% $Id$
% TeX Live documentation.  Originally written by Sebastian Rahtz and
% Michel Goossens, now maintained by Karl Berry and others.
% Public domain.
% 
\documentclass{article}
\let\tldocenglish=1  % for live4ht.cfg
\usepackage{tex-live}
\begin{document}

\title{%
  {\huge \textit{The \protect\TL{} Guide}\\\strut}
  {\LARGE \textsf{\TL{} 2007}}
}

\author{Karl Berry, editor \\[3mm]
        \url{http://tug.org/texlive/}
       }

\date{January 2007}

\maketitle

\begin{multicols}{2}
\tableofcontents
\listoftables
\end{multicols}

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

This document describes the main features of the \TL{} software
distribution\Dash \TeX{} and friends for \acro{GNU}/Linux and other Unix
flavors, \MacOSX, and (32-bit) Windows systems.  (Warning: it is not
especially useful for older Mac or \acro{MS-DOS} systems.)

\TL{} includes executables for \TeX{}, \LaTeXe{}, \ConTeXt, \MF, \MP,
\BibTeX{} and many other programs; an extensive collection of macros,
fonts and documentation; and support for typesetting in many different
scripts from around the world.  It is part of the even larger \TK{}
(briefly described below in section~\ref{sec:struct-tl},
\p.\pageref{sec:struct-tl}).  Both are cooperative efforts by the \TeX\
user groups.

For newer versions of the packages included here, please check
\acro{CTAN}: \url{http://www.ctan.org}.

For a brief summary of the major changes in this edition of \TL{},
see the end of the document, section~\ref{sec:history}
(\p.\pageref{sec:history}).


\subsection{Basic usage of \protect\TL{}}
\label{sec:basic}

You can use \TL{} in three principal ways:

\begin{enumerate}

\item You can run \TL{} directly from the \pkgname{live} \DVD
(see section~\ref{sec:multiple-dist}, \p.\pageref{sec:multiple-dist}).
This takes almost no disk space, and gives you immediate access to
everything in \TL{}.  Of course performance will be worse than running
on local disk, but you may well find it useful.

\item You can install all or part of \TL{} to a local disk, from either
the \DVD\ or the \pkgname{inst} \acro{CD}.  This is the most common use
of \TL.  You will need (approximately) 100 megabytes for the most
minimal system, and upwards of 1.3 gigabytes for a full system.

\item You can integrate a particular package or collection into your
existing \TeX{} system, either a \TL{} system you installed
earlier, or a different system.

\end{enumerate}

\noindent All of these are described in detail in the \acro{OS}-specific
installation sections following, but here is a quick start:

\begin{itemize*}

\item The main installation script for Unix and \MacOSX{} is
\texttt{install-tl.sh}.
GNU/Linux users can also try a new GUI installation program:
run \texttt{setuptl/tlpmgui}. More information 
can be found in section \ref{sec:win-install} on 
p.~\pageref{sec:win-install}.

\item The single package installation script is \texttt{install-pkg.sh}.
(After installation on Linux with \texttt{tlpmgui}, you can also try
running \texttt{tlpmgui} again to add or remove individual packages or
collections.)

\item The installation program for Windows is \texttt{tlpmgui.exe}.
It can be used also for adding or removing the packages.
See section~\ref{sec:win-install} below for more information.

\end{itemize*}


\subsection{Getting help}
\label{sec:help}

The \TeX{} community is both active and friendly, and virtually all
serious questions end up getting answered.  However, the support is
informal, done by volunteers and casual readers, so it's especially
important that you do your homework before asking.  (If you prefer
guaranteed commercial support, you can forego \TL{} completely and
purchase a vendor's system; \url{http://tug.org/interest.html#vendors}
has a list.)

Here is a list of resources, approximately in the order we recommend
using them:

\begin{description}
\item [Getting Started] If you are new to \TeX, the web page
\url{http://tug.org/begin.html} gives a brief introduction to the system.

\item [\TeX{} \acro{FAQ}] The \TeX{} \acro{FAQ} is a huge compendium of
answers to all sorts of questions, from the most basic to the most
arcane.  It is included on \TL{} in \OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/english/FAQ-en}, and is
available on the Internet through \url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq}.
Please check here first.

\item [\TeX{} Catalogue] If you are looking for a specific package,
font, program, etc., the \TeX{} Catalogue is the place to look.  It is a
huge collection of all \TeX{}-related items.  See
\OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/english/catalogue}, or
\url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue}.

\item [\TeX{} Web Resources] The web page
\url{http://tug.org/interest.html} has many \TeX{}-related links, in
particular for numerous books, manuals, and articles on all aspects of
the system.

\item [support archives] The two principal support forums are the
Usenet newsgroup \url{news:comp.text.tex} and the mailing list
\email{texhax@tug.org}.  Their archives have years of past
questions and answers for your searching pleasure, via
\url{http://groups.google.com/groups?group=comp.text.tex} and
\url{http://tug.org/mail-archives/texhax}, respectively.  And a general web
search, for example on \url{http://google.com}, never hurts.

\item [asking questions] If you cannot find an answer, you can post to
\dirname{comp.text.tex} through Google or your newsreader, or to
\email{texhax@tug.org} through email.  But before you post,
\emph{please} read this \acro{FAQ} entry on asking questions in such a
way that you're most likely to get an answer:
\url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=askquestion}.

\item [\TL{} support] If you want to report a bug or have
suggestions or comments on the \TL{} distribution, installation, or
documentation, the mailing list is \email{tex-live@tug.org}.  However,
if your question is about how to use a particular program included in
\TL{}, you are better off writing to that program's maintainer or
mailing list.

\end{description}

The other side of the coin is helping others who have questions.  Both
\dirname{comp.text.tex} and \code{texhax} are open to anyone, so feel
free to join, start reading, and help out where you can.  Welcome to
\TeX{}!


% don't use \TL so the \uppercase in the headline works.  Also so
% tex4ht ends up with the right TeX.  Likewise the \protect's.
\section{Structure of \protect\TeX\protect\ Live}
\label{sec:struct-tl}

This section describes the structure and contents of \TL{} and the
\TK{} of which it is a part.

\subsection{Multiple distributions: \protect\pkgname{live},
            \protect\pkgname{inst},
            \protect\pkgname{protext}}
\label{sec:multiple-dist}

Space limitations of \acro{CD-ROM} format have forced us to divide
\TK{} into several distributions, as follows.

\begin{description}

\item [live] A complete system on \acro{DVD}; it is too large
for \acro{CD}.  It can be run live or installed to disk.  It also
includes a snapshot of the \CTAN{} repository, the \pkgname{protext} 
distribution for Windows and the Mac\TeX\ distribution for \MacOSX, entirely 
independent of \TL{}, as well as assorted other packages in a 
\texttt{texmf-extra} directory.

\CTAN{}, \pkgname{protext}, Mac\TeX, and \texttt{texmf-extra} do not follow
the same copying conditions as \TL{}, so be careful when redistributing or
modifying.

\item [inst(allable)] A complete system on \CD; in order to make this fit,
the packages and programs are compressed.  Therefore, it is not possible
to run \TeX\ directly from the installable \CD, you have to install it
to disk (hence its name). Installation is described in subsequent sections.
   
\item [protext] An enhancement of the \MIKTEX\ distribution for Windows,
\ProTeXt\ adds a few extra tools to \MIKTEX, and simplifies
installation.  It is entirely independent of \TL{}, and has its own
installation instructions.  It can be run live, or installed to disk.
The \ProTeXt\ home page is \url{http://tug.org/protext}.

\ProTeXt\ is provided as both the top level of the \pkgname{live} \DVD\
and on its own \CD\ (for those who cannot use the \DVD).

\end{description}

\noindent You can tell which type of distribution you're in by looking
for a \texttt{00\var{type}.TL} file at the top of the \TL{} directory.
This file also contains the \TL{} release date.

Naturally, each user group chooses what to distribute to its own members.


\subsection{Top level directories}
\label{sec:tld}

Here is a brief listing and description of the top level directories in
the \TL{} distribution.  On the \pkgname{live} \DVD, the entire \TL{}
hierarchy is in a subdirectory \dirname{texliveYYYY}, not at the top
level of the disc.

\smallskip
\begingroup
  \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}  % open up interrow spacing
\begin{tabular}{>{\ttfamily}lp{.78\hsize}}
bin        & The \TeX{} system programs, arranged by platform. \\
source     & The source of all programs, including the main \Webc{}
	  \TeX{} and \MF{} distributions. These are stored in a
  \cmdname{bzip2}-compressed tar archive. \\
setuptl    & Installation programs for Linux and Windows. \\
support    & Assorted auxiliary packages and programs.  These are
  \emph{not} installed automatically.  This includes
  assorted editors and \TeX\ shells. \\
texmf      & Tree for the programs, along with their support files and
  documentation.  Does not include \TeX\ formats and packages.
  (\texttt{TEXMFMAIN} in the next section.) \\
texmf-dist & The main tree of formats and packages.
  (\texttt{TEXMFDIST} in the next section.) \\
texmf-doc  & Tree for self-contained pure documentation, arranged by
  language.  \\ 
texmf-var  & Tree for files automatically generated and stored.
  (\texttt{TEXMFSYSVAR} in the next section.) \\
\end{tabular}
\endgroup

\smallskip

In addition to the directories above, the installation scripts and
\filename{README} files (in various languages) are at the top level of
the distribution.

The \dirname{texmf-doc} directory contains only documentation, but
it does not contain all the documentation.  The documentation for the
programs (manuals, man pages, Info files) is in \dirname{texmf/doc},
since the programs are in \dirname{texmf}.  Similarly, the documentation
for \TeX\ packages and formats is in \dirname{texmf-dist/doc}.  You can
use the \cmdname{texdoc} or \cmdname{texdoctk} programs to find any
documentation wherever it's located.  The comprehensive links in the
top-level file \OnCD{doc.html} may also be helpful.


\subsection{Overview of the predefined texmf trees}
\label{sec:texmftrees}

This section lists all predefined variables specifying texmf trees used
by the system, and their intended purpose. The command \texttt{texconfig
conf} shows you the values of these variables, so that you can easily
find out how they map to directory names in your installation.

\begin{ttdescription}
\item [TEXMFMAIN] The tree which holds vital parts of the system 
  such as helper scripts (e.g., \verb+web2c/mktexdir+), pool files and
  other support files.
\item [TEXMFDIST] The tree which holds the main set of macro packages,
  fonts, etc., as originally distributed. 
\item [TEXMFLOCAL] The tree which administrators can use for system-wide
  installation of additional or updated macros, fonts, etc.
\item [TEXMFHOME] The tree which users can use for their own individual
  installations of additional or updated macros, fonts, etc.
  The expansion of this variable depends on \verb+$HOME+ by default, % $
  which dynamically adjusts for each user to an individual
  directory. 
\item [TEXMFCONFIG] The tree used by te\TeX's utilities
  \verb+texconfig+, \verb+updmap+, and \verb+fmtutil+ to store modified
  configuration data.  Under \verb+$HOME+ by default. %$
\item [TEXMFSYSCONFIG] The tree used by te\TeX's utilities
  \verb+texconfig-sys+, \verb+updmap-sys+, and \verb+fmtutil-sys+ to
  store modified configuration data.
\item [TEXMFVAR] The tree used by \verb+texconfig+, \verb+updmap+ and
  \verb+fmtutil+ to store (cached) runtime data such as format files and
  generated map files.  Under \verb+$HOME+ by default. %$
\item [TEXMFSYSVAR] The tree used by \verb+texconfig-sys+,
  \verb+updmap-sys+ and \verb+fmtutil-sys+ to store (cached) runtime
  data such as format files and generated map files.
\end{ttdescription}

For more discussion of \texttt{texconfig} and related utilities, please
see section~\ref{sec:texconfig}, \p.\pageref{sec:texconfig}.


\subsection{Extensions to \protect\TeX}
\label{sec:tex-extensions}

\TL{} contains several extended versions of \TeX:

\begin{description}

\item [\eTeX] adds a small but powerful set of new primitives
\label{text:etex} (related to macro expansion, character scanning,
classes of marks, additional debugging features, and more) and the
\TeXXeT{} extensions for bidirectional typesetting.  In default mode,
\eTeX{} is 100\% compatible with ordinary \TeX. See
\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/etex_man.pdf}.

\item [pdf\TeX] builds on the \eTeX\ extensions, adding support for 
writing \acro{PDF} output as well as \dvi{}.  See
\OnCD{texmf/doc/pdftex/manual/} for the manual, and
\OnCD{texmf/doc/pdftex/manual/samplepdf/samplepdf.tex}.  This is the
default program for all formats except plain \TeX.

\item [Xe\TeX] adds support for Unicode input and OpenType fonts, using
third-party libraries.  See \url{http://scripts.sil.org/xetex}.

\item [\OMEGA\ (Omega)] is based on Unicode (16-bit characters), thus
supports working with almost all the world's scripts simultaneously. It
also supports so-called `\OMEGA{} Translation Processes' (\acro{OTP}s),
for performing complex transformations on arbitrary input. See
\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/omega/base/doc-1.8.tex} (not completely up-to-date).

\item [Aleph] combines the \OMEGA\ and \eTeX\ extensions.  
See \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base} for some minimal documentation.

\end{description} 


\subsection{Other notable programs in \protect\TL}

Here are a few other commonly-used programs included in \TL{}:

\begin{cmddescription}

\item [bibtex] bibliography support.

\item [makeindex] index support.

\item [dvips] convert \dvi{} to \PS{}.

\item [xdvi] \dvi{} previewer for the X Window System.

\item [dvilj] \dvi{} drive for the HP LaserJet family.

\item [dv2dt, dt2dv] convert \dvi{} to/from plain text.

\item [dviconcat, dviselect] cut and paste pages
from \dvi{} files.

\item [dvipdfmx] convert \dvi{} to \acro{PDF}, an alternative approach
to pdf\TeX\ (mentioned above).  See the \pkgname{ps4pdf} and
\pkgname{pdftricks} packages for still more alternatives.

\item [psselect, psnup, \ldots] \PS{}
utilities.

\item [lacheck] \LaTeX{} syntax checker.

\item [texexec] Con\TeX{}t and \acro{PDF} processor.

\item [tex4ht] \TeX{} to \acro{HTML} converter.  

\end{cmddescription}


\section{Unix installation}
\label{sec:unix-install}

As introduced in section~\ref{sec:basic} (\p.\pageref{sec:basic}),
\TL{} has three principal uses:

\begin{enumerate}
\item Run directly from media.
\item Install to disk.
\item Integrate a particular package or collection into your existing
\TeX{} installation.
\end{enumerate}

\noindent The following sections describes the Unix-specific procedures
for each of these.

\ifSingleColumn \begin{figure}[ht]\noindent \fi
\begin{warningbox}
\textbf{Warning: } The \TK{} \CD{}s and \DVD{} are in ISO 9660 (High Sierra)
format, \emph{with} Rock Ridge (and Joliet, for Windows)
extensions. Therefore, in order to take full advantage of the \TK{}
under Unix, your system needs to be able to use the Rock Ridge
extensions.  Please consult the documentation for your \cmdname{mount}
command to see how to do this.  If you have several different machines
on a local network, you may be able to mount the discs on one which
does support Rock Ridge, and use this with the others.

