvi{} to human-readable text.
+\item[gftodvi]   Generic font proofsheets.
+\item[gftopk]    Generic to packed fonts.
+\item[gftype]    GF to human-readable text.
+\item[mf]        Creating typeface families.
+\item[mft]       Prettyprinting \MF{} source.
+\item[mpost]     Creating technical diagrams.
+\item[patgen]    Creating hyphenation patterns.
+\item[pktogf]    Packed to generic fonts.
+\item[pktype]    PK to human-readable text.
+\item[pltotf]    Plain text property list to TFM.
+\item[pooltype]  Display \web{} pool files.
+\item[tangle]    \web{} to Pascal.
+\item[tex]       Typesetting.
+\item[tftopl]    TFM to plain text property list.
+\item[vftovp]    Virtual font to virtual property list.
+\item[vptovf]    Virtual property list to virtual font.
+\item[weave]     \web{} to \TeX.
+\end{cmddescription}
+
+\noindent The precise functions and syntax of these programs are
+described in the documentation of the individual packages and of \Webc{}
+itself.  However, knowing a few principles governing the whole family of
+programs will help you take advantage of your \Webc{} installation.
+
+All programs honor these standard \GNU options:
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[-{}-help] print basic usage summary.
+\item[-{}-version] print version information, then exit.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+And most also honor:
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[-{}-verbose] print detailed progress report.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+For locating files the \Webc{} programs use the path searching library
+\KPS{} (\url{https://tug.org/kpathsea}).  This library uses a combination
+of environment variables and configuration files to optimize searching
+the (huge) collection of \TeX{} files.  \Webc{} can look at many
+directory trees simultaneously, which is useful in maintaining \TeX's
+standard distribution and local and personal extensions in distinct
+trees.  To speed up file searches, the root of each tree has a file
+\file{ls-R}, containing an entry showing the name and relative pathname
+for all files under that root.
+
+
+\subsection{Kpathsea path searching}
+\label{sec:kpathsea}
+
+Let us first describe the generic path searching mechanism of the \KPS{}
+library.
+
+We call a \emph{search path} a colon- or semicolon\hyph sepa\-rated list
+of \emph{path elements}, which are basically directory names.  A
+search path can come from (a combination of) many sources.  To look up
+a file \samp{my-file} along a path \samp{.:/dir}, \KPS{} checks each
+element of the path in turn: first \file{./my-file}, then
+\file{/dir/my-file}, returning the first match (or possibly all
+matches).
+
+In order to adapt optimally to all operating systems' conventions, on
+non-Unix systems \KPS{} can use filename separators different from
+colon (\samp{:}) and slash (\samp{/}).
+
+To check a particular path element \var{p}, \KPS{} first checks if a
+prebuilt database (see ``Filename data\-base'' on
+page~\pageref{sec:filename-database}) applies to \var{p}, i.e., if the
+database is in a directory that is a prefix of \var{p}.  If so, the path
+specification is matched against the contents of the database.
+
+Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory
+name, \KPS{} supports additional features in search paths: layered
+default values, environment variable names, config file values, users'
+home directories, and recursive subdirectory searching.  Thus, we say
+that \KPS{} \emph{expands} a path element, meaning it transforms all
+the specifications into basic directory name or names.  This is
+described in the following sections in the same order as it takes
+place.
+
+Note that if the filename being searched for is absolute or explicitly
+relative, i.e., starts with \samp{/} or \samp{./} or \samp{../},
+\KPS{} simply checks if that file exists.
+
+\ifSingleColumn
+\else
+\begin{figure*}
+\verbatiminput{examples/ex5.tex}
+\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{0pt}
+  \caption{An illustrative configuration file sample}
+  \label{fig:config-sample}
+\end{figure*}
+\fi
+
+\subsubsection{Path sources}
+\label{sec:path-sources}
+
+A search path can come from many sources.  In the order in which
+\KPS{} uses them:
+
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item
+  A user-set environment variable, for instance, \envname{TEXINPUTS}\@.
+  Environment variables with a period and a program name appended
+  override; e.g., if \samp{latex} is the name of the program being run,
+  then \envname{TEXINPUTS.latex} will override \envname{TEXINPUTS}.
+\item
+  A program-specific configuration file, for exam\-ple, a line
+  \samp{S /a:/b} in \cmdname{dvips}'s \file{config.ps}.
+\item   A \KPS{} configuration file \file{texmf.cnf}, containing a line like
+  \samp{TEXINPUTS=/c:/d} (see below).
+\item The compile-time default.
+\end{enumerate}
+\noindent You can see each of these values for a given search path by
+using the debugging options (see ``Debugging actions'' on
+page~\pageref{sec:debugging}).
+
+\subsubsection{Config files}
+
+\KPS{} reads \emph{runtime configuration files} named \file{texmf.cnf}
+for search path and other definitions.  The search path
+\envname{TEXMFCNF} is used to look for these files, but we do not
+recommend setting this (or any) environment variable to override the
+system directories.
+
+Instead, normal installation results in a file
+\file{.../2020/texmf.cnf}.  If you must make changes to the defaults
+(not normally necessary), this is the place to put them.  The main
+configuration file is in \file{.../2020/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf}.
+You should not edit this latter file, as your changes will be lost when
+the distributed version is updated.
+
+As an aside, if you merely wish to add a personal directory to a
+particular search path, setting an environment variable is a reasonable
+method:
+\begin{verbatim}
+  TEXINPUTS=.:/my/macro/dir:
+\end{verbatim}
+To keep the setting maintainable and portable over the years, use a
+trailing \samp{:} (\samp{;} on Windows) to insert the system paths,
+instead of trying to write them all out explicitly (see
+section~\ref{sec:default-expansion}). Another option is to use the
+\envname{TEXMFHOME} tree (see section~\ref{sec:directories}).
+
+\emph{All} \file{texmf.cnf} files in the search path will be read and
+definitions in earlier files override those in later files.  For
+example, with a search path of \verb|.:$TEXMF|, values from
+\file{./texmf.cnf} override those from \verb|$TEXMF/texmf.cnf|.
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item
+  Comments start with \code{\%}, either at the beginning of a line or
+  preceded by whitespace, and continue to the end of the line.
+\item
+  Blank lines are ignored.
+\item
+  A \bs{} at the end of a line acts as a continuation character,
+  i.e., the next line is appended.  Whitespace at the beginning of
+  continuation lines is not ignored.
+\item
+  Each remaining line has the form:\\
+  \hspace*{2em}\texttt{\var{variable} \textrm{[}.\var{progname}\textrm{]}
+  \textrm{[}=\textrm{]} \var{value}}\\[1pt]
+  where the \samp{=} and surrounding whitespace are optional.
+  (But if \var{value} begins with \samp{.}, it is simplest to use the
+  \samp{=} to avoid the period being interpreted as the program name
+  qualifier.)
+\item
+  The \ttvar{variable} name may contain any character other
+  than whitespace, \samp{=}, or \samp{.}, but sticking to
+  \samp{A-Za-z\_} is safest.
+\item
+  If \samp{.\var{progname}} is present, the definition only
+  applies if the program that is running is named
+  \texttt{\var{progname}} or \texttt{\var{progname}.exe}.  This allows
+  different flavors of \TeX{} to have different search paths, for
+  example.
+\item Considered as strings, \var{value} may contain any character.
+  However, in practice most \file{texmf.cnf} values are related to path
+  expansion, and since various special characters are used in expansion
+  (see section~\ref{sec:cnf-special-chars}), such as braces and commas,
+  they cannot be used in directory names.
+  
+  A \samp{;} in \var{value} is translated to \samp{:} if running under
+  Unix, in order to have a single \file{texmf.cnf} that can support both
+  Unix and Windows systems. This translation happens with any value, not
+  just search paths, but fortunately in practice \samp{;} is not needed
+  in other values.
+  
+  The \code{\$\var{var}.\var{prog}} feature is not available on the
+  right-hand side; instead, you must use an additional variable.
+  
+\item
+  All definitions are read before anything is expanded, so
+  variables can be referenced before they are defined.
+\end{itemize*}
+A configuration file fragment illustrating most of these points is
+\ifSingleColumn
+shown below:
+
+\verbatiminput{examples/ex5.tex}
+\else
+shown in figure~\ref{fig:config-sample}.
+\fi
+
+\subsubsection{Path expansion}
+\label{sec:path-expansion}
+
+\KPS{} recognizes certain special characters and constructions in
+search paths, similar to those available in Unix shells.  As a
+general example, the path
+\verb+~$USER/{foo,bar}//baz+, expands to all subdirectories under
+directories \file{foo} and \file{bar} in \texttt{\$USER}'s home
+directory that contain a directory or file \file{baz}.  These
+expansions are explained in the sections below.
+%$
+\subsubsection{Default expansion}
+\label{sec:default-expansion}
+
+If the highest-priority search path (see ``Path sources'' on
+page~\pageref{sec:path-sources}) contains an \emph{extra colon} (i.e.,
+leading, trailing, or doubled), \KPS{} inserts at that point the
+next-highest-prio\-rity search path that is defined.  If that inserted
+path has an extra colon, the same happens with the next highest.  For
+example, given an environment variable setting
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{setenv TEXINPUTS /home/karl:}
+\end{alltt}
+and a \code{TEXINPUTS} value from \file{texmf.cnf} of
+
+\begin{alltt}
+  .:\$TEXMF//tex
+\end{alltt}
+then the final value used for searching will be:
+
+\begin{alltt}
+  /home/karl:.:\$TEXMF//tex
+\end{alltt}
+
+Since it would be useless to insert the default value in more than one
+place, \KPS{} changes only one extra \samp{:}\ and leaves any others in
+place.  It checks first for a leading \samp{:}, then a trailing
+\samp{:}, then a doubled \samp{:}.
+
+\subsubsection{Brace expansion}
+\label{sec:brace-expansion}
+
+A useful feature is brace expansion, which means that, for instance,
+\verb+v{a,b}w+ expands to \verb+vaw:vbw+. Nesting is allowed.
+This is used to implement multiple \TeX{} hierarchies, by
+assigning a brace list to \code{\$TEXMF}.
+In the distributed \file{texmf.cnf}, a definition like this
+(simplified for this example) is made:
+\begin{verbatim}
+  TEXMF = {$TEXMFVAR,$TEXMFHOME,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFDIST}
+\end{verbatim}
+We then use this to define, for example, the \TeX\ input path:
+\begin{verbatim}
+  TEXINPUTS = .;$TEXMF/tex//
+\end{verbatim}
+%$
+which means that, after looking in the current directory, the
+\code{\$TEXMFVAR/tex}, \code{\$TEXMFHOME/tex}, \code{\$TEXMFLOCAL/tex}
+and \code{\$TEXMFDIST/tex} trees will be searched (the
+last two using \file{ls-R} data base files).
+
+\subsubsection{Subdirectory expansion}
+\label{sec:subdirectory-expansion}
+
+Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory
+\var{d} is replaced by all subdirectories of \var{d\/}: first those
+subdirectories directly under \var{d}, then the subsubdirectories under
+those, and so on.  At each level, the order in which the directories are
+searched is \emph{unspecified}.
+
+If you specify any filename components after the \samp{//}, only
+subdirectories with matching components are included.  For example,
+\samp{/a//b} expands into directories \file{/a/1/b}, \file{/a/2/b},
+\file{/a/1/1/b}, and so on, but not \file{/a/b/c} or \file{/a/1}.
+
+Multiple \samp{//} constructs in a path are possible, but
+\samp{//} at the beginning of a path is ignored.
+
+\subsubsection{Summary of special characters in \file{texmf.cnf} files}
+\label{sec:cnf-special-chars}
+
+The following list summarizes the special characters and constructs in
+\KPS{} configuration files.
+
+% need a wider space for the item labels here.
+\newcommand{\CODE}[1]{\makebox[3em][l]{\code{#1}}}
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\CODE{:}] Separator in path specification; at the beginning or
+  the end of a path, or doubled in the middle, it substitutes the
+  default path expansion.\par
+\item[\CODE{;}] Separator on non-Unix systems (acts like \code{:}).
+\item[\CODE{\$}] Variable expansion.
+\item[\CODE{\string~}] Represents the user's home directory.
+\item[\CODE{\char`\{...\char`\}}] Brace expansion.
+\item[\CODE{,}] Separates items in brace expansion.
+\item[\CODE{//}] Subdirectory expansion (can occur anywhere in
+    a path, except at its beginning).
+\item[\CODE{\%}] Start of comment.
+\item[\CODE{\bs}] At the end of a line, continuation character to allow
+    multi-line entries.
+\item[\CODE{!!}] Search \emph{only} database to locate file, \emph{do
+    not} search the disk.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+Exactly when a character will be considered special or act as itself
+depends on the context in which it is used. The rules are inherent in
+the multiple levels of interpretation of the configuration (parsing,
+expansion, search, \ldots)\ and so cannot be concisely stated,
+unfortunately. There is no general escape mechanism; in particular,
+\samp{\bs} is not an ``escape character'' in \file{texmf.cnf} files.
+
+When it comes choosing directory names for installation, it is safest to
+avoid them all.
+
+\subsection{Filename databases}
+\label{sec:filename-database}
+
+\KPS{} goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches.
+Nevertheless, in the standard \TL, or at any installation with enough
+directories, searching every possible directory for a given file will
+take an excessively long time. Therefore, \KPS{} can use an
+externally-built plain text ``database'' file named \file{ls-R} that
+maps files to directories, thus avoiding the need to exhaustively search
+the disk.
+
+A second database file \file{aliases} allows you to give additional
+names to the files listed in \file{ls-R}.
+
+\subsubsection{The filename database}
+\label{sec:ls-R}
+
+As explained above, the name of the main filename database must be
+\file{ls-R}.  You can put one at the root of each \TeX{} hierarchy in
+your installation that you wish to be searched (\code{\$TEXMF} by
+default).  \KPS{} looks for
+\file{ls-R} files along the \code{TEXMFDBS} path.
+
+The recommended way to create and maintain \samp{ls-R} is to run the
+\code{mktexlsr} script included with the distribution. It is invoked
+by the various \samp{mktex}\dots\ scripts.  In principle, this script
+just runs the command
+\begin{alltt}
+cd \var{/your/texmf/root} && \path|\|ls -1LAR ./ >ls-R
+\end{alltt}
+presuming your system's \code{ls} produces the right output format
+(\GNU \code{ls} is all right).  To ensure that the database is
+always up-to-date, it is easiest to rebuild it regularly via
+\code{cron}, so that it is automatically updated when the installed
+files change, such as after installing or updating a \LaTeX{} package.
+
+If a file is not found in the database, by default \KPS{} goes ahead
+and searches the disk. If a particular path element begins with
+\samp{!!}, however, \emph{only} the database will be searched for that
+element, never the disk.
+
+
+\subsubsection{kpsewhich: Standalone path searching}
+\label{sec:invoking-kpsewhich}
+
+The \texttt{kpsewhich} program exercises path searching independent of any
+particular application.  This can be useful as a sort of \code{find}
+program to locate files in \TeX{} hierarchies (this is used heavily in
+the distributed \samp{mktex}\dots\ scripts).
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich \var{option}\dots{} \var{filename}\dots{}}
+\end{alltt}
+The options specified in \ttvar{option} start with either \samp{-}
+or \samp{-{}-}, and any unambiguous abbreviation is accepted.
+
+\KPS{} looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a
+filename, and returns the first file found. There is no option to
+return all the files with a particular name (you can run the Unix
+\samp{find} utility for that).
+
+The most common options are described next.
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\texttt{-{}-dpi=\var{num}}]\mbox{}
+  Set the resolution to \ttvar{num}; this only affects \samp{gf}
+  and \samp{pk} lookups.  \samp{-D} is a synonym, for compatibility
+  with \cmdname{dvips}.  Default is 600.
+
+\item[\texttt{-{}-format=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
+  Set the format for lookup to \ttvar{name}.  By default, the
+  format is guessed from the filename. For formats which do not have
+  an associated unambiguous suffix, such as \MP{} support files and
+  \cmdname{dvips} configuration files, you have to specify the name as
+  known to \KPS{}, such as \texttt{tex} or \texttt{enc files}.  Run
+  \texttt{kpsewhich -{}-help-formats} for a list.
+
+\item[\texttt{-{}-mode=\var{string}}]\mbox{}\\
+  Set the mode name to \ttvar{string}; this only affects \samp{gf}
+  and \samp{pk} lookups.  No default: any mode will be found.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-must-exist}]\mbox{}\\
+  Do everything possible to find the files, notably including
+  searching the disk.  By default, only the \file{ls-R} database is
+  checked, in the interest of efficiency.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-path=\var{string}}]\mbox{}\\
+  Search along the path \ttvar{string} (colon-separated as usual),
+  instead of guessing the search path from the filename.  \samp{//} and
+  all the usual expansions are supported.  The options \samp{-{}-path}
+  and \samp{-{}-format} are mutually exclusive.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-progname=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
+  Set the program name to \texttt{\var{name}}.
+  This can affect the search paths via the \texttt{.\var{progname}}
+  feature.
+  The default is \cmdname{kpsewhich}.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-show-path=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
+  shows the path used for file lookups of file type \texttt{\var{name}}.
+  Either a filename extension (\code{.pk}, \code{.vf}, etc.) or a
+  name can be used, just as with \samp{-{}-format} option.
+\item[\texttt{-{}-debug=\var{num}}]\mbox{}\\
+  sets the debugging options to \texttt{\var{num}}.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+
+\subsubsection{Examples of use}
+\label{sec:examples-of-use}
+
+Let us now have a look at \KPS{} in action.  Here's a straightforward search:
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich article.cls}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls
+\end{alltt}
+We are looking for the file \file{article.cls}. Since the \samp{.cls}
+suffix is unambiguous we do not need to specify that we want to look for a
+file of type \optname{tex} (\TeX{} source file directories). We find it in
+the subdirectory \file{tex/latex/base} below the \samp{texmf-dist} \TL\
+directory.  Similarly, all of the following are found without problems
+thanks to their unambiguous suffix.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich array.sty}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/tools/array.sty
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich latin1.def}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/latin1.def
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich size10.clo}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich small2e.tex}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/small2e.tex
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich tugboat.bib}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/bibtex/bib/beebe/tugboat.bib
+\end{alltt}
+
+By the way, that last is a \BibTeX{} bibliography database for
+\textsl{TUGboat} articles.
+
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich cmr10.pk}
+\end{alltt}
+Font bitmap glyph files of type \file{.pk} are used by display
+programs like \cmdname{dvips} and \cmdname{xdvi}.  Nothing is returned in
+this case since there are no pre-generated Computer Modern \samp{.pk}
+files in \TL{}\Dash the Type~1 variants are used by default.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich wsuipa10.pk}
+\ifSingleColumn   /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk
+\else /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/
+...                         wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk
+\fi\end{alltt}
+For these fonts (a phonetic alphabet from the University of Washington)
+we had to generate \samp{.pk} files, and since the default \MF{} mode on
+our installation is \texttt{ljfour} with a base resolution of 600\dpi{}
+(dots per inch), this instantiation is returned.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich -dpi=300 wsuipa10.pk}
+\end{alltt}
+In this case, when specifying that we are interested in a resolution
+of 300\dpi{} (\texttt{-dpi=300}) we see that no such font is available on
+the system. A program like \cmdname{dvips} or \cmdname{xdvi} would
+go off and actually build the required \texttt{.pk} files
+using the script \cmdname{mktexpk}.
+
+Next we turn our attention to \cmdname{dvips}'s header and configuration
+files.  We first look at one of the commonly used files, the general
+prologue \file{tex.pro} for \TeX{} support, before turning our attention
+to the generic configuration file (\file{config.ps}) and the \PS{} font
+map \file{psfonts.map}\Dash as of 2004, map and encoding files have
+their own search paths and new location in \dirname{texmf} trees.  As
+the \samp{.ps} suffix is ambiguous we have to specify explicitly which
+type we are considering (\optname{dvips config}) for the file
+\texttt{config.ps}.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich tex.pro}
+   /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/tex.pro
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich --format="dvips config" config.ps}
+   /usr/local/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich psfonts.map}
+   /usr/local/texmf/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/psfonts.map
+\end{alltt}
+
+We now take a closer look at the URW Times \PS{} support
+files.  The prefix for these in the standard font naming scheme is
+\samp{utm}.  The first file we look at is the configuration file,
+which contains the name of the map file:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich --format="dvips config" config.utm}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/dvips/psnfss/config.utm
+\end{alltt}
+The contents of that file is
+\begin{alltt}
+  p +utm.map
+\end{alltt}
+which points to the file \file{utm.map}, which we want to
+locate next.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich utm.map}
+   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/map/dvips/times/utm.map
+\end{alltt}
+This map file defines the file names of the Type~1 \PS{} fonts in
+the URW collection.  Its contents look like (we only show part of the
+lines):
+\begin{alltt}
+utmb8r  NimbusRomNo9L-Medi    ... <utmb8a.pfb
+utmbi8r NimbusRomNo9L-MediItal... <utmbi8a.pfb
+utmr8r  NimbusRomNo9L-Regu    ... <utmr8a.pfb
+utmri8r NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal... <utmri8a.pfb
+utmbo8r NimbusRomNo9L-Medi    ... <utmb8a.pfb
+utmro8r NimbusRomNo9L-Regu    ... <utmr8a.pfb
+\end{alltt}
+Let us, for instance, take the Times Roman instance
+\file{utmr8a.pfb} and find its position in the \file{texmf} directory
+tree with a search for Type~1 font files:
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{kpsewhich utmr8a.pfb}
+\ifSingleColumn   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/times/utmr8a.pfb
+\else   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/
+... urw/utm/utmr8a.pfb
+\fi\end{alltt}
+
+It should be evident from these examples how you can easily locate the
+whereabouts of a given file. This is especially important if you suspect
+that the wrong version of a file is picked up somehow, since
+\cmdname{kpsewhich} will show you the first file encountered.
+
+\subsubsection{Debugging actions}
+\label{sec:debugging}
+
+Sometimes it is necessary to investigate how a program resolves file
+references. To make this practical, \KPS{} offers various levels of
+debugging output:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\texttt{\ 1}] \texttt{stat} calls (disk lookups). When running
+  with an up-to-date \file{ls-R} database this should almost give no
+  output.
+\item[\texttt{\ 2}] References to hash tables (such as \file{ls-R}
+  databases, map files, configuration files).
+\item[\texttt{\ 4}] File open and close operations.
+\item[\texttt{\ 8}] General path information for file types
+  searched by \KPS. This is useful to find out where a particular
+  path for the file was defined.
+\item[\texttt{16}] Directory list for each path element (only relevant
+  for searches on disk).
+\item[\texttt{32}] File searches.
+\item[\texttt{64}] Variable values.
+\end{ttdescription}
+A value of \texttt{-1} will set all the above options; in practice,
+this is usually the most convenient.
+
+Similarly, with the \cmdname{dvips} program, by setting a combination of
+debug switches, one can follow in detail where files are being picked up
+from.  Alternatively, when a file is not found, the debug trace shows in
+which directories the program looks for the given file, so that one can
+get an indication what the problem~is.
+
+Generally speaking, as most programs call the \KPS{} library
+internally, one can select a debug option by using the
+\envname{KPATHSEA\_DEBUG} environment variable, and setting it to (a
+combination of) values as described in the above list.
+
+(Note for Windows users: it is not easy to redirect
+all messages to a file in this system. For diagnostic purposes
+you can temporarily \texttt{SET KPATHSEA\_DEBUG\_OUTPUT=err.log}).
+
+Let us consider, as an example, a small \LaTeX{} source file,
+\file{hello-world.tex}, which contains the following input.
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \documentclass{article}
+  \begin{document}
+  Hello World!
+  \end{document}
+\end{verbatim}
+This little file only uses the font \file{cmr10}, so let us look at
+how \cmdname{dvips} prepares the \PS{} file (we want to use the Type~1
+version of the Computer Modern fonts, hence the option \texttt{-Pcms}).
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{dvips -d4100 hello-world -Pcms -o}
+\end{alltt}
+In this case we have combined \cmdname{dvips}'s debug class 4 (font
+paths) with \KPS's path element expansion (see the \cmdname{dvips}
+reference manual).
+The output (slightly rearranged) appears in
+Figure~\ref{fig:dvipsdbga}.
+\begin{figure*}[tp]
+\centering
+\input{examples/ex6a.tex}
+\caption{Finding configuration files}\label{fig:dvipsdbga}
+\end{figure*}
+
+\cmdname{dvips} starts by locating its working files. First,
+\file{texmf.cnf} is found, which gives the definitions of the search
+paths for the other files, then the file database \file{ls-R} (to
+optimize file searching) and the file \file{aliases}, which makes it
+possible to declare several names (e.g., a short DOS-like 8.3 and
+a more natural longer version) for the same file.  Then \cmdname{dvips}
+goes on to find the generic configuration file \file{config.ps}
+before looking for the customization file \file{.dvipsrc} (which, in
+this case is \emph{not found}).  Finally, \cmdname{dvips} locates the
+config file for the Computer Modern \PS{} fonts \file{config.cms}
+(this was initiated with the \texttt{-Pcms} option on the \cmdname{dvips}
+command).  This file contains the list of the map files which
+define the relation between the \TeX{}, \PS{} and file system
+names of the fonts.
+\begin{alltt}
+> \Ucom{more /usr/local/texmf/dvips/cms/config.cms}
+   p +ams.map
+   p +cms.map
+   p +cmbkm.map
+   p +amsbkm.map
+\end{alltt}
+\cmdname{dvips} thus goes on to find all these files, plus the generic
+map file \file{psfonts.map}, which is always loaded (it contains
+declarations for commonly used \PS{} fonts; see the last part of
+section~\ref{sec:examples-of-use} for more details about \PS{} map
+file handling).
+
+At this point \cmdname{dvips} identifies itself to the user:
+\begin{alltt}
+This is dvips(k) 5.92b Copyright 2002 Radical Eye Software (www.radicaleye.com)
+\end{alltt}
+\ifSingleColumn
+Then it goes on to look for the prolog file \file{texc.pro}:
+\begin{alltt}\small
+kdebug:start search(file=texc.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+  path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
+       ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
+kdebug:search(texc.pro) => /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/texc.pro
+\end{alltt}
+\else
+Then it goes on to look for the prolog file \file{texc.pro} (see
+Figure~\ref{fig:dvipsdbgb}).
+\fi
+
+After having found the file in question, \cmdname{dvips} outputs
+the date and time, and informs us that it will generate the
+file \file{hello-world.ps}, then that it needs the font file
+\file{cmr10}, and that the latter is declared as ``resident'' (no
+bitmaps needed):
+\begin{alltt}\small
+TeX output 1998.02.26:1204' -> hello-world.ps
+Defining font () cmr10 at 10.0pt
+Font cmr10 <CMR10> is resident.
+\end{alltt}
+Now the search is on for the file \file{cmr10.tfm}, which is found,
+then a few more prolog files (not shown) are referenced, and finally
+the Type~1 instance \file{cmr10.pfb} of the font is located and
+included in the output file (see last line).
+\begin{alltt}\small
+kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.tfm, must\_exist=1, find\_all=0,
+  path=.:~/tex/fonts/tfm//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm//:
+       /var/tex/fonts/tfm//).
+kdebug:search(cmr10.tfm) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm
+kdebug:start search(file=texps.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+   ...
+<texps.pro>
+kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.pfb, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0,
+  path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
+       ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
+kdebug:search(cmr10.pfb) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1/public/cm/cmr10.pfb
+<cmr10.pfb>[1]
+\end{alltt}
+
+\subsection{Runtime options}
+
+Another useful feature of \Webc{} is its possibility to control a number
+of memory parameters (in particular, array sizes) via the runtime file
+\file{texmf.cnf} read by \KPS{}.  The memory settings can be found in
+Part~3 of that file in the \TL{} distribution. The more important
+are:
+
+\begin{ttdescription}
+\item[\texttt{main\_memory}]
+  Total words of memory available, for
+  \TeX{}, \MF{} and \MP.  You must make a new format file for each
+  different setting. For instance, you could generate a ``huge''
+  version of \TeX{}, and call the format file \texttt{hugetex.fmt}.
+  Using the standard way of specifying the program name used by \KPS{},
+  the particular value of the \texttt{main\_memory} variable will then
+  be read from \file{texmf.cnf}.
+\item[\texttt{extra\_mem\_bot}]
+  Extra space for ``large'' \TeX{} data structures:
+  boxes, glue, breakpoints, etc.  Especially useful if you use
+  \PiCTeX{}.
+\item[\texttt{font\_mem\_size}]
+  Number of words for font information available for \TeX. This
+  is more or less the total size of all TFM files read.
+\item[\texttt{hash\_extra}]
+  Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names.
+  Only $\approx$10,000 control sequences can be stored in the main
+  hash table; if you have a large book with numerous cross-references,
+  this might not be enough.  The default value of
+  \texttt{hash\_extra} is \texttt{50000}.
+\end{ttdescription}
+
+\noindent This facility is no substitute for truly dynamic
+arrays and memory allocation, but since these are extremely difficult to
+implement in the present \TeX{} source, these runtime parameters provide
+a practical compromise allowing some flexibility.
+
+\htmlanchor{texmfdotdir}
+\subsection{\texttt{\$TEXMFDOTDIR}}
+\label{sec:texmfdotdir}
+
+In various places above, we gave various search paths starting with
+\code{.} (to search the current directory first), as in
+\begin{alltt}\small
+TEXINPUTS=.;$TEXMF/tex//
+\end{alltt}
+
+This is a simplification. The \code{texmf.cnf} file we distribute in
+\TL{} uses \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} instead of just \samp{.}, as in:
+\begin{alltt}\small
+TEXINPUTS=$TEXMFDOTDIR;$TEXMF/tex//
+\end{alltt}
+(In the distributed file, the second path element is also slightly more
+complicated than \filename{$TEXMF/tex//}. But that's minor; here we want
+to discuss the \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} feature.)
+
+The reason to use the variable \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} in the path
+definitions instead of simply \samp{.} is purely so that it can be
+overridden. For example, a complex document may have many source files
+arranged in many subdirectories. To handle that, you can set
+\filename{TEXMFDOTDIR} to \filename{.//} (for example, in the environment when
+you build the document) and they will all get searched. (Warning: don't
+use \filename{.//} by default; it's usually highly undesirable, and
+potentially insecure, to search through all subdirectories for an
+arbitrary document.)
+
+As another example, you may wish not to search the current directory at
+all, e.g., if you have arranged for all the files to be found via
+explicit paths. You can set \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} to, say,
+\filename{/nonesuch} or any other nonexistent directory for this.
+
+The default value of \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} is just \samp{.}, as set in our
+\filename{texmf.cnf}.
+
+\htmlanchor{ack}
+\section{Acknowledgements}
+
+\TL{} is a joint effort by virtually all of the \TeX{} user groups.
+This edition of \TL{} was overseen by Karl Berry.  The other principal
+contributors, past and present, are listed below.
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+
+\item The English, German, Dutch, and Polish \TeX{} user groups
+(TUG, DANTE e.V., NTG, and GUST,
+respectively), which provide the necessary technical and administrative
+infrastructure.  Please join the \TeX\ user group near you!  (See
+\url{https://tug.org/usergroups.html}.)
+
+\item The CTAN team (\url{https://ctan.org}), which distributes
+the \TL{} images and provides the common infrastructure for package
+updates, upon which \TL{} depends.
+
+\item Nelson Beebe, for making many platforms available to \TL\
+developers, and his own comprehensive testing and unparalleled
+bibliographic efforts.
+
+\item John Bowman, for making many changes to his advanced graphics
+program Asymptote to make it work in \TL.
+
+\item Peter Breitenlohner and the \eTeX\ team for the stable foundation
+of future \TeX's, and Peter specifically for years of stellar help with
+\GNU\ autotools and keeping sources up to date.  Peter passed away in
+October 2015, and we dedicate the continuing work to his memory.
+
+\item Jin-Hwan Cho and all of the DVIPDFM$x$ team, for their
+excellent driver and responsiveness to configuration issues.
+
+\item Thomas Esser, without whose marvelous \teTeX{} package \TL{}
+would have never existed.
+
+\item Michel Goossens, who co-authored the original documentation.
+
+\item Eitan Gurari, whose \TeX4ht is used to create the \HTML{}
+version of this documentation, and who worked tirelessly to improve it
+at short notice, every year.  Eitan prematurely passed away in June
+2009, and we dedicate this documentation to his memory.
+
+\item Hans Hagen, for much testing and making his \ConTeXt\ package
+(\url{https://pragma-ade.com}) work within \TL's framework, and
+continually driving \TeX\ development.
+
+\item \Thanh, Martin Schr\"oder, and the pdf\TeX\ team
+(\url{http://pdftex.org}), for continuing enhancements of \TeX's
+abilities.
+
+\item Hartmut Henkel, for significant development contributions to
+pdf\TeX\, Lua\TeX, and more.
+
+\item Shunshaku Hirata, for much original and continuing on DVIPDFM$x$.
+
+\item Taco Hoekwater, for major renewed development efforts on MetaPost and
+(Lua)\TeX\ (\url{http://luatex.org}) itself, incorporating
+\ConTeXt\ into \TL, giving Kpathsea multi-threaded functionality, and
+much more.
+
+\item Khaled Hosny, for substantial work on \XeTeX, DVIPDFM$x$, and
+efforts with Arabic and other fonts.
+
+\item Pawe{\l} Jackowski, for the Windows installer \cmdname{tlpm},
+and Tomasz {\L}uczak, for \cmdname{tlpmgui}, used in past releases.
+
+\item Akira Kakuto, for providing the Windows
+binaries from his W32TEX distribution for Japanese \TeX\
+(\url{http://w32tex.org}), and many other development contributions.
+
+\item Jonathan Kew, for developing the remarkable \XeTeX{} engine and
+taking the time and trouble to integrate it in \TL{}, as well as the
+initial version of the Mac\TeX\ installer, and also for our recommended
+front-end \TeX{}works.
+
+\item Hironori Kitagawa, for much work on p\TeX\ and related support.
+
+\item Dick Koch, for maintaining Mac\TeX\ (\url{https://tug.org/mactex})
+in very close tandem with \TL{}, and for his great good cheer in doing
+so.
+
+\item Reinhard Kotucha, for major contributions to the \TL{} 2008
+infrastructure and installer, as well as Windows research efforts, the
+\texttt{getnonfreefonts} script, and more.
+
+\item Siep Kroonenberg, also for major contributions to the \TL{} 2008
+infrastructure and installer, especially on Windows, and for the bulk of
+work updating this manual describing those features.
+
+\item Clerk Ma, for engine bug fixes and extensions.
+
+\item Mojca Miklavec, for much help with \ConTeXt, building many binary
+sets, and plenty more.
+
+\item Heiko Oberdiek, for the \pkgname{epstopdf} package and many
+others, compressing the huge \pkgname{pst-geo} data files so we could
+include them, and most of all, for his remarkable work on
+\pkgname{hyperref}.
+
+\item Phelype Oleinik, for the group-delimited \cs{input} across engines
+in 2020, and more.
+
+\item Petr Ol\v{s}ak, who coordinated and checked all the Czech and Slovak
+material very carefully.
+
+\item Toshio Oshima, for his \cmdname{dviout} previewer for Windows.
+
+\item Manuel P\'egouri\'e-Gonnard, for helping with package updates,
+documentation improvements, and \cmdname{texdoc} development.
+
+\item Fabrice Popineau, for the original Windows support in \TL{} and
+work on the French documentation.
+
+\item Norbert Preining, the principal architect of the current \TL{}
+infrastructure and installer, and also for coordinating the Debian
+version of \TL{} (together with Frank K\"uster), and doing so much work
+along the way.
+
+\item Sebastian Rahtz, for originally creating \TL{} and maintaining it
+for many years.  Sebastian passed away in March 2016, and we dedicate
+the continuing work to his memory.
+
+\item Luigi Scarso, for continuing development of MetaPost, Lua\TeX, and
+much more.
+
+\item Andreas Scherer, for \texttt{cwebbin}, the CWEB implementation
+used in \TL{}.
+
+\item Tomasz Trzeciak, for wide-ranging help with Windows.
+
+\item Vladimir Volovich, for substantial help with porting and other
+maintenance issues, and especially for making it feasible to include
+\cmdname{xindy}.
+
+\item Staszek Wawrykiewicz, a principal tester for all of \TL{},
+and coordinator of the many major Polish contributions: fonts, Windows
+installation, and more.  Staszek passed away in February 2018, and we
+dedicate the continuing work to his memory.
+
+\item Olaf Weber, for his patient maintenance of \Webc\ in past years.
+
+\item Gerben Wierda, for creating and maintaining the original \MacOSX\
+support.
+
+\item Graham Williams, the originator of the \TeX\ Catalogue.
+
+\item Joseph Wright, for much work on making the same primitive
+functionality available across engines.
+
+\item Hironobu Yamashita, for much work on p\TeX\ and related support.
+
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Builders of the binaries:
+Marc Baudoin (\pkgname{amd64-netbsd}, \pkgname{i386-netbsd}),
+Ken Brown (\pkgname{i386-cygwin}, \pkgname{x86\_64-cygwin}),
+Simon Dales (\pkgname{armhf-linux}),
+Johannes Hielscher (\pkgname{aarch64-linux}),
+Akira Kakuto (\pkgname{win32}),
+Dick Koch (\pkgname{x86\_64-darwin}),
+Nikola Le\v{c}i\'c (\pkgname{amd64-freebsd}, \pkgname{i386-freebsd}),
+Henri Menke (\pkgname{x86\_64-linuxmusl}),
+Mojca Miklavec (\pkgname{i386-linux},
+                \pkgname{x86\_64-darwinlegacy},
+                \pkgname{i386-solaris}, \pkgname{x86\_64-solaris},
+                \pkgname{sparc-solaris}),
+Norbert Preining (\pkgname{x86\_64-linux}).
+For information on the \TL{} build process, see
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/build.html}.
+
+Translators of this manual:
+Denis Bitouz\'e \& Patrick Bideault (French),
+Carlos Enriquez Figueras (Spanish),
+Jjgod Jiang, Jinsong Zhao, Yue Wang, \& Helin Gai (Chinese),
+Nikola Le\v{c}i\'c (Serbian),
+Marco Pallante \& Carla Maggi (Italian),
+Petr Sojka \& Jan Busa (Czech\slash Slovak),
+Boris Veytsman (Russian),
+Zofia Walczak (Polish),
+Uwe Ziegenhagen (German).  The \TL{} documentation web page
+is \url{https://tug.org/texlive/doc.html}.
+
+Of course the most important acknowledgement must go to Donald Knuth,
+first for inventing \TeX, and then for giving it to the world.
+
+
+\section{Release history}
+\label{sec:history}
+
+\subsection{Past}
+
+Discussion began in late 1993 when the Dutch \TeX{} Users Group was
+starting work on its 4All\TeX{} \CD{} for MS-DOS users, and it
+was hoped at that time to issue a single, rational, \CD{} for all
+systems. This was too ambitious a target for the time, but it did spawn
+not only the very successful 4All\TeX{} \CD{}, but also the TUG
+Technical Council working group on a \emph{\TeX{} Directory Structure}
+(\url{https://tug.org/tds}), which specified how to create consistent and
+manageable collections of \TeX{} support files. A complete draft of the
+\TDS{} was published in the December 1995 issue of \textsl{TUGboat}, and
+it was clear from an early stage that one desirable product would be a
+model structure on \CD{}. The distribution you now have is a very direct
+result of the working group's deliberations. It was also clear that the
+success of the 4All\TeX{} \CD{} showed that Unix users would benefit
+from a similarly easy system, and this is the other main strand of
+\TL.
+
+We first undertook to make a new Unix-based \TDS{} \CD{} in the autumn
+of 1995, and quickly identified Thomas Esser's \teTeX{} as the ideal
+setup, as it already had multi-platform support and was built with
+portability across file systems in mind. Thomas agreed to help, and work
+began seriously at the start of 1996. The first edition was released in
+May 1996. At the start of 1997, Karl Berry completed a major new release
+of Web2c, which included nearly all the features which Thomas Esser had
+added in \teTeX, and we decided to base the 2nd edition of the \CD{} on
+the standard \Webc, with the addition of \teTeX's \texttt{texconfig}
+script. The 3rd edition of the \CD{} was based on a major revision of
+\Webc, 7.2, by Olaf Weber; at the same time, a new revision of \teTeX
+was being made, and \TL{} included almost all of its features. The
+4th edition followed the same pattern, using a new version of \teTeX,
+and a new release of \Webc{} (7.3).  The system now included a complete
+Windows setup, thanks to Fabrice Popineau.
+
+For the 5th edition (March 2000) many parts of the \CD{} were revised
+and checked, updating hundreds of packages. Package details were stored
+in XML files. But the major change for \TeX\ Live 5 was that all
+non-free software was removed. Everything in \TL{} is now intended
+to be compatible with the Debian Free Software Guidelines
+(\url{https://debian.org/intro/free}); we have done our best to check
+the license conditions of all packages, but we would very much
+appreciate hearing of any mistakes.
+
+The 6th edition (July 2001) had much more material updated. The major
+change was a new install concept: the user could select a more exact set
+of needed collections. Language-related collections were completely
+reorganized, so selecting any of them installs not only macros, fonts,
+etc., but also prepares an appropriate \texttt{language.dat}.
+
+The 7th edition of 2002 had the notable addition of \MacOSX{} support,
+and the usual myriad of updates to all sorts of packages and
+programs. An important goal was integration of the source back with
+\teTeX, to correct the drift apart in versions~5 and~6.
+
+\subsubsection{2003}
+
+In 2003, with the continuing flood of updates and additions, we found
+that \TL{} had grown so large it could no longer be contained on a
+single \CD, so we split it into three different distributions (see
+section~\ref{sec:tl-coll-dists}, \p.\pageref{sec:tl-coll-dists}).  In
+addition:
+
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item At the request of the \LaTeX{} team, we changed the standard
+      \cmdname{latex} and \cmdname{pdflatex} commands to now use \eTeX{} (see
+      \p.\pageref{text:etex}).
+\item The new Latin Modern fonts were included (and are recommended).
+\item Support for Alpha OSF was removed
+      (HPUX support was removed previously), since no one had (or
+      volunteered) hardware available on which to compile new binaries.
+\item Windows setup was substantially changed; for the first time
+      an integrated environment based on XEmacs was introduced.
+\item Important supplementary programs for Windows
+      (Perl, Ghost\-script, Image\-Magick, Ispell) are now installed
+      in the \TL{} installation directory.
+\item Font map files used by \cmdname{dvips}, \cmdname{dvipdfm}
+      and \cmdname{pdftex} are now generated by the new program
+      \cmdname{updmap} and installed into \dirname{texmf/fonts/map}.
+\item \TeX{}, \MF{}, and \MP{} now, by default, output most input
+      characters (32 and above) as themselves in output (e.g.,
+      \verb|\write|) files,
+      log files, and the terminal, i.e., \emph{not} translated using the
+      \verb|^^| notation.  In \TL{}~7, this translation was
+      dependent on the system locale settings; now, locale settings do
+      not influence the \TeX{} programs' behavior.  If for some reason
+      you need the \verb|^^| output, rename the file
+      \verb|texmf/web2c/cp8bit.tcx|.  (Future releases will have cleaner
+      ways to control this.)
+\item This documentation was substantially revised.
+\item Finally, since the edition numbers had grown unwieldy,
+      the version is now simply identified by the year: \TL{} 2003.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+
+\subsubsection{2004}
+
+2004 saw many changes:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+
+\item If you have locally-installed fonts which use their own
+\filename{.map} or (much less likely) \filename{.enc} support files, you
+may need to move those support files.
+
+\filename{.map} files are now searched for in subdirectories of
+\dirname{fonts/map} only (in each \filename{texmf} tree), along the
+\envname{TEXFONTMAPS} path.  Similarly, \filename{.enc} files are now
+searched for in subdirectories of \dirname{fonts/enc} only, along the
+\envname{ENCFONTS} path.  \cmdname{updmap} will attempt to warn about
+problematic files.
+
+For methods of handling this and other information, please see
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html}.
+
+\item The \TK\ has been expanded with the addition of a \MIKTEX-based
+installable \CD, for those who prefer that implementation to Web2C.
+See section~\ref{sec:overview-tl} (\p.\pageref{sec:overview-tl}).
+
+\item Within \TL, the single large \dirname{texmf} tree of previous
+releases has been replaced by three: \dirname{texmf},
+\dirname{texmf-dist}, and \dirname{texmf-doc}.  See
+section~\ref{sec:tld} (\p.\pageref{sec:tld}), and the \filename{README}
+files for each.
+
+\item All \TeX-related input files are now collected in
+the \dirname{tex} subdirectory of \dirname{texmf*} trees, rather than
+having separate sibling directories \dirname{tex}, \dirname{etex},
+\dirname{pdftex}, \dirname{pdfetex}, etc.  See
+\CDref{texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html\#Extensions}
+{\texttt{texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html\#Extensions}}.
+
+\item Helper scripts (not meant to be invoked by users) are now located
+in a new \dirname{scripts} subdirectory of \dirname{texmf*} trees, and
+can be searched for via \verb|kpsewhich -format=texmfscripts|.  So if you have
+programs which call such scripts, they'll need to be adjusted.  See
+\CDref{texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html\#Scripts}
+{\texttt{texmf-dist/doc/generic/tds/tds.html\#Scripts}}.
+
+\item Almost all formats leave most characters printable as
+themselves via the ``translation file'' \filename{cp227.tcx}, instead of
+translating them with the \verb|^^| notation.  Specifically, characters
+at positions 32--256, plus tab, vertical tab, and form feed are
+considered printable and not translated.  The exceptions are plain \TeX\
+(only 32--126 printable), \ConTeXt\ (0--255 printable), and the
+\OMEGA-related formats.  This default behavior is almost the same as in
+\TL\,2003, but it's implemented more cleanly, with more possibilities
+for customization.  See \CDref{texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html\#TCX-files}
+{\texttt{texmf-dist/doc/web2c/web2c.html\#TCX-files}}.
+(By the way, with Unicode input, \TeX\ may output partial character
+sequences when showing error contexts, since it is byte-oriented.)
+
+\item \textsf{pdfetex} is now the default engine for all formats
+except (plain) \textsf{tex} itself.  (Of course it generates DVI
+when run as \textsf{latex}, etc.)  This means, among other things, that
+the microtypographic features of \textsf{pdftex} are available in
+\LaTeX, \ConTeXt, etc., as well as the \eTeX\ features
+(\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/}).
+
+It also means it's \emph{more important than ever} to use the
+\pkgname{ifpdf} package (works with both plain and \LaTeX) or equivalent
+code, because simply testing whether \cs{pdfoutput} or some other
+primitive is defined is not a reliable way to determine if PDF
+output is being generated.  We made this backward compatible as best we
+could this year, but next year, \cs{pdfoutput} may be defined even when
+DVI is being written.
+
+\item pdf\TeX\ (\url{http://pdftex.org}) has many new features:
+
+  \begin{itemize*}
+
+  \item \cs{pdfmapfile} and \cs{pdfmapline} provide font map support
+  from within a document.
+
+  \item Microtypographic font expansion can be used more easily.\\
+  \url{http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-May/000504.html}
+
+  \item All parameters previously set through the special configuration
+  file \filename{pdftex.cfg} must now be set through primitives,
+  typically in \filename{pdftexconfig.tex}; \filename{pdftex.cfg} is no
+  longer supported.  Any extant \filename{.fmt} files must be redumped
+  when \filename{pdftexconfig.tex} is changed.
+
+  \item See the pdf\TeX\ manual for more: \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf}.
+
+  \end{itemize*}
+
+\item The \cs{input} primitive in \cmdname{tex} (and \cmdname{mf} and
+\cmdname{mpost}) now accepts double quotes containing spaces and other
+special characters.  Typical examples:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\input "filename with spaces"   % plain
+\input{"filename with spaces"}  % latex
+\end{verbatim}
+See the Web2C manual for more: \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/web2c}.
+
+\item enc\TeX\ support is now included within Web2C and consequently all
+\TeX\ programs, via the \optname{-enc} option\Dash \emph{only when
+formats are built}.  enc\TeX\ supports general re-encoding of input and
+output, enabling full support of Unicode (in UTF-8).  See
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/generic/enctex/} and
+\url{http://olsak.net/enctex.html}.
+
+\item Aleph, a new engine combining \eTeX\ and \OMEGA, is available.
+A little information is available in \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base}
+and \url{https://texfaq.org/FAQ-enginedev}.  The
+\LaTeX-based format for Aleph is named \textsf{lamed}.
+
+\item The latest \LaTeX\ release has a new version of the
+LPPL\Dash now officially a Debian-approved license.  Assorted
+other updates, see the \filename{ltnews} files in
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/latex/base}.
+
+\item \cmdname{dvipng}, a new program for converting DVI to
+PNG image files, is included.  See
+\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/dvipng}.
+
+\item We reduced the \pkgname{cbgreek} package to a ``medium'' sized set
+of fonts, with the assent and advice of the author (Claudio Beccari).
+The excised fonts are the invisible, outline, and transparency ones,
+which are relatively rarely used, and we needed the space.  The full set
+is of course available from CTAN (\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/cbgreek-complete}).
+
+\item \cmdname{oxdvi} has been removed; just use \cmdname{xdvi}.
+
+\item The \cmdname{ini} and \cmdname{vir} commands (links) for
+\cmdname{tex}, \cmdname{mf}, and \cmdname{mpost} are no longer created,
+such as \cmdname{initex}.  The \cmdname{ini} functionality has been
+available through the command-line option \optname{-ini} for years now.
+
+\item \textsf{i386-openbsd} platform support was removed.  Since the
+\pkgname{tetex} package in the BSD Ports system is available, and
+GNU/Linux and FreeBSD binaries were available, it seemed
+volunteer time could be better spent elsewhere.
+
+\item On \textsf{sparc-solaris} (at least), you may have to set the
+\envname{LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH} environment variable to run the
+\pkgname{t1utils} programs.  This is because they are compiled with C++,
+and there is no standard location for the runtime libraries.  (This is
+not new in 2004, but wasn't previously documented.)  Similarly, on
+\textsf{mips-irix}, the MIPSpro 7.4 runtimes are required.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsubsection{2005}
+
+2005 saw the usual huge number of updates to packages and programs.
+The infrastructure stayed relatively stable from 2004, but inevitably
+there were some changes there as well:
+
+\begin{itemize}
+
+\item New scripts \cmdname{texconfig-sys}, \cmdname{updmap-sys}, and
+      \cmdname{fmtutil-sys} were introduced, which modify the
+      configuration in the system trees.  The \cmdname{texconfig},
+      \cmdname{updmap}, and \cmdname{fmtutil} scripts now modify
+      user-specific files, under \dirname{$HOME/.texlive2005}.
+
+\item Corresponding new variables \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} and
+      \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} to specify the trees where configuration
+      files (user or system, respectively) are found.  Thus, you may
+      need to move personal versions of \filename{fmtutil.cnf} and
+      \filename{updmap.cfg} to these places; another option is to
+      redefine \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} or \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} in
