1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta name="generator"
content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2002), see www.w3.org" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
<title>Preface</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="mtw.css" type="text/css" />
<meta name="generator"
content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.53.0" />
<link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
<link rel="up" href="index.html" title="Making TeX Work" />
<link rel="previous" href="pr01.html"
title="Forward to the SourceForge Edition" />
<link rel="next" href="pt01.html"
title="Part I. An Introduction to TeX" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="navheader">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
<tr>
<td align="left"> <a title="Making TeX Work"
href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
alt="Home" border="0" /></a> <a
title="Forward to the SourceForge Edition"
href="pr01.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
alt="Prev" border="0" /></a> <a
title="Making TeX Work" href="index.html"><img
src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up" border="0" />
</a> <a
title="Part I. An Introduction to TeX"
href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
<td align="right"><i>Making TeX Work</i> Version 1.0.1
<span class="alpha-version">(<a
href="co01.html"><em>Alpha</em></a>)</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="preface">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="id2841290"
name="id2841290"></a>Preface</h2>
</div>
<div>
<p class="releaseinfo">$Revision: 1.1 $</p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="pubdate">$Date: 2002/08/23 14:31:13 $</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>TeX is a tool for creating professional quality, typeset
pages of any kind. It is particularly good, perhaps
unsurpassed, at typesetting mathematics<a id="id2841277"
class="indexterm" name="id2841277"></a> <a id="id2841322"
class="indexterm" name="id2841322"></a>; as a result, it is
widely used in scientific writing. Some of its other
features, like its ability to handle multiple languages<a
id="id2787586" class="indexterm" name="id2787586"></a> <a
id="id2787597" class="indexterm" name="id2787597"></a> in the
same document and the fact that the content of a document
(chapters, sections, equations, tables, figures, etc.) can be
separated from its form (typeface, size, spacing,
indentation, etc.) are making TeX more common outside of
scientific and academic circles.</p>
<p>Designed by Donald Knuth<a id="id2787617"
class="indexterm" name="id2787617"></a> in the late 1970s,
more than a decade of refinement has gone into the program
called “TeX” today. The resulting system produces
publication-quality output while maintaining portability
across an extremely wide range of platforms.</p>
<p>Remarkably, TeX is free. This fact, probably as much as
any other, has contributed to the development of a complete
“TeX system” by literally thousands of
volunteers. TeX, the program, forms the core of this
environment and is now supported by hundreds of tools.</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a
id="sec.implementation"
name="sec.implementation"></a>Why Read This Book?</h2>
</div>
</div>
<p>This book is for anyone who uses TeX. Novices will need
at least one other reference, because this book does not
describe the nuts and bolts of writing documents with TeX
in any great detail.</p>
<p>If you are new to TeX, there is much to learn. There are
many books that describe how to use TeX. However, the focus
of this book is mostly at a higher level. After digesting
Chapter <a href="ch01.html"
title="Chapter 1. The Big Picture">Chapter 1</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch01.html"
title="Chapter 1. The Big Picture">Chapter 1</a></em></span>,
you should be able to proceed through the rest of the book
without much difficulty even if you have never seen TeX
before. So, if you are a system administrator interested in
learning enough about these programs to install and test
them for your users, you should be all set. If you are
interested in learning how to write documents with TeX,
this book will be helpful, but it will not be wholly
sufficient.</p>
<p>Why do you need this book at all? Although many
individual components of the TeX system are well
documented, there has never before been a complete
reference to the whole system. This book surveys the entire
world of TeX software and helps you see how the various
pieces are related.</p>
<p>A functioning TeX system is really a large collection of
programs that interact in subtle ways to produce a document
that, when formatted by TeX, prints the output you want.
All the different interactions that take place ultimately
result in less work for you, the writer, even though it may
seem like more work at first. Heck, it may <span
class="emphasis"><em>be</em></span> more work at first, but
in the long run, the savings are tremendous.</p>
<p>Many books about TeX refer the reader to a “local
guide” for more information about previewing and
printing documents and what facilities exist for
incorporating special material into documents (like special
fonts and pictures and figures). In reality, very few local
guides exist.</p>
<p>The TeX environment is now mature and stable enough to
support a more “global guide.” That is what
this book attempts to be. It goes into detail about
previewing and printing, about incorporating other fonts,
about adding pictures and figures to your documents, and
about many other things overlooked by other books.</p>
<p>Because fonts play a ubiquitous role in typesetting,
this book is also about MetaFont, the tool that Donald
Knuth<a id="id2788111" class="indexterm"
name="id2788111"></a> designed for creating fonts.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2788121"
name="id2788121"></a>Scope of This Book</h2>
</div>
</div>
<p>Here's how the book is laid out.</p>
<p><span class="bold"><b>Part <a href="pt01.html"
title="Part I. An Introduction to TeX">Part I</a>:
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="pt01.html"
title="Part I. An Introduction to TeX">Part I</a></em></span></b></span>.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch01.html"
title="Chapter 1. The Big Picture">Chapter 1</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch01.html"
title="Chapter 1. The Big Picture">Chapter 1</a></em></span>.
