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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"  
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">  
<html > 
<head><title>28 Declaring and Using Shadings</title> 
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<meta name="date" content="2005-11-15 18:41:00"> 
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>
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   <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">28   </span> <a 
 id="x29-28600028"></a>Declaring and Using Shadings</h3>
<!--l. 12--><p class="noindent">
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">28.1   </span> <a 
 id="x29-28700028.1"></a>Overview</h4>
<!--l. 14--><p class="noindent">A shading is an area in which the color changes smoothly between different colors. Similarly to an image, a
shading must first be declared before it can be used. Also similarly to an image, a shading is put into a
<span class="TEX">T<span 
class="E">E</span>X</span>-box. Hence, in order to include a shading in a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span>, you have to use <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\pgftext</span></span></span> around
it.
<!--l. 20--><p class="indent">   There are three kinds of shadings: horizontal, vertical, and radial shadings. However, you can rotate and clip
shadings like any other graphics object, which allows you to create more complicated shadings. Horizontal shadings
could be created by rotating a vertical shading by 90 degrees, but explicit commands for creating both horizontal
and vertical shadings are included for convenience.
<!--l. 27--><p class="indent">   Once you have declared a shading, you can insert it into text using the command <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\pgfuseshading</span></span></span>. This
command cannot be used directly in a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span>, you have to put a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\pgftext</span></span></span> around it. The second command
for using shadings, <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\pgfshadepath</span></span></span>, on the other hand, can only be used inside <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> environments. It will
&#8220;fill&#8221; the current path with the shading.
<!--l. 34--><p class="indent">   A horizontal shading is a horizontal bar of a certain height whose color changes smoothly. You must at least
specify the colors at the left and at the right end of the bar, but you can also add color specifications for points in
between. For example, suppose you which to create a bar that is red at the left end, green in the
middle, and blue at the end. Suppose you would like the bar to be 4cm long. This could be specified as
follows:
<!--l. 41--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-546-" ><colgroup id="TBL-546-1g"><col 
id="TBL-546-1"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-546-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-546-1-1"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v"><br><span 
class="cmtt-8">rgb(0cm)=(1,0,0);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;rgb(2cm)=(0,1,0);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;rgb(4cm)=(0,0,1)</span>
</div>                                                                                                              </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<!--l. 44--><p class="indent">   This line means that at 0cm (the left end) of the bar, the color should be red, which has red-green-blue (rgb)
components (1,0,0). At 2cm, the bar should be green, and at 4cm it should be blue. Instead of <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">rgb</span></span></span>, you can
currently also specify <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">gray</span></span></span> as color model, in which case only one value is needed, or <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">color</span></span></span>, in which case you must
provide the name of a color in parentheses. In a color specification the individual specifications must be separated
using a semicolon, which may be followed by a whitespace (like a space or a newline). Individual specifications must
be given in increasing order.
<!--l. 55--><p class="noindent">
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">28.2   </span> <a 
 id="x29-28800028.2"></a>Declaring Shadings</h4>
<!--l. 58--><p class="noindent">
     <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="colorbox" id="colorbox357"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\pgfdeclarehorizontalshading</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">[</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color list</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">]{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">shading name</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">shading height</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color specification</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
<a 
 id="dx29-288001"></a>
     <!--l. 59--><p class="noindent">Declares a horizontal shading named <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">shading name</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>of the specified <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">height</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>with the specified colors.
     The length of the bar is deduced automatically from the maximum dimension in the specification.