+      \filename{texmf.cnf}. In any case the real location of these files
+      and the values of \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} and \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}
+      must agree.
+      See section~\ref{sec:texmftrees}, \p.\pageref{sec:texmftrees}.
+
+\item Last year, we kept \verb|\pdfoutput| and other primitives undefined
+      for \dvi\ output, even though the \cmdname{pdfetex} program was
+      being used.  This year, as promised, we undid that compatibility
+      measure.  So if your document uses \verb|\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined|
+      to test if PDF is being output, it will need to be changed.  You
+      can use the package \pkgname{ifpdf.sty} (which works under both
+      plain \TeX\ and \LaTeX) to do this, or steal its logic.
+
+\item Last year, we changed most formats to output (8-bit) characters as
+      themselves (see previous section).  The new TCX file
+      \filename{empty.tcx} now provides an easier way to get the
+      original \verb|^^| notation if you so desire, as in:
+\begin{verbatim}
+latex --translate-file=empty.tcx yourfile.tex
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\item The new program \cmdname{dvipdfmx} is included for translation of
+      DVI to PDF; this is an actively maintained update of
+      \cmdname{dvipdfm} (which is also still available for now, though
+      no longer recommended).
+
+\item The new programs \cmdname{pdfopen} and \cmdname{pdfclose} are included
+      to allow reloading of PDF files in the Adobe Acrobat Reader without
+      restarting the program.  (Other PDF readers, notably \cmdname{xpdf},
+      \cmdname{gv}, and \cmdname{gsview}, have never suffered from this
+      problem.)
+
+\item For consistency, the variables \envname{HOMETEXMF} and
+      \envname{VARTEXMF} have been renamed to \envname{TEXMFHOME} and
+      \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, respectively.  There is also
+      \envname{TEXMFVAR}, which is by default user-specific.  See the
+      first point above.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+\subsubsection{2006--2007}
+
+In 2006--2007, the major new addition to \TL{} was the \XeTeX{} program,
+available as the \texttt{xetex} and \texttt{xelatex} programs; see
+\url{https://scripts.sil.org/xetex}.
+
+MetaPost also received a notable update, with more planned for the
+future (\url{https://tug.org/metapost/articles}), likewise pdf\TeX{}
+(\url{https://tug.org/applications/pdftex}).
+
+The \TeX\ \filename{.fmt} (high-speed format) and the similar files for
+MetaPost and \MF\ are now stored in subdirectories of \dirname{texmf/web2c},
+instead of in the directory itself (although the directory is still
+searched, for the sake of existing \filename{.fmt}'s).  The
+subdirectories are named for the `engine' in use, such as \filename{tex}
+or \filename{pdftex} or \filename{xetex}.  This change should be
+invisible in normal use.
+
+The (plain) \texttt{tex} program no longer reads \texttt{\%\&} first
+lines to determine what format to run; it is the pure Knuthian \TeX.
+(\LaTeX\ and everything else do still read \texttt{\%\&} lines).
+
+Of course the year also saw (the usual) hundreds of other updates to
+packages and programs.  As usual, please check CTAN
+(\url{https://ctan.org}) for updates.
+
+Internally, the source tree is now stored in Subversion, with a standard
+web interface for viewing the tree, as linked from our home page.
+Although not visible in the final distribution, we expect this will
+provide a stable development foundation for future years.
+
+Finally, in May 2006 Thomas Esser announced that he would no longer be
+updating te\TeX{} (\url{https://tug.org/tetex}).  As a result, there was
+a surge of interest in \TL{}, especially among \GNU/Linux
+distributors.  (There is a new \texttt{tetex} installation scheme in
+\TL{}, which provides an approximate equivalent.)  We hope this will
+eventually translate to improvements in the \TeX\ environment for
+everyone.
+
+\subsubsection{2008}
+
+In 2008, the entire \TL{} infrastructure was redesigned and
+reimplemented.  Complete information about an installation is now stored
+in a plain text file \filename{tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb}.
+
+Among other things, this finally makes possible upgrading a \TL{}
+installation over the Internet after the initial installation, a feature
+MiK\TeX\ has provided for many years.  We expect to regularly update new
+packages as they are released to \CTAN.
+
+The major new engine Lua\TeX\ (\url{http://luatex.org}) is included;
+besides a new level of flexibility in typesetting, this provides an
+excellent scripting language for use both inside and outside of \TeX\
+documents.
+
+Support among Windows and the Unix-based platforms is now much more
+uniform.  In particular, most Perl and Lua scripts are now available on
+Windows, using the Perl internally distributed with \TL.
+
+The new \cmdname{tlmgr} script (section~\ref{sec:tlmgr}) is the
+general interface for managing \TL{} after the initial installation.
+It handles package updates and consequent regeneration of formats, map
+files, and language files, optionally including local additions.
+
+With the advent of \cmdname{tlmgr}, the \cmdname{texconfig} actions to
+edit the format and hyphenation configuration files are now disabled.
+
+The \cmdname{xindy} indexing program
+(\url{http://xindy.sourceforge.net/}) is now included on most platforms.
+
+The \cmdname{kpsewhich} tool can now report all matches for a given file
+(option \optname{--all}) and limit matches to a given subdirectory
+(option \optname{--subdir}).
+
+The \cmdname{dvipdfmx} program now includes functionality to extract
+bounding box information, via the command name \cmdname{extractbb}; this
+was one of the last features provided by \cmdname{dvipdfm} not in
+\cmdname{dvipdfmx}.
+
+The font aliases \filename{Times-Roman}, \filename{Helvetica}, and so on
+have been removed.  Different packages expected them to behave
+differently (in particular, to have different encodings), and there was
+no good way to resolve this.
+
+The \pkgname{platex} format has been removed, to resolve a name conflict
+with a completely different Japanese \pkgname{platex}; the
+\pkgname{polski} package is now the main Polish support.
+
+Internally, the \web\ string pool files are now compiled into the
+binaries, to ease upgrades.
+
+Finally, the changes made by Donald Knuth in his `\TeX\ tuneup of 2008'
+are included in this release.  See
+\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92knut.pdf}.
+
+\subsubsection{2009}
+
+In 2009, the default output format for Lua\AllTeX\ is now PDF, to take
+advantage of Lua\TeX's OpenType support, et al.  New executables named
+\code{dviluatex} and \code{dvilualatex} run Lua\TeX\ with DVI output.
+The Lua\TeX\ home page is \url{http://luatex.org}.
+
+The original Omega engine and Lambda format have been excised, after
+discussions with the Omega authors.  The updated Aleph and Lamed remain,
+as do the Omega utilities.
+
+A new release of the AMS \TypeI\ fonts is included, including Computer
+Modern: a few shape changes made over the years by Knuth in the Metafont
+sources have been integrated, and the hinting has been updated.  The
+Euler fonts have been thoroughly reshaped by Hermann Zapf (see
+\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92hagen-euler.pdf}).  In
+all cases, the metrics remain unchanged.  The AMS fonts home page is
+\url{https://ams.org/tex/amsfonts.html}.
+
+The new \GUI{} front end \TeX{}works is included for Windows, and also in
+Mac\TeX.  For other platforms, and more information, see the \TeX{}works
+home page, \url{https://tug.org/texworks}.  It is a cross-platform
+front-end inspired by the \MacOSX\ TeXShop editor, aiming at
+ease-of-use.
+
+The graphics program Asymptote is included for several platforms.  This
+implements a text-based graphics description language vaguely akin to
+MetaPost, but with advanced 3D support and other features.  Its home
+page is \url{https://asymptote.sourceforge.io}.
+
+The separate \code{dvipdfm} program has been replaced by
+\code{dvipdfmx}, which operates in a special compatibility mode under
+that name.  \code{dvipdfmx} includes CJK support and has
+accumulated many other fixes over the years since the last
+\code{dvipdfm} release.
+
+Executables for the \pkgname{cygwin} and \pkgname{i386-netbsd} platforms
+are now included, while we were advised that OpenBSD users get
+\TeX\ through their package systems, plus there were difficulties in
+making binaries that have a chance of working on more than one version.
+
+A miscellany of smaller changes: we now use \pkgname{xz} compression,
+the stable replacement for \pkgname{lzma}
+(\url{https://tukaani.org/xz/}); a literal |$| is allowed in filenames
+when it does not introduce a known variable name; the Kpathsea library
+is now multi-threaded (made use of in MetaPost); the entire \TL{} build
+is now based on Automake.
+
+Final note on the past: all releases of \TL{}, along with ancillary
+material such as \CD\ labels, are available at
+\url{ftp://tug.org/historic/systems/texlive}.
+
+
+\subsubsection{2010}
+\label{sec:2010news} % keep with 2010
+
+In 2010, the default version for PDF output is now 1.5, enabling more
+compression.  This applies to all the \TeX\ engines when used to produce
+PDF and to \code{dvipdfmx}.  Loading the \pkgname{pdf14} \LaTeX\ package
+changes back to PDF~1.4, or set |\pdfminorversion=4|.
+
+pdf\AllTeX\ now \emph{automatically} converts a requested Encapsulated
+PostScript (EPS) file to PDF, via the \pkgname{epstopdf} package, when
+and if the \LaTeX\ \code{graphics.cfg} configuration file is loaded, and
+PDF is being output.  The default options are intended to eliminate any
+chance of hand-created PDF files being overwritten, but you can also
+prevent \code{epstopdf} from being loaded at all by putting
+|\newcommand{\DoNotLoadEpstopdf}{}| (or |\def...|) before the
+\cs{documentclass} declaration.  It is also not loaded if the
+\pkgname{pst-pdf} package is used.  For more details, see the
+\pkgname{epstopdf} package documentation
+(\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg}).
+
+A related change is that execution of a very few external commands from
+\TeX, via the \cs{write18} feature, is now enabled by default.  These
+commands are \code{repstopdf}, \code{makeindex}, \code{kpsewhich},
+\code{bibtex}, and \code{bibtex8}; the list is defined in
+\code{texmf.cnf}.  Environments which must disallow all such external
+commands can deselect this option in the installer (see
+section~\ref{sec:options}), or override the value after installation by
+running |tlmgr conf texmf shell_escape 0|.
+
+Yet another related change is that \BibTeX\ and Makeindex now refuse to
+write their output files to an arbitrary directory (like \TeX\ itself),
+by default.  This is so they can now be enabled for use by the
+restricted \cs{write18}.  To change this, the \envname{TEXMFOUTPUT}
+environment variable can be set, or the |openout_any| setting changed.
+
+\XeTeX\ now supports margin kerning along the same lines as pdf\TeX.
+(Font expansion is not presently supported.)
+
+By default, \prog{tlmgr} now saves one backup of each package updated
+(\code{tlmgr option autobackup 1}), so broken package updates can be
+easily reverted with \code{tlmgr restore}.  If you do post-install
+updates, and don't have the disk space for the backups, run \code{tlmgr
+option autobackup 0}.
+
+New programs included: the p\TeX\ engine and related utilities for
+typesetting Japanese; the \BibTeX{}U program for Unicode-enabled
+\BibTeX; the \prog{chktex} utility
+(originally from \url{http://baruch.ev-en.org/proj/chktex}) for checking
+\AllTeX\
+documents; the \prog{dvisvgm} (\url{https://dvisvgm.de})
+DVI-to-SVG translator.
+
+Executables for these new platforms are now included: \code{amd64-freebsd},
+\code{amd64-kfreebsd}, \code{i386-freebsd}, \code{i386-kfreebsd},
+\code{x86\_64-darwin}, \code{x86\_64-solaris}.
+
+A change in \TL{} 2009 that we failed to note: numerous \TeX4ht-related
+executables (\url{https://tug.org/tex4ht}) were removed from the binary
+directories.  The generic \code{mk4ht} program can be used to run any of
+the various \code{tex4ht} combinations.
+
+Finally, the \TL{} release on the \TK\ \DVD\ can no longer be run live
+(oddly enough).  A single \DVD\ no longer has enough room.  One
+beneficial side effect is that installation from the physical \DVD\ is
+much faster.
+
+\subsubsection{2011}
+
+The \MacOSX\ binaries (\code{universal-darwin} and
+\code{x86\_64-darwin}) now work only on Leopard or later; Panther and
+Tiger are no longer supported.
+
+The \code{biber} program for bibliography processing is included on
+common platforms.  Its development is closely coupled with the
+\code{biblatex} package, which completely reimplements the
+bibliographical facilities provided by LaTeX.
+
+The MetaPost (\code{mpost}) program no longer creates or uses
+\code{.mem} files.  The needed files, such as \code{plain.mp}, are
+simply read on every run.  This is related to supporting MetaPost as a
+library, which is another significant though not user-visible change.
+
+The \code{updmap} implementation in Perl, previously used only on
+Windows, has been revamped and is now used on all platforms.  There
+shouldn't be any user-visible changes as a result, except that it runs
+much faster.
+
+The \cmdname{initex} and \cmdname{inimf} programs were restored (but no
+other \cmdname{ini*} variants).
+
+\subsubsection{2012}
+
+\code{tlmgr} supports updates from multiple network repositories.  The
+section on multiple repositories in the \code{tlmgr help} output has
+more.
+
+The parameter \cs{XeTeXdashbreakstate} is set to~1 by default, for both
+\code{xetex} and \code{xelatex}.  This allows line breaks after
+em-dashes and en-dashes, which has always been the behavior of plain
+\TeX, \LaTeX, Lua\TeX, etc.  Existing \XeTeX\ documents which must
+retain perfect line-break compatibility will need to set
+\cs{XeTeXdashbreakstate} to~0 explicitly.
+
+The output files generated by \code{pdftex} and \code{dvips}, among
+others, can now exceed 2 gigabytes.
+
+The 35 standard PostScript fonts are included in the output of
+\code{dvips} by default, since so many different versions of them are
+extant.
+
+In the restricted \cs{write18} execution mode, set by default,
+\code{mpost} is now an allowed program.
+
+A \code{texmf.cnf} file is also found in \filename{../texmf-local},
+e.g., \filename{/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/web2c/texmf.cnf}, if it
+exists.
+
+The \code{updmap} script reads a per-tree \code{updmap.cfg} instead of
+one global config.  This change should be invisible, unless you edited
+your updmap.cfg's directly.  The \verb|updmap --help| output has more.
+
+Platforms: \pkgname{armel-linux} and \pkgname{mipsel-linux} added;
+\pkgname{sparc-linux} and \pkgname{i386-netbsd} are no longer in the
+main distribution.
+
+\subsubsection{2013}
+
+Distribution layout: the top-level \code{texmf/} directory has been
+merged into \code{texmf-dist/}, for simplicity.  Both the
+\code{TEXMFMAIN} and \code{TEXMFDIST} Kpathsea variables now point to
+\code{texmf-dist}.
+
+Many small language collections have been merged together, to simplify
+installation.
+
+\MP: native support for PNG output and floating-point (IEEE double) has
+been added.
+
+Lua\TeX: updated to Lua 5.2, and includes a new library
+(\code{pdfscanner}) to process external PDF page content, among much
+else (see its web pages).
+
+\XeTeX\ (also see its web pages for more):
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item The HarfBuzz library is now used for font layout instead of
+ICU.  (ICU is still used to support input encodings, bidirectionality,
+and the optional Unicode line breaking.)
+\item Graphite2 and HarfBuzz are used instead of SilGraphite for Graphite
+layout.
+\item On Macs, Core Text is used instead of the (deprecated) ATSUI.
+\item Prefer TrueType/OpenType fonts to Type1 when the names are the same.
+\item Fix occasional mismatch in font finding between \XeTeX\ and
+\code{xdvipdfmx}.
+\item Support OpenType math cut-ins.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+\cmdname{xdvi}: now uses FreeType instead of \code{t1lib} for rendering.
+
+\pkgname{microtype.sty}: some support for \XeTeX\ (protrusion) and
+Lua\TeX\ (protrusion, font expansion, tracking), among other
+enhancements.
+
+\cmdname{tlmgr}: new \code{pinning} action to ease configuring multiple
+repositories; that section in \verb|tlmgr --help| has more, online at
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/doc/tlmgr.html#MULTIPLE-REPOSITORIES}.
+
+Platforms: \pkgname{armhf-linux}, \pkgname{mips-irix},
+\pkgname{i386-netbsd}, and \pkgname{amd64-netbsd} added or revived;
+\pkgname{powerpc-aix} removed.
+
+\subsubsection{2014}
+
+2014 saw another \TeX\ tune-up from Knuth; this affected all engines,
+but the only visible change likely is the restoration of the
+\code{preloaded format} string on the banner line.  Per Knuth, this now
+reflects the format that \emph{would} be loaded by default, rather than
+an undumped format that is actually preloaded in the binary; it may be
+overridden in various ways.
+
+pdf\TeX: new warning-suppression parameter
+\cs{pdfsuppresswarningpagegroup}; new primitives for fake interword
+spaces to help with PDF text reflowing: \cs{pdfinterwordspaceon},
+\cs{pdfinterwordspaceoff}, \cs{pdffakespace}.
+
+Lua\TeX: Notable changes and fixes were made to font loading and
+hyphenation. The biggest addition is a new engine variant,
+\code{luajittex} and its siblings \code{texluajit} and
+\code{texluajitc}. This uses a just-in-time Lua compiler (detailed
+\textsl{TUGboat} article at
+\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb34-1/tb106scarso.pdf}). \code{luajittex}
+is still in development, is not available on all platforms, and is
+considerably less stable than \code{luatex}. Neither we nor its
+developers recommend using it except for the specific purpose of
+experimenting with jit on Lua code.
+
+\XeTeX: The same image formats are now supported on all platforms
+(including Mac); avoid Unicode compatibility decomposition fallback (but
+not other variants); prefer OpenType to Graphite fonts, for
+compatibility with previous \XeTeX\ versions.
+
+\MP: A new numbersystem \code{decimal} is supported, along with a
+companion internal \code{numberprecision}; a new definition of
+\code{drawdot} in \filename{plain.mp}, per Knuth; bug fixes in
+SVG and PNG output, among others.
+
+The \cmdname{pstopdf} Con\TeX{}t utility will be removed as a standalone
+command at some point after the release, due to conflicts with OS
+utilities of the same name.  It can still (and now) be invoked as
+\code{mtxrun --script pstopdf}.
+
+\cmdname{psutils} has been substantially revised by a new maintainer.
+As a result, several seldom-used utilities (\code{fix*}, \code{getafm},
+\code{psmerge}, \code{showchar}) are now only in the \dirname{scripts/}
+directory rather than being user-level executables (this can be reversed
+if it turns out to be problematic).  A new script, \code{psjoin}, has
+been added.
+
+The Mac\TeX\ redistribution of \TeX\ Live (section~\ref{sec:macosx}) no
+longer includes the optional Mac-only packages for the Latin Modern and
+\TeX\ Gyre fonts, since it is easy enough for individual users to make
+them available to the system.  The \cmdname{convert} program from
+ImageMagick has also been excised, since \TeX4ht (specifically
+\code{tex4ht.env}) now uses Ghostscript directly.
+
+The \pkgname{langcjk} collection for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
+support has been split into individual language collections for the sake
+of more moderate sizes.
+
+Platforms: \pkgname{x86\_64-cygwin} added, \pkgname{mips-irix} removed;
+Microsoft no longer supports Windows XP, so our programs may
+start failing there at any time.
+
+\subsubsection{2015}
+
+\LaTeXe\ now incorporates, by default, changes previously included only
+by explicitly loading the \pkgname{fixltx2e} package, which is now a
+no-op.  A new \pkgname{latexrelease} package and other mechanisms allow
+for controlling what is done.  The included \LaTeX\ News \#22 and
+``\LaTeX\ changes'' documents have details.  Incidentally, the
+\pkgname{babel} and \pkgname{psnfss} packages, while core parts of
+\LaTeX, are maintained separately and are not affected by these changes
+(and should still work).
+
+Internally, \LaTeXe\ now includes Unicode-related engine configuration
+(what characters are letters, naming of primitives, etc.) which was
+previously part of \TeX\ Live.  This change is intended to be invisible
+to users; a few low-level internal control sequences have been renamed
+or removed, but the behavior should be just the same.
+
+pdf\TeX: Support JPEG Exif as well as JFIF; do not
+emit a warning if \cs{pdfinclusionerrorlevel} is negative; sync
+with \prog{xpdf}~3.04.
+
+Lua\TeX: New library \pkgname{newtokenlib} for scanning tokens; bug
+fixes in the \code{normal} random number generator and other places.
+
+\XeTeX: Image handling fixes; \prog{xdvipdfmx} binary looked for first
+as a sibling to \prog{xetex}; internal \code{XDV} opcodes changed.
+
+MetaPost: New numbersystem \code{binary}; new Japanese-enabled
+\prog{upmpost} and \prog{updvitomp} programs, analogous to
+\prog{up*tex}.
+
+Mac\TeX: Updates to the included Ghostscript package for CJK
+support.  The \TeX\ Distribution Preference Pane now works in Yosemite
+(\MacOSX~10.10).  Resource-fork font suitcases (generally without an
+extension) are no longer supported by \XeTeX; data-fork suitcases
+(\code{.dfont}) remain supported.
+
+Infrastructure: The \prog{fmtutil} script has been reimplemented to read
+\filename{fmtutil.cnf} on a per-tree basis, analogous to \prog{updmap}.
+Web2C \prog{mktex*} scripts (including \prog{mktexlsr}, \prog{mktextfm},
+\prog{mktexpk}) now prefer programs in their own directory, instead of
+always using the existing \envname{PATH}.
+
+Platforms: \pkgname{*-kfreebsd} removed, since \TeX\ Live is now easily
+available through the system platform mechanisms.
+Support for some additional platforms is available as custom binaries
+(\url{https://tug.org/texlive/custom-bin.html}).  In addition, some
+platforms are now omitted from the \DVD\ (simply to save space), but can
+be installed normally over the net.
+
+% 
+\subsubsection{2016}
+
+Lua\TeX: Sweeping changes to primitives, both renames and removals,
+along with some node structure rearrangements.  The changes are
+summarized in an article by Hans Hagen, ``Lua\TeX\ 0.90 backend changes
+for PDF and more''
+(\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb37-1/tb115hagen-pdf.pdf}); for all the
+details, see the Lua\TeX\ manual,
+\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf}.
+
+Metafont: New highly experimental sibling programs MFlua and MFluajit,
+integrating Lua with \MF, for trial testing purposes.
+
+MetaPost: Bug fixes and internal preparations for MetaPost 2.0.
+
+\code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH} support in all engines except Lua\TeX\ (which
+will come in the next release) and original \code{tex} (intentionally
+omitted): if the environment variable \code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH} is set,
+its value is used for timestamps in the PDF output.  If
+\code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH\_TEX\_PRIMITIVES} is also set, the
+\code{SOURCE\_DATE\_EPOCH} value is used to initialize the \TeX\
+primitives \cs{year}, \cs{month}, \cs{day}, \cs{time}.  The pdf\TeX\
+manual has examples and details.
+
+pdf\TeX: new primitives \cs{pdfinfoomitdate}, \cs{pdftrailerid},
+\cs{pdfsuppressptexinfo}, to control values appearing in the output
+which normally change with each run.  These features are for PDF output
+only, not DVI.
+
+Xe\TeX: New primitives \cs{XeTeXhyphenatablelength},
+\cs{XeTeXgenerateactualtext},\\ \cs{XeTeXinterwordspaceshaping},
+\cs{mdfivesum}; character class limit increased to 4096; DVI id byte
+incremented.
+
+Other utilities:
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item \code{gregorio} is a new program, part of the \code{gregoriotex}
+package for typesetting Gregorian chant scores; it is included in
+\code{shell\_escape\_commands} by default.
+
+\item \code{upmendex} is an index creation program, mostly compatible
+with \code{makeindex}, with support for Unicode sorting, among other
+changes.
+
+\item \code{afm2tfm} now makes only accent-based height adjustments
+upward; a new option \code{-a} omits all adjustments.
+
+\item \code{ps2pk} can handle extended PK/GF fonts.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Mac\TeX: The \TeX\ Distribution Preference Pane is gone; its
+functionality is now in TeX Live Utility; bundled GUI applications
+upgraded; new script \code{cjk-gs-integrate} to be run by users who wish
+to incorporate various CJK fonts into Ghostscript.
+
+Infrastructure: System-level \code{tlmgr} configuration file supported;
+verify package checksums; if GPG is available, verify signature of
+network updates.  These checks happen with both the installer and
+\code{tlmgr}.  If GPG is not available, updates proceed as usual.
+
+Platforms: \code{alpha-linux} and \code{mipsel-linux} removed.
+
+% 
+\subsubsection{2017}
+
+Lua\TeX: More callbacks, more typesetting control, more access to
+internals; \code{ffi} library for dynamic code loading added on some
+platforms.
+
+pdf\TeX: Environment variable |SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH_TEX_PRIMITIVES| from
+last year renamed to |FORCE_SOURCE_DATE|, with no changes in
+functionality; if the \cs{pdfpageattr} token list contains the string
+\code{/MediaBox}, omit output of the default \code{/MediaBox}.
+
+Xe\TeX: Unicode/OpenType math now based on HarfBuzz's MATH table support;
+some bug fixes.
+
+Dvips: Make the last papersize special win, for consistency with
+\code{dvipdfmx} and package expectations; the \code{-L0} option (\code{L0}
+config setting) restores the previous behavior of the first special
+winning.
+
+ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitives \cs{pdfuniformdeviate},
+\cs{pdfnormaldeviate}, \cs{pdfrandomseed}, \cs{pdfsetrandomseed},
+\cs{pdfelapsedtime}, \cs{pdfresettimer}, from pdf\TeX.
+
+Mac\TeX: As of this year, only \MacOSX\ releases for which Apple still
+releases security patches will be supported in Mac\TeX, under the
+platform name |x86_64-darwin|; currently this means Yosemite,
+El~Capitan, and Sierra (10.10 and newer). Binaries for older \MacOSX\
+versions are not included in Mac\TeX, but are still available in \TeX\
+Live (|x86_64-darwinlegacy|, \code{i386-darwin}, \code{powerpc-darwin}).
+
+Infrastructure: The \envname{TEXMFLOCAL} tree is now searched before
+\envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} and \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR} (by default); the
+hope is that this will better match expectations of local files
+overriding system files.  Also, \code{tlmgr} has a new mode \code{shell}
+for interactive and scripted use, and a new action \code{conf auxtrees}
+to easily add and remove extra trees.
+
+\code{updmap} and \code{fmtutil}: These scripts now give a warning when
+invoked without explicitly specifying either so-called system mode
+(\code{updmap-sys}, \code{fmtutil-sys}, or option \code{-sys}), or user
+mode (\code{updmap-user}, \code{fmtutil-user}, or option \code{-user}).
+The hope is that this will reduce the perennial problem of invoking user
+mode by accident and thus losing future system updates.  See
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/scripts-sys-user.html} for details.
+
+\code{install-tl}: Personal paths such as \envname{TEXMFHOME} are now
+set to Mac\TeX\ values (|~/Library/...|)\ by default on Macs.  New
+option \code{-init-from-profile} to start an installation with the
+values from a given profile; new command \code{P} to explicitly save a
+profile; new profile variable names (but previous ones are still
+accepted).
+
+Sync\TeX: the name of the temporary file now looks like
+\code{foo.synctex(busy)}, instead of \code{foo.synctex.gz(busy)}
+(no~\code{.gz}). Front-ends and build systems that want to remove temp
+files may need adjusting.
+
+Other utilities: \code{texosquery-jre8} is a new cross-platform program
+for retrieving locale and other OS information from a \TeX\ document; it
+is included in |shell_escape_commands| by default for restricted
+shell execution. (Older JRE versions are supported by texosquery, but
+cannot be enabled in restricted mode, as they are no longer supported by
+Oracle, even for security issues.)
+
+Platforms: See Mac\TeX\ entry above; no other changes.
+
+% 
+\subsubsection{2018}
+
+Kpathsea: Case-insensitive filename matching now done by default in
+non-system directories; set \code{texmf.cnf} or environment variable
+\code{texmf\_casefold\_search} to~\code{0} to disable.
+Full details in the Kpathsea manual (\url{https://tug.org/kpathsea}).
+
+ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitive \cs{epTeXversion}.
+
+Lua\TeX: Preparation for moving to Lua 5.3 in 2019: a binary
+\code{luatex53} is available on most platforms, but must be renamed to
+\code{luatex} to be effective. Or use the \ConTeXt\ Garden
+(\url{https://wiki.contextgarden.net}) files; more information there.
+
+MetaPost: Fixes for wrong path directions, TFM and PNG output.
+
+pdf\TeX: Allow encoding vectors for bitmap fonts; current directory not
+hashed into PDF ID; bug fixes for \cs{pdfprimitive} and related.
+
+Xe\TeX: Support \code{/Rotate} in PDF image inclusion; exit nonzero if
+the output driver fails; various obscure UTF-8 and other primitive
+fixes.
+
+Mac\TeX: See version support changes below. In addition, the files
+installed in \code{/Applications/TeX/} by Mac\TeX\ have been reorganized for
+greater clarity; now this location contains four GUI programs (BibDesk,
+LaTeXiT, TeX Live Utility, and TeXShop) at the top level and folders
+with additional utilities and documentation.
+
+\code{tlmgr}: new front-ends \code{tlshell} (Tcl/Tk) and
+\code{tlcockpit} (Java); JSON output; \code{uninstall} now a synonym
+for \code{remove}; new action/option \code{print-platform-info}.
+
+Platforms:
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item 
+Removed: \code{armel-linux}, \code{powerpc-linux}.
+
+\item \code{x86\_64-darwin} supports 10.10--10.13
+(Yosemite, El~Capitan, Sierra, and High~Sierra).
+
+\item \code{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} supports 10.6--10.10 (though
+\code{x86\_64-darwin} is preferred for 10.10).  All support for 10.5
+(Leopard) is gone, that is, both the \code{powerpc-darwin} and
+\code{i386-darwin platforms} have been removed.
+
+\item Windows: XP is no longer supported.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+% 
+\subsubsection{2019}
+
+Kpathsea: More consistent brace expansion and path splitting; new
+variable \code{TEXMFDOTDIR} instead of hard-coded \code{.}\ in paths
+allows for easily searching additional or sub-directories (see comments
+in \code{texmf.cnf}).
+
+ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitives \cs{readpapersizespecial} and
+\cs{expanded}.
+
+Lua\TeX: Lua 5.3 now used, with concomitant arithmetic and interface changes.
+The homegrown library pplib is used to read pdf files, thus
+eliminating the dependency on poppler (and the need for C++);
+Lua interface changed accordingly.
+
+MetaPost: \code{r-mpost} command name recognized as an
+alias for invocation with the \code{--restricted} option, and added to
+the list of restricted commands available by default.
+Minimum precision now 2 for decimal and binary mode.
+Binary mode no longer available in MPlib but still available in
+standalone MetaPost.
+
+pdf\TeX: New primitive \cs{expanded}; if new primitive parameter
+\cs{pdfomitcharset} is set to 1, the \code{/CharSet} string
+omitted from the PDF output, since it cannot feasibly be guaranteed
+correct, as required by PDF/A-2 and PDF/A-3.
+
+Xe\TeX: New primitives \cs{expanded},
+\cs{creationdate},
+\cs{elapsedtime},
+\cs{filedump}, 
+\cs{filemoddate}, 
+\cs{filesize}, 
+\cs{resettimer}, 
+\cs{normaldeviate}, 
+\cs{uniformdeviate}, 
+\cs{randomseed}; extend \cs{Ucharcat} to produce active
+characters.
+
+\code{tlmgr}: Support \code{curl} as a download program;
+   use \code{lz4} and gzip before \code{xz} for local backups, if available;
+   prefer system-provided binaries over binaries provided with \TL\ for
+   compressor and download programs, unless the environment variable
+   \code{TEXLIVE\_PREFER\_OWN} is set.
+
+\code{install-tl}: New option \code{-gui} (with no argument) is the
+default on Windows and Macs, and invokes a new Tcl/TK GUI (see
+sections~\ref{sec:basic} and~\ref{sec:graphical-inst}).
+
+Utilities:
+\begin{itemize*}
+\item \code{cwebbin} (\url{https://ctan.org/pkg/cwebbin}) is now the CWEB
+implementation in \TeX\ Live, with support for more language dialects,
+and including the \code{ctwill} program to make mini-indexes.
+
+\item \code{chkdvifont}: report font information from \dvi{} files, also
+from tfm/ofm, vf, gf, pk.
+
+\item \code{dvispc}: make a DVI file page-independent with respect to specials.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Mac\TeX: \code{x86\_64-darwin} now supports 10.12 and higher (Sierra,
+High Sierra, Mojave); \code{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} still supports 10.6
+and newer. The spell checker Excalibur is no longer included, since it
+requires 32-bit support.
+
+Platforms: removed \code{sparc-solaris}.
+
+
+\htmlanchor{news}
+\subsection{Present: 2020}
+\label{sec:tlcurrent}
+
+General: \begin{itemize}
+\item The \cs{input} primitive in all \TeX\ engines, including
+\texttt{tex}, now also accepts a group-delimited filename argument, as a
+system-dependent extension. The usage with a standard
+space/token-delimited filename is completely unchanged. The
+group-delimited argument was previously implemented in Lua\TeX; now it
+is available in all engines. ASCII double quote characters (\texttt{"})
+are removed from the filename, but it is otherwise left unchanged after
+tokenization. This does not currently affect \LaTeX's \cs{input} command,
+as that is a macro redefinition of the standard \cs{input} primitive.
+
+\item New option \texttt{--cnf-line} for \texttt{kpsewhich}, \texttt{tex},
+\texttt{mf}, and all other engines, to support arbitrary configuration
+settings on the command line.
+
+\item The addition of various primitives to various engines in this and
+previous years is intended to result in a common set of functionality
+available across all engines (\textsl{\LaTeX\ News \#31},
+\url{https://latex-project.org/news}).
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitives \cs{Uchar}, \cs{Ucharcat},
+\cs{current(x)spacingmode}, \cs{ifincsname}; revise \cs{fontchar??} and
+\cs{iffontchar}. For eup\TeX\ only: \cs{currentcjktoken}.
+
+Lua\TeX: Integration with HarfBuzz library, available as new engines
+\texttt{luahbtex} (used for \texttt{lualatex}) and \texttt{luajithbtex}.
+New primitives: \cs{eTeXgluestretchorder}, \cs{eTeXglueshrinkorder}.
+
+pdf\TeX: New primitive \cs{pdfmajorversion}; this merely changes the
+version number in the PDF output; it has no effect on any PDF content.
+\cs{pdfximage} and similar now search for image files in the same way as
+\cs{openin}.
+
+p\TeX: New primitives \cs{ifjfont}, \cs{iftfont}. Also in ep\TeX,
+up\TeX, eup\TeX.
+
+Xe\TeX: Fixes for \cs{Umathchardef}, \cs{XeTeXinterchartoks}, \cs{pdfsavepos}.
+
+Dvips: Output encodings for bitmap fonts, for better copy/paste
+capabilities
+(\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125rokicki-type3search.pdf}).
+
+Mac\TeX: Mac\TeX\ and \texttt{x86\_64-darwin} now require 10.13 or
+higher (High~Sierra, Mojave, and Catalina);
+\texttt{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} supports 10.6 and newer. Mac\TeX\ is
+notarized and command line programs have hardened runtimes, as now
+required by Apple for install packages. BibDesk and \TeX\ Live Utility
+are not in Mac\TeX\ because they are not notarized, but a
+\filename{README} file lists urls where they can be obtained.
+
+\code{tlmgr} and infrastructure: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Automatically retry (once) packages that fail to download.
+\item New option \texttt{tlmgr check texmfdbs}, to 
+to check consistency of \texttt{ls-R} files and \texttt{!!}
+specifications for each tree.
+\item Use versioned filenames for the package containers, as in
+\texttt{tlnet/archive/\textsl{pkgname}.rNNN.tar.xz}; should be
+invisible to users, but a notable change in distribution.
+\item \texttt{catalogue-date} information no longer propagated from the
+\TeX~Catalogue, since it was often unrelated to package updates.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Future}
+
+\TL{} is not perfect, and never will be.  We intend to continue to
+release new versions, and would like to provide more documentation, more
+programs, an ever-improved and better-checked tree of macros and fonts,
+and anything else \TeX. This work is all done by volunteers in their
+spare time, and so there is always more to do.  Please see
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html}.
+
+Please send corrections, suggestions, and offers of help to:
+\begin{quote}
+\email{tex-live@tug.org} \\
+\url{https://tug.org/texlive}
+\end{quote}
+
+\medskip
+\noindent \textsl{Happy \TeX ing!}
+
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/archive/tex-live.sty-2020 b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/archive/tex-live.sty-2020
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b5d8c260532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/archive/tex-live.sty-2020
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+% $Id: tex-live.sty 54322 2020-03-15 18:10:11Z karl $
+% TeX Live documentation style.  Written by many people over many years.
+% Public domain.
+%
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
+\ProvidesPackage{tex-live}[2019/08/14 TeX Live Guide style]
+%
+% colortbl and other packages otherwise make the default be letter, it seems.
+\RequirePackage[a4paper,hscale=0.75,lines=60,vmarginratio=10:8]{geometry}
+%
+\RequirePackage{alltt}
+\RequirePackage{array}
+\RequirePackage{colortbl}
+\RequirePackage{comment}
+\RequirePackage{float}
+\RequirePackage{graphicx}
+\RequirePackage{longtable}
+\RequirePackage{shortvrb}
+\RequirePackage[normalem]{ulem}
+\RequirePackage[obeyspaces]{url}
+\RequirePackage{xspace}
+%
+% for a proper \acro command.
+\RequirePackage{relsize}
+%\DeclareRobustCommand{\acro}[1]{\textscale{.9}{#1}\@}
+\def\acro#1{\texorpdfstring{\textscale{.9}{#1}}{#1}\@}
+%
+%% No lmodern for Russian; LM doesn't have cyrillic.
+\ifx\tldocrussion\undefined \RequirePackage{lmodern}\fi
+%
+\usepackage{textcomp}% including \textbullet
+\def\p.{p.\,}
+
+\RequirePackage{fancyvrb}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{verbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\normalsize}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{sverbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\small}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{fverbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\footnotesize}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{boxedverbatim}
+ {Verbatim}{fontsize=\footnotesize,frame=single}
+\DefineVerbatimEnvironment{Verbatim}{Verbatim}{fontsize=\normalsize}
+\def\verbatiminput#1{\VerbatimInput[fontsize=\small]{#1}}
+\def\boxedverbatiminput#1{\VerbatimInput[frame=single,fontsize=\footnotesize]{#1}}
+\def\listinginput#1#2{\VerbatimInput[fontsize=\scriptsize,firstnumber=#1,numbers=left]{#2}}
+\MakeShortVerb\|
+%
+%
+% Done with packages.
+%
+% emacs-page page layout.
+% 
+%ltr \advance\textwidth by 1.1in
+%ltr \advance\oddsidemargin by -.55in
+%ltr \advance\evensidemargin by -.55in
+%ltr %
+%ltr \advance\textheight by 1in
+%ltr \advance\topmargin by -.5in
+%ltr \advance\footskip by -.5in
+%ltr %
+\message{dimens: textwidth=\the\textwidth\space
+         oddsidemargin=\the\oddsidemargin\space
+         evensidemargin=\the\evensidemargin\space
+         textheight=\the\textheight\space
+         topmargin=\the\topmargin\space
+         footskip=\the\footskip}
+% 
+% with settings above, and without a4 (hence letter):
+% textwidth=424.49744pt  oddsidemargin=22.25128pt evensidemargin=22.25128pt
+% textheight=622.26999pt topmargin=-20.135pt      footskip=-6.135pt
+% 
+% with default a4paper geometry settings (not enough height):
+% textwidth=418.25368pt oddsidemargin=17.3571pt evensidemargin=17.3571pt 
+% textheight=591.5302pt topmargin=-7.86334pt    footskip=30.0pt
+%
+% with geometry settings [a4paper,hscale=0.75,lines=60,vmarginratio=10:8]:
+% textwidth=448.1309pt oddsidemargin=2.41849pt  evensidemargin=2.41849pt
+% textheight=718.0pt   topmargin=-38.68848pt    footskip=30.0pt
+
+% 
+\pagestyle{headings}
+%
+% LaTeX parameters.
+\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.85}
+\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.86}
+\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.1}
+\renewcommand{\abovecaptionskip}{4pt}
+\renewcommand{\belowcaptionskip}{4pt}
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+\setcounter{topnumber}{5}
+\setcounter{totalnumber}{5}
+%
+% linebreaking, etc.
+\hbadness=4000
+\vbadness=4000
+\emergencystretch=.1\hsize
+\relpenalty=500
+%
+\def\slash{/\penalty\z@\hskip\z@skip }
+%
+% various sorts of names
+\newcommand*{\pkgname}[1]{\textsf{#1}}% package name
+\newcommand*{\optname}[1]{\texttt{#1}}% (package,class) option name
+\newcommand*{\cmdname}[1]{\textsf{#1}}% command name
+\newcommand*{\colname}[1]{\emph{#1}}%   collection name
+\newcommand*{\dirname}[1]{\path{#1}}%   directory name
+\def\filename#1{\path{#1}}%  file name
+\newcommand*{\envname}[1]{\texttt{#1}}% environment variable name
+\newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
+\newcommand{\file}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
+\newcommand{\prog}[1]{\textsf{#1}}% same as \cmdname
+\newcommand{\samp}[1]{`\texttt{#1}'\@}
+\newcommand{\var}[1]{{\sl #1}}% not \textsl, for roman not typewriter slanted.
+\newcommand{\ttvar}[1]{\texttt{\var{#1}}}
+%
+% underlined command input.
+%\def\Ucom#1{%
+%   \uline{\rule[-.2\baselineskip]{0pt}{.9\baselineskip}\ttfamily #1}}
+% bold command input
+\def\Ucom#1{{\bfseries\ttfamily #1}}
+%
+% \CDref is for url's with a #, where we need to write the target url and
+% displayed url separately in the input, due to catcode madness.
+% (We could simplify/remove this next time, I think.)
+\def\CDref#1#2{\texttt{#1}}
+%
+% \OnCD no longer has any use at all, since we don't have unpacked files
+% on the DVD and it has never worked when reading the PDF online.
+\def\OnCD#1{\path{#1}}
+% 
+% \OnCD is currently for any other reference to a file or directory in
+% the distribution.  PDF readers only open .pdf files, though, so we
+% should change this to only use \href for those.  Or more likely use
+% different macros in the source.
+%\def\OnCD#1{\href{../../../../#1}{\path{#1}}}
+%
+% \href incorrectly appends .pdf to anything without an extension; these
+% definitions using \hyper@linkurl do not, but they fail for .pdf
+% references -- which are the only ones that work anyway.  So this is
+% useless, in practice.
+%\def\CDref#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{../../../../#1}}
+%\def\OnCD#1{\hyper@linkurl{\path{#1}}{../../../../#1}}
+
+% GUI menu/button/tab sequence:
+\def\guiseq#1{\textsf{#1}}
+\def\arw{\unskip$\rightarrow$\ignorespaces}
+%
+% Special names.
+\def\dpi{$\,$dpi\xspace}
+\def\bs{{\protect\normalfont\ttfamily\char'134}}
+\DeclareRobustCommand{\cs}[1]{{\normalfont\ttfamily\char`\\#1}}
+\def\Q#1{\par\vskip6pt\leftline{#1}\par}
+\def\hyph{-}
+%
+% many abbreviations.
+\def\AllTeX{(\La\kern-.075em)\kern-.075em\TeX}
+\def\AFMtoTFM{\cmdname{AFM2TFM}\null}
+\def\bv{\emph{Baskerville}}
+\let\BV=\bv
+\newcommand{\CS}{$\mathcal{C}\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex%
+                 \hbox{$\mathcal{S}$}\kern-.075em $}
+\def\Dash{\unskip\nobreak\thinspace---\thinspace\ignorespaces}
+\def\dvicopy{\cmdname{dvicopy}}
+\def\dvidvi{\cmdname{dvidvi}}
+\def\dvips{\cmdname{dvips}}
+\def\eTeX{$\varepsilon$-\TeX}
+\def\fpTeX{\textrm{fp}\TeX\xspace}
+\def\GFtoDVI{\cmdname{GFtoDVI}\null}
+\def\GFtoPK{\cmdname{GFtoPK}\null}
+\def\GFtype{\cmdname{GFtype}}
+\def\GUI{GUI\xspace}
+\def\KPS{Kpathsea}
+% This code % is hacked from its definition of \cs{LaTeX}; it allows
+% slants (for example) to propagate into the raised (small) `A':
+\newcommand{\La}%
+   {L\kern-.36em
+        {\setbox0\hbox{T}%
+         \vbox to\ht0{\hbox{$\m@th$%
+                            \csname S@\f@size\endcsname
+                            \fontsize\sf@size\z@
+                            \math@fontsfalse\selectfont
+                            A}%
+                      \vss}%
+        }}
+\def\OMEGA{$\Omega$}
+\def\OzMF{OzMF}
+\def\OzMP{OzMP}
+\def\OzTeX{O\kern-.03em z\kern-.15em\TeX}
+\def\PKtype{\cmdname{PKtype}}
+\def\PLtoTF{\cmdname{PLtoTF}\null}
+\def\ProTeXt{pro\TeX t}
+\def\teTeX{\textrm{te}\TeX\xspace}
+\def\TeXLive{\TeX{} Live\xspace}
+\def\TFtoPL{\cmdname{TFtoPL}\null}
+\def\TK{\TeX\ Collection}
+\let\TL=\TeXLive
+\def\TypeI{Type~1}
+\def\VFtoVP{\cmdname{VFtoVP}\null}
+\def\VPtoVF{\cmdname{VPtoVF}\null}
+\def\Thanh{H\`an~Th\ifx  % get Unicode char in tex4ht's HTML output
+     \HCode\UnDef\^e\llap{\raise 0.5ex\hbox{\'{}}}\else
+     \HCode{\string&\#x1EBF;}\fi~Th\`anh}
+\def\XEmTeX{\textrm{XEm}\TeX\xspace}
+\def\XEmacs{\textrm{XEmacs}\xspace}
+\def\XeTeX{Xe\TeX}
+\def\Webc{Web2C}
+\providecommand*{\CD}{CD\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\CTAN}{CTAN\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\DVD}{DVD\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\GNU}{GNU\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\HTML}{HTML\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\ISO}{ISO\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\MacOSX}{\texorpdfstring{Mac\,OS\,X}{MacOSX}\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\PS}{Post\-Script\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\TDS}{TDS\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\USB}{USB\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\dvi}{DVI\xspace}
+\providecommand*{\web}{\texttt{WEB}\xspace}
+
+% Include a png image.
+% #1 - name of image file in ../texlive-common/, always .png
+% #2 - width for TeX
+%
+\def\tlpng#1#2{%
+  \ifnum \Status=2 % html, want relative path in output
+    \includegraphics{../texlive-common/#1.png}%
+    % We intentionally are not specifying the size, so that the natural
+    % size of the graphic is used in the HTML output. Thus we do not
+    % get a graphics.sty warning about "cannot determine size of graphic
+    % (no BoundingBox)" on every image. Unfortunately there is no good
+    % way to eliminate that except by eliminating all LaTeX errors
+    % (\@latex@error), which does not seem like a good idea.
+  \else % not html, handled by TEXINPUTS in Makefile
+    \par
+    \centerline{\includegraphics[width=#2]{#1.png}}%
+  \fi
+}
+
+% description-like environment that uses tt instead of bf, and doesn't
+% go to the left margin.  Without the \hfil, get an underfull box.
+% Don't know why \descriptionlabel doesn't.
+%
+\newenvironment{ttdescription}
+  {\begin{list}{label must be supplied}{%
+     \itemsep=0pt  % these lists tend to have short descriptions
+     \parindent=0pt
+     \let\makelabel=\ttdescriptionlabel}}%
+  {\end{list}}
+\newcommand*\ttdescriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
+                                   \normalfont\ttfamily #1\hfil}
+%
+% Likewise, for commands using sans serif.
+\newenvironment{cmddescription}
+  {\begin{list}{label must be supplied}{%
+     \itemsep=0pt
+     \let\makelabel=\cmddescriptionlabel}}%
+  {\end{list}}
+\newcommand*\cmddescriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
+                                    \normalfont\sffamily #1\hfil}
+
+% General squeezed itemize/enumerate.
+\newenvironment{itemize*}%
+  {\begin{itemize}%
+    \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
+    \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+  {\end{itemize}}
+
+\newenvironment{enumerate*}%
+  {\begin{enumerate}%
+    \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
+    \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+  {\end{enumerate}}
+
+\newsavebox{\wbox}
+\newenvironment{warningbox}
+ {\begin{lrbox}{\wbox}
+ \begin{minipage}{.95\textwidth}}
+ {\end{minipage}\end{lrbox}\fbox{\usebox{\wbox}}}
+%
+% lrbox is used as a representation marking. I changed it to
+% lrBox in tne source file, to get closer to logical marking
+\newsavebox{\mylrbox}
+\newenvironment{lrBox}
+ {\begin{lrbox}{\mylrbox}}
+ {\end{lrbox}}
+
+
+% emacs-page output setup
+%
+\ifx \HCode\UnDef
+  \providecommand{\Status}{0}% running TeX
+\else
+  \providecommand{\Status}{2}% running TeX4ht
+\fi
+%\typeout{Status is \Status}
+%
+\newif\ifSingleColumn
+%
+% By default, we won't be creating hyperlinks.
+\def\href#1#2{#2}
+\def\hypertarget#1#2{}
+\def\email#1{\href{mailto:#1}{\path{#1}}}  % \path comes from url
+\def\htmlanchor#1{}
+%
+\definecolor{hypercolor}{rgb}{0.5,0.0,0.5} % purplish external links.
+%
+%
+\ifcase\Status
+  % \Status = 0
+  \typeout{TeX Live documentation in DVI format}
+  \SingleColumntrue
+  \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+ \or
+  % \Status = 1
+  \typeout{TeX Live documentation in PDF format}
+  \RequirePackage[breaklinks,
+                  colorlinks,linkcolor=hypercolor,citecolor=hypercolor,
+                    urlcolor=hypercolor,filecolor=hypercolor,
+                  bookmarksopen,
+                  %pdfstartview={FitBH -320000}, % fails with acrobat7
+                  hyperindex]
+        {hyperref}
+  \SingleColumntrue
+  \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+ \or
+  % \Status = 2
+  \typeout{TeX Live documentation in HTML format}
+  \SingleColumntrue
+  \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+  % Our config file, live4ht.cfg, is read from the htlatex call
+  % in the Makefile.
+  \RequirePackage[tex4ht]{hyperref}  \hyperlinkfileprefix{}
+  % definitions need simplifying for TeX4ht to make relative paths work.
+  \def\CDref#1#2{\href{../../../../#1}{#2}}
+  \def\OnCD#1{\href{../../../../#1}{#1}}
+  \def\htmlanchor#1{\HCode{<a id="#1"></a>}}
+ \or
+  % \Status = 3
+  \typeout{TeX Live documentation as a Baskerville issue}
+  \@ifundefined{Fonts}%
+    {\RequirePackage{ae}}%
+    {\RequirePackage[T1]{\Fonts}}
+  \RequirePackage{bvoutln}% outline of baskerville
+  \SingleColumnfalse
+  \RequirePackage{multicol}
+ \or
+  % \Status = 4
+  \typeout{TeX Live documentation as a TUB article}
+  \@ifundefined{Fonts}%
+    {\RequirePackage{ae}}%
+    {\RequirePackage[T1]{\Fonts}}
+  \SingleColumnfalse
+  \newenvironment{multicols}[1]{}{}
+\fi
+%
+\ifnum \Status=4
+\else
+  \RequirePackage{texnames}
+  \providecommand\TeXXeT{\TeX-{}-%
+    \kern-.1emX\kern-.125em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\kern-.1667emT\@}
+  \def\MP{MetaPost}
+  \let\mf\MF
+  \newcommand\ConTeXt{C\kern-.0333emon\-\kern-.0667em\TeX\kern-.0333emt}
+  \newcommand\MIKTEX{MiK\kern-.025em \TeX}% per www.miktex.org
+  % from pictex.tex:
+  \ifx\PiC\undefined \def\PiC{P\kern-.12em\lower.5ex\hbox{I}\kern-.075emC} \fi
+  \ifx\PiCTeX\undefined \def\PiCTeX{\PiC\kern-.11em\TeX} \fi
+\fi
+%
+% hacking at sections etc., to pay attention to baskerville status
+\newcommand{\@condend@multicols}{%
+  \ifSingleColumn
+  \else
+    \def\@tempa{multicols}%
+    \ifx\@tempa\@currenvir
+      \end{multicols}%
+    \fi
+  \fi
+}
+\let\Section\section
+\renewcommand{\section}{%
+  \@ifstar
+    {\Section*}%
+    {%
+      \@condend@multicols
+      \@dblarg\@full@section
+    }%
+}
+\def\@full@section[#1]#2{%
+  \Section[#1]{#2}%
+  \ifSingleColumn\else\begin{multicols}{2}\fi
+}
+\let\SubSection\subsection
+\renewcommand{\subsection}{%
+  \@ifstar{\SubSection*}%
+  {%
+    \@condend@multicols
+    \@dblarg\@full@subsection
+  }
+}
+\def\@full@subsection[#1]#2{%
+  \SubSection[#1]{#2}%
+  \ifSingleColumn\else\begin{multicols}{2}\fi
+}
+
+% calm things down a bit if we're in a multiple-column version
+\ifSingleColumn
+\else
+    \def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+     \parsep \z@
+     \topsep 2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+     \itemsep \z@ \@plus .1\p@
+    }
+    \let\@listi\@listI
+    \@listi
+    \def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii
+     \labelwidth\leftmarginii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+     \topsep 2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+     \parsep \z@
+     \itemsep \z@ \@plus .1\p@
+    }
+    \def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
+     \labelwidth\leftmarginiii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+     \topsep 1\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+     \parsep \z@
+     \partopsep \z@
+     \itemsep \topsep
+    }
+    \def\@listiv{\leftmargin\leftmarginiv
+     \labelwidth\leftmarginiv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+    }
+    \def\@listv{\leftmargin\leftmarginv
+     \labelwidth\leftmarginv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+    }
+    \def\@listvi{\leftmargin\leftmarginvi
+     \labelwidth\leftmarginvi\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+    }
+\fi
+%
+% array package stuff
+\def\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
+\newcolumntype{P}[1]{>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
+%
+% shaded rows (using facilities of colortbl)
+%
+\definecolor{pale}{gray}{.9}
+\newcount\colrow
+\gdef\RowColor{pale}
+\def\SetRowColor{%
+ \rowcolor{\RowColor}%
+ \global\advance\colrow by1\relax
+ \ifodd\colrow
+   \gdef\RowColor{pale}%
+ \else
+   \gdef\RowColor{white}%
+ \fi
+}
+% redefine to hack up a reference even though we don't need it...
+\renewcommand\@bibitem[1]{\if@filesw \immediate\write\@auxout
+  {\string\bibcite{#1}{?}}\fi\ignorespaces}
+%
+% \unknownTeXlive is a dummy texlive entry for the biblio
+\newcommand\unknownTeXlive[2][\relax]{\textbf{\textsc{unknown}}%
+  \global\@all@unknown\expandafter{\the\@all@unknown{#2}}%
+}
+\newtoks\@all@unknown
+\global\@all@unknown{}
+\AtEndDocument{\@message@unknowns}
+\def\@message@unknowns{\edef\@tempa{\the\@all@unknown}%
+  \ifx\@tempa\@empty
+  \else
+    \def\@tempa{*** TeX Live package location of }%
+    \expandafter\@output@unknowns\the\@all@unknown\@empty
+  \fi
+}
+\def\@output@unknowns#1{\edef\@tempb{#1}%
+  \ifx\@tempb\@empty
+    \typeout{ unknown}%
+  \else
+    \message{\@tempa#1,}%
+    \def\@tempa{}%
+    \expandafter\@output@unknowns
+  \fi
+}
+
+
+% Silence font warnings about no bold typewriter in LM.
+\def\@font@warning#1{}%
+
+% Silence hyperref warnings about \kern.
+\def\HyPsd@Warning#1{}%
+
+\endinput
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/tex-live.sty b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/tex-live.sty
index c91b5ad47fc..cd4da00ee60 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/tex-live.sty
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/tex-live.sty
@@ -257,11 +257,14 @@
 \newcommand*\cmddescriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
                                     \normalfont\sffamily #1\hfil}
 