If you don't know anything about TeX at all, this chapter
will help you get started. If you're a system adminstrator
charged with the task of installing and maintaining TeX
tools, you'll get enough information to do the job.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch02.html"
title="Chapter 2. Editing">Chapter 2</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch02.html"
title="Chapter 2. Editing">Chapter 2</a></em></span>.
An overview of some environments that can make working with
TeX documents easier. It describes some editors that
“understand” TeX, how to integrate TeX into a
“programmer's editor,” spellchecking, revision
control, and other aspects of TeXnical editing.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch03.html"
title="Chapter 3. Running TeX">Chapter 3</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch03.html"
title="Chapter 3. Running TeX">Chapter 3</a></em></span>.
The mechanics of running TeX, the program. It discusses
what things TeX needs to be able to run, how to start TeX,
command-line options, leaving TeX, and recovery from
errors.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch04.html"
title="Chapter 4. Macro Packages">Chapter 4</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch04.html"
title="Chapter 4. Macro Packages">Chapter 4</a></em></span>.
Overview of TeX macro packages. This chapter describes how
to make a format file, the major general-purpose writing
packages, some special-purpose writing packages, how to
make slides for presentations, and how to handle color in
TeX.</p>
<p><span class="bold"><b>Part <a href="pt02.html"
title="Part II. Elements of a Complex Document">Part II</a>:
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="pt02.html"
title="Part II. Elements of a Complex Document">Part II</a></em></span></b></span>.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch05.html"
title="Chapter 5. Fonts">Chapter 5</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch05.html"
title="Chapter 5. Fonts">Chapter 5</a></em></span>.
This chapter explores the issues that need to be addressed
when using fonts. Many of these issues are not particularly
TeX-related, but TeX is very flexible, and it's important
to understand the tradeoffs that must be made. This chapter
also examines some TeX-specific issues: font selection,
files that TeX needs, automatic font generation, and
virtual fonts.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch06.html"
title="Chapter 6. Pictures and Figures">Chapter 6</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch06.html"
title="Chapter 6. Pictures and Figures">Chapter 6</a></em></span>.
How many ways are there to include pictures and figures in
a TeX document? Lots and lots of ways. This chapter
examines them all.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch07.html"
title="Chapter 7. International Considerations">Chapter 7</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch07.html"
title="Chapter 7. International Considerations">Chapter 7</a></em></span>.
TeX is well qualified to do international typesetting. This
chapter looks at the issues that are involved: representing
international symbols in your input file, what TeX
produces, getting the right fonts, multiple languages in
the same document, and macro packages and style files that
solve some of these problems. Some strategies for dealing
with very difficult languages (like Japanese and Arabic)
are also explored.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch08.html"
title="Chapter 8. Printing">Chapter 8</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch08.html"
title="Chapter 8. Printing">Chapter 8</a></em></span>.
What goes in has to come out. This chapter tells the what,
where, why, and how of printing your documents.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch09.html"
title="Chapter 9. Previewing">Chapter 9</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch09.html"
title="Chapter 9. Previewing">Chapter 9</a></em></span>.
Save paper; preview your documents before you print
them.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch10.html"
title="Chapter 10. Online Documentation">Chapter 10</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch10.html"
title="Chapter 10. Online Documentation">Chapter 10</a></em></span>.
Online documentation is becoming increasingly popular. This
chapter explores different ways that both typeset and
online documentation can be produced from the same set of
input files.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch11.html"
title="Chapter 11. Introducing MetaFont">Chapter 11</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch11.html"
title="Chapter 11. Introducing MetaFont">Chapter 11</a></em></span>.
Sometimes it is necessary or desirable to create a special
version of a standard TeX font. Maybe you really need the
standard 10pt font at 11.3pt. This chapter will tell you
how to work with existing MetaFont fonts. It <span
class="emphasis"><em>won't</em></span> tell you how to
create your own fonts; that's a whole different story.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch12.html"
title="Chapter 12. Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
Chapter 12</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
href="ch12.html"
title="Chapter 12. Bibliographies, Indexes, and Glossaries">
Chapter 12</a></em></span>. Maintaining a
bibliographic database can be a great timesaver. This
chapter looks at the BibTeX program and other tools for
building and using bibliographic databases. It also
discusses the creation of indexes and glossaries.</p>
<p><span class="bold"><b>Part <a href="pt03.html"
title="Part III. A Tools Overview">Part III</a>:
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="pt03.html"
title="Part III. A Tools Overview">Part III</a></em></span></b></span>.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch13.html"
title="Chapter 13. Non-commercial Environments">Chapter 13</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch13.html"
title="Chapter 13. Non-commercial Environments">Chapter 13</a></em></span>.