     <!--l. 63--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-547-" ><colgroup id="TBL-547-1g"><col 
id="TBL-547-1"><col 
id="TBL-547-2"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-547-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-547-1-1"  
class="td11">  &nbsp; <object data="pgfmanual-624.svg" width="152.74744 " height="38.93684 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp;  </td><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-547-1-2"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfdeclarehorizontalshading{myshadingA}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{1cm}{rgb(0cm)=(1,0,0);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(2cm)=(green);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(4cm)=(blue)}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfuseshading{myshadingA}</span></div>                                                                                    </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table></div>
     <!--l. 69--><p class="noindent">The effect of the <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color list</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span>, which is a comma-separated list of colors, is the following: Normally, when this
     list is empty, once a shading has been declared, it becomes &#8220;frozen.&#8221; This means that even if you change a
     color that was used in the declaration of the shading later on, the shading will not change. By specifying a
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
     <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color list</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>you can specify that the shading should be recalculated whenever one of the colors listed in
     the list changes (this includes effects like color mixins). Thus, when you specify a <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color list</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span>,
     whenever the shading is used, <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">P</small><small 
class="small-caps">G</small><small 
class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;first converts the colors in the list to <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">R</small><small 
class="small-caps">G</small><small 
class="small-caps">B</small> </span>triples using the
     current values of the colors and taking any mixins and blends into account. If the resulting <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">R</small><small 
class="small-caps">G</small><small 
class="small-caps">B</small></span>
     triples have not yet been used, a new shading is internally created and used. Note that if the
     option <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color list</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>is used, then no shading is created until the first use of <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\pgfuseshading</span></span></span>.
     In particular, the colors mentioned in the shading need not be defined when the declaration is
     given.
     <!--l. 88--><p class="noindent">When a shading is recalculated because of a change in the colors mentioned in <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color list</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span>, the complete
     shading is recalculated. Thus even colors not mentioned in the list will be used with their current values, not
     with the values they had upon declaration.
     <!--l. 94--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div> <object data="pgfmanual-625.svg" width="76.8737 " height="38.93684 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object> <object data="pgfmanual-626.svg" width="76.8737 " height="38.93684 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-548-" ><colgroup id="TBL-548-1g"><col 
id="TBL-548-1"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-548-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-548-1-1"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfdeclarehorizontalshading[mycolor]{myshadingB}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{1cm}{rgb(0cm)=(1,0,0);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(2cm)=(mycolor)}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\colorlet{mycolor}{green}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfuseshading{myshadingB}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\colorlet{mycolor}{blue}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfuseshading{myshadingB}</span></div>                                                                                    </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table></div>
     </dd></dl>
<!--l. 106--><p class="noindent">
     <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="colorbox" id="colorbox358"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\pgfdeclareverticalshading</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">[</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color list</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">]{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">shading name</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">shading width</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color specification</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
<a 
 id="dx29-288002"></a>
     <!--l. 107--><p class="noindent">Declares a vertical shading named <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">shading name</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>of the specified <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">width</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span>. The height of the bar is
     deduced automatically. The effect of <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color list</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>is the same as for horizontal shadings.
     <!--l. 112--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular">
<table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-549-" ><colgroup id="TBL-549-1g"><col 
id="TBL-549-1"><col 
id="TBL-549-2"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-549-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-549-1-1"  
class="td11">  &nbsp; <object data="pgfmanual-627.svg" width="152.74744 " height="76.8737 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp;  </td><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-549-1-2"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfdeclareverticalshading{myshadingC}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{4cm}{rgb(0cm)=(1,0,0);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;rgb(1.5cm)=(0,1,0);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;rgb(2cm)=(0,0,1)}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfuseshading{myshadingC}</span></div>                                                                                    </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table></div>
     </dd></dl>
<!--l. 121--><p class="noindent">
     <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="colorbox" id="colorbox359"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\pgfdeclareradialshading</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">[</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color list</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">]{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">shading name</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">center point</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color specification</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
<a 
 id="dx29-288003"></a>
     <!--l. 122--><p class="noindent">Declares an radial shading. A radial shading is a circle whose inner color changes as specified by the
     color specification. Assuming that the center of the shading is at the origin, the color of the center
     will be the color specified for 0cm and the color of the border of the circle will be the color for the
     maximum dimension given in the <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color specified</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span>. This maximum will also be the radius of the circle.
     If the <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">center point</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>is not at the origin, the whole shading inside the circle (whose size remains exactly
     the same) will be distorted such that the given center now has the color specified for 0cm. The effect
     of <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">color list</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>is the same as for horizontal shadings.
