% Last modified: Tue 10 Nov 2020 05:24:28 PM CST

% Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
% software under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL),
% version 1.3.
%
% The LPPL maintenance status of this software is 'author-maintained'.
%
% This software is provided 'as is', without warranty of any kind,
% either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the
% implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
% purpose.

\ProvidesFile{windycity.bbx}[2020/11/10 Windy City bibliography style
  for biblatex]
\@ifpackagelater{biblatex}{2019/08/17}
  {}
  {\PackageError{biblatex}
     {Outdated 'biblatex' package}
     {Windy City is for biblatex v3.13 and above.\MessageBreak
      You are using: '\csuse{ver@biblatex.sty}'.\MessageBreak
      This is a fatal error. I'm aborting now.}%
   \endinput}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Bibliography and Entry Options  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\providetoggle{annotate}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{global}[boolean]{annotate}[true]{%
  \settoggle{annotate}{#1}}%

\DeclareBiblatexOption{global}[boolean]{collsonly}[true]{%
  \ifstrequal{#1}{true}
    {\ExecuteBibliographyOptions{mincrossrefs=1}%
     \ExecuteBibliographyOptions{minxrefs=1}%
     \AtBeginBibliography{\blx@key@bibcheck{collsonly}}}
    {}}

\providetoggle{firstshort}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{global}[boolean]{firstshort}[true]{%
  \settoggle{firstshort}{#1}}%

\providetoggle{ibid}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{global}[boolean]{ibid}[true]{%
  \ifstrequal{#1}{true}
    {\toggletrue{ibid}%
     \toggletrue{short}}%
    {\togglefalse{ibid}}}

\providetoggle{isbn}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{entry,global}[boolean]{isbn}[true]{%
  \settoggle{isbn}{#1}}%

\providetoggle{issn}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{entry,global}[boolean]{isnn}[true]{%
  \settoggle{issn}{#1}}%

\providetoggle{library}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{entry,global}[boolean]{library}[true]{%
  \settoggle{library}{#1}}%

\providetoggle{listvols}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{entry}[boolean]{listvols}[true]{%
  \settoggle{listvols}{#1}}%

\providetoggle{noauth}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{entry}[boolean]{noauth}[true]{%
  \settoggle{noauth}{#1}}%

\DeclareBiblatexOption{global}[boolean]{nolos}[true]{%
  \ifstrequal{#1}{true}
    {\AtBeginBibliography{\blx@key@bibcheck{nolos}}}
    {}}

\providetoggle{nopages}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{global}[boolean]{nopages}[true]{%
  \settoggle{nopages}{#1}}%

\providetoggle{reflist}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{global}[boolean]{reflist}[true]{%
  \ifstrequal{#1}{true}
    {\toggletrue{reflist}%
     \DeclareLabeldate{%
       \field{date}
       \field{year}
       \field{origdate}
       \field{urldate}
       \literal{nodate}}
     \ExecuteBibliographyOptions{%
       sorting=nyt}}%
    {\togglefalse{reflist}}}

\providetoggle{short}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{global}[boolean]{short}[true]{%
  \ifstrequal{#1}{true}
    {\toggletrue{short}%
     \toggletrue{firstshort}}%
    {\togglefalse{short}}}

\providetoggle{skipdate}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{entry}[boolean]{skipdate}[true]{%
  \settoggle{skipdate}{#1}}%

\providetoggle{swapauth}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{entry}[boolean]{swapauth}[true]{%
  \settoggle{swapauth}{#1}}%

\providetoggle{swaptrans}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{entry}[boolean]{swaptrans}[true]{%
  \settoggle{swaptrans}{#1}}%

\providetoggle{swapvol}
\DeclareBiblatexOption{entry,global}[boolean]{swapvol}[true]{%
  \settoggle{swapvol}{#1}}%

% For setting 'minbibnames' and such, see CMOS, 17th ed., 14.76 and
% 15.29.