\leavevmode\quad Modern systems should be able to use the discs without
problems.  If troubles, let us know.  The discussion below assumes you
have been able to mount the \CD{}s with full Rock Ridge compatibility.
\end{warningbox}
\ifSingleColumn\end{figure}\fi


% 
\subsection{Running \protect\TL{} directly from media (Unix)}

\def\runlive{% text repeated in windows section
It is possible to use the \TeX{} system directly from the \pkgname{live}
\DVD{}, without installing the distribution to disk.  (Thus the name
\TeX\ `Live', in fact.)  It is \emph{not} possible to run \TeX{}
directly from the other \CD{}s (see section~\ref{sec:multiple-dist},
\p.\pageref{sec:multiple-dist}).
}

\def\startinst{% repeated in other subsections
To start, you mount the \CD{} or \DVD{}, with Rock Ridge extensions
enabled.  The exact command to do this varies from system to system; the
following works under Linux, except the name of the device
(\filename{/dev/cdrom}, here) may vary. (All our examples will use
\texttt{>} as the shell prompt; user input is
\Ucom{\texttt{underlined}}.)
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom}
\end{alltt}

\noindent Change the current directory to the mount point:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{cd /mnt/cdrom}
\end{alltt}

\noindent Under \MacOSX, the directory is typically under
\dirname{/Volumes}, and the media will be mounted automatically.
}

\def\installtlsh{
Run the installation script \filename{install-tl.sh}:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{sh install-tl.sh}\\
Welcome to TeX Live...
\end{alltt}

\noindent After various greeting messages and a list of the main menu
options, the installation will ask you to enter a command.  Do this by
typing the desired character and hitting return; don't type the angle
brackets shown.  Either uppercase or lowercase is ok; we'll use
lowercase in our examples.
}

\runlive
\startinst
\installtlsh

For running live, our first command will be \Ucom{d} and then the
subcommand \Ucom{1} to set directories.  Even in this case, we must
choose a directory on the local disk to place files that the \TeX{}
system itself generates, such as fonts and formats, and also to provide
a place for updated configuration files, if need be.

We'll use \dirname{/opt/texlive2007} in this example.  It's good to
include the year in the name, as these generated files are not
in general compatible from release to release.  (If the default value of
\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/2007} works for you, then you can skip this
step.)

\begin{alltt}
Enter command: \Ucom{d}
Current directories setup:
<1>  TEXDIR:     /usr/local/texlive/2007
...
Enter command: \Ucom{1}
New value for TEXDIR [/usr/local/texlive/TeX]: \Ucom{/opt/texlive2007}
...
Enter command: \Ucom{r}
\end{alltt}

\noindent Back at the main menu, our second and last command is
\Ucom{r}, to set up for running live off the media without installing
to disk:
\begin{alltt}
Enter command: \Ucom{r}
Preparing destination directories...
...
Welcome to TeX Live!
>
\end{alltt}

\noindent And we are back at the system prompt, as shown.

Next, it is necessary to alter two environment variables:
\envname{PATH}, to an architecture-dependent value (so that we can run
the programs), and \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, to the value specified above.
See table~\ref{tab:archlist} for a list of the architecture names for
the different systems.


\def\textruntexconfig{%
After the main installation has completed, and environment variables
have been set, the last step is to run \cmdname{texconfig} or
\cmdname{texconfig-sys} to customize your installation to your needs.
This is explained in section~\ref{sec:texconfig},
\p.\pageref{sec:texconfig}.
}
\textruntexconfig

\begin{table*}[ht]
\caption[Supported system architectures.]{Supported system
architectures.}
\label{tab:archlist}
\begin{tabular}{>{\ttfamily}ll}
alpha-linux	   & HP Alpha GNU/Linux   \\
%alphaev5-osf4.0d   & HP Alphaev5 OSF      \\
%hppa2.0-hpux10.20  & HP9000 HPUX 10.20	  \\
i386-darwin        & Intel x86 \MacOSX    \\
i386-freebsd       & Intel x86 FreeBSD    \\
i386-linux         & Intel x86 GNU/Linux  \\
%i386-openbsd3.3    & Intel x86 OpenBSD   \\
%i386-solaris2.8    & Intel x86 Solaris    \\
mips-irix          & SGI IRIX             \\
powerpc-aix        & IBM RS/6000 AIX      \\
powerpc-darwin     & PowerPC \MacOSX      \\
sparc-linux        & Sun Sparc GNU/Linux  \\
sparc-solaris      & Sun Sparc Solaris    \\
win32		   & Windows (32-bit)     \\
x86\_64-linux      & Intel x86 64-bit GNU/Linux \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

\label{text:path}
The syntax for setting the environment variables, and the initialization
file to put them in, depends on the shell you use.  If you use a
Bourne-compatible shell (\cmdname{sh}, \cmdname{bash}, \cmdname{ksh}, et
al.), put the following into your \filename{$HOME/.profile} file:
\begin{alltt}
PATH=/mnt/cdrom/bin/\var{archname}:$PATH; export PATH
TEXMFSYSVAR=/opt/texlive2007/texmf-var; export TEXMFSYSVAR
\end{alltt}

\noindent For C shell-compatible shells (\cmdname{csh}, \cmdname{tcsh}),
put the following into your \filename{$HOME/.cshrc} file:
\begin{alltt}
setenv PATH /mnt/cdrom/bin/\var{archname}:$PATH
setenv TEXMFSYSVAR /opt/texlive2007/texmf-var
\end{alltt}

\noindent Then log out, log back in, and test your installation
(see section~\ref{sec:test-install}, \p.\pageref{sec:test-install}).

\def\textifindoubt{%
If in doubt, please ask any local system gurus to help you with
problems; for example, the way to mount the \TL{} media, which
directory or directories to use, and precise details of the changes to
your personal initialization files can and do vary from site to site.
}
\textifindoubt


% 
\subsection{Installing \protect\TeX\protect\ Live to disk}
\label{sec:unix-install-disk}

It is possible, indeed typical, to install the \TL{} distribution to
hard disk.  This can be done from either the \pkgname{live} or
\pkgname{inst} distributions.  (See section~\ref{sec:multiple-dist},
\p.\pageref{sec:multiple-dist}, for an explanation of the different
distributions.)

\startinst
\installtlsh

Table~\ref{tab:main-menu-options} briefly lists the options in the main
menu.  The order in which you select the options makes little
difference, except that \Ucom{i} must be last.  It's reasonable to go
through them in the order presented here.

% apparently here.sty [H] doesn't support table*.
\begin{table}[H]
\caption{Main menu options for the installation.}
\label{tab:main-menu-options}
\begin{tabular}{>{\ttfamily}ll}
p & The platform you are running on.\\
b & The architectures for which to install binaries.\\
s & The base installation scheme to use (minimal, recommended,
          full, etc.)\\
c & Override the base scheme for individual collections.\\
l & Override for language collections.\\
d & Directories in which to install.\\
o & Other options.\\
i & Perform the installation.\\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

Here are further details on each option.

\textbf{\optname{p} -- Current platform.}  Since the installation script
automatically guesses which platform you're running on, it is usually
unnecessary to use this option.  It's there in case you need to override
the automatic detection.

\textbf{\optname{b} -- Binary architectures.}  By default, only the
binaries for your current platform will be installed.  From this menu,
you can select installation of binaries for other architectures as well
(or omit installing the current platform).  This can be useful if you are
sharing a \TeX\ tree across a network of heterogenous machines.  For a
list of the supported architectures, see table~\ref{tab:archlist},
\p.\pageref{tab:archlist}.

\textbf{\optname{s} -- Base installation scheme.}  From this menu, you
can choose an overall set of package collections, called a ``scheme''.
The default \optname{full} scheme installs everything available, but you
can also choose the \optname{basic} scheme for a minimal system, or
\optname{medium} to get something in between.  There are also specific
sets for Omega and \acro{XML}.

\textbf{\optname{c} -- Individual collections.}  From this menu, you can
override the scheme's set of collections to install.  Collections are
one level more detailed than schemes\Dash collections consist of one or
more packages, where packages (the lowest level grouping in \TL) contain
the actual \TeX\ macro files, font families, and so on.  In this menu,
selection letters are case-sensitive.

\textbf{\optname{l} -- Language collections}.  This menu has the same
basic purpose as \Ucom{c}, to override the collection set in the chosen
scheme.  In this case, the collections are specifically for different
languages.  Selection letters are case-sensitive here too.  Here is a
list of the language collections in \TL:

% xx really should generate list from texmf/tpm/collection/tex-lang*
% a la install-tl.sh.
\begin{tabbing}
\hspace{.25\linewidth} \=
\hspace{.25\linewidth} \=
\hspace{.25\linewidth} \=
\hspace{.25\linewidth} \kill
(some) African scripts \>
Arabic \>
Armenian \>
Chinese\,Japanese\,Korean \\
Croatian \>
Cyrillic \>
Czech/Slovak \>
Danish \\
Dutch \>
Finnish \>
French \>
German \\
Greek \>
Hebrew \>
Hungarian \>
Indic \\
Italian \>
Latin \>
Manju \>
Mongolian \\
Norwegian \>
Polish \>
Portuguese \>
Spanish \\
Swedish \>
Tibetan \>
\acro{UK} English \>
Vietnamese \\
\end{tabbing}

\noindent Language collections typically include fonts, macros,
hyphenation patterns, and other support files.  (For instance,
\pkgname{frenchle.sty} is installed if you select the \optname{French}
collection.)  In addition, installing a language collection will alter
the \filename{language.dat} configuration file controlling which
hyphenation patterns are loaded.

\textbf{\optname{d} -- Installation directories}.  Three directories can
be changed here:
\label{text:instdir}

\begin{ttdescription}
\item [TEXDIR] The top-level directory under which
everything else will be installed.  The default value is
\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/2007}, and is often changed.  We recommend
including the year in the name, to keep different releases of \TL{}
separate.  (You may wish to make a version-independent name such
\dirname{/usr/local/texlive} via a symbolic link, which you can then
update after testing the new release.)

Under \MacOSX, the usual frontends look for \TeX{} in
\dirname{/usr/local/teTeX}, so you may wish to install \TL{} there.

\item [TEXMFLOCAL] This tree is where the \TeX{} system (not as part of
the initial installation, but rather as time goes by) puts
non-version-specific files, primarily fonts.  The default value is
\dirname{/usr/local/texlive/texmf-local}, independent of the current
\TL{} release, because it's also the recommended location to put any
local packages or configuration settings.

\item [TEXMFSYSVAR] This tree is where \cmdname{texconfig-sys} puts
files that \emph{are} version-specific.  The default value is
\dirname{TEXDIR/texmf-var}, and there's generally no reason to change
it.  There is also \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}, which is where
\cmdname{texconfig} looks for modified configuration data.  See
section~\ref{sec:texconfig}, \p.\pageref{sec:texconfig} for more
information.

\end{ttdescription}

\textbf{\optname{o} -- Other options.}  From this menu, you can select
the following general options:

\begin{ttdescription}
\item [a] Specify an alternate directory for generated fonts.
The default is to use the \envname{TEXMFVAR} tree, as explained above.
Setting this is useful if you plan to mount the main tree read-only, and
therefore you need another location (perhaps host-specific) for
dynamically created fonts.

\item [l] Create symbolic links for the binaries, man pages,
and\slash or \acro{GNU} Info files in other locations.  For example, you may
wish to make the man pages available under \dirname{/usr/local/man} and
the Info files available under \dirname{/usr/local/info}.  (Of course
you need appropriate privileges to write in the specified directories.)

It is not advisable to overwrite a \TeX\ system that came with your
system with this option.  It's intended primarily for creating the links
in standard directories that are known to users, such as
\dirname{/usr/local/bin}, which don't already contain any \TeX\ files.

\item [d] Skip installation of the font/macro documentation tree.
This is useful if you need to save space, or if you've previously
installed the documentation elsewhere.

\item [s] Skip installation of the main font/macro source
tree.  This is useful if you are arranging to share that tree between
machines and\slash or architectures in some other way, such as \acro{NFS}.

\end{ttdescription}

\textbf{i -- Perform installation.}  When you're satisfied with your
configuration options, enter \Ucom{i} to actually do the installation
from the media to your chosen locations.

% text is similar to above, but no TEXMFSYSVAR, so we have to write out.
After the installation completes, your next step is to include the
architecture-specific subdirectory of \dirname{TEXDIR/bin} in your
\envname{PATH}, so the newly-installed programs can be found.  The
architecture names are listed in table~\ref{tab:archlist},
\p.\pageref{tab:archlist}, or you can simply list the directory
\dirname{TEXDIR/bin}.

The syntax for doing this, and the initialization file to use, depends
on your shell.  If you use a Bourne-compatible shell (\cmdname{sh},
\cmdname{bash}, \cmdname{ksh}, et al.), put the following into your
\filename{$HOME/.profile} file:

\begin{alltt}
PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2007/bin/\var{archname}:$PATH; export PATH
\end{alltt}

\noindent For C shell-compatible shells (\cmdname{csh}, \cmdname{tcsh}),
put the following into your \filename{$HOME/.cshrc} file:
\begin{alltt}
setenv PATH /usr/local/texlive/2007/bin/\var{archname}:$PATH
\end{alltt}

\textruntexconfig

Here is a minimal annotated example which accepts the default
directories and installs binaries for the current system only.  Thus,
only one command is needed, \Ucom{i} for install.  The \texttt{>} is the
shell prompt as usual.

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{sh install-tl.sh}
\Ucom{i}                         # perform installation
> \Ucom{texconfig} ...           # see section \ref{sec:texconfig}
# New PATH element, with Linux as the example:
> \Ucom{PATH=/usr/local/texlive/2007/bin/i386-linux:$PATH; export PATH}
\end{alltt}

\textifindoubt


\subsubsection{Non-interactive installation}
\label{sec:noninteractive-install}

It is possible to override the default directories with environment
variables, and then install non-interactively.  Example:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{TEXLIVE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/opt/texlive}
> \Ucom{export TEXLIVE_INSTALL_PREFIX}
> \Ucom{echo i | sh install-tl.sh}
\end{alltt}

The \envname{TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_PREFIX} variable overrides the default
location of \dirname{/usr/local/texlive}, leaving all else
unchanged---so with the above invocation, the main installation will go
to \dirname{/opt/texlive/2007}.

In the usual Unix way, the final \Ucom{echo i} can be replaced by any
sequence of input commands via a here document, so any sequence of
commands can be scripted.

Here are all the possible overrides:

\begin{ttdescription}
\item [TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_PREFIX]
      Override \dirname{/usr/local/texlive}.
\item [TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_TEXDIR]
      Override \dirname{\$TEXLIVE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/2007.
\item [TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_TEXMFLOCAL]
      Override \dirname{\$TEXLIVE_INSTALL_PREFIX/texmf-var}.
\item [TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_TEXMFSYSVAR]
      Override \dirname{\$TEXLIVE_INSTALL_TEXDIR/texmf-var}.
\item [TEXLIVE\_INSTALL\_TEXMFHOME]
      Override \dirname{\$HOME/texmf}.
\end{ttdescription}

It would be better to support a standard \acro{GNU}-style
\filename{configure} with options, instead of these environment
variables.  Volunteers are welcome!


% 
\subsection{Installing individual packages to disk}

You can add individual packages or collections from the current
distribution to an existing non-\TL{} setup, or an earlier
\TL{} installation.  

\startinst

Run the installation script \filename{install-pkg.sh} (not
\filename{install-tl.sh}, which is intended for complete installations
only):
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{sh install-pkg.sh \var{options}}
\end{alltt}

The first set of options controls what gets read:

\begin{ttdescription}
\item [-{}-package=\var{pkgname}] The individual package to work on.

\item [-{}-collection=\var{colname}] The individual collection to work on.

\item [-{}-nodoc] Exclude documentation files from the operation.

\item [-{}-nosrc] Exclude source files from the operation.

\item [-{}-cddir=\var{dir}] Source directory to read from; defaults
to the current directory.  If you followed the instructions above, that
will be the distribution directory, and won't need to be changed.

\item [-{}-listdir=\var{dir}] The so-called `lists' directory within
\var{cddir} from which to read the package information.  The only
reason to change the default is if you're making changes to \TL{}
yourself.

\end{ttdescription}

What actually happens is controlled by the following options.  If
neither of these are specified, the default action is to install the
selected files.  The main destination tree is found by expanding
\envname{\$TEXMFMAIN} with \cmdname{kpsewhich}.  You can override it by
setting either the environment variable \envname{TEXMFMAIN} or
\envname{TEXMF}.

\begin{ttdescription}
\item [-{}-listonly] List the files that would be installed, but don't
actually install anything.

\item [-{}-archive=\var{tarfile}] Instead of installing the files into
the \TeX{} system, make a \cmdname{tar} archive.

\end{ttdescription}

Additional options:

\begin{ttdescription}

\item [-{}-config] After installation, run \code{texconfig init}.

\item [-{}-nohash] After installation, don't run \cmdname{mktexlsr} to
rebuild the filename database.