     <!--l. 134--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-550-" ><colgroup id="TBL-550-1g"><col 
id="TBL-550-1"><col 
id="TBL-550-2"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-550-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-550-1-1"  
class="td11">  &nbsp; <object data="pgfmanual-628.svg" width="80.66762 " height="80.66762 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp;  </td><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-550-1-2"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v"><br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfdeclareradialshading{sphere}{\pgfpoint{0.5cm}{0.5cm}}</span><span 
class="cmsltt-10x-x-80">%</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{rgb(0cm)=(0.9,0,0);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;rgb(0.7cm)=(0.7,0,0);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;rgb(1cm)=(0.5,0,0);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;rgb(1.05cm)=(1,1,1)}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfuseshading{sphere}</span></div>                                                                                        </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table></div>
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
     </dd></dl>
<!--l. 145--><p class="noindent">
   <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">28.3   </span> <a 
 id="x29-28900028.3"></a>Using Shadings</h4>
<!--l. 148--><p class="noindent">
     <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="colorbox" id="colorbox360"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\pgfuseshading</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">shading name</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
<a 
 id="dx29-289001"></a>
     <!--l. 149--><p class="noindent">Inserts a previously declared shading into the text. If you wish to use it in a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">pgfpicture</span></span></span> environment,
     you should put a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\pgfbox</span></span></span> around it.
     <!--l. 153--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-551-" ><colgroup id="TBL-551-1g"><col 
id="TBL-551-1"><col 
id="TBL-551-2"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-551-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-551-1-1"  
class="td11">  &nbsp;<object data="pgfmanual-631.svg" width="70.04785 " height="46.63496 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp;  </td><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-551-1-2"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfdeclareverticalshading{myshadingD}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{20pt}{color(0pt)=(red);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(20pt)=(blue)}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[at=\pgfpoint{1cm}{0cm}]</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{\pgfuseshading{myshadingD}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgftext[at=\pgfpoint{2cm}{0.5cm}]{\pgfuseshading{myshadingD}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}</span></div>                                                                                              </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table></div>
     </dd></dl>
<!--l. 163--><p class="noindent">
     <dl class="description"><dt class="description">
<span 
class="colorbox" id="colorbox361"><span 
class="cmtt-10">\pgfshadepath</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">shading name</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}{</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">angle</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span><span 
class="cmtt-10">}</span></span> </dt><dd 
class="description">
<a 
 id="dx29-289002"></a>
     <!--l. 164--><p class="noindent">This command must be used inside a <span class="obeylines-h"><span class="verb"><span 
class="cmtt-10">{pgfpicture}</span></span></span> environment. The effect is a bit complex, so let
     us go over it step by step.
     <!--l. 167--><p class="noindent">First, <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">P</small><small 
class="small-caps">G</small><small 
class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;will setup a local scope.
     <!--l. 169--><p class="noindent">Second, it uses the current path to clip everything inside this scope. However, the current path is once
     more available after the scope, so it can be used, for example, to stroke it.
     <!--l. 173--><p class="noindent">Now, the <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">shading name</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt; </span>should be a shading whose width and height are 100 bp, that is, 100 big
     points. <span 
class="cmcsc-10"><small 
class="small-caps">P</small><small 
class="small-caps">G</small><small 
class="small-caps">F</small></span>&nbsp;has a look at the bounding box of the current path. This bounding box is computed
     automatically when a path is computed; however, it can sometimes be (quite a bit) too large, especially
     when complicated curves are involved.
     <!--l. 180--><p class="noindent">Inside the scope, the low-level transformation matrix is modified. The center of the shading is translated
     (moved) such that it lies on the center of the bounding box of the path. The low-level coordinate
     system is also scaled such that the shading &#8220;covers&#8221; the shading (the details are a bit more complex,
     see below). Finally, the coordinate system is rotated by <span 
class="cmsy-10">&lt;</span><span 
class="cmti-10">angle</span><span 
class="cmsy-10">&gt;</span>.
     <!--l. 187--><p class="noindent">After everything has been set up, the shading is inserted. Due to the transformations and clippings,
     the effect will be that the shading seems to &#8220;fill&#8221; the path.