\ExecuteBibliographyOptions{%
  abbreviate=true,
  autocite=footnote,
  autopunct=true,
  block=none,
  citetracker=context,
  date=long,
  dateabbrev=false,
  dateusetime=true,
  ibidtracker=constrict,
  idemtracker=false,
  indexing=true,
  labeldateparts=true,
  loccittracker=constrict,
  minbibnames=7,
  maxbibnames=10,
  mincitenames=1,
  maxcitenames=3,
% Remember, if 'mincrossrefs' is greater than 1, and you cite just one
% entrykey in a document (or refsection, etc), the field 'crossref' is
% undefined.
  mincrossrefs=2,
  minxrefs=2,
  pagetracker=page,
  parentracker=true,
  sortcites=false,
  sorting=nty,
  time=12h,
  timezones=true,
  uniquelist=minyear,
  uniquename=minfull,
  urldate=long,
  useeditor=true,
  useprefix=false,
  usetranslator=true}

% If a document's language is English, set by babel or polyglossia or
% by biblatex when neither babel nor polyglossia has been loaded, use
% 'american-windycity.lbx':
\DeclareLanguageMapping{english}{american-windycity}
% If the document's language isn't English, try to override
% 'american-windycity.lbx' with '<language>-windycity.lbx':
\DeclareLanguageMappingSuffix{-windycity}

\DeclareLabeldate{% 'reflist' preamble option loads an alternative
  \field{bookyear}
  \field{date}
  \field{year}
  \field{origdate}
  \field{urldate}
  \literal{nodate}}
\DeclareLabelname{%
  \field{author}
  \field{editor}
  \field{translator}
  \field{editora}
  \field{translatora}}
\DeclareLabelname[inbook,incollection]{%
  \field{author}
  \field{bookauthor}
  \field{editor}
  \field{translator}
  \field{editora}
  \field{translatora}}
\DeclareSortingTemplate{nty}{%
  \sort{\field{presort}}
  \sort[final]{\field{sortkey}}
  \sort{%
    \field{sortname}
    \field{author}
    \field{bookauthor}
    \field{editor}
    \field{translator}
    \field{editora}
    \field{sorttitle}
    \field{title}
    \field{booktitle}
    \field{bookbooktitle}
    \field{blogtitle}
    \field{journaltitle}}
  \sort{%
    \field{sorttitle}
    \field{title}
    \field{booktitle}
    \field{bookbooktitle}
    \field{blogtitle}
    \field{journaltitle}}
  \sort{%
    \field{sortyear}
    \field{year}
    \field{labelyear}}
  \sort{%
    \field[padside=left,padwidth=4,padchar=0]{volume}
    \literal{0000}}}
\DeclareSortingTemplate{nyt}{%
  \sort{\field{presort}}
  \sort[final]{\field{sortkey}}
  \sort{%
    \field{sortname}
    \field{author}
    \field{bookauthor}
    \field{editor}
    \field{translator}
    \field{editora}
    \field{sorttitle}
    \field{title}
    \field{booktitle}
    \field{bookbooktitle}
    \field{blogtitle}
    \field{journaltitle}}
  \sort{%
    \field{sortyear}
    \field{origyear}
    \field{labelyear}
    \field{year}}
  \sort{%
    \field{sorttitle}
    \field{title}
    \field{booktitle}
    \field{bookbooktitle}
    \field{blogtitle}
    \field{journaltitle}}
  \sort{%
    \field[padside=left,padwidth=4,padchar=0]{volume}
    \literal{0000}}}

\defbibcheck{collsonly}{%
  \ifentrytype{inbook}
    {\iffieldundef{crossref}
       {}
       {\skipentry}}%
    {\ifentrytype{incollection}
       {\iffieldundef{crossref}
          {}
          {\iffieldundef{chapter}
             {}
             {\skipentry}}}}}
\defbibcheck{nolos}{%
  \iffieldundef{shorthand}
    {}
    {\skipentry}}%
\defbibcheck{reference}{%
  \ifentrytype{reference}
    {\skipentry}%
    {}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Data Inheritance  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% As of biblatex 3.14 or biber 2.14 (or thereabouts), '\inherit' no
% longer works for 'options'.