Many TeX environments are freely available. This chapter
describes public domain, free, and shareware versions of
TeX.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch14.html"
title="Chapter 14. Commercial Environments">Chapter 14</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch14.html"
title="Chapter 14. Commercial Environments">Chapter 14</a></em></span>.
A large, complex system like TeX can be overwhelming
(although I hope less so after you read this book ;-). One
of the advantages of selecting a commercial implementation
of TeX is that some form of customer support is usually
provided. Still other commercial implementations offer
features not found in any free releases. This chapter
describes several commercial TeX releases.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch15.html"
title="Chapter 15. TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter 15</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch15.html"
title="Chapter 15. TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter 15</a></em></span>.
Many issues discussed in this book apply equally to all
platforms, including the Macintosh platform, but the Mac
has its own special set of features. This chapter looks at
some versions of TeX and other tools designed specifically
for use on the Mac.</p>
<p>Chapter <a href="ch16.html"
title="Chapter 16. TeX Utilities">Chapter 16</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch16.html"
title="Chapter 16. TeX Utilities">Chapter 16</a></em></span>.
This chapter lists many of the the utilities available in
the CTAN archives and provides a brief description of what
they do.</p>
<p>Appendix <a href="apa.html"
title="Appendix A. Filename Extension Summary">Appendix A</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apa.html"
title="Appendix A. Filename Extension Summary">Appendix A</a></em></span>.
Lots of files can be identified by their extensions. This
appendix lists the extensions that are most often seen in
conjunction with TeX and describes what the associated
files contain.</p>
<p>Appendix <a href="apb.html"
title="Appendix B. Font Samples">Appendix B</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apb.html"
title="Appendix B. Font Samples">Appendix B</a></em></span>.
Examples of many MetaFont fonts available from the CTAN
archives.</p>
<p>Appendix <a href="apc.html"
title="Appendix C. Resources">Appendix C</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apc.html"
title="Appendix C. Resources">Appendix C</a></em></span>.
A complete list of the resources described in this
book.</p>
<p>Appendix <a href="apd.html"
title="Appendix D. Long Examples">Appendix D</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apd.html"
title="Appendix D. Long Examples">Appendix D</a></em></span>.
This appendix contains examples (scripts, batch files,
programs) that seemed too long to place in the running
text.</p>
<p><span class="emphasis"><em>Bibliography</em></span>.
Where I learned what I know. Also, where you can look for
more information about specific topics.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2855196"
name="id2855196"></a>Conventions Used in This Book</h2>
</div>
</div>
<p>The following typographic conventions are used in this
book:</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<dl>
<dt><span class="term"><span
class="emphasis"><em>Italic</em></span></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>is used for filenames, directories, user commands,
program names, and macro packages (except where the
distinctive logo type is used). Sometimes italics are
used in the traditional way for emphasis of new ideas
and important concepts.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt>Typewriter</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>is used for program examples, FTP sites, TeX
control sequences, and little bits of TeX syntax that
appear in running text (for example, typewriter text
in a reference to the LaTeX <tt>picture</tt>
environment is a clue that LaTeX literally uses the
word “picture” to identify this
environment).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt>\bf Typewriter
Bold</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>is used in examples to show the user's actual
input at the terminal.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term"><tt>\it Typewriter
Italic</tt></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>identifies text that requires a context-specific
substitution. For example, <span
class="emphasis"><em><tt>filename</tt></em></span> in
an example would be replaced by some particular
filename.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">Footnotes</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>are used for parenthetical remarks. Sometimes,
lies are spoken to simplify the discussion, and the
footnotes restore the lie to the truth. (And
sometimes they don't ;-)</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p>Filename extensions, like “<span
class="emphasis"><em>.tex</em></span>” in
<tt>book.tex</tt>, are shown in uppercase letters when
referring to a particular type of file. For example, a TeX
Font Metric or <tt>TFM</tt> file would be
<tt>somefile.tfm</tt>. The actual extension of the file may
be different (upper or lowercase, longer or shorter)
depending on your operating environment.</p>
<p>When the shell prompt is shown in an example, it is
shown as a dollar sign, \$. You should imagine that this is
your system's prompt, which might otherwise be