\item [-{}-verbose] Give more information as the script runs.

\end{ttdescription}

Here are some usage examples:

\begin{enumerate}

\item To see the files in the package \pkgname{fancyhdr} without
installing it:

\begin{alltt}
\ifSingleColumn> \Ucom{sh install-pkg.sh --package=fancyhdr --listonly}
\else> \Ucom{sh install-pkg.sh --package=fancyhdr \bs}
>                           \Ucom{--listonly}
\fi{}
texmf/doc/latex/fancyhdr/README
texmf/doc/latex/fancyhdr/fancyhdr.pdf
...
\end{alltt}

\item Install the \LaTeX{} package \pkgname{natbib}:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{sh install-pkg.sh --package=natbib}
\end{alltt}

\item Install the \LaTeX{} package \pkgname{alg} without source files or
documentation:
\begin{alltt}
\ifSingleColumn> \Ucom{sh install-pkg.sh  --package=alg --nosrc --nodoc}
\else> \Ucom{sh install-pkg.sh  -{}-package=alg \bs}
>                  \Ucom{-{}-nosrc -{}-nodoc}
\fi\end{alltt}

\item Install all the packages in the collection of additional
plain \TeX\ macros:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{sh install-pkg.sh --collection=tex-plainextra}
\end{alltt}

\item Write all files in the \pkgname{pstricks} package to a
\cmdname{tar} file in \path|/tmp|:
\begin{alltt}
\ifSingleColumn> \Ucom{sh install-pkg.sh --package=pstricks --archive=/tmp/pstricks.tar}
\else
> \Ucom{sh install-pkg.sh -{}-package=pstricks \bs}
>          \Ucom{-{}-archive=/tmp/pstricks.tar}
\fi\end{alltt}

\end{enumerate}

\textifindoubt


% 
\section{Post-installation}
\label{sec:postinstall}

After the main installation is done, for any operating system, the
remaining steps are to configure the system for your local needs, and
perform some basic tests.

Another sort of post-installation is to acquire packages, fonts, or
programs that were not included in \TL{}.  The basic idea is to
install such additions in the \envname{TEXMFLOCAL} tree (if you
installed to disk), or \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR} (if you are running live).
See the ``Installation directories'' option on \p.\pageref{text:instdir}.

Unfortunately, the details can and do vary widely, and so we do not attempt to
address them here.  Here are some external links to descriptions:
\begin{itemize*}
\item
\url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=instpackages}
\item
\url{http://www.ctan.org/installationadvice}
\item
\url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/beginlatex/html/chapter5.html#pkginst}
\item
\url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/Type1fonts} for
installation information for fonts in particular.
\end{itemize*}


\subsection{The \protect\cmdname{texconfig} program}
\label{sec:texconfig}

At any time after installation, you can and should use the program
\cmdname{texconfig} to configure the system to fit your local needs.  It
is installed in the architecture-specific subdirectory
\texttt{TEXDIR/bin/\var{arch}} along with everything else.

If you run it without arguments, it will enter full-screen mode and
allow you to view and change options interactively.

You can also run it with various command-line options.  Here are some of
the most common (\TL{} is configured for the A4 paper size by default):

\begin{ttdescription}

\item [texconfig paper letter] Set default paper size for
various programs and drivers (\cmdname{pdftex}, \cmdname{dvips},
\cmdname{dvipdfm}, \cmdname{xdvi}) to be \acro{US} letter.  The other
allowable size is \optname{a4}, which is the default.

\item [texconfig rehash] Update all the \TeX{} ``filename databases'',
after adding or removing files.

\item [texconfig faq] Show the \teTeX{} \acro{FAQ}.
(See also the main \TeX{} \acro{FAQ} in \OnCD{texmf-doc/doc/english/FAQ-en}.)

\item [texconfig help] Output help information for \cmdname{texconfig}.

\end{ttdescription}

Of course, \cmdname{texconfig} can only support changing a few of the
many options and configuration parameters in a \TeX{} system.  The main
configuration file for the base \Webc{} programs is named
\filename{texmf.cnf}.  You can find its location by running
\samp{kpsewhich texmf.cnf}; it contains many comments explaining the
default settings and useful alternatives.

\cmdname{texconfig} alters files in a user-specific directory, as in
\dirname{$HOME/.texlive2007}.  If you install \TeX\ just for yourself,
that is unlikely to make a difference.  But if you install \TeX\ on a
multi-user system, you will want to change the configuration for the
whole system.  In this case, run \cmdname{texconfig-sys} instead of
\cmdname{texconfig}.

Likewise, the \cmdname{updmap} and \cmdname{fmtutil} scripts were
changed, to work under \dirname{$HOME/.texliveYYYY}.  To alter system
directories, use \cmdname{updmap-sys} and \cmdname{fmtutil-sys}.

In particular, for multi-user systems, you will probably want to
pregenerate the standard formats with \texttt{fmtutil-sys --missing}.
Otherwise, each user will end up with their own formats.

Also, if you have a personally-modified copy of \filename{fmtutil.cnf}
or \filename{updmap.cfg}, instead of using the ones generated by
installation, they must be installed in the tree referenced by the
variable \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}.

The variables specifying the directories altered by these commands are
listed in section~\ref{sec:texmftrees}, \p.\pageref{sec:texmftrees}.
You can see the actual directories by running \texttt{texconfig conf},
and you can change them by editing \filename{texmf.cnf}.


\subsection{Testing the installation}
\label{sec:test-install}

After installing \TL{} as best you can, you naturally want to test
it out, so you can start creating beautiful documents and\slash or fonts.

This section gives some basic procedures for testing that the new system
is functional.  We give Unix commands; under \MacOSX{} and Windows,
you're more likely to run the tests through a graphical interface, but
the principles are the same.

\begin{enumerate}

\item Make sure that you can run the \cmdname{tex} program in the first
place:

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{tex -{}-version}
TeX 3.141592 (Web2C 7.5.5)
kpathsea version 3.5.5
...
\end{alltt}
If this comes back with `command not found' instead of version and
copyright information, most likely you don't have the correct
\dirname{bin} subdirectory in your \envname{PATH}.  See
the environment-setting information on \p.\pageref{text:path}.

\item Process a basic \LaTeX{} file:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{latex sample2e.tex}
This is pdfeTeXk, Version 3.141592...
...
Output written on sample2e.dvi (3 pages, 7496 bytes).
Transcript written on sample2e.log.
\end{alltt}
If this fails to find \filename{sample2e.tex} or other files, perhaps
you have interference from old environment variables or configuration
files.  For a deep analysis, you can always ask \TeX{} to report on
exactly what it is searching for, and finding; see ``Debugging actions''
on page~\pageref{Debugging}.

\item Preview the result online:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{xdvi sample2e.dvi}
\end{alltt}
(Under Windows, the analogous command is \cmdname{dviout}.)  You should
see a new window with a nice document explaining some of the basics of
\LaTeX{}.  (Well worth reading, by the way if you're new to the system.)
You do have to be running under X for \cmdname{xdvi} to work; if you're
not, or your \envname{DISPLAY} environment variable is set incorrectly,
you'll get an error \samp{Can't open display}.

\item Create a \PS{} file for printing or display:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{dvips sample2e.dvi -o sample2e.ps}
\end{alltt}

\item Create a \acro{PDF} file instead of \dvi{}; this processes the
\filename{.tex} file and writes \acro{PDF} directly:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{pdflatex sample2e.tex}
\end{alltt}

\item Preview the \acro{PDF} file:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{gv sample2e.pdf}
\textrm{or:}
> \Ucom{xpdf sample2e.pdf}
\end{alltt}
Unfortunately neither \cmdname{gv} nor \cmdname{xpdf} are currently
included in \TL{}, so you must install them separately.  See
\url{http://www.gnu.org/software/gv} and
\url{http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf}, respectively.

\item Other standard test files you may find useful:

\begin{ttdescription}
\item [small2e.tex] A simpler document than \filename{sample2e}, to
reduce the input size if you're having troubles.
\item [testpage.tex] Test if your printer introduces any offsets.
\item [nfssfont.tex] For printing font tables and tests.
\item [testfont.tex] Also for font tables, but using plain \TeX{}.
\item [story.tex] The most canonical (plain) \TeX{} test file of all.
You must type \samp{\bs bye} to the \code{*} prompt after \samp{tex
story.tex}.
\end{ttdescription}
You can process these in the same way as we did with
\filename{sample2e.tex}.

\end{enumerate}

If you are new to \TeX{}, or otherwise need help with actually
constructing \TeX{} or \LaTeX{} documents, please visit
\url{http://tug.org/begin.html} for some introductory resources.


\section{\MacOSX{} installation}
\label{sec:mac-install}

The recommended way to install \TeX\ on \MacOSX\ is from the Mac\TeX\
distribution, new in 2005.  This is provided on the \pkgname{live}
\DVD{} in the top-level \dirname{mactex/} directory.  It contains its
own (native) installer for a full \TeX\ distribution, based on a
combination of te\TeX\ and \TL, along with many additional applications
and documentation.  The project web page is \url{http://tug.org/mactex}.

If you prefer, installation of \TeX{} under \MacOSX{} can also be done
directly from \TL, using the \filename{install*} scripts, as follows.

In order to run the installation scripts under \MacOSX, you need to have
the \cmdname{bash} shell installed.  If you are running \MacOSX~10.2
or later, you have \cmdname{bash}, and can proceed.  If you're running
an earlier \MacOSX{} version, however, the default shell is
\cmdname{zsh}, which won't work; you'll need to get \cmdname{bash} from
the Internet, or more likely upgrade your system.

Once you have \cmdname{bash}, the Unix installation documentation in the
previous section can be followed.  See section~\ref{sec:unix-install} on
\p.\pageref{sec:unix-install}; \MacOSX-specific notes are included there
where needed.

\section{Windows installation}
\label{sec:win-install}

In this release of \TL{}, happily, the distribution once
again has a native Windows installer, named \cmdname{tlpmgui.exe}.  (See
section~\ref{sec:multiple-dist}, \p.\pageref{sec:multiple-dist}, for an
explanation of the different distributions.)

\cmdname{tlpmgui} has essentially the same options as the Unix
installer, only done through a GUI interface: selecting schemes,
individual collections, installation directories, and so on.
Section~\ref{sec:unix-install-disk} on
\p.\pageref{sec:unix-install-disk} describes the basic elements.  It
also allows some post-installation activities such as adding/removing
packages, updating the filename database and building formats.
Moreover, \cmdname{tlpmgui} can setup the system for running
programs directly from the \DVD.

For those who like to look underneath the hood, \cmdname{tlpmgui} uses
as its ``engine'' a command-line Windows program named \cmdname{tlpm}.

The Windows \TeX{} system included in \TL{} is based on new binaries 
borrowed from the \acro{W32TEX} distribution, kindly provided by Akira Kakuto.
It also includes some older (but still working) tools made by Fabrice
Popineau, and also a new \texttt{dvi} previewer, \textsf{dviout} by
Toshio Oshima. 

\TL{} can be installed on systems running Windows 98, \acro{ME},
\acro{NT}, \acro{2K} or \acro{XP}.  Older versions of Windows (3.1x)
and \acro{MS-DOS} are not supported.

\textbf{Warning:} Win9.x users must ensure they have enough environment
  space before undertaking installation. The \cmdname{tlpmgui.exe}
  program won't change the environment size for them. A few environment
  variables will be created and it is possible you run out of
  environment space. Add \texttt{SHELL=<path>COMMAND.COM /E:4096 /P} in the
  config.sys file in order to increase your environment size.

\subsection{Installing \protect\TeX\protect\ Live to disk}

After inserting the \TL{} CD into the \acro{CD} drive, autostart should
activate \cmdname{tlpmgui}. If it does not, click \guiseq{Start\arw Run}, 
then type \verb|<drive letter>:\setup-win32\tplmgui.exe| (or 
\verb|<drive letter>:\texlive\setup-win32\tplmgui.exe| if you are 
installing from the TeX Collection DVD), where \verb|<drive letter>| 
is the drive letter with the TeX Live CD (or TeX Collection DVD), and
then click OK.

The installation window titled \guiseq{TeX Live installation and maintenance
utility} should open. It contains the following sections: \guiseq{Main
customization}, \guiseq{Install}, \guiseq{Select a scheme}, \guiseq{Select
systems}, \guiseq{Directories} and \guiseq{Options}.

In the \guiseq{Directories} section the installation drive (directory) next 
to the \guiseq{CD/DVD} button should be displayed (e.g., \texttt{F:/} or \texttt{F:/texlive/} for the DVD), but 
if it is not, then click the \guiseq{CD/DVD} button and select the \acro{CD/DVD}
drive, with the \TL{} CD (or TeX Collection DVD).

The directory in which you wish to install the software can be set by
clicking the \guiseq{TLroot} button. This directory will be set as
\path|TLroot| environment variable for later usage.  The \path|TEXMFTEMP| and
\path|TEXMFCNF| environment variables as displayed next to the
\guiseq{TEXMFTEMP} and \guiseq{TEXMFCNF} buttons will be adjusted
automatically and set during installation, but they can also be adjusted
manually now to suit special needs.

In the \guiseq{Select a scheme} section the desired \TL{} installation scheme
should be chosen by clicking the radio button labelled with the installation
scheme name (e.g., \guiseq{scheme-gust}). Each scheme is accompanied by an
\guiseq{Info} button which, when clicked, displays a short description of the 
relevant scheme.

A scheme is a large set of files targeted at some kind of usage. There are 
generic schemes for basic, medium and full installations. The remaining ones
are either targeted  at certain LUGs (i.e., what GUST or GUTenberg propose
for their members) or application targeted (e.g., for XML and \TeX{}
cooperation).  A preselected scheme can be refined. This is done in the 
\guiseq{Main customization} section by choosing additional collections from 
\guiseq{Standard collections} or \guiseq{Language collections}. For example, 
by clicking the \guiseq{Select} button labelled \guiseq{Standard
collections}, additional collections like Metapost, Omega or documentation 
in different languages can be selected.

\textbf{Note:} The \guiseq{Ghostscript}, \guiseq{Perl} and \guiseq{Wintools}
collections are selected by default and should be installed unless they are
already installed and you really know what you are doing. This is because
they are required by many important tools. The \verb|PERL5LIB| and
\verb|GS_LIB| environment variables will be set too.

Next, clicking the \guiseq{Select} button labelled \guiseq{Language
Collections} in the \guiseq{Main customization} section opens the
\guiseq{Language collections} window in which the installation language can
be chosen by ticking the box next to the language.

Next, click the \guiseq{Install} button in the \guiseq{Install} section to 
start the installation proper process.

The \TL{} system  needs some post-processing  steps (format files
generation,  ls-R  databases generation, environment variables, etc.). All
these operations are done there, some of them can be lengthy. So please wait
until you see a statement about the successfully finished installation.

The shortcut for \cmdname{tlpmgui} will be added to the
\guiseq{Start\arw Programs\arw TeXLive2007} menu.

If it is needed (Win9x/WinME), you will be asked to reboot your computer.

\subsection{Support packages for Windows}
\label{sec:win-xemtex}

To be complete, a \TL installation needs support packages that are not
commonly found on a Windows machine.  Many scripts are written using the Perl
language. Some important tools require the Ghostscript \PS{} interpreter to
render or to convert files. A graphic file toolbox is also needed in some
cases. Last but not least, a \TeX-oriented editor makes it easy to type in
your \TeX{} files.

All these tools are quite easy to find for Windows, but in order to try to
make your life even easier, we have put such a set of tools on \TL:
\begin{itemize*}
\item GNU \cmdname{Ghostscript} 8.54
\item a minimal \cmdname{Perl} 5.8, sufficient to run all the \TL{}
 Perl scripts.
\item win-tools is a set of small programs (bzip2, gzip, jpeg2ps
 and tiff2png)
%\item a subset of \cmdname{ImageMagick} 5.5.6
%\item the \cmdname{ISpell} checker
%\item \cmdname{XEmacs} 21.5.14 with a selection of packages to support
%\TeX{} typesetting.
\end{itemize*}

Perl and Ghostscript are installed upon request; you may explicitly
deselect them during installation if you already have them.

