=head1 NAME Imager::Files - working with image files =head1 SYNOPSIS use Imager; my $img = ...; $img->write(file=>$filename, type=>$type) or die "Cannot write: ",$img->errstr; # type is optional if we can guess the format from the filename $img->write(file => "foo.png") or die "Cannot write: ",$img->errstr; $img = Imager->new; $img->read(file=>$filename, type=>$type) or die "Cannot read: ", $img->errstr; # type is optional if we can guess the type from the file data # and we normally can guess $img->read(file => $filename) or die "Cannot read: ", $img->errstr; Imager->write_multi({ file=> $filename, ... }, @images) or die "Cannot write: ", Imager->errstr; my @imgs = Imager->read_multi(file=>$filename) or die "Cannot read: ", Imager->errstr; Imager->set_file_limits(width=>$max_width, height=>$max_height) my @read_types = Imager->read_types; my @write_types = Imager->write_types; # we can write/write_multi to things other than filenames my $data; $img->write(data => \$data, type => $type) or die; my $fh = ... ; # eg. IO::File $img->write(fh => $fh, type => $type) or die; $img->write(fd => fileno($fh), type => $type) or die; # some file types need seek callbacks too $img->write(callback => \&write_callback, type => $type) or die; # and similarly for read/read_multi $img->read(data => $data) or die; $img->read(fh => $fh) or die; $img->read(fd => fileno($fh)) or die; $img->read(callback => \&read_callback) or die; use Imager 0.68; my $img = Imager->new(file => $filename) or die Imager->errstr; =head1 DESCRIPTION You can read and write a variety of images formats, assuming you have the appropriate libraries, and images can be read or written to/from files, file handles, file descriptors, scalars, or through callbacks. To see which image formats Imager is compiled to support the following code snippet is sufficient: use Imager; print join " ", keys %Imager::formats; This will include some other information identifying libraries rather than file formats. For new code you might find the L or L methods useful. =over =item read Reading writing to and from files is simple, use the C method to read an image: my $img = Imager->new; $img->read(file=>$filename, type=>$type) or die "Cannot read $filename: ", $img->errstr; In most cases Imager can auto-detect the file type, so you can just supply the filename: $img->read(file => $filename) or die "Cannot read $filename: ", $img->errstr; The read() method accepts the C parameter. If this is non-zero then read() can return true on an incomplete image and set the C tag. From Imager 0.68 you can supply most read() parameters to the new() method to read the image file on creation. If the read fails, check Imager->errstr() for the cause: use Imager 0.68; my $img = Imager->new(file => $filename) or die "Cannot read $filename: ", Imager->errstr; =item write and the C method to write an image: $img->write(file=>$filename, type=>$type) or die "Cannot write $filename: ", $img->errstr; =item read_multi If you're reading from a format that supports multiple images per file, use the C method: my @imgs = Imager->read_multi(file=>$filename, type=>$type) or die "Cannot read $filename: ", Imager->errstr; As with the read() method, Imager will normally detect the C automatically. =item write_multi and if you want to write multiple images to a single file use the C method: Imager->write_multi({ file=> $filename, type=>$type }, @images) or die "Cannot write $filename: ", Imager->errstr; =item read_types This is a class method that returns a list of the image file types that Imager can read. my @types = Imager->read_types; These types are the possible values for the C parameter, not necessarily the extension of the files you're reading. It is possible for extra file read handlers to be loaded when attempting to read a file, which may modify the list of available read types. =item write_types This is a class method that returns a list of the image file types that Imager can write. my @types = Imager->write_types; Note that these are the possible values for the C parameter, not necessarily the extension of the files you're writing. It is possible for extra file write handlers to be loaded when attempting to write a file, which may modify the list of available write types. =back When writing, if the I includes an extension that Imager recognizes, then you don't need the I, but you may want to provide one anyway. See L for information on controlling this recognition. The C parameter is a lowercase representation of the file type, and can be any of the following: bmp Windows BitMaP (BMP) gif Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) jpeg JPEG/JFIF png Portable Network Graphics (PNG) pnm Portable aNyMap (PNM) raw Raw sgi SGI .rgb files tga TARGA tiff Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) When you read an image, Imager may set some tags, possibly including information about the spatial resolution, textual information, and animation information. See L for specifics. The open() method is a historical alias for the read() method. =head2 Input and output When reading or writing you can specify one of a variety of sources or targets: =over =item * file - The C parameter is the