     <!--l. 191--><p class="noindent">If both the path and the shadings were always rectangles and if rotation were never involved, it would
     be easy to scale shadings such they always cover the path. However, when a vertical shading is rotated,
     it must obviously be &#8220;magnified&#8221; so that it still covers the path. Things get worse when the path is
     not a rectangle itself.
     <!--l. 198--><p class="noindent">For these reasons, things work slightly differently &#8220;in reality.&#8221; The shading is scaled and translated
     such that the the point (50bp<span 
class="cmmi-10">,</span>50bp), which is the middle of the shading, is at the middle of the path
     and such that the the point (25bp<span 
class="cmmi-10">,</span>25bp) is at the lower left corner of the path and that (75bp<span 
class="cmmi-10">,</span>75bp)
     is at upper right corner.
     <!--l. 206--><p class="noindent">In other words, only the center quarter of the shading will actually &#8220;survive the clipping&#8221; if the path
     is a rectangle. If the path is not a rectangle, but, say, a circle, even less is seen of the shading. Here is
     an example that demonstrates this effect:
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
     <!--l. 211--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div> <object data="pgfmanual-632.svg" width="134.83281 " height="134.83281 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>         <object data="pgfmanual-633.svg" width="380.90193 " height="77.40703 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-552-" ><colgroup id="TBL-552-1g"><col 
id="TBL-552-1"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-552-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-552-1-1"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfdeclareverticalshading{myshadingE}{100bp}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{color(0bp)=(red);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(25bp)=(green);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(75bp)=(blue);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(100bp)=(black)}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfuseshading{myshadingE}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\hskip</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;1cm</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfpoint{2cm}{1cm}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfshadepath{myshadingE}{0}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpoint{3cm}{0cm}}{\pgfpoint{1cm}{2cm}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfshadepath{myshadingE}{0}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpoint{5cm}{0cm}}{\pgfpoint{2cm}{2cm}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfshadepath{myshadingE}{45}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathcircle{\pgfpoint{9cm}{1cm}}{1cm}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfshadepath{myshadingE}{45}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}</span></div>                                                                                              </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table>
     </div>
     <!--l. 232--><p class="noindent">As can be seen above in the last case, the &#8220;hidden&#8221; part of the shading actually <span 
class="cmti-10">can </span>become visible if the
     shading is rotated. The reason is that it is scaled as if no rotation took place, then the rotation is
     done.
     <!--l. 237--><p class="noindent">The following graphics show which part of the shading are actually shown:
     <!--l. 240--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div> <object data="pgfmanual-637.svg" width="527.53375 " height="160.28314 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-553-" ><colgroup id="TBL-553-1g"><col 
id="TBL-553-1"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-553-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-553-1-1"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfdeclareverticalshading{myshadingF}{100bp}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{color(0bp)=(red);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(25bp)=(green);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(75bp)=(blue);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(100bp)=(black)}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\begin{tikzpicture}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(50bp,50bp)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;node</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{\pgfuseshading{myshadingF}};</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw[white,thick]</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(25bp,25bp)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;rectangle</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(75bp,75bp);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(50bp,0bp)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;node[below]</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{first</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;two</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;applications};</span>
<br>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{scope}[xshift=5cm]</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(50bp,50bp)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;node{\pgfuseshading{myshadingF}};</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw[rotate</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;around={45:(50bp,50bp)},white,thick]</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(25bp,25bp)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;rectangle</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(75bp,75bp);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(50bp,0bp)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;node[below]</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{third</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;application};</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\end{scope}</span>
<br>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\begin{scope}[xshift=10cm]</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(50bp,50bp)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;node{\pgfuseshading{myshadingF}};</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw[white,thick]</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(50bp,50bp)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;circle</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(25bp);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\draw</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(50bp,0bp)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;node[below]</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{fourth</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;application};</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\end{scope}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\end{tikzpicture}</span></div>                                                                                             </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table>