<tt><!--</tt> , <tt>C></tt>, --> <tt>[C:\]</tt>,
or a dialog box.</p>
<p>When spaces are important in an example, the
“{ }” character is used to emphasize the
spaces. Effective,  isn't  it?</p>
<p>In some places, I refer to specific keys that you should
press. When it's important that I mean pressing particular
keys and not typing something, I emphasize the keys. For
instance, an example that includes <b>Enter</b> means that
you should literally press the Enter or Return key. The
sequence <b>Ctrl-D</b> means that you should press and hold
the “Control” and “d” keys
simultaneously. Control-key combinations aren't case
sensitive, so you needn't press the shift key.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2855490"
name="id2855490"></a>How to Get TeX</h2>
</div>
</div>
<p>TeX and the other programs mentioned in this book are
available from a number of places. It's impossible to list
all of the places where you might find any given tool, but
there is one place where you will almost certainly find
<span class="emphasis"><em>every</em></span> tool: the
Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN)<a id="id2855505"
class="indexterm" name="id2855505"></a>.</p>
<p>This network is a fully-mirrored anonymous FTP hierarchy
in three countries. Always use the FTP site<a
id="id2855524" class="indexterm" name="id2855524"></a> that
is geographically closest to you. The following table lists
the current members of CTAN as of July, 1993:</p>
<div class="table">
<a id="id2855538" name="id2855538"></a>
<p class="title"><b>Table 1. </b></p>
<table summary="" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" />
<col align="left" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">Geographic Location</th>
<th align="left">Site</th>
<th align="left">IP Address</th>
<th align="left">Top Level Directory</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">United States</td>
<td align="left">\tt ftp.shsu.edu</td>
<td align="left">192.92.115.10</td>
<td align="left">\it /tex-archive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">England</td>
<td align="left">\tt ftp.tex.ac.uk</td>
<td align="left">131.151.79.32</td>
<td align="left">\it /tex-archive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Germany</td>
<td align="left">\tt ftp.uni-stuttgart.de</td>
<td align="left">129.69.8.13</td>
<td align="left">\it /tex-archive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>You may also access the CTAN archives by electronic
mail<a id="id2855672" class="indexterm"
name="id2855672"></a> if you do not have FTP access. For
up-to-date instructions about the mail server, send the
single-line message <tt>help</tt> to
<tt>fileserv@shsu.edu</tt>.</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="id2855700"
name="id2855700"></a>Where Are the Files?</h3>
</div>
</div>
<p>Every CTAN mirror site has the same well-organized
directory structure<a id="id2855710" class="indexterm"
name="id2855710"></a>. The top-level directory also
contains a complete catalog of current files organized by
name, date, and size. The catalogs are named
<tt>FILES.byname</tt>, <tt>FILES.bydate</tt>, and
<tt>FILES.bysize</tt>, respectively, in the top level
directory. The top-level directory contains the following
subdirectories:</p>
<pre class="screen">
<table>
<title></title>
<tgroup cols="1">
<colspec align="left">
<colspec align="left">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Directory</entry>
<entry>Description of Contents </entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>tools</entry>
<entry>Archiving tools (<command>unzip</command>, <command>tar</command>, <command>compress</command>, etc.) </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>biblio</entry>
<entry>Tools for maintaining bibliographic databases </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>digests</entry>
<entry>Electronic digests (&TeX;hax, UK&TeX;, etc.)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>info</entry>
<entry>Free documentation, many good guides </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>dviware</entry>
<entry>Printing and previewing software </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>fonts</entry>
<entry>Fonts for &TeX; </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>graphics</entry>
<entry>Software for working with pictures and figures </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>help</entry>
<entry>Online help files, etc. </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>indexing</entry>
<entry>Indexing and glossary building tools </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>language</entry>
<entry>Multi-national language support </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>macros</entry>
<entry>Macro packages and style files </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>misc</entry>
<entry>Stuff that doesn't fit in any other category </entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>support</entry>
<entry>Tools for running and supporting &TeX;</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>systems</entry>
<entry>OS-specific programs and files</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>web</entry>
<entry>Sources for &TeX; programs (in &Web;) </entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</pre>
<p>The archives at <tt>ftp.shsu.edu</tt> and
<tt>ftp.tex.ac.uk</tt> also support <b>gopher</b><a
id="id2788674" class="indexterm" name="id2788674"></a>
access to the archives. The UK <b>gopher</b> supports