name of the image file to be written to or read from. If Imager recognizes the extension of the file you do not need to supply a C. # write in tiff format $image->write(file => "example.tif") or die $image->errstr; $image->write(file => 'foo.tmp', type => 'tiff') or die $image->errstr; my $image = Imager->new; $image->read(file => 'example.tif') or die $image->errstr; =item * fh - C is a file handle, typically either returned from C<new()>>, or a glob from an C call. You should call C on the handle before passing it to Imager. Imager will set the handle to autoflush to make sure any buffered data is flushed , since Imager will write to the file descriptor (from fileno()) rather than writing at the perl level. $image->write(fh => \*STDOUT, type => 'gif') or die $image->errstr; # for example, a file uploaded via CGI.pm $image->read(fd => $cgi->param('file')) or die $image->errstr; =item * fd - C is a file descriptor. You can get this by calling the C function on a file handle, or by using one of the standard file descriptor numbers. If you get this from a perl file handle, you may need to flush any buffered output, otherwise it may appear in the output stream after the image. $image->write(fd => file(STDOUT), type => 'gif') or die $image->errstr; =item * data - When reading data, C is a scalar containing the image file data, when writing, C is a reference to the scalar to save the image file data too. For GIF images you will need giflib 4 or higher, and you may need to patch giflib to use this option for writing. my $data; $image->write(data => \$data, type => 'tiff') or die $image->errstr; my $data = $row->{someblob}; # eg. from a database my @images = Imager->read_multi(data => $data) or die Imager->errstr; =item * callback - Imager will make calls back to your supplied coderefs to read, write and seek from/to/through the image file. When reading from a file you can use either C or C to supply the read callback, and when writing C or C to supply the write callback. When writing you can also supply the C option to set the maximum amount of data that will be buffered before your write callback is called. Note: the amount of data supplied to your callback can be smaller or larger than this size. The read callback is called with 2 parameters, the minimum amount of data required, and the maximum amount that Imager will store in it's C level buffer. You may want to return the minimum if you have a slow data source, or the maximum if you have a fast source and want to prevent many calls to your perl callback. The read data should be returned as a scalar. Your write callback takes exactly one parameter, a scalar containing the data to be written. Return true for success. The seek callback takes 2 parameters, a I, and a I, defined in the same way as perl's seek function. You can also supply a C which is called with no parameters when there is no more data to be written. This could be used to flush buffered data. # contrived my $data; sub mywrite { $data .= unpack("H*", shift); 1; } Imager->write_multi({ callback => \&mywrite, type => 'gif'}, @images) or die Imager->errstr; Note that for reading you'll almost always need to provide a C. =back =head2 Guessing types When writing to a file, if you don't supply a C parameter Imager will attempt to guess it from the filename. This is done by calling the code reference stored in C<$Imager::FORMATGUESS>. This is only done when write() or write_multi() is called with a C parameter. The default function value of C<$Imager::FORMATGUESS> is C<\&Imager::def_guess_type>. =over =item def_guess_type This is the default function Imager uses to derive a file type from a file name. This is a function, not a method. Accepts a single parameter, the filename and returns the type or undef. =back You can replace function with your own implementation if you have some specialized need. The function takes a single parameter, the name of the file, and should return either a file type or under. # I'm writing jpegs to weird filenames local $Imager::FORMATGUESS = sub { 'jpeg' }; When reading a file Imager examines beginning of the file for identifying information. The current implementation attempts to detect the following image types beyond those supported by Imager: =over xpm, mng, jng, SGI RGB, ilbm, pcx, fits, psd (Photoshop), eps, Utah RLE =back =head2 Limiting the sizes of images you read =over =item set_file_limits In some cases you will be receiving images from an untested source, such as submissions via CGI. To prevent such images from consuming large amounts of memory, you can set limits on the dimensions of images you read from files: =over =item * width - limit the width in pixels of the image =item * height - limit the height in pixels of the image =item * bytes - limits the amount of storage used by the image. This depends on the width, height, channels and sample size of the image. For paletted images this is calculated as if the image was expanded to a direct color image. =back To set the limits, call the class method set_file_limits: Imager->set_file_limits(width=>$max_width, height=>$max_height); You can pass any or all of the limits above, any limits you do not pass are left