If you don't want to install this bundle, then you are on your own to
install the required tools to complete your \TL{} system. Here is a
list of places to get those tools:

\begin{description}
\item[Ghostscript] \url{http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/}
\item[Perl] \url{http://www.activestate.com/} (but you might need some
      supplementary packages from CPAN: \url{http://www.cpan.org/})
\item[ImageMagick] \url{http://www.imagemagick.com}
\item[NetPBM] alternatively, you could use NetPBM instead of ImageMagick to
      process or convert your graphic files. NetPBM home page is
      \url{http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/}
\item[\TeX-oriented editors] There is a wide choice, and it is a matter of the
      user's taste. Here is a selection:
      \begin{itemize*}
  \item \cmdname{GNU Emacs} is available natively under Windows, see
        \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/ntemacs.html}
  \item \cmdname{XEmacs} is available natively under Windows, see
        \url{http://www.xemacs.org/}
  \item \cmdname{WinShell} is available on \TL in the \path|support|
        directory, see \url{http://www.winshell.de}
  \item \cmdname{WinEdt} is shareware available from \url{http://www.winedt.com}
  \item \cmdname{Vim} is available on \TL{} in the
        \path|support\vim| directory and the 
        reference site is \url{http://www.vim.org}
  \item TeXnicCenter is free software, available from
          \url{http://www.toolscenter.org} and in the proTeXt distribution.
  \item \cmdname{LEd} is available from \url{http://www.ctan.org/support/LEd}
  \item \cmdname{SciTE} is available from \url{http://www.scintilla.org/SciTE.html}
      \end{itemize*}
\end{description}

You might want to install other tools that are not free\footnote{Not
free, that is, in the sense of freedom to modify and redistribute,
following free software guidelines.  This does not mean you can't acquire
them for no money.} and therefore not included on \TL{}, such as
\cmdname{GSView}, the \cmdname{Ghostscript} companion to more
conveniently view PS/PDF files. \cmdname{GSView} is available from
\url{http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gsview/} or any \acro{CTAN} site.

\section{Maintenance of the installation in Windows}

If you have TeX Live installed, you can use \cmdname{tlpmgui} again
for modifying and maintaining your installation.

\subsection{Adding/removing packages}

As the \cmdname{tlpmgui} shortcut is available in the \guiseq{Start\arw 
Programs\arw TeXLive2007} menu, start it from here. The maintenance window
titled \guiseq{TeX Live installation and maintenance utility} shows. It
contains several tabs: \guiseq{Add Packages}, \guiseq{Remove packages}, 
\guiseq{Manage installation}, \guiseq{Remove installation}.

Click the tab labelled \guiseq{Add packages} or \guiseq{Remove packages} 
to enter the relevant functionality and then:

\begin{itemize}
\item In the first tab select the proper \CD{} drive (or \DVD with
  \texttt{texlive} directory) by pressing the \guiseq{CD/DVD} button.
\item Click the \guiseq{Search} button in the \guiseq{Buttons} section to 
display or refresh in the \guiseq{Select packages to\dots} section the 
list of packages to install or remove.

When adding packages, the list of installed packages is compared to the list
of packages available from your \CD/\DVD. Only packages not already installed are
displayed. It is up to you to select which packages you want to
install. 

When removing individual packages, only a list of installed packages
will be displayed.

Please note that for both \guiseq{Add packages} and \guiseq{Remove packages}
the collections are listed first.

\item Select a package by clicking on the name of the package. Clicking the
\guiseq{Info} button in the \guiseq{Buttons} section displays a short
description of the selected package in the window located in the \guiseq{Info
about the selected item} section. To select several packages at once hold
down one of the Ctrl or Shift keys at your keyboard while holding down the
left mouse button or drag the mouse pointer while holding down the left mouse
button.

\item Click the \guiseq{Install} or \guiseq{Remove} button in the
\guiseq{Buttons} section to perform the appropriate action.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Configuring and other management tasks}

The functions available in the tab labelled \guiseq{Manage the installation}
are helpful in performing actions needed when you want to add support for a
language which was not selected during the installation, or add/regenerate a
format which was not selected during the installation or was modified after
the installation.

The following actions can be performed:

\begin{itemize}
\item Refresh the \filename{ls-R} database
\item Create formats (All or Missing)
\item Edit \filename{language.dat}
\item Edit \filename{fmtutil.cnf}
\item Edit \filename{updmap.cfg}
\end{itemize}

Note: you can close the Edit\dots{} window with the \guiseq{Cancel} or 
\guiseq{Done} button; the latter will start rebuilding the format files
(or the fontmap files if you have edited \filename{updmap.cfg}), followed by a
\filename{ls-R} database files refresh.

For more information about the configuration see section~\ref{sec:persconf}, 
\p.\pageref{sec:persconf}.

\subsection{Uninstalling \protect\TL{}}

The tab labelled \guiseq{Remove the TeX Live installation} opens a window 
which contains functionality not worth describing and we do not know who would
need it and what it is for\dots :-)

Anyway, if you have the \path|texmf-local| directory for your local additions,
the removal procedure will not wipe it out or delete things in it. The \path|setup-win32|
directory containing \cmdname{tlpmgui} and related files will not be deleted. You will have to do some manual cleanup to
actually remove them.

\subsection{Adding your own packages to the installation}

First, whatever changes you make, \textbf{do not forget to rebuild the ls-R
database files}. Otherwise, your new files will not be found. You can do this
either via the \cmdname{tlpmgui} run and selection of the appropriate action
from the \guiseq{Manage the installation} tab, or manually running the
\file{mktexlsr} command.

If you want to add files that are not provided by the \TL{} distribution, 
it is recommended to put them in the \path|$TEXMFLOCAL| directory. This 
way, you will be safe against upgrades of the \TL{} software.

The directory pointed to by \path|$TEXMFLOCAL| is initially empty. If,
for example, you want to add the support file for the Maple symbolic
computation program, you will have to put the style files in:\\
\path|c:\TeXLive2007\texmf-local\tex\latex\maple\|\\ and the
documentation files in:\\ \path|c:\TeXLive2007\texmf-local\doc\latex\maple\|

\subsection{Running \texttt{tlmp.exe} from the command line}
The \cmdname{tlpm.exe} program which is used as engine by \cmdname{tlpmgui} 
has a number of other useful options. You can get the list by running:
\begin{verbatim}
tlpm --help
\end{verbatim}

More information and examples of use can be found in \path|tlpm.readme|.

\subsection{Network installation}

\KPS{} knows about UNC names, so you can use them to get your TEXMF
tree from the network. But there is better than this.
All the support files and configuration files, everything except the files in the
\path|bin/win32| are shareable with a \teTeX{} or Unix \TL{} installation. That means
you can use Samba either to mount from an NT server to a Unix
workstation or the converse. Several strategies are possible:
\begin{itemize}
\item Put everything on the server. Just add each set of files for the OS and 
architecture you want to use in the \path|bin| directory. That means
for example \path|bin/win32| and \path|bin/i386-linux|. Next configure
your main variables. You can use UNC names to
point to the right directories under Win32.
\item Install a local copy for the binaries and format files. In this
  case, assign \path|$TEXMFMAIN| to the main \path|texmf| tree that
  will be accessed remotely. Set \path|$TEXMFVAR| to be a local
  directory which will hold local configuration files and on-the-fly
  generated files.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{What's different in Windows?}

The Windows version of \Webc{} has some specific features that should be
pointed out.

\begin{description}
\item[\cmdname{kpsecheck}] This command provides some options that did
  not fit well into \cmdname{kpsewhich}. It will allow you to list all
  the files that occur multiple times across your texmf trees. This
  could be handy, but most of the time you will also get unwanted
  output (like dozens of \path|README| files).  It is noticeable
    that all these files result in clashes inside the \KPS{}-hashing
    mechanism; fortunately, \KPS{} never looks for these files. For
  this reason, you can combine the \path|-multiple-occurrences| with 2
  other options for including or excluding any filename that match
  some pattern (you can request for several patterns).

  The \cmdname{kpsecheck} command will also report the status of shared
  memory: in use or not used. That might be useful to know because if
  the status reported is \samp{in use}, that means one or several
  processes are working, and the effect of any \cmdname{mktexlsr}
  command will be delayed until the next time where no \KPS{} linked
  process will be running.

  Last, this same command will report about the location it thinks
  Ghostscript can be found. Under Win32, for many programs, it is
  easier to use the Ghostscript dll, and find it by using the
  Ghostscript registry key than to change the \path|PATH|, which has a
  limited length anyway.
\item[\Webc{}] The engines have one more option than in Unix \Webc:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item \path|-proctimes| print statistics about the job run
    time. It is to be noted that Win9x not being a true multitasking
    operating system, it has no reliable timer for short periods, so
    the value printed is an approximation. Under NT/2K/XP, the result
    is quite accurate with user time and system time values allocated
    for this run. For Unix
    users: the \path|time| command is not usually available to Windows
    users.
  \end{itemize}
\end{description}

\subsection{Personal configurations}
\label{sec:persconf}

\subsubsection{Dvips}

The configuration file for dvips can be found in\\
\verb+C:\TeXLive2007\texmf-var\dvips\config\config.ps+\\
You may open  it with any editor  
 %(\cmdname{WinShell}  will do fine) 
 and change some parameters:

\begin{description}
\item [fonts] you can change the default printer \MF{} mode or printer
  resolution in case \cmdname{dvips} needs to generate PK fonts. By default it
  is configured to use Type~1 versions of the CM fonts, so it should
  not call \cmdname{mktexpk} too often;
\item[printer] you can tell dvips where you want to print by default. If
  the \optname{o} option is not followed by a printer name, then a
  \file{.ps} \PS{} file is written. You can give dvips a printer
  name such as:
\begin{verbatim}
o lpt1:
% o | lpr -S server -P myprinter
% o \\server\myprinter
\end{verbatim}
\item[paper] Next, you might want 
  to change the paper size from European (A4) to US letter
  by making the US letter the first paper size mentioned in the file.
  Scroll to the group of lines beginning with \code{@}. Move 
  the appropriate lines so that this section begins with the lines:\\
\hspace*{1em}    @ letterSize 8.5in 11in\\
\hspace*{1em}    @ letter 8.5in 11in\\
\hspace*{1em}    @+ \%\%BeginPaperSize: Letter\\
\hspace*{1em}    @+ letter\\
\hspace*{1em}    @+ \%\%EndPaperSize
\end{description}

The current \TL{} distribution implements the procedure of making always
up-to-date fontmaps files for Dvips and Pdftex. This is done by the 
\cmdname{updmap} program during installation.
If you add new font packages using the installation program or by hand, 
edit the file \verb+updmap.cfg+ in \path|$TEXMFVAR/web2c|.

\subsubsection{PdfTeX}

If you use the program pdf{}latex to write \acro{PDF} format directly,
and you are using \acro{US} letter-size paper, edit the file
\verb+C:\TeXLive2007\texmf-var\tex\generic\config\pdftexconfig.tex+ and
change \samp{\bs pdfpagewidth} and \samp{\bs pdfpageheight}. These entries 
should read:
\begin{alltt}
\bs{}pdfpagewidth=8.5 true in
\bs{}pdfpageheight=11 true in
\end{alltt}
Save the file and exit the editor.   

\subsubsection{XeTeX}
Xe\TeX{} for Windows is linked statically with fontconfig 2.4.2. 
A configuration file for fontconfig is \verb+fonts.conf+.  For details, 
see the file \verb+fonts.conf+ itself which is in a directory shown by 
the command \texttt{kpsewhich --var-value=FONTCONFIG\_PATH}.

\subsubsection{GSView}
GSView is now distributed under the Aladdin License, and therefore is no 
longer included in \TL{}.

You may want to change the page size to US letter size. If so, open
GSView from the \guiseq{Start} menu, and select \guiseq{Media\arw Letter}.

Also, there are menu settings that are supposed to give you the most
readable screen image. On \guiseq{Media \arw Display Settings}, set both
\optname{Text Alpha} and \optname{Graphics Alpha} to 4~bits.

Note that the installation process has set all \code{.ps} and
\code{.eps} files to automatically open with \cmdname{GSView}.

For printing instructions, see section~\ref{printing} below.
\subsubsection{XeTeX}
Xe\TeX{} for Windows is linked statically with fontconfig 2.4.2. 
A configuration file for fontconfig is \verb+fonts.conf+.  For details, 
see the file \verb+fonts.conf+ itself which is in a directory shown by 
the command \texttt{kpsewhich --var-value=FONTCONFIG\_PATH}.


\subsection{Testing}

For generic verification procedures, see section~\ref{sec:test-install}
(\p.\pageref{sec:test-install}).  This section describes
Windows-specific tests.

Open the file \verb+sample2e.tex+ in your editor (Xemacs, WinShell),
found in \path|C:\TeXLive2007\texmf-dist\tex\latex\base|. The \LaTeX\ source
should appear on the screen. Process it by clicking on the 
\guiseq{Command\arw LaTeX} menu (XEmacs) or \LaTeX\ icon on the toolbar 
(WinShell), then view it by clicking on the \guiseq{Command\arw View DVI} 
menu (XEmacs) or Preview (dviout) icon (WinShell).

At first, when you preview files with \cmdname{dviout}, it will create fonts 
because screen fonts were not installed. After a while, you will have created
most of the fonts you use, and you will rarely see the font-creation window.

\textbf{Hint for the future:} If a \LaTeX\ run stops because \LaTeX\ 
cannot find a file, you can press Ctrl-z to quit. 


\subsection{Printing}
\label{printing}

It is possible to print from \cmdname{dviout}. In this case, printing 
will be done using the Windows unified printer driver. By definition, it is
compatible with all printers. However, there is some drawback: it can
generate some huge spool files, and some (older) versions of Windows
just don't like them. The advantage is that you can use features like
embedding BMP or WMF images. You also need to make sure that the printer
parameters are correctly set, else you
will get scaled printing (printing at 600\dpi{} on a 300\dpi{} printer
will give you only one quadrant of your page).

Printing is faster and more reliable if you run \cmdname{dvips} to make
a \filename{.ps} file and then print from \cmdname{GSView}. In
\cmdname{GSview}, select \guiseq{File\arw Print\ldots}. A \guiseq{Print}
window will appear.

If you are using a \PS{} printer, \textit{be sure to select
\guiseq{\PS{} Printer}}.  This is done in the \guiseq{Print Method} box
at the bottom left of the \guiseq{Print} window. You can then select any
of the printers that you have previously installed.  If you fail to
check the box for \optname{\PS{} Printer}, printing will not work.
  
If you will be using your own non-\PS{} printer, select
\guiseq{Ghostscript device} in the \guiseq{Print Method} box, then click
on the button to the right labelled \guiseq{djet500} and select your
printer type from the list that pops up. (In the older version of
\cmdname{GSView}, make sure \optname{\PS{} Printer} is \textit{not}
selected, then select your printer type from the \guiseq{Device} list.)
  
\subsection{Tips and tricks for Win32}

\subsubsection{Different flavors of Win32}

What we call Win32 is not an operating system by itself. It is a large
set of functions (around 12,000 in the header files of the Microsoft
\acro{SDK}) that you can use to write programs for different operating
systems of the Windows family.

Windows comes in different flavors:
\begin{itemize}
\item Win95, Win98 and Win\acro{ME}, which \emph{are not true multitasking,
  multithreading} environments, but rather updated incarnations of
  \acro{DOS}. This can be more or less proven by the fact that when
  booting, the PC will load the \path|command.com| interpreter, and if
  you stop the boot process at this point, you can ask for the current
  (\acro{DOS}) version and it will answer something like \samp{MS-DOS
  7.0} (at least for the old versions of Win9x).
\item Windows \acro{NT}, which is a new operating system  written from
  scratch, capable of true multitasking behavior, and including many
  high level features.
\item Windows 2000, based on \acro{NT}, with all the bells and
  whistles of Win98.
\item Windows \acro{XP}, which comes with Personal and Pro flavors. This is
  the last step in merging both lines of products (Win9x based and
  \acro{NT} based). \acro{XP} is based on \acro{NT}.
\end{itemize}

Win9x are able to run 32~bits programs and 16~bits programs
concurrently.  But the operating system by itself is not entirely
written in 32~bits mode, and does not support memory protection: 16bits
applications can overwrite parts of the operating system memory!  Some
parts of the system like the \acro{GDI} (Graphical Device Interface)
manage limited resources like bitmaps, fonts, pens and so on for the set
of all programs that run concurrently. All the bitmaps headers available
at the same time can't amount for more than 64kB. This explains the
performance tool and the fact that you can put your system on his knees
by making intensive use of graphic objects for example.