indexed access to the archives. A World Wide Web
(hypertext) interface<a id="id2788694" class="indexterm"
name="id2788694"></a> to the archives is available
from:</p>
<pre class="screen">
http://jasper.ora.com/ctan.html
</pre>
<p>This interface includes brief descriptions of many
packages and the ability to perform keyword and date
searches.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="id2855768"
name="id2855768"></a>Getting Software Without
FTP</h3>
</div>
</div>
<p>The electronic alternatives<a id="id2788563"
class="indexterm" name="id2788563"></a> to FTP, described
in the section “<a
href="pr02.html#sec.gettingexamples"
title="Getting Examples From This Book">the section
called “Getting Examples From This
Book”</a>” of this chapter are also viable
alternatives for getting software from the CTAN
archives.</p>
<p>In addition, there are a number of ways to get
distributions through nonelectronic<a id="id2788597"
class="indexterm" name="id2788597"></a> channels. The
names and addresses of these sources are listed in
Appendix <a href="apc.html"
title="Appendix C. Resources">Appendix C</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="apc.html"
title="Appendix C. Resources">Appendix C</a></em></span>.</p>
<p>You can get many of the popular TeX distributions on
diskette from the TeX Users Group (TUG)<a id="id2856094"
class="indexterm" name="id2856094"></a>. Emacs,
<b>Ghostscript</b>, and other packages by the Free
Software Foundation (FSF)<a id="id2856119"
class="indexterm" name="id2856119"></a> are available on
tape directly from the FSF. You may also find large
bulletin board systems that support TeX (for example,
Channel1 in Cambridge, MA)</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="sec.gettingexamples"
name="sec.gettingexamples"></a>Getting Examples From
This Book</h3>
</div>
</div>
<p>All of the substantial code fragments and programs
printed in this book are available online. The examples<a
id="id2856154" class="indexterm" name="id2856154"></a> in
this book are all in <b>Perl</b><a id="id2856168"
class="indexterm" name="id2856168"></a>, a language for
easily manipulating text, files, and processes. I decided
to use <b>Perl</b> simply because it is available for
every platform discussed in this book. It is the only
“universal” scripting language that will work
under MS-DOS, OS/2, unix, and the Macintosh. All of the
scripts in this book can be converted to a different
scripting language (the various unix shells or something
like <b>4DOS</b>'s extended batch language for MS-DOS and
OS/2) if you prefer. I've tried to write the <b>Perl</b>
scripts in a straightforward way so that any given task
won't be too difficult.</p>
<p>The examples are available electronically in a number
of ways: by FTP, FTPMAIL, BITFTP, and UUCP. The cheapest,
fastest, and easiest ways are listed first. If you read
from the top down, the first one that works is probably
the best. Use FTP if you are directly on the Internet.
Use FTPMAIL if you are not on the Internet but can send
and receive electronic mail to Internet sites (this
includes CompuServe users). Use BITFTP if you send
electronic mail via BITNET. Use UUCP if none of the above
work.</p>
<div class="note"
style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>The examples were prepared using a unix system. If
you are running unix, you can use them without
modification. If you are running on another platform,
you may need to modify these examples to correct the
end-of-line markers. For example, whereas under unix
every line ends with a line feed character (the
carriage return is implicit), under DOS every line must
end with explicit carriage return and line feed
characters.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2856246"
name="id2856246"></a>FTP</h4>
</div>
</div>
<p>To use FTP<a id="id2856255" class="indexterm"
name="id2856255"></a>, you need a machine with direct
access to the Internet. A sample session is shown
below.</p>
<pre class="screen">
\${\bf ftp ftp.uu.net} Connected to ftp.uu.net.
220 ftp.UU.NET FTP server (Version 6.34 Oct 22 14:32:01 1992) ready.
Name (ftp.uu.net:prefect): {\bf anonymous}
331 Guest login ok, send e-mail address as password.
Password:{\bf prefect@guide.com} \ \ \ {\rm\it\small (use your user name and host here)}
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
ftp>{\bf cd /published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork}
250 CWD command successful.
ftp>{\bf get README}
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for README (xxxx bytes).
226 Transfer complete.
local: README remote: README
xxxx bytes received in xxx seconds (xxx Kbytes/s)
ftp>{\bf binary} \ \ {\rm\it\small (select binary mode for compressed files)}
200 Type set to I.
{\rm\it\small \ (Repeat get commands for the other files.}
{\rm\it\small \ They are listed in the README file.)}
ftp>{\bf quit} 221 Goodbye.
\$
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2856292"
name="id2856292"></a>FTPMAIL</h4>
</div>
</div>
<p>FTPMAIL<a id="id2856301" class="indexterm"
name="id2856301"></a> is a mail server available to
anyone who can send electronic mail to, and receive it
from, Internet sites. This includes most workstations
that have an email connection to the outside world and
CompuServe<a id="id2856314" class="indexterm"
name="id2856314"></a> users. You do not need to be
directly on the Internet.</p>
<p>Send mail to <span
class="emphasis"><em>ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com</em></span>.