\ResetDataInheritance
\DefaultInheritance[\except{*}{review}{all=false}]{all=true,override=false}
\DeclareDataInheritance{*}{incollection,inbook,letter,review}{%
  \inherit{author}{bookauthor}
  \inherit{authortype}{bookauthortype}
  \inherit{shortauthor}{shortbookauthor}
  \inherit{editor}{editora}
  \inherit{editora}{editorb}
  \inherit{editorb}{editorc}
  \inherit{editortype}{editoratype}
  \inherit{editoratype}{editorbtype}
  \inherit{editorbtype}{editorctype}
  \inherit{translator}{translatora}
  \inherit{translatora}{translatorb}
  \inherit{translatortype}{translatoratype}
  \inherit{title}{booktitle}
  \inherit{subtitle}{booksubtitle}
  \inherit{titleaddon}{booktitleaddon}
  \inherit{shorttitle}{shortbooktitle}
  \inherit{booktitle}{bookbooktitle}
  \inherit{volume}{bookvolume}
  \inherit{bookvolume}{bookbookvolume}
  \inherit{options}{options}}
\DeclareDataInheritance{collection}{collection,inbook}{%
  \inherit{year}{bookyear}
  \inherit{endyear}{endbookyear}}
\DeclareDataInheritance{reference}{reference}{%
  \inherit{author}{bookauthor}}
\DeclareDataInheritance{*}{*}{%
  \noinherit{crossref}
  \noinherit{entryset}
  \noinherit{entrysubtype}
  \noinherit{execute}
  \noinherit{ids}
  \noinherit{label}
  \noinherit{presort}
  \noinherit{related}
  \noinherit{relatedoptions}
  \noinherit{relatedstring}
  \noinherit{relatedtype}
  \noinherit{shorthand}
  \noinherit{shorthandintro}
  \noinherit{sortkey}
  \noinherit{xref}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Other Basic Settings  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\let\cbx@bibstring\empty
\let\cbx@deflabel\empty
\let\cbx@keyhash\empty
\let\cbx@namelist\empty
\let\anona\empty
\let\anonb\empty
\let\crossreflist\empty
\let\pluga\empty
\let\plugb\empty
\let\xeditor\empty
\let\yeditor\empty
\let\xtitle\empty
\let\xvolume\empty

\providetoggle{authposition}
\providetoggle{bibliography}
\providetoggle{ibid:loccit}
\providetoggle{journalfirst}
\providetoggle{multicite}

\providetoggle{cbx:collection}
\providetoggle{cbx:first}
\providetoggle{cbx:idem}
\providetoggle{cbx:short}

\providetoggle{collection}
\providetoggle{collection:bk}
\providetoggle{collection:ib}
\providetoggle{collection:icbk}
\providetoggle{collection:icib}

\providetoggle{edshift}
\providetoggle{noed}
\providetoggle{notrans}

\newcommand*{\AtBeginLists}{%
  \renewcommand*{\newunitpunct}{\addperiod\space}%
  \let\bibstring\biblstring
  \global\undef\bbx@lasthash
  \blx@key@bibcheck{reference}}%

\newcommand*{\AtEveryItem}{%
  \global\toggletrue{authposition}%
  \global\togglefalse{cbx:short}}%

\AtBeginBibliography{\AtBeginLists}%
\AtBeginShorthands{\AtBeginLists}%
\AtEveryBibitem{%
  \global\toggletrue{bibliography}%
  \AtEveryItem}%
\AtEveryLositem{\AtEveryItem}%
\DeclareNumChars{.[]?}

\defbibenvironment{reflist}
  {\global\toggletrue{reflist}%
   \list{}{%
     \leftmargin\bibhang
     \itemindent-\leftmargin
     \itemsep\bibitemsep
     \parsep\bibparsep}}
  {\endlist
   \global\togglefalse{reflist}}%
  {\item}

% Index names only.

