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\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{xltxtra,fontspec}
\setmainfont[Mapping=tex-text]{DejaVu Serif}
\setmonofont[Scale=0.95]{DejaVu Sans Mono}
\newfontfamily\verbfont[Scale=0.8]{DejaVu Sans Mono}
\newfontfamily\ar[Script=Arabic]{DejaVu Sans}
\newfontfamily\ja{VL Gothic}
\newfontfamily\javerbfont[Scale=0.85,LetterSpace=5.0]{VL Gothic}

\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}

\usepackage{fullpage}

\usepackage{fancyvrb,fvrb-ex}
\fvset{gobble=0,xleftmargin=0.5in,xrightmargin=2.75in,formatcom=\verbfont}
\VerbatimFootnotes

\newcommand\tikztree{\texttt{tikz-qtree}}

\title{\tikztree: better trees with TikZ}
\author{David Chiang}
\date{Version 1 (22 Dec 2009)}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

The \tikztree{} package provides a macro for drawing trees with
TikZ\footnote{\texttt{http://sourceforge.net/projects/pgf/}} using the
easy syntax of Alexis Dimitriadis'
Qtree\footnote{\texttt{http://www.ling.upenn.edu/advice/latex/qtree/}}. It
improves on TikZ's standard tree-drawing facility by laying out tree
nodes without collisions; it improves on Qtree by adding lots of
features from TikZ; and it improves on \verb|pst-qtree| in being
usable with pdf\TeX{} and
\XeTeX{}.

\section{Basics}

To load the package in \LaTeX{}:
\begin{Verbatim}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-qtree}
\end{Verbatim}
%
The simplest usage is identical to Qtree:
\begin{center}
\begin{SideBySideExample}
\Tree [.S [.NP [.Det the ] [.N cat ] ] 
          [.VP [.V sat ] 
               [.PP [.P on ] 
                    [.NP [.Det the ] [.N mat ] ] ] ] ]
\end{SideBySideExample}
\end{center}
Subtrees are delimited by square brackets. A subtree's root label is
joined by a dot (\verb|.|) to its opening bracket.\footnote{You can
also write the label after the closing bracket instead of the opening
bracket, or both, or neither. Please see the Qtree documentation for
details.} As in Qtree, spaces are required after every (internal or
leaf) node label. 

\verb|\Tree| works inside or outside a
\verb|tikzpicture| environment, but many of the features described 
below require the explicit \verb|tikzpicture| environment.

\goodbreak

\paragraph{Options} Some options for standard TikZ trees work for \verb|\Tree| as
well:
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb|level distance|: vertical distance between the anchors of a parent and child
\item \verb|sibling distance|: horizontal distance between the boundaries of sister subtrees (not the anchors of their roots, as in standard TikZ trees). Note that TikZ nodes already have some horizontal space around them (\verb|inner xsep|, by default \verb|0.3333em|), so even \verb|sibling distance=0pt| leaves some room.
\item \verb|grow=up| or \verb|down|: trees grow up or down from their root. Other directions are not currently supported. The \verb|grow'| option is the same, but children appear clockwise with respect to their parent instead of counterclockwise.
\end{itemize}
These are set either by writing
\verb|\tikzset{|\textit{option}\verb|=|\textit{value}\verb|}| or by
writing \verb|[|\textit{option}\verb|=|\textit{value}\verb|]| after a
\verb|\begin{tikzpicture}| or \verb|\begin{scope}|.\footnote{Allowing
options after \verb|\Tree| would have made sense, but there would be
no way to disambiguate the two uses of square brackets.} For example:

\begin{center}
\begin{SideBySideExample}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzset{level distance=72pt}
\Tree [.NP [.Adj tall ] [.N tree ] ]
\end{tikzpicture}
%
\begin{tikzpicture}[grow'=up]
\Tree [.NP [.Adj upside-down ] [.N tree ] ]
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{SideBySideExample}
\end{center}