as they were. Any limit of zero is treated as unlimited. By default, all of the limits are zero, or unlimited. You can reset all of the limited to their defaults by passing in the reset parameter as a true value: # no limits Imager->set_file_limits(reset=>1); This can be used with the other limits to reset all but the limit you pass: # only width is limited Imager->set_file_limits(reset=>1, width=>100); # only bytes is limited Imager->set_file_limits(reset=>1, bytes=>10_000_000); =item get_file_limits You can get the current limits with the get_file_limits() method: my ($max_width, $max_height, $max_bytes) = Imager->get_file_limits(); =back =head1 TYPE SPECIFIC INFORMATION The different image formats can write different image type, and some have different options to control how the images are written. When you call C or C with an option that has the same name as a tag for the image format you're writing, then the value supplied to that option will be used to set the corresponding tag in the image. Depending on the image format, these values will be used when writing the image. This replaces the previous options that were used when writing GIF images. Currently if you use an obsolete option, it will be converted to the equivalent tag and Imager will produced a warning. You can suppress these warnings by calling the C function with the C option set to false: Imager::init(warn_obsolete=>0); At some point in the future these obsolete options will no longer be supported. =head2 PNM (Portable aNy Map) Imager can write PGM (Portable Gray Map) and PPM (Portable PixMaps) files, depending on the number of channels in the image. Currently the images are written in binary formats. Only 1 and 3 channel images can be written, including 1 and 3 channel paletted images. $img->write(file=>'foo.ppm') or die $img->errstr; Imager can read both the ASCII and binary versions of each of the PBM (Portable BitMap), PGM and PPM formats. $img->read(file=>'foo.ppm') or die $img->errstr; PNM does not support the spatial resolution tags. The following tags are set when reading a PNM file: =over =item * Xpnm_maxval - the maxvals number from the PGM/PPM header. Always set to 2 for a PBM file. =item * Xpnm_type - the type number from the PNM header, 1 for ASCII PBM files, 2 for ASCII PGM files, 3 for ASCII PPM files, 4 for binary PBM files, 5 for binary PGM files, 6 for binary PPM files. =back The following tag is checked when writing an image with more than 8-bits/sample: =over =item * Xpnm_write_wide_data - if this is non-zero then write() can write PGM/PPM files with 16-bits/sample. Some applications, for example GIMP 2.2, and tools can only read 8-bit/sample binary PNM files, so Imager will only write a 16-bit image when this tag is non-zero. =back =head2 JPEG You can supply a C parameter (0-100) when writing a JPEG file, which defaults to 75%. If you write an image with an alpha channel to a jpeg file then it will be composited against the background set by the C parameter (or tag). $img->write(file=>'foo.jpg', jpegquality=>90) or die $img->errstr; Imager will read a grayscale JPEG as a 1 channel image and a color JPEG as a 3 channel image. $img->read(file=>'foo.jpg') or die $img->errstr; The following tags are set in a JPEG image when read, and can be set to control output: =over =item jpeg_density_unit The value of the density unit field in the JFIF header. This is ignored on writing if the C tag is non-zero. The C and C tags are expressed in pixels per inch no matter the value of this tag, they will be converted to/from the value stored in the JPEG file. =item jpeg_density_unit_name This is set when reading a JPEG file to the name of the unit given by C. Possible results include C, C, C (the C tag is also set reading these files). If the value of jpeg_density_unit is unknown then this tag isn't set. =item jpeg_comment Text comment. =back JPEG supports the spatial resolution tags C, C and C. If an APP1 block containing EXIF information is found, then any of the following tags can be set: =over exif_aperture exif_artist exif_brightness exif_color_space exif_contrast exif_copyright exif_custom_rendered exif_date_time exif_date_time_digitized exif_date_time_original exif_digital_zoom_ratio exif_exposure_bias exif_exposure_index exif_exposure_mode exif_exposure_program exif_exposure_time exif_f_number exif_flash exif_flash_energy exif_flashpix_version exif_focal_length exif_focal_length_in_35mm_film exif_focal_plane_resolution_unit exif_focal_plane_x_resolution exif_focal_plane_y_resolution exif_gain_control exif_image_description exif_image_unique_id exif_iso_speed_rating exif_make exif_max_aperture exif_metering_mode exif_model exif_orientation exif_related_sound_file exif_resolution_unit exif_saturation exif_scene_capture_type exif_sensing_method exif_sharpness exif_shutter_speed exif_software exif_spectral_sensitivity exif_sub_sec_time exif_sub_sec_time_digitized exif_sub_sec_time_original exif_subject_distance exif_subject_distance_range exif_subject_location exif_tag_light_source exif_user_comment exif_version exif_white_balance exif_x_resolution exif_y_resolution =back The following derived tags can also be set: =over