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|
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<!-- $Id: tex-refs-chapter-bibtex.xml 139 2004-08-26 16:58:10Z mw $ -->
<chapter id="bibtex" lang="en">
<title id="bibtex-title">&bibtex;</title>
<indexterm><primary>BibTeX</primary></indexterm>
<note><para>The contents of this section was taken from the HTML
helppages for &bibtex; of Norman Walsh (Version 1.0, 12 Apr 94).
</para></note>
<para>Invokes the &bibtex; utility to compile a bibliography file
for &latex;. Full details can be found in
"&latex;: A Document Preparation System" by Leslie Lamport.
</para>
<section id="bibtex-parameters">
<title>Parameters</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Parameters</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para><literal>bibliography-file-spec</literal></para>
<para>Specifies the name of the bibliography database file
to be compiled by &bibtex;. If the file specification does
not include a file type, &bibtex; assumes a default type of BIB.
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-command-qualifiers">
<title>Command Qualifiers</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Command Qualifiers</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para><literal>/BIBINPUTS /BIBINPUTS=(name,...)</literal></para>
<para>Specify directories containing input files, and the order
in which they will be searched to locate each input file.
A null value in the list indicates the current directory.
The search procedure &tex; uses to locate input files is to
first search your default directory and then search each of
the directories specified by the <literal>/BIBINPUTS</literal>
option.
</para>
<para>Default is <literal>/BIBINPUTS=(TEX_BIB:)</literal>;
&tex; looks in the directory associated with the logical name
<literal>TEX_BIB.</literal>
</para>
<para><literal>/STATS /STATS /NOSTATS [D]</literal></para>
<para>This qualifier is used while debugging
<literal>.BST</literal> files to determine BIBTEX memory usage.
</para>
<para><literal>/TEXINPUTS /TEXINPUTS=(name,...)</literal></para>
<para>Specify directories containing input files, and the order
in which they will be searched to locate each input file.
A null value in the list indicates the current directory.
The search procedure &tex; uses to locate input files is to
first search your default directory and then search each of
the directories specified by the
<literal>/TEXINPUTS</literal> option.
</para>
<para>Default is <literal>/TEXINPUTS=(TEX_INPUTS)</literal>;
&tex; looks in the directory associated with the logical name
<literal>TEX_INPUTS</literal>.
</para>
<para><literal>/TRACE /TRACE /NOTRACE [D]</literal></para>
<para>This qualifier is used while debugging
<literal>.BST</literal> files to follow program flow.
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-bib-files">
<title>bib files</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bib files</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>This help entry contains the same information as
Appendix B of the &latex; manual. It describes the format
of a bibliography database (<literal>.BIB</literal>) file.
</para>
<para>A bibliography database file may contains two types
of entry - an abbreviation definition or a reference entry
for citation.
</para>
<section id="bibtex-string-command">
<title><filename role="nohyphenation">@STRING</filename> command</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bib files</secondary>
<tertiary>@STRING command</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The <literal>@STRING</literal> command is used to define
abbreviations for use by &bibtex; within the bibliography
database file. The command
<programlisting> @string{jgg1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}</programlisting>
defines 'jgg1' to be the abbreviation for the string
"Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1". Parentheses can be used
in place of the outermost braces in the @string command,
and braces can be used instead of the quotation marks.
The text must have matching braces.
</para>
<para>The case of letters is ignored in an abbreviation as well
as in the command name @string, so the command above could
have been written:
<programlisting> @STRING{JgG1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"} </programlisting>
</para>
<para>A <literal>@string</literal> command can appear anywhere
before or between entries in a bibliography database file.
However, it must come before any use of the abbreviation,
so a sensible place for <literal>@string</literal> commands
is at the beginning of the file. A <literal>@string</literal>
command in the bibliography database file takes precedence
over a definition made by the bibliography style, so it can
be used to change the definition of an abbreviation such as
'Feb'.