NT, 2K and XP do not suffer from these limitations, and neither from
other Win9x limitations. They are true multitasking environments, with
protected memory. They are much more responsive than Win9x because
of better memory management, better file system and so on.

\subsubsection{Command line prompt}

You may wonder, ``Why would I need to use a command line prompt when
I have Windows?''

Good question! The problem is of very general nature. Not all operations
can be done easily using only a \acro{GUI}. Command line gives you
programming power\Dash assuming a clever command interpreter.

But the problem here is more fundamental: \TeX{} is \emph{a batch}
tool. Not an interactive one. \TeX{} needs to compute the best
layout for each page, resolve cross-references and so on. This can be
done only by a global processing of the document. It is not (yet) a
task that can be done interactively.

This means that you should use \TeX{} from a command line. In fact the
situation is not so bad. There is an advantage to write command line
tools for complex processing: they are better debugged, because they are
independent of any \acro{GUI} problems, and \acro{GUI} tools can be
designed to interface to the command line tools. This is the case for
\TeX{}, where you will mostly interact with it through a \acro{GUI} text
editor.

However, you may need to use the command line prompt in a number of
situations.  One is when you are having difficulties and want to debug
your setup.

\begin{description}
  \item[Win9x] You can open a command line prompt by looking either for
    the \acro{MS-DOS} icon in the \guiseq{Start\arw Programs} menu,
    or by choosing \guiseq{Start\arw Run} menu typing in
    \path|command.com| as the program name.
  \item[NT, 2K, XP] You can open a command line prompt by looking for
    \guiseq{Command Prompt} in the \guiseq{Start\arw Accessories} menu.
    You can also choose \guiseq{Start\arw Run} and type in
    \path|cmd.exe|, which is the name of the brand new command
    interpreter for \acro{NT} (thus, it is untrue to call this a
    \emph{DOS} box!).
\end{description}

These locations may change across different Windows versions. 

\subsubsection{Path separators}

The Win32 API understands both \path|/| and \path|\| characters as PATH
separators. But the command interpreters do not! So whenever a path name
is used programmatically, you can use both separators, and even mix them
up in the same path name. But on the command line, you must type
\path|\| as path separator. The reason is compatibility: the command
processor used \samp{/} to introduce arguments to commands.

All this to say: do not be surprised to read path names written using
the Unix convention; Windows-\TL{} is a port of \Webc, and aims to be 
compatible across platforms. For this reason, all the configuration files 
that need to specify path names use the Unix convention.

\subsubsection{File systems}
\label{sec:clusters}

The worst feature of Win9x with regard to \TeX{} is probably the
so-called FAT file system. \TeX{} uses very many small files, with size
around 1--3kB. The \acro{FAT} file system is old, and predates by
decades the multi-gigabytes hard disks we have today. As a result, it
cannot manage efficiently the tens of thousands of \TeX{} files found in
\TL{}. The \acro{FAT} file system allocates a minimum of 32kB for
\emph{any} file on a huge partition. It means that \TeX{} will use much
more disk space than it actually needs.

The other, more modern, file systems available, \acro{FAT32} and
\acro{NTFS}, do not have this drawback. They manage clusters of 4kB
only.  (You can lower the limit to 512 bytes on \acro{NTFS}.)

\subsubsection{How to add some directory to your PATH}

There are pairs of variables and values which behave much like global
variables inside your programs. The set of those variables is called the
environment. Each program is initialized with a copy of the
environment when it is run. It can request and change the
value of any variable. The changes happen in the copy of the
environment, and is not at all propagated to the other running
programs.

Your PATH is a special environment variable used to search for
programs you want to run.
There is a different procedure to change it for Win9x, WinME and NT/2K/XP:

\begin{description}
\item[Windows 95/98] Edit your \path|autoexec.bat|. In this file should be a line
  starting with \texttt{PATH=} and followed by a list of directories separated
  by \path|;|. Please add the directory with the executables in this line.
  After this, this line could look as follows:
\begin{verbatim}
PATH=c:\windows;c:\windows\system;c:\TeXLive2007\bin\win32
\end{verbatim}
\item[Windows ME] You need to run the special program
  \path|c:\windows\system\msconfig.exe| to be able to change any
  environment variable. From this program, select the `Environment'
  tab, and then add or modify the  variable you want. You will be asked to reboot the
  machine upon any change.
\item[Windows NT/2K/XP]
  Click left on \guiseq{Start \arw Settings \arw Control Panel}. Now the
  window with the control panel icons opens. Double click on System. The
  System Properties window opens. Click on the tab \textsf{Environment}
  or look for a button named \guiseq{Environment Variables} among the
  dialog boxes. Now you can change the environment variables for your
  user account. Note: There are also displayed the environment settings
  for the system.  Normally, you can't change the system variables
  unless you have administrator rights on your machine. If you want to
  change the \texttt{PATH} for all users, you will have to contact your
  system administrator or be the system administrator yourself\Dash in
  the latter case you should know what you are doing.
  
  If there  is already a \texttt{PATH}  setting for your user account,
  left click on \texttt{PATH}.  In the field \textsf{Variable} appears
  \texttt{PATH}  while  the field  Value  shows the current setting of
  \texttt{PATH} as  a list of directories  separated  by \path|;|. Add
  the   directory   where   the   executables   are    located   (e.g. 
  \path|c:\TeXLive2007\bin\win32|).  If  there isn't  a \texttt{PATH} variable
  for your user  account, simply click  in the field Variable and type
  in  \texttt{PATH}, click in the field \textsf{Value}
  and type in the directory with the executables.  Important: Click on
  the \textsf{Apply} button before clicking \textsf{Ok}, otherwise the
  changes to \texttt{PATH} won't apply to your system. Be careful when
  changing the environment settings.
\end{description}

The best way to be sure that a variable has been properly set is to
open a console and type:
\begin{verbatim}
set VARIABLE
\end{verbatim}
which should return the corresponding value.

\subsubsection{\TeX{} engines}

If you have a look at the \Webc{} documentation,  you will read that all
the various \TeX{}  derived programs  use the  same base  engine.  For
example, \path|tex.exe| and \path|latex.exe|  are exact copies  of the
same program, but each one will use a  different format file, based on
its calling name.

Under Unix, this feature is implemented through \emph{symbolic
links}. It saves up a bit of disk space, because some engines are
used with many different format files.

The Win32 API does not know about file links. So to save up almost
the same amount of memory, all the \TeX{} base engines have been put
in DLLs (\emph{Dynamic Linked Library}). This means that you will have
the following layout:
\begin{alltt}
2006-11-23  07:06             2 560 latex.exe
2007-01-06  23:54         1 073 664 pdftex.dll
2006-01-28  08:05             2 560 pdftex.exe
\end{alltt}
and the \path|latex.exe| file is nothing but a rough copy of
\path|pdftex.exe| using the same core \path|pdftex.dll|.
The same trick has been used for the \path|mktex*.exe| family of programs 
which are linked to the \path|mktex.dll| library.

In fact, a generic tool called \path|irun.exe| is provided to build the
equivalent of Unix hard links for executable files only under Win32.

\subsection{In case of problems}
\label{sec:troubleshooting}

\subsubsection{What to do if \texttt{latex} does not find your files?}

\begin{itemize}

\item \cmdname{kpsewhich} is the tool of choice to debug any
problem.  However, \cmdname{kpsewhich} outputs debug information to
stderr, and the older Windows consoles do not know how to redirect
stderr to a file.  (Windows NT and later do support redirections, but
the trick below will work for any console.)  For diagnostic purposes you
can temporarily set an environment variable (in a \acro{DOS}/\acro{cmd} box):

\begin{verbatim}
SET KPATHSEA_DEBUG_OUTPUT=err.log
\end{verbatim}
You can also set the debug level: 
\begin{verbatim}
SET KPATHSEA_DEBUG=-1
\end{verbatim}

Similarly, to redirect stderr to stdout:
\begin{verbatim}
SET KPATHSEA_DEBUG_OUTPUT=con:
\end{verbatim}
This way you can capture both stdout and stderr in the same file.
\item Assuming the installation has been done in \path|c:/TeX|, check
  the following values: \\
  {\small
  \begin{tabular}{ll}
    \path|kpsewhich -expand-path $SELFAUTOPARENT| &  \path|c:/TeX| \\
    \path|kpsewhich -expand-path $TEXMF| & \path|c:/TeX/texmf....| \\
    \path|kpsewhich -expand-path $TEXMFCNF| & 
                        \path|.;c:/TeX/texmf-var/web2c;| \\
    \path|kpsewhich -expand-var $TEXINPUTS| & \path|.;c:/TeX/texmf/tex//|
  \end{tabular}
}
\item If you have other \TeX{}-related values already set in your
  environment, please, remove them. They are overriding the ones in
  texmf.cnf.
\item Check the values from:\\
{\small
  \begin{tabular}{ll}
    \texttt{kpsewhich cmr10.tfm} & \path|c:/TeX/texmf-dist/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm|\\
    \texttt{kpsewhich latex.fmt}& \path|c:/TeX/texmf-var/web2c/latex.fmt|
  \end{tabular}
}
\item At this point, if everything is correct, \TeX{} and friends
  should work. If it is not the case, you will need to play with
  the \path|-debug=n| option from \path|kpsewhich|, and check back all
  the values. Try to identify and report the problem.
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{What to do if your setup still does not work as expected?}

Here are several questions to investigate:

\begin{enumerate}
\item Is \file{tex.exe} in my \path|PATH|? 

\item Is the \path|TEXMFCNF| variable correctly set to
\path|c:/TeXLive2007/texmf-var/web2c| (default value)?

\item Are there any errors in the log file generated by the
\file{tlmpgui.exe} program? 
\file{tlmpgui.log} can be found in your 
\file{TEMP} directory. You can find this by searching for the
string \samp{Error}. Hint: the log file can show some errors after
building all format files. Please do not panic: perhaps some formats
weren't already installed.

\item Are there any relevant bug fixes at \url{http://tug.org/texlive/}?
(Unlikely, but it doesn't hurt to check.)

\end{enumerate}

The \TL{} software consists of hundreds of programs and tens of
thousands of files, all from varying sources. So it is quite difficult to
predict all possible causes for problems. Nevertheless, we will do our
best to help you.  (See section~\ref{sec:help}, \p.\pageref{sec:help}.)

% don't use \Webc so the \uppercase in the headline works.
\section{A user's guide to Web2C}

\Webc{} is an integrated collection of \TeX-related programs: \TeX{}
itself, \MF{}, \MP, \BibTeX{}, etc.  It is the heart of \TL{}.

A bit of history: The original implementation was by Tomas Rokicki who,
in 1987, developed a first \TeX{}-to-C system based on change files
under Unix, which were primarily the original work of Howard Trickey and
Pavel Curtis.  Tim Morgan became the maintainer of the system, and
during this period the name changed to Web-to-C\@.  In 1990, Karl Berry
took over the work, assisted by dozens of additional contributors, and
in 1997 he handed the baton to Olaf Weber.

The \Webc{} system runs on Unix, 32-bit Windows systems, \MacOSX{}, and
other operating systems. It uses Knuth's original sources for \TeX{} and
other basic programs written in \web{} and translates them into C source
code.  The core \TeX{} programs are:

\begin{cmddescription}
\item[bibtex]    Maintaining bibliographies.
\item[dmp]       \cmdname{troff} to MPX (\MP{} pictures).
\item[dvicopy]   Expands virtual font references in \dvi{} files.
\item[dvitomp]   \dvi{} to MPX (MetaPost pictures).
\item[dvitype]   \dvi{} to human-readable text.
\item[gftodvi]   Generic font proofsheets.
\item[gftopk]    Generic to packed fonts.
\item[gftype]    GF to human-readable text.
\item[makempx]   \MP{} label typesetting.
\item[mf]        Creating typeface families.
\item[mft]       Prettyprinting \MF{} source.
\item[mpost]     Creating technical diagrams.
\item[mpto]      MetaPost label extraction.
\item[newer]     Compare modification times.
\item[patgen]    Creating hyphenation patterns.
\item[pktogf]    Packed to generic fonts.
\item[pktype]    PK to human-readable text.
\item[pltotf]    Plain text property list to TFM.
\item[pooltype]  Display \web{} pool files.
\item[tangle]    \web{} to Pascal.
\item[tex]       Typesetting.
\item[tftopl]    TFM to plain text property list.
\item[vftovp]    Virtual font to virtual property list.
\item[vptovf]    Virtual property list to virtual font.
\item[weave]     \web{} to \TeX.
\end{cmddescription}

\noindent The precise functions and syntax of these programs are
described in the documentation of the individual packages and of \Webc{}
itself.  However, knowing a few principles governing the whole family of
programs will help you take advantage of your \Webc{} installation.

All programs honor these standard \acro{GNU} options:
\begin{ttdescription}
\item[-{}-help] print basic usage summary.
\item[-{}-verbose] print detailed progress report.
\item[-{}-version] print version information, then exit.
\end{ttdescription}

For locating files the \Webc{} programs use the path searching library
\KPS{}. This library uses a combination of environment variables and a
configuration files to optimize searching the (huge) collection of
\TeX{} files.  \Webc{} can look at more than one directory tree
simultaneously, which is useful in maintaining \TeX's standard
distribution and local extensions in two distinct trees. To speed up
file searches the root of each tree has a file \file{ls-R}, containing
an entry showing the name and relative pathname for all files under that
root.

\subsection{Kpathsea path searching}

Let us first describe the generic path searching mechanism of the \KPS{}
library. 

We call a \emph{search path} a colon- or semicolon\hyph sepa\-rated list
of \emph{path elements}, which are basically directory names.  A
search path can come from (a combination of) many sources.  To look up
a file \samp{my-file} along a path \samp{.:/dir}, \KPS{} checks each
element of the path in turn: first \file{./my-file}, then
\file{/dir/my-file}, returning the first match (or possibly all
matches).

In order to adapt optimally to all operating systems' conventions, on
non-Unix systems \KPS{} can use filename separators different from
colon (\samp{:}) and slash (\samp{/}).

To check a particular path element \var{p}, \KPS{} first checks if a
prebuilt database (see ``Filename data\-base'' on 
page~\pageref{Filename-database}) applies to \var{p}, i.e., if the database
is in a directory that is a prefix of \var{p}.  If so, the path
specification is matched against the contents of the database.

If the database does not exist, or does not apply to this path
element, or contains no matches, the filesystem is searched (if this
was not forbidden by a specification starting with \samp{!!}\ and if
the file being searched for must exist).  \KPS{} constructs the list
of directories that correspond to this path element, and then checks
in each for the file being sought.

The ``file must exist'' condition comes into play with \samp{.vf} files and
input files read by \TeX's \cs{openin} command.  Such files may not
exist (e.g., \file{cmr10.vf}), and so it would be wrong to search the
disk for them.  Therefore, if you fail to update \file{ls-R} when you
install a new \samp{.vf} file, it will never be found.
Each path element is checked in turn: first the database, then the
disk.  If a match is found, the search stops and the result is
returned.

Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory
name, \KPS{} supports additional features in search paths: layered
default values, environment variable names, config file values, users'
home directories, and recursive subdirectory searching.  Thus, we say
that \KPS{} \emph{expands} a path element, meaning it transforms all
the specifications into basic directory name or names.  This is
described in the following sections in the same order as it takes
place.

Note that if the filename being searched for is absolute or explicitly
relative, i.e., starts with \samp{/} or \samp{./} or \samp{../},
\KPS{} simply checks if that file exists.