exif_color_space_name exif_contrast_name exif_custom_rendered_name exif_exposure_mode_name exif_exposure_program_name exif_flash_name exif_focal_plane_resolution_unit_name exif_gain_control_name exif_light_source_name exif_metering_mode_name exif_resolution_unit_name exif_saturation_name exif_scene_capture_type_name exif_sensing_method_name exif_sharpness_name exif_subject_distance_range_name exif_white_balance_name =back The derived tags are for enumerated fields, when the value for the base field is valid then the text that appears in the EXIF specification for that value appears in the derived field. So for example if C is C<5> then C is set to C. eg. my $image = Imager->new; $image->read(file => 'exiftest.jpg') or die "Cannot load image: ", $image->errstr; print $image->tags(name => "exif_image_description"), "\n"; print $image->tags(name => "exif_exposure_mode"), "\n"; print $image->tags(name => "exif_exposure_mode_name"), "\n"; # for the exiftest.jpg in the Imager distribution the output would be: Imager Development Notes 0 Auto exposure =over =item parseiptc Historically, Imager saves IPTC data when reading a JPEG image, the parseiptc() method returns a list of key/value pairs resulting from a simple decoding of that data. Any future IPTC data decoding is likely to go into tags. =back =head2 GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) When writing one of more GIF images you can use the same L as you can when converting an RGB image into a paletted image. When reading a GIF all of the sub-images are combined using the screen size and image positions into one big image, producing an RGB image. This may change in the future to produce a paletted image where possible. When you read a single GIF with C<$img-Eread()> you can supply a reference to a scalar in the C parameter, if the image is read the scalar will be filled with a reference to an anonymous array of L objects, representing the palette of the image. This will be the first palette found in the image. If you want the palettes for each of the images in the file, use C and use the C method on each image. GIF does not support the spatial resolution tags. Imager will set the following tags in each image when reading, and can use most of them when writing to GIF: =over =item * gif_left - the offset of the image from the left of the "screen" ("Image Left Position") =item * gif_top - the offset of the image from the top of the "screen" ("Image Top Position") =item * gif_interlace - non-zero if the image was interlaced ("Interlace Flag") =item * gif_screen_width, gif_screen_height - the size of the logical screen. When writing this is used as the minimum. If any image being written would extend beyond this then the screen size is extended. ("Logical Screen Width", "Logical Screen Height"). =item * gif_local_map - Non-zero if this image had a local color map. If set for an image when writing the image is quantized separately from the other images in the file. =item * gif_background - The index in the global colormap of the logical screen's background color. This is only set if the current image uses the global colormap. You can set this on write too, but for it to choose the color you want, you will need to supply only paletted images and set the C tag to 0. =item * gif_trans_index - The index of the color in the colormap used for transparency. If the image has a transparency then it is returned as a 4 channel image with the alpha set to zero in this palette entry. This value is not used when writing. ("Transparent Color Index") =item * gif_trans_color - A reference to an Imager::Color object, which is the colour to use for the palette entry used to represent transparency in the palette. You need to set the transp option (see L) for this value to be used. =item * gif_delay - The delay until the next frame is displayed, in 1/100 of a second. ("Delay Time"). =item * gif_user_input - whether or not a user input is expected before continuing (view dependent) ("User Input Flag"). =item * gif_disposal - how the next frame is displayed ("Disposal Method") =item * gif_loop - the number of loops from the Netscape Loop extension. This may be zero to loop forever. =item * gif_comment - the first block of the first gif comment before each image. =item * gif_eliminate_unused - If this is true, when you write a paletted image any unused colors will be eliminated from its palette. This is set by default. =item * gif_colormap_size - the original size of the color map for the image. The color map of the image may have been expanded to include out of range color indexes. =back Where applicable, the ("name") is the name of that field from the GIF89 standard. The following gif writing options are obsolete, you should set the corresponding tag in the image, either by using the tags functions, or by supplying the tag and value as options. =over =item * gif_each_palette - Each image in the gif file has it's own palette if this is non-zero. All but the first image has a local colour table (the first uses the global colour table. Use C in new code. =item * interlace - The images are written interlaced if this is non-zero. Use C in new code. =item * gif_delays - A reference