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-format">
<title>Entry Format</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bib files</secondary>
<tertiary>Entry Format</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>A bibliography database file contains a series of
reference entries like the following:
<programlisting> @BOOK{kn:gnus,
AUTHOR = "Donald E. Knudson",
TITLE = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk} }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>The <literal>@BOOK</literal> states that this is an
entry of type book. various entry types are described below.
The 'kn:gnus' is the citation key, as it appears in the
argument of a <literal>\cite</literal> command referring
to the entry.
</para>
<para>This entry has four fields, named
<literal>AUTHOR</literal>, <literal>TITLE</literal>,
<literal>PUBLISHER</literal> and <literal>ADDRESS</literal>.
The meanings of these and other fields are described below.
A field consists of the name, an '=' character with optional
space around it, followed by its text. The text of a field
is a string of characters, with no unmatched braces,
surrounded by either a pair of braces or a pair of '"'
characters. Entry fields are separated from one another,
and from the citation key, by commas. A comma may have
optional space around it.
</para>
<para>The outermost braces that surround the entire entry
may be replaced by parentheses. As in &tex; input files,
an end-of-line character counts as a space and one space
is equivalent to many spaces. Unlike &tex;, &bibtex; ignores
the case of letters in the entry type, citation key and
field names. The above entry could have been typed as follows:
<programlisting>@BOOK(kn:gnus, author = {Donald E. Knudson},
TITLE = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",
PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},
ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk} )</programlisting>
</para>
<para>However, the case of letters does matter to &latex;,
so the citation key ("kn:gnus" in the example above)
should appear exactly the same in all <literal>\cite</literal>
commands in the &latex; input file.
</para>
<para>The quotes or braces can be omitted around text consisting
entirely of numerals. The following two fields are equivalent:
<programlisting>Volume = "27" Volume = 27</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types">
<title>Entry Types</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bib files</secondary>
<tertiary>Entry Types</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>When entering a reference in the bibliography database,
the first thing to decide is what type of entry it is. No
fixed classification scheme can be complete, but &bibtex;
provides enough entry types to handle almost any reference
reasonably well.
</para>
<para>References to different types of publications contain
different information; a reference to a journal might
include the volume and number of the journal, which is
usually not meaningful for a book. Therefore, database
entries of different types have different fields for each
entry type, the fields are divided into three classes:
<variablelist role="db2latex:compact">
<varlistentry>
<term>Required</term>
<listitem>
<para>omitting the field will produce an error
message and may result in a badly formatted
bibliography entry. If the required information
is not meaningful, you are using the wrong entry type.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Optional</term>
<listitem>
<para>the field's information will be used if present,
but can be omitted without causing any formatting
problems. A reference should contain any available
information that might help the reader, so you should
include the optional field if it is applicable.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Ignored</term>
<listitem>
<para>the field is ignored. &bibtex; ignores any field
that is not required or optional, so you can include
any fields you want in a bibliography entry. It's
often a good idea to put all relevant information
about a reference in its bibliography entry - even
information that may never appear in the bibliography.
For example, if you want to keep an abstract of a
paper in a computer file, put it in an 'abstract'
field in the paper's bibliography entry. The
bibliography database file is likely to be as good
a place as any for the abstract, and it is possible
to design a bibliography style for printing
selected abstracts.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
<para>&bibtex; ignores the case of letters in the entry
type.</para>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-article">
<title>article entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>article entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>An article from a journal or magazine.</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@ARTICLE{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-journal">journal</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-volume">volume</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-number">number</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-pages">pages</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-book">
<title>book entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>book entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>A book with an explicit publisher.</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@BOOK{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link> or
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-editor">editor</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-publisher">publisher</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-volume">volume</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-series">series</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-address">address</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-edition">edition</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-booklet">
<title>booklet entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>booklet entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>A work that is printed and bound, but without a
named publisher or sponsoring institution.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@BOOKLET{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-howpublished">howpublished</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-address">address</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-conference">
<title>conference entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>conference entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>An article in the proceedings of a conference.