\ifSingleColumn
\else
\begin{figure*}
\verbatiminput{examples/ex5.tex}
\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{0pt}
  \caption{An illustrative configuration file sample}
  \label{fig:config-sample}
\end{figure*}
\fi

\subsubsection{Path sources}
\label{Path-sources}

A search path can come from many sources.  In the order in which
\KPS{} uses them:

\begin{enumerate}
\item 
  A user-set environment variable, for instance, \envname{TEXINPUTS}\@.
  Environment variables with a period and a program name appended
  override; e.g., if \samp{latex} is the name of the program being run,
  then \envname{TEXINPUTS.latex} will override \envname{TEXINPUTS}.
\item 
  A program-specific configuration file, for exam\-ple, a line
  \samp{S /a:/b} in \cmdname{dvips}'s \file{config.ps}.
\item   A \KPS{} configuration file \file{texmf.cnf}, containing a line like
  \samp{TEXINPUTS=/c:/d} (see below).  
\item The compile-time default.
\end{enumerate} 
\noindent You can see each of these values for a given
search path by using the debugging options (see ``Debugging actions''
on page~\pageref{Debugging}).

\subsubsection{Config files}

\begingroup\tolerance=3500
\KPS{} reads \emph{runtime configuration files} named \file{texmf.cnf}
for search path and other definitions.  The search path used to look
for these files is named \envname{TEXMFCNF} (by default such a file lives
in the \file{texmf/web2c} subdirectory).  \emph{All}
\file{texmf.cnf} files in the search path will be read and definitions
in earlier files override those in later files.  Thus, with a search
path of \verb|.:$TEXMF|, values from \file{./texmf.cnf} override those
from \verb|$TEXMF/texmf.cnf|.
\endgroup

\begin{itemize}
\item 
  Comments start with \code{\%} and continue to the end of the line.
\item 
  Blank lines are ignored.
\item
  A \bs{} at the end of a line acts as a continuation character,
  i.e., the next line is appended.  Whitespace at the beginning of
  continuation lines is not ignored.
\item 
  Each remaining line has the form:
\begin{alltt}
  \var{variable}[.\var{progname}] [=] \var{value}
\end{alltt}%
  where the \samp{=} and surrounding whitespace are optional.
\item 
  The \ttvar{variable} name may contain any character other
  than whitespace, \samp{=}, or \samp{.}, but sticking to
  \samp{A-Za-z\_} is safest.
\item 
  If \samp{.\var{progname}} is present, the definition only
  applies if the program that is running is named
  \texttt{\var{progname}} or \texttt{\var{progname}.exe}.  This allows
  different flavors of \TeX{} to have different search paths, for
  example.
\item \var{value} may contain any characters except
  \code{\%} and \samp{@}.  The
  \code{\$\var{var}.\var{prog}} feature is not available on the
  right-hand side; instead, you must use an additional variable.  A
  \samp{;}\ in \var{value} is translated to \samp{:}\ if
  running under Unix; this is useful to be able to have a single
  \file{texmf.cnf} for Unix, \acro{MS-DOS} and Windows systems.
\item 
  All definitions are read before anything is expanded, so
  variables can be referenced before they are defined.
\end{itemize}
A configuration file fragment illustrating most of these points is
\ifSingleColumn
shown below:

\verbatiminput{examples/ex5.tex}
\else
shown in Figure~\ref{fig:config-sample}.
\fi

\subsubsection{Path expansion}
\label{Path-expansion}


\KPS{} recognizes certain special characters and constructions in
search paths, similar to those available in Unix shells.  As a
general example, the  complex path,
\verb+~$USER/{foo,bar}//baz+, expands to all subdirectories under
directories \file{foo} and \file{bar} in \texttt{\$USER}'s home
directory that contain a directory or file \file{baz}.  These
expansions are explained in the sections below.
%$
\subsubsection{Default expansion}
\label{Default-expansion}

\tolerance=2500
If the highest-priority search path (see ``Path sources'' on
page~\pageref{Path-sources}) contains an \emph{extra colon} (i.e.,
leading, trailing, or doubled), \KPS{} inserts at that point the
next-highest-prio\-rity search path that is defined.  If that inserted
path has an extra colon, the same happens with the next highest.  For
example, given an environment variable setting

\tolerance=1500

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{setenv TEXINPUTS /home/karl:}
\end{alltt}
and a \code{TEXINPUTS} value from \file{texmf.cnf} of

\begin{alltt}
  .:\$TEXMF//tex
\end{alltt}
then the final value used for searching will be:

\begin{alltt}
  /home/karl:.:\$TEXMF//tex
\end{alltt}

Since it would be useless to insert the default value in more than one
place, \KPS{} changes only one extra \samp{:}\ and leaves any others in
place.  It checks first for a leading \samp{:}, then a trailing
\samp{:}, then a doubled \samp{:}.

\subsubsection{Brace expansion}

A useful feature is brace expansion, which means that, for instance,
\verb+v{a,b}w+ expands to \verb+vaw:vbw+. Nesting is allowed.
This is used to implement multiple \TeX{} hierarchies, by
assigning a brace list to \code{\$TEXMF}.
For example, in \file{texmf.cnf}, the following definition
(appproximately; there are actually even more trees) is made:
\begin{verbatim}
  TEXMF = {$TEXMFHOME,$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFVAR,!!$TEXMFMAIN}
\end{verbatim}
Using this you can then write something like
\begin{verbatim}
  TEXINPUTS = .;$TEXMF/tex//
\end{verbatim}
%$
which means that, after looking in the current directory, the
\code{\$TEXMFHOME/tex}, \code{\$TEXMFLOCAL/tex}, \code{\$TEXMFVAR/tex}
and \code{\$TEXMFMAIN/tex} trees \emph{only}) will be searched (the
last two use using \file{ls-R} data base files). It is a convenient
way for running two parallel \TeX{} structures, one ``frozen'' (on a
\CD, for instance) and the other being continuously updated with new
versions as they become available.  By using the \code{\$TEXMF}
variable in all definitions, one is sure to always search the
up-to-date tree first.

\subsubsection{Subdirectory expansion}
\label{Subdirectory-expansion}

Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory
\var{d} is replaced by all subdirectories of \var{d}: first those
subdirectories directly under \var{d}, then the subsubdirectories under
those, and so on.  At each level, the order in which the directories are
searched is \emph{unspecified}.

If you specify any filename components after the \samp{//}, only
subdirectories with matching components are included.  For example,
\samp{/a//b} expands into directories \file{/a/1/b}, \file{/a/2/b},
\file{/a/1/1/b}, and so on, but not \file{/a/b/c} or \file{/a/1}.

Multiple \samp{//} constructs in a path are possible, but
\samp{//} at the beginning of a path is ignored.

\subsubsection{List of special characters and their meaning: a summary}

The following list summarizes the special characters in \KPS{}
configuration files.

% need a wider space for the item labels here.
\newcommand{\CODE}[1]{\makebox[3em][l]{\code{#1}}}
\begin{ttdescription}
\item[\CODE{:}] Separator in path specification; at the beginning or
  the end of a path it substitutes the default path expansion.\par
\item[\CODE{;}] Separator on non-Unix systems (acts like \code{:}).
\item[\CODE{\$}] Variable expansion.
\item[\CODE{\string~}] Represents the user's home directory. 
\item[\CODE{\char`\{...\char`\}}] Brace expansion.
\item[\CODE{//}] Subdirectory expansion (can occur anywhere in
    a path, except at its beginning).
\item[\CODE{\%}] Start of comment.
\item[\CODE{\bs}] Continuation character (allows multi-line entries).
\item[\CODE{!!}] Search \emph{only} database to locate file, \emph{do
    not} search the disk.
\end{ttdescription}


\subsection{Filename databases}
\label{Filename-database}

\KPS{} goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches.
Nevertheless, at installations with enough directories, searching each
possible directory for a given file can take an excessively long time
(this is especially true if many hundreds of font directories have to
be traversed.)  Therefore, \KPS{} can use an externally-built plain text
``database'' file named \file{ls-R} that maps files to directories,
thus avoiding the need to exhaustively search the disk.

A second database file \file{aliases} allows you to give additional
names to the files listed in \file{ls-R}.  This can be helpful to
confirm to \acro{DOS} 8.3 filename conventions in source files.

\subsubsection{The filename database}
\label{ls-R}

As explained above, the name of the main filename database must be
\file{ls-R}.  You can put one at the root of each \TeX{} hierarchy in
your installation that you wish to be searched (\code{\$TEXMF} by
default); most sites have only one hierarchy.  \KPS{} looks for
\file{ls-R} files along the \code{TEXMFDBS} path.

The recommended way to create and maintain \samp{ls-R} is to run the
\code{mktexlsr} script included with the distribution. It is invoked
by the various \samp{mktex}\dots\ scripts.  In principle, this script
just runs the command
\begin{alltt}
cd \var{/your/texmf/root} && \path|\|ls -1LAR ./ >ls-R
\end{alltt}
presuming your system's \code{ls} produces the right output format
(\acro{GNU} \code{ls} is all right).  To ensure that the database is
always up-to-date, it is easiest to rebuild it regularly via
\code{cron}, so that it is automatically updated when the installed
files change, such as after installing or updating a \LaTeX{} package.

If a file is not found in the database, by default \KPS{} goes ahead
and searches the disk. If a particular path element begins with
\samp{!!}, however, \emph{only} the database will be searched for that
element, never the disk.


\subsubsection{kpsewhich: Standalone path searching}
\label{Invoking-kpsewhich}

The \texttt{kpsewhich} program exercises path searching independent of any
particular application.  This can be useful as a sort of \code{find}
program to locate files in \TeX{} hierarchies (this is used heavily in
the distributed \samp{mktex}\dots\ scripts).

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich \var{option}\dots{} \var{filename}\dots{}}
\end{alltt}
The options specified in \ttvar{option} start with either \samp{-}
or \samp{-{}-}, and any unambiguous abbreviation is accepted.

\KPS{} looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a
filename, and returns the first file found. There is no option to
return all the files with a particular name (you can run the Unix
\samp{find} utility for that).

The more important options are described next.

\begin{ttdescription}
\item[\texttt{-{}-dpi=\var{num}}]\mbox{} 
  Set the resolution to \ttvar{num}; this only affects \samp{gf}
  and \samp{pk} lookups.  \samp{-D} is a synonym, for compatibility
  with \cmdname{dvips}.  Default is 600.

\item[\texttt{-{}-format=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
  Set the format for lookup to \ttvar{name}.  By default, the
  format is guessed from the filename. For formats which do not have
  an associated unambiguous suffix, such as \MP{} support files and
  \cmdname{dvips} configuration files, you have to specify the name as
  known to \KPS{}, such as \texttt{tex} or \texttt{enc files}.  Run
  \texttt{kpsewhich -{}-help} for a list.

\item[\texttt{-{}-mode=\var{string}}]\mbox{}\\
  Set the mode name to \ttvar{string}; this only affects \samp{gf}
  and \samp{pk} lookups.  No default: any mode will be found.
\item[\texttt{-{}-must-exist}]\mbox{}\\
  Do everything possible to find the files, notably including
  searching the disk.  By default, only the \file{ls-R} database is
  checked, in the interest of efficiency.
\item[\texttt{-{}-path=\var{string}}]\mbox{}\\
  Search along the path \ttvar{string} (colon-separated as usual),
  instead of guessing the search path from the filename.  \samp{//} and
  all the usual expansions are supported.  The options \samp{-{}-path}
  and \samp{-{}-format} are mutually exclusive.
\item[\texttt{-{}-progname=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
  Set the program name to \texttt{\var{name}}.
  This can affect the search paths via the \texttt{.\var{progname}}
  feature.
  The default is \cmdname{kpsewhich}.
\item[\texttt{-{}-show-path=\var{name}}]\mbox{}\\
  shows the path used for file lookups of file type \texttt{\var{name}}.
  Either a filename extension (\code{.pk}, \code{.vf}, etc.) or a
  name can be used, just as with \samp{-{}-format} option.
\item[\texttt{-{}-debug=\var{num}}]\mbox{}\\
  sets the debugging options to \texttt{\var{num}}.
\end{ttdescription}


\subsubsection{Examples of use}
\label{SExamplesofuse}

Let us now have a look at \KPS{} in action.  Here's a straightforward search:

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich article.cls}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls
\end{alltt}
We are looking for the file \file{article.cls}. Since the \samp{.cls}
suffix is unambiguous we do not need to specify that we want to look for a
file of type \optname{tex} (\TeX{} source file directories). We find it in
the subdirectory \file{tex/latex/base} below the \samp{texmf-dist} \TL\
directory.  Similarly, all of the following are found without problems
thanks to their unambiguous suffix.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich array.sty}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/tools/array.sty
> \Ucom{kpsewhich latin1.def}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/latin1.def
> \Ucom{kpsewhich size10.clo}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo
> \Ucom{kpsewhich small2e.tex}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/small2e.tex
> \Ucom{kpsewhich tugboat.bib}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/bibtex/bib/beebe/tugboat.bib
\end{alltt}

That last is a \BibTeX{} bibliography database for \textsl{TUGBoat} articles.

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich cmr10.pk}
\end{alltt}
Font bitmap glyph files of type \file{.pk} are used by display
programs like \cmdname{dvips} and \cmdname{xdvi}.  Nothing is returned in
this case since there are no pre-generated Computer Modern \samp{.pk}
files in \TL{}\Dash the Type~1 variants are used by default.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich wsuipa10.pk}
\ifSingleColumn   /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk
\else /usr/local/texmf-var/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/
...                         wsuipa/wsuipa10.600pk
\fi\end{alltt}

For these fonts (a phonetic alphabet from the University of Washington)
we had to generate \samp{.pk} files, and since the default \MF{} mode on
our installation is \texttt{ljfour} with a base resolution of 600\dpi{}
(dots per inch), this instantiation is returned.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich -dpi=300 wsuipa10.pk}
\end{alltt}
In this case, when specifying that we are interested in a resolution
of 300\dpi{} (\texttt{-dpi=300}) we see that no such font is available on
the system. A program like \cmdname{dvips} or \cmdname{xdvi} would
go off and actually build the required \texttt{.pk} files
using the script \cmdname{mktexpk}.

Next we turn our attention to \cmdname{dvips}'s header and configuration
files.  We first look at one of the commonly used files, the general
prolog \file{tex.pro} for \TeX{} support, before turning our attention
to the generic configuration file (\file{config.ps}) and the \PS{} font
map \file{psfonts.map}\Dash as of 2004, map and encoding files have
their own search paths and new location in \dirname{texmf} trees.  As
the \samp{.ps} suffix is ambiguous we have to specify explicitly which
type we are considering (\optname{dvips config}) for the file
\texttt{config.ps}.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich tex.pro}
   /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/tex.pro
> \Ucom{kpsewhich --format="dvips config" config.ps}
   /usr/local/texmf/dvips/config/config.ps
> \Ucom{kpsewhich psfonts.map}
   /usr/local/texmf/fonts/map/dvips/updmap/psfonts.map
\end{alltt}

We now take a closer look at the \acro{URW} Times \PS{} support
files.  The prefix for these in the standard font naming scheme is
\samp{utm}.  The first file we look at is the configuration file,
which contains the name of the map file:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich --format="dvips config" config.utm}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/dvips/psnfss/config.utm
\end{alltt}
The contents of that file is
\begin{alltt}
  p +utm.map
\end{alltt}
which points to the file \file{utm.map}, which we want to
locate next.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich utm.map}
   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/map/dvips/times/utm.map
\end{alltt}
This map file defines the file names of the Type~1 \PS{} fonts in
the URW collection.  Its contents look like (we only show part of the
lines):
\begin{alltt}
utmb8r  NimbusRomNo9L-Medi    ... <utmb8a.pfb
utmbi8r NimbusRomNo9L-MediItal... <utmbi8a.pfb
utmr8r  NimbusRomNo9L-Regu    ... <utmr8a.pfb
utmri8r NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal... <utmri8a.pfb
utmbo8r NimbusRomNo9L-Medi    ... <utmb8a.pfb
utmro8r NimbusRomNo9L-Regu    ... <utmr8a.pfb
\end{alltt}
Let us, for instance, take the Times Roman instance
\file{utmr8a.pfb} and find its position in the \file{texmf} directory
tree with a search for Type~1 font files:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{kpsewhich utmr8a.pfb}
\ifSingleColumn   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/urw/times/utmr8a.pfb
\else   /usr/local/texmf-dist/fonts/type1/
... urw/utm/utmr8a.pfb
\fi\end{alltt}

It should be evident from these examples how you can easily locate the
whereabouts of a given file. This is especially important if you suspect
that the wrong version of a file is picked up somehow, since
\cmdname{kpsewhich} will show you the first file encountered.