to an array containing the delays between images, in 1/100 seconds. Use C in new code. =item * gif_positions - A reference to an array of references to arrays which represent screen positions for each image. New code should use the C and C tags. =item * gif_loop_count - If this is non-zero the Netscape loop extension block is generated, which makes the animation of the images repeat. This is currently unimplemented due to some limitations in giflib. =back You can supply a C parameter to the C method to read some page other than the first. The page is 0 based: # read the second image in the file $image->read(file=>"example.gif", page=>1) or die "Cannot read second page: ",$image->errstr,"\n"; Before release 0.46, Imager would read multi-image GIF image files into a single image, overlaying each of the images onto the virtual GIF screen. As of 0.46 the default is to read the first image from the file, as if called with C<< page => 0 >>. You can return to the previous behaviour by calling read with the C parameter set to a true value: $img->read(file=>$some_gif_file, gif_consolidate=>1); As with the to_paletted() method, if you supply a colors parameter as a reference to an array, this will be filled with Imager::Color objects of the color table generated for the image file. =head2 TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) Imager can write images to either paletted or RGB TIFF images, depending on the type of the source image. Currently if you write a 16-bit/sample or double/sample image it will be written as an 8-bit/sample image. Only 1 or 3 channel images can be written. If you are creating images for faxing you can set the I parameter set to C. By default the image is written in fine mode, but this can be overridden by setting the I parameter to zero. Since a fax image is bi-level, Imager uses a threshold to decide if a given pixel is black or white, based on a single channel. For greyscale images channel 0 is used, for color images channel 1 (green) is used. If you want more control over the conversion you can use $img->to_paletted() to product a bi-level image. This way you can use dithering: my $bilevel = $img->to_paletted(make_colors => 'mono', translate => 'errdiff', errdiff => 'stucki'); =over =item class If set to 'fax' the image will be written as a bi-level fax image. =item fax_fine By default when I is set to 'fax' the image is written in fine mode, you can select normal mode by setting I to 0. =back Imager should be able to read any TIFF image you supply. Paletted TIFF images are read as paletted Imager images, since paletted TIFF images have 16-bits/sample (48-bits/color) this means the bottom 8-bits are lost, but this shouldn't be a big deal. Currently all direct color images are read at 8-bits/sample. TIFF supports the spatial resolution tags. See the C tag for some extra options. As of Imager 0.62 Imager reads: =over =item * 16-bit grey, RGB, or CMYK image, including a possible alpha channel as a 16-bit/sample image. =item * 32-bit grey, RGB image, including a possible alpha channel as a double/sample image. =item * bi-level images as paletted images containing only black and white, which other formats will also write as bi-level. =item * tiled paletted images are now handled correctly =back The following tags are set in a TIFF image when read, and can be set to control output: =over =item tiff_compression When reading an image this is set to the numeric value of the TIFF compression tag. On writing you can set this to either a numeric compression tag value, or one of the following values: Ident Number Description none 1 No compression packbits 32773 Macintosh RLE ccittrle 2 CCITT RLE fax3 3 CCITT Group 3 fax encoding (T.4) t4 3 As above fax4 4 CCITT Group 4 fax encoding (T.6) t6 4 As above lzw 5 LZW jpeg 7 JPEG zip 8 Deflate (GZIP) Non-standard deflate 8 As above. oldzip 32946 Deflate with an older code. ccittrlew 32771 Word aligned CCITT RLE In general a compression setting will be ignored where it doesn't make sense, eg. C will be ignored for compression if the image is being written as bilevel. Imager attempts to check that your build of libtiff supports the given compression, and will fallback to C if it isn't enabled. eg. older distributions didn't include LZW compression, and JPEG compression is only available if libtiff is configured with libjpeg's location. $im->write(file => 'foo.tif', tiff_compression => 'lzw') or die $im->errstr; =item tiff_jpegquality If I if C then this can be a number from 1 to 100 giving the JPEG compression quality. High values are better quality and larger files. =item tiff_resolutionunit The value of the ResolutionUnit tag. This is ignored on writing if the i_aspect_only tag is non-zero. The C and C tags are expressed in pixels per inch no matter the value of this tag, they will be converted to/from the value stored in the TIFF file. =item tiff_resolutionunit_name This is set when reading a TIFF file to the name of the unit given by C. Possible results include C, C, C (the C tag is also set reading these files) or C. =item tiff_bitspersample Bits per sample from the image. This value is not used when writing an image, it is only set on a