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+% !TeX root = ../install-latex-guide-zh-cn.tex
+
+\chapter{Ubuntu 20.04 系统}
+
+\section{安装 \TeX{} Live}
+
+这里只阐述如何用镜像安装.
+为使用户顺利使用 \TeX{} Live 2020,
+建议用户首先卸载从源内安装的 \TeX{} Live 的相关包,
+具体方法见 \ref{sec:ubuntu:uninstall}~节.
+
+下载
+\href{https://mirrors.ctan.org/systems/texlive/Images/texlive2020.iso}{iso 镜像文件}
+的方法见 \ref{sec:windows:install}~节.
+下载完毕后, 打开 \textsf{Terminal} 窗口验证 MD5 值,
+即执行以下命令
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ cd ~/Downloads
+ md5sum texlive2020.iso
+\end{lstlisting}
+若显示
+\begin{lstlisting}
+ a31c500c7830d901363c5fa0e65cc18d texlive2020.iso
+\end{lstlisting}
+则镜像文件下载正确.
+同样可验证 SHA512 值,
+执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ cd ~/Downloads
+ sha512sum texlive2020.iso
+\end{lstlisting}
+正确的返回结果为
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,literate={a}{a}{1} {b}{b}{1} {c}{c}{1} {d}{d}{1} {e}{e}{1} {f}{f}{1}]
+ 7c94bbcff5318e540dc0b03010896185d8985bcc2c2ac11906e831ec583fd574bf9720fce5efc29470c80bafe12f42ddaa392b96c460a27eda94f93c12e7b57d texlive2020.iso
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+将下载的光盘镜像进行挂载
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo mkdir /mnt/texlive
+ sudo mount ./texlive2020.iso /mnt/texlive
+\end{lstlisting}
+接下来执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo /mnt/texlive/install-tl
+\end{lstlisting}
+进行安装.
+在屏幕上应该能见到以下内容
+\begin{lstlisting}
+ ======================> TeX Live installation procedure <=====================
+
+ ======> Letters/digits in <angle brackets> indicate <=======
+ ======> menu items for actions or customizations <=======
+
+ Detected platform: GNU/Linux on x86_64
+
+ <B> set binary platforms: 1 out of 6
+
+ <S> set installation scheme: scheme-full
+
+ <C> set installation collections:
+ 40 collections out of 41, disk space required: 6516 MB
+
+ <D> set directories:
+ TEXDIR (the main TeX directory):
+ /usr/local/texlive/2020
+ TEXMFLOCAL (directory for site-wide local files):
+ /usr/local/texlive/texmf-local
+ TEXMFSYSVAR (directory for variable and automatically generated data):
+ /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-var
+ TEXMFSYSCONFIG (directory for local config):
+ /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-config
+ TEXMFVAR (personal directory for variable and automatically generated data):
+ ~/.texlive2020/texmf-var
+ TEXMFCONFIG (personal directory for local config):
+ ~/.texlive2020/texmf-config
+ TEXMFHOME (directory for user-specific files):
+ ~/texmf
+
+ <O> options:
+ [ ] use letter size instead of A4 by default
+ [X] allow execution of restricted list of programs via \write18
+ [X] create all format files
+ [X] install macro/font doc tree
+ [X] install macro/font source tree
+ [ ] create symlinks to standard directories
+ [X] after install, set CTAN as source for package updates
+
+ <V> set up for portable installation
+
+ Actions:
+ <I> start installation to hard disk
+ <P> save installation profile to 'texlive.profile' and exit
+ <H> help
+ <Q> quit
+
+ Enter command:
+\end{lstlisting}
+点击键盘 \keys{I} 进行默认安装.
+如果用户对于 Ubuntu 系统比较了解,
+可以根据提示,
+更改安装设置,
+如安装路径等.
+为简化起见,
+以下内容我们均认为用户采用默认安装.
+安装完毕后, 将挂载的光盘镜像弹出并删除文件夹
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo umount /mnt/texlive
+ sudo rm /mnt/texlive
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+安装完成后, 用户需要设置环境变量.