\paragraph{Styles} TikZ lets you define \emph{styles}\/ which encapsulate multiple options:
\begin{Verbatim}
\tikzset{small/.style={level distance=20pt,sibling distance=0pt}}
\end{Verbatim}
Then the option \verb|small| causes the options in its definition to be used:
\begin{center}
\tikzset{small/.style={level distance=20pt,sibling distance=0pt}}
\begin{SideBySideExample}
\begin{tikzpicture}[small]
\Tree [.NP [.Adj small ] [.N tree ] ]
\end{tikzpicture}
%
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree [.NP [.Adj normal ] [.N tree ] ]
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{SideBySideExample}
\end{center}
The following TikZ styles are automatically applied inside trees,
providing a hook for you to change the appearance of particular kinds
of tree parts:
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb|every tree node| to every (internal and leaf) node (default: \verb|anchor=base|)
\item \verb|every internal node| to every internal node
\item \verb|every leaf node| to every leaf node
\item \verb|edge from parent| to every edge (default: \verb|draw|)
\end{itemize}

The options for nodes and edges are all handled by TikZ and are
described in detail in the TikZ documentation. For example, if you
have a font named \verb|\ar| and want to set all the leaf labels in
this font:
\begin{center}
\begin{SideBySideExample}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzset{grow'=down}
\tikzset{every leaf node/.style={font=\ar}}
\Tree [.S [.NP القط ] 
          [.VP [.V وجلس ] 
               [.PP [.P على ] [.NP حصيرة ] ] ] ]
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{SideBySideExample}
\end{center}
If you want the edges to be darker:
\begin{center}
\begin{SideBySideExample}
\tikzset{edge from parent/.style={draw,thick}}
\Tree [.S [.NP [.Det the ] [.N cat ] ] 
          [.VP [.V sat ] 
               [.PP [.P on ] 
                    [.NP [.Det the ] [.N mat ] ] ] ] ]
\end{SideBySideExample}
\end{center}
The \verb|draw| option is necessary, as by default they will not be
drawn. As a more complex example, edges have an
\verb|edge from parent path| option which lets you change the shape of
the edge. Its value is a TikZ path expressed in terms of
\verb|\tikzparentnode|, the parent node, and \verb|\tikzchildnode|,
the child node.
\begin{center}
\begin{SideBySideExample}
\tikzset{edge from parent/.style=
  {draw,
   edge from parent path={(\tikzparentnode.south) 
                          -- +(0,-8pt) 
                          -| (\tikzchildnode)}}} 
\Tree [.S [.NP [.Det the ] [.N cat ] ] 
          [.VP [.V sat ] 
               [.PP [.P on ] 
                    [.NP [.Det the ] [.N mat ] ] ] ] ]
\end{SideBySideExample}
\end{center}

\clearpage

\section{Embedding TikZ nodes}

Inside a \verb|\Tree|, in place of a node label, you can use a TikZ
\verb|\node| command.\footnote{\verb|\Tree| specifically watches out
for the token \verb|\node|; do not use \verb|\path node| or other
equivalents.}
\begin{quote}
\verb|\node [|\textit{options}\verb|] (|\textit{name}\verb|) {|\textit{label}\verb|};|
\end{quote}
Don't forget the terminating semicolon. The
\verb|[|\textit{options}\verb|]|, which are optional, let you change
the appearance of the node; for example, the \verb|draw| option draws
a border around the node. The \verb|(|\textit{name}\verb|)|, which is
also optional, can be used for drawing lines/arrows to/from the node.
\begin{center}
\tikzset{>=latex}
\begin{Example}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree [.CP [.NP \node(wh){what}; ] 
           [.C$'$ [.I did ] 
                  [.\node[draw]{IP}; 
                    [.NP [.Det the ] [.N cat ] ]
                    [.VP [.V sit ] 
                         [.PP [.P on ] 
                              [.\node[draw]{NP}; 
                                [.NP [.Det a ] [.N book ] ] 
                                [.PP [.P about ] [.NP \node(t){$t$}; ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]
\draw[semithick,->] (t)..controls +(south west:5) and +(south:5) .. (wh);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{Example}
\end{center}