\renewbibmacro*{bibindex}{%
  \ifbibindex
    {\indexnames{labelname}}%
    {}}
\renewbibmacro*{citeindex}{%
  \ifciteindex
    {\indexnames{labelname}}%
    {}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Field Formats for Names  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\DeclareNameAlias{author}{sortname}
\DeclareNameAlias{afterword}{sortname}
\DeclareNameAlias{bookauthor}{sortname}
\DeclareNameAlias{editor}{sortname}
\DeclareNameAlias{editora}{sortname}
\DeclareNameAlias{editorb}{sortname}
\DeclareNameAlias{editorc}{sortname}
\DeclareNameAlias{foreword}{sortname}
\DeclareNameAlias{introduction}{sortname}
\DeclareNameAlias{preface}{sortname}
\DeclareNameAlias{translator}{sortname}

\DeclareIndexNameAlias{author}{default}
\DeclareIndexNameAlias{afterword}{default}
\DeclareIndexNameAlias{bookauthor}{default}
\DeclareIndexNameAlias{editor}{default}
\DeclareIndexNameAlias{editora}{default}
\DeclareIndexNameAlias{editorb}{default}
\DeclareIndexNameAlias{editorc}{default}
\DeclareIndexNameAlias{foreword}{default}
\DeclareIndexNameAlias{introduction}{default}
\DeclareIndexNameAlias{preface}{default}
\DeclareIndexNameAlias{translator}{default}

% Affixes like 'Jr.', should appear last, delimited with a comma, when
% inverted, as in a bibliography, but not otherwise, as in a note. See
% CMOS, 17th ed., 6.43 and 16.41, as well as the example in 14.75.

\renewbibmacro*{name:family-given}[4]{%
  \ifuseprefix
    {\usebibmacro{name:delim}{#3#1}%
     \usebibmacro{name:hook}{#3#1}%
     \ifdefvoid{#3}{}{%
       \ifcapital
         {\mkbibnameprefix{\MakeCapital{#3}}\isdot}
         {\mkbibnameprefix{#3}\isdot}%
       \ifprefchar{}{\bibnamedelimc}}%
     \mkbibnamefamily{#1}\isdot
     \ifdefvoid{#4}{}{\bibnamedelimd\mkbibnamesuffix{#4}\isdot}%
     \ifdefvoid{#2}{}{\revsdnamepunct\bibnamedelimd\mkbibnamegiven{#2}\isdot}}
    {\usebibmacro{name:delim}{#1}%
     \usebibmacro{name:hook}{#1}%
     \mkbibnamefamily{#1}\isdot
     \ifboolexpe{%
       test {\ifdefvoid{#2}}
       and
       test {\ifdefvoid{#3}}}
       {}
       {\revsdnamepunct}%
     \ifdefvoid{#2}{}{\bibnamedelimd\mkbibnamegiven{#2}\isdot}%
     \ifdefvoid{#3}{}{\bibnamedelimd\mkbibnameprefix{#3}\isdot}%
     \ifdefvoid{#4}{}{\revsdnamepunct\bibnamedelimd\mkbibnamesuffix{#4}\isdot}}}

\renewcommand*{\mkbibindexname}[4]{%
  \ifuseprefix
    {\ifdefvoid{#3}{}{#3 }%
     \@firstofone #1% remove spurious braces
     \ifdefvoid{#4}{}{ #4}%
     \ifdefvoid{#2}{}{, #2}%
     \actualoperator
     \ifdefvoid{#3}{}{\MakeCapital{#3} }%
     #1%
     \ifdefvoid{#4}{}{ #4}%
     \ifdefvoid{#2}{}{, #2}}
    {\@firstofone #1% remove spurious braces
     \ifboolexpe{%
       test {\ifdefvoid{#2}}
       and
       test {\ifdefvoid{#3}}}
       {}
       {,}%
     \ifdefvoid{#2}{}{ #2}%
     \ifdefvoid{#3}{}{ #3}%
     \ifdefvoid{#4}{}{, #4}}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Field Formats for Titles  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\DeclareFieldFormat{blogtitle}{\mkbibemph{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{bookbooktitle}{\mkbibemph{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{booktitle}{\mkbibemph{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{journaltitle}{\mkbibemph{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{labeltitle}{\mkbibemph{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{maintitle}{\mkbibemph{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{shortbooktitle}{\mkbibemph{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{title}{\mkbibemph{#1}}