In the message body, give the name of the anonymous FTP
host and the FTP commands you want to run. The server
will run anonymous FTP for you and mail the files back
to you. To get a complete help file, send a message
with no subject and the single word <tt>help</tt> in
the body. The following is an example mail session that
should get you the examples. This command sends you a
listing of the files in the selected directory and the
requested example files. The listing is useful if
there's a later version of the examples you're
interested in.</p>
<pre class="screen">
\${\bf mail ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com}
Subject: {\bf{}reply prefect@guide.com} \ \ {\rm\it\small (where you want files mailed)}
{\bf{}connect ftp.uu.net}
{\bf{}chdir /published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork}
{\bf{}dir}
{\bf{}get README}
{\bf{}quit}
</pre>
<p>A signature at the end of the message is acceptable
as long as it appears after <tt>quit</tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2856375"
name="id2856375"></a>BITFTP</h4>
</div>
</div>
<p>BITFTP<a id="id2856384" class="indexterm"
name="id2856384"></a> is a mail server for BITNET
users. You send it electronic mail messages requesting
files, and it sends you back the files by electronic
mail. BITFTP currently serves only users who send it
mail from nodes that are directly on BITNET, EARN, or
NetNorth. BITFTP is a public service of Princeton
University.</p>
<p>To use BITFTP, send mail containing your FTP
commands to <span
class="emphasis"><em>BITFTP@PUCC</em></span>. For a
complete help file, send <tt>HELP</tt> as the message
body.</p>
<p>The following is the message body you should send to
BITFTP:</p>
<pre class="screen">
FTP ftp.uu.net
NETDATA USER anonymous
PASS<span
class="emphasis"><em>your Internet e-mail address</em></span> {\rm\it\small (not your BITNET address)}
CD /published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork
DIR
GET README
QUIT
</pre>
<p>Questions about BITFTP can be directed to <span
class="emphasis"><em>MAINT@PUCC</em></span> on
BITNET.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2856447"
name="id2856447"></a>UUCP</h4>
</div>
</div>
<p>UUCP<a id="id2856456" class="indexterm"
name="id2856456"></a> is standard on virtually all unix
systems and is available for IBM-compatible PCs and
Apple Macintoshes. The examples are available by UUCP
via modem from UUNET; UUNET's connect-time charges
apply. You can get the examples from UUNET whether you
have an account or not. If you or your company has an
account with UUNET, you will have a system with a
direct UUCP connection to UUNET. Find that system, and
type (as one line):</p>
<pre class="screen">
\$ <span
class="bold"><b>uucp uunet\! /published/oreilly/nutshell/maketexwork/README \</b></span>
<span class="emphasis"><em>\ \ yourhost</em></span>\! /<span
class="emphasis"><em>yourname</em></span>/
</pre>
<p>The README file should appear some time later (up to
a day or more) in the directory <span
class="emphasis"><em>/usr/spool/uucppublic/yourname</em></span>.
If you don't have an account, but would like one so
that you can get electronic mail, contact UUNET at
703-204-8000.</p>
<p>If you don't have a UUNET account, you can set up a
UUCP connection to UUNET in the United States using the
phone number 1-900-468-7727. As of this writing, the
cost is 50 cents per minute. The charges will appear on
your next telephone bill. The login name is <span
class="emphasis"><em>uucp</em></span> with no password.
Your entry may vary depending on your UUCP
configuration.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h4 class="title"><a id="id2856527"
name="id2856527"></a>Gopher</h4>
</div>
</div>
<p>If you are on the Internet, you can use the
<b>gopher</b><a id="id2856542" class="indexterm"
name="id2856542"></a> facility to learn about online
access to examples through the O'Reilly Online
Information Resource. Access <span
class="emphasis"><em>gopher.ora.com</em></span> as
appropriate from your site.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2856562"
name="id2856562"></a>Versions of TeX</h2>
</div>
</div>
<p>The most recent versions of TeX<a id="id2856571"
class="indexterm" name="id2856571"></a> and MetaFont<a
id="id2856585" class="indexterm" name="id2856585"></a> are
version 3.1415 and version 2.71, respectively. Version 3 of
TeX introduced several new features designed to improve
support for non-English languages (including the use of
8-bit input and some refinements to hyphenation control).
If you use an older version of TeX, you should upgrade.</p>
<p>Donald Knuth<a id="id2856609" class="indexterm"
name="id2856609"></a> has specified that TeX's version
number converges to $π$, therefore version 3.1415 is
only the fourth minor revision after version 3. The next
minor revision will be version 3.14159. Similarly,
MetaFont's version number converges to $e$
(2.7182818284$…$).</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2856618"
name="id2856618"></a>Implementations and Platforms</h2>
</div>
</div>
<p>The interface that TeX presents to the writer is very
consistent. Most of the examples described in this book are
applicable to every single implementation<a id="id2856636"
class="indexterm" name="id2856636"></a><a id="id2856653"
class="indexterm" name="id2856653"></a> of TeX. However,
TeX is not a closed system. It is possible to step outside
of TeX to incorporate special elements into your document
or take advantage of the special features of a particular
environment. These extensions can dramatically restrict the
portability of your documents.</p>
<p>Many of the topics covered in this book offer
alternatives in those areas that are less portable.