\clearpage

\noindent Another example for machine translation people:
\begin{center}
\fvset{formatcom=\javerbfont}
\begin{SideBySideExample}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\Tree [.S [.NP [.Det \node(e1){the}; ] 
               [.N \node(e2){cat}; ] ] 
          [.VP [.V \node(e3){sat}; ] 
               [.PP [.P \node(e4){on}; ] 
                    [.NP [.Det \node(e5){the}; ] 
                         [.N \node(e6){mat}; ] ] ] ] ]

\begin{scope}[yshift=-5in,grow'=up]
\tikzset{every leaf node/.style={font=\ja}}
\Tree [.S [.NP \node(j1){猫が}; ] 
          [.VP [.PP [.NP [.NP \node(j2){マット}; ] 
                         [.Part \node(j3){の}; ]
                         [.NP \node(j4){上}; ] ] 
                    [.P \node(j5){に}; ] ] 
               [.V \node(j6){土}; ] ] ]
\end{scope}

\begin{scope}[dashed]
\draw (e1)--(j1);
\draw (e2)--(j1);
\draw (e3)..controls +(south:5) and +(north:4)..(j6);
\draw (e4)--(j4);
\draw (e4)--(j5);
\draw (e5)--(j2);
\draw (e6)--(j2);
\end{scope}

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{SideBySideExample}
\end{center}

\section{Explicit edges}

The edge from a parent to a child node is normally automatically drawn
for you, but you can do it yourself with an \verb|\edge| command
\emph{before}\/ the corresponding child node. It is similar to the
TikZ \verb|edge from parent| command.\footnote{Except that a TikZ
\texttt{edge from parent} comes after the child node. I thought it was
more logical to put it before.}
\begin{quote}
\verb|\edge [|\textit{options}\verb|];|
\end{quote}
Again, don't forget the semicolon. The
\verb|[|\textit{options}\verb|]|, which are optional, let you change
the appearance of the edge. You can also add an edge label:
\begin{quote}
\verb|\edge [|\textit{options}\verb|] node [|\textit{options}\verb|] {|\textit{label}\verb|};|
\end{quote}
Typically one will use the \verb|auto| option for edge labels, which
places the label to the side of the edge.
\begin{center}
\begin{SideBySideExample}[xrightmargin=1.25in]
\newcommand{\initial}[1]{\ensuremath{\alpha_{\textrm{\scriptsize #1}}}}
\newcommand{\auxiliary}[1]{\ensuremath{\beta_{\textrm{\scriptsize #1}}}}

\begin{tikzpicture}[level distance=36pt,sibling distance=12pt]
\Tree [.\initial{sat} 
        \edge node[auto=right]{1}; \initial{cat} 
        \edge[dashed] node[auto=left]{2}; 
        [.\auxiliary{on} 
          \edge node[auto=left]{2}; \initial{mat} ] ]
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{SideBySideExample}
\end{center}
The fact that \verb|auto=left| draws a label on the right and
\verb|auto=right| draws a label on the left makes sense if you think
about the tree growing from the root to the leaves.

There is a predefined style that draws a ``roof'' over a node, like Qtree's \verb|\qroof|:
\begin{center}
\begin{Example}
\begin{tikzpicture}[level distance=36pt]
\Tree [.S [.NP [.N this ] ] 
          [.VP [.V is ] 
               [.NP \edge[roof]; {a noun phrase 
                                  the complexity of which 
                                  is too great for me to parse} ] ] ]
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{Example}
\end{center}

\section*{Acknowledgements}
This was all Dan Gildea's idea. 

\section*{Contact}
Please send suggestions to \verb|chiang@isi.edu|.

\end{document}