\DeclareIndexFieldFormat{indextitle}{%
  \usebibmacro{index:title}{\index}{\mkbibemph{#1}}}
\renewbibmacro*{index:title}[2]{%
  \usebibmacro{index:field}{#1}{\thefield{indexsorttitle}}{#2}}%

\DeclareFieldFormat{blogtitleaddon}{\mkbibparens{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{titleaddon}{\mkbibbrackets{#1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[article,incollection,online,reference,review]
  {title}{\mkbibquote{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat[article,incollection,online,reference,review]
  {labeltitle}{\mkbibquote{#1}}
\DeclareIndexFieldFormat[article,incollection,online,reference,review]
  {indextitle}{\usebibmacro{index:title}{\index}{\mkbibquote{#1}}}

\DeclareFieldAlias[inbook]{title}{title}
\DeclareFieldAlias[inbook]{labeltitle}{labeltitle}
\DeclareIndexFieldAlias[inbook]{indextitle}{indextitle}
\DeclareFieldAlias[book]{origtitle}{title}

\DeclareFieldFormat{chapter}{\bibstring{chapter}\space #1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{issuetitle}{\ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1}}{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat[letter,misc,patent]{title}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat[letter,misc,patent]{labeltitle}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat[thesis,unpublished]{title}{%
  \iftoggle{bibliography}
    {\mkbibquote{#1}}%
    {\iftoggle{cbx:short}
       {\mkbibquote{#1}}%
       {\mkbibquote{#1}\nopunct}}}
\DeclareFieldFormat[thesis]{labeltitle}{%
  \iftoggle{bibliography}
    {\mkbibquote{#1}}%
    {\iftoggle{cbx:short}
       {\mkbibquote{#1}}%
       {\mkbibquote{#1}\nopunct}}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Other Field Formats  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\DeclareFieldFormat{addendum}{\ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1}}{#1}}%
\DeclareFieldFormat{annotation}{\\[\bibitemsep] #1}
\DeclareFieldAlias{doi}{url}
\DeclareFieldFormat{edition}{%
  \ifinteger{#1}
    {\mkbibordedition{#1}~\bibstring{edition}}%
    {\ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1}}{#1}}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{endmonth}{\mkbibmonth{#1}}%
\DeclareFieldFormat{howpublished}{\ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1}}{#1}}%
\DeclareFieldFormat{issue}{\MakeCapital{#1}}% always capitalize
\DeclareFieldFormat{journum}{%
  \ifnumeral{#1}
    {no\adddotspace\printfield{number}}%
    {nos\adddotspace\printfield{number}}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{labelyear}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{year}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{bookyear}}}
    {\biblcstring{#1}}%
    {\ifbibstring{#1}{\bibstring{#1}}{\stripzeros{#1}}}}
\DeclareListFormat{location}{#1}%
\DeclareFieldFormat{month}{\mkbibmonth{#1}}%
\DeclareFieldFormat{note}{\ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1}}{#1}}%
\DeclareFieldFormat{pages}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{part}{\bibstring{part}\space#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{postnote}{#1}
\DeclareListFormat{publisher}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{season}{\MakeCapital{#1}}% always capitalize

% A shorthand should be italicized if the title that it abbreviates is
% also italicized. See CMOS, 17th ed., 14.60. Set italics for it in
% the bibliography database with '\emph{}' or '\mkbibemph{}'.

\DeclareFieldFormat{shorthand}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{shorthandintro}{%
  \ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1}}{#1}}%
\DeclareFieldFormat{shorthandwidth}{#1}
\DeclareFieldFormat{type}{\ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1}}{#1}}%
\DeclareFieldFormat{url}{\url{#1}}
\DeclareFieldFormat{urldate}{\bibstring{urlseen}\space#1}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Bibliography Aliases  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\DeclareDriverSourcemap[datatype=bibtex]{
  \map{
    \step[typesource=periodical,     typetarget=article]
    \step[typesource=booklet,        typetarget=book]
    \step[typesource=manual,         typetarget=book]
    \step[typesource=mvbook,         typetarget=book]
    \step[typesource=mvcollection,   typetarget=book]
    \step[typesource=proceedings,    typetarget=book]
    \step[typesource=report,         typetarget=book]
    \step[typesource=techreport,     typetarget=book]
    \step[typesource=bookinbook,     typetarget=inbook]
    \step[typesource=conference,     typetarget=incollection]
    \step[typesource=inproceedings,  typetarget=incollection]
    \step[typesource=suppbook,       typetarget=incollection]
    \step[typesource=suppcollection, typetarget=incollection]
    \step[typesource=electronic,     typetarget=online]
    \step[typesource=www,            typetarget=online]
    \step[typesource=inreference,    typetarget=reference]
    \step[typesource=mathesis,       typetarget=thesis]
    \step[typesource=phdthesis,      typetarget=thesis]}
  \map{
    \step[fieldsource=school,        fieldtarget=institution]
    \step[fieldsource=address,       fieldtarget=location]
    \step[fieldsource=journal,       fieldtarget=journaltitle]}}