-% General squeezed itemize/enumerate.
+% General squeezed itemize/enumerate; no extra space at top or between items.
 \newenvironment{itemize*}%
   {\begin{itemize}%
     \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
-    \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+    \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
+    \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
+    \setlength{\partopsep}{0pt}%
+  }%
   {\end{itemize}}
 
 \newenvironment{enumerate*}%
@@ -402,39 +405,36 @@
   \ifSingleColumn\else\begin{multicols}{2}\fi
 }
 
-% calm things down a bit if we're in a multiple-column version
-\ifSingleColumn
-\else
-    \def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini
-     \parsep \z@
-     \topsep 2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
-     \itemsep \z@ \@plus .1\p@
-    }
-    \let\@listi\@listI
-    \@listi
-    \def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii
-     \labelwidth\leftmarginii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
-     \topsep 2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
-     \parsep \z@
-     \itemsep \z@ \@plus .1\p@
-    }
-    \def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
-     \labelwidth\leftmarginiii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
-     \topsep 1\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
-     \parsep \z@
-     \partopsep \z@
-     \itemsep \topsep
-    }
-    \def\@listiv{\leftmargin\leftmarginiv
-     \labelwidth\leftmarginiv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
-    }
-    \def\@listv{\leftmargin\leftmarginv
-     \labelwidth\leftmarginv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
-    }
-    \def\@listvi{\leftmargin\leftmarginvi
-     \labelwidth\leftmarginvi\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
-    }
-\fi
+% Reduce list spacing.
+\def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \parsep \z@
+ \topsep 2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+ \itemsep \z@ \@plus .1\p@
+}
+\let\@listi\@listI
+\@listi
+\def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \topsep 2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+ \parsep \z@
+ \itemsep \z@ \@plus .1\p@
+}
+\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginiii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \topsep 1\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@
+ \parsep \z@
+ \partopsep \z@
+ \itemsep \topsep
+}
+\def\@listiv{\leftmargin\leftmarginiv
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginiv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+}
+\def\@listv{\leftmargin\leftmarginv
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+}
+\def\@listvi{\leftmargin\leftmarginvi
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginvi\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+}
 %
 % array package stuff
 \def\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.css b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.css
index 199046ecc22..b0044c5c8a4 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.css
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.css
@@ -173,12 +173,14 @@ p.indent{text-indent:0;}
 p + p{margin-top:1em;}
 p + div, p + pre {margin-top:1em;}
 div + p, pre + p {margin-top:1em;}
+a { overflow-wrap: break-word; word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word; hyphens: auto; }
 @media print {div.crosslinks {visibility:hidden;}}
 a img { border-top: 0; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; }
 center { margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; }
 td center { margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; }
 .Canvas { position:relative; }
 img.math{vertical-align:middle;}
+div.par-math-display, div.math-display{text-align:center;}
 li p.indent { text-indent: 0em }
 li p:first-child{ margin-top:0em; }
 li p:last-child, li div:last-child { margin-bottom:0.5em; }
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ div.obeylines-v p { margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; }
 td.displaylines {text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;}
 .centerline {text-align:center;}
 .rightline {text-align:right;}
-div.verbatim {font-family: monospace,monospace; white-space: nowrap; text-align:left; clear:both; }
+pre.verbatim {font-family: monospace,monospace; text-align:left; clear:both; }
 .fbox {padding-left:3.0pt; padding-right:3.0pt; text-indent:0pt; border:solid black 0.4pt; }
 div.fbox {display:table}
 div.center div.fbox {text-align:center; clear:both; padding-left:3.0pt; padding-right:3.0pt; text-indent:0pt; border:solid black 0.4pt; }
@@ -277,6 +279,7 @@ table[rules] {border-left:solid black 0.4pt; border-right:solid black 0.4pt; }
 .hline hr, .cline hr{border:none;border-top:1px solid black;}
 div.array {text-align:center;}
 .partToc a, .partToc, .likepartToc a, .likepartToc {line-height: 200%; font-weight:bold; font-size:110%;}
+.chapterToc a, .chapterToc, .likechapterToc a, .likechapterToc, .appendixToc a, .appendixToc {line-height: 200%; font-weight:bold;}
 .index-item, .index-subitem, .index-subsubitem {display:block}
 div.caption {text-indent:-2em; margin-left:3em; margin-right:1em; text-align:left;}
 div.caption span.id{font-weight: bold; white-space: nowrap; }
@@ -285,26 +288,24 @@ p.bibitem { text-indent: -2em; margin-left: 2em; margin-top:0.6em; margin-bottom
 p.bibitem-p { text-indent: 0em; margin-left: 2em; margin-top:0.6em; margin-bottom:0.6em; }
 .paragraphHead, .likeparagraphHead { margin-top:2em; font-weight: bold;}
 .subparagraphHead, .likesubparagraphHead { font-weight: bold;}
-.quote {margin-bottom:0.25em; margin-top:0.25em; margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em; text-align:justify;}
 .verse{white-space:nowrap; margin-left:2em}
 div.maketitle {text-align:center;}
 h2.titleHead{text-align:center;}
 div.maketitle{ margin-bottom: 2em; }
 div.author, div.date {text-align:center;}
 div.thanks{text-align:left; margin-left:10%; font-size:85%; font-style:italic; }
-.quotation {margin-bottom:0.25em; margin-top:0.25em; margin-left:1em; }
-.abstract p {margin-left:5%; margin-right:5%;}
+div.abstract p {margin-left:5%; margin-right:5%;}
 div.abstract {width:100%;}
+.abstracttitle{text-align:center;margin-bottom:1em;}
 figure.float, div.figure {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
-figure.float img {text-align:center;}
-figure.figure img {text-align:center;}
-figure.figure > p {text-align:center;}
+figure.float img, figure.figure img {display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+figure.figure {text-align:center;}
 figcaption.caption {text-indent:-2em; margin-left:3em; margin-right:1em; text-align:center;}
 figcaption.caption span.id{font-weight: bold; white-space: nowrap; }
+.abstract{margin:1em;}
 .alltt P { margin-bottom : 0em; margin-top : 0em; }
-.alltt { margin-bottom : 1em; margin-top : 1em; }
+.alltt { margin-bottom : 1em; margin-top : 1em; font-family:monospace,monospace; }
 .rotatebox{display: inline-block;}
-.figure img.graphics {margin-left:10%;}
 table[rules] {border-left:solid black 0.4pt; border-right:solid black 0.4pt; }
 div.longtable{text-align:center;}
 table.longtable{margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto;}
@@ -313,22 +314,22 @@ table.longtable{margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto;}
 span.sout {text-decoration: line-through }
 span.xout {text-decoration: line-through }
 span.uwave {text-decoration:underline }
-P.fancyvrb {white-space: nowrap; margin:0em;}
-div#fancyvrb1{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; }
-div#fancyvrb1{ border-left: solid 0.4pt; }
-div#fancyvrb1{ border-bottom: solid 0.4pt; }
-div#fancyvrb1{ border-right: solid 0.4pt; }
-div#fancyvrb2{ border-top: solid 0.4pt; }
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.html
index 9be5dc3b3b4..792a09cf14a 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.html
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.html
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html> 
 <html lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US" > 
 <head>
-   <title>The TeX Live Guide—2020 </title> 
+   <title>The TeX Live Guide—2021 </title> 
 <meta  charset="utf-8" /> 
-<meta name="generator" content="TeX4ht (http://www.tug.org/tex4ht/)" /> 
+<meta name="generator" content="TeX4ht (https://tug.org/tex4ht/)" /> 
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" /> 
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="texlive-en.css" /> 
 <meta name="src" content="texlive-en.tex" /> 
@@ -17,209 +17,113 @@
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
 
-<h2 class="titleHead">The TeX Live Guide—2020 </h2>
+<h2 class="titleHead">The TeX Live Guide—2021 </h2>
        <div class="author" ><span 
 class="ec-lmr-12">Karl Berry, editor</span>
 <br /> <a 
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-12">https://tug.org/texlive/</span></a> </div><br />
 <div class="date" ><span 
-class="ec-lmr-12">March 2020</span></div>
+class="ec-lmr-12">March 2021</span></div>
    </div>
    <h3 class="likesectionHead"><a 
  id="x1-1000"></a>Contents</h3>
    <div class="tableofcontents">
-   <span class="sectionToc" >1 <a 
+    <span class="sectionToc" >1 <a 
 href="#x1-20001" id="QQ2-1-2">Introduction</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >1.1 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >1.1 <a 
 href="#x1-30001.1" id="QQ2-1-3">TeX Live and the TeX Collection</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >1.2 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >1.2 <a 
 href="#x1-40001.2" id="QQ2-1-4">Operating system support</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >1.3 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >1.3 <a 
 href="#x1-50001.3" id="QQ2-1-5">Basic installation of TeX Live</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >1.4 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >1.4 <a 
 href="#x1-60001.4" id="QQ2-1-6">Security considerations</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >1.5 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >1.5 <a 
 href="#x1-70001.5" id="QQ2-1-7">Getting help</a></span>
-<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >2 <a 
+<br />    <span class="sectionToc" >2 <a 
 href="#x1-80002" id="QQ2-1-8">Overview of TeX Live</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >2.1 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >2.1 <a 
 href="#x1-90002.1" id="QQ2-1-9">The TeX Collection: TeX Live, proTeXt, MacTeX</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >2.2 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >2.2 <a 
 href="#x1-100002.2" id="QQ2-1-10">Top level TeX Live directories</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >2.3 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >2.3 <a 
 href="#x1-110002.3" id="QQ2-1-11">Overview of the predefined texmf trees</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >2.4 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >2.4 <a 
 href="#x1-120002.4" id="QQ2-1-12">Extensions to TeX</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >2.5 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >2.5 <a 
 href="#x1-130002.5" id="QQ2-1-13">Other notable programs in TeX Live</a></span>
-<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >3 <a 
+<br />    <span class="sectionToc" >3 <a 
 href="#x1-140003" id="QQ2-1-14">Installation</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1 <a 
 href="#x1-150003.1" id="QQ2-1-15">Starting the installer</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.1 <a 
-href="#x1-160003.1.1" id="QQ2-1-17">Unix</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.2 <a 
-href="#x1-170003.1.2" id="QQ2-1-18">Mac OS X</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.3 <a 
-href="#x1-180003.1.3" id="QQ2-1-19">Windows</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.4 <a 
-href="#x1-190003.1.4" id="QQ2-1-23">Cygwin</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.5 <a 
-href="#x1-200003.1.5" id="QQ2-1-24">The text installer</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.6 <a 
-href="#x1-210003.1.6" id="QQ2-1-25">The graphical installer</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.1.7 <a 
-href="#x1-220003.1.7" id="QQ2-1-26">The legacy installers</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >3.2 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >3.2 <a 
 href="#x1-230003.2" id="QQ2-1-27">Running the installer</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.1 <a 
-href="#x1-240003.2.1" id="QQ2-1-28">Binary systems menu (Unix only)</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.2 <a 
-href="#x1-250003.2.2" id="QQ2-1-30">Selecting what is to be installed</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.3 <a 
-href="#x1-260003.2.3" id="QQ2-1-33">Directories</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.2.4 <a 
-href="#x1-270003.2.4" id="QQ2-1-34">Options</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >3.3 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >3.3 <a 
 href="#x1-280003.3" id="QQ2-1-36">Command-line install-tl options</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.3.1 <a 
-href="#x1-290003.3.1" id="QQ2-1-37">The <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">-repository </span>option</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >3.4 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >3.4 <a 
 href="#x1-300003.4" id="QQ2-1-38">Post-install actions</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.1 <a 
-href="#x1-310003.4.1" id="QQ2-1-39">Environment variables for Unix</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.2 <a 
-href="#x1-320003.4.2" id="QQ2-1-40">Environment variables: Global configuration</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.3 <a 
-href="#x1-330003.4.3" id="QQ2-1-41">Internet updates after DVD installation</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.4 <a 
-href="#x1-340003.4.4" id="QQ2-1-42">System font configuration for XeTeX and LuaTeX</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.5 <a 
-href="#x1-350003.4.5" id="QQ2-1-43">ConTeXt Mark IV</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.6 <a 
-href="#x1-360003.4.6" id="QQ2-1-44">Integrating local and personal macros</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >3.4.7 <a 
-href="#x1-370003.4.7" id="QQ2-1-45">Integrating third-party fonts</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >3.5 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >3.5 <a 
 href="#x1-380003.5" id="QQ2-1-46">Testing the installation</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >3.6 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >3.6 <a 
 href="#x1-390003.6" id="QQ2-1-47">Links for additional downloadable software</a></span>
-<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >4 <a 
+<br />    <span class="sectionToc" >4 <a 
 href="#x1-400004" id="QQ2-1-48">Specialized installations</a></span>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >4.1 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >4.1 <a 
 href="#x1-410004.1" id="QQ2-1-49">Shared-user (or cross-machine) installations</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >4.2 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >4.2 <a 
 href="#x1-420004.2" id="QQ2-1-50">Portable (USB) installations</a></span>
-<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >5 <a 
+<br />    <span class="sectionToc" >5 <a 
 href="#x1-430005" id="QQ2-1-51"><span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>: Managing your installation</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1 <a 
 href="#x1-440005.1" id="QQ2-1-55">GUI interfaces for <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span></a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2 <a 
 href="#x1-450005.2" id="QQ2-1-56">Sample <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>command-line invocations</a></span>
-<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >6 <a 
+<br />    <span class="sectionToc" >6 <a 
 href="#x1-460006" id="QQ2-1-57">Notes on Windows</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1 <a 
 href="#x1-470006.1" id="QQ2-1-58">Windows-specific features</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >6.2 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >6.2 <a 
 href="#x1-480006.2" id="QQ2-1-59">Additional software included on Windows</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >6.3 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >6.3 <a 
 href="#x1-490006.3" id="QQ2-1-60">User Profile is Home</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >6.4 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >6.4 <a 
 href="#x1-500006.4" id="QQ2-1-61">The Windows registry</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >6.5 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >6.5 <a 
 href="#x1-510006.5" id="QQ2-1-62">Windows permissions</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >6.6 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >6.6 <a 
 href="#x1-520006.6" id="QQ2-1-63">Increasing maximum memory on Windows and Cygwin</a></span>
-<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >7 <a 
+<br />    <span class="sectionToc" >7 <a 
 href="#x1-530007" id="QQ2-1-64">A user’s guide to Web2C</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >7.1 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >7.1 <a 
 href="#x1-540007.1" id="QQ2-1-65">Kpathsea path searching</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.1 <a 
-href="#x1-550007.1.1" id="QQ2-1-66">Path sources</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.2 <a 
-href="#x1-560007.1.2" id="QQ2-1-67">Config files</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.3 <a 
-href="#x1-570007.1.3" id="QQ2-1-68">Path expansion</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.4 <a 
-href="#x1-580007.1.4" id="QQ2-1-69">Default expansion</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.5 <a 
-href="#x1-590007.1.5" id="QQ2-1-70">Brace expansion</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.6 <a 
-href="#x1-600007.1.6" id="QQ2-1-71">Subdirectory expansion</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.1.7 <a 
-href="#x1-610007.1.7" id="QQ2-1-72">Summary of special characters in <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>files</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >7.2 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >7.2 <a 
 href="#x1-620007.2" id="QQ2-1-73">Filename databases</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.1 <a 
-href="#x1-630007.2.1" id="QQ2-1-74">The filename database</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.2 <a 
-href="#x1-640007.2.2" id="QQ2-1-75">kpsewhich: Standalone path searching</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.3 <a 
-href="#x1-650007.2.3" id="QQ2-1-76">Examples of use</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >7.2.4 <a 
-href="#x1-660007.2.4" id="QQ2-1-77">Debugging actions</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >7.3 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >7.3 <a 
 href="#x1-670007.3" id="QQ2-1-79">Runtime options</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >7.4 <a 
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >7.4 <a 
 href="#x1-680007.4" id="QQ2-1-80"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR</span></a></span>
-<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >8 <a 
+<br />    <span class="sectionToc" >8 <a 
 href="#x1-690008" id="QQ2-1-81">Acknowledgements</a></span>
-<br />   <span class="sectionToc" >9 <a 
+<br />    <span class="sectionToc" >9 <a 
 href="#x1-700009" id="QQ2-1-82">Release history</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1 <a 
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1 <a 
 href="#x1-710009.1" id="QQ2-1-83">Past</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.1 <a 
-href="#x1-720009.1.1" id="QQ2-1-84">2003</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.2 <a 
-href="#x1-730009.1.2" id="QQ2-1-85">2004</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.3 <a 
-href="#x1-740009.1.3" id="QQ2-1-86">2005</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.4 <a 
-href="#x1-750009.1.4" id="QQ2-1-87">2006–2007</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.5 <a 
-href="#x1-760009.1.5" id="QQ2-1-88">2008</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.6 <a 
-href="#x1-770009.1.6" id="QQ2-1-89">2009</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.7 <a 
-href="#x1-780009.1.7" id="QQ2-1-90">2010</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.8 <a 
-href="#x1-790009.1.8" id="QQ2-1-91">2011</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.9 <a 
-href="#x1-800009.1.9" id="QQ2-1-92">2012</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.10 <a 
-href="#x1-810009.1.10" id="QQ2-1-93">2013</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.11 <a 
-href="#x1-820009.1.11" id="QQ2-1-94">2014</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.12 <a 
-href="#x1-830009.1.12" id="QQ2-1-95">2015</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.13 <a 
-href="#x1-840009.1.13" id="QQ2-1-96">2016</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.14 <a 
-href="#x1-850009.1.14" id="QQ2-1-97">2017</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.15 <a 
-href="#x1-860009.1.15" id="QQ2-1-98">2018</a></span>
-<br />     <span class="subsubsectionToc" >9.1.16 <a 
-href="#x1-870009.1.16" id="QQ2-1-99">2019</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >9.2 <a 
-href="#x1-880009.2" id="QQ2-1-100">Present: 2020</a></span>
-<br />    <span class="subsectionToc" >9.3 <a 
-href="#x1-890009.3" id="QQ2-1-101">Future</a></span>
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >9.2 <a 
+href="#x1-890009.2" id="QQ2-1-101">Present: 2021</a></span>
+<br />     <span class="subsectionToc" >9.3 <a 
+href="#x1-900009.3" id="QQ2-1-102">Future</a></span>
    </div>
 <!--l. 30--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-20001"></a>Introduction</h3>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
 <!--l. 33--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1   </span> <a 
@@ -237,7 +141,7 @@ different scripts from around the world.
 </p><!--l. 50--><p class="indent" >   For a brief summary of the major changes in this edition of TeX Live, see the end of the document,
 section <a 
 href="#x1-700009">9<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:history --></a> (p. <a 
-href="#x1-700009">78<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:history --></a>).
+href="#x1-700009">77<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:history --></a>).
 </p><!--l. 55--><p class="indent" >   <a id="platforms"></a>
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.2   </span> <a 
@@ -263,7 +167,7 @@ TeX Collection DVD (or its <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.iso </span>image), but you can prepare a runnable installation on, e.g., a
 USB stick (see section <a 
 href="#x1-420004.2">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:portable-tl --></a>). Installation is described in later sections (p. <a 
-href="#x1-140003">12<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:install --></a>), but here is a quick
+href="#x1-140003">10<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:install --></a>), but here is a quick
 start:
 </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
@@ -275,6 +179,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui=text </span>(default for everything
      else). On Unix platforms, the former Perl/Tk and wizard modes are still available if Perl/Tk is
      installed; see section <a 
 href="#x1-180003.1.3">3.1.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:wininst --></a> for Windows.
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">One of the installed items is the ‘TeX Live Manager’ program, named <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>. Like the installer, it
@@ -289,8 +195,6 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>. Like the installer, it
 However, the contributed programs in TeX Live may not reach the same level, despite everyone’s best efforts.
 As always, you should be careful when running programs on untrusted input; to improve safety, use a new
 subdirectory or chroot.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
 </p><!--l. 113--><p class="indent" >   This need for care is especially urgent on Windows, since in general Windows finds programs in the current
 directory before anything else, regardless of the search path. This opens up a wide variety of possible attacks.
 We have closed many holes, but undoubtedly some remain, especially with third-party programs. Thus, we
@@ -372,6 +276,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">texhax@tug.org</span></span></a>. Their archives have years o
      pleasure, via, for the latter two, <a 
 href="http://groups.google.com/group/comp.text.tex/topics" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">http://groups.google.com/group/comp.text.tex/topics</span></a> and
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
      <a 
 href="https://tug.org/mail-archives/texhax" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/mail-archives/texhax</span></a>. And a general web search never hurts.
@@ -399,8 +305,6 @@ class="description">If you want to report a bug or have suggestions or comments
      distribution, installation, or documentation, the mailing list is <a 
 href="mailto:tex-live@tug.org" ><span class="path"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tex-live@tug.org</span></span></a>. However, if
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
      your question is about how to use a particular program included in TeX Live, please write to
      that program’s maintainer or mailing list. Often running a program with the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--help </span>option will
@@ -467,13 +371,13 @@ class="list">
 class="ec-lmtt-10">readme-*.dir</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
      <!--l. 250--><p class="noindent" >Quick overview and useful links for TeX Live, in various languages, in both HTML and plain text.
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">source</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
      <!--l. 253--><p class="noindent" >The source to all included programs, including the main Web2C-based TeX distributions.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist</span> </dt><dd 
@@ -540,7 +444,7 @@ installation.
 href="https://tug.org/tds" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/tds</span></a>), with all its myriad subdirectories, or files may not be found. Section <a 
 href="#x1-360003.4.6">3.4.6<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:local-personal-macros --></a> (p. <a 
-href="#x1-360003.4.6">42<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:local-personal-macros --></a>)
+href="#x1-360003.4.6">41<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:local-personal-macros --></a>)
 describes this in more detail. The order here is the reverse order in which the trees are searched, that is, later
 trees in the list override earlier ones.
 </p><!--l. 301--><p class="noindent" >
@@ -621,12 +525,12 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/texlive </span>by default on
      Unix):
          <dl class="list2"><dt class="list">
        <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">2019</span> </dt><dd 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">2020</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
          <!--l. 335--><p class="noindent" >A previous release.
          </p></dd><dt class="list">
        <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">2020</span> </dt><dd 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">2021</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
          <!--l. 336--><p class="noindent" >The current release.
              </p><dl class="list3"><dt class="list">
@@ -659,8 +563,6 @@ class="list">
 class="ec-lmtt-10">win32</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
                 <!--l. 344--><p class="noindent" >Windows binaries</p></dd></dl>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
              </dd><dt class="list">
            <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist</span><span 
@@ -679,6 +581,8 @@ class="list">
              <!--l. 347--><p class="noindent" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCACHE</span>
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
              </p></dd><dt class="list">
           <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-config</span> </dt><dd 
@@ -699,12 +603,12 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">$HOME </span>or <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">%USERPROFILE%</span>)
          <dl class="list2"><dt class="list">
        <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">.texlive2019</span> </dt><dd 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">.texlive2020</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
          <!--l. 356--><p class="noindent" >Privately generated and configuration data for a previous release.
          </p></dd><dt class="list">
        <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">.texlive2020</span> </dt><dd 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">.texlive2021</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
          <!--l. 358--><p class="noindent" >Privately generated and configuration data for the current release.
              </p><dl class="list3"><dt class="list">
@@ -751,8 +655,8 @@ href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/etex/ba
 <span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">pdfTeX</span> </dt><dd 
 class="description">builds on the e-TeX extensions, adding support for writing PDF output as well as DVI, and
-     many                                                                                               non-output-related
-     extensions. This is the program invoked for most formats, e.g., <span 
+     many                                        non-output-related                                        extensions.
+     This is the program invoked for many common formats, e.g., <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">etex</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">latex</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">pdflatex</span>. Its web site is
@@ -765,25 +669,26 @@ href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/samplepdftex/samplepdf.tex" >texmf-dist/
      </dd><dt class="description">
 <span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">LuaTeX</span> </dt><dd 
-class="description">is the designated successor of pdfTeX, and is mostly (but not entirely) backward-compatible.
-     It is also intended to be a functional superset of Aleph (see below), though perfect compatibility is
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-     not intended. The incorporated Lua interpreter (<a 
+class="description">adds  support  for  Unicode  input  and  OpenType/TrueType-  and  system  fonts.  It  also
+     incorporates a Lua interpreter (<a 
 href="https://lua.org/" class="url" ><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">https://lua.org/</span></a>) enables elegant solutions for
-     many thorny TeX problems. When called as <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">texlua</span>, it functions as a standalone Lua interpreter,
-     and is used as such within TeX Live. Its web site is <a 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">https://lua.org/</span></a>), enabling solutions for many thorny TeX
+     problems. When called as <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">texlua</span>, it functions as a standalone Lua interpreter. Its web site is
+     <a 
 href="http://www.luatex.org/" class="url" ><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">http://www.luatex.org/</span></a>, and the reference
-     manual is <a 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">http://www.luatex.org/</span></a>, and the reference manual is <a 
 href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf</a>.
      </dd><dt class="description">
 <span 
+class="ec-lmbx-10">(e)(u)pTeX</span> </dt><dd 
+class="description">have native support for Japanese typesetting requirements; pTeX is the basic engine,
+     while the e- variants add e-TeX functionality and u- add Unicode support.
+     </dd><dt class="description">
+<span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">XeTeX</span> </dt><dd 
-class="description">adds support for Unicode input and OpenType- and system fonts, implemented using standard
-     third-party libraries. See <a 
+class="description">adds support for Unicode input and OpenType/TrueType- and system fonts, implemented
+     using standard third-party libraries. See <a 
 href="https://tug.org/xetex" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/xetex</span></a>.
      </dd><dt class="description">
@@ -793,6 +698,8 @@ class="ec-lmbx-10"> (Omega)</span> </dt><dd
 class="description">is based on Unicode (16-bit characters), thus supports working with almost all the
      world’s scripts simultaneously. It also supports so-called ‘Omega Translation Processes’ (OTPs),
      for performing complex transformations on arbitrary input. Omega is no longer included in TeX
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
      Live as a separate program; only Aleph is provided:
      </dd><dt class="description">
 <span 
@@ -800,85 +707,85 @@ class="ec-lmbx-10">Aleph</span> </dt><dd
 class="description">combines the Omega and e-TeX extensions. See <a 
 href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base" >texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base</a>.
      </dd></dl>
-<!--l. 421--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 422--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.5   </span> <a 
  id="x1-130002.5"></a>Other notable programs in TeX Live</h4>
-<!--l. 423--><p class="noindent" >Here are a few other commonly-used programs included in TeX Live:
-</p><!--l. 425--><p class="indent" >
+<!--l. 424--><p class="noindent" >Here are a few other commonly-used programs included in TeX Live:
+</p><!--l. 426--><p class="indent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">bibtex, biber</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 427--><p class="noindent" >bibliography support.
+     <!--l. 428--><p class="noindent" >bibliography support.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">makeindex, xindy</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 429--><p class="noindent" >index support.
+     <!--l. 430--><p class="noindent" >index support.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvips</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 431--><p class="noindent" >convert DVI to PostScript.
+     <!--l. 432--><p class="noindent" >convert DVI to PostScript.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">xdvi</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 433--><p class="noindent" >DVI previewer for the X Window System.
+     <!--l. 434--><p class="noindent" >DVI previewer for the X Window System.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dviconcat, dviselect</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 435--><p class="noindent" >cut and paste pages from DVI files.
+     <!--l. 436--><p class="noindent" >cut and paste pages from DVI files.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfmx</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 438--><p class="noindent" >convert DVI to PDF, an alternative approach to pdfTeX (mentioned above).
+     <!--l. 439--><p class="noindent" >convert DVI to PDF, an alternative approach to pdfTeX (mentioned above).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">psselect, psnup, </span><span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">…</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 441--><p class="noindent" >PostScript utilities.
+     <!--l. 442--><p class="noindent" >PostScript utilities.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">pdfjam, pdfjoin, </span><span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">…</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 443--><p class="noindent" >PDF utilities.
+     <!--l. 444--><p class="noindent" >PDF utilities.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">context, mtxrun</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 445--><p class="noindent" >ConTeXt and PDF processor.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
+     <!--l. 446--><p class="noindent" >ConTeXt and PDF processor.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">htlatex, </span><span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">…</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 447--><p class="noindent" ><span 
+     <!--l. 448--><p class="noindent" ><span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tex4ht</span>: (L<span 
 class="ec-lmr-7">A</span> )TeX to HTML (and XML and more) converter.
 </p>
      </dd></dl>
-<!--l. 453--><p class="indent" >   <a id="installation"></a>
+<!--l. 454--><p class="indent" >   <a id="installation"></a>
 </p>
    <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3   </span> <a 
  id="x1-140003"></a>Installation</h3>
-<!--l. 457--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 458--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-150003.1"></a>Starting the installer</h4>
-<!--l. 460--><p class="noindent" >To begin, get the TeX Collection DVD or download the TeX Live net installer. See
+<!--l. 461--><p class="noindent" >To begin, get the TeX Collection DVD or download the TeX Live net installer. See
 <a 
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/acquire.html</span></a> for more information and other methods of getting the
 software.
-</p><!--l. 464--><p class="indent" >
+</p><!--l. 465--><p class="indent" >
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
 <span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">Net installer, .zip or .tar.gz:</span> </dt><dd 
@@ -925,7 +832,7 @@ href="#x1-330003.4.3">3.4.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:dvd-install-net-updates --></a>.
  id="x1-15001r1"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<!--l. 493--><p class="noindent" ><img 
+<!--l. 494--><p class="noindent" ><img 
 src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/nsis_installer.png" alt="pict"  
  />
 </p>
@@ -935,22 +842,22 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">.exe </span>installer</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
    </figure>
-<!--l. 497--><p class="indent" >   The same installer program is run, whatever the source. The most visible difference between the two is that
+<!--l. 498--><p class="indent" >   The same installer program is run, whatever the source. The most visible difference between the two is that
 with the net installer, what you end up with is the packages that are currently available. This
 is in contrast to the DVD and ISO images, which are not updated between the major public
 releases.
-</p><!--l. 503--><p class="indent" >   If you need to download through proxies, use a <span 
+</p><!--l. 504--><p class="indent" >   If you need to download through proxies, use a <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">~/.wgetrc </span>file or environment variables with the proxy
 settings for Wget (<a 
 href="https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Proxies.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/html_node/Proxies.html</span></a>), or the
 equivalent for whatever download program you are using. This does not matter if you are installing from the
 DVD or ISO image.
-</p><!--l. 509--><p class="indent" >   The following sections explain installer start-up in more detail.
+</p><!--l. 510--><p class="indent" >   The following sections explain installer start-up in more detail.
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-160003.1.1"></a>Unix</h5>
-<!--l. 513--><p class="noindent" >Below, <span 
+<!--l. 514--><p class="noindent" >Below, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">&#x003E; </span>denotes the shell prompt; user input is <span 
 class="ec-lmtk-10">bold</span>. The script <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl </span>is a Perl script. The simplest
@@ -969,7 +876,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">cd </span>to the directory first, etc.;
 we won’t repeat all the variations.) You may have to enlarge your terminal window so that it shows the full
 text installer screen (figure <a 
 href="#x1-18061r2">2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:text-main --></a>).
-<!--l. 526--><p class="indent" >   To install in GUI mode (figure <a 
+<!--l. 527--><p class="indent" >   To install in GUI mode (figure <a 
 href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a>), you’ll need to have Tcl/Tk installed. Given that, you can run:
 </p><div class="alltt">
 