read image. =item tiff_photometric Value of the PhotometricInterpretation tag from the image. This value is not used when writing an image, it is only set on a read image. =item tiff_documentname =item tiff_imagedescription =item tiff_make =item tiff_model =item tiff_pagename =item tiff_software =item tiff_datetime =item tiff_artist =item tiff_hostcomputer Various strings describing the image. tiff_datetime must be formatted as "YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS". These correspond directly to the mixed case names in the TIFF specification. These are set in images read from a TIFF and saved when writing a TIFF image. =back You can supply a C parameter to the C method to read some page other than the first. The page is 0 based: # read the second image in the file $image->read(file=>"example.tif", page=>1) or die "Cannot read second page: ",$image->errstr,"\n"; Note: Imager uses the TIFF*RGBA* family of libtiff functions, unfortunately these don't support alpha channels on CMYK images. This will result in a full coverage alpha channel on CMYK images with an alpha channel, until this is implemented in libtiff (or Imager's TIFF implementation changes.) If you read an image with multiple alpha channels, then only the first alpha channel will be read. Currently Imager's TIFF support reads all direct color images as 8-bit RGB images, this may change in the future to reading 16-bit/sample images. Currently tags that control the output color type and compression are ignored when writing, this may change in the future. If you have processes that rely upon Imager always producing packbits compressed RGB images, you should strip any tags before writing. =head2 BMP (BitMaP) Imager can write 24-bit RGB, and 8, 4 and 1-bit per pixel paletted Windows BMP files. Currently you cannot write compressed BMP files with Imager. Imager can read 24-bit RGB, and 8, 4 and 1-bit perl pixel paletted Windows BMP files. There is some support for reading 16-bit per pixel images, but I haven't found any for testing. BMP has no support for multi-image files. BMP files support the spatial resolution tags, but since BMP has no support for storing only an aspect ratio, if C is set when you write the C and C values are scaled so the smaller is 72 DPI. The following tags are set when you read an image from a BMP file: =over =item bmp_compression The type of compression, if any. This can be any of the following values: =over =item BI_RGB (0) Uncompressed. =item BI_RLE8 (1) 8-bits/pixel paletted value RLE compression. =item BI_RLE4 (2) 4-bits/pixel paletted value RLE compression. =item BI_BITFIELDS (3) Packed RGB values. =back =item bmp_compression_name The bmp_compression value as a BI_* string =item bmp_important_colors The number of important colors as defined by the writer of the image. =item bmp_used_colors Number of color used from the BMP header =item bmp_filesize The file size from the BMP header =item bmp_bit_count Number of bits stored per pixel. (24, 8, 4 or 1) =back =head2 TGA (TarGA) When storing targa images rle compression can be activated with the 'compress' parameter, the 'idstring' parameter can be used to set the targa comment field and the 'wierdpack' option can be used to use the 15 and 16 bit targa formats for rgb and rgba data. The 15 bit format has 5 of each red, green and blue. The 16 bit format in addition allows 1 bit of alpha. The most significant bits are used for each channel. Tags: =over =item tga_idstring =item tga_bitspp =item compressed =back =head2 RAW When reading raw images you need to supply the width and height of the image in the xsize and ysize options: $img->read(file=>'foo.raw', xsize=>100, ysize=>100) or die "Cannot read raw image\n"; If your input file has more channels than you want, or (as is common), junk in the fourth channel, you can use the datachannels and storechannels options to control the number of channels in your input file and the resulting channels in your image. For example, if your input image uses 32-bits per pixel with red, green, blue and junk values for each pixel you could do: $img->read(file=>'foo.raw', xsize=>100, ysize=>100, datachannels=>4, storechannels=>3) or die "Cannot read raw image\n"; Read parameters: =over =item * raw_interleave - controls the ordering of samples within the image. Default: 1. Alternatively and historically spelled C. Possible values: =over =item * 0 - samples are pixel by pixel, so all samples for the first pixel, then all samples for the second pixel and so on. eg. for a four pixel scanline the channels would be laid out as: 012012012012 =item * 1 - samples are line by line, so channel 0 for the entire scanline is followed by channel 1 for the entire scanline and so on. eg. for a four pixel scanline the channels would be laid out as: 000011112222 This is the default. =back Unfortunately, historically, the default C for read has been 1, while writing only supports the C = 0 format. For future compatibility, you should always supply the C (or C) parameter. As of 0.68, Imager will warn if you attempt to read a raw image without a C parameter. =item * raw_storechannels - the number of channels to store in the image. Range: 1 to 