     </div>
     <!--l. 262--><p class="noindent">An advantage of this approach is that when you rotate a radial shading, no distortion is introduced:
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
     <!--l. 265--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div> <object data="pgfmanual-638.svg" width="134.83281 " height="134.83281 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>         <object data="pgfmanual-639.svg" width="266.558 " height="76.87369 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-554-" ><colgroup id="TBL-554-1g"><col 
id="TBL-554-1"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-554-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-554-1-1"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfdeclareradialshading{ballshading}{\pgfpoint{-10bp}{10bp}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{color(0bp)=(red!15!white);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(9bp)=(red!75!white);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(18bp)=(red!70!black);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(25bp)=(red!50!black);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(50bp)=(black)}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfuseshading{ballshading}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\hskip</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;1cm</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfpoint{1cm}{1cm}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfshadepath{ballshading}{0}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathcircle{\pgfpoint{3cm}{0cm}}{1cm}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfshadepath{ballshading}{0}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathcircle{\pgfpoint{6cm}{0cm}}{1cm}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfshadepath{ballshading}{45}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}</span></div>                                                                                              </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table>
     </div>
     <!--l. 284--><p class="noindent">If you specify a rotation of 90<sup ><span 
class="cmsy-7"><span class="htf-cmbx">o</span></span></sup> and if the path is not a square, but an elongated rectangle, the &#8220;desired&#8221; effect
     results: The shading will exactly vary between the colors at the 25bp and 75bp boundaries. Here is an
     example:
     <!--l. 289--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div> <object data="pgfmanual-640.svg" width="305.02818 " height="39.47017 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-555-" ><colgroup id="TBL-555-1g"><col 
id="TBL-555-1"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-555-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-555-1-1"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfdeclareverticalshading{myshadingG}{100bp}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{color(0bp)=(red);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(25bp)=(green);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(75bp)=(blue);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(100bp)=(black)}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\begin{pgfpicture}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpointorigin}{\pgfpoint{2cm}{1cm}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfshadepath{myshadingG}{0}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpoint{3cm}{0cm}}{\pgfpoint{2cm}{1cm}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfshadepath{myshadingG}{90}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfpathrectangle{\pgfpoint{6cm}{0cm}}{\pgfpoint{2cm}{1cm}}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfshadepath{myshadingG}{45}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\pgfusepath{stroke}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\end{pgfpicture}</span></div>                                                                                              </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table>
     </div>
     <!--l. 306--><p class="noindent">As a final example, let us define a &#8220;rainbow spectrum&#8221; shading for use with Ti<span 
class="cmti-10">k</span>Z.
     <!--l. 308--><p class="noindent"><div class="obeylines-v"></div><!--tex4ht:inline--><div class="tabular"><table class="tabular" 
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"  
frame="void" id="TBL-556-" ><colgroup id="TBL-556-1g"><col 
id="TBL-556-1"><col 
id="TBL-556-2"></colgroup><tr  
 valign="baseline" id="TBL-556-1-"><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-556-1-1"  
class="td11">  &nbsp; <object data="pgfmanual-641.svg" width="152.74738 " height="76.87369 " type="image/svg+xml"><p>SVG-Viewer needed.</p></object>&nbsp;  </td><td  align="left" style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-556-1-2"  
class="td11">  <table class="minipage"><tr><td><div class="obeylines-v">
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\pgfdeclareverticalshading{rainbow}{100bp}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{color(0bp)=(red);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(25bp)=(red);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(35bp)=(yellow);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(45bp)=(green);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(55bp)=(cyan);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(65bp)=(blue);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(75bp)=(violet);</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;color(100bp)=(violet)}</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\begin{tikzpicture}[shading=rainbow]</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\shade</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(0,0)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;rectangle</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;node[white]</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;{\textsc{pride}}</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(2,1);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;\shade[shading</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;angle=90]</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;(3,0)</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;rectangle</span><span 
class="cmtt-8">&nbsp;+(1,2);</span>
<br><span 
class="cmtt-8">\end{tikzpicture}</span></div>                                                                                             </td></tr></table> </td>
</tr></table></div>
     <!--l. 319--><p class="noindent">Note that rainbow shadings are <span 
class="cmti-10">way </span>to colorful in almost all applications. </dd></dl>
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
                                                                                         
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