@@ -982,7 +889,7 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10"> install-tl</span><span
 class="ec-lmtk-10"> -gui</span>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 532--><p class="indent" >   The old <span 
+<!--l. 533--><p class="indent" >   The old <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">wizard </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">perltk</span>/<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">expert </span>options are still available. These require the <span 
@@ -999,7 +906,7 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10"> install-tl</span><span
 class="ec-lmtk-10"> -help</span>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 540--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+<!--l. 541--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">About Unix permissions: </span>Your <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">umask </span>at the time of installation will be respected by the TeX Live
 installer. Therefore, if you want your installation to be usable by users other than you, make sure your setting
@@ -1007,15 +914,15 @@ is sufficiently permissive, for instance, <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">umask 002</span>. For more information about <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">umask</span>, consult your system
 documentation.
-</p><!--l. 547--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 548--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">Special considerations for Cygwin: </span>Unlike other Unix-compatible systems, Cygwin does not by default
 include all of the prerequisite programs needed by the TeX Live installer. See section <a 
 href="#x1-190003.1.4">3.1.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:cygwin --></a>.
-</p><!--l. 553--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 554--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.2   </span> <a 
  id="x1-170003.1.2"></a>Mac OS X</h5>
-<!--l. 556--><p class="noindent" >As mentioned in section <a 
+<!--l. 557--><p class="noindent" >As mentioned in section <a 
 href="#x1-90002.1">2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a>, a separate distribution is prepared for Mac OS X, named
 MacTeX (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/mactex" class="url" ><span 
@@ -1023,18 +930,18 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/mactex</span></a>). We recommend using the na
 Live installer on Mac OS X, because the native installer makes a few Mac-specific adjustments, in particular to
 allow easily switching between the various TeX distributions for Mac OS X (MacTeX, Fink, MacPorts, …)
 using the so-called TeXDist data structure.
-</p><!--l. 564--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX is firmly based on TeX Live, and the main TeX trees and binaries are precisely the same. It adds
+</p><!--l. 565--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX is firmly based on TeX Live, and the main TeX trees and binaries are precisely the same. It adds
 a few extra folders with Mac-specific documentation and applications.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-</p><!--l. 569--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 570--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.3   </span> <a 
  id="x1-180003.1.3"></a>Windows</h5>
-<!--l. 571--><p class="noindent" >If you are using the unpacked downloaded zip file, or the DVD installer failed to start automatically,
+<!--l. 572--><p class="noindent" >If you are using the unpacked downloaded zip file, or the DVD installer failed to start automatically,
 double-click <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl-windows.bat</span>.
-</p><!--l. 575--><p class="indent" >   You can also start the installer from the command-prompt. Below, <span 
+</p><!--l. 576--><p class="indent" >   You can also start the installer from the command-prompt. Below, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">&#x003E; </span>denotes the prompt; user input is
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtk-10">bold</span>. If you are in the installer directory, run just: </p><div class="alltt">
@@ -1043,10 +950,9 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10">bold</span>. If you are in the installer directory, run just:
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl-windows</span>
-</div>
+class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl-windows</span></div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 582--><p class="indent" >   Or you can invoke it with an absolute location, such as: </p><div class="alltt">
+<!--l. 583--><p class="indent" >   Or you can invoke it with an absolute location, such as: </p><div class="alltt">
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <span 
@@ -1056,13 +962,12 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10">D:</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtk-10">texlive</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl-windows</span>
-</div>
+class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl-windows</span></div>
 </div> for the TeX Collection DVD, supposing that <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">D: </span>is the optical drive. Figure <a 
 href="#x1-18062r3">3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:basic-w32 --></a> displays the initial basic screen
 of the GUI installer, which is the default for Windows.
-<!--l. 590--><p class="indent" >   To install in text mode, use: </p><div class="alltt">
+<!--l. 591--><p class="indent" >   To install in text mode, use: </p><div class="alltt">
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <span 
@@ -1072,7 +977,7 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl-windows</span><span
 class="ec-lmtk-10"> -no-gui</span>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 595--><p class="indent" >   For a complete listing of the various options: </p><div class="alltt">
+<!--l. 596--><p class="indent" >   For a complete listing of the various options: </p><div class="alltt">
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <span 
@@ -1090,43 +995,48 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10"> -help</span>
  id="x1-18061r2"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb1"><a 
+<pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb1"><a 
  id="x1-18002r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">Installing</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> TeX</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Live</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> 2020</span><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> 2021</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> from:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> ...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> ...</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18004r2"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">Platform:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64-linux</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> =&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> ’GNU/Linux</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64’</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64’</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18006r3"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">Distribution:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> inst</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (compressed)</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (compressed)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18008r4"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">Directory</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> for</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> temporary</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> files:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> /tmp</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> /tmp</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18010r5"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18012r6"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Detected</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> platform:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> GNU/Linux</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-18014r7"></a>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span> 
+<a 
+ id="x1-18014r7"></a> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18016r8"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;B&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> binary</span><span 
@@ -1134,21 +1044,25 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> platforms:</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> 1</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> out</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> 16</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-18018r9"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> 16</span> 
+<a 
+ id="x1-18018r9"></a> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18020r10"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;S&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> set</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> installation</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme-full</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-18022r11"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme-full</span> 
+<a 
+ id="x1-18022r11"></a> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18024r12"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;C&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> customizing</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> installation</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> collections</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> collections</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18026r13"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1162,12 +1076,15 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> 41,</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> disk</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> space</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> required:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> 6536</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> MB</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-18028r14"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> 7172</span><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> MB</span> 
+<a 
+ id="x1-18028r14"></a> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18030r15"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;D&#x003E;</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> directories:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> directories:</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18032r16"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1175,22 +1092,26 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> TEXDIR</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> (the</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> main</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> TeX</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> directory):</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> directory):</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18034r17"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> /usr/local/texlive/2020</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> /usr/local/texlive/2021</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18036r18"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> ...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-18038r19"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> ...</span> 
+<a 
+ id="x1-18038r19"></a> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18040r20"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;O&#x003E;</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> options:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> options:</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18042r21"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1203,30 +1124,36 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> instead</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> A4</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> by</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> default</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> default</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18044r22"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> ...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-18046r23"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> ...</span> 
+<a 
+ id="x1-18046r23"></a> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18048r24"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;V&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> set</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> up</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> for</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> portable</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> installation</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-18050r25"></a>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> installation</span> 
+<a 
+ id="x1-18050r25"></a> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18052r26"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8">Actions:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8">Actions:</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18054r27"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;I&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> start</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> installation</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> to</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> hard</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> disk</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> disk</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18056r28"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;P&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> save</span><span 
@@ -1235,13 +1162,15 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> profile</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> to</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> ’texlive.profile’</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> and</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> exit</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> exit</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18058r29"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;H&#x003E;</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> help</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> help</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-18060r30"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;Q&#x003E;</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> quit</span></div>
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> quit</span></pre>
 <figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 2:</span><span  
 class="content">Main text installer screen (GNU/Linux)</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-18061r2 -->
                                                                                      
@@ -1255,7 +1184,7 @@ class="content">Main text installer screen (GNU/Linux)</span></figcaption><!--te
  id="x1-18062r3"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<!--l. 638--><p class="noindent" ><img 
+<!--l. 639--><p class="noindent" ><img 
 src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/basic-w32.png" alt="pict"  
  />
 </p>
@@ -1273,7 +1202,7 @@ href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a></span></figcaption>
  id="x1-18063r4"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<!--l. 644--><p class="noindent" ><img 
+<!--l. 645--><p class="noindent" ><img 
 src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/advanced-lnx.png" alt="pict"  
  />
 </p>
@@ -1282,11 +1211,11 @@ class="content">Advanced GUI installer screen (GNU/Linux)</span></figcaption><!-
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
    </figure>
-<!--l. 650--><p class="indent" >   <a id="cygwin"></a>
+<!--l. 651--><p class="indent" >   <a id="cygwin"></a>
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.4   </span> <a 
  id="x1-190003.1.4"></a>Cygwin</h5>
-<!--l. 654--><p class="noindent" >Before beginning the installation, use Cygwin’s <span 
+<!--l. 655--><p class="noindent" >Before beginning the installation, use Cygwin’s <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">setup.exe </span>program to install the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">perl </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">wget</span>
@@ -1306,24 +1235,24 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">xdvi</span>]
      <li class="itemize"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ncurses </span>[provides the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">clear </span>command used by the installer]</li></ul>
-<!--l. 666--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 667--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.5   </span> <a 
  id="x1-200003.1.5"></a>The text installer</h5>
-<!--l. 668--><p class="noindent" >Figure <a 
+<!--l. 669--><p class="noindent" >Figure <a 
 href="#x1-18061r2">2<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:text-main --></a> displays the main text mode screen under Unix. The text installer is the default on
 Unix.
-</p><!--l. 671--><p class="indent" >   This is only a command-line installer; there is no cursor support at all. For instance, you cannot
+</p><!--l. 672--><p class="indent" >   This is only a command-line installer; there is no cursor support at all. For instance, you cannot
 tab around checkboxes or input fields. You just type something (case-sensitive) at the prompt
 and press the Enter key, and then the entire terminal screen will be rewritten, with adjusted
 content.
-</p><!--l. 677--><p class="indent" >   The text installer interface is this primitive in order to make it run on as many platforms as possible, even
+</p><!--l. 678--><p class="indent" >   The text installer interface is this primitive in order to make it run on as many platforms as possible, even
 with a minimal Perl.
-</p><!--l. 680--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 681--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.6   </span> <a 
  id="x1-210003.1.6"></a>The graphical installer</h5>
-<!--l. 683--><p class="noindent" >The default graphical installer starts out simple, with just a few options; see figure <a 
+<!--l. 684--><p class="noindent" >The default graphical installer starts out simple, with just a few options; see figure <a 
 href="#x1-18062r3">3<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:basic-w32 --></a>. It can be started with
 </p><div class="alltt">
 
@@ -1336,26 +1265,26 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10"> -gui</span>
 </div>
 </div> The Advanced button gives access to most of the options of the text installer; see figure <a 
 href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a>.
-<!--l. 691--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 692--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.7   </span> <a 
  id="x1-220003.1.7"></a>The legacy installers</h5>
-<!--l. 693--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
+<!--l. 694--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">perltk</span>/<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">expert </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">wizard </span>modes are still available for systems with have Perl/Tk installed. These can
 be specified with <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui=perltk </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui=wizard </span>arguments respectively.
-</p><!--l. 698--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 699--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2   </span> <a 
  id="x1-230003.2"></a>Running the installer</h4>
-<!--l. 701--><p class="noindent" >The installer is intended to be mostly self-explanatory, but following are a few notes about the various options
+<!--l. 702--><p class="noindent" >The installer is intended to be mostly self-explanatory, but following are a few notes about the various options
 and submenus.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-</p><!--l. 704--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 705--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-240003.2.1"></a>Binary systems menu (Unix only)</h5>
@@ -1367,13 +1296,14 @@ and submenus.
  id="x1-24037r5"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb2"><a 
+<pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb2"><a 
  id="x1-24002r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">Available</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> platforms:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> platforms:</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24004r2"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8">===============================================================================</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8">===============================================================================</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24006r3"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1384,7 +1314,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> Cygwin</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-cygwin)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-cygwin)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24008r4"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1394,8 +1325,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Cygwin</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-cygwin)</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-cygwin)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24010r5"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1404,10 +1335,11 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> MacOSX</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> current</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (10.13-)</span><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (10.14-)</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-darwin)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> ARM/x86_64</span><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (universal-darwin)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24012r6"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1419,8 +1351,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> legacy</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> (10.6-)</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-darwinlegacy)</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-darwinlegacy)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24014r7"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1430,7 +1362,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> FreeBSD</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (amd64-freebsd)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (amd64-freebsd)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24016r8"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1441,7 +1374,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> FreeBSD</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-freebsd)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-freebsd)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24018r9"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1451,8 +1385,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> GNU/Linux</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> ARM64</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (aarch64-linux)</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (aarch64-linux)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24020r10"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1462,7 +1396,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> GNU/Linux</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> ARMv6/RPi</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (armhf-linux)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (armhf-linux)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24022r11"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1473,7 +1408,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> GNU/Linux</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-linux)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-linux)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24024r12"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1482,8 +1418,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> GNU/Linux</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-linux)</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-linux)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24026r13"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1495,7 +1431,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> with</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> musl</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-linuxmusl)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-linuxmusl)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24028r14"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1505,7 +1442,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> NetBSD</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (amd64-netbsd)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (amd64-netbsd)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24030r15"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1516,8 +1454,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> NetBSD</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-netbsd)</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-netbsd)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24032r16"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1528,7 +1466,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> Solaris</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Intel</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-solaris)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (i386-solaris)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24034r17"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1538,7 +1477,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Solaris</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> x86_64</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-solaris)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (x86_64-solaris)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-24036r18"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1546,13 +1486,13 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> s</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Windows</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (win32)</span></div>
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (win32)</span></pre>
 <figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 5:</span><span  
 class="content">Binaries menu</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-24037r5 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
    </figure>
-<!--l. 732--><p class="indent" >   Figure <a 
+<!--l. 733--><p class="indent" >   Figure <a 
 href="#x1-24037r5">5<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:bin-text --></a> displays the text mode binaries menu. By default, only the binaries for your current platform will
 be installed. From this menu, you can select installation of binaries for other platforms as well. This can be
 useful if you are sharing a TeX tree across a network of heterogeneous machines, or for a dual-boot
@@ -1568,19 +1508,21 @@ system.
  id="x1-25025r6"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb3"><a 
+<pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb3"><a 
  id="x1-25002r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">Select</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme:</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-25004r2"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8">===============================================================================</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8">===============================================================================</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-25006r3"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> a</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> full</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> (everything)</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> (everything)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-25008r4"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> b</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
@@ -1592,7 +1534,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> +</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> more</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> packages</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> and</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> languages)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> languages)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-25010r5"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> c</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
@@ -1605,8 +1548,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex,</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> metapost,</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> a</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> few</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> languages)</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> languages)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-25012r6"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> d</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
@@ -1615,7 +1558,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> basic</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> (plain</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> and</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> latex)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> latex)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-25014r7"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> e</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
@@ -1623,13 +1567,15 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> minimal</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> (plain</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> only)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> only)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-25016r8"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> f</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> ConTeXt</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-25018r9"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> g</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
@@ -1637,8 +1583,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> GUST</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> TeX</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Live</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-25020r10"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> h</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
@@ -1648,7 +1594,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> scheme</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> (no</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> TeX</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> at</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> all)</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> all)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-25022r11"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> i</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
@@ -1661,8 +1608,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> medium,</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> but</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> nowhere</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> near</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> full)</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> full)</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-25024r12"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> j</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
@@ -1670,13 +1617,13 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> custom</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> selection</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> collections</span></div>
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> collections</span></pre>
 <figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 6:</span><span  
 class="content">Scheme menu</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-25025r6 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
    </figure>
-<!--l. 761--><p class="indent" >   Figure <a 
+<!--l. 762--><p class="indent" >   Figure <a 
 href="#x1-25025r6">6<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:scheme-text --></a> displays the TeX Live scheme menu; from here, you choose a “scheme”, which is an overall set of
 package collections. The default <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">full </span>scheme installs everything available. This is recommended, but you can
@@ -1698,7 +1645,7 @@ schemes.
  id="x1-25026r7"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<!--l. 772--><p class="noindent" ><img 
+<!--l. 773--><p class="noindent" ><img 
 src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/stdcoll.png" alt="pict"  
  />
 </p>
@@ -1707,13 +1654,13 @@ class="content">Collections menu</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-25026r
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
    </figure>
-<!--l. 776--><p class="indent" >   You can refine your scheme selection with the ‘collections’ menu (figure <a 
+<!--l. 777--><p class="indent" >   You can refine your scheme selection with the ‘collections’ menu (figure <a 
 href="#x1-25026r7">7<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:collections-gui --></a>, shown in GUI mode for a
 change).
-</p><!--l. 779--><p class="indent" >   Collections are one level more detailed than schemes — in essence, a scheme consists of several collections, a
+</p><!--l. 780--><p class="indent" >   Collections are one level more detailed than schemes — in essence, a scheme consists of several collections, a
 collection consists of one or more packages, and a package (the lowest level grouping in TeX Live) contains the
 actual TeX macro files, font files, and so on.
-</p><!--l. 784--><p class="indent" >   If you want more control than the collection menus provide, you can use the TeX Live Manager (<span 
+</p><!--l. 785--><p class="indent" >   If you want more control than the collection menus provide, you can use the TeX Live Manager (<span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>)
 program after installation (see section <a 
 href="#x1-430005">5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tlmgr --></a>); using that, you can control the installation at the package
@@ -1721,22 +1668,22 @@ level.
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2.3   </span> <a 
  id="x1-260003.2.3"></a>Directories</h5>
-<!--l. 792--><p class="noindent" >The default layout is described in section <a 
+<!--l. 793--><p class="noindent" >The default layout is described in section <a 
 href="#x1-110002.3">2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>, p. <a 
-href="#x1-110002.3">8<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>. The default installation directory is <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/texlive/2020</span>
+href="#x1-110002.3">7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>. The default installation directory is <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/texlive/2021</span>
 on Unix and <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">%SystemDrive%\texlive\2020</span></span></span> on Windows. This arrangement enables having many parallel TeX
+class="ec-lmtt-10">%SystemDrive%\texlive\2021</span></span></span> on Windows. This arrangement enables having many parallel TeX
 Live installations, such as one for each release (typically by year, as here), and you can switch between them
 merely by altering your search path.
-</p><!--l. 800--><p class="indent" >   That installation directory can be overridden by setting the so-called <span 
+</p><!--l. 801--><p class="indent" >   That installation directory can be overridden by setting the so-called <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXDIR </span>in the installer. The
 GUI screen for this and other options is shown in figure <a 
 href="#x1-18063r4">4<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:advanced-lnx --></a>. The most common reasons to change it are either
 lacking enough disk space in that partition (the full TeX Live needs several gigabytes), or lacking write
 permission for the default location (you don’t have to be root or administrator to install TeX Live, but you do
 need write access to the target directory).
-</p><!--l. 808--><p class="indent" >   The installation directories can also be changed by setting a variety of environment variables before running
+</p><!--l. 809--><p class="indent" >   The installation directories can also be changed by setting a variety of environment variables before running
 the installer (most likely, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXLIVE_INSTALL_PREFIX </span>or <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXLIVE_INSTALL_TEXDIR</span>); see the documentation
@@ -1746,20 +1693,20 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10"> --help</span></span></span> (available online at <a
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/doc/install-tl.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/doc/install-tl.html</span></a>) for the full
 list and more details.
-</p><!--l. 816--><p class="indent" >   A reasonable alternative destination is a directory under your home, especially if you will be the sole user.
+</p><!--l. 817--><p class="indent" >   A reasonable alternative destination is a directory under your home, especially if you will be the sole user.
 Use ‘<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">~</span></span></span>’ to indicate this, as in ‘<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">~/texlive/2020</span></span></span>’.
-</p><!--l. 820--><p class="indent" >   We recommend including the year in the name, to enable keeping different releases of TeX Live side by side.
+class="ec-lmtt-10">~/texlive/2021</span></span></span>’.
+</p><!--l. 821--><p class="indent" >   We recommend including the year in the name, to enable keeping different releases of TeX Live side by side.
 (You may wish to also maintain a version-independent name, such as <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/texlive-cur</span>, via a
 symbolic link, which you can then repoint after testing the new release.)
-</p><!--l. 825--><p class="indent" >   Changing <span 
+</p><!--l. 826--><p class="indent" >   Changing <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXDIR </span>in the installer will also change <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSCONFIG</span>.
-</p><!--l. 829--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 830--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME </span>is the recommended location for personal macro files or packages. The default value is <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">~/texmf</span></span></span>
 (<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
@@ -1772,16 +1719,16 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">$HOME </span>on Unix and
 class="ec-lmtt-10">%USERPROFILE%</span></span></span> on Windows. Special redundant note: <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME</span>, like all trees, must be organized according to
 the TDS, or files may not be found.
-</p><!--l. 838--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 839--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR </span>is the location for storing most cached runtime data specific to each user. <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCACHE </span>is the
 variable name used for that purpose by LuaLaTeXand ConTeXt MkIV (see section <a 
 href="#x1-350003.4.5">3.4.5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:context-mkiv --></a>, p. <a 
-href="#x1-350003.4.5">42<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:context-mkiv --></a>); its default
+href="#x1-350003.4.5">40<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:context-mkiv --></a>); its default
 value is <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, or (if that’s not writable), <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR</span>.
-</p><!--l. 846--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 847--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2.4   </span> <a 
  id="x1-270003.2.4"></a>Options</h5>
@@ -1793,13 +1740,14 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR</span>.
  id="x1-27025r8"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb4"><a 
+<pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb4"><a 
  id="x1-27002r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">Options</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> customization:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> customization:</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-27004r2"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8">===============================================================================</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8">===============================================================================</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-27006r3"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;P&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> use</span><span 
@@ -1811,7 +1759,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> A4</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> by</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> default:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-27008r4"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;E&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> execution</span><span 
@@ -1820,8 +1769,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> restricted</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> list</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> programs:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-27010r5"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;F&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> create</span><span 
@@ -1845,7 +1794,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-27012r6"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;D&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> install</span><span 
@@ -1865,8 +1815,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-27014r7"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;S&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> install</span><span 
@@ -1883,7 +1833,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-27016r8"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;L&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> create</span><span 
@@ -1893,7 +1844,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> standard</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> directories:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> [</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> ]</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-27018r9"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1907,8 +1859,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> binaries</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> to:</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> to:</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-27020r10"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1922,7 +1874,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> manpages</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> to:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> to:</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-27022r11"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -1940,7 +1893,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> info</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> to:</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> to:</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-27024r12"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> &#x003C;Y&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> after</span><span 
@@ -1952,13 +1906,13 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> source</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> for</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> package</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> updates:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span></div>
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> [X]</span></pre>
 <figcaption class="caption" ><span class="id">Figure 8:</span><span  
 class="content">Options menu (Unix)</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-27025r8 -->
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
    </figure>
-<!--l. 868--><p class="indent" >   Figure <a 
+<!--l. 869--><p class="indent" >   Figure <a 
 href="#x1-27025r8">8<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:options-text --></a> shows the text mode options menu. More info on each:
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
 <span 
@@ -2014,7 +1968,7 @@ class="description">When installing from DVD, this option
      as needed; see section <a 
 href="#x1-290003.3.1">3.3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:location --></a> and section <a 
 href="#x1-330003.4.3">3.4.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:dvd-install-net-updates --></a>.</dd></dl>
-<!--l. 915--><p class="noindent" >Windows-specific options, as displayed in the advanced Perl/Tk interface:
+<!--l. 916--><p class="noindent" >Windows-specific options, as displayed in the advanced Perl/Tk interface:
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
 <span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">adjust PATH setting in registry</span> </dt><dd 
@@ -2036,16 +1990,14 @@ class="description">The options are ‘Only new’ (create file associations, b
 <span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">install TeXworks front end</span> </dt><dd 
 class="description"></dd></dl>
-<!--l. 932--><p class="noindent" >When all the settings are to your liking, you can type ‘I’ in the text interface, or press the ‘Install TeX Live’
+<!--l. 933--><p class="noindent" >When all the settings are to your liking, you can type ‘I’ in the text interface, or press the ‘Install TeX Live’
 button in the Perl/Tk GUI, to start the installation process. When it is done, skip to section <a 
 href="#x1-300003.4">3.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:postinstall --></a> to read what
 else needs to be done, if anything.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.3   </span> <a 
  id="x1-280003.3"></a>Command-line install-tl options</h4>
-<!--l. 941--><p class="noindent" >Type </p><div class="alltt">
+<!--l. 942--><p class="noindent" >Type </p><div class="alltt">
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <span 
@@ -2053,17 +2005,19 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">&#x003E;</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtk-10">install-tl</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtk-10"> -help</span>
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
 </div>
 </div> for a listing of command-line options. Either <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-</span></span></span> or <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--</span></span></span> can be used to introduce option names. These are the
 most common ones:
-<!--l. 948--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 949--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 949--><p class="noindent" >Use   the   GUI   installer   if   possible.   This   requires   Tcl/Tk   version   8.5   or   higher.   This
+     <!--l. 950--><p class="noindent" >Use   the   GUI   installer   if   possible.   This   requires   Tcl/Tk   version   8.5   or   higher.   This
      is  the  case  on  Mac OS X and  is  distributed  with  TeX  Live  on  Windows.  The  legacy
      options  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui=perltk </span>and  <span 
@@ -2076,13 +2030,13 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/distro.html#perltk</span></a>) compil
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-no-gui</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 958--><p class="noindent" >Force using the text mode installer.
+     <!--l. 959--><p class="noindent" >Force using the text mode installer.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-lang </span><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">LL</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 960--><p class="noindent" >Specify the installer interface language as a standard (usually two-letter) code. The installer tries
+     <!--l. 961--><p class="noindent" >Specify the installer interface language as a standard (usually two-letter) code. The installer tries
      to automatically determine the right language but if it fails, or if the right language is not available,
      then it uses English as a fallback. Run <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl</span><span 
@@ -2091,7 +2045,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10"> --help</span></span></span> to get the list of available la
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-portable</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 967--><p class="noindent" >Install for portable use on, e.g., a USB stick. Also selectable from within the text installer with
+     <!--l. 968--><p class="noindent" >Install for portable use on, e.g., a USB stick. Also selectable from within the text installer with
      the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">V </span>command, and from the GUI installer. See section <a 
 href="#x1-420004.2">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:portable-tl --></a>.
@@ -2100,7 +2054,7 @@ href="#x1-420004.2">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:portable-tl --></a>.
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-profile </span><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">file</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 972--><p class="noindent" >Load the installation profile <span 
+     <!--l. 973--><p class="noindent" >Load the installation profile <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">file </span>and do the installation with no user interaction. The installer
      always writes a file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texlive.profile </span>to the <span 
@@ -2113,13 +2067,13 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">tlpkg </span>subdirectory of your installation. That file ca
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-repository </span><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">url-or-directory</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 981--><p class="noindent" >Specify package repository from which to install; see following.
-     </p><!--l. 984--><p class="noindent" ><a id="opt-in-place"></a>
+     <!--l. 982--><p class="noindent" >Specify package repository from which to install; see following.
+     </p><!--l. 985--><p class="noindent" ><a id="opt-in-place"></a>
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-in-place</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 985--><p class="noindent" >(Documented   only   for   completeness:   Do   not   use   this   unless   you   know   what   you
+     <!--l. 986--><p class="noindent" >(Documented   only   for   completeness:   Do   not   use   this   unless   you   know   what   you
      are   doing.)   If   you   already   have   an   rsync,   svn,   or   other   copy   of   TeX   Live   (see
      <a 
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/acquire-mirror.html" class="url" ><span 
@@ -2128,17 +2082,15 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/acquire-mirror.html</span></a>) then
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb </span>may
      be overwritten; saving it is your responsibility. Also, package removal has to be done manually.
      This option cannot be toggled via the installer interface.</p></dd></dl>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-<!--l. 997--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 998--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.3.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-290003.3.1"></a>The <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-repository </span>option</h5>
-<!--l. 1000--><p class="noindent" >The default network package repository is a CTAN mirror chosen automatically via <a 
+<!--l. 1001--><p class="noindent" >The default network package repository is a CTAN mirror chosen automatically via <a 
 href="http://mirror.ctan.org" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">http://mirror.ctan.org</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 1003--><p class="indent" >   If you want to override that, the location value can be a url starting with <span 
+</p><!--l. 1004--><p class="indent" >   If you want to override that, the location value can be a url starting with <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ftp:</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">http:</span>, or <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">file:/</span>, or a
@@ -2148,7 +2100,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">ftp:</span> location, trailing ‘<span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/</span>’ characters and/or a trailing
 ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/tlpkg</span>’ component are ignored.)
-</p><!--l. 1009--><p class="indent" >   For example, you could choose a particular CTAN mirror with something like:
+</p><!--l. 1010--><p class="indent" >   For example, you could choose a particular CTAN mirror with something like:
 <a 
 href="http://ctan.example.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">http://ctan.example.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive/tlnet/</span></a>, substituting a real hostname and its
@@ -2157,95 +2109,97 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">ctan.example.org/tex-archive</span></span></span>. The list o
 maintained at <a 
 href="https://ctan.org/mirrors" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/mirrors</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 1015--><p class="indent" >   If the given argument is local (either a path or a <span 
+</p><!--l. 1016--><p class="indent" >   If the given argument is local (either a path or a <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">file:/ </span>url), compressed files in an <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">archive </span>subdirectory
 of the repository path are used (even if uncompressed files are available as well).
-</p><!--l. 1020--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1021--><p class="noindent" >
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4   </span> <a 
  id="x1-300003.4"></a>Post-install actions</h4>
-<!--l. 1023--><p class="noindent" >Some post-installation may be required.
-</p><!--l. 1025--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 1024--><p class="noindent" >Some post-installation may be required.
+</p><!--l. 1026--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-310003.4.1"></a>Environment variables for Unix</h5>
-<!--l. 1028--><p class="noindent" >If you elected to create symlinks in standard directories (described in section <a 
+<!--l. 1029--><p class="noindent" >If you elected to create symlinks in standard directories (described in section <a 
 href="#x1-270003.2.4">3.2.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:options --></a>), then there is no
 need to edit environment variables. Otherwise, on Unix systems, the directory of the binaries
 for your platform must be added to the search path. (On Windows, the installer takes care of
 this.)
-</p><!--l. 1034--><p class="indent" >   Each supported platform has its own subdirectory under <span 
+</p><!--l. 1035--><p class="indent" >   Each supported platform has its own subdirectory under <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXDIR/bin</span>. See figure <a 
 href="#x1-24037r5">5<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:bin-text --></a> for the list of
 subdirectories and corresponding platforms.
-</p><!--l. 1038--><p class="indent" >   Optionally, you can also add the documentation man and Info directories to their respective search paths, if
+</p><!--l. 1039--><p class="indent" >   Optionally, you can also add the documentation man and Info directories to their respective search paths, if
 you want the system tools to find them. The man pages might be found automatically after the addition to
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">PATH</span>.
-</p><!--l. 1043--><p class="indent" >   For Bourne-compatible shells such as <span 
+</p><!--l. 1044--><p class="indent" >   For Bourne-compatible shells such as <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">bash</span>, and using Intel x86 GNU/Linux and a default directory setup as
 an example, the file to edit might be <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$HOME/.profile </span>(or another file sourced by <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.profile</span>), and the lines to
 add would look like this:
-</p><!--l. 1048--><p class="indent" >
+</p><!--l. 1049--><p class="indent" >
 </p>
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb5"><a 
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb5"><a 
  id="x1-31002r1"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9">PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH;</span><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-9">PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2021/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> export</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> PATH</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> PATH</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-31004r2"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9">MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH;</span><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-9">MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> export</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> MANPATH</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> MANPATH</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-31006r3"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9">INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH;</span><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-9">INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> export</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> INFOPATH</span></div>
-<!--l. 1054--><p class="indent" >   For csh or tcsh, the file to edit is typically <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> INFOPATH</span></pre>
+<!--l. 1055--><p class="indent" >   For csh or tcsh, the file to edit is typically <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$HOME/.cshrc</span>, and the lines to add might look
 like:
-</p><!--l. 1057--><p class="indent" >
+</p><!--l. 1058--><p class="indent" >
 </p>
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb6"><a 
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb6"><a 
  id="x1-31008r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">setenv</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> PATH</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2021/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-31010r2"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">setenv</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> MANPATH</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-31012r3"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">setenv</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> INFOPATH</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH</span></div>
-<!--l. 1063--><p class="indent" >   If you already have settings somewhere in your “dot” files, naturally the TeX Live directories should be
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH</span></pre>
+<!--l. 1064--><p class="indent" >   If you already have settings somewhere in your “dot” files, naturally the TeX Live directories should be
 merged in as appropriate.
-</p><!--l. 1067--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1068--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.2   </span> <a 
  id="x1-320003.4.2"></a>Environment variables: Global configuration</h5>
-<!--l. 1070--><p class="noindent" >If you want to make these changes globally, or for a user newly added to the system, then you are on
+<!--l. 1071--><p class="noindent" >If you want to make these changes globally, or for a user newly added to the system, then you are on
 your own; there is just too much variation between systems in how and where these things are
 configured.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-</p><!--l. 1074--><p class="indent" >   Our two hints are: 1) you may want to check for a file <span 
+</p><!--l. 1075--><p class="indent" >   Our two hints are: 1) you may want to check for a file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/etc/manpath.config </span>and, if present, add lines
 such as
-</p><!--l. 1077--><p class="indent" >
+</p><!--l. 1078--><p class="indent" >
 </p>
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb7"><a 
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb7"><a 
  id="x1-32002r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">MANPATH_MAP</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> \</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2021/bin/x86_64-linux</span><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> \</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-32004r2"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
@@ -2258,26 +2212,28 @@ class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man</span></div>
-<!--l. 1082--><p class="indent" >   And 2) check for a file <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/man</span></pre>
+<!--l. 1083--><p class="indent" >   And 2) check for a file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/etc/environment </span>which may define the search path and other default environment
 variables.
-</p><!--l. 1085--><p class="indent" >   In each (Unix) binary directory, we also create a symbolic link named <span 
+</p><!--l. 1086--><p class="indent" >   In each (Unix) binary directory, we also create a symbolic link named <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">man </span>to the directory
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist/doc/man</span>. Some <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">man </span>programs, such as the standard Mac OS X <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">man</span>, will automatically find that,
 obviating the need for any man page setup.
-</p><!--l. 1091--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1092--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.3   </span> <a 
  id="x1-330003.4.3"></a>Internet updates after DVD installation</h5>
-<!--l. 1094--><p class="noindent" >If you installed TeX Live from DVD and then wish to get updates from the Internet, you need to run this
+<!--l. 1095--><p class="noindent" >If you installed TeX Live from DVD and then wish to get updates from the Internet, you need to run this
 command—<span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">after </span>you’ve updated your search path (as described in the previous section):
 </p>
    <div class="alltt">
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <span 
@@ -2289,33 +2245,33 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10"> repository</span><span
 class="ec-lmtk-10"> http://mirror.ctan.org/systems/texlive/tlnet</span>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 1102--><p class="indent" >   This tells <span 
+<!--l. 1103--><p class="indent" >   This tells <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>to use a nearby CTAN mirror for future updates. This is done by default when installing
 from DVD, via the option described in section <a 
 href="#x1-270003.2.4">3.2.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:options --></a>.
-</p><!--l. 1106--><p class="indent" >   If there are problems with the automatic mirror selection, you can specify a particular CTAN mirror from
+</p><!--l. 1107--><p class="indent" >   If there are problems with the automatic mirror selection, you can specify a particular CTAN mirror from
 the list at <a 
 href="https://ctan.org/mirrors" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/mirrors</span></a>. Use the exact path to the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlnet </span>subdir on that mirror, as shown
 above.
-</p><!--l. 1112--><p class="indent" >   <a id="xetexfontconfig"></a> <a id="sysfontconfig"></a>
+</p><!--l. 1113--><p class="indent" >   <a id="xetexfontconfig"></a> <a id="sysfontconfig"></a>
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.4   </span> <a 
  id="x1-340003.4.4"></a>System font configuration for XeTeX and LuaTeX</h5>
-<!--l. 1117--><p class="noindent" >XeTeX and LuaTeX can use any font installed on the system, not just those in the TeX trees. They do these
+<!--l. 1118--><p class="noindent" >XeTeX and LuaTeX can use any font installed on the system, not just those in the TeX trees. They do these
 via related but not identical methods.
-</p><!--l. 1121--><p class="indent" >   On Windows, fonts shipped with TeX Live are automatically made available to XeTeX by font name. On
+</p><!--l. 1122--><p class="indent" >   On Windows, fonts shipped with TeX Live are automatically made available to XeTeX by font name. On
 Mac OS X, supporting font name lookups requires additional steps; please see the MacTeX web pages
 (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/mactex" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/mactex</span></a>). For other Unix systems, the procedure to be able to find the fonts shipped with
 TeX Live via font name follows.
-</p><!--l. 1127--><p class="indent" >   To facilitate this, when the <span 
+</p><!--l. 1128--><p class="indent" >   To facilitate this, when the <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">xetex </span>package is installed (either at initial installation or later), the necessary
 configuration file is created in <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR/fonts/conf/texlive-fontconfig.conf</span>.
-</p><!--l. 1132--><p class="indent" >   To set up the TeX Live fonts for system-wide use (assuming you have suitable privileges), proceed as
+</p><!--l. 1133--><p class="indent" >   To set up the TeX Live fonts for system-wide use (assuming you have suitable privileges), proceed as
 follows:
      </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
      <li 
@@ -2326,7 +2282,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">/etc/fonts/conf.d/09-texlive.conf</span>.
      <li 
   class="enumerate" id="x1-34004x2">Run <span 
 class="ec-lmtk-10">fc-cache -fsv</span>.</li></ol>
-<!--l. 1140--><p class="indent" >   If you do not have sufficient privileges to carry out the steps above, or if you want to make the TeX Live
+<!--l. 1141--><p class="indent" >   If you do not have sufficient privileges to carry out the steps above, or if you want to make the TeX Live
 fonts available to only one user, you can do the following:
      </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
      <li 
@@ -2338,46 +2294,46 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">~ </span>is your home directory.
      <li 
   class="enumerate" id="x1-34008x2">Run <span 
 class="ec-lmtk-10">fc-cache -fv</span>.</li></ol>
-<!--l. 1149--><p class="indent" >   You can run <span 
+<!--l. 1150--><p class="indent" >   You can run <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">fc-list </span>to see the names of the system fonts. The incantation <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">fc-list : family style</span>
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">file spacing </span>(all arguments are literal strings) shows some generally interesting information.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-</p><!--l. 1154--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1155--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.5   </span> <a 
  id="x1-350003.4.5"></a>ConTeXt Mark IV</h5>
-<!--l. 1157--><p class="noindent" >Both the ‘old’ ConTeXt (Mark II) and the ‘new’ ConTeXt (Mark IV) should run out of the box after TeX
+<!--l. 1158--><p class="noindent" >Both the ‘old’ ConTeXt (Mark II) and the ‘new’ ConTeXt (Mark IV) should run out of the box after TeX
 Live installation, and should need no special attention as long as you stick to using <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span></span></span> for
 updates.
-</p><!--l. 1162--><p class="indent" >   However, because ConTeXt MkIV does not use the kpathsea library, some setup will be required whenever
+</p><!--l. 1163--><p class="indent" >   However, because ConTeXt MkIV does not use the kpathsea library, some setup will be required whenever
 you install new files manually (without using <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span></span></span>). After each such installation, each MkIV user must
 run:
 </p>
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb8"><a 
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb8"><a 
  id="x1-35002r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">context</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> --generate</span></div>
-<!--l. 1169--><p class="noindent" >to refresh the ConTeXt disk cache data. The resulting files are stored under <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> --generate</span></pre>
+<!--l. 1170--><p class="noindent" >to refresh the ConTeXt disk cache data. The resulting files are stored under <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCACHE</span>, whose default value in
 TeX Live is <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR;TEXMFVAR</span></span></span>.
-</p><!--l. 1173--><p class="indent" >   ConTeXt MkIV will read from all paths mentioned in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
+</p><!--l. 1174--><p class="indent" >   ConTeXt MkIV will read from all paths mentioned in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCACHE</span></span></span>, and write to the first path that is
 writable. While reading, the last found match will take precedence in the case of duplicated cache
 data.
-</p><!--l. 1178--><p class="indent" >   For more information, see <a 
+</p><!--l. 1179--><p class="indent" >   For more information, see <a 
 href="https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Running_Mark_IV" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://wiki.contextgarden.net/Running_Mark_IV</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 1182--><p class="noindent" >
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+</p><!--l. 1183--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.6   </span> <a 
  id="x1-360003.4.6"></a>Integrating local and personal macros</h5>
-<!--l. 1185--><p class="noindent" >This is already mentioned implicitly in section <a 
+<!--l. 1186--><p class="noindent" >This is already mentioned implicitly in section <a 
 href="#x1-110002.3">2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>: <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL </span>(by default, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local</span>
@@ -2392,7 +2348,7 @@ new TeX Live release. Therefore, it is best to refrain from changing the defini
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL </span>to
 be too far away from the main TeX Live directory, or you will need to manually change future
 releases.
-</p><!--l. 1198--><p class="indent" >   For both trees, files should be placed in their proper TeX Directory Structure (TDS) subdirectories; see
+</p><!--l. 1199--><p class="indent" >   For both trees, files should be placed in their proper TeX Directory Structure (TDS) subdirectories; see
 <a 
 href="https://tug.org/tds" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/tds</span></a> or consult <span 
@@ -2401,12 +2357,12 @@ package should be placed in <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL/tex/latex </span>or <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME/tex/latex</span>, or a subdirectory
 thereof.
-</p><!--l. 1204--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 1205--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL </span>requires an up-to-date filename database, or files will not be found. You can update it with the
 command <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">mktexlsr </span>or use the ‘Reinit file database’ button on the configuration tab of the TeX Live Manager
 GUI.
-</p><!--l. 1209--><p class="indent" >   By default, each of these variables is defined to be a single directory, as shown. This is not a hard-and-fast
+</p><!--l. 1210--><p class="indent" >   By default, each of these variables is defined to be a single directory, as shown. This is not a hard-and-fast
 requirement. If you need to easily switch back and forth between different versions of large packages, for
 example, you can maintain multiple trees for your own purposes. This is done by setting <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME </span>to the list
@@ -2414,34 +2370,34 @@ of directories, within braces, separated by commas:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
 </p>
-   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-1">
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb9"><a 
- id="x1-36002r1"></a>  TEXMFHOME = {/my/dir1,/mydir2,/a/third/dir}</div>
-</div>
-<!--l. 1218--><p class="nopar" >
-</p><!--l. 1220--><p class="indent" >   Section <a 
+   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-1">
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb9"><a 
+ id="x1-36002r1"></a>  TEXMFHOME = {/my/dir1,/mydir2,/a/third/dir}</pre>
+</pre>
+<!--l. 1219--><p class="nopar" >
+</p><!--l. 1221--><p class="indent" >   Section <a 
 href="#x1-590007.1.5">7.1.5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:brace-expansion --></a> describes brace expansion further.
-</p><!--l. 1223--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1224--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4.7   </span> <a 
  id="x1-370003.4.7"></a>Integrating third-party fonts</h5>
-<!--l. 1225--><p class="noindent" >This is unfortunately a messy topic. Forget about it unless you want to delve into many details of the TeX
+<!--l. 1226--><p class="noindent" >This is unfortunately a messy topic. Forget about it unless you want to delve into many details of the TeX
 installation. Many fonts are included in TeX Live already, so take a look if you don’t already know that what
 you want isn’t there.
-</p><!--l. 1230--><p class="indent" >   A possible alternative is to use XeTeX or LuaTeX (see section <a 
+</p><!--l. 1231--><p class="indent" >   A possible alternative is to use XeTeX or LuaTeX (see section <a 
 href="#x1-120002.4">2.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tex-extensions --></a>), which let you use operating system
 fonts without any installation in TeX.
-</p><!--l. 1234--><p class="indent" >   If you do need to do this, see <a 
+</p><!--l. 1235--><p class="indent" >   If you do need to do this, see <a 
 href="https://tug.org/fonts/fontinstall.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/fonts/fontinstall.html</span></a> for our best effort at describing
 the procedure.
-</p><!--l. 1239--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1240--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.5   </span> <a 
  id="x1-380003.5"></a>Testing the installation</h4>
-<!--l. 1242--><p class="noindent" >After installing TeX Live, you naturally want to test it out, so you can start creating beautiful documents and/
+<!--l. 1243--><p class="noindent" >After installing TeX Live, you naturally want to test it out, so you can start creating beautiful documents and/
 or fonts.
-</p><!--l. 1245--><p class="indent" >   One thing you may immediately be looking for is a front-end with which to edit files. TeX Live installs
+</p><!--l. 1246--><p class="indent" >   One thing you may immediately be looking for is a front-end with which to edit files. TeX Live installs
 TeXworks (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/texworks" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texworks</span></a>) on Windows (only), and MacTeX installs TeXShop
@@ -2453,10 +2409,10 @@ editor. There are many choices available, some of which are listed in the next s
 href="https://tug.org/interest.html#editors" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/interest.html#editors</span></a>. Any plain text editor will work; something TeX-specific is not
 required.
-</p><!--l. 1254--><p class="indent" >   The rest of this section gives some basic procedures for testing that the new system is functional. We give
+</p><!--l. 1255--><p class="indent" >   The rest of this section gives some basic procedures for testing that the new system is functional. We give
 Unix commands here; under Mac OS X and Windows, you’re more likely to run the tests through a graphical
 interface, but the principles are the same.
-</p><!--l. 1259--><p class="indent" >
+</p><!--l. 1260--><p class="indent" >
      </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
      <li 
   class="enumerate" id="x1-38002x1">Make sure that you can run the <span 
@@ -2480,14 +2436,13 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10"> ...</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> D.E.</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> Knuth.</span>
      <br /><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span>
-</div>
+class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span></div>
      </div> If this comes back with ‘command not found’ instead of version and copyright information, or with an
      older version, most likely you don’t have the correct <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">bin </span>subdirectory in your <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">PATH</span>. See the
      environment-setting information on p. <a 
-href="#x1-310003.4.1">40<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:env --></a>.
+href="#x1-310003.4.1">39<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:env --></a>.
      </li>
      <li 
   class="enumerate" id="x1-38004x2">Process a basic LaTeX file: <div class="alltt">
@@ -2503,8 +2458,6 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">This</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> is</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> pdfTeX</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> 3.14...</span>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
      <br /><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">...</span>
      <br /><span 
@@ -2521,13 +2474,15 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">Transcript</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> written</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> sample2e.log.</span>
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
 </div>
      </div> If this fails to find <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">sample2e.tex </span>or other files, most likely you have interference from old environment
      variables or configuration files; we recommend unsetting all TeX-related environment variables for a
      start. (For a deep analysis, you can ask TeX to report on exactly what it is searching for, and finding; see
      “Debugging actions” on page <a 
-href="#x1-660007.2.4">71<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:debugging --></a>.)
+href="#x1-660007.2.4">69<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:debugging --></a>.)
      </li>
      <li 
   class="enumerate" id="x1-38006x3">Preview the result online: <div class="alltt">
@@ -2621,35 +2576,35 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.sumatrapdfreader.org/free-pdf-reader.html</span><
      <li 
   class="enumerate" id="x1-38014x7">Standard test files you may find useful in addition to <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">sample2e.tex</span>:
-     <!--l. 1327--><p class="noindent" >
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
+     <!--l. 1328--><p class="noindent" >
          </p><dl class="list2"><dt class="list">
        <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">small2e.tex</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-         <!--l. 1328--><p class="noindent" >A simpler document than <span 
+         <!--l. 1329--><p class="noindent" >A simpler document than <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">sample2e</span>, to reduce the input size if you’re having troubles.
          </p></dd><dt class="list">
        <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">testpage.tex</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-         <!--l. 1330--><p class="noindent" >Test if your printer introduces any offsets.
+         <!--l. 1331--><p class="noindent" >Test if your printer introduces any offsets.
          </p></dd><dt class="list">
        <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">nfssfont.tex</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-         <!--l. 1331--><p class="noindent" >For printing font tables and tests.
+         <!--l. 1332--><p class="noindent" >For printing font tables and tests.
          </p></dd><dt class="list">
        <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">testfont.tex</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-         <!--l. 1332--><p class="noindent" >Also for font tables, but using plain TeX.
+         <!--l. 1333--><p class="noindent" >Also for font tables, but using plain TeX.
          </p></dd><dt class="list">
        <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">story.tex</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-         <!--l. 1333--><p class="noindent" >The most canonical (plain) TeX test file of all. You must type ‘<span 
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+         <!--l. 1334--><p class="noindent" >The most canonical (plain) TeX test file of all. You must type ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\bye</span>’ to the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">* </span>prompt after
          ‘<span 
@@ -2689,21 +2644,21 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10"> on</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> opentype-info.log.</span>
 </div>
      </div>
-     <!--l. 1348--><p class="noindent" >If you get an error message saying “Invalid fontname ‘Latin Modern Roman/ICU’…”, then you
+     <!--l. 1349--><p class="noindent" >If you get an error message saying “Invalid fontname ‘Latin Modern Roman/ICU’…”, then you
      need to configure your system so that the fonts shipped with TeX Live can be found. See
      section <a 
 href="#x1-340003.4.4">3.4.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:font-conf-sys --></a>.
 </p>
      </li></ol>
-<!--l. 1355--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 1356--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.6   </span> <a 
  id="x1-390003.6"></a>Links for additional downloadable software</h4>
-<!--l. 1357--><p class="noindent" >If you are new to TeX, or otherwise need help with actually writing TeX or LaTeX documents, please visit
+<!--l. 1358--><p class="noindent" >If you are new to TeX, or otherwise need help with actually writing TeX or LaTeX documents, please visit
 <a 
 href="https://tug.org/begin.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/begin.html</span></a> for some introductory resources.
-</p><!--l. 1361--><p class="indent" >   Links for some other tools you may consider installing:
+</p><!--l. 1362--><p class="indent" >   Links for some other tools you may consider installing:
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
 <span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">Ghostscript</span> </dt><dd 
@@ -2735,8 +2690,6 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">http://netpbm.sourceforge.net</span></a>, also for graphics.
 class="ec-lmbx-10">TeX-oriented editors</span> </dt><dd 
 class="description">There is a wide choice, and it is a matter of the user’s taste. Here is a selection in
      alphabetical order (a few here are for Windows only).
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
          <ul class="itemize1">
          <li class="itemize"><span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">GNU       Emacs       </span>is       also       available       natively       under       Windows,       see
@@ -2783,6 +2736,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texworks</span></a> and installed as part
 class="ec-lmss-10">Vim </span>is free software, available from <a 
 href="https://www.vim.org" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.vim.org</span></a>.
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
          </li>
          <li class="itemize"><span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">WinEdt      </span>is      shareware      available      though      <a 
@@ -2797,47 +2752,51 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">WinShell </span>is available from <a
 href="https://www.winshell.de" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://www.winshell.de</span></a>.</li></ul>
      </dd></dl>
-<!--l. 1396--><p class="noindent" >For a much longer list of packages and programs, see <a 
+<!--l. 1397--><p class="noindent" >For a much longer list of packages and programs, see <a 
 href="https://tug.org/interest.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/interest.html</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 1400--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1401--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4   </span> <a 
  id="x1-400004"></a>Specialized installations</h3>
-<!--l. 1402--><p class="noindent" >The previous sections described the basic installation process. Here we turn to some specialized
+<!--l. 1403--><p class="noindent" >The previous sections described the basic installation process. Here we turn to some specialized
 cases.
-</p><!--l. 1405--><p class="indent" >   <a id="tlsharedinstall"></a>
+</p><!--l. 1406--><p class="indent" >   <a id="tlsharedinstall"></a>
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-410004.1"></a>Shared-user (or cross-machine) installations</h4>
-<!--l. 1409--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live has been designed to be shared between different systems on a network. With a standard directory
+<!--l. 1410--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live has been designed to be shared between different systems on a network. With a standard directory
 layout, no hard paths are configured: the locations for files needed by TeX Live programs are found relative to
 the programs. You can see this in the principal configuration file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDIST/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>, which
 contains lines such as
 </p>
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb10"><a 
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb10"><a 
  id="x1-41002r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXMFROOT</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> $SELFAUTOPARENT</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> $SELFAUTOPARENT</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-41004r2"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-9">...</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-41006r3"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXMFDIST</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> $TEXMFROOT/texmf-dist</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> $TEXMFROOT/texmf-dist</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-41008r4"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-9">...</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-41010r5"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXMFLOCAL</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> $SELFAUTOGRANDPARENT/texmf-local</span></div>
-<!--l. 1422--><p class="noindent" >This means that adding the directory for TeX Live executables for their platform to their search path is sufficient
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> $SELFAUTOGRANDPARENT/texmf-local</span></pre>
+<!--l. 1423--><p class="noindent" >This means that adding the directory for TeX Live executables for their platform to their search path is sufficient
 to get a working setup.
-</p><!--l. 1425--><p class="indent" >   By the same token, you can also install TeX Live locally and then move the entire hierarchy afterwards to a
+</p><!--l. 1426--><p class="indent" >   By the same token, you can also install TeX Live locally and then move the entire hierarchy afterwards to a
 network location.
-</p><!--l. 1428--><p class="indent" >   For Windows, TeX Live includes a launcher <span 
+</p><!--l. 1429--><p class="indent" >   For Windows, TeX Live includes a launcher <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlaunch</span>. Its main window contains menu entries and
 buttons for various TeX-related programs and documentation, customizable via an <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ini </span>file. On first
@@ -2850,28 +2809,37 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">texdoc tlaunch</span>, or
 <a 
 href="https://ctan.org/pkg/tlaunch" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/pkg/tlaunch</span></a>).
-</p><!--l. 1439--><p class="indent" >   <a id="tlportable"></a>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
+</p><!--l. 1440--><p class="indent" >   <a id="tlportable"></a>
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.2   </span> <a 
  id="x1-420004.2"></a>Portable (USB) installations</h4>
-<!--l. 1443--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
+<!--l. 1444--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-portable </span>installer option (or <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">V </span>command in the text installer or corresponding GUI option)
 creates a completely self-contained TeX Live installation under a common root and forgoes system
 integration. You can create such an installation directly on a USB stick, or copy it to a USB stick
 afterwards.
-</p><!--l. 1449--><p class="indent" >   To run TeX using this portable installation, you need to add the appropriate binary directory to the search
+</p><!--l. 1450--><p class="indent" >   Technically, the portable installation is made self-contained by setting the default values of <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME</span>,
+<span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR</span>, and <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCONFIG </span>to be the same as <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL</span>, <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, and <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSCONFIG </span>respectively;
+thus, per-user configuration and caches will not be created.
+</p><!--l. 1456--><p class="indent" >   To run TeX using this portable installation, you need to add the appropriate binary directory to the search
 path during your terminal session, as usual.
-</p><!--l. 1453--><p class="indent" >   On Windows, you can double-click <span 
+</p><!--l. 1460--><p class="indent" >   On Windows, you can double-click <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tl-tray-menu </span>at the root of the installation and create a temporary
 ‘tray menu’ offering a choice of a few common tasks, as shown in this screenshot:
-</p><!--l. 1458--><p class="indent" >   <img 
+</p><!--l. 1465--><p class="indent" >   <img 
 src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/tray-menu.png" alt="pict"  
  />
-</p><!--l. 1461--><p class="noindent" >The ‘More…’ entry explains how you can customize this menu.
-</p><!--l. 1520--><p class="indent" >   <a id="tlmgr"></a>
+</p><!--l. 1468--><p class="noindent" >The ‘More…’ entry explains how you can customize this menu.
+</p><!--l. 1527--><p class="indent" >   <a id="tlmgr"></a>
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
 </p>
    <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5   </span> <a 
  id="x1-430005"></a><span 
@@ -2884,7 +2852,7 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>: Managing your installation</h3>
  id="x1-43001r9"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<!--l. 1525--><p class="noindent" ><img 
+<!--l. 1532--><p class="noindent" ><img 
 src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/tlshell-macos.png" alt="pict"  
  />
 </p>
@@ -2902,7 +2870,7 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">tlshell </span>GUI, showing the Actions menu (Mac OS X)</span
  id="x1-43002r10"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<!--l. 1531--><p class="noindent" ><img 
+<!--l. 1538--><p class="noindent" ><img 
 src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/tlcockpit-packages.png" alt="pict"  
  />
 </p>
@@ -2921,7 +2889,7 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span></span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-43002r1
  id="x1-43003r11"></a>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<!--l. 1537--><p class="noindent" ><img 
+<!--l. 1544--><p class="noindent" ><img 
 src="../texlive-common/../texlive-common/tlmgr-gui.png" alt="pict"  
  />
 </p>
@@ -2931,7 +2899,7 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>GUI mode: main window, after ‘Load’</span><
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
    </figure>
-<!--l. 1542--><p class="indent" >   TeX Live includes a program named <span 
+<!--l. 1549--><p class="indent" >   TeX Live includes a program named <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>for managing TeX Live after the initial installation. Its
 capabilities include:
 </p>
@@ -2945,7 +2913,7 @@ capabilities include:
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">changing installation options such as paper size and source location (see section <a 
 href="#x1-290003.3.1">3.3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:location --></a>).</li></ul>
-<!--l. 1554--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+<!--l. 1561--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>’s functionality completely subsumes the <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">texconfig </span>program. We still distribute and maintain <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">texconfig</span>
@@ -2955,7 +2923,7 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>nowadays.
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-440005.1"></a>GUI interfaces for <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span></h4>
-<!--l. 1561--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live contains several GUI front-ends for <span 
+<!--l. 1568--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live contains several GUI front-ends for <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>. Two notable ones: (1) Figure <a 
 href="#x1-43001r9">9<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:tlshell --></a> shows <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlshell</span>, which is
@@ -2963,7 +2931,7 @@ written in Tcl/Tk and runs out of the box under Windows and Mac OS X; (2) Figur
 href="#x1-43002r10">10<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:tlcockpit --></a> shows <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlcockpit</span>,
 which requires Java version 8 or higher and JavaFX. Both are separate packages.
-</p><!--l. 1567--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 1574--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>also has a native GUI mode (shown in figure <a 
 href="#x1-43003r11">11<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:tlmgr-gui --></a>), which is started with: </p><div class="alltt">
 