4. Default: 3. Alternatively and historically spelled C. =item * raw_datachannels - the number of channels to read from the file. Range: 1 or more. Default: 3. Alternatively and historically spelled C. =back $img->read(file=>'foo.raw', xsize=100, ysize=>100, raw_interleave=>1) or die "Cannot read raw image\n"; =head2 PNG There are no PNG specific tags. =head2 ICO (Microsoft Windows Icon) and CUR (Microsoft Windows Cursor) Icon and Cursor files are very similar, the only differences being a number in the header and the storage of the cursor hotspot. I've treated them separately so that you're not messing with tags to distinguish between them. The following tags are set when reading an icon image and are used when writing it: =over =item ico_mask This is the AND mask of the icon. When used as an icon in Windows 1 bits in the mask correspond to pixels that are modified by the source image rather than simply replaced by the source image. Rather than requiring a binary bitmap this is accepted in a specific format: =over =item * first line consisting of the 0 placeholder, the 1 placeholder and a newline. =item * following lines which contain 0 and 1 placeholders for each scanline of the image, starting from the top of the image. =back When reading an image, '.' is used as the 0 placeholder and '*' as the 1 placeholder. An example: .* ..........................****** ..........................****** ..........................****** ..........................****** ...........................***** ............................**** ............................**** .............................*** .............................*** .............................*** .............................*** ..............................** ..............................** ...............................* ...............................* ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ *............................... **.............................. **.............................. ***............................. ***............................. ****............................ ****............................ *****........................... *****........................... *****........................... *****........................... =back The following tags are set when reading an icon: =over =item ico_bits The number of bits per pixel used to store the image. =back For cursor files the following tags are set and read when reading and writing: =over =item cur_mask This is the same as the ico_mask above. =item cur_hotspotx =item cur_hotspoty The "hot" spot of the cursor image. This is the spot on the cursor that you click with. If you set these to out of range values they are clipped to the size of the image when written to the file. =back The following parameters can be supplied to read() or read_multi() to control reading of ICO/CUR files: =over =item * ico_masked - if true, the default, then the icon/cursors mask is applied as an alpha channel to the image. This may result in a paletted image being returned as a direct color image. Default: 1 # retrieve the image as stored, without using the mask as an alpha # channel $img->read(file => 'foo.ico', ico_masked => 0) or die $img->errstr; This was introduced in Imager 0.60. Previously reading ICO images acted as if C 0>. =back C is set when reading a cursor. Examples: my $img = Imager->new(xsize => 32, ysize => 32, channels => 4); $im->box(color => 'FF0000'); $im->write(file => 'box.ico'); $im->settag(name => 'cur_hotspotx', value => 16); $im->settag(name => 'cur_hotspoty', value => 16); $im->write(file => 'box.cur'); =head2 SGI (RGB, BW) SGI images, often called by the extensions, RGB or BW, can be stored either uncompressed or compressed using an RLE compression. By default, when saving to an extension of C, C, C, C the file will be saved in SGI format. The file extension is otherwise ignored, so saving a 3-channel image to a C<.bw> file will result in a 3-channel image on disk. The following tags are set when reading a SGI image: =over =item * i_comment - the IMAGENAME field from the image. Also written to the file when writing. =item * sgi_pixmin, sgi_pixmax - the PIXMIN and PIXMAX fields from the image. On reading image data is expanded from this range to the full range of samples in the image. =item * sgi_bpc - the number of bytes per sample for the image. Ignored when writing. =item * sgi_rle - whether or not the image is compressed. If this is non-zero when writing the image will be compressed. =back =head1 ADDING NEW FORMATS To support a new format for reading, call the register_reader() class method: =over =item register_reader Registers single or multiple image read functions. Parameters: =over =item * type - the identifier of the file format, if Imager's i_test_format_probe() can identify the format then this value should match i_test_format_probe()'s result. This parameter is required. =item * single - a code ref to read a single image from a file. This is supplied: =over =item * the object that read() was called on, =item * an Imager::IO object that should be used to read the file, and =item * all the parameters supplied to the read() method. =back The single