Therefore, it is natural to ask what implementations are
really covered.</p>
<p>Before outlining which implementations are covered, let
me suggest that this book will be useful even if you are
using an implementation not “officially”
covered here. The reality of the situation is this: many,
many tools have been ported with TeX. Many of the tools
mentioned in this book are available on platforms that are
not specifically discussed. Time and equipment constraints
prevented Amiga<a id="id2856696" class="indexterm"
name="id2856696"></a>, Atari<a id="id2856708"
class="indexterm" name="id2856708"></a>, NeXT<a
id="id2856719" class="indexterm" name="id2856719"></a>,
VMS<a id="id2856731" class="indexterm"
name="id2856731"></a>, and Windows NT<a id="id2856743"
class="indexterm" name="id2856743"></a> implementations of
TeX from being specifically addressed in this edition of
the book.</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="id2856757"
name="id2856757"></a>UNIX</h3>
</div>
</div>
<p>unix<a id="id2856765" class="indexterm"
name="id2856765"></a> is probably the most common TeX
platform. The emphasis in this book is on unix
workstations running X11, producing output for PostScript
and HP LaserJet printers.</p>
<p><b>Linux</b><a id="id2856788" class="indexterm"
name="id2856788"></a> and other personal computer
implementations of unix are not addressed specifically;
however, with the successful port of X11 to <b>Linux</b>,
I'm confident that every unix tool here can be, or has
been, ported to <b>Linux</b> (and probably other PC unix
environments).</p>
<p>The only implementation of the TeX program for unix
considered in any detail is the free implementation
distributed in <span
class="emphasis"><em>web2c</em></span>. This distribution
is described in the section called “<a
href="ch13.html#free.web" title="Web2C">the section
called “Web2C”</a>” in Chapter <a
href="ch13.html"
title="Chapter 13. Non-commercial Environments">
Chapter 13</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
href="ch13.html"
title="Chapter 13. Non-commercial Environments">
Chapter 13</a></em></span>. Most of the other unix
tools discussed here are also free.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="id2856866"
name="id2856866"></a>MS-DOS</h3>
</div>
</div>
<p>With very few exceptions, the tools in this book are
available under MS-DOS<a id="id2856875" class="indexterm"
name="id2856875"></a>. Because PCs are very popular, a
lot of effort has gone into porting unix tools to MS-DOS.
Some packages, however, require a 386SX (or more
powerful) processor. For the most part, I focus on PCs
running MS-DOS only; however, Microsoft Windows<a
id="id2856888" class="indexterm" name="id2856888"></a>
and DesqView<a id="id2856906" class="indexterm"
name="id2856906"></a> are not entirely ignored.</p>
<p>There are quite a few options when it comes to
selecting an implementation of the TeX program under
MS-DOS. Several free implementations are discussed as
well as some commercial implementations. For more
information about these implementations, consult
Chapter <a href="ch13.html"
title="Chapter 13. Non-commercial Environments">
Chapter 13</a>, <span class="emphasis"><em><a
href="ch13.html"
title="Chapter 13. Non-commercial Environments">
Chapter 13</a></em></span>, and Chapter <a
href="ch14.html"
title="Chapter 14. Commercial Environments">Chapter 14</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch14.html"
title="Chapter 14. Commercial Environments">Chapter 14</a></em></span>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="id2856997"
name="id2856997"></a>OS/2</h3>
</div>
</div>
<p>In this book, OS/2 is treated primarily as a superset
of MS-DOS. When possible, I look at OS/2-specific
versions of each utility, but rely on MS-DOS as a
fall-back.</p>
<p>Extensions to emTeX for OS/2<a id="id2857012"
class="indexterm" name="id2857012"></a> are explored, as
are editing environments such as <b>epm<a id="id2857032"
class="indexterm" name="id2857032"></a></b>. The
multi-threaded nature of OS/2 allows more complete
porting of unix tools. When better ports are available
for OS/2, they are discussed.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h3 class="title"><a id="id2857046"
name="id2857046"></a>Macintosh</h3>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Macintosh<a id="id2857054" class="indexterm"
name="id2857054"></a> is very different from the systems
described above. Chapter <a href="ch15.html"
title="Chapter 15. TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter 15</a>,
<span class="emphasis"><em><a href="ch15.html"
title="Chapter 15. TeX on the Macintosh">Chapter 15</a></em></span>,
discusses the Macintosh environment in detail.</p>
<p>There are four implementations of TeX for the
Macintosh. Three are freely available, and one is
commercial: CMacTeX<a id="id2857095" class="indexterm"
name="id2857095"></a> is free, OzTeX<a id="id2857112"
class="indexterm" name="id2857112"></a> and DirectTeX<a
id="id2857123" class="indexterm" name="id2857123"></a>