This entry is identical to the 'inproceedings' entry
and is included for compatibility with another text
formatting system.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@CONFERENCE{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-booktitle">booktitle</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-editor">editor</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-pages">pages</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-organization">organization</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-publisher">publisher</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-address">address</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-inbook">
<title>inbook entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>inbook entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>A part of a book, which may be a chapter and/or
a range of pages.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@INBOOK{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>
or
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-editor">editor</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-chapter">chapter</link>
and/or
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-pages">pages</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-publisher">publisher</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-volume">volume</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-series">series</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-address">address</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-edition">edition</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-incollection">
<title>incollection entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>incollection entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>A part of a book with its own title.</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@INCOLLECTION{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-booktitle">booktitle</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-editor">editor</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-pages">pages</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-organization">organization</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-publisher">publisher</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-address">address</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-inproceedings">
<title>inproceedings entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>inproceedings entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>An article in the proceedings of a conference.</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@INPROCEEDINGS{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-booktitle">booktitle</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-editor">editor</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-pages">pages</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-organization">organization</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-publisher">publisher</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-address">address</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-manual">
<title>manual entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>manual entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>Technical documentation.</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@MANUAL{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-organization">organization</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-address">address</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-edition">edition</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-mastersthesis">
<title>mastersthesis entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>mastersthesis entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>A Master's thesis.</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@MASTERSTHESIS{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-school">school</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-address">address</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-misc">
<title>misc entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>misc entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>Use this type when nothing else seems
appropriate.</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@MISC{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields: none
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-howpublished">howpublished</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-phdthesis">
<title>phdthesis entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>phdthesis entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>A PhD thesis.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@PHDTHESIS{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-school">school</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-address">address</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-proceedings">
<title>proceedings entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>proceedings entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The proceedings of a conference.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@PROCEEDINGS{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-editor">editor</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-publisher">publisher</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-organization">organization</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-address">address</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-techreport">
<title>techreport entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>techreport entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>A report published by a school or other institution,
usually numbered within a series.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@TECHREPORT{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-institution">institution</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-type">type</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-number">number</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-address">address</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-entry-types-unpublished">
<title>unpublished entry</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Entry Types</secondary>
<tertiary>unpublished entry</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para> A document with an author and title, but not
formally published.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>@UNPUBLISHED{citation_key,
required_fields [, optional_fields] }</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Required fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-author">author</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-title">title</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-note">note</link>
</para>
<para>Optional fields:
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-month">month</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-year">year</link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-field-types-key">key</link>
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-text">
<title>Field Text</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bib files</secondary>
<tertiary>Field Text</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The text of the field is enclosed in braces or double
quote characters. A part of the text is said to be enclosed
in braces if it lies inside a matching pair of braces other
than the ones enclosing the entire entry or the entire field text.
</para>
<para>&bibtex; manipulates the case of letters in the field text
as described in the subtopics below.
</para>
<section id="bibtex-field-text-names">
<title>Names</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Text</secondary>
<tertiary>Names</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The text of an author or editor field represents a
list of names. The bibliography style determines the format
in which the name is printed: whether the first name or
last name appears first, if the full first name or just
the first initial is used, etc. The bibliography file entry
simply tells &bibtex; what the name is.
</para>
<para>You should type an author's complete name and let the
bibliography style decide what to abbreviate. (But an
author's complete name may be "Donald~E. Knuth" or
even "J.~P.~Morgan"; you should type it the way the
author would like it to appear, if that's known.)
</para>
<para>Most names can be entered in the obvious way, either
with or without a comma, as in the following examples:
</para>
<para>"John Paul Jones" "Jones, John Paul"
"Ludwig von Beethoven" "von Beethoven, Ludwig"
</para>
<para>Some people have multiple last names - for example,
Per Brinch Hansen's last name is Brinch~Hansen.
His name should be typed with a comma:
</para>
<para> "Brinch Hansen, Per"
</para>
<para>To understand why, you must understand how &bibtex;
handles names (for what follows, a "name" corresponds
to a person).