@@ -2976,12 +2944,12 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10"> -gui</span>
 </div>
 </div> However, this GUI extension requires Perl/Tk, which module is no longer included in TeX Live’s Perl
 distribution for Windows.
-<!--l. 1575--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 1582--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2   </span> <a 
  id="x1-450005.2"></a>Sample <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>command-line invocations</h4>
-<!--l. 1577--><p class="noindent" >After the initial installation, you can update your system to the latest versions available with:
+<!--l. 1584--><p class="noindent" >After the initial installation, you can update your system to the latest versions available with:
 </p><div class="alltt">
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
@@ -3014,7 +2982,7 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10"> update</span><span
 class="ec-lmtk-10"> -list</span>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 1591--><p class="indent" >   This more complex example adds a collection, for the engine XeTeX, from a local directory:
+<!--l. 1598--><p class="indent" >   This more complex example adds a collection, for the engine XeTeX, from a local directory:
 </p>
    <div class="alltt">
                                                                                      
@@ -3031,67 +2999,80 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10"> install</span><span
 class="ec-lmtk-10"> collection-xetex</span>
 </div>
 </div> It generates the following output (abridged):
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb11"><a 
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb11"><a 
  id="x1-45002r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> collection-xetex</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> collection-xetex</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45004r2"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> arabxetex</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> arabxetex</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45006r3"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45008r4"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45010r5"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetexconfig</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetexconfig</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45012r6"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex.i386-linux</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex.i386-linux</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45014r7"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">running</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> post</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> install</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> action</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> for</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45016r8"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">install:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex-def</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> xetex-def</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45018r9"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45020r10"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">running</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> mktexlsr</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> mktexlsr</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45022r11"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">mktexlsr:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> Updating</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/ls-R...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/ls-R...</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45024r12"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45026r13"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">running</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> fmtutil-sys</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> --missing</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> --missing</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45028r14"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8">...</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45030r15"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">Transcript</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> written</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> on</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> xelatex.log.</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> xelatex.log.</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45032r16"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">fmtutil:</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-var/web2c/xetex/xelatex.fmt</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> installed.</span></div>
-<!--l. 1617--><p class="indent" >   As you can see, <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-var/web2c/xetex/xelatex.fmt</span><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> installed.</span></pre>
+<!--l. 1624--><p class="indent" >   As you can see, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>installs dependencies, and takes care of any necessary post-install actions, including
 updating the filename database and (re)generating formats. In the above, we generated new formats for
 XeTeX.
-</p><!--l. 1622--><p class="indent" >   To describe a package (or collection or scheme): </p><div class="alltt">
+</p><!--l. 1629--><p class="indent" >   To describe a package (or collection or scheme): </p><div class="alltt">
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <span 
@@ -3102,25 +3083,27 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10"> show</span><span
 class="ec-lmtk-10"> collection-latexextra</span>
 </div>
 </div> which produces output like this:
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb12"><a 
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb12"><a 
  id="x1-45034r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">package:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> collection-latexextra</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> collection-latexextra</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45036r2"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">category:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> Collection</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> Collection</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45038r3"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">shortdesc:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> LaTeX</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> supplementary</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> packages</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> packages</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45040r4"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">longdesc:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -3133,16 +3116,19 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> of</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> add-on</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> packages</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> for</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> LaTeX.</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> LaTeX.</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45042r5"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">installed:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> Yes</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> Yes</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45044r6"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">revision:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> 46963</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> 46963</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-45046r7"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8">sizes:</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
@@ -3150,8 +3136,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-8"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-8"> 657941k</span></div>
-<!--l. 1637--><p class="indent" >   Last and most important, for full documentation see <a 
+class="ec-lmtt-8"> 657941k</span></pre>
+<!--l. 1644--><p class="indent" >   Last and most important, for full documentation see <a 
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/tlmgr.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/tlmgr.html</span></a>, or:
 </p><div class="alltt">
@@ -3164,15 +3150,15 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10">tlmgr</span><span
 class="ec-lmtk-10"> -help</span>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 1644--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 1651--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6   </span> <a 
  id="x1-460006"></a>Notes on Windows</h3>
-<!--l. 1647--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 1654--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-470006.1"></a>Windows-specific features</h4>
-<!--l. 1650--><p class="noindent" >Under Windows, the installer does some extra things:
+<!--l. 1657--><p class="noindent" >Under Windows, the installer does some extra things:
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
 <span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">Menus and shortcuts.</span> </dt><dd 
@@ -3205,24 +3191,24 @@ class="ec-lmbx-10">Uninstaller.</span> </dt><dd
 class="description">The installer creates an entry under ‘Add/Remove Programs’ for TeX Live. The uninstall
      tab of the TeX Live Manager GUI refers to this. For a single-user install, the installer also creates
      an uninstall entry under the Start menu.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
      </dd><dt class="description">
 <span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">Write-protect.</span> </dt><dd 
 class="description">For an admin install, the TeX Live directories are write-protected, at least if TeX
      Live is installed on a normal NTFS-formatted non-removable disk.</dd></dl>
-<!--l. 1673--><p class="indent" >   Also, have a look at <span 
+<!--l. 1680--><p class="indent" >   Also, have a look at <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlaunch</span>, described in section <a 
 href="#x1-410004.1">4.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:sharedinstall --></a>, for a different approach.
-</p><!--l. 1676--><p class="noindent" >
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+</p><!--l. 1683--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2   </span> <a 
  id="x1-480006.2"></a>Additional software included on Windows</h4>
-<!--l. 1678--><p class="noindent" >To be complete, a TeX Live installation needs support packages that are not commonly found on a Windows
+<!--l. 1685--><p class="noindent" >To be complete, a TeX Live installation needs support packages that are not commonly found on a Windows
 machine. TeX Live provides the missing pieces. These programs are all installed as part of TeX Live only on
 Windows.
-</p><!--l. 1682--><p class="indent" >
+</p><!--l. 1689--><p class="indent" >
      </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
 <span 
 class="ec-lmbx-10">Perl and Ghostscript.</span> </dt><dd 
@@ -3269,22 +3255,22 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">\font</span>
      command. If necessary, run <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">fc-cache </span>first to update font information.
      </dd></dl>
-<!--l. 1718--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 1725--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.3   </span> <a 
  id="x1-490006.3"></a>User Profile is Home</h4>
-<!--l. 1721--><p class="noindent" >The Windows counterpart of a Unix home directory is the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
+<!--l. 1728--><p class="noindent" >The Windows counterpart of a Unix home directory is the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">%USERPROFILE%</span></span></span> directory. Under Windows Vista
 and later it is <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">C:\Users\&#x003C;username&#x003E;</span></span></span>. In the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>file, and Kpathsea in general, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">~</span></span></span> will expand
 appropriately on both Windows and Unix.
-</p><!--l. 1728--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1735--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.4   </span> <a 
  id="x1-500006.4"></a>The Windows registry</h4>
-<!--l. 1731--><p class="noindent" >Windows stores nearly all configuration data in its registry. The registry contains a set of hierarchically
+<!--l. 1738--><p class="noindent" >Windows stores nearly all configuration data in its registry. The registry contains a set of hierarchically
 organized keys, with several root keys. The most important ones for installation programs are
 <span class="path"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">HKEY_CURRENT_USER</span></span> and <span class="path"><span 
@@ -3296,225 +3282,228 @@ the user’s home directory (see section <a
 href="#x1-490006.3">6.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:winhome --></a>). <span class="path"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">HKLM</span></span> is normally in a subdirectory of the Windows
 directory.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-</p><!--l. 1739--><p class="indent" >   In some cases, system information could be obtained from environment variables but for other information,
+</p><!--l. 1746--><p class="indent" >   In some cases, system information could be obtained from environment variables but for other information,
 for example the location of shortcuts, it is necessary to consult the registry. Setting environment variables
 permanently also requires registry access.
-</p><!--l. 1745--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1752--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.5   </span> <a 
  id="x1-510006.5"></a>Windows permissions</h4>
-<!--l. 1748--><p class="noindent" >In later versions of Windows, a distinction is made between regular users and administrators, where only the
+<!--l. 1755--><p class="noindent" >In later versions of Windows, a distinction is made between regular users and administrators, where only the
 latter have free access to the entire operating system. We have made an effort to make TeX Live installable
 without administrative privileges.
-</p><!--l. 1753--><p class="indent" >   If the installer is started with administrative permissions, there is an option to install for all users. If
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+</p><!--l. 1760--><p class="indent" >   If the installer is started with administrative permissions, there is an option to install for all users. If
 this option is chosen, shortcuts are created for all users, and the system search path is modified.
 Otherwise, shortcuts and menu entries are created for the current user, and the user search path is
 modified.
-</p><!--l. 1759--><p class="indent" >   Regardless of administrator status, the default root of TeX Live proposed by the installer is always
+</p><!--l. 1766--><p class="indent" >   Regardless of administrator status, the default root of TeX Live proposed by the installer is always
 under <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">%SystemDrive%</span></span></span>. The installer always tests whether the root is writable for the current
 user.
-</p><!--l. 1763--><p class="indent" >   A problem may arise if the user is not an administrator and TeX already exists in the search path. Since
+</p><!--l. 1770--><p class="indent" >   A problem may arise if the user is not an administrator and TeX already exists in the search path. Since
 the effective search path consists of the system search path followed by the user search path, the new TeX Live
 would never get precedence. As a safeguard, the installer creates a shortcut to the command-prompt in
 which the new TeX Live binary directory is prepended to the local search path. The new TeX
 Live will be always usable from within such a command-prompt. The shortcut for TeXworks, if
 installed, also prepends TeX Live to the search path, so it should also be immune to this path
 problem.
-</p><!--l. 1773--><p class="indent" >   You should be aware that even if you are logged in as administrator, you need to explicitly ask for
+</p><!--l. 1780--><p class="indent" >   You should be aware that even if you are logged in as administrator, you need to explicitly ask for
 administrator privileges. In fact, there is not much point in logging in as administrator. Instead,
 right-clicking on the program or shortcut that you want to run usually gives you a choice ‘Run as
 administrator’.
-</p><!--l. 1780--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1787--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.6   </span> <a 
  id="x1-520006.6"></a>Increasing maximum memory on Windows and Cygwin</h4>
-<!--l. 1783--><p class="noindent" >Windows and Cygwin (see section <a 
+<!--l. 1790--><p class="noindent" >Windows and Cygwin (see section <a 
 href="#x1-190003.1.4">3.1.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:cygwin --></a> for Cygwin installation specifics) users may find that they run out of
 memory when running some of the programs shipped with TeX Live. For example, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">asy </span>might run out of
 memory if you try to allocate an array of 25,000,000 reals, and LuaTeX might run out of memory if you try to
 process a document with a lot of big fonts.
-</p><!--l. 1790--><p class="indent" >   For Cygwin, you can increase the amount of available memory by following the instructions in the Cygwin
+</p><!--l. 1797--><p class="indent" >   For Cygwin, you can increase the amount of available memory by following the instructions in the Cygwin
 User’s Guide (<a 
 href="https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-maxmem.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-maxmem.html</span></a>).
-</p><!--l. 1794--><p class="indent" >   For Windows, you have to create a file, say <span 
+</p><!--l. 1801--><p class="indent" >   For Windows, you have to create a file, say <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">moremem.reg</span>, with these four lines:
-</p><!--l. 1797--><p class="indent" >
+</p><!--l. 1804--><p class="indent" >
 </p>
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb13"><a 
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb13"><a 
  id="x1-52002r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">Windows</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> Registry</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> Editor</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> Version</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> 5.00</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-52004r2"></a><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> 5.00</span> 
+<a 
+ id="x1-52004r2"></a> 
+<a 
  id="x1-52006r3"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9">[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Cygwin]</span><br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+class="ec-lmtt-9">[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Cygwin]</span> 
+<a 
  id="x1-52008r4"></a><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9">&#x0022;heap_chunk_in_mb&#x0022;=dword:ffffff00</span></div>
-<!--l. 1804--><p class="noindent" >and then execute the command <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-9">&#x0022;heap_chunk_in_mb&#x0022;=dword:ffffff00</span></pre>
+<!--l. 1811--><p class="noindent" >and then execute the command <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">regedit /s moremem.reg </span>as administrator. (If you want to change memory
 only for the current user instead of system-wide, use <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">HKEY_CURRENT_USER</span>.)
-</p><!--l. 1809--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1816--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7   </span> <a 
  id="x1-530007"></a>A user’s guide to Web2C</h3>
-<!--l. 1811--><p class="noindent" >Web2C is an integrated collection of TeX-related programs: TeX itself, Metafont, MetaPost, BibTeX, etc.
+<!--l. 1818--><p class="noindent" >Web2C is an integrated collection of TeX-related programs: TeX itself, Metafont, MetaPost, BibTeX, etc.
 It is the heart of TeX Live. The home page for Web2C, with the current manual and more, is
 <a 
 href="https://tug.org/web2c" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/web2c</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 1816--><p class="indent" >   A bit of history: The original implementation was by Tomas Rokicki who, in 1987, developed a first
+</p><!--l. 1823--><p class="indent" >   A bit of history: The original implementation was by Tomas Rokicki who, in 1987, developed a first
 TeX-to-C system based on change files under Unix, which were primarily the original work of Howard
 Trickey and Pavel Curtis. Tim Morgan became the maintainer of the system, and during this period
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
 the name changed to Web-to-C. In 1990, Karl Berry took over the work, assisted by dozens of
 additional contributors, and in 1997 he handed the baton to Olaf Weber, who returned it to Karl in
 2006.
-</p><!--l. 1825--><p class="indent" >   The Web2C system runs on Unix, 32-bit Windows systems, Mac OS X, and other operating systems.
+</p><!--l. 1832--><p class="indent" >   The Web2C system runs on Unix, 32-bit Windows systems, Mac OS X, and other operating systems.
 It uses Knuth’s original sources for TeX and other basic programs written in the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">WEB </span>literate
 programming system and translates them into C source code. The core TeX programs handled in this way
 are:
-</p><!--l. 1831--><p class="indent" >
+</p><!--l. 1838--><p class="indent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">bibtex</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1832--><p class="noindent" >Maintaining bibliographies.
+     <!--l. 1839--><p class="noindent" >Maintaining bibliographies.
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvicopy</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1833--><p class="noindent" >Expands virtual font references in DVI files.
+     <!--l. 1840--><p class="noindent" >Expands virtual font references in DVI files.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvitomp</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1834--><p class="noindent" >DVI to MPX (MetaPost pictures).
+     <!--l. 1841--><p class="noindent" >DVI to MPX (MetaPost pictures).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvitype</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1835--><p class="noindent" >DVI to human-readable text.
+     <!--l. 1842--><p class="noindent" >DVI to human-readable text.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">gftodvi</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1836--><p class="noindent" >Generic font proofsheets.
+     <!--l. 1843--><p class="noindent" >Generic font proofsheets.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">gftopk</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1837--><p class="noindent" >Generic to packed fonts.
+     <!--l. 1844--><p class="noindent" >Generic to packed fonts.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">gftype</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1838--><p class="noindent" >GF to human-readable text.
+     <!--l. 1845--><p class="noindent" >GF to human-readable text.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">mf </span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1839--><p class="noindent" >Creating typeface families.
+     <!--l. 1846--><p class="noindent" >Creating typeface families.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">mft</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1840--><p class="noindent" >Prettyprinting Metafont source.
+     <!--l. 1847--><p class="noindent" >Prettyprinting Metafont source.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">mpost</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1841--><p class="noindent" >Creating technical diagrams.
+     <!--l. 1848--><p class="noindent" >Creating technical diagrams.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">patgen</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1842--><p class="noindent" >Creating hyphenation patterns.
+     <!--l. 1849--><p class="noindent" >Creating hyphenation patterns.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">pktogf</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1843--><p class="noindent" >Packed to generic fonts.
+     <!--l. 1850--><p class="noindent" >Packed to generic fonts.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">pktype</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1844--><p class="noindent" >PK to human-readable text.
+     <!--l. 1851--><p class="noindent" >PK to human-readable text.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">pltotf</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1845--><p class="noindent" >Plain text property list to TFM.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
+     <!--l. 1852--><p class="noindent" >Plain text property list to TFM.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">pooltype</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1846--><p class="noindent" >Display <span 
+     <!--l. 1853--><p class="noindent" >Display <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">WEB </span>pool files.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tangle</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1847--><p class="noindent" ><span 
+     <!--l. 1854--><p class="noindent" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">WEB </span>to Pascal.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tex </span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1848--><p class="noindent" >Typesetting.
+     <!--l. 1855--><p class="noindent" >Typesetting.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tftopl</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1849--><p class="noindent" >TFM to plain text property list.
+     <!--l. 1856--><p class="noindent" >TFM to plain text property list.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">vftovp</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1850--><p class="noindent" >Virtual font to virtual property list.
+     <!--l. 1857--><p class="noindent" >Virtual font to virtual property list.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">vptovf</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1851--><p class="noindent" >Virtual property list to virtual font.
+     <!--l. 1858--><p class="noindent" >Virtual property list to virtual font.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">weave</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1852--><p class="noindent" ><span 
+     <!--l. 1859--><p class="noindent" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">WEB </span>to TeX.</p></dd></dl>
-<!--l. 1855--><p class="noindent" >The precise functions and syntax of these programs are described in the documentation of the individual
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+<!--l. 1862--><p class="noindent" >The precise functions and syntax of these programs are described in the documentation of the individual
 packages and of Web2C itself. However, knowing a few principles governing the whole family of programs will
 help you take advantage of your Web2C installation.
-</p><!--l. 1860--><p class="indent" >   All programs honor these standard GNU options:
+</p><!--l. 1867--><p class="indent" >   All programs honor these standard GNU options:
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--help</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1862--><p class="noindent" >print basic usage summary.
+     <!--l. 1869--><p class="noindent" >print basic usage summary.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--version</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1863--><p class="noindent" >print version information, then exit.</p></dd></dl>
-<!--l. 1866--><p class="indent" >   And most also honor:
+     <!--l. 1870--><p class="noindent" >print version information, then exit.</p></dd></dl>
+<!--l. 1873--><p class="indent" >   And most also honor:
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--verbose</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 1868--><p class="noindent" >print detailed progress report.</p></dd></dl>
-<!--l. 1871--><p class="indent" >   For locating files the Web2C programs use the path searching library Kpathsea (<a 
+     <!--l. 1875--><p class="noindent" >print detailed progress report.</p></dd></dl>
+<!--l. 1878--><p class="indent" >   For locating files the Web2C programs use the path searching library Kpathsea (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/kpathsea" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/kpathsea</span></a>).
 This library uses a combination of environment variables and configuration files to optimize searching the
@@ -3523,12 +3512,12 @@ maintaining TeX’s standard distribution and local and personal extensions in d
 searches, the root of each tree has a file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R</span>, containing an entry showing the name and relative pathname for
 all files under that root.
-</p><!--l. 1882--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1889--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-540007.1"></a>Kpathsea path searching</h4>
-<!--l. 1885--><p class="noindent" >Let us first describe the generic path searching mechanism of the Kpathsea library.
-</p><!--l. 1888--><p class="indent" >   We call a <span 
+<!--l. 1892--><p class="noindent" >Let us first describe the generic path searching mechanism of the Kpathsea library.
+</p><!--l. 1895--><p class="indent" >   We call a <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">search path </span>a colon- or semicolon-separated list of <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">path elements</span>, which are basically directory
 names. A search path can come from (a combination of) many sources. To look up a file ‘<span 
@@ -3538,36 +3527,34 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">.:/dir</span>’, Kpathsea checks each element of the path in
 class="ec-lmtt-10">./my-file</span>, then <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/dir/my-file</span>,
 returning the first match (or possibly all matches).
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-</p><!--l. 1896--><p class="indent" >   In order to adapt optimally to all operating systems’ conventions, on non-Unix systems Kpathsea can use
+</p><!--l. 1903--><p class="indent" >   In order to adapt optimally to all operating systems’ conventions, on non-Unix systems Kpathsea can use
 filename separators different from colon (‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’) and slash (‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/</span>’).
-</p><!--l. 1900--><p class="indent" >   To check a particular path element <span 
+</p><!--l. 1907--><p class="indent" >   To check a particular path element <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">p</span>, Kpathsea first checks if a prebuilt database (see “Filename database”
 on page <a 
-href="#x1-620007.2">67<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:filename-database --></a>) applies to <span 
+href="#x1-620007.2">66<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:filename-database --></a>) applies to <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">p</span>, i.e., if the database is in a directory that is a prefix of <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">p</span>. If so, the path specification
 is matched against the contents of the database.
-</p><!--l. 1906--><p class="indent" >   Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory name, Kpathsea supports additional
+</p><!--l. 1913--><p class="indent" >   Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory name, Kpathsea supports additional
 features in search paths: layered default values, environment variable names, config file values, users’ home
 directories, and recursive subdirectory searching. Thus, we say that Kpathsea <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">expands </span>a path element, meaning
 it transforms all the specifications into basic directory name or names. This is described in the following
 sections in the same order as it takes place.
-</p><!--l. 1915--><p class="indent" >   Note that if the filename being searched for is absolute or explicitly relative, i.e., starts with ‘<span 
+</p><!--l. 1922--><p class="indent" >   Note that if the filename being searched for is absolute or explicitly relative, i.e., starts with ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/</span>’ or ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">./</span>’ or
 ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">../</span>’, Kpathsea simply checks if that file exists.
-</p><!--l. 1929--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 1936--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-550007.1.1"></a>Path sources</h5>
-<!--l. 1932--><p class="noindent" >A search path can come from many sources. In the order in which Kpathsea uses them:
-</p><!--l. 1935--><p class="indent" >
+<!--l. 1939--><p class="noindent" >A search path can come from many sources. In the order in which Kpathsea uses them:
+</p><!--l. 1942--><p class="indent" >
      </p><ol  class="enumerate1" >
      <li 
   class="enumerate" id="x1-55002x1">A user-set environment variable, for instance, <span 
@@ -3588,38 +3575,40 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">config.ps</span>.
   class="enumerate" id="x1-55006x3">A Kpathsea configuration file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>, containing a line like ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXINPUTS=/c:/d</span>’ (see below).
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
      </li>
      <li 
   class="enumerate" id="x1-55008x4">The compile-time default.</li></ol>
-<!--l. 1948--><p class="noindent" >You can see each of these values for a given search path by using the debugging options (see “Debugging actions”
+<!--l. 1955--><p class="noindent" >You can see each of these values for a given search path by using the debugging options (see “Debugging actions”
 on page <a 
-href="#x1-660007.2.4">71<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:debugging --></a>).
-</p><!--l. 1952--><p class="noindent" >
+href="#x1-660007.2.4">69<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:debugging --></a>).
+</p><!--l. 1959--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.2   </span> <a 
  id="x1-560007.1.2"></a>Config files</h5>
-<!--l. 1954--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea reads <span 
+<!--l. 1961--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea reads <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">runtime configuration files </span>named <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>for search path and other definitions. The search
 path <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCNF </span>is used to look for these files, but we do not recommend setting this (or any) environment
 variable to override the system directories.
-</p><!--l. 1960--><p class="indent" >   Instead, normal installation results in a file <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">.../2020/texmf.cnf</span>. If you must make changes to the
+</p><!--l. 1967--><p class="indent" >   Instead, normal installation results in a file <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">.../2021/texmf.cnf</span>. If you must make changes to the
 defaults (not normally necessary), this is the place to put them. The main configuration file is in
 <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">.../2020/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>. You should not edit this latter file, as your changes will be lost
+class="ec-lmtt-10">.../2021/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>. You should not edit this latter file, as your changes will be lost
 when the distributed version is updated.
-</p><!--l. 1967--><p class="indent" >   As an aside, if you merely wish to add a personal directory to a particular search path, setting an
+</p><!--l. 1974--><p class="indent" >   As an aside, if you merely wish to add a personal directory to a particular search path, setting an
 environment variable is a reasonable method:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
 </p>
-   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-2">
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb14"><a 
- id="x1-56002r1"></a>  TEXINPUTS=.:/my/macro/dir:</div>
-</div>
-<!--l. 1972--><p class="nopar" >To keep the setting maintainable and portable over the years, use a trailing ‘<span 
+   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-2">
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb14"><a 
+ id="x1-56002r1"></a>  TEXINPUTS=.:/my/macro/dir:</pre>
+</pre>
+<!--l. 1979--><p class="nopar" >To keep the setting maintainable and portable over the years, use a trailing ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’ (‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">;</span>’ on Windows) to insert the
 system paths, instead of trying to write them all out explicitly (see section <a 
@@ -3627,7 +3616,7 @@ href="#x1-580007.1.4">7.1.4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:default-expansion --></a>). Anoth
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME </span>tree (see section <a 
 href="#x1-260003.2.3">3.2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:directories --></a>).
-</p><!--l. 1979--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 1986--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">All </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>files in the search path will be read and definitions in earlier files override those in later
 files. For example, with a search path of <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
@@ -3683,7 +3672,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>
      values are related to path expansion, and since various special characters are used in expansion
      (see section <a 
 href="#x1-610007.1.7">7.1.7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:cnf-special-chars --></a>), such as braces and commas, they cannot be used in directory names.
-     <!--l. 2018--><p class="noindent" >A ‘<span 
+     <!--l. 2025--><p class="noindent" >A ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">;</span>’ in <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">value </span>is translated to ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’ if running under Unix, in order to have a single <span 
@@ -3691,7 +3680,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>that
      can support both Unix and Windows systems. This translation happens with any value, not just
      search paths, but fortunately in practice ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">;</span>’ is not needed in other values.
-     </p><!--l. 2024--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
+     </p><!--l. 2031--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$</span><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">var</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span><span 
@@ -3700,10 +3689,10 @@ class="ec-lmro-10">prog </span>feature is not available on the right-hand side;
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">All definitions are read before anything is expanded, so variables can be referenced before they
      are defined.</li></ul>
-<!--l. 2031--><p class="noindent" >A configuration file fragment illustrating most of these points is shown below:
-</p><!--l. 2035--><p class="indent" >
+<!--l. 2038--><p class="noindent" >A configuration file fragment illustrating most of these points is shown below:
+</p><!--l. 2042--><p class="indent" >
 </p>
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb15">
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb15">
 <a 
  id="x1-56004r1"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXMF</span><span 
@@ -3722,7 +3711,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> {$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFMAIN}</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+ 
+<a 
  id="x1-56006r2"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS.latex</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
@@ -3730,25 +3720,29 @@ class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> .;$TEXMF/tex/{latex,generic;}//</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+ 
+<a 
  id="x1-56008r3"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS.fontinst</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> .;$TEXMF/tex//;$TEXMF/fonts/afm//</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+ 
+<a 
  id="x1-56010r4"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">%</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> e-TeX</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> related</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> files</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+ 
+<a 
  id="x1-56012r5"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS.elatex</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> .;$TEXMF/{etex,tex}/{latex,generic;}//</span>
-<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
+ 
+<a 
  id="x1-56014r6"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS.etex</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
@@ -3757,14 +3751,14 @@ class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> =</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> .;$TEXMF/{etex,tex}/{eplain,plain,generic;}//</span>
-   </div>
+   </pre>
+<!--l. 2047--><p class="noindent" >
+</p>
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-<!--l. 2040--><p class="noindent" >
-</p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.3   </span> <a 
  id="x1-570007.1.3"></a>Path expansion</h5>
-<!--l. 2043--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea recognizes certain special characters and constructions in search paths, similar to those available in
+<!--l. 2050--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea recognizes certain special characters and constructions in search paths, similar to those available in
 Unix shells. As a general example, the path <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">~$USER/{foo,bar}//baz</span></span></span>, expands to all subdirectories under
 directories <span 
@@ -3776,8 +3770,8 @@ explained in the sections below.
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.4   </span> <a 
  id="x1-580007.1.4"></a>Default expansion</h5>
-<!--l. 2054--><p class="noindent" >If the highest-priority search path (see “Path sources” on page <a 
-href="#x1-550007.1.1">62<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:path-sources --></a>) contains an <span 
+<!--l. 2061--><p class="noindent" >If the highest-priority search path (see “Path sources” on page <a 
+href="#x1-550007.1.1">60<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:path-sources --></a>) contains an <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">extra colon </span>(i.e., leading,
 trailing, or doubled), Kpathsea inserts at that point the next-highest-priority search path that is defined. If
 that inserted path has an extra colon, the same happens with the next highest. For example, given an
@@ -3791,8 +3785,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">&#x003E;</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtk-10">setenv</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtk-10"> TEXINPUTS</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtk-10"> /home/karl:</span>
-</div>
+class="ec-lmtk-10"> /home/karl:</span></div>
 </div> and a <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXINPUTS </span>value from <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>of
@@ -3801,29 +3794,27 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>of
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10"> .:$TEXMF//tex</span>
-</div>
+class="ec-lmtt-10"> .:$TEXMF//tex</span></div>
 </div> then the final value used for searching will be:
    <div class="alltt">
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10"> /home/karl:.:$TEXMF//tex</span>
-</div>
+class="ec-lmtt-10"> /home/karl:.:$TEXMF//tex</span></div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 2075--><p class="indent" >   Since it would be useless to insert the default value in more than one place, Kpathsea changes only one
+<!--l. 2082--><p class="indent" >   Since it would be useless to insert the default value in more than one place, Kpathsea changes only one
 extra ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’ and leaves any others in place. It checks first for a leading ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’, then a trailing ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’, then a doubled
 ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>’.
-</p><!--l. 2080--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2087--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.5   </span> <a 
  id="x1-590007.1.5"></a>Brace expansion</h5>
-<!--l. 2083--><p class="noindent" >A useful feature is brace expansion, which means that, for instance, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
+<!--l. 2090--><p class="noindent" >A useful feature is brace expansion, which means that, for instance, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">v{a,b}w</span></span></span> expands to <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">vaw:vbw</span></span></span>.
 Nesting is allowed. This is used to implement multiple TeX hierarchies, by assigning a brace list
@@ -3834,19 +3825,19 @@ made:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
 </p>
-   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-3">
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb16"><a 
- id="x1-59002r1"></a>  TEXMF = {$TEXMFVAR,$TEXMFHOME,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFDIST}</div>
-</div>
-<!--l. 2091--><p class="nopar" >We then use this to define, for example, the TeX input path:
+   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-3">
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb16"><a 
+ id="x1-59002r1"></a>  TEXMF = {$TEXMFVAR,$TEXMFHOME,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFDIST}</pre>
+</pre>
+<!--l. 2098--><p class="nopar" >We then use this to define, for example, the TeX input path:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
 </p>
-   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-4">
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb17"><a 
- id="x1-59004r1"></a>  TEXINPUTS = .;$TEXMF/tex//</div>
-</div>
-<!--l. 2095--><p class="nopar" >which means that, after looking in the current directory, the <span 
+   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-4">
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb17"><a 
+ id="x1-59004r1"></a>  TEXINPUTS = .;$TEXMF/tex//</pre>
+</pre>
+<!--l. 2102--><p class="nopar" >which means that, after looking in the current directory, the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFVAR/tex</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFHOME/tex</span>,
 <span 
@@ -3854,18 +3845,18 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFLOCAL/tex </span>and <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDIST/tex </span>trees will be searched (the last two using <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>data base
 files).
-</p><!--l. 2102--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2109--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.6   </span> <a 
  id="x1-600007.1.6"></a>Subdirectory expansion</h5>
-<!--l. 2105--><p class="noindent" >Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory <span 
+<!--l. 2112--><p class="noindent" >Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">d </span>is replaced by all subdirectories of <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">d</span>:
 first those subdirectories directly under <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">d</span>, then the subsubdirectories under those, and so on. At each level, the
 order in which the directories are searched is <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">unspecified</span>.
-</p><!--l. 2111--><p class="indent" >   If you specify any filename components after the ‘<span 
+</p><!--l. 2118--><p class="indent" >   If you specify any filename components after the ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">//</span>’, only subdirectories with matching components are
 included. For example, ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/a//b</span>’ expands into directories <span 
@@ -3875,105 +3866,105 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">/a/1/1/b</span>, and so on, but not <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/a/b/c</span>
 or <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/a/1</span>.
-</p><!--l. 2116--><p class="indent" >   Multiple ‘<span 
+</p><!--l. 2123--><p class="indent" >   Multiple ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">//</span>’ constructs in a path are possible, but ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">//</span>’ at the beginning of a path is ignored.
-</p><!--l. 2119--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2126--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1.7   </span> <a 
  id="x1-610007.1.7"></a>Summary of special characters in <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>files</h5>
-<!--l. 2122--><p class="noindent" >The following list summarizes the special characters and constructs in Kpathsea configuration
+<!--l. 2129--><p class="noindent" >The following list summarizes the special characters and constructs in Kpathsea configuration
 files.
-</p><!--l. 2127--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2134--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>      </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2128--><p class="noindent" >Separator in path specification; at the beginning or the end of a path, or doubled in the middle,
+     <!--l. 2135--><p class="noindent" >Separator in path specification; at the beginning or the end of a path, or doubled in the middle,
      it substitutes the default path expansion.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">;</span>      </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2131--><p class="noindent" >Separator on non-Unix systems (acts like <span 
+     <!--l. 2138--><p class="noindent" >Separator on non-Unix systems (acts like <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">:</span>).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$</span>      </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2132--><p class="noindent" >Variable expansion.
+     <!--l. 2139--><p class="noindent" >Variable expansion.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">~</span>      </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2133--><p class="noindent" >Represents the user’s home directory.
+     <!--l. 2140--><p class="noindent" >Represents the user’s home directory.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">{...}</span>  </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2134--><p class="noindent" >Brace expansion.
+     <!--l. 2141--><p class="noindent" >Brace expansion.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">,</span>      </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2135--><p class="noindent" >Separates items in brace expansion.
+     <!--l. 2142--><p class="noindent" >Separates items in brace expansion.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">//</span>     </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2136--><p class="noindent" >Subdirectory expansion (can occur anywhere in a path, except at its beginning).
+     <!--l. 2143--><p class="noindent" >Subdirectory expansion (can occur anywhere in a path, except at its beginning).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">%</span>      </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2138--><p class="noindent" >Start of comment.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
+     <!--l. 2145--><p class="noindent" >Start of comment.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\</span>      </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2139--><p class="noindent" >At the end of a line, continuation character to allow multi-line entries.
+     <!--l. 2146--><p class="noindent" >At the end of a line, continuation character to allow multi-line entries.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">!!</span>     </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2141--><p class="noindent" >Search <span 
+     <!--l. 2148--><p class="noindent" >Search <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">only </span>database to locate file, <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">do not </span>search the disk.</p></dd></dl>
-<!--l. 2145--><p class="indent" >   Exactly when a character will be considered special or act as itself depends on the context in which it is
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+<!--l. 2152--><p class="indent" >   Exactly when a character will be considered special or act as itself depends on the context in which it is
 used. The rules are inherent in the multiple levels of interpretation of the configuration (parsing, expansion,
 search, …) and so cannot be concisely stated, unfortunately. There is no general escape mechanism; in
 particular, ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\</span>’ is not an “escape character” in <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>files.
-</p><!--l. 2152--><p class="indent" >   When it comes choosing directory names for installation, it is safest to avoid them all.
-</p><!--l. 2155--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2159--><p class="indent" >   When it comes choosing directory names for installation, it is safest to avoid them all.
+</p><!--l. 2162--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2   </span> <a 
  id="x1-620007.2"></a>Filename databases</h4>
-<!--l. 2158--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches. Nevertheless, in the standard TeX Live,
+<!--l. 2165--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches. Nevertheless, in the standard TeX Live,
 or at any installation with enough directories, searching every possible directory for a given file will take
 an excessively long time. Therefore, Kpathsea can use an externally-built plain text “database”
 file named <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>that maps files to directories, thus avoiding the need to exhaustively search the
 disk.
-</p><!--l. 2166--><p class="indent" >   A second database file <span 
+</p><!--l. 2173--><p class="indent" >   A second database file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">aliases </span>allows you to give additional names to the files listed in <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R</span>.
-</p><!--l. 2169--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2176--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-630007.2.1"></a>The filename database</h5>
-<!--l. 2172--><p class="noindent" >As explained above, the name of the main filename database must be <span 
+<!--l. 2179--><p class="noindent" >As explained above, the name of the main filename database must be <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R</span>. You can put one at the root of
 each TeX hierarchy in your installation that you wish to be searched (<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMF </span>by default). Kpathsea looks for
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>files along the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFDBS </span>path.
-</p><!--l. 2178--><p class="indent" >   The recommended way to create and maintain ‘<span 
+</p><!--l. 2185--><p class="indent" >   The recommended way to create and maintain ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R</span>’ is to run the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">mktexlsr </span>script included with the
 distribution. It is invoked by the various ‘<span 
@@ -4000,16 +3991,16 @@ that the database is always up-to-date, it is easiest to rebuild it regularly vi
 class="ec-lmtt-10">cron</span>, so that it is
 automatically updated when the installed files change, such as after installing or updating a LaTeX
 package.
-<!--l. 2191--><p class="indent" >   If a file is not found in the database, by default Kpathsea goes ahead and searches the disk. If a particular
+<!--l. 2198--><p class="indent" >   If a file is not found in the database, by default Kpathsea goes ahead and searches the disk. If a particular
 path element begins with ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">!!</span>’, however, <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">only </span>the database will be searched for that element, never the
 disk.
-</p><!--l. 2197--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2204--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.2   </span> <a 
  id="x1-640007.2.2"></a>kpsewhich: Standalone path searching</h5>
-<!--l. 2200--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
+<!--l. 2207--><p class="noindent" >The <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">kpsewhich </span>program exercises path searching independent of any particular application. This can be useful
 as a sort of <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">find </span>program to locate files in TeX hierarchies (this is used heavily in the distributed
@@ -4017,8 +4008,6 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">find </span>program to locate files in TeX hierarchies (this
 class="ec-lmtt-10">mktex</span>’… scripts).
 </p>
    <div class="alltt">
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <span 
@@ -4037,18 +4026,20 @@ class="ec-lmro-10">option </span>start with either ‘<span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-</span>’ or ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--</span>’, and any unambiguous abbreviation is
 accepted.
-<!--l. 2211--><p class="indent" >   Kpathsea looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a filename, and returns the first file
+<!--l. 2218--><p class="indent" >   Kpathsea looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a filename, and returns the first file
 found. There is no option to return all the files with a particular name (you can run the Unix ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">find</span>’ utility for
 that).
-</p><!--l. 2216--><p class="indent" >   The most common options are described next.
-</p><!--l. 2218--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2223--><p class="indent" >   The most common options are described next.
+</p><!--l. 2225--><p class="noindent" >
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--dpi=</span><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">num</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2219--><p class="noindent" >  Set  the  resolution  to  <span 
+     <!--l. 2226--><p class="noindent" >  Set  the  resolution  to  <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">num</span>;  this  only  affects  ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">gf</span>’  and  ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">pk</span>’  lookups.  ‘<span 
@@ -4060,7 +4051,7 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">dvips</span>. Default is 600.
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--format=</span><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">name</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2224--><p class="noindent" ><br 
+     <!--l. 2231--><p class="noindent" ><br 
 class="newline" />Set the format for lookup to <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">name</span>. By default, the format is guessed from the filename. For
      formats which do not have an associated unambiguous suffix, such as MetaPost support files and
@@ -4076,7 +4067,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">kpsewhich --help-formats </span>for a list.
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--mode=</span><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">string</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2232--><p class="noindent" ><br 
+     <!--l. 2239--><p class="noindent" ><br 
 class="newline" />Set the mode name to <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">string</span>; this only affects ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">gf</span>’ and ‘<span 
@@ -4086,7 +4077,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">pk</span>’ lookups. No default: any mode will
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--must-exist</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2235--><p class="noindent" ><br 
+     <!--l. 2242--><p class="noindent" ><br 
 class="newline" />Do everything possible to find the files, notably including searching the disk. By default, only the
      <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>database is checked, in the interest of efficiency.
@@ -4095,7 +4086,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>database is checked, in the interest of efficienc
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--path=</span><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">string</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2239--><p class="noindent" ><br 
+     <!--l. 2246--><p class="noindent" ><br 
 class="newline" />Search along the path <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">string </span>(colon-separated as usual), instead of guessing the search path from
      the filename. ‘<span 
@@ -4108,7 +4099,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">--format</span>’
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--progname=</span><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">name</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2244--><p class="noindent" ><br 
+     <!--l. 2251--><p class="noindent" ><br 
 class="newline" />Set the program name to <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">name</span>. This can affect the search paths via the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span><span 
@@ -4120,7 +4111,7 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">kpsewhich</span>.
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--show-path=</span><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">name</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2249--><p class="noindent" ><br 
+     <!--l. 2256--><p class="noindent" ><br 
 class="newline" />shows the path used for file lookups of file type <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">name</span>. Either a filename extension (<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.pk</span>, <span 
@@ -4132,16 +4123,14 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">--format</span>’ option.
 class="ec-lmtt-10">--debug=</span><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">num</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2253--><p class="noindent" ><br 
+     <!--l. 2260--><p class="noindent" ><br 
 class="newline" />sets the debugging options to <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">num</span>.</p></dd></dl>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-<!--l. 2258--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 2265--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.3   </span> <a 
  id="x1-650007.2.3"></a>Examples of use</h5>
-<!--l. 2261--><p class="noindent" >Let us now have a look at Kpathsea in action. Here’s a straightforward search:
+<!--l. 2268--><p class="noindent" >Let us now have a look at Kpathsea in action. Here’s a straightforward search:
 </p>
    <div class="alltt">
 
@@ -4154,8 +4143,7 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10"> article.cls</span>
 <br /><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls</span>
-</div>
+class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls</span></div>
 </div> We are looking for the file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">article.cls</span>. Since the ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.cls</span>’ suffix is unambiguous we do not need to specify that
@@ -4165,6 +4153,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">tex </span>(TeX source file directories). We find it in the
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tex/latex/base </span>below the ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist</span>’ TeX Live directory. Similarly, all of the following are found without
 problems thanks to their unambiguous suffix. <div class="alltt">
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <span 
@@ -4214,7 +4204,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/bibtex/bib/beebe/tugboat.bib</span>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 2286--><p class="indent" >   By the way, that last is a BibTeX bibliography database for <span 
+<!--l. 2293--><p class="indent" >   By the way, that last is a BibTeX bibliography database for <span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">TUGboat </span>articles.
 </p>
    <div class="alltt">
@@ -4267,9 +4257,7 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">xdvi </span>would go off and actually build the required <sp
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.pk</span>
 files using the script <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">mktexpk</span>.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-<!--l. 2315--><p class="indent" >   Next we turn our attention to <span 
+<!--l. 2322--><p class="indent" >   Next we turn our attention to <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvips</span>’s header and configuration files. We first look at one of the commonly
 used files, the general prologue <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tex.pro </span>for TeX support, before turning our attention to the generic
@@ -4316,10 +4304,12 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/psfonts.map</span>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 2333--><p class="indent" >   We now take a closer look at the URW Times PostScript support files. The prefix for these in the standard
+<!--l. 2340--><p class="indent" >   We now take a closer look at the URW Times PostScript support files. The prefix for these in the standard
 font naming scheme is ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">utm</span>’. The first file we look at is the configuration file, which contains the name of the
 map file: </p><div class="alltt">
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <span 
@@ -4418,26 +4408,24 @@ class="ec-lmtk-10"> utmr8a.pfb</span>
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/times/utmr8a.pfb</span>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
 </div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 2372--><p class="indent" >   It should be evident from these examples how you can easily locate the whereabouts of a given file. This is
+<!--l. 2379--><p class="indent" >   It should be evident from these examples how you can easily locate the whereabouts of a given file. This is
 especially important if you suspect that the wrong version of a file is picked up somehow, since <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">kpsewhich </span>will
 show you the first file encountered.
-</p><!--l. 2377--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2384--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2.4   </span> <a 
  id="x1-660007.2.4"></a>Debugging actions</h5>
-<!--l. 2380--><p class="noindent" >Sometimes it is necessary to investigate how a program resolves file references. To make this practical,
+<!--l. 2387--><p class="noindent" >Sometimes it is necessary to investigate how a program resolves file references. To make this practical,
 Kpathsea offers various levels of debugging output:
-</p><!--l. 2384--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2391--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> 1 </span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2385--><p class="noindent" ><span 
+     <!--l. 2392--><p class="noindent" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">stat </span>calls (disk lookups). When running with an up-to-date <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>database this should almost
      give no output.
@@ -4445,62 +4433,67 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>database this should almost
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> 2 </span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2388--><p class="noindent" >References to hash tables (such as <span 
+     <!--l. 2395--><p class="noindent" >References to hash tables (such as <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ls-R </span>databases, map files, configuration files).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> 4 </span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2390--><p class="noindent" >File open and close operations.
+     <!--l. 2397--><p class="noindent" >File open and close operations.
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> 8 </span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2391--><p class="noindent" >General path information for file types searched by Kpathsea. This is useful to find out where a
+     <!--l. 2398--><p class="noindent" >General path information for file types searched by Kpathsea. This is useful to find out where a
      particular path for the file was defined.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">16 </span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2394--><p class="noindent" >Directory list for each path element (only relevant for searches on disk).
+     <!--l. 2401--><p class="noindent" >Directory list for each path element (only relevant for searches on disk).
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">32 </span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2396--><p class="noindent" >File searches.
+     <!--l. 2403--><p class="noindent" >File searches.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">64 </span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2397--><p class="noindent" >Variable values.</p></dd></dl>
-<!--l. 2399--><p class="noindent" >A value of <span 
+     <!--l. 2404--><p class="noindent" >Variable values.</p></dd></dl>
+<!--l. 2406--><p class="noindent" >A value of <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-1 </span>will set all the above options; in practice, this is usually the most convenient.
-</p><!--l. 2402--><p class="indent" >   Similarly, with the <span 
+</p><!--l. 2409--><p class="indent" >   Similarly, with the <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>program, by setting a combination of debug switches, one can follow in detail
 where files are being picked up from. Alternatively, when a file is not found, the debug trace shows in
 which directories the program looks for the given file, so that one can get an indication what the
 problem is.
-</p><!--l. 2408--><p class="indent" >   Generally speaking, as most programs call the Kpathsea library internally, one can select a debug option by
+</p><!--l. 2415--><p class="indent" >   Generally speaking, as most programs call the Kpathsea library internally, one can select a debug option by
 using the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">KPATHSEA_DEBUG </span>environment variable, and setting it to (a combination of) values as described in the
 above list.
-</p><!--l. 2413--><p class="indent" >   (Note for Windows users: it is not easy to redirect all messages to a file in this system. For diagnostic
+</p><!--l. 2420--><p class="indent" >   (Note for Windows users: it is not easy to redirect all messages to a file in this system. For diagnostic
 purposes you can temporarily <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">SET KPATHSEA_DEBUG_OUTPUT=err.log</span>).
-</p><!--l. 2417--><p class="indent" >   Let us consider, as an example, a small LaTeX source file, <span 
+</p><!--l. 2424--><p class="indent" >   Let us consider, as an example, a small LaTeX source file, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">hello-world.tex</span>, which contains the following
 input.
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
 </p>
-   <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-5">
-   <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb18"><a 
- id="x1-66002r1"></a>  \documentclass{article}<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-66004r2"></a>  \begin{document}<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-66006r3"></a>  Hello World!<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-66008r4"></a>  \end{document}</div>
-</div>
-<!--l. 2424--><p class="nopar" >This little file only uses the font <span 
+   <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-5">
+   <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb18"><a 
+ id="x1-66002r1"></a>  \documentclass{article} 
+<a 
+ id="x1-66004r2"></a>  \begin{document} 
+<a 
+ id="x1-66006r3"></a>  Hello World! 
+<a 
+ id="x1-66008r4"></a>  \end{document}</pre>
+</pre>
+<!--l. 2431--><p class="nopar" >This little file only uses the font <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">cmr10</span>, so let us look at how <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>prepares the PostScript file
 (we want to use the Type 1 version of the Computer Modern fonts, hence the option <span 
@@ -4522,7 +4515,7 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">dvips</span>’s debug class 4 (font paths) with Kpathsea’s
 the <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>reference manual). The output (slightly rearranged) appears in Figure <a 
 href="#x1-66031r12">12<!--tex4ht:ref: fig:dvipsdbga --></a>.
-<!--l. 2436--><p class="indent" >   <a 
+<!--l. 2443--><p class="indent" >   <a 
  id="x1-66031r12"></a></p><figure class="float" 
 >
                                                                                      
@@ -4601,7 +4594,7 @@ class="content">Finding configuration files</span></figcaption><!--tex4ht:labe
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
    </figure>
-<!--l. 2442--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+<!--l. 2449--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>starts by locating its working files. First, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>is found, which gives the definitions of the
 search paths for the other files, then the file database <span 
@@ -4656,7 +4649,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">psfonts.map</span>, which is always loaded (it
 contains declarations for commonly used PostScript fonts; see the last part of section <a 
 href="#x1-650007.2.3">7.2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:examples-of-use --></a> for more details
 about PostScript map file handling).
-<!--l. 2469--><p class="indent" >   At this point <span 
+<!--l. 2476--><p class="indent" >   At this point <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>identifies itself to the user: </p><div class="alltt">
 
 <div class="obeylines-v">
@@ -4698,7 +4691,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-9"> =&#x003E;</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/texc.pro</span>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 2486--><p class="indent" >   After having found the file in question, <span 
+<!--l. 2493--><p class="indent" >   After having found the file in question, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvips </span>outputs the date and time, and informs us that it will generate
 the file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">hello-world.ps</span>, then that it needs the font file <span 
@@ -4724,8 +4717,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-9">Font</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> cmr10</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> &#x003C;CMR10&#x003E;</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> is</span><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-9"> resident.</span>
-</div>
+class="ec-lmtt-9"> resident.</span></div>
 </div> Now the search is on for the file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">cmr10.tfm</span>, which is found, then a few more prolog files (not shown) are
 referenced, and finally the Type 1 instance <span 
@@ -4758,8 +4750,6 @@ class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:start</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> search(file=texps.pro,</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> must_exist=0,</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> find_all=0,</span>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
 <br /><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
@@ -4782,6 +4772,8 @@ class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> </span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).</span>
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
 <br /><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">kdebug:search(cmr10.pfb)</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9"> =&#x003E;</span><span 
@@ -4792,16 +4784,16 @@ class="ec-lmtt-9">&#x003C;cmr10.pfb&#x003E;[1]</span>
 </div>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.3   </span> <a 
  id="x1-670007.3"></a>Runtime options</h4>
-<!--l. 2517--><p class="noindent" >Another useful feature of Web2C is its possibility to control a number of memory parameters (in particular,
+<!--l. 2524--><p class="noindent" >Another useful feature of Web2C is its possibility to control a number of memory parameters (in particular,
 array sizes) via the runtime file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>read by Kpathsea. The memory settings can be found in Part 3 of
 that file in the TeX Live distribution. The more important are:
-</p><!--l. 2523--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2530--><p class="noindent" >
      </p><dl class="list1"><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">main_memory</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2524--><p class="noindent" >Total words of memory available, for TeX, Metafont and MetaPost. You must make a new format
+     <!--l. 2531--><p class="noindent" >Total words of memory available, for TeX, Metafont and MetaPost. You must make a new format
      file for each different setting. For instance, you could generate a “huge” version of TeX, and call
      the format file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">hugetex.fmt</span>. Using the standard way of specifying the program name used by
@@ -4812,33 +4804,29 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>.
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">extra_mem_bot</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2532--><p class="noindent" >Extra space for “large” TeX data structures: boxes, glue, breakpoints, etc. Especially useful if you
+     <!--l. 2539--><p class="noindent" >Extra space for “large” TeX data structures: boxes, glue, breakpoints, etc. Especially useful if you
      use PI CTeX.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">font_mem_size</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2536--><p class="noindent" >Number of words for font information available for TeX. This is more or less the total size of all
+     <!--l. 2543--><p class="noindent" >Number of words for font information available for TeX. This is more or less the total size of all
      TFM files read.
      </p></dd><dt class="list">
  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">hash_extra</span> </dt><dd 
 class="list">
-     <!--l. 2539--><p class="noindent" >Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names. Only <span 
-class="lmsy-10">≈</span>10,000 control sequences
-     can be stored in the main hash table; if you have a large book with numerous cross-references,
-     this might not be enough. The default value of <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">hash_extra </span>is <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">50000</span>.</p></dd></dl>
-<!--l. 2547--><p class="noindent" >This facility is no substitute for truly dynamic arrays and memory allocation, but since these are extremely
+     <!--l. 2546--><p class="noindent" >Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names; its default value is <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">600000</span>.</p></dd></dl>
+<!--l. 2551--><p class="noindent" >This facility is no substitute for truly dynamic arrays and memory allocation, but since these are extremely
 difficult to implement in the present TeX source, these runtime parameters provide a practical compromise
 allowing some flexibility.
-</p><!--l. 2552--><p class="indent" >   <a id="texmfdotdir"></a>
+</p><!--l. 2556--><p class="indent" >   <a id="texmfdotdir"></a>
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.4   </span> <a 
  id="x1-680007.4"></a><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR</span></h4>
-<!--l. 2556--><p class="noindent" >In various places above, we gave various search paths starting with <span 
+<!--l. 2560--><p class="noindent" >In various places above, we gave various search paths starting with <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">. </span>(to search the current directory first), as
 in </p><div class="alltt">
 