are shareware, and <b>Textures</b><a id="id2857140"
class="indexterm" name="id2857140"></a> is a commercial
package from Blue Sky Research<a id="id2857150"
class="indexterm" name="id2857150"></a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2857161"
name="id2857161"></a>We'd Like to Hear From You</h2>
</div>
</div>
<p>We have tested and verified all of the information in
this book to the best of our ability, but you may find that
features have changed (or even that we have made
mistakes!). Please let us know about any errors you find,
as well as your suggestions for future editions, by
writing:</p>
<div class="address">
<p><br />
O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.<br />
103 Morris Street, Suite A<br />
Sebastopol, CA 95472<br />
1-800-998-9938 (in the US or Canada)<br />
1-707-829-0515 (international/local)<br />
1-707-829-0104 (FAX)<br />
</p>
</div>
<p>You can also send us messages electronically. To be put
on the mailing list or request a catalog, send email
to:</p>
<div class="informaltable">
<table border="1">
<colgroup>
<col />
<col />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><span
class="emphasis"><em>nuts@ora.com</em></span></td>
<td>(via the Internet)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span
class="emphasis"><em>uunet!ora!nuts</em></span></td>
<td>(via UUCP)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>To ask technical questions or comment on the book, send
email to:</p>
<p><span
class="emphasis"><em>bookquestions@ora.com</em></span> (via
the Internet)</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="id2857251"
name="id2857251"></a>Acknowledgments</h2>
</div>
</div>
<p>This book would not exist if I had not received support
and encouragement from my friends and colleagues, near and
far. I owe the deepest debt of gratitude to my wife,
Deborah, for patience, understanding, and support as I
progressed through what is easily the most all-consuming
task I have ever undertaken.</p>
<p>The earliest draft of this book came about because my
advisor at the University of Massachusetts, Eliot Moss,
allowed me to tinker with the TeX installation in the
Object Systems Lab and was always able to suggest ways to
make it better. My friends and colleages at UMass, Amer
Diwan, Darko Stefanovi\'c, Dave Yates, Eric Brown, Erich
Nahum, Jody Daniels, Joe McCarthy, Ken Magnani, Rick
Hudson, and Tony Hosking, asked all the hard questions and
didn't seem to mind when I used them as guinea pigs for my
latest idea.</p>
<p>I'm indebted also to Eberhard Mattes, Geoffrey Tobin,
George D. Greenwade, Peter Schmitt, Sebastian Rahtz, and
Tomas Rokicki, who provided technical review comments on
the materials presented here. Jim Breen and Ken Lunde
offered invaluable feedback on Chapter 7.</p>
<p>And I'd like to thank a lot of people at O'Reilly for
their help and enthusiasm; in particular, my editor, Debby
Russell, offered advice, helpful criticism, and support
beyond the call of duty (Debby keyed most of the index for
this book as production deadlines drew near and other
arrangements fell through); Chris Tong organized the raw
entries into a usable index; Lenny Muellner, Donna
Woonteiler, and Sheryl Avruch allowed me to work on the
book when it wasn't technically my job; Stephen Spainhour
copyedited it into English with the help of Leslie Chalmers
and Kismet McDonough (Stephen offered helpful suggestions
along the way, too); Jennifer Niederst helped me get the
design right; and Chris Reilly created the figures and
screen dumps. I enjoyed working with everyone at O'Reilly
so much that I left UMass and joined the production
department myself ;-).</p>
<p>Several companies provided review copies of their
software while I was writing this book. I would like to
thank ArborText, Blue Sky Research, Borland International,
The Kinch Computer Company, LaserGo, Personal TeX, TCI
Software Research, and Y&Y, for their generosity.</p>
<p>Finally, I'd like to thank the entire Internet TeX
community. Countless thousands of questions and answers on
the Net refined my understanding of how TeX works and what
it can do.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="navfooter">
<table width="100%" summary="Navigation table">
<tr>
<td width="40%" align="left"><a
title="Forward to the SourceForge Edition"
href="pr01.html"><img src="figures/nav-prev.png"
alt="Prev" border="0" /></a> </td>
<td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-home.png"
alt="Home" border="0" /></a></td>
<td width="40%" align="right"> <a
title="Part I. An Introduction to TeX"
href="pt01.html"><img src="figures/nav-next.png"
alt="Next" border="0" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="40%" align="left">Forward to the SourceForge
Edition </td>
<td width="20%" align="center"><a title="Making TeX Work"
href="index.html"><img src="figures/nav-up.png" alt="Up"
border="0" /></a></td>
<td width="40%" align="right"> Part I. An
Introduction to TeX</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|