</para>
<para>Each name consists of four parts: First, von, Last,
and~Jr; each part consists of a (possibly empty) list
of name-tokens. For example the First part of
Per Brinch~Hansen's name has the single token "Per";
the Last part has two, "Brinch" and "Hansen"; and the
von and Jr parts are empty. If you had typed
</para>
<para>"Per Brinch Hansen"</para>
<para>instead, &bibtex; would erroneously think "Brinch"
were a First-part token, just as "Paul" is a First-part
token in "John~Paul Jones".
</para>
<para>Here's another example:</para>
<para>"Charles Louis Xavier Joseph de la Vallee
Poussin"
</para>
<para>This name has four tokens in the First part, two
in the von, and two in the Last. Here &bibtex; knows
where one part ends and the other begins because the
tokens in the von part begin with lower-case letters.
</para>
<para>If you want &bibtex; to consider something a single
token, enclose it in braces. You should do this,
for example, if a comma is part of a name:
</para>
<para>"{Barnes and Noble, Inc.}" "{Barnes and} {Noble, Inc.}"
"{Barnes} {and} {Noble,} {Inc.}"
</para>
<para>The braces surrounding the comma keep "Inc." from
being interpreted as a First token; this name has only
a Last part, with either one, two, or four tokens
(there must be a space separating the tokens in the
second and third forms). Probably the second form is
slightly more meaningful, but don't lose sleep over this
since only rarely will an institution be an author or
editor.
</para>
<para>So the two names</para>
<para>"von Beethoven, Ludwig" "{von Beethoven}, Ludwig"
</para>
<para>are considered by &bibtex; to be different names.
In the first, "Beethoven" is the Last part and "von"
is the von part; in the second, which in this case
happens to be incorrect, the Last part has a single
token and there's no von part. The bibliography style
will probably print both the same, but it may alphabetize
and label them differently.
</para>
<para>"Juniors" pose a special problem. Most people having
"Jr." in their name precede it with a comma. Such a name
should be entered as follows:
</para>
<para>"Ford, Jr., Henry"</para>
<para>However, a few people do not use a comma. They are
handled by considering the "Jr." to be part of the last
Last token:
</para>
<para>"{Steele Jr.}, Guy L." "Guy L. {Steele Jr.}"</para>
<para>This name has no Jr part.</para>
<para>To summarize, you may type a name in one of
three forms:
</para>
<para>"First von Last" "von Last, First"
"von Last, Jr, First"
</para>
<para>You may almost always use the first form; you shouldn't
if either there's a Jr part or the Last part has multiple
tokens but there's no von part.
</para>
<para>If there are multiple authors or editors, their
names must be separated by the word "and", surrounded
by spaces, not enclosed in braces:
</para>
<para>AUTHOR = "Ralph Alpher and Bethe, Hans and George Gamow"
</para>
<para>Since &bibtex; interprets commas as separating parts
of a name and "and" as separating names themselves,
this example has three coauthors: Ralph Alpher,
Hans Bethe, and George Gamow. If the word "and" appears
as part of a name, it must be enclosed in braces, as in
the example of "Barnes and Noble,~Inc." given above.
If you have too many names to list in a field, you can
end the list with "and others"; the standard styles
appropriately append an "et al."
</para>
<para>&bibtex;'s rules are actually a bit more complicated
than indicated here, but this description will
suffice for most names.
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-text-titles">
<title>Titles</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Text</secondary>
<tertiary>Titles</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The bibliography style determines whether or not a
title is capitalized; the titles of books usually are,
the title of articles usually are not. You type a title
the way it should appear if it is capitalized (you
should capitalize everything but articles and unstressed
conjunctions and prepositions, and even these should
be capitalized as the first word or
the first after a colon):
</para>
<para>TITLE = "The Agony and the Ecstasy"</para>
<para>&bibtex; will change uppercase letters to lowercase
if appropriate. Uppercase letters that should not be
changed are enclosed in braces. The following two
titles are equivalent; the "A" of "Africa" will not
be made lowercase.