@@ -4847,7 +4835,7 @@ in </p><div class="alltt">
 class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS=.;$TEXMF/tex//</span>
 </div>
 </div>
-<!--l. 2562--><p class="indent" >   This is a simplification. The <span 
+<!--l. 2566--><p class="indent" >   This is a simplification. The <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>file we distribute in TeX Live uses <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>instead of just
 ‘<span 
@@ -4856,14 +4844,12 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span>’, as in: </p><div class="alltt">
 <div class="obeylines-v">
 <br /><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-9">TEXINPUTS=$TEXMFDOTDIR;$TEXMF/tex//</span>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
 </div>
 </div> (In the distributed file, the second path element is also slightly more complicated than <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMF/tex//</span>. But
 that’s minor; here we want to discuss the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>feature.)
-<!--l. 2571--><p class="indent" >   The reason to use the variable <span 
+<!--l. 2575--><p class="indent" >   The reason to use the variable <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>in the path definitions instead of simply ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span>’ is purely so that
 it can be overridden. For example, a complex document may have many source files arranged in many
@@ -4874,20 +4860,22 @@ build the document) and they will all get searched. (Warning: don’t use <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.// </span>by default; it’s usually
 highly undesirable, and potentially insecure, to search through all subdirectories for an arbitrary
 document.)
-</p><!--l. 2581--><p class="indent" >   As another example, you may wish not to search the current directory at all, e.g., if you have arranged for
+</p><!--l. 2585--><p class="indent" >   As another example, you may wish not to search the current directory at all, e.g., if you have arranged for
 all the files to be found via explicit paths. You can set <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>to, say, <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">/nonesuch </span>or any other
-nonexistent directory for this.
-</p><!--l. 2586--><p class="indent" >   The default value of <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">/nonesuch </span>or any nonexistent
+directory for this.
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+</p><!--l. 2590--><p class="indent" >   The default value of <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$TEXMFDOTDIR </span>is just ‘<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span>’, as set in our <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>.
-</p><!--l. 2589--><p class="indent" >   <a id="ack"></a>
+</p><!--l. 2593--><p class="indent" >   <a id="ack"></a>
 </p>
    <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">8   </span> <a 
  id="x1-690008"></a>Acknowledgements</h3>
-<!--l. 2592--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live is a joint effort by virtually all of the TeX user groups. This edition of TeX Live was overseen by Karl
+<!--l. 2596--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live is a joint effort by virtually all of the TeX user groups. This edition of TeX Live was overseen by Karl
 Berry. The other principal contributors, past and present, are listed below.
 </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
@@ -4936,8 +4924,6 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">http://pdftex.org</span></a>),   for
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Hartmut Henkel, for significant development contributions to pdfTeX  LuaTeX, and more.
      </li>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
      <li class="itemize">Shunshaku Hirata, for much original and continuing on DVIPDFM<span 
 class="lmmi-10">x</span>.
      </li>
@@ -4956,8 +4942,10 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">tlpm</span>, and Tomasz Łuczak, for <span
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlpmgui</span>, used in past
      releases.
      </li>
-     <li class="itemize">Akira Kakuto, for providing the Windows binaries from his W32TEX distribution for Japanese
-     TeX (<a 
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+     <li class="itemize">Akira Kakuto, for providing the Windows binaries from his W32TEX and W64TEX distributions
+     for Japanese TeX (<a 
 href="http://w32tex.org" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">http://w32tex.org</span></a>), and many other development contributions.
      </li>
@@ -4965,7 +4953,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">http://w32tex.org</span></a>), and many other development con
      integrate it in TeX Live, as well as the initial version of the MacTeX installer, and also for our
      recommended front-end TeXworks.
      </li>
-     <li class="itemize">Hironori Kitagawa, for much work on pTeX and related support.
+     <li class="itemize">Hironori Kitagawa, for maintenance of (e)pTeX and related support.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Dick Koch, for maintaining MacTeX (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/mactex" class="url" ><span 
@@ -5014,10 +5002,11 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">texdoc </span>development.
      <li class="itemize">Luigi Scarso, for continuing development of MetaPost, LuaTeX, and much more.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Andreas Scherer, for <span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">cwebbin</span>, the CWEB implementation used in TeX Live.
+class="ec-lmtt-10">cwebbin</span>, the CWEB implementation used in TeX Live, and continuing
+     maintenance of the original CWEB.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Takuji Tanaka, for maintenance of (e)(u)pTeX and related support.
      </li>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
      <li class="itemize">Tomasz Trzeciak, for wide-ranging help with Windows.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Vladimir Volovich, for substantial help with porting and other maintenance issues, and especially
@@ -5028,6 +5017,8 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">xindy</span>.
      Polish contributions: fonts, Windows installation, and more. Staszek passed away in February
      2018, and we dedicate the continuing work to his memory.
      </li>
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
      <li class="itemize">Olaf Weber, for his patient maintenance of Web2C in past years.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Gerben Wierda, for creating and maintaining the original Mac OS X support.
@@ -5038,49 +5029,48 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">xindy</span>.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Hironobu Yamashita, for much work on pTeX and related support.
      </li></ul>
-<!--l. 2744--><p class="indent" >   Builders of the binaries: Marc Baudoin (<span 
+<!--l. 2750--><p class="indent" >   Builders of the binaries: Marc Baudoin (<span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">amd64-netbsd</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">i386-netbsd</span>), Ken Brown (<span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">i386-cygwin</span>,
 <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-cygwin</span>), Simon Dales (<span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">armhf-linux</span>), Johannes Hielscher (<span 
-class="ec-lmss-10">aarch64-linux</span>), Akira Kakuto
-(<span 
-class="ec-lmss-10">win32</span>), Dick Koch (<span 
-class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-darwin</span>), Nikola Lečić (<span 
+class="ec-lmss-10">aarch64-linux</span>), Akira Kakuto (<span 
+class="ec-lmss-10">win32</span>), Dick
+Koch (<span 
+class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-darwin</span>), Mojca Miklavec (<span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">amd64-freebsd</span>, <span 
-class="ec-lmss-10">i386-freebsd</span>), Henri Menke
-(<span 
-class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-linuxmusl</span>), Mojca Miklavec (<span 
-class="ec-lmss-10">i386-linux</span>, <span 
+class="ec-lmss-10">i386-freebsd</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-darwinlegacy</span>, <span 
-class="ec-lmss-10">i386-solaris</span>, <span 
-class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-solaris</span>,
+class="ec-lmss-10">i386-solaris</span>,
 <span 
+class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-solaris</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">sparc-solaris</span>), Norbert Preining (<span 
-class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-linux</span>). For information on the TeX Live build process, see
-<a 
+class="ec-lmss-10">i386-linux</span>, <span 
+class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-linux</span>, <span 
+class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-linuxmusl</span>). For information on
+the TeX Live build process, see <a 
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/build.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/build.html</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 2761--><p class="indent" >   Translators of this manual: Denis Bitouzé &#x0026; Patrick Bideault (French), Carlos Enriquez Figueras
-(Spanish), Jjgod Jiang, Jinsong Zhao, Yue Wang, &#x0026; Helin Gai (Chinese), Nikola Lečić (Serbian), Marco
-Pallante &#x0026; Carla Maggi (Italian), Petr Sojka &#x0026; Jan Busa (Czech/Slovak), Boris Veytsman (Russian),
-Zofia Walczak (Polish), Uwe Ziegenhagen (German). The TeX Live documentation web page is
-<a 
+</p><!--l. 2768--><p class="indent" >   Translators of this manual: Takuto Asakura (Japanese), Denis Bitouzé &#x0026; Patrick Bideault (French),
+Carlos Enriquez Figueras (Spanish), Jjgod Jiang, Jinsong Zhao, Yue Wang, &#x0026; Helin Gai (Chinese), Nikola
+Lečić (Serbian), Marco Pallante &#x0026; Carla Maggi (Italian), Petr Sojka &#x0026; Jan Busa (Czech/Slovak), Boris
+Veytsman (Russian), Zofia Walczak (Polish), Uwe Ziegenhagen (German). The TeX Live documentation web
+page is <a 
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/doc.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/doc.html</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 2773--><p class="indent" >   Of course the most important acknowledgement must go to Donald Knuth, first for inventing TeX, and
+</p><!--l. 2781--><p class="indent" >   Of course the most important acknowledgement must go to Donald Knuth, first for inventing TeX, and
 then for giving it to the world.
-</p><!--l. 2777--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2785--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9   </span> <a 
  id="x1-700009"></a>Release history</h3>
-<!--l. 2780--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 2788--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-710009.1"></a>Past</h4>
-<!--l. 2782--><p class="noindent" >Discussion began in late 1993 when the Dutch TeX Users Group was starting work on its 4AllTeX CD for
+<!--l. 2790--><p class="noindent" >Discussion began in late 1993 when the Dutch TeX Users Group was starting work on its 4AllTeX CD for
 MS-DOS users, and it was hoped at that time to issue a single, rational, CD for all systems. This was too
 ambitious a target for the time, but it did spawn not only the very successful 4AllTeX CD, but also the TUG
 Technical Council working group on a <span 
@@ -5094,52 +5084,52 @@ product would be a model structure on CD. The distribution you now have is a ver
 working group’s deliberations. It was also clear that the success of the 4AllTeX CD showed that
 Unix users would benefit from a similarly easy system, and this is the other main strand of TeX
 Live.
-</p><!--l. 2798--><p class="indent" >   We first undertook to make a new Unix-based TDS CD in the autumn of 1995, and quickly identified
+</p><!--l. 2806--><p class="indent" >   We first undertook to make a new Unix-based TDS CD in the autumn of 1995, and quickly identified
 Thomas Esser’s teTeX as the ideal setup, as it already had multi-platform support and was built with
 portability across file systems in mind. Thomas agreed to help, and work began seriously at the start of 1996.
 The first edition was released in May 1996. At the start of 1997, Karl Berry completed a major new release of
 Web2c, which included nearly all the features which Thomas Esser had added in teTeX, and we decided to
 base the 2nd edition of the CD on the standard Web2C, with the addition of teTeX’s <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texconfig </span>script.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
 The 3rd edition of the CD was based on a major revision of Web2C, 7.2, by Olaf Weber; at the
 same time, a new revision of teTeX was being made, and TeX Live included almost all of its
 features. The 4th edition followed the same pattern, using a new version of teTeX, and a new
 release of Web2C (7.3). The system now included a complete Windows setup, thanks to Fabrice
 Popineau.
-</p><!--l. 2814--><p class="indent" >   For the 5th edition (March 2000) many parts of the CD were revised and checked, updating hundreds of
+</p><!--l. 2822--><p class="indent" >   For the 5th edition (March 2000) many parts of the CD were revised and checked, updating hundreds of
 packages. Package details were stored in XML files. But the major change for TeX Live 5 was that all
 non-free software was removed. Everything in TeX Live is now intended to be compatible with the
 Debian Free Software Guidelines (<a 
 href="https://debian.org/intro/free" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://debian.org/intro/free</span></a>); we have done our best to
 check the license conditions of all packages, but we would very much appreciate hearing of any
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
 mistakes.
-</p><!--l. 2823--><p class="indent" >   The 6th edition (July 2001) had much more material updated. The major change was a new install concept:
+</p><!--l. 2831--><p class="indent" >   The 6th edition (July 2001) had much more material updated. The major change was a new install concept:
 the user could select a more exact set of needed collections. Language-related collections were completely
 reorganized, so selecting any of them installs not only macros, fonts, etc., but also prepares an appropriate
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">language.dat</span>.
-</p><!--l. 2829--><p class="indent" >   The 7th edition of 2002 had the notable addition of Mac OS X support, and the usual myriad of updates to
+</p><!--l. 2837--><p class="indent" >   The 7th edition of 2002 had the notable addition of Mac OS X support, and the usual myriad of updates to
 all sorts of packages and programs. An important goal was integration of the source back with teTeX, to
 correct the drift apart in versions 5 and 6.
-</p><!--l. 2834--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 2842--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.1   </span> <a 
  id="x1-720009.1.1"></a>2003</h5>
-<!--l. 2836--><p class="noindent" >In 2003, with the continuing flood of updates and additions, we found that TeX Live had grown so large it
+<!--l. 2844--><p class="noindent" >In 2003, with the continuing flood of updates and additions, we found that TeX Live had grown so large it
 could no longer be contained on a single CD, so we split it into three different distributions (see section <a 
 href="#x1-90002.1">2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a>,
 p. <a 
-href="#x1-90002.1">7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a>). In addition:
+href="#x1-90002.1">6<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tl-coll-dists --></a>). In addition:
 </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">At the request of the LaTeX team, we changed the standard <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">latex </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">pdflatex </span>commands to now
      use e-TeX (see p. <a 
-href="#x1-120002.4">10<!--tex4ht:ref: text:etex --></a>).
+href="#x1-120002.4">9<!--tex4ht:ref: text:etex --></a>).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">The new Latin Modern fonts were included (and are recommended).
      </li>
@@ -5176,20 +5166,20 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf/web2c/cp8bit.tcx</span></span></span>. (Future releases
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Finally, since the edition numbers had grown unwieldy, the version is now simply identified by the
      year: TeX Live 2003.</li></ul>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-<!--l. 2874--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 2882--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.2   </span> <a 
  id="x1-730009.1.2"></a>2004</h5>
-<!--l. 2876--><p class="noindent" >2004 saw many changes:
+<!--l. 2884--><p class="noindent" >2004 saw many changes:
 </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">If you have locally-installed fonts which use their own <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.map </span>or (much less likely) <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.enc </span>support
      files, you may need to move those support files.
-     <!--l. 2884--><p class="noindent" ><span 
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+     <!--l. 2892--><p class="noindent" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.map </span>files are now searched for in subdirectories of <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">fonts/map </span>only (in each <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf </span>tree), along
@@ -5200,7 +5190,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">fonts/enc</span>
      only, along the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ENCFONTS </span>path. <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">updmap </span>will attempt to warn about problematic files.
-     </p><!--l. 2891--><p class="noindent" >For      methods      of      handling      this      and      other      information,      please      see
+     </p><!--l. 2899--><p class="noindent" >For      methods      of      handling      this      and      other      information,      please      see
      <a 
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html</span></a>.
@@ -5208,7 +5198,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html</span></a>.
      <li class="itemize">The TeX Collection has been expanded with the addition of a MiKTeX-based installable CD, for
      those who prefer that implementation to Web2C. See section <a 
 href="#x1-80002">2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:overview-tl --></a> (p. <a 
-href="#x1-80002">7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:overview-tl --></a>).
+href="#x1-80002">6<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:overview-tl --></a>).
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Within TeX Live, the single large <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf </span>tree of previous releases has been replaced by three:
@@ -5217,7 +5207,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf</span>, <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist</span>, and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-doc</span>. See section <a 
 href="#x1-100002.2">2.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tld --></a> (p. <a 
-href="#x1-100002.2">7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tld --></a>), and the <span 
+href="#x1-100002.2">6<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tld --></a>), and the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">README </span>files for each.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">All  TeX-related  input  files  are  now  collected  in  the  <span 
@@ -5265,7 +5255,7 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">latex</span>,  etc.)  This  means,  among  other  things,  th
 class="ec-lmss-10">pdftex  </span>are  available  in  LaTeX,  ConTeXt,  etc.,  as  well  as  the  e-TeX features
      (<a 
 href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/" >texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/</a>).
-     <!--l. 2938--><p class="noindent" >It also means it’s <span 
+     <!--l. 2946--><p class="noindent" >It also means it’s <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">more important than ever </span>to use the <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">ifpdf </span>package (works with both plain and
      LaTeX) or equivalent code, because simply testing whether <span 
@@ -5282,8 +5272,6 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">http://pdftex.org</span></a>) has many new features:
          <li class="itemize"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfmapfile </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfmapline </span>provide font map support from within a document.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
          </li>
          <li class="itemize">Microtypographic font expansion can be used more easily.<br 
 class="newline" /><a 
@@ -5311,12 +5299,13 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">mpost</span>) now accepts double quotes containing spaces and
      special characters. Typical examples:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-     <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-6">
-     <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb19"><a 
- id="x1-73002r1"></a>\input &#x0022;filename with spaces&#x0022;   % plain<br class="fancyvrb" /><a 
- id="x1-73004r2"></a>\input{&#x0022;filename with spaces&#x0022;}  % latex</div>
-</div>
-     <!--l. 2972--><p class="nopar" >See the Web2C manual for more: <a 
+     <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-6">
+     <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb19"><a 
+ id="x1-73002r1"></a>\input &#x0022;filename with spaces&#x0022;   % plain 
+<a 
+ id="x1-73004r2"></a>\input{&#x0022;filename with spaces&#x0022;}  % latex</pre>
+</pre>
+     <!--l. 2980--><p class="nopar" >See the Web2C manual for more: <a 
 href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/web2c" >texmf-dist/doc/web2c</a>.
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">encTeX support is now included within Web2C and consequently all TeX programs, via the <span 
@@ -5386,11 +5375,11 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">t1utils </span>programs. This is because they are compiled wi
 class="ec-lmss-10">mips-irix</span>,
      the MIPSpro 7.4 runtimes are required.
      </li></ul>
-<!--l. 3023--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 3031--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.3   </span> <a 
  id="x1-740009.1.3"></a>2005</h5>
-<!--l. 3025--><p class="noindent" >2005 saw the usual huge number of updates to packages and programs. The infrastructure stayed relatively
+<!--l. 3033--><p class="noindent" >2005 saw the usual huge number of updates to packages and programs. The infrastructure stayed relatively
 stable from 2004, but inevitably there were some changes there as well:
 </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
@@ -5404,8 +5393,6 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">updmap</span>,  and  <span
 class="ec-lmss-10">fmtutil  </span>scripts  now  modify
      user-specific files, under <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$HOME/.texlive2005</span>.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Corresponding  new  variables  <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCONFIG </span>and  <span 
@@ -5422,10 +5409,12 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>. In any case the real location of these fil
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFCONFIG </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSCONFIG </span>must agree. See section <a 
 href="#x1-110002.3">2.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>, p. <a 
-href="#x1-110002.3">8<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>.
+href="#x1-110002.3">7<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:texmftrees --></a>.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Last year, we kept <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfoutput</span></span></span> and other primitives undefined for DVI output, even though the
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
      <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">pdfetex </span>program was being used. This year, as promised, we undid that compatibility measure. So
      if your document uses <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
@@ -5441,11 +5430,11 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">^^</span></span></span> notation if you so desire,
      as in:
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
-     <div class="verbatim" id="verbatim-7">
-     <div class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb20"><a 
- id="x1-74002r1"></a>latex --translate-file=empty.tcx yourfile.tex</div>
-</div>
-     <!--l. 3062--><p class="nopar" >
+     <pre class="verbatim" id="verbatim-7">
+     <pre class="fancyvrb" id="fancyvrb20"><a 
+ id="x1-74002r1"></a>latex --translate-file=empty.tcx yourfile.tex</pre>
+</pre>
+     <!--l. 3070--><p class="nopar" >
      </p></li>
      <li class="itemize">The new program <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfmx </span>is included for translation of DVI to PDF; this is an actively maintained
@@ -5470,23 +5459,23 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR</span>, respectively. There is also <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFVAR</span>, which is by default user-specific. See the first point
      above.
      </li></ul>
-<!--l. 3084--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 3092--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.4   </span> <a 
  id="x1-750009.1.4"></a>2006–2007</h5>
-<!--l. 3086--><p class="noindent" >In 2006–2007, the major new addition to TeX Live was the XeTeX program, available as the <span 
+<!--l. 3094--><p class="noindent" >In 2006–2007, the major new addition to TeX Live was the XeTeX program, available as the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">xetex </span>and
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">xelatex </span>programs; see <a 
 href="https://scripts.sil.org/xetex" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://scripts.sil.org/xetex</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 3090--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost also received a notable update, with more planned for the future (<a 
+</p><!--l. 3098--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost also received a notable update, with more planned for the future (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/metapost/articles" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/metapost/articles</span></a>),
 likewise pdfTeX (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/applications/pdftex" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/applications/pdftex</span></a>).
-</p><!--l. 3094--><p class="indent" >   The TeX <span 
+</p><!--l. 3102--><p class="indent" >   The TeX <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.fmt </span>(high-speed format) and the similar files for MetaPost and Metafont are now stored in
 subdirectories of <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf/web2c</span>, instead of in the directory itself (although the directory is still searched, for the
@@ -5496,19 +5485,19 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">tex </span>or <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">pdftex </span>or <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">xetex</span>.
 This change should be invisible in normal use.
-</p><!--l. 3102--><p class="indent" >   The (plain) <span 
+</p><!--l. 3110--><p class="indent" >   The (plain) <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tex </span>program no longer reads <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">%&#x0026; </span>first lines to determine what format to run; it is the pure
 Knuthian TeX. (LaTeX and everything else do still read <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">%&#x0026; </span>lines).
-</p><!--l. 3106--><p class="indent" >   Of course the year also saw (the usual) hundreds of other updates to packages and programs. As usual,
+</p><!--l. 3114--><p class="indent" >   Of course the year also saw (the usual) hundreds of other updates to packages and programs. As usual,
 please check CTAN (<a 
 href="https://ctan.org" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org</span></a>) for updates.
-</p><!--l. 3110--><p class="indent" >   Internally, the source tree is now stored in Subversion, with a standard web interface for viewing the tree,
+</p><!--l. 3118--><p class="indent" >   Internally, the source tree is now stored in Subversion, with a standard web interface for viewing the tree,
 as linked from our home page. Although not visible in the final distribution, we expect this will provide a
 stable development foundation for future years.
-</p><!--l. 3115--><p class="indent" >   Finally, in May 2006 Thomas Esser announced that he would no longer be updating teTeX
+</p><!--l. 3123--><p class="indent" >   Finally, in May 2006 Thomas Esser announced that he would no longer be updating teTeX
 (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/tetex" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/tetex</span></a>). As a result, there was a surge of interest in TeX Live, especially among
@@ -5516,72 +5505,72 @@ GNU/Linux distributors. (There is a new <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tetex </span>installation scheme in TeX Live, which provides an
 approximate equivalent.) We hope this will eventually translate to improvements in the TeX environment for
 everyone.
-</p><!--l. 3123--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 3131--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.5   </span> <a 
  id="x1-760009.1.5"></a>2008</h5>
-<!--l. 3125--><p class="noindent" >In 2008, the entire TeX Live infrastructure was redesigned and reimplemented. Complete information about an
+<!--l. 3133--><p class="noindent" >In 2008, the entire TeX Live infrastructure was redesigned and reimplemented. Complete information about an
 installation is now stored in a plain text file <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlpkg/texlive.tlpdb</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3129--><p class="indent" >   Among other things, this finally makes possible upgrading a TeX Live installation over the Internet after
+</p><!--l. 3137--><p class="indent" >   Among other things, this finally makes possible upgrading a TeX Live installation over the Internet after
 the initial installation, a feature MiKTeX has provided for many years. We expect to regularly update new
 packages as they are released to CTAN.
-</p><!--l. 3134--><p class="indent" >   The major new engine LuaTeX (<a 
+</p><!--l. 3142--><p class="indent" >   The major new engine LuaTeX (<a 
 href="http://luatex.org" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">http://luatex.org</span></a>) is included; besides a new level of flexibility
 in typesetting, this provides an excellent scripting language for use both inside and outside of
 TeX documents.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-</p><!--l. 3139--><p class="indent" >   Support among Windows and the Unix-based platforms is now much more uniform. In particular, most
+</p><!--l. 3147--><p class="indent" >   Support among Windows and the Unix-based platforms is now much more uniform. In particular, most
 Perl and Lua scripts are now available on Windows, using the Perl internally distributed with TeX
 Live.
-</p><!--l. 3143--><p class="indent" >   The new <span 
+</p><!--l. 3151--><p class="indent" >   The new <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>script (section <a 
 href="#x1-430005">5<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:tlmgr --></a>) is the general interface for managing TeX Live after the initial installation.
 It handles package updates and consequent regeneration of formats, map files, and language files, optionally
 including local additions.
-</p><!--l. 3148--><p class="indent" >   With the advent of <span 
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+</p><!--l. 3156--><p class="indent" >   With the advent of <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>, the <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">texconfig </span>actions to edit the format and hyphenation configuration files are
 now disabled.
-</p><!--l. 3151--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
+</p><!--l. 3159--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">xindy </span>indexing program (<a 
 href="http://xindy.sourceforge.net/" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">http://xindy.sourceforge.net/</span></a>) is now included on most
 platforms.
-</p><!--l. 3154--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
+</p><!--l. 3162--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">kpsewhich </span>tool can now report all matches for a given file (option <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">–all</span>) and limit matches to a given
 subdirectory (option <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">–subdir</span>).
-</p><!--l. 3158--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
+</p><!--l. 3166--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfmx </span>program now includes functionality to extract bounding box information, via the command
 name <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">extractbb</span>; this was one of the last features provided by <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfm </span>not in <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvipdfmx</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3163--><p class="indent" >   The font aliases <span 
+</p><!--l. 3171--><p class="indent" >   The font aliases <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">Times-Roman</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">Helvetica</span>, and so on have been removed. Different packages expected them
 to behave differently (in particular, to have different encodings), and there was no good way to resolve
 this.
-</p><!--l. 3168--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
+</p><!--l. 3176--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">platex </span>format has been removed, to resolve a name conflict with a completely different Japanese <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">platex</span>;
 the <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">polski </span>package is now the main Polish support.
-</p><!--l. 3172--><p class="indent" >   Internally, the <span 
+</p><!--l. 3180--><p class="indent" >   Internally, the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">WEB</span> string pool files are now compiled into the binaries, to ease upgrades.
-</p><!--l. 3175--><p class="indent" >   Finally, the changes made by Donald Knuth in his ‘TeX tuneup of 2008’ are included in this release. See
+</p><!--l. 3183--><p class="indent" >   Finally, the changes made by Donald Knuth in his ‘TeX tuneup of 2008’ are included in this release. See
 <a 
 href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92knut.pdf" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92knut.pdf</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 3179--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 3187--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.6   </span> <a 
  id="x1-770009.1.6"></a>2009</h5>
-<!--l. 3181--><p class="noindent" >In 2009, the default output format for Lua(L<span 
+<!--l. 3189--><p class="noindent" >In 2009, the default output format for Lua(L<span 
 class="ec-lmr-7">A</span> )TeX is now PDF, to take advantage of LuaTeX’s OpenType
 support, et al. New executables named <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">dviluatex </span>and <span 
@@ -5589,9 +5578,9 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">dvilualatex </span>run LuaTeX with DVI output. The
 LuaTeX home page is <a 
 href="http://luatex.org" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">http://luatex.org</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 3186--><p class="indent" >   The original Omega engine and Lambda format have been excised, after discussions with the Omega
+</p><!--l. 3194--><p class="indent" >   The original Omega engine and Lambda format have been excised, after discussions with the Omega
 authors. The updated Aleph and Lamed remain, as do the Omega utilities.
-</p><!--l. 3190--><p class="indent" >   A new release of the AMS Type 1 fonts is included, including Computer Modern: a few shape
+</p><!--l. 3198--><p class="indent" >   A new release of the AMS Type 1 fonts is included, including Computer Modern: a few shape
 changes made over the years by Knuth in the Metafont sources have been integrated, and the
 hinting has been updated. The Euler fonts have been thoroughly reshaped by Hermann Zapf (see
 <a 
@@ -5600,29 +5589,29 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb29-2/tb92hagen-euler.pdf</
 unchanged. The AMS fonts home page is <a 
 href="https://ams.org/tex/amsfonts.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ams.org/tex/amsfonts.html</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 3198--><p class="indent" >   The new GUI front end TeXworks is included for Windows, and also in MacTeX. For other platforms, and
+</p><!--l. 3206--><p class="indent" >   The new GUI front end TeXworks is included for Windows, and also in MacTeX. For other platforms, and
 more information, see the TeXworks home page, <a 
 href="https://tug.org/texworks" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texworks</span></a>. It is a cross-platform front-end
 inspired by the Mac OS X TeXShop editor, aiming at ease-of-use.
-</p><!--l. 3204--><p class="indent" >   The graphics program Asymptote is included for several platforms. This implements a text-based graphics
+</p><!--l. 3212--><p class="indent" >   The graphics program Asymptote is included for several platforms. This implements a text-based graphics
 description language vaguely akin to MetaPost, but with advanced 3D support and other features. Its home
 page is <a 
 href="https://asymptote.sourceforge.io" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://asymptote.sourceforge.io</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 3209--><p class="indent" >   The separate <span 
+</p><!--l. 3217--><p class="indent" >   The separate <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfm </span>program has been replaced by <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfmx</span>, which operates in a special compatibility
 mode under that name. <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfmx </span>includes CJK support and has accumulated many other fixes over the years
 since the last <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfm </span>release.
-</p><!--l. 3215--><p class="indent" >   Executables for the <span 
+</p><!--l. 3223--><p class="indent" >   Executables for the <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">cygwin </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">i386-netbsd </span>platforms are now included, while we were advised that
 OpenBSD users get TeX through their package systems, plus there were difficulties in making binaries that
 have a chance of working on more than one version.
-</p><!--l. 3220--><p class="indent" >   A miscellany of smaller changes: we now use <span 
+</p><!--l. 3228--><p class="indent" >   A miscellany of smaller changes: we now use <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">xz </span>compression, the stable replacement for <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">lzma</span>
 (<a 
@@ -5631,28 +5620,28 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tukaani.org/xz/</span></a>); a literal <span class="o
 class="ec-lmtt-10">$</span></span></span> is allowed in filenames when it does not introduce a known variable
 name; the Kpathsea library is now multi-threaded (made use of in MetaPost); the entire TeX Live build is now
 based on Automake.
-</p><!--l. 3227--><p class="indent" >   Final note on the past: all releases of TeX Live, along with ancillary material such as CD labels, are
+</p><!--l. 3235--><p class="indent" >   Final note on the past: all releases of TeX Live, along with ancillary material such as CD labels, are
 available at <a 
 href="ftp://tug.org/historic/systems/texlive" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ftp://tug.org/historic/systems/texlive</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 3232--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 3240--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.7   </span> <a 
  id="x1-780009.1.7"></a>2010</h5>
-<!--l. 3235--><p class="noindent" >In 2010, the default version for PDF output is now 1.5, enabling more compression. This applies to all the
+<!--l. 3243--><p class="noindent" >In 2010, the default version for PDF output is now 1.5, enabling more compression. This applies to all the
 TeX engines when used to produce PDF and to <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfmx</span>. Loading the <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">pdf14 </span>LaTeX package changes back to
 PDF 1.4, or set <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfminorversion=4</span></span></span>.
-</p><!--l. 3240--><p class="indent" >   pdf(L<span 
+</p><!--l. 3248--><p class="indent" >   pdf(L<span 
 class="ec-lmr-7">A</span> )TeX now <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">automatically </span>converts a requested Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file to PDF, via the
 <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">epstopdf </span>package, when and if the LaTeX <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">graphics.cfg </span>configuration file is loaded, and PDF is
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
 being output. The default options are intended to eliminate any chance of hand-created PDF
 files being overwritten, but you can also prevent <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">epstopdf </span>from being loaded at all by putting
@@ -5666,7 +5655,7 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">epstopdf </span>package documentation
 (<a 
 href="https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://ctan.org/pkg/epstopdf-pkg</span></a>).
-</p><!--l. 3252--><p class="indent" >   A related change is that execution of a very few external commands from TeX, via the <span 
+</p><!--l. 3260--><p class="indent" >   A related change is that execution of a very few external commands from TeX, via the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\write18 </span>feature, is
 now enabled by default. These commands are <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">repstopdf</span>, <span 
@@ -5684,23 +5673,23 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10"> conf</span><span
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> texmf</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> shell_escape</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> 0</span></span></span>.
-</p><!--l. 3261--><p class="indent" >   Yet another related change is that BibTeX and Makeindex now refuse to write their output files to an
+</p><!--l. 3269--><p class="indent" >   Yet another related change is that BibTeX and Makeindex now refuse to write their output files to an
 arbitrary directory (like TeX itself), by default. This is so they can now be enabled for use by the restricted
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\write18</span>. To change this, the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFOUTPUT </span>environment variable can be set, or the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">openout_any</span></span></span> setting
 changed.
-</p><!--l. 3267--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX now supports margin kerning along the same lines as pdfTeX. (Font expansion is not presently
+</p><!--l. 3275--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX now supports margin kerning along the same lines as pdfTeX. (Font expansion is not presently
 supported.)
-</p><!--l. 3270--><p class="indent" >   By default, <span 
+</p><!--l. 3278--><p class="indent" >   By default, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr </span>now saves one backup of each package updated (<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr option autobackup 1</span>), so
 broken package updates can be easily reverted with <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr restore</span>. If you do post-install updates, and don’t
 have the disk space for the backups, run <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr option autobackup 0</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3276--><p class="indent" >   New programs included: the pTeX engine and related utilities for typesetting Japanese; the BibTeXU program
+</p><!--l. 3284--><p class="indent" >   New programs included: the pTeX engine and related utilities for typesetting Japanese; the BibTeXU program
 for Unicode-enabled BibTeX; the <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">chktex </span>utility (originally from <a 
 href="http://baruch.ev-en.org/proj/chktex" class="url" ><span 
@@ -5710,7 +5699,7 @@ class="ec-lmr-7">A</span> )TeX documents; the <span
 class="ec-lmss-10">dvisvgm </span>(<a 
 href="https://dvisvgm.de" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://dvisvgm.de</span></a>) DVI-to-SVG translator.
-</p><!--l. 3284--><p class="indent" >   Executables for these new platforms are now included: <span 
+</p><!--l. 3292--><p class="indent" >   Executables for these new platforms are now included: <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">amd64-freebsd</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">amd64-kfreebsd</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">i386-freebsd</span>,
@@ -5718,55 +5707,53 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">i386-freebsd</span>,
 class="ec-lmtt-10">i386-kfreebsd</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-solaris</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3288--><p class="indent" >   A change in TeX Live 2009 that we failed to note: numerous TeX4ht-related executables
+</p><!--l. 3296--><p class="indent" >   A change in TeX Live 2009 that we failed to note: numerous TeX4ht-related executables
 (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/tex4ht" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/tex4ht</span></a>) were removed from the binary directories. The generic <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">mk4ht </span>program can be used
 to run any of the various <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tex4ht </span>combinations.
-</p><!--l. 3293--><p class="indent" >   Finally, the TeX Live release on the TeX Collection DVD can no longer be run live (oddly enough). A
+</p><!--l. 3301--><p class="indent" >   Finally, the TeX Live release on the TeX Collection DVD can no longer be run live (oddly enough). A
 single DVD no longer has enough room. One beneficial side effect is that installation from the physical
 DVD is much faster.
-</p><!--l. 3298--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 3306--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.8   </span> <a 
  id="x1-790009.1.8"></a>2011</h5>
-<!--l. 3300--><p class="noindent" >The Mac OS X binaries (<span 
+<!--l. 3308--><p class="noindent" >The Mac OS X binaries (<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">universal-darwin </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin</span>) now work only on Leopard or later; Panther
 and Tiger are no longer supported.
-</p><!--l. 3304--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
+</p><!--l. 3312--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">biber </span>program for bibliography processing is included on common platforms. Its development is
 closely coupled with the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">biblatex </span>package, which completely reimplements the bibliographical facilities
 provided by LaTeX.
-</p><!--l. 3309--><p class="indent" >   The MetaPost (<span 
+</p><!--l. 3317--><p class="indent" >   The MetaPost (<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">mpost</span>) program no longer creates or uses <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.mem </span>files. The needed files, such as <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">plain.mp</span>, are
 simply read on every run. This is related to supporting MetaPost as a library, which is another significant
 though not user-visible change.
-</p><!--l. 3314--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
+</p><!--l. 3322--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap </span>implementation in Perl, previously used only on Windows, has been revamped and is now used
 on all platforms. There shouldn’t be any user-visible changes as a result, except that it runs much
 faster.
-</p><!--l. 3319--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
+</p><!--l. 3327--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">initex </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">inimf </span>programs were restored (but no other <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">ini* </span>variants).
-</p><!--l. 3322--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 3330--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.9   </span> <a 
  id="x1-800009.1.9"></a>2012</h5>
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-<!--l. 3324--><p class="noindent" ><span 
+<!--l. 3332--><p class="noindent" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr </span>supports updates from multiple network repositories. The section on multiple repositories in the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span>
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">help </span>output has more.
-</p><!--l. 3328--><p class="indent" >   The parameter <span 
+</p><!--l. 3336--><p class="indent" >   The parameter <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXdashbreakstate </span>is set to 1 by default, for both <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">xetex </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">xelatex</span>. This allows line
@@ -5774,49 +5761,51 @@ breaks after em-dashes and en-dashes, which has always been the behavior of plai
 Existing XeTeX documents which must retain perfect line-break compatibility will need to set
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXdashbreakstate </span>to 0 explicitly.
-</p><!--l. 3335--><p class="indent" >   The output files generated by <span 
+</p><!--l. 3343--><p class="indent" >   The output files generated by <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">pdftex </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">dvips</span>, among others, can now exceed 2 gigabytes.
-</p><!--l. 3338--><p class="indent" >   The 35 standard PostScript fonts are included in the output of <span 
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+</p><!--l. 3346--><p class="indent" >   The 35 standard PostScript fonts are included in the output of <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">dvips </span>by default, since so many different
 versions of them are extant.
-</p><!--l. 3342--><p class="indent" >   In the restricted <span 
+</p><!--l. 3350--><p class="indent" >   In the restricted <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\write18 </span>execution mode, set by default, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">mpost </span>is now an allowed program.
-</p><!--l. 3345--><p class="indent" >   A <span 
+</p><!--l. 3353--><p class="indent" >   A <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>file is also found in <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">../texmf-local</span>, e.g., <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local/web2c/texmf.cnf</span>, if
 it exists.
-</p><!--l. 3349--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
+</p><!--l. 3357--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap </span>script reads a per-tree <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap.cfg </span>instead of one global config. This change should be
 invisible, unless you edited your updmap.cfg’s directly. The <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap</span><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10"> --help</span></span></span> output has more.
-</p><!--l. 3353--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
+</p><!--l. 3361--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">armel-linux </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">mipsel-linux </span>added; <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">sparc-linux </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">i386-netbsd </span>are no longer in the main
 distribution.
-</p><!--l. 3357--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 3365--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.10   </span> <a 
  id="x1-810009.1.10"></a>2013</h5>
-<!--l. 3359--><p class="noindent" >Distribution layout: the top-level <span 