\subsubsection{Debugging actions}
\label{Debugging}

Sometimes it is necessary to investigate how a program resolves file
references. To make this practical, \KPS{} offers various levels of
debugging output:

\begin{ttdescription}
\item[\texttt{\ 1}] \texttt{stat} calls (disk lookups). When running
  with an up-to-date \file{ls-R} database this should almost give no
  output.
\item[\texttt{\ 2}] References to hash tables (such as \file{ls-R}
  databases, map files, configuration files).
\item[\texttt{\ 4}] File open and close operations.
\item[\texttt{\ 8}] General path information for file types
  searched by \KPS. This is useful to find out where a particular
  path for the file was defined.
\item[\texttt{16}] Directory list for each path element (only relevant
  for searches on disk).
\item[\texttt{32}] File searches.
\end{ttdescription}
A value of \texttt{-1} will set all the above options; in practice,
this is usually the most convenient.

Similarly, with the \cmdname{dvips} program, by setting a combination of
debug switches, one can follow in detail where files are being picked up
from.  Alternatively, when a file is not found, the debug trace shows in
which directories the program looks for the given file, so that one can
get an indication what the problem~is.

Generally speaking, as most programs call the \KPS{} library
internally, one can select a debug option by using the
\envname{KPATHSEA\_DEBUG} environment variable, and setting it to (a
combination of) values as described in the above list.

(Note for Windows users: it is not easy to redirect
all messages to a file in this system. For diagnostic purposes
you can temporarily \texttt{SET KPATHSEA\_DEBUG\_OUTPUT=err.log}).

Let us consider, as an example, a small \LaTeX{} source file,
\file{hello-world.tex}, which contains the following input.
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass{article}
  \begin{document}
  Hello World!
  \end{document}
\end{verbatim}
This little file only uses the font \file{cmr10}, so let us look at
how \cmdname{dvips} prepares the \PS{} file (we want to use the Type~1
version of the Computer Modern fonts, hence the option \texttt{-Pcms}).
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{dvips -d4100 hello-world -Pcms -o}
\end{alltt}
In this case we have combined \cmdname{dvips}'s debug class 4 (font
paths) with \KPS's path element expansion (see \cmdname{dvips} Reference
Manual, \OnCD{texmf/doc/html/dvips/dvips_toc.html}).
The output (slightly rearranged) appears in
Figure~\ref{fig:dvipsdbga}.
\begin{figure*}[tp]
\centering
\input{examples/ex6a.tex}
\caption{Finding configuration files}\label{fig:dvipsdbga}

\bigskip

\input{examples/ex6b.tex}
\caption{Finding the prolog file}\label{fig:dvipsdbgb}

\bigskip

\input{examples/ex6c.tex}
\caption{Finding the font file}\label{fig:dvipsdbgc}
\end{figure*}

\cmdname{dvips} starts by locating its working files. First,
\file{texmf.cnf} is found, which gives the definitions of the search
paths for the other files, then the file database \file{ls-R} (to
optimize file searching) and the file \file{aliases}, which makes it
possible to declare several names (e.g., a short \acro{DOS}-like 8.3 and
a more natural longer version) for the same file.  Then \cmdname{dvips}
goes on to find the generic configuration file \file{config.ps}
before looking for the customization file \file{.dvipsrc} (which, in
this case is \emph{not found}).  Finally, \cmdname{dvips} locates the
config file for the Computer Modern \PS{} fonts \file{config.cms}
(this was initiated with the \texttt{-Pcms} option on the \cmdname{dvips}
command).  This file contains the list of the map files which
define the relation between the \TeX{}, \PS{} and file system
names of the fonts.
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{more /usr/local/texmf/dvips/cms/config.cms}
   p +ams.map
   p +cms.map
   p +cmbkm.map
   p +amsbkm.map
\end{alltt}
\cmdname{dvips} thus goes on to find all these files, plus the generic
map file \file{psfonts.map}, which is always loaded (it contains
declarations for commonly used \PS{} fonts; see the last part of
Section \ref{SExamplesofuse} for more details about \PS{} map
file handling).

At this point \cmdname{dvips} identifies itself to the user:
\begin{alltt}
This is dvips(k) 5.92b Copyright 2002 Radical Eye Software (www.radicaleye.com)
\end{alltt}
\ifSingleColumn
Then it goes on to look for the prolog file \file{texc.pro}:
\begin{alltt}\small
kdebug:start search(file=texc.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0, 
  path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
       ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
kdebug:search(texc.pro) => /usr/local/texmf/dvips/base/texc.pro
\end{alltt}
\else
Then it goes on to look for the prolog file \file{texc.pro} (see
Figure~\ref{fig:dvipsdbgb}).
\fi

After having found the file in question, \cmdname{dvips} outputs
date and time, and informs us that it will generate the
file \file{hello-world.ps}, then that it needs the font file
\file{cmr10}, and that the latter is declared as ``resident'' (no
bitmaps needed):
\begin{alltt}\small
TeX output 1998.02.26:1204' -> hello-world.ps 
Defining font () cmr10 at 10.0pt 
Font cmr10 <CMR10> is resident.
\end{alltt}
Now the search is on for the file \file{cmr10.tfm}, which is found,
then a few more prolog files (not shown) are referenced, and finally
the Type~1 instance \file{cmr10.pfb} of the font is located and
included in the output file (see last line).
\begin{alltt}\small
kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.tfm, must\_exist=1, find\_all=0, 
  path=.:~/tex/fonts/tfm//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm//:
       /var/tex/fonts/tfm//).
kdebug:search(cmr10.tfm) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm
kdebug:start search(file=texps.pro, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0, 
   ...
<texps.pro>
kdebug:start search(file=cmr10.pfb, must\_exist=0, find\_all=0, 
  path=.:~/tex/dvips//:!!/usr/local/texmf/dvips//:
       ~/tex/fonts/type1//:!!/usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1//).
kdebug:search(cmr10.pfb) => /usr/local/texmf/fonts/type1/public/cm/cmr10.pfb
<cmr10.pfb>[1] 
\end{alltt}

\subsection{Runtime options}

Another useful feature of \Webc{} is its possibility to control a number
of memory parameters (in particular, array sizes) via the runtime file
\file{texmf.cnf} read by \KPS{}.  The memory settings can be found in
Part 3 of that file in the \TL{} distribution. The more important
are:

\begin{ttdescription}
\item[\texttt{main\_memory}] 
  Total words of memory available, for
  \TeX{}, \MF{} and \MP.  You must make a new format file for each
  different setting. For instance, you could generate a ``huge''
  version of \TeX{}, and call the format file \texttt{hugetex.fmt}.
  Using the standard way of specifying the program name used by \KPS{},
  the particular value of the \texttt{main\_memory} variable will then
  be read from \file{texmf.cnf}.
\item[\texttt{extra\_mem\_bot}]
  Extra space for ``large'' \TeX{} data structures:
  boxes, glue, breakpoints, etc.  Especially useful if you use
  \PiCTeX{}.
\item[\texttt{font\_mem\_size}]
  Number of words for font information available for \TeX. This
  is more or less the total size of all TFM files read.
\item[\texttt{hash\_extra}]
  Additional space for the hash table of control sequence names.
  Approximately 10,000 control sequences can be stored in the main
  hash table; if you have a large book with numerous cross-references,
  this might not be enough.  The default value of
  \texttt{hash\_extra} is \texttt{50000}.
\end{ttdescription}

\noindent Of course, this facility is no substitute for truly dynamic
arrays and memory allocation, but since these are extremely difficult to
implement in the present \TeX{} source, these runtime parameters provide
a practical compromise allowing some flexibility.


\begin{comment}
\section{Building on a new Unix platform}

If you have a platform for which executables are not included, you will
need to compile \TeX{} and friends. This is not as hard as it
sounds. What you need is all in the directory \texttt{source} in the
distribution.

\subsection{Prerequisites} 

You will need at least 100 megabytes of disk space to compile all of
\TeX{} and its support programs. You'll also need an \acro{ANSI} C
compiler, a \cmdname{make} utility, a lexical scanner, and a parser
generator. We recommend the \acro{GNU} version of these programs
(\cmdname{gcc}, \acro{GNU} \cmdname{make}, \cmdname{m4}, \cmdname{flex},
\cmdname{bison}).  You may be able to work with other C compilers and
\cmdname{make} programs, but you will need a good understanding of
building Unix programs to sort out problems.

Also, the command \texttt{uname} must return a sensible value.


\subsection{Configuration}

To begin, perform a normal installation of \TL{} to your disk (see
section~\ref{sec:unix-install-disk} on
\p.\pageref{sec:unix-install-disk}).  You may wish to skip installing
all of the prebuilt binaries.

Then, unpack the source from the compressed \texttt{tar} file in the
directory \dirname{source} to your disk and change directory to where
you placed it.

Next, run \cmdname{configure} with a command line like this:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{sh configure -prefix=/usr/local/TeX}
\end{alltt}

The \optname{-prefix} directory is the one where you installed the
support tree; the directory layout will be as follows (where \$TEXDIR
stands for the directory you chose):

\noindent
\begin{tabular}{>{\ttfamily}ll@{}}
  \dirname{$TEXDIR/share/texmf}          & main tree with fonts,\\
                                         & \qquad macros, etc\\
  \dirname{$TEXDIR/man}                  & Unix manual pages\\
  \dirname{$TEXDIR/info}                 & \acro{GNU} style Info manuals\\
  \dirname{$TEXDIR/bin/$PLATFORM}        & binaries\\
\end{tabular}
%$

If you want to leave out the \dirname{$PLATFORM} directory level,
i.e., put the binaries directly into \dirname{$TEXDIR/bin}, specify
the \verb|--disable-multiplatform| option to \cmdname{configure}.

Have a look at the output of \verb|./configure --help| for more
options you can use.  For example, you can skip building of \OMEGA{} and
\eTeX{}.


\subsection{Running \cmdname{make}}

Make sure the shell variable or option \texttt{noclobber} is not set.
Then, run the main \cmdname{make} like this:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{make world}
\end{alltt}
and relax\ldots

Alternatively, you want to log all the output, as in:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{sh -c "make world >world.log 2>\&1" \&}
\end{alltt}

Before you believe that everything went ok, please check the log file
for errors: \acro{GNU} \cmdname{make} always uses the string \samp{***}
whenever a command fails.  Also, check if all the programs were built:

\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{cd \var{TEXDIR}/bin/\var{archname}}
> \Ucom{ls | wc}
\end{alltt}
The result should be over 200 (you can check the exact number with the
\dirname{bin} directory contents in the distribution).

If you need special privileges for \texttt{make install}, you can
separate the \samp{make world} into two different runs, like this:
\begin{alltt}
> \Ucom{make all}
> \Ucom{su}
> \Ucom{make install strip}
\end{alltt}

After you've installed your new binaries, you should follow the normal
post-installation procedures, given in section~\ref{sec:postinstall}
(\p.\pageref{sec:postinstall}).

Also, if you'd like to make your binaries available to others, please
contact us.  We'll be happy to put them on the \TL\ web pages.
\end{comment}

\section{Acknowledgements}

\TL{} is a joint effort by virtually all of the \TeX{} user groups.
This edition of \TL{} was overseen by Sebastian Rahtz and Karl Berry.
The other principal contributors are listed below.

\begin{itemize*}

\item The English, German, Dutch, and Polish \TeX{} user groups
(\acro{TUG}, \acro{DANTE} e.V., \acro{NTG}, and \acro{GUST},
respectively), which together provide the necessary technical
and administrative infrastructure.  Please join your local user group!

\item The \acro{CTAN} team, which distributes the \TL{} images and
provides the common infrastructure for package updates, upon which \TL{}
depends.

\item Peter Breitenlohner and the \eTeX\ team for the stable foundation
of future \TeX's.

\item Thomas Esser, without whose marvelous \teTeX{} package \TL{}
would certainly not exist, and whose continual help makes it a better
product.

\item Michel Goossens, who co-authored the original documentation.

\item Eitan Gurari, whose \TeX4ht was used to create the \HTML{}
version of this documentation, and who worked tirelessly to improve
it at short notice.

\item Hans Hagen, for major testing and making the \ConTeXt\ format
conform to \TL's needs.

\item \Thanh, Martin Schr\"oder, and the pdf\TeX\ team for continuing
enhancements of \TeX's abilities.

\item Taco Hoekwater, for renewed development efforts on MetaPost and
\TeX\ itself.

\item Pawe{\l} Jackowski, for the Windows installer \cmdname{tlpm}, 
and Tomasz {\L}uczak, for \cmdname{tlpmgui}.

\item Akira Kakuto, for great assistance in incorporating the Windows
binaries from his \acro{W32TEX} distribution
(\url{http://www.fsci.fuk.kindai.ac.jp/kakuto/win32-ptex/}).

\item Jonathan Kew and his employer \acro{SIL}, for the major new
development of Xe\TeX{} and taking the time and trouble to integrate it
in \TL{}.

\item Reinhard Kotucha, for helping with the massive task of updating
packages in \TL{}, as well as Windows research efforts, the
\texttt{getnonfreefonts} script, and more.

\item Petr Ol\v{s}ak, who coordinated and checked all the Czech and Slovak
material very carefully.

\item Toshio Oshima, for his \cmdname{dviout} previewer for Windows.

\item Fabrice Popineau, for the original Windows support in \TL{}.

\item Norbert Preining, for helping with the \TL{} infrastructure and
package updates, and coordinating the Debian version of \TL{} (together
with Frank K\"uster), making many suggestions for improvement along the
way.

\item Staszek Wawrykiewicz, the principal tester for all of \TL{},
and coordinator of the many major Polish contributions: fonts, Windows
installation, and more.

\item Olaf Weber, for his patient assembly and maintenance of Web2C,
upon which all else depends.

\item Gerben Wierda, for creating and maintaining the \MacOSX\ support,
and much integration and testing.

\item Graham Williams, on whose work the catalogue of packages depends.

\end{itemize*}

Builders of the binaries:
Tigran Aivazian (\pkgname{x86\_64-linux}),
Akira Kakuto and Fabrice Popineau (\pkgname{win32}),
Manfred Lotz (\pkgname{i386-freebsd}),
Norbert Preining (\pkgname{alpha-linux}),
Vladimir Volovich (\pkgname{powerpc-aix}, \pkgname{sparc-linux},
                   \pkgname{sparc-solaris}),
Karl Berry (\pkgname{i386-linux}),
Olaf Weber (\pkgname{mips-irix}),
Gerben Wierda (\pkgname{i386-darwin}, \pkgname{powerpc-darwin}).

Documentation and translation updates:
Karl Berry (English), 
Daniel Flipo \& Fabrice Popineau (French),
G\"unter Partosch \& Hartmut Henkel (German),
Petr Sojka \& Jan Busa (Czech\slash Slovak),
Boris Veytsman (Russian),
Staszek Wawrykiewicz (Polish).

Of course the most important acknowledgement must go to Donald Knuth, first
for inventing \TeX, and then for giving it to the world.


\section{Release history}
\label{sec:history}

\subsection{Past}

Discussion began in late 1993 when the Dutch \TeX{} Users Group was
starting work on its 4All\TeX{} \CD{} for \acro{MS-DOS} users, and it
was hoped at that time to issue a single, rational, \CD{} for all
systems. This was too ambitious a target for the time, but it did spawn
not only the very successful 4All\TeX{} \CD{}, but also the \acro{TUG}
Technical Council working group on a \emph{\TeX{} Directory Structure}
(\url{http://tug.org/tds}), which specified how to create consistent and
manageable collections of \TeX{} support files. A complete draft of the
\TDS{} was published in the December 1995 issue of \textsl{TUGboat}, and
it was clear from an early stage that one desirable product would be a
model structure on \CD{}. The distribution you now have is a very direct
result of the working group's deliberations. It was also clear that the
success of the 4All\TeX{} \CD{} showed that Unix users would benefit
from a similarly easy system, and this is the other main strand of
\TL.