</para>
<para>"The Gnats and Gnus of {Africa}"
"The Gnats and Gnus of {A}frica"
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-text-abbr">
<title>Abbreviations</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Text</secondary>
<tertiary>Abbreviations</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>Instead of an ordinary text string, the text of a
field can be replaced by an abbreviation for it. An
abbreviation is a string of characters that starts
with a letter and does not contain a space or any
of the following ten characters:
</para>
<para><literal>" # % ' ( ) , = { }</literal></para>
<para>The abbreviation is typed in place of the text
field, with no braces or quotation marks. If 'jgg1'
is an abbreviation for
</para>
<para>Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1</para>
<para>then the following are equivalent:</para>
<para>JOURNAL = jgg1 JOURNAL = "Journal of Gnats and
Gnus, Series~1"</para>
<para>Some abbreviations are predefined by the bibliography
style. These always include the usual 3 letter
abbreviations for the month: jan, feb, mar etc.
</para>
<para>Bibliography styles usually contain abbreviations
for the names of commonly referenced journals. Consult
the Local Guide for a list of the predefined abbreviations
for the bibliography styles available.
</para>
<para>You can define your own abbreviations by using
&bibtex;'s <literal>@STRING</literal> command.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types">
<title>Field Types</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bib files</secondary>
<tertiary>Field Types</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>Below is a list of all fields recognized by the
standard bibliography styles. An entry can also contain
other fields, which are ignored by those styles.
</para>
<para>&bibtex; ignores the case of letters in the
field names.
</para>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-address">
<title>address field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>address field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>Publisher's address. For major publishing houses,
just the city is given. For small publishers, you can
help the reader by giving the complete address.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>ADDRESS = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-annote">
<title>annote field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>annote field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>An annotation, used only for annotated bibliography
styles (which are not among the standard ones).
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>ANNOTE = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-author">
<title>author field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>author field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The name(s) of the author(s).
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>AUTHOR = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-booktitle">
<title>booktitle field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>booktitle field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>Title of a book, part of which is being cited.</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>BOOKTITLE = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-chapter">
<title>chapter field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>chapter field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>A chapter number.</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>CHAPTER = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-edition">
<title>edition field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>edition field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The edition of a book - for example, "second".</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>EDITION = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-editor">
<title>editor field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>editor field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>Name(s) of editor(s). If there is also an "author"
field, then the "editor" field gives the editor of
the book or collection in which the reference appears.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>EDITOR = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-howpublished">
<title>howpublished field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>howpublished field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>How something strange has been published.</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>HOWPUBLISHED = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-institution">
<title>institution field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>institution field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The institution that published the work.</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>INSTITUTION = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-journal">
<title>journal field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>journal field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>A journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many
journals; see the Local Guide.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>JOURNAL = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-key">
<title>key field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>key field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para> Used for alphabetizing and creating a label
when the "author" and "editor" fields are missing.
This field should not be confused with the citation
key that appears in the <literal>\cite</literal>
command and at the beginning of the entry.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>KEY = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-month">
<title>month field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>month field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The month in which the work was published or,
for an unpublished work, in which it was written.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>MONTH = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-note">
<title>note field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>note field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>Any additional information that can help the reader.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>NOTE = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-number">
<title>number field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>number field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The number of a journal, magazine, or technical
report. An issue of a journal or magazine is usually
identified by its volume and number; the organization
that issues a technical report usually gives it a number.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>NUMBER = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-organization">
<title>organization field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>organization field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The organization sponsoring a conference.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>ORGANIZATION = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-pages">
<title>pages field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>pages field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>A page number or range of numbers such as "42--111";
you may also have several of these, separating them with
commas: "7,41,73--97". The standard styles convert a
single dash to a double. >
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>PAGES = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-publisher">
<title>publisher field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>publisher field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The publisher's name.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>PUBLISHER = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-school">
<title>school field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>school field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The name of the school where a thesis was written.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>SCHOOL = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-series">
<title>series field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>series field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The name of a series or set of books. When citing
an entire book, the the "title" field gives its title
and an optional "series" field gives the name of a series
in which the book is published.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>SERIES = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-title">
<title>title field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>title field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The work's title.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>TITLE = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-type">
<title>type field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>type field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The type of a technical report - for example,
"Research Note".