+<!--l. 3367--><p class="noindent" >Distribution layout: the top-level <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf/ </span>directory has been merged into <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist/</span>, for simplicity. Both the
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFMAIN </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFDIST </span>Kpathsea variables now point to <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-dist</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3364--><p class="indent" >   Many small language collections have been merged together, to simplify installation.
-</p><!--l. 3367--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: native support for PNG output and floating-point (IEEE double) has been added.
-</p><!--l. 3370--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: updated to Lua 5.2, and includes a new library (<span 
+</p><!--l. 3372--><p class="indent" >   Many small language collections have been merged together, to simplify installation.
+</p><!--l. 3375--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: native support for PNG output and floating-point (IEEE double) has been added.
+</p><!--l. 3378--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: updated to Lua 5.2, and includes a new library (<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">pdfscanner</span>) to process external PDF page
 content, among much else (see its web pages).
-</p><!--l. 3374--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX (also see its web pages for more): </p>
+</p><!--l. 3382--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX (also see its web pages for more): </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">The HarfBuzz library is now used for font layout instead of ICU. (ICU is still used to support
      input encodings, bidirectionality, and the optional Unicode line breaking.)
@@ -5831,13 +5820,13 @@ content, among much else (see its web pages).
 class="ec-lmtt-10">xdvipdfmx</span>.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Support OpenType math cut-ins.</li></ul>
-<!--l. 3388--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+<!--l. 3396--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">xdvi</span>: now uses FreeType instead of <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">t1lib </span>for rendering.
-</p><!--l. 3390--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 3398--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">microtype.sty</span>: some support for XeTeX (protrusion) and LuaTeX (protrusion, font expansion, tracking),
 among other enhancements.
-</p><!--l. 3394--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 3402--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">tlmgr</span>: new <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">pinning </span>action to ease configuring multiple repositories; that section in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span><span 
@@ -5845,33 +5834,31 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10"> --help</span></span></span> has
 more, online at <a 
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/doc/tlmgr.html#MULTIPLE-REPOSITORIES" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/doc/tlmgr.html#MULTIPLE-REPOSITORIES</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 3398--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
+</p><!--l. 3406--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">armhf-linux</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">mips-irix</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">i386-netbsd</span>, and <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">amd64-netbsd </span>added or revived; <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">powerpc-aix</span>
 removed.
-</p><!--l. 3402--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 3410--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.11   </span> <a 
  id="x1-820009.1.11"></a>2014</h5>
-<!--l. 3404--><p class="noindent" >2014 saw another TeX tune-up from Knuth; this affected all engines, but the only visible change likely is the
+<!--l. 3412--><p class="noindent" >2014 saw another TeX tune-up from Knuth; this affected all engines, but the only visible change likely is the
 restoration of the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">preloaded format </span>string on the banner line. Per Knuth, this now reflects the format that
 <span 
 class="ec-lmri-10">would </span>be loaded by default, rather than an undumped format that is actually preloaded in the binary; it may
 be overridden in various ways.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-</p><!--l. 3411--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: new warning-suppression parameter <span 
+</p><!--l. 3419--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: new warning-suppression parameter <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfsuppresswarningpagegroup</span>; new primitives for fake
 interword spaces to help with PDF text reflowing: <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfinterwordspaceon</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfinterwordspaceoff</span>,
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdffakespace</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3416--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Notable changes and fixes were made to font loading and hyphenation. The biggest addition is a
+</p><!--l. 3424--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Notable changes and fixes were made to font loading and hyphenation. The biggest addition is a
 new engine variant, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">luajittex </span>and its siblings <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texluajit </span>and <span 
@@ -5885,23 +5872,25 @@ still in development, is not available on all platforms, and is considerably les
 class="ec-lmtt-10">luatex</span>. Neither we
 nor its developers recommend using it except for the specific purpose of experimenting with jit on Lua
 code.
-</p><!--l. 3427--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: The same image formats are now supported on all platforms (including Mac); avoid Unicode
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+</p><!--l. 3435--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: The same image formats are now supported on all platforms (including Mac); avoid Unicode
 compatibility decomposition fallback (but not other variants); prefer OpenType to Graphite fonts, for
 compatibility with previous XeTeX versions.
-</p><!--l. 3432--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: A new numbersystem <span 
+</p><!--l. 3440--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: A new numbersystem <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">decimal </span>is supported, along with a companion internal <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">numberprecision</span>;
 a new definition of <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">drawdot </span>in <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">plain.mp</span>, per Knuth; bug fixes in SVG and PNG output, among
 others.
-</p><!--l. 3437--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
+</p><!--l. 3445--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">pstopdf </span>ConTeXt utility will be removed as a standalone command at some point after the release, due
 to conflicts with OS utilities of the same name. It can still (and now) be invoked as <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">mtxrun –script</span>
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">pstopdf</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3442--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 3450--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">psutils </span>has been substantially revised by a new maintainer. As a result, several seldom-used utilities (<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">fix*</span>,
 <span 
@@ -5912,25 +5901,25 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">scripts/ </span>directory rather than being user-level
 executables (this can be reversed if it turns out to be problematic). A new script, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">psjoin</span>, has been
 added.
-</p><!--l. 3449--><p class="indent" >   The MacTeX redistribution of TeX Live (section <a 
+</p><!--l. 3457--><p class="indent" >   The MacTeX redistribution of TeX Live (section <a 
 href="#x1-170003.1.2">3.1.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:macosx --></a>) no longer includes the optional Mac-only packages
 for the Latin Modern and TeX Gyre fonts, since it is easy enough for individual users to make them available
 to the system. The <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">convert </span>program from ImageMagick has also been excised, since TeX4ht (specifically
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tex4ht.env</span>) now uses Ghostscript directly.
-</p><!--l. 3456--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
+</p><!--l. 3464--><p class="indent" >   The <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">langcjk </span>collection for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean support has been split into individual language
 collections for the sake of more moderate sizes.
-</p><!--l. 3460--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
+</p><!--l. 3468--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">x86_64-cygwin </span>added, <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">mips-irix </span>removed; Microsoft no longer supports Windows XP, so our
 programs may start failing there at any time.
-</p><!--l. 3464--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 3472--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.12   </span> <a 
  id="x1-830009.1.12"></a>2015</h5>
-<!--l. 3466--><p class="noindent" >LaTeX2e now incorporates, by default, changes previously included only by explicitly loading the <span 
+<!--l. 3474--><p class="noindent" >LaTeX2e now incorporates, by default, changes previously included only by explicitly loading the <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">fixltx2e</span>
 package, which is now a no-op. A new <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">latexrelease </span>package and other mechanisms allow for controlling what is
@@ -5939,35 +5928,35 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">babel</span>
 and <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">psnfss </span>packages, while core parts of LaTeX, are maintained separately and are not affected by these
 changes (and should still work).
-</p><!--l. 3475--><p class="indent" >   Internally, LaTeX2e now includes Unicode-related engine configuration (what characters are letters,
+</p><!--l. 3483--><p class="indent" >   Internally, LaTeX2e now includes Unicode-related engine configuration (what characters are letters,
 naming of primitives, etc.) which was previously part of TeX Live. This change is intended to be invisible to
 users; a few low-level internal control sequences have been renamed or removed, but the behavior should be
 just the same.
-</p><!--l. 3481--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: Support JPEG Exif as well as JFIF; do not emit a warning if <span 
+</p><!--l. 3489--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: Support JPEG Exif as well as JFIF; do not emit a warning if <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfinclusionerrorlevel </span>is
 negative; sync with <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">xpdf</span> 3.04.
-</p><!--l. 3485--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: New library <span 
+</p><!--l. 3493--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: New library <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">newtokenlib </span>for scanning tokens; bug fixes in the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">normal </span>random number generator
 and other places.
-</p><!--l. 3488--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Image handling fixes; <span 
+</p><!--l. 3496--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Image handling fixes; <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">xdvipdfmx </span>binary looked for first as a sibling to <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">xetex</span>; internal <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">XDV </span>opcodes
 changed.
-</p><!--l. 3491--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: New numbersystem <span 
+</p><!--l. 3499--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: New numbersystem <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">binary</span>; new Japanese-enabled <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">upmpost </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">updvitomp </span>programs, analogous
 to <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">up*tex</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3495--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: Updates to the included Ghostscript package for CJK support. The TeX Distribution
+</p><!--l. 3503--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: Updates to the included Ghostscript package for CJK support. The TeX Distribution
 Preference Pane now works in Yosemite (Mac OS X 10.10). Resource-fork font suitcases (generally
 without an extension) are no longer supported by XeTeX; data-fork suitcases (<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.dfont</span>) remain
 supported.
-</p><!--l. 3501--><p class="indent" >   Infrastructure: The <span 
+</p><!--l. 3509--><p class="indent" >   Infrastructure: The <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">fmtutil </span>script has been reimplemented to read <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil.cnf </span>on a per-tree basis,
 analogous to <span 
@@ -5978,30 +5967,30 @@ class="ec-lmss-10">mktextfm</span>, <span
 class="ec-lmss-10">mktexpk</span>) now prefer programs in
 their own directory, instead of always using the existing <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">PATH</span>.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-</p><!--l. 3507--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
+</p><!--l. 3515--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
 class="ec-lmss-10">*-kfreebsd </span>removed, since TeX Live is now easily available through the system
 platform mechanisms. Support for some additional platforms is available as custom binaries
 (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/custom-bin.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/custom-bin.html</span></a>). In addition, some platforms are now omitted from the
 DVD (simply to save space), but can be installed normally over the net.
-</p><!--l. 3515--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 3523--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.13   </span> <a 
  id="x1-840009.1.13"></a>2016</h5>
-<!--l. 3517--><p class="noindent" >LuaTeX: Sweeping changes to primitives, both renames and removals, along with some node structure
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+<!--l. 3525--><p class="noindent" >LuaTeX: Sweeping changes to primitives, both renames and removals, along with some node structure
 rearrangements. The changes are summarized in an article by Hans Hagen, “LuaTeX 0.90 backend changes for
 PDF and more” (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb37-1/tb115hagen-pdf.pdf" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb37-1/tb115hagen-pdf.pdf</span></a>); for all the details, see the
 LuaTeX manual, <a 
 href="../../../../texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf" >texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf</a>.
-</p><!--l. 3525--><p class="indent" >   Metafont: New highly experimental sibling programs MFlua and MFluajit, integrating Lua with Metafont,
+</p><!--l. 3533--><p class="indent" >   Metafont: New highly experimental sibling programs MFlua and MFluajit, integrating Lua with Metafont,
 for trial testing purposes.
-</p><!--l. 3528--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: Bug fixes and internal preparations for MetaPost 2.0.
-</p><!--l. 3530--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 3536--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: Bug fixes and internal preparations for MetaPost 2.0.
+</p><!--l. 3538--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH </span>support in all engines except LuaTeX (which will come in the next release) and
 original <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tex </span>(intentionally omitted): if the environment variable <span 
@@ -6015,20 +6004,20 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">\month</span>, <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\day</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\time</span>. The pdfTeX manual has examples
 and details.
-</p><!--l. 3539--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: new primitives <span 
+</p><!--l. 3547--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: new primitives <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfinfoomitdate</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdftrailerid</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfsuppressptexinfo</span>, to control values
 appearing in the output which normally change with each run. These features are for PDF output only, not
 DVI.
-</p><!--l. 3544--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: New primitives <span 
+</p><!--l. 3552--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: New primitives <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXhyphenatablelength</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXgenerateactualtext</span>,<br 
 class="newline" /><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXinterwordspaceshaping</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\mdfivesum</span>; character class limit increased to 4096; DVI id byte
 incremented.
-</p><!--l. 3549--><p class="indent" >   Other utilities: </p>
+</p><!--l. 3557--><p class="indent" >   Other utilities: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">gregorio </span>is a new program, part of the <span 
@@ -6048,26 +6037,26 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">-a </span>omits all
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ps2pk </span>can handle extended PK/GF fonts.</li></ul>
-<!--l. 3565--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: The TeX Distribution Preference Pane is gone; its functionality is now in TeX Live Utility;
+<!--l. 3573--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: The TeX Distribution Preference Pane is gone; its functionality is now in TeX Live Utility;
 bundled GUI applications upgraded; new script <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">cjk-gs-integrate </span>to be run by users who wish to incorporate
 various CJK fonts into Ghostscript.
-</p><!--l. 3570--><p class="indent" >   Infrastructure: System-level <span 
+</p><!--l. 3578--><p class="indent" >   Infrastructure: System-level <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr </span>configuration file supported; verify package checksums; if GPG is
 available, verify signature of network updates. These checks happen with both the installer and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span>. If GPG
 is not available, updates proceed as usual.
-</p><!--l. 3575--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
+</p><!--l. 3583--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">alpha-linux </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">mipsel-linux </span>removed.
-</p><!--l. 3578--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 3586--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.14   </span> <a 
  id="x1-850009.1.14"></a>2017</h5>
-<!--l. 3580--><p class="noindent" >LuaTeX: More callbacks, more typesetting control, more access to internals; <span 
+<!--l. 3588--><p class="noindent" >LuaTeX: More callbacks, more typesetting control, more access to internals; <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">ffi </span>library for dynamic code
 loading added on some platforms.
-</p><!--l. 3584--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: Environment variable <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
+</p><!--l. 3592--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: Environment variable <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH_TEX_PRIMITIVES</span></span></span> from last year renamed to
 <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">FORCE_SOURCE_DATE</span></span></span>, with no changes in functionality; if the <span 
@@ -6075,16 +6064,14 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfpageattr </span>token list contains the string
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/MediaBox</span>, omit output of the default <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/MediaBox</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3589--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Unicode/OpenType math now based on HarfBuzz’s MATH table support; some bug
+</p><!--l. 3597--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Unicode/OpenType math now based on HarfBuzz’s MATH table support; some bug
 fixes.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
-</p><!--l. 3592--><p class="indent" >   Dvips: Make the last papersize special win, for consistency with <span 
+</p><!--l. 3600--><p class="indent" >   Dvips: Make the last papersize special win, for consistency with <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">dvipdfmx </span>and package expectations; the
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-L0 </span>option (<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">L0 </span>config setting) restores the previous behavior of the first special winning.
-</p><!--l. 3597--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: New primitives <span 
+</p><!--l. 3605--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: New primitives <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfuniformdeviate</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfnormaldeviate</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfrandomseed</span>,
@@ -6092,7 +6079,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfrandomseed</span>,
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfsetrandomseed</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfelapsedtime</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfresettimer</span>, from pdfTeX.
-</p><!--l. 3601--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: As of this year, only Mac OS X releases for which Apple still releases security patches
+</p><!--l. 3609--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: As of this year, only Mac OS X releases for which Apple still releases security patches
 will be supported in MacTeX, under the platform name <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin</span></span></span>; currently this means
 Yosemite, El Capitan, and Sierra (10.10 and newer). Binaries for older Mac OS X versions are not
@@ -6101,7 +6088,9 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwinlegacy</span></span></span>, <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">i386-darwin</span>,
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">powerpc-darwin</span>).
-</p><!--l. 3608--><p class="indent" >   Infrastructure: The <span 
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+</p><!--l. 3616--><p class="indent" >   Infrastructure: The <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFLOCAL </span>tree is now searched before <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSCONFIG </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFSYSVAR </span>(by
@@ -6111,7 +6100,7 @@ has a new mode <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">shell </span>for interactive and scripted use, and a new action <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">conf auxtrees </span>to easily add and
 remove extra trees.
-</p><!--l. 3615--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 3623--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">updmap </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">fmtutil</span>: These scripts now give a warning when invoked without explicitly specifying either
 so-called system mode (<span 
@@ -6126,7 +6115,7 @@ and thus losing future system updates. See <a
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/scripts-sys-user.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/scripts-sys-user.html</span></a> for
 details.
-</p><!--l. 3623--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 3631--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl</span>: Personal paths such as <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFHOME </span>are now set to MacTeX values (<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">~/Library/...</span></span></span>) by
@@ -6135,24 +6124,24 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">-init-from-profile </span>to start an installation with the v
 new command <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">P </span>to explicitly save a profile; new profile variable names (but previous ones are still
 accepted).
-</p><!--l. 3630--><p class="indent" >   SyncTeX: the name of the temporary file now looks like <span 
+</p><!--l. 3638--><p class="indent" >   SyncTeX: the name of the temporary file now looks like <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">foo.synctex(busy)</span>, instead of
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">foo.synctex.gz(busy) </span>(no <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.gz</span>). Front-ends and build systems that want to remove temp files may need
 adjusting.
-</p><!--l. 3635--><p class="indent" >   Other utilities: <span 
+</p><!--l. 3643--><p class="indent" >   Other utilities: <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texosquery-jre8 </span>is a new cross-platform program for retrieving locale and other OS
 information from a TeX document; it is included in <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">shell_escape_commands</span></span></span> by default for restricted shell
 execution. (Older JRE versions are supported by texosquery, but cannot be enabled in restricted mode, as they
 are no longer supported by Oracle, even for security issues.)
-</p><!--l. 3642--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: See MacTeX entry above; no other changes.
-</p><!--l. 3645--><p class="noindent" >
+</p><!--l. 3650--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: See MacTeX entry above; no other changes.
+</p><!--l. 3653--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.15   </span> <a 
  id="x1-860009.1.15"></a>2018</h5>
-<!--l. 3647--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea: Case-insensitive filename matching now done by default in non-system directories; set <span 
+<!--l. 3655--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea: Case-insensitive filename matching now done by default in non-system directories; set <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf </span>or
 environment variable <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf_casefold_search </span>to <span 
@@ -6160,28 +6149,28 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">0 </span>to disable. Full details in the Kpathsea manual
 (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/kpathsea" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/kpathsea</span></a>).
-</p><!--l. 3652--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: New primitive <span 
+</p><!--l. 3660--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: New primitive <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\epTeXversion</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3654--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Preparation for moving to Lua 5.3 in 2019: a binary <span 
+</p><!--l. 3662--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Preparation for moving to Lua 5.3 in 2019: a binary <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">luatex53 </span>is available on most platforms, but
 must be renamed to <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">luatex </span>to be effective. Or use the ConTeXt Garden (<a 
 href="https://wiki.contextgarden.net" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://wiki.contextgarden.net</span></a>)
 files; more information there.
-</p><!--l. 3659--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: Fixes for wrong path directions, TFM and PNG output.
-</p><!--l. 3661--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: Allow encoding vectors for bitmap fonts; current directory not hashed into PDF ID; bug fixes for
+</p><!--l. 3667--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: Fixes for wrong path directions, TFM and PNG output.
+</p><!--l. 3669--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: Allow encoding vectors for bitmap fonts; current directory not hashed into PDF ID; bug fixes for
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfprimitive </span>and related.
-</p><!--l. 3664--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Support <span 
+</p><!--l. 3672--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Support <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/Rotate </span>in PDF image inclusion; exit nonzero if the output driver fails; various obscure
 UTF-8 and other primitive fixes.
-</p><!--l. 3668--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: See version support changes below. In addition, the files installed in <span 
+</p><!--l. 3676--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: See version support changes below. In addition, the files installed in <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/Applications/TeX/ </span>by
 MacTeX have been reorganized for greater clarity; now this location contains four GUI programs (BibDesk,
 LaTeXiT, TeX Live Utility, and TeXShop) at the top level and folders with additional utilities and
 documentation.
-</p><!--l. 3674--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 3682--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span>: new front-ends <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlshell </span>(Tcl/Tk) and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlcockpit </span>(Java); JSON output; <span 
@@ -6189,7 +6178,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">uninstall </span>now a synonym
 for <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">remove</span>; new action/option <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">print-platform-info</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3678--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: </p>
+</p><!--l. 3686--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">Removed: <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">armel-linux</span>, <span 
@@ -6197,8 +6186,6 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">powerpc-linux</span>.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin </span>supports 10.10–10.13 (Yosemite, El Capitan, Sierra, and High Sierra).
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwinlegacy </span>supports  10.6–10.10  (though  <span 
@@ -6210,35 +6197,37 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">i386-darwin</span>
 class="ec-lmtt-10">platforms </span>have been removed.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Windows: XP is no longer supported.</li></ul>
-<!--l. 3695--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 3703--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
    <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.16   </span> <a 
  id="x1-870009.1.16"></a>2019</h5>
-<!--l. 3697--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea: More consistent brace expansion and path splitting; new variable <span 
+<!--l. 3705--><p class="noindent" >Kpathsea: More consistent brace expansion and path splitting; new variable <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXMFDOTDIR </span>instead of
 hard-coded <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">.</span> in paths allows for easily searching additional or sub-directories (see comments in
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf.cnf</span>).
-</p><!--l. 3702--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: New primitives <span 
+</p><!--l. 3710--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: New primitives <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\readpapersizespecial </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\expanded</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3705--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Lua 5.3 now used, with concomitant arithmetic and interface changes. The homegrown library
+</p><!--l. 3713--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Lua 5.3 now used, with concomitant arithmetic and interface changes. The homegrown library
 pplib is used to read pdf files, thus eliminating the dependency on poppler (and the need for C++); Lua
 interface changed accordingly.
-</p><!--l. 3710--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: <span 
+</p><!--l. 3718--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">r-mpost </span>command name recognized as an alias for invocation with the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">–restricted </span>option,
 and added to the list of restricted commands available by default. Minimum precision now 2 for
 decimal and binary mode. Binary mode no longer available in MPlib but still available in standalone
 MetaPost.
-</p><!--l. 3717--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: New primitive <span 
+</p><!--l. 3725--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: New primitive <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\expanded</span>; if new primitive parameter <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfomitcharset </span>is set to 1, the <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">/CharSet</span>
 string omitted from the PDF output, since it cannot feasibly be guaranteed correct, as required by PDF/A-2
 and PDF/A-3.
-</p><!--l. 3722--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: New primitives <span 
+</p><!--l. 3730--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: New primitives <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\expanded</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\creationdate</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\elapsedtime</span>, <span 
@@ -6252,7 +6241,7 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">\uniformdeviate</span>, <span
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\randomseed</span>; extend <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\Ucharcat </span>to produce
 active characters.
-</p><!--l. 3734--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 3742--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr</span>: Support <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">curl </span>as a download program; use <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">lz4 </span>and gzip before <span 
@@ -6260,13 +6249,13 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">xz </span>for local backups, if available;
 prefer system-provided binaries over binaries provided with TeX Live for compressor and download programs,
 unless the environment variable <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">TEXLIVE_PREFER_OWN </span>is set.
-</p><!--l. 3740--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 3748--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl</span>: New option <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">-gui </span>(with no argument) is the default on Windows and Macs, and invokes a new
 Tcl/TK GUI (see sections <a 
 href="#x1-50001.3">1.3<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:basic --></a> and <a 
 href="#x1-210003.1.6">3.1.6<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:graphical-inst --></a>).
-</p><!--l. 3744--><p class="indent" >   Utilities: </p>
+</p><!--l. 3752--><p class="indent" >   Utilities: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">cwebbin </span>(<a 
@@ -6280,18 +6269,18 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">chkdvifont</span>: report font information from DVI files, a
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">dvispc</span>: make a DVI file page-independent with respect to specials.</li></ul>
-<!--l. 3756--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: <span 
+<!--l. 3764--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin </span>now supports 10.12 and higher (Sierra, High Sierra, Mojave); <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwinlegacy</span>
 still supports 10.6 and newer. The spell checker Excalibur is no longer included, since it requires 32-bit
 support.
-</p><!--l. 3761--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: removed <span 
+</p><!--l. 3769--><p class="indent" >   Platforms: removed <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">sparc-solaris</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3764--><p class="indent" >   <a id="news"></a>
+</p><!--l. 3772--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
-   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.2   </span> <a 
- id="x1-880009.2"></a>Present: 2020</h4>
-<!--l. 3768--><p class="noindent" >General: </p>
+   <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.17   </span> <a 
+ id="x1-880009.1.17"></a>2020</h5>
+<!--l. 3774--><p class="noindent" >General: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">The <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\input </span>primitive in all TeX engines, including  <span 
@@ -6301,8 +6290,6 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">tex</span>, now also accepts a group-delimited
      previously  implemented  in  LuaTeX;  now  it  is  available  in  all  engines.  ASCII  double  quote
      characters (<span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">&#x0022;</span>) are removed from the filename, but it is otherwise left unchanged after tokenization.
-                                                                                     
-                                                                                     
      This does not currently affect LaTeX’s <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\input </span>command, as that is a macro redefinition of the
      standard <span 
@@ -6323,7 +6310,7 @@ class="ec-lmro-10"> News  #31</span>,
 href="https://latex-project.org/news" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://latex-project.org/news</span></a>).
      </li></ul>
-<!--l. 3790--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: New primitives <span 
+<!--l. 3796--><p class="indent" >   epTeX, eupTeX: New primitives <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\Uchar</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\Ucharcat</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\current(x)spacingmode</span>, <span 
@@ -6332,31 +6319,33 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">\ifincsname</span>; revise
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\fontchar?? </span>and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\iffontchar</span>. For eupTeX only: <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\currentcjktoken</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3794--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Integration with HarfBuzz library, available as new engines <span 
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+</p><!--l. 3800--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: Integration with HarfBuzz library, available as new engines <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">luahbtex </span>(used for <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">lualatex</span>) and
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">luajithbtex</span>. New primitives: <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\eTeXgluestretchorder</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\eTeXglueshrinkorder</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3798--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: New primitive <span 
+</p><!--l. 3804--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: New primitive <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfmajorversion</span>; this merely changes the version number in the PDF output; it
 has no effect on any PDF content. <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfximage </span>and similar now search for image files in the same way as
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\openin</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3803--><p class="indent" >   pTeX: New primitives <span 
+</p><!--l. 3809--><p class="indent" >   pTeX: New primitives <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\ifjfont</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\iftfont</span>. Also in epTeX, upTeX, eupTeX.
-</p><!--l. 3806--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Fixes for <span 
+</p><!--l. 3812--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Fixes for <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\Umathchardef</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\XeTeXinterchartoks</span>, <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfsavepos</span>.
-</p><!--l. 3808--><p class="indent" >   Dvips: Output encodings for bitmap fonts, for better copy/paste capabilities
+</p><!--l. 3814--><p class="indent" >   Dvips: Output encodings for bitmap fonts, for better copy/paste capabilities
 (<a 
 href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125rokicki-type3search.pdf" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125rokicki-type3search.pdf</span></a>).
-</p><!--l. 3812--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: MacTeX and <span 
+</p><!--l. 3818--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: MacTeX and <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin </span>now require 10.13 or higher (High Sierra, Mojave, and Catalina);
 <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwinlegacy </span>supports 10.6 and newer. MacTeX is notarized and command line programs have
@@ -6364,7 +6353,7 @@ hardened runtimes, as now required by Apple for install packages. BibDesk and Te
 not in MacTeX because they are not notarized, but a <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">README </span>file lists urls where they can be
 obtained.
-</p><!--l. 3820--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+</p><!--l. 3826--><p class="indent" >   <span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr </span>and infrastructure: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">Automatically retry (once) packages that fail to download.
@@ -6384,26 +6373,169 @@ class="ec-lmtt-10">.rNNN.tar.xz</span>;
      <li class="itemize"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">catalogue-date </span>information no longer propagated from the TeX Catalogue, since it was often
      unrelated to package updates.</li></ul>
-<!--l. 3834--><p class="noindent" >
+<!--l. 3839--><p class="indent" >   <a id="news"></a>
+</p>
+   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.2   </span> <a 
+ id="x1-890009.2"></a>Present: 2021</h4>
+<!--l. 3843--><p class="noindent" >General: </p>
+     <ul class="itemize1">
+     <li class="itemize">Donald  Knuth’s  changes  for  his  2021  tuneup  of  TeX  and  Metafont  are  incorporated
+     (<a 
+href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb42-1/tb130knuth-tuneup21.pdf" class="url" ><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb42-1/tb130knuth-tuneup21.pdf</span></a>.  They  are  also  available  on
+     CTAN as the <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">knuth-dist </span>and <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">knuth-local </span>packages. As expected, the fixes are for obscure cases
+     and do not affect any behavior in practice.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Except in original TeX: if <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">\tracinglostchars </span>is set to 3 or more, missing characters will result
+     in an error, not just a message in the log file, and the missing character code will be shown in
+     hex.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Except  in  original  TeX:  a  new  integer  parameter  <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">\tracingstacklevels</span>,  if  positive,  and
+     <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">\tracingmacros </span>is also positive, causes a prefix indicating the macro expansion depth to be
+     output on each relevant log line (e.g., <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">~..</span></span></span> at depth 2). Also, macro logging is truncated at a depth
+     <span 
+class="lmsy-10">≥ </span>the parameter value.
+     </li></ul>
+<!--l. 3863--><p class="indent" >   Aleph: The Aleph-based LaTeX format, named <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">lamed</span>, has been removed. The <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">aleph </span>binary itself is still
+included and supported.
+</p><!--l. 3866--><p class="indent" >   LuaTeX: </p>
+     <ul class="itemize1">
+     <li class="itemize">Lua 5.3.6.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Callback  for  nesting  level  used  in  <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">\tracingmacros</span>,  as  generalized  variant  of  the  new
+     <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">\tracingstacklevels</span>.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Mark math glyphs as protected to prevent processing as text.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Removed width/ic compensation for traditional math code path.</li></ul>
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+<!--l. 3874--><p class="indent" >   MetaPost: </p>
+     <ul class="itemize1">
+     <li class="itemize"><span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH</span></span></span> environment variable support for reproducible output.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Avoid wrong final <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">% </span>in mpto.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Document <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">-T </span>option, other fixes to manual.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Value of <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">epsilon </span>changed in binary and decimal modes, so <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">mp_solve_rising_cubic</span></span></span> works as
+     expected.</li></ul>
+<!--l. 3882--><p class="indent" >   pdfTeX: </p>
+     <ul class="itemize1">
+     <li class="itemize">New primitives <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfrunninglinkoff </span>and <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfrunninglinkon</span>; e.g., for disabling generation of
+     links in headers and footers.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Warn  instead  of  aborting  when  “<span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfendlink </span>ended  up  in  different  nesting  level  than
+     <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfstartlink</span>”.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Dump <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">\pdfglyphtounicode </span>assignments in <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">fmt </span>file.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Source: poppler support removed, as it was too hard to keep in sync with upstream. In native TL,
+     pdfTeX has always used <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">libs/xpdf</span>, which is cut-down and adapted code from <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">xpdf</span>.</li></ul>
+<!--l. 3894--><p class="indent" >   XeTeX: Fixes for math kerning.
+</p><!--l. 3896--><p class="indent" >   Dvipdfmx: </p>
+     <ul class="itemize1">
+     <li class="itemize">If an image file is not found, exit with bad status.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Extended special syntax for color support.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Specials for manipulating <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">ExtGState</span></span></span>.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Compatibility specials <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">pdfcolorstack </span>and <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">pdffontattr</span>.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Experimental support for <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">dviluatex</span>’s extended <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">fnt_def</span></span></span>.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Support new feature of virtual font to fallback Japanese font definition.</li></ul>
+<!--l. 3905--><p class="indent" >   Dvips: </p>
+     <ul class="itemize1">
+     <li class="itemize">Default PostScript document title is now the basename of the input file, and can be overridden
+     with the new option <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">-title</span>.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">If an <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">.eps </span>or other image file is not found, exit with bad status.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">Support new feature of virtual font to fallback Japanese font definition.</li></ul>
+<!--l. 3913--><p class="indent" >   MacTeX: MacTeX and its new binary folder <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">universal-darwin </span>now require macOS 10.14 or higher
+(Mojave, Catalina, and Big Sur); the <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwin</span></span></span> binary folder is no longer present. The
+<span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">x86_64-darwinlegacy</span></span></span> binary folder, available only with the Unix <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">install-tl</span>, supports 10.6 and
+newer.
+</p><!--l. 3919--><p class="indent" >   This is an important year for the Macintosh because Apple introduced ARM machines in November and
+will sell and support both ARM and Intel machines for many years. All programs in <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">universal-darwin</span>
+have executable code for both ARM and Intel. Both binaries are compiled from the same source
+code.
+</p><!--l. 3925--><p class="indent" >   The additional programs Ghostscript, LaTeXiT, TeX Live Utility, and TeXShop are all universal and are
+signed with a hardened runtime, so all are included in MacTeX this year.
+</p><!--l. 3929--><p class="indent" >   <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr </span>and infrastructure: </p>
+     <ul class="itemize1">
+     <li class="itemize">keep only one backup of the main repository’s <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">texlive.tlpdb</span>.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">even more portability across systems and Perl versions.
+                                                                                     
+                                                                                     
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize"><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">tlmgr info </span>reports new <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">lcat-* </span>and <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">rcat-* </span>fields for local vs. remote Catalogue data.
+     </li>
+     <li class="itemize">full logging of subcommands moved to new log file <span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">texmf-var/web2c/tlmgr-commands.log</span>.</li></ul>
+<!--l. 3940--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
    <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.3   </span> <a 
- id="x1-890009.3"></a>Future</h4>
-<!--l. 3836--><p class="noindent" >TeX Live is not perfect, and never will be. We intend to continue to release new versions, and would like to
-provide more documentation, more programs, an ever-improved and better-checked tree of macros and fonts,
-and anything else TeX. This work is all done by volunteers in their spare time, and so there is always more to
-do. Please see <a 
+ id="x1-900009.3"></a>Future</h4>
+<!--l. 3942--><p class="noindent" >We intend to continue to release new versions of TeX Live, and would like to provide more documentation,
+more programs, an ever-improved and better-checked tree of macros and fonts, and anything else TeX. This
+work is all done by volunteers in their spare time, and there is always more to do. Please see
+<a 
 href="https://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html" class="url" ><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html</span></a>.
-</p><!--l. 3843--><p class="indent" >   Please send corrections, suggestions, and offers of help to:
-     </p><div class="quote">
+</p><!--l. 3948--><p class="indent" >   Please send corrections, suggestions, and offers of help to:
+     </p><blockquote class="quote">
     