parameter is required. =item * multiple - a code ref which is called to read multiple images from a file. This is supplied: =over =item * an Imager::IO object that should be used to read the file, and =item * all the parameters supplied to the read_multi() method. =back =back Example: # from Imager::File::ICO Imager->register_reader ( type=>'ico', single => sub { my ($im, $io, %hsh) = @_; $im->{IMG} = i_readico_single($io, $hsh{page} || 0); unless ($im->{IMG}) { $im->_set_error(Imager->_error_as_msg); return; } return $im; }, multiple => sub { my ($io, %hsh) = @_; my @imgs = i_readico_multi($io); unless (@imgs) { Imager->_set_error(Imager->_error_as_msg); return; } return map { bless { IMG => $_, DEBUG => $Imager::DEBUG, ERRSTR => undef }, 'Imager' } @imgs; }, ); =item register_writer Registers single or multiple image write functions. Parameters: =over =item * type - the identifier of the file format. This is typically the extension in lowercase. This parameter is required. =item * single - a code ref to write a single image to a file. This is supplied: =over =item * the object that write() was called on, =item * an Imager::IO object that should be used to write the file, and =item * all the parameters supplied to the write() method. =back The single parameter is required. =item * multiple - a code ref which is called to write multiple images to a file. This is supplied: =over =item * the class name write_multi() was called on, this is typically C. =item * an Imager::IO object that should be used to write the file, and =item * all the parameters supplied to the read_multi() method. =back =back =back If you name the reader module CI where I is a fully upper case version of the type value you would pass to read(), read_multi(), write() or write_multi() then Imager will attempt to load that module if it has no other way to read or write that format. For example, if you create a module Imager::File::GIF and the user has built Imager without it's normal GIF support then an attempt to read a GIF image will attempt to load Imager::File::GIF. If your module can only handle reading then you can name your module CIC and Imager will attempt to autoload it. If your module can only handle writing then you can name your module CIC and Imager will attempt to autoload it. =head1 EXAMPLES =head2 Producing an image from a CGI script Once you have an image the basic mechanism is: =over =item 1. set STDOUT to autoflush =item 2. output a content-type header, and optionally a content-length header =item 3. put STDOUT into binmode =item 4. call write() with the C or C parameter. You will need to provide the C parameter since Imager can't use the extension to guess the file format you want. =back # write an image from a CGI script # using CGI.pm use CGI qw(:standard); $| = 1; binmode STDOUT; print header(-type=>'image/gif'); $img->write(type=>'gif', fd=>fileno(STDOUT)) or die $img->errstr; If you want to send a content length you can send the output to a scalar to get the length: my $data; $img->write(type=>'gif', data=>\$data) or die $img->errstr; binmode STDOUT; print header(-type=>'image/gif', -content_length=>length($data)); print $data; =head2 Writing an animated GIF The basic idea is simple, just use write_multi(): my @imgs = ...; Imager->write_multi({ file=>$filename, type=>'gif' }, @imgs); If your images are RGB images the default quantization mechanism will produce a very good result, but can take a long time to execute. You could either use the standard webmap: Imager->write_multi({ file=>$filename, type=>'gif', make_colors=>'webmap' }, @imgs); or use a median cut algorithm to built a fairly optimal color map: Imager->write_multi({ file=>$filename, type=>'gif', make_colors=>'mediancut' }, @imgs); By default all of the images will use the same global colormap, which will produce a smaller image. If your images have significant color differences, you may want to generate a new palette for each image: Imager->write_multi({ file=>$filename, type=>'gif', make_colors=>'mediancut', gif_local_map => 1 }, @imgs); which will set the C tag in each image to 1. Alternatively, if you know only some images have different colors, you can set the tag just for those images: $imgs[2]->settag(name=>'gif_local_map', value=>1); $imgs[4]->settag(name=>'gif_local_map', value=>1); and call write_multi() without a C parameter, or supply an arrayref of values for the tag: Imager->write_multi({ file=>$filename, type=>'gif', make_colors=>'mediancut', gif_local_map => [ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1 ] }, @imgs); Other useful parameters include C to control the delay between frames and C to control transparency. =head2 Reading tags after reading an image This is pretty simple: # print the author of a TIFF, if any my $img = Imager->new; $img->read(file=>$filename, type='tiff') or die $img->errstr; my $author = $img->tags(name=>'tiff_author'); if (defined $author) { print "Author: $author\n"; } =head1 BUGS When saving Gif images the program does NOT try to shave of extra colors if it is possible. If you specify 128 colors and there are only 2 colors used - it will have a 128 colortable anyway. =head1 SEE ALSO Imager(3) =cut