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>TYPE = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-volume">
<title>volume field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>volume field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The volume of a journal or multivolume book work.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>VOLUME = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-field-types-year">
<title>year field</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>Field Types</secondary>
<tertiary>year field</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>The year of publication or, for an unpublished
work, the year it was written. This field's text
should contain only numerals.
</para>
<para>Format:
<programlisting>YEAR = field_text</programlisting>
</para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-bst-files">
<title>bst files</title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bst files</secondary>
</indexterm>
<para>Bibliography style files define the style of a
bibliography source list.</para>
<para>The standard bibliography style files are
<link linkend="bibtex-bst-plain"><filename role="nohyphenation">PLAIN</filename></link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-bst-unsrt"><filename role="nohyphenation">UNSRT</filename></link>,
<link linkend="bibtex-bst-alpha"><filename role="nohyphenation">ALPHA</filename></link>
and
<link linkend="bibtex-bst-abbr"><filename role="nohyphenation">ABBRV</filename></link>.
</para>
<para>If you want to make a bibliography style of your own,
look at <link linkend="bibtex-bst-sample"><filename role="nohyphenation">SAMPLE.BST</filename></link>.
</para>
<section id="bibtex-bst-abbr">
<title><filename role="nohyphenation">ABBRV.BST</filename></title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bst files</secondary>
<tertiary>ABBRV.BST</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>This style is the same as the style defined in
<filename>PLAIN.BST</filename>, except that entries are
more compact because first names, month names and journal
names are abbreviated.
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-bst-alpha">
<title><filename role="nohyphenation">ALPHA.BST</filename></title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bst files</secondary>
<tertiary>ALPHA.BST</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>This style is the same as the style defined in
<filename>PLAIN.BST</filename> except that entry labels
like "Knu66", formed from the author's name and the year
of publication, are used.
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-bst-plain">
<title><filename role="nohyphenation">PLAIN.BST</filename></title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bst files</secondary>
<tertiary>PLAIN.BST</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>This style is formatted more or less as suggested
by Mary-Claire van Leunen in "A Handbook for Scholars"
(Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1979). Entries are sorted
alphabetically and are labelled with numbers.
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-bst-sample">
<title><filename role="nohyphenation">SAMPLE.BST</filename></title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bst files</secondary>
<tertiary>SAMPLE.BST</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>This is a sample bibliography style file meant to
help you construct a new style. It creates a bibliography
in which entries appear as follows:
</para>
<para>[Jones79] Jones, R. L. and Richards, P. Q. The Birds
and the Bees. {\it Journal of Irreproducible Results 4},
2 (Jan. 1979), 27-33.
</para>
<para>[Jones82a] Jones, P. G. The Bees and the
Trees ... (1982).
</para>
<para>[Jones82b] Jones, R. L. The Trees and the
Peas ... (1982).
</para>
<para>[Krist74] Kristofferson, R. P. Peopl and
Places ... (1974)
</para>
<para>It should illustrate how you write a style file.
The functions are described in an informal Pascal-like
style in comments. Because of the way while loops and
if-then-else statements must use functions, the following
convention is used. If a while loop is labeled 'foo'
in the informal description, then its test and body
are the functions named 'foo.test' and 'foo.body'.
If an if statement is labeled 'foo', then its two clauses
are the functions named 'foo.then' and 'foo.else'.
(Null clauses just use the 'skip$' function.) Note that
because functions have to be defined in terms of
already-defined functions, the actual function definitions
are given in a 'bottom-up' order.
</para>
</section>
<section id="bibtex-bst-unsrt">
<title><filename role="nohyphenation">UNSRT.BST</filename></title>
<indexterm>
<primary>BibTeX</primary>
<secondary>bst files</secondary>
<tertiary>UNSRT.BST</tertiary>
</indexterm>
<para>This style is that same as <filename>PLAIN.BST</filename>
except that entries appear in the order of their
first citation.
</para>
</section>
</section>
</chapter>
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