We first undertook to make a new Unix-based \TDS{} \CD{} in the autumn
of 1995, and quickly identified Thomas Esser's \teTeX{} as the ideal
setup, as it already had multi-platform support and was built with
portability across file systems in mind. Thomas agreed to help, and work
began seriously at the start of 1996. The first edition was released in
May 1996. At the start of 1997, Karl Berry completed a major new release
of Web2c, which included nearly all the features which Thomas Esser had
added in \teTeX, and we decided to base the 2nd edition of the \CD{} on
the standard \Webc, with the addition of \teTeX's \texttt{texconfig}
script. The 3rd edition of the \CD{} was based on a major revision of
\Webc, 7.2, by Olaf Weber; at the same time, a new revision of \teTeX
was being made, and \TL{} included almost all of its features. The
4th edition followed the same pattern, using a new version of \teTeX,
and a new release of \Webc{} (7.3).  The system now included a complete
Windows setup.

For the 5th edition (March 2000) many parts of the \CD{} were revised
and checked, updating hundreds of packages. Package details were stored
in XML files. But the major change for \TeX\ Live 5 was that all
non-free software was removed. Everything in \TL{} is now intended
to be compatible with the Debian Free Software Guidelines
(\url{http://www.debian.org/intro/free}); we have done our best to check
the license conditions of all packages, but we would very much
appreciate hearing of any mistakes.

The 6th edition (July 2001) had much more material updated. The major
change was a new install concept: the user could select a more exact set
of needed collections. Language-related collections were completely
reorganized, so selecting any of them installs not only macros, fonts,
etc., but also prepares an appropriate \texttt{language.dat}.

The 7th edition of 2002 had the notable addition of \MacOSX{} support,
and the usual myriad of updates to all sorts of packages and
programs. An important goal was integration of the source back with
\teTeX, to correct the drift apart in versions~5 and~6.

\subsubsection{2003}

In 2003, with the continuing flood of updates and additions, we found
that \TL{} had grown so large it could no longer be contained on a
single \CD, so we split it into three different distributions (see
section~\ref{sec:multiple-dist}, \p.\pageref{sec:multiple-dist}).  In
addition:

\begin{itemize*}
\item At the request of the \LaTeX{} team, we changed the standard
      \cmdname{latex} and \cmdname{pdflatex} commands to now use \eTeX{} (see
      \p.\pageref{text:etex}).
\item The new Latin Modern fonts were included (and are recommended).
\item Support for Alpha \acro{OSF} was removed
      (\acro{HPUX} support was removed previously), since no one had (or
      volunteered) hardware available on which to compile new binaries.
\item Windows setup was substantially changed; for the first time
      an integrated environment based on XEmacs was introduced.
\item Important supplementary programs for Windows
      (Perl, Ghost\-script, Image\-Magick, Ispell) are now installed
      in the \TL{} installation directory.
\item Font map files used by \cmdname{dvips}, \cmdname{dvipdfm}
      and \cmdname{pdftex} are now generated by the new program
      \cmdname{updmap} and installed into \dirname{texmf/fonts/map}.
\item \TeX{}, \MF{}, and \MP{} now, by default, output most input
      characters (32 and above) as themselves in output (e.g.,
      \verb|\write|) files,
      log files, and the terminal, i.e., \emph{not} translated using the
      \verb|^^| notation.  In \TL{}~7, this translation was
      dependent on the system locale settings; now, locale settings do
      not influence the \TeX{} programs' behavior.  If for some reason
      you need the \verb|^^| output, rename the file
      \verb|texmf/web2c/cp8bit.tcx|.  (Future releases will have cleaner
      ways to control this.)
\item This documentation was substantially revised.
\item Finally, since the edition numbers had grown unwieldy,
      the version is now simply identified by the year: \TL{} 2003.
\end{itemize*}


\subsubsection{2004}

2004 saw many changes:

\begin{itemize}

\item If you have locally-installed fonts which use their own
\filename{.map} or (much less likely) \filename{.enc} support files, you
may need to move those support files.

\filename{.map} files are now searched for in subdirectories of
\dirname{fonts/map} only (in each \filename{texmf} tree), along the
\envname{TEXFONTMAPS} path.  Similarly, \filename{.enc} files are now
searched for in subdirectories of \dirname{fonts/enc} only, along the
\envname{ENCFONTS} path.  \cmdname{updmap} will attempt to warn about
problematic files.

For methods of handling this and other information, please see
\url{http://tug.org/texlive/mapenc.html}.

\item The \TK\ has been expanded with the addition of a \MIKTEX-based
installable \CD, for those who prefer that implementation to Web2C.
See section~\ref{sec:struct-tl} (\p.\pageref{sec:struct-tl}).

\item Within \TL, the single large \dirname{texmf} tree of previous
releases has been replaced by three: \dirname{texmf},
\dirname{texmf-dist}, and \dirname{texmf-doc}.  See
section~\ref{sec:tld} (\p.\pageref{sec:tld}), and the \filename{README}
files for each.

\item All \TeX-related input files are now collected in
the \dirname{tex} subdirectory of \dirname{texmf*} trees, rather than
having separate sibling directories \dirname{tex}, \dirname{etex},
\dirname{pdftex}, \dirname{pdfetex}, etc.  See
\CDref{texmf-doc/doc/english/tds/tds.html\#Extensions}
{\texttt{texmf-doc/doc/english/tds/tds.html\#Extensions}}.

\item Helper scripts (not meant to be invoked by users) are now located
in a new \dirname{scripts} directory of \dirname{texmf*} trees, and
searched for via \verb|kpsewhich -format=texmfscripts|.  So if you have
programs which call such scripts, they'll need to be adjusted.  See
\CDref{texmf-doc/doc/english/tds/tds.html\#Scripts}
{\texttt{texmf-doc/doc/english/tds/tds.html\#Scripts}}.

\item Almost all formats leave most characters printable as
themselves via the ``translation file'' \filename{cp227.tcx}, instead of
translating them with the \verb|^^| notation.  Specifically, characters
at positions 32--256, plus tab, vertical tab, and form feed are
considered printable and not translated.  The exceptions are plain \TeX\
(only 32--126 printable), \ConTeXt\ (0--255 printable), and the
\OMEGA-related formats.  This default behavior is almost the same as in
\TL\,2003, but it's implemented more cleanly, with more possibilities
for customization.  See \CDref{texmf/doc/web2c/web2c.html\#TCX-files}
{\texttt{texmf/doc/web2c/web2c.html\#TCX-files}}.
(By the way, with Unicode input, \TeX\ may output partial character
sequences when showing error contexts, since it is byte-oriented.)

\item \textsf{pdfetex} is now the default engine for all formats
except (plain) \textsf{tex} itself.  (Of course it generates \acro{DVI}
when run as \textsf{latex}, etc.)  This means, among other things, that
the microtypographic features of \textsf{pdftex} are available in
\LaTeX, \ConTeXt, etc., as well as the \eTeX\ features
(\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/etex/base/}).

It also means it's \emph{more important than ever} to use the
\pkgname{ifpdf} package (works with both plain and \LaTeX) or equivalent
code, because simply testing whether \cs{pdfoutput} or some other
primitive is defined is not a reliable way to determine if \acro{PDF}
output is being generated.  We made this backward compatible as best we
could this year, but next year, \cs{pdfoutput} may be defined even when
\acro{DVI} is being written.

\item pdf\TeX\ (\url{http://pdftex.org}) has many new features:

  \begin{itemize*}
  
  \item \cs{pdfmapfile} and \cs{pdfmapline} provide font map support
  from within a document.
  
  \item Microtypographic font expansion can be used more easily.\\
  \url{http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-May/000504.html}
  
  \item All parameters previously set through the special configuration
  file \filename{pdftex.cfg} must now be set through primitives,
  typically in \filename{pdftexconfig.tex}; \filename{pdftex.cfg} is no
  longer supported.  Any extant \filename{.fmt} files must be redumped
  when \filename{pdftexconfig.tex} is changed.
  
  \item See the pdf\TeX\ manual for more: \OnCD{texmf/doc/pdftex/manual}.
  
  \end{itemize*}

\item The \cs{input} primitive in \cmdname{tex} (and \cmdname{mf} and
\cmdname{mpost}) now accepts double quotes containing spaces and other
special characters.  Typical examples:
\begin{verbatim}
\input "filename with spaces"   % plain
\input{"filename with spaces"}  % latex
\end{verbatim}
See the Web2C manual for more: \OnCD{texmf/doc/web2c}.

\item enc\TeX\ support is now included within Web2C and consequently all
\TeX\ programs, via the \optname{-enc} option\Dash \emph{only when
formats are built}.  enc\TeX\ supports general re-encoding of input and
output, enabling full support of Unicode (in \acro{UTF}-8).  See
\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/generic/enctex/} and
\url{http://www.olsak.net/enctex.html}.

\item Aleph, a new engine combining \eTeX\ and \OMEGA, is available.
A little information is available in \OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/aleph/base}
and \url{http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=aleph}.  The
\LaTeX-based format for Aleph is named \textsf{lamed}.

\item The latest \LaTeX\ release has a new version of the
\acro{LPPL}\Dash now officially a Debian-approved license.  Assorted
other updates, see the \filename{ltnews} files in
\OnCD{texmf-dist/doc/latex/base}.

\item \cmdname{dvipng}, a new program for converting \acro{DVI} to
\acro{PNG} image files, is included.  See \OnCD{texmf/doc/man/man1/dvipng.1}.

\item We reduced the \pkgname{cbgreek} package to a ``medium'' sized set
of fonts, with the assent and advice of the author (Claudio Beccari).
The excised fonts are the invisible, outline, and transparency ones,
which are relatively rarely used, and we needed the space.  The full set
is of course available from \acro{CTAN}
(\url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/greek/cb}).

\item \cmdname{oxdvi} has been removed; just use \cmdname{xdvi}.

\item The \cmdname{ini} and \cmdname{vir} commands (links) for
\cmdname{tex}, \cmdname{mf}, and \cmdname{mpost} are no longer created,
such as \cmdname{initex}.  The \cmdname{ini} functionality has been
available through the command-line option \optname{-ini} for years now.

\item \textsf{i386-openbsd} platform support was removed.  Since the
\pkgname{tetex} package in the \acro{BSD} Ports system is available, and
\acro{GNU/}Linux and Free\acro{BSD} binaries were available, it seemed
volunteer time could be better spent elsewhere.

\item On \textsf{sparc-solaris} (at least), you may have to set the
\envname{LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH} environment variable to run the
\pkgname{t1utils} programs.  This is because they are compiled with C++,
and there is no standard location for the runtime libraries.  (This is
not new in 2004, but wasn't previously documented.)  Similarly, on
\textsf{mips-irix}, the \acro{MIPS}pro 7.4 runtimes are required.

\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{2005}

2005 saw the usual huge number of updates to packages and programs.
The infrastructure stayed relatively stable from 2004, but inevitably
there were some changes there as well:

\begin{itemize}

\item New scripts \cmdname{texconfig-sys}, \cmdname{updmap-sys}, and
      \cmdname{fmtutil-sys} were introduced, which modify the
      configuration in the system trees.  The \cmdname{texconfig},
      \cmdname{updmap}, and \cmdname{fmtutil} scripts now modify
      user-specific files, under \dirname{$HOME/.texlive2005}.  
      See section~\ref{sec:texconfig}, \p.\pageref{sec:texconfig}.

\item Corresponding new variables \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} and
      \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} to specify the trees where configuration
      files (user or system, respectively) are found.  Thus, you may
      need to move personal versions of \filename{fmtutil.cnf} and
      \filename{updmap.cfg} to these places; another option is to 
      redefine \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} or \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG} in
      \filename{texmf.cnf}. In any case the real location of these files
      and the values of \envname{TEXMFCONFIG} and \envname{TEXMFSYSCONFIG}
      must agree.  
      See section~\ref{sec:texmftrees}, \p.\pageref{sec:texmftrees}.

\item Last year, we kept \verb|\pdfoutput| and other primitives undefined
      for DVI output, even though the \cmdname{pdfetex} program was
      being used.  This year, as promised, we undid that compatibility
      measure.  So if your document uses \verb|\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined|
      to test if PDF is being output, it will need to be changed.  You
      can use the package \pkgname{ifpdf.sty} (which works under both
      plain \TeX\ and \LaTeX) to do this, or steal its logic.
      
\item Last year, we changed most formats to output (8-bit) characters as
      themselves (see previous section).  The new TCX file
      \filename{empty.tcx} now provides an easier way to get the
      original \verb|^^| notation if you so desire, as in:
\begin{verbatim}
latex --translate-file=empty.tcx yourfile.tex
\end{verbatim}

\item The new program \cmdname{dvipdfmx} is included for translation of
      DVI to PDF; this is an actively maintained update of
      \cmdname{dvipdfm} (which is also still available for now, though
      no longer recommended).
      
\item The new programs \cmdname{pdfopen} and \cmdname{pdfclose} are included 
      to allow reloading of pdf files in the Adobe Acrobat Reader without 
      restarting the program.  (Other pdf readers, notably \cmdname{xpdf},
      \cmdname{gv}, and \cmdname{gsview}, have never suffered from this
      problem.)
      
\item For consistency, the variables \envname{HOMETEXMF} and
      \envname{VARTEXMF} have been renamed to \envname{TEXMFHOME} and
      \envname{TEXMFSYSVAR}, respectively.  There is also
      \envname{TEXMFVAR}, which is by default user-specific.  See the
      first point above.
      
\end{itemize}


\subsection{Present}
\label{tlcurrent}

In 2006--2007, the major new addition to \TL{} was the Xe\TeX{} program,
available as the \texttt{xetex} and \texttt{xelatex} programs; see
\url{http://scripts.sil.org/xetex}.

MetaPost also received a notable update, with more planned for the
future (\url{http://tug.org/metapost/articles}), likewise pdf\TeX{}
(\url{http://tug.org/applications/pdftex})

The \TeX\ \filename{.fmt} (high-speed format) and the similar files for
MetaPost and \MF\ are now stored in subdirectories of \dirname{texmf/web2c},
instead of in the directory itself (although the directory is still
searched, for the sake of existing \filename{.fmt}'s).  The
subdirectories are named for the `engine' in use, such as \filename{tex}
or \filename{pdftex} or \filename{xetex}.  This change should be
invisible in normal use.

The (plain) \texttt{tex} program no longer reads \texttt{\%\&} first
lines to determine what format to run; it is the pure Knuthian \TeX.
(\LaTeX\ and everything else do still read \texttt{\%\&} lines).

The installation scripts now accept various environment variables to
allow for non-interactive installation; see
section~\ref{sec:noninteractive-install}.

Of course the year also saw (the usual) hundreds of other updates to
packages and programs.  As usual, please check \acro{CTAN}
(\url{http://www.ctan.org}) for updates.

Internally, the source tree is now stored in Subversion, with a standard
web interface for viewing the tree, as linked from our home page.
Although not visible in the final distribution, we expect this will
provide a stable development foundation for future years.

Finally, in May 2006 Thomas Esser announced that he would no longer be
updating te\TeX{} (\url{http://tug.org/tetex}).  As a result, there was
been a surge of interest in \TL{}, especially among \acro{GNU}/Linux
distributors.  (There is a new \texttt{tetex} installation scheme in
\TL{}, which provides an approximate equivalent.)  We hope this will
eventually translate to improvements in the \TeX\ environment for
everyone.


\subsection{Future}

\emph{\TL{} is not perfect!}  (And never will be.)  We intend to
continue to release new versions, and would like to provide more
help material, more utilities, more installation programs, and (of
course) an ever-improved and checked tree of macros and fonts. This work
is all done by hard-pressed volunteers in their limited spare time, and
a great deal remains to be done. If you can help, don't hesitate to put
your name forward!

Please send corrections, suggestions, and offers of help to:\hfill\null
\begin{quote}
\email{tex-live@tug.org} \\
\url{http://tug.org/texlive}
\end{quote}

\medskip
\noindent \textsl{Happy \TeX ing!}

\end{document}