+继续在 \textsf{Terminal} 中执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ gedit ~/.bashrc
+\end{lstlisting}
+在打开的文件末尾添加
+\begin{lstlisting}
+ # Add TeX Live to the PATH, MANPATH, INFOPATH
+ export PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux:$PATH
+ export MANPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/man:$MANPATH
+ export INFOPATH=/usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-dist/doc/info:$INFOPATH
+\end{lstlisting}
+并保存退出.
+这时再打开 \textsf{Terminal} 执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+ tex -v
+\end{lstlisting}
+若显示
+\begin{lstlisting}
+ TeX 3.14159265 (TeX Live 2020)
+ kpathsea version 6.3.2
+ Copyright 2020 D.E. Knuth.
+ There is NO warranty. Redistribution of this software is
+ covered by the terms of both the TeX copyright and
+ the Lesser GNU General Public License.
+ For more information about these matters, see the file
+ named COPYING and the TeX source.
+ Primary author of TeX: D.E. Knuth.
+\end{lstlisting}
+即为安装成功.
+
+接下来处理字体.
+在 \textsf{Terminal} 中执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+ sudo cp /usr/local/texlive/2020/texmf-var/fonts/conf/texlive-fontconfig.conf /etc/fonts/conf.d/09-texlive.conf
+\end{lstlisting}
+将配置文件复制到系统,
+然后继续执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+ sudo fc-cache -fsv
+\end{lstlisting}
+刷新字体缓存.
+这样一来, \TeX{} Live 中的字体才能够被正确调用.
+更多内容请参考 \href{https://www.tug.org/texlive/doc/texlive-zh-cn/texlive-zh-cn.pdf}{texlive-zh-cn}.
+
+如果用户更改了安装路径,
+要注意将
+\begin{lstlisting}
+ /usr/local/texlive/2020/
+\end{lstlisting}
+在各处替换.
+
+\section{卸载 \TeX{} Live}\label{sec:ubuntu:uninstall}
+
+如果要卸载从源内安装的 \TeX{} Live, 个人比较推荐使用 synaptic package manager.
+\textsf{terminal} 中执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo apt-get install synaptic
+\end{lstlisting}
+即可安装.
+安装后打开, 搜索 \textsf{texlive} 即可看到与之相关的包, 右键标记以删除即可.
+当然, 用户也可以直接使用
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ dpkg -l | grep 'TeX Live'
+\end{lstlisting}
+找到相应的包名 \texttt{<package name>}, 之后使用类似
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo apt-get remove --purge <package name>
+\end{lstlisting}
+的命令删除各个包.
+删除时系统会提示使用
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo apt-get autoremove <package name>
+\end{lstlisting}
+来删除相应的依赖包.
+
+如果是从光盘镜像安装,
+直接删除文件夹即可.
+先在\textsf{terminal} 中执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ kpsewhich -var-value TEXMFROOT
+\end{lstlisting}
+来查询安装路径,
+进而通过 \texttt{sudo rm -rf} 命令进行删除.
+默认安装的用户直接运行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo rm -rf /usr/local/texlive/2020
+ rm -rf ~/.texlive2020
+\end{lstlisting}
+当然删除后还要清理掉环境变量.
+
+\section{跨版本升级 \TeX{} Live}\label{sec:ubuntu:version}
+
+在 \href{https://www.tug.org/texlive/upgrade.html}{tug.org}
+网站上提供了相应的方法.
+但网站也声明:
+默认情况下,
+请通过执行新安装来获取新版本的 \TeX{} Live%
+\footnote{原文是: By default,
+please get the new TL by doing a new installation instead of proceeding here}.
+
+\section{升级宏包}\label{sec:ubuntu:update}
+
+首次升级前,
+在 \textsf{terminal} 中执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo visudo
+\end{lstlisting}
+将
+\begin{lstlisting}
+ /usr/local/texlive/2020/bin/x86_64-linux:
+\end{lstlisting}
+添加在 \texttt{secure\_path} 中%
+\footnote{这里只讨论默认安装的情况}.
+然后依次 \keys{\ctrl + X}, \keys{Y}, \keys{\enter} 保存退出.
+
+接下来在 \textsf{terminal} 中执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo tlmgr option repository ctan
+\end{lstlisting}
+让系统自动选择源,
+同样可以使用大陆地区的源升级,
+详情见附录~\ref{chp:appendix:mirror}.