-     <!--l. 3845--><p class="noindent" ><a 
+     <!--l. 3950--><p class="noindent" ><a 
 href="mailto:tex-live@tug.org" ><span class="path"><span 
 class="ec-lmtt-10">tex-live@tug.org</span></span></a> <br 
 class="newline" /><a 
 href="https://tug.org/texlive" class="url" ><span 
-class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive</span></a></p></div>
-<!--l. 3850--><p class="noindent" ><span 
+class="ec-lmtt-10">https://tug.org/texlive</span></a></p></blockquote>
+<!--l. 3955--><p class="noindent" ><span 
 class="ec-lmro-10">Happy TeXing!</span>
 </p>
     
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.pdf
index ef7b4ff8eab..172fa35e1d0 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.pdf
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.pdf
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.tex
index 02ddfe757cd..e63b911aeed 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.tex
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/texlive/texlive-en/texlive-en.tex
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@
 \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
 
 \title{%
-  {\huge \textit{The \TeX\ Live Guide---2020}}
+  {\huge \textit{The \TeX\ Live Guide---2021}}
 }
 
 \author{Karl Berry, editor \\[3mm]
         \url{https://tug.org/texlive/}
        }
 
-\date{March 2020}
+\date{March 2021}
 
 \begin{document}
 \maketitle
@@ -332,8 +332,8 @@ The default layout is:
   \item[system-wide root] can span multiple \TL{} releases
   (\texttt{/usr/local/texlive} by default on Unix):
   \begin{ttdescription}
-    \item[2019] A previous release.
-    \item[2020] The current release.
+    \item[2020] A previous release.
+    \item[2021] The current release.
     \begin{ttdescription}
       \item [bin] ~
       \begin{ttdescription}
@@ -353,9 +353,9 @@ The default layout is:
   \item[user's home directory] (\texttt{\$HOME} or
       \texttt{\%USERPROFILE\%})
     \begin{ttdescription}
-      \item[.texlive2019] Privately generated and configuration data
-        for a previous release.
       \item[.texlive2020] Privately generated and configuration data
+        for a previous release.
+      \item[.texlive2021] Privately generated and configuration data
         for the current release.
       \begin{ttdescription}
         \item [texmf-var\ \ \ ] \envname{TEXMFVAR}, \envname{TEXMFCACHE}
@@ -385,26 +385,27 @@ classes of marks, additional debugging features, and more) and the
 
 \item [pdf\TeX] builds on the \eTeX\ extensions, adding support for
 writing PDF output as well as \dvi{}, and many non-output-related
-extensions.  This is the program invoked for most formats, e.g.,
+extensions.  This is the program invoked for many common formats, e.g.,
 \prog{etex}, \prog{latex}, \prog{pdflatex}.  Its web site is
 \url{http://www.pdftex.org/}.  See
 \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/manual/pdftex-a.pdf} for the manual, and
 \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/pdftex/samplepdftex/samplepdf.tex} for example
 usage of some of its features.
 
-\item [Lua\TeX] is the designated successor of pdf\TeX,
-and is mostly (but not entirely) backward-compatible.  It is also
-intended to be a functional superset of Aleph (see below), though
-perfect compatibility is not intended. The incorporated Lua
-interpreter (\url{https://lua.org/}) enables elegant solutions for
-many thorny \TeX{} problems. When called as \filename{texlua}, it
-functions as a standalone Lua interpreter, and is used as such
-within \TL.  Its web site is \url{http://www.luatex.org/}, and the
+\item [Lua\TeX] adds support for Unicode input and OpenType\slash
+TrueType- and system fonts. It also incorporates a Lua interpreter
+(\url{https://lua.org/}), enabling solutions for many thorny \TeX{}
+problems. When called as \filename{texlua}, it functions as a standalone
+Lua interpreter. Its web site is \url{http://www.luatex.org/}, and the
 reference manual is \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/luatex/base/luatex.pdf}.
 
-\item [\XeTeX] adds support for Unicode input and OpenType- and system
-fonts, implemented using standard third-party libraries.  See
-\url{https://tug.org/xetex}.
+\item [(e)(u)p\TeX] have native support for Japanese typesetting
+requirements; p\TeX\ is the basic engine, while the e- variants add
+\eTeX\ functionality and u- add Unicode support.
+
+\item [\XeTeX] adds support for Unicode input and OpenType\slash
+TrueType- and system fonts, implemented using standard third-party
+libraries. See \url{https://tug.org/xetex}.
 
 \item [\OMEGA\ (Omega)] is based on Unicode (16-bit characters), thus
 supports working with almost all the world's scripts simultaneously. It
@@ -599,7 +600,7 @@ For a complete listing of the various options:
 
 \begin{figure}[tb]
 \begin{boxedverbatim}
-Installing TeX Live 2020 from: ...
+Installing TeX Live 2021 from: ...
 Platform: x86_64-linux => 'GNU/Linux on x86_64'
 Distribution: inst (compressed)
 Directory for temporary files: /tmp
@@ -611,11 +612,11 @@ Directory for temporary files: /tmp
  <S> set installation scheme: scheme-full
 
  <C> customizing installation collections
-     40 collections out of 41, disk space required: 6536 MB
+     40 collections out of 41, disk space required: 7172 MB
 
  <D> directories:
    TEXDIR (the main TeX directory):
-     /usr/local/texlive/2020
+     /usr/local/texlive/2021
    ...
 
  <O> options:
@@ -630,7 +631,7 @@ Actions:
  <H> help
  <Q> quit
 \end{boxedverbatim}
-\vskip-\baselineskip
+\vskip-.5\baselineskip
 \caption{Main text installer screen (\GNU/Linux)}\label{fig:text-main}
 \end{figure}
 
@@ -710,7 +711,7 @@ Available platforms:
 ===============================================================================
    a [ ] Cygwin on Intel x86 (i386-cygwin)
    b [ ] Cygwin on x86_64 (x86_64-cygwin)
-   c [ ] MacOSX current (10.13-) on x86_64 (x86_64-darwin)
+   c [ ] MacOSX current (10.14-) on ARM/x86_64 (universal-darwin)
    d [ ] MacOSX legacy (10.6-) on x86_64 (x86_64-darwinlegacy)
    e [ ] FreeBSD on x86_64 (amd64-freebsd)
    f [ ] FreeBSD on Intel x86 (i386-freebsd)
@@ -725,7 +726,7 @@ Available platforms:
    p [ ] Solaris on x86_64 (x86_64-solaris)
    s [ ] Windows (win32)
 \end{boxedverbatim}
-\vskip-\baselineskip
+\vskip-.5\baselineskip
 \caption{Binaries menu}\label{fig:bin-text}
 \end{figure}
 
@@ -754,7 +755,7 @@ Select scheme:
  i [ ] teTeX scheme (more than medium, but nowhere near full)
  j [ ] custom selection of collections
 \end{boxedverbatim}
-\vskip-\baselineskip
+\vskip-.5\baselineskip
 \caption{Scheme menu}\label{fig:scheme-text}
 \end{figure}
 
@@ -791,8 +792,8 @@ at the package level.
 
 The default layout is described in section~\ref{sec:texmftrees},
 \p.\pageref{sec:texmftrees}.  The default installation directory is
-\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/2020} on Unix and
-|%SystemDrive%\texlive\2020| on Windows.  This arrangement enables
+\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/2021} on Unix and
+|%SystemDrive%\texlive\2021| on Windows.  This arrangement enables
 having many parallel \TL\ installations, such as one for each release
 (typically by year, as here), and you can switch between them merely by
 altering your search path.
@@ -815,7 +816,7 @@ more details.
 
 A reasonable alternative destination is a directory under your home,
 especially if you will be the sole user. Use `|~|' to indicate this, as
-in `|~/texlive/2020|'.
+in `|~/texlive/2021|'.
 
 We recommend including the year in the name, to enable keeping different
 releases of \TL{} side by side.  (You may wish to also maintain a
@@ -861,7 +862,7 @@ Options customization:
                 info to:
  <Y> after install, set CTAN as source for package updates: [X]
 \end{boxedverbatim}
-\vskip-\baselineskip
+\vskip-.5\baselineskip
 \caption{Options menu (Unix)}\label{fig:options-text}
 \end{figure}
 
@@ -1046,18 +1047,18 @@ might be \filename{$HOME/.profile} (or another file sourced by
 \filename{.profile}), and the lines to add would look like this:
 
 \begin{sverbatim}
-PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH; export PATH
-MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH; export MANPATH
-INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH; export INFOPATH
+PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2021/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH; export PATH
+MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH; export MANPATH
+INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH; export INFOPATH
 \end{sverbatim}
 
 For csh or tcsh, the file to edit is typically \filename{$HOME/.cshrc}, and
 the lines to add might look like:
 
 \begin{sverbatim}
-setenv PATH /usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH
-setenv MANPATH /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH
-setenv INFOPATH /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH
+setenv PATH /usr/local/texlive/2021/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH
+setenv MANPATH /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH
+setenv INFOPATH /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH
 \end{sverbatim}
 
 If you already have settings somewhere in your ``dot'' files, naturally
@@ -1075,8 +1076,8 @@ Our two hints are: 1)~you may want to check for a file
 \filename{/etc/manpath.config} and, if present, add lines such as
 
 \begin{sverbatim}
-MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux \
-            /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man
+MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/texlive/2021/bin/x86_64-linux \
+            /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/doc/man
 \end{sverbatim}
 
 And 2)~check for a file \filename{/etc/environment} which may define the
@@ -1446,6 +1447,12 @@ self-contained \TL{} installation under a common root and forgoes system
 integration. You can create such an installation directly on a \USB{}
 stick, or copy it to a \USB{} stick afterwards.
 
+Technically, the portable installation is made self-contained by setting
+the default values of \envname{TEXMFHOME}, \envname{TEXMFVAR}, and
+\envname{TEXMFCONFIG} to be the same as \envname{TEXMFLOCAL},
+\envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, and \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} respectively; thus,
+per-user configuration and caches will not be created.
+
 To run \TeX\ using this portable installation, you need to add the
 appropriate binary directory to the search path during your terminal
 session, as usual.
@@ -1606,12 +1613,12 @@ running post install action for xetex
 install: xetex-def
 ...
 running mktexlsr
-mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/ls-R...
+mktexlsr: Updating /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-dist/ls-R...
 ...
 running fmtutil-sys --missing
 ...
 Transcript written on xelatex.log.
-fmtutil: /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-var/web2c/xetex/xelatex.fmt installed.
+fmtutil: /usr/local/texlive/2021/texmf-var/web2c/xetex/xelatex.fmt installed.
 \end{fverbatim}
 
 As you can see, \prog{tlmgr} installs dependencies, and takes care of any
@@ -1958,9 +1965,9 @@ recommend setting this (or any) environment variable to override the
 system directories.
 
 Instead, normal installation results in a file
-\file{.../2020/texmf.cnf}.  If you must make changes to the defaults
+\file{.../2021/texmf.cnf}.  If you must make changes to the defaults
 (not normally necessary), this is the place to put them.  The main
-configuration file is in \file{.../2020/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf}.
+configuration file is in \file{.../2021/texmf-dist/web2c/texmf.cnf}.
 You should not edit this latter file, as your changes will be lost when
 the distributed version is updated.
 
@@ -2537,11 +2544,8 @@ are:
   Number of words for font information available for \TeX. This
   is more or less the total size of all TFM files read.
 \item[\texttt{hash\_extra}]
-  Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names.
-  Only $\approx$10,000 control sequences can be stored in the main
-  hash table; if you have a large book with numerous cross-references,
-  this might not be enough.  The default value of
-  \texttt{hash\_extra} is \texttt{50000}.
+  Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names; its
+  default value is \texttt{600000}.
 \end{ttdescription}
 
 \noindent This facility is no substitute for truly dynamic
@@ -2581,7 +2585,7 @@ arbitrary document.)
 As another example, you may wish not to search the current directory at
 all, e.g., if you have arranged for all the files to be found via
 explicit paths. You can set \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} to, say,
-\filename{/nonesuch} or any other nonexistent directory for this.
+\filename{/nonesuch} or any nonexistent directory for this.
 
 The default value of \filename{$TEXMFDOTDIR} is just \samp{.}, as set in our
 \filename{texmf.cnf}.
@@ -2655,7 +2659,7 @@ efforts with Arabic and other fonts.
 and Tomasz {\L}uczak, for \cmdname{tlpmgui}, used in past releases.
 
 \item Akira Kakuto, for providing the Windows
-binaries from his W32TEX distribution for Japanese \TeX\
+binaries from his W32TEX and W64TEX distributions for Japanese \TeX\
 (\url{http://w32tex.org}), and many other development contributions.
 
 \item Jonathan Kew, for developing the remarkable \XeTeX{} engine and
@@ -2663,7 +2667,7 @@ taking the time and trouble to integrate it in \TL{}, as well as the
 initial version of the Mac\TeX\ installer, and also for our recommended
 front-end \TeX{}works.
 
-\item Hironori Kitagawa, for much work on p\TeX\ and related support.
+\item Hironori Kitagawa, for maintenance of (e)p\TeX\ and related support.
 
 \item Dick Koch, for maintaining Mac\TeX\ (\url{https://tug.org/mactex})
 in very close tandem with \TL{}, and for his great good cheer in doing
@@ -2714,7 +2718,9 @@ the continuing work to his memory.
 much more.
 
 \item Andreas Scherer, for \texttt{cwebbin}, the CWEB implementation
-used in \TL{}.
+used in \TL{}, and continuing maintenance of the original CWEB.
+
+\item Takuji Tanaka, for maintenance of (e)(u)p\TeX\ and related support.
 
 \item Tomasz Trzeciak, for wide-ranging help with Windows.
 
@@ -2748,17 +2754,19 @@ Simon Dales (\pkgname{armhf-linux}),
 Johannes Hielscher (\pkgname{aarch64-linux}),
 Akira Kakuto (\pkgname{win32}),
 Dick Koch (\pkgname{x86\_64-darwin}),
-Nikola Le\v{c}i\'c (\pkgname{amd64-freebsd}, \pkgname{i386-freebsd}),
-Henri Menke (\pkgname{x86\_64-linuxmusl}),
-Mojca Miklavec (\pkgname{i386-linux},
+Mojca Miklavec (\pkgname{amd64-freebsd},
+                \pkgname{i386-freebsd},
                 \pkgname{x86\_64-darwinlegacy},
                 \pkgname{i386-solaris}, \pkgname{x86\_64-solaris},
                 \pkgname{sparc-solaris}),
-Norbert Preining (\pkgname{x86\_64-linux}).
+Norbert Preining (\pkgname{i386-linux},
+                  \pkgname{x86\_64-linux},
+                  \pkgname{x86\_64-linuxmusl}).
 For information on the \TL{} build process, see
 \url{https://tug.org/texlive/build.html}.
 
 Translators of this manual:
+Takuto Asakura (Japanese),
 Denis Bitouz\'e \& Patrick Bideault (French),
 Carlos Enriquez Figueras (Spanish),
 Jjgod Jiang, Jinsong Zhao, Yue Wang, \& Helin Gai (Chinese),
@@ -3492,7 +3500,7 @@ MetaPost: New numbersystem \code{binary}; new Japanese-enabled
 \prog{upmpost} and \prog{updvitomp} programs, analogous to
 \prog{up*tex}.
 
-Mac\TeX: Updates to the included Ghostscript package for CJK
+Mac\TeX:\ Updates to the included Ghostscript package for CJK
 support.  The \TeX\ Distribution Preference Pane now works in Yosemite
 (\MacOSX~10.10).  Resource-fork font suitcases (generally without an
 extension) are no longer supported by \XeTeX; data-fork suitcases
@@ -3562,7 +3570,7 @@ upward; a new option \code{-a} omits all adjustments.
 \item \code{ps2pk} can handle extended PK/GF fonts.
 \end{itemize*}
 
-Mac\TeX: The \TeX\ Distribution Preference Pane is gone; its
+Mac\TeX:\ The \TeX\ Distribution Preference Pane is gone; its
 functionality is now in TeX Live Utility; bundled GUI applications
 upgraded; new script \code{cjk-gs-integrate} to be run by users who wish
 to incorporate various CJK fonts into Ghostscript.
@@ -3598,7 +3606,7 @@ ep\TeX, eup\TeX: New primitives \cs{pdfuniformdeviate},
 \cs{pdfnormaldeviate}, \cs{pdfrandomseed}, \cs{pdfsetrandomseed},
 \cs{pdfelapsedtime}, \cs{pdfresettimer}, from pdf\TeX.
 
-Mac\TeX: As of this year, only \MacOSX\ releases for which Apple still
+Mac\TeX:\ As of this year, only \MacOSX\ releases for which Apple still
 releases security patches will be supported in Mac\TeX, under the
 platform name |x86_64-darwin|; currently this means Yosemite,
 El~Capitan, and Sierra (10.10 and newer). Binaries for older \MacOSX\
@@ -3665,7 +3673,7 @@ Xe\TeX: Support \code{/Rotate} in PDF image inclusion; exit nonzero if
 the output driver fails; various obscure UTF-8 and other primitive
 fixes.
 
-Mac\TeX: See version support changes below. In addition, the files
+Mac\TeX:\ See version support changes below. In addition, the files
 installed in \code{/Applications/TeX/} by Mac\TeX\ have been reorganized for
 greater clarity; now this location contains four GUI programs (BibDesk,
 LaTeXiT, TeX Live Utility, and TeXShop) at the top level and folders
@@ -3753,17 +3761,15 @@ from tfm/ofm, vf, gf, pk.
 \item \code{dvispc}: make a DVI file page-independent with respect to specials.
 \end{itemize*}
 
-Mac\TeX: \code{x86\_64-darwin} now supports 10.12 and higher (Sierra,
+Mac\TeX:\ \code{x86\_64-darwin} now supports 10.12 and higher (Sierra,
 High Sierra, Mojave); \code{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} still supports 10.6
 and newer. The spell checker Excalibur is no longer included, since it
 requires 32-bit support.
 
 Platforms: removed \code{sparc-solaris}.
 
-
-\htmlanchor{news}
-\subsection{Present: 2020}
-\label{sec:tlcurrent}
+% 
+\subsubsection{2020}
 
 General: \begin{itemize}
 \item The \cs{input} primitive in all \TeX\ engines, including
@@ -3809,7 +3815,7 @@ Dvips: Output encodings for bitmap fonts, for better copy/paste
 capabilities
 (\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125rokicki-type3search.pdf}).
 
-Mac\TeX: Mac\TeX\ and \texttt{x86\_64-darwin} now require 10.13 or
+Mac\TeX:\ Mac\TeX\ and \texttt{x86\_64-darwin} now require 10.13 or
 higher (High~Sierra, Mojave, and Catalina);
 \texttt{x86\_64-darwinlegacy} supports 10.6 and newer. Mac\TeX\ is
 notarized and command line programs have hardened runtimes, as now
@@ -3829,16 +3835,115 @@ invisible to users, but a notable change in distribution.
 \TeX~Catalogue, since it was often unrelated to package updates.
 \end{itemize*}
 
+% 
+\htmlanchor{news}
+\subsection{Present: 2021}
+\label{sec:tlcurrent}
+
+General: \begin{itemize}
+\item Donald Knuth's changes for his 2021 tuneup of TeX and Metafont are
+incorporated
+(\url{https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb42-1/tb130knuth-tuneup21.pdf}. They are
+also available on CTAN as the \code{knuth-dist} and \code{knuth-local}
+packages. As expected, the fixes are for obscure cases and do not affect
+any behavior in practice.
+
+\item Except in original \TeX: if \cs{tracinglostchars} is set to 3 or
+more, missing characters will result in an error, not just a message in
+the log file, and the missing character code will be shown in hex.
+
+\item Except in original TeX: a new integer parameter
+\cs{tracingstacklevels}, if positive, and \cs{tracingmacros}
+is also positive, causes a prefix indicating the macro expansion depth
+to be output on each relevant log line (e.g., |~..| at depth 2).
+Also, macro logging is truncated at a depth $\ge$ the parameter value.
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+Aleph: The Aleph-based \LaTeX\ format, named \code{lamed}, has been
+removed. The \code{aleph} binary itself is still included and supported.
+
+Lua\TeX: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Lua 5.3.6.
+\item Callback for nesting level used in \cs{tracingmacros}, as
+generalized variant of the new \cs{tracingstacklevels}.
+\item Mark math glyphs as protected to prevent processing as text.
+\item Removed width/ic compensation for traditional math code path.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+MetaPost: \begin{itemize*}
+\item |SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH| environment variable support for reproducible output.
+\item Avoid wrong final \texttt{\%} in mpto.
+\item Document \texttt{-T} option, other fixes to manual.
+\item Value of \texttt{epsilon} changed in binary and decimal modes, so
+|mp_solve_rising_cubic| works as expected.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+pdf\TeX{}: \begin{itemize*}
+\item New primitives \cs{pdfrunninglinkoff} and
+\cs{pdfrunninglinkon}; e.g., for disabling generation of links in
+headers and footers.
+\item Warn instead of aborting when ``\cs{pdfendlink} ended up in
+different nesting level than \cs{pdfstartlink}''.
+\item Dump \cs{pdfglyphtounicode} assignments in \texttt{fmt} file.
+\item Source: poppler support removed, as it was too hard to keep in sync
+with upstream. In native TL, pdf\TeX\ has always used \texttt{libs/xpdf},
+which is cut-down and adapted code from \texttt{xpdf}.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Xe\TeX{}: Fixes for math kerning.
+
+Dvipdfmx: \begin{itemize*}
+\item If an image file is not found, exit with bad status.
+\item Extended special syntax for color support.
+\item Specials for manipulating |ExtGState|.
+\item Compatibility specials \code{pdfcolorstack} and \code{pdffontattr}.
+\item Experimental support for \code{dviluatex}'s extended |fnt_def|.
+\item Support new feature of virtual font to fallback Japanese font definition.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Dvips: \begin{itemize*}
+\item Default PostScript document title is now the basename of the input
+file, and can be overridden with the new option \texttt{-title}.
+\item If an \texttt{.eps} or other image file is not found, exit with bad
+status.
+\item Support new feature of virtual font to fallback Japanese font definition.
+\end{itemize*}
+
+Mac\TeX{}: Mac\TeX{} and its new binary folder \texttt{universal-darwin} now
+require macOS 10.14 or higher (Mojave, Catalina, and Big~Sur); the
+|x86_64-darwin| binary folder is no longer present. The
+|x86_64-darwinlegacy| binary folder, available only with the Unix
+\texttt{install-tl}, supports 10.6 and newer.
+
+This is an important year for the Macintosh because Apple introduced
+ARM machines in November and will sell and support both ARM and Intel
+machines for many years. All programs in \texttt{universal-darwin} have
+executable code for both ARM and Intel. Both binaries are compiled from
+the same source code.
+
+The additional programs Ghostscript, \LaTeX{}iT, \TeX{} Live Utility, and
+\TeX{}Shop are all universal and are signed with a hardened runtime, so all
+are included in Mac\TeX{} this year.
+
+\code{tlmgr} and infrastructure: \begin{itemize*}
+\item keep only one backup of the main repository's \texttt{texlive.tlpdb}.
+\item even more portability across systems and Perl versions.
+\item \texttt{tlmgr info} reports new \texttt{lcat-*} and \texttt{rcat-*}
+fields for local vs. remote Catalogue data.
+\item full logging of subcommands moved to new log file
+\texttt{texmf-var/web2c/tlmgr-commands.log}.
+\end{itemize*}
+
 
 
 \subsection{Future}
 
-\TL{} is not perfect, and never will be.  We intend to continue to
-release new versions, and would like to provide more documentation, more
-programs, an ever-improved and better-checked tree of macros and fonts,
-and anything else \TeX. This work is all done by volunteers in their
-spare time, and so there is always more to do.  Please see
-\url{https://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html}.
+We intend to continue to release new versions of \TL, and would like to
+provide more documentation, more programs, an ever-improved and
+better-checked tree of macros and fonts, and anything else \TeX. This
+work is all done by volunteers in their spare time, and there is always
+more to do. Please see \url{https://tug.org/texlive/contribute.html}.
 
 Please send corrections, suggestions, and offers of help to:
 \begin{quote}