+执行命令
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo tlmgr update --list
+\end{lstlisting}
+可查看目前源上可升级的宏包都有哪些.
+高级用户可以根据自己的需求选择升级特定宏包.
+建议初级用户执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo tlmgr update --self --all
+\end{lstlisting}
+同时升级 \texttt{tlmgr} 本身和全部宏包.
+
+\section{安装宏包}\label{sec:ubuntu:installpackage}
+
+Ubuntu 20.04 下安装宏包的要求与 Windows 10 下没有多少区别, 只需注意权限, 例如
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo tlmgr install mcmthesis
+\end{lstlisting}
+即安装了 mcmthesis.
+
+\section{调出宏包手册}\label{sec:ubuntu:texdoc}
+
+与 Windows 10 类似,
+当正确安装后,
+用户可以调出宏包手册以查阅相应内容.
+例如在 \textsf{terminal} 中执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+ texdoc texlive-zh-cn
+\end{lstlisting}
+或
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+ texdoc lshort-zh-cn
+\end{lstlisting}
+就可分别调出 \texttt{texlive-zh-cn.pdf} 和 \texttt{lshort-zh-cn.pdf}.
+
+\section{编译文件}
+
+首先, 用户需要在工作路径建立一个 \texttt{tex} 文件.
+在 \textsf{Terminal} 中执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ mkdir ~/Documents/work-latex
+ cd ~/Documents/work-latex/
+ gedit main.tex
+\end{lstlisting}
+在打开的文件输入一个最小示例
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = {[LaTeX]TeX}]
+ \documentclass{article}
+ \begin{document}
+ Hello \LaTeX{} World!
+ \end{document}
+\end{lstlisting}
+保存并退出.
+接下来执行
+\begin{lstlisting}
+ pdflatex main
+\end{lstlisting}
+等待系统完成编译过程.
+待编译完成后,
+我们即可看到在 \texttt{\~{}/Documents/work-latex} 中出现了
+\texttt{main.pdf} 文件和其他同名的辅助文件 \texttt{main.aux} 与
+\texttt{main.log}.
+执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+ evince main.pdf
+\end{lstlisting}
+即可打开 \texttt{pdf} 文件.
+
+对于中文文档, 可以在 \texttt{gedit} 中编写以下最小示例%
+\footnote{gedit 默认使用 UTF-8 编码}%
+\begin{lstlisting}[language={[LaTeX]TeX}]
+ \documentclass[UTF8]{ctexart}
+ \begin{document}
+ 你好 \LaTeX{} 世界!
+ \end{document}
+\end{lstlisting}
+保存并退出.
+接下来执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+ xelatex main
+\end{lstlisting}
+等待系统完成编译过程.
+\texttt{xelatex} 可以使用系统内安装的字体,
+安装字体的方法可参考附录~\ref{chp:appendix:wsl}.
+
+编译命令可添加参数, 这里与 \ref{sec:windows:compile}~节中的情形一致.
+
+\subsection{无法使用 \texttt{xelatex} 命令}\label{subsec:ubuntu:xelatexfail}
+
+有些用户反映安装完毕后无法使用 \texttt{xelatex} 命令.
+这或许是因为缺失 libfontconfig , 用户可在命令行中执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+ sudo apt-get install libfontconfig1
+\end{lstlisting}
+进行安装.
+
+为提升安装速度, 可考虑更换 Ubuntu 源, 例如更换至清华大学.
+在 \textsf{Terminal} 中执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak
+\end{lstlisting}
+备份 \texttt{sources.list} 文件.
+接下来执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
+\end{lstlisting}
+将文件替换为以下内容%
+\footnote{本段文字可至%
+ \href{https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/}{清华大学镜像网站}%
+ 获取}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+ # 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度, 如有需要可自行取消注释
+ deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
+ # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
+ deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
+ # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
+ deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
+ # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
+ deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
+ # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
+
+ # 预发布软件源, 不建议启用
+ # deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
+ # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
+\end{lstlisting}
+然后执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language = bash]
+ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade
+\end{lstlisting}
+换源并更新.
+若更改错误,
+可执行
+\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
+ sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list.bak /etc/apt/sources.list
+\end{lstlisting}
+恢复文件.