\DeclareBibliographyAlias{collection}{book}
\DeclareBibliographyAlias{cite:collection}{cite:book}

\DeclareBibliographyAlias{inbook}{incollection}
\DeclareBibliographyAlias{letter}{incollection}
\DeclareBibliographyAlias{cite:inbook}{cite:incollection}
\DeclareBibliographyAlias{cite:letter}{cite:incollection}

\DeclareBibliographyAlias{unpublished}{thesis}
\DeclareBibliographyAlias{cite:unpublished}{cite:thesis}

\DeclareBibliographyAlias{*}{book}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Author's Position  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\renewcommand*{\revsdnamedelim}{%
  \iftoggle{bibliography}
    {\addcomma}%
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{author+bookauthor+etc}{%
  \iftoggle{noauth}
    {\usebibmacro{authpos+deflabel}}%
    {\usebibmacro{author+bookauthor}%
     \ifnameundef{\cbx@namelist}
       {\usebibmacro{edtrans:authpos}%
        \ifnameundef{\cbx@namelist}
          {\toggletrue{noauth}%
           \usebibmacro{authpos+deflabel}%
           \usebibmacro{journalfirst}}%
          {\usebibmacro{addplus:authpos}%
           \usebibmacro{namehash+etc}}}%
       {\usebibmacro{namehash+etc}}}}

\newbibmacro*{authpos+deflabel}{%
  \global\togglefalse{authposition}%
  \renewcommand*{\cbx@deflabel}{default}}%

\newbibmacro*{author+bookauthor}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {swapauth}
               and ( test {\ifentrytype{book}}
               or test {\ifentrytype{collection}}
               or test {\ifentrytype{inbook}}
               or test {\ifentrytype{incollection}} )}
    {}
    {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:ib}
                  and togl {swapvol}}
      {\usebibmacro{bookauthor+namelist}}%
      {\ifnameundef{author}
         {\usebibmacro{bookauthor+namelist}}%
         {\usebibmacro{author+namelist}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{author+namelist}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\ifnameundef{shortauthor}}
               or togl {bibliography}}
    {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{author}}%
    {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{shortauthor}}%
  \usebibmacro{author+bookauthor+type}}%

\newbibmacro*{bookauthor+namelist}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\ifnameundef{shortbookauthor}}
               or togl {bibliography}}
    {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{bookauthor}}%
    {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{shortbookauthor}}%
  \usebibmacro{author+bookauthor+type}}%

% See notes for 'handle' and 'nameaddon'.

\newbibmacro*{author+bookauthor+type}{%
  \iffieldundef{\cbx@namelist type}
    {}
    {\iffieldequalstr{\cbx@namelist type}{anon}
       {\renewcommand*{\anona}{\bibopenbracket}%
        \renewcommand*{\anonb}{\bibclosebracket}}%
       {\iffieldequalstr{\cbx@namelist type}{anon?}
          {\renewcommand*{\anona}{\bibopenbracket}%
           \renewcommand*{\anonb}{\addquestion\bibclosebracket}}%
          {\ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldequalstr{\cbx@namelist type}{pseudo}}
                        and not togl {cbx:short}}
             {\renewcommand*{\anonb}{\space\mkbibbrackets{\bibstring{pseudo}}}}
             {}}}}}

% When 'journaltitle' goes in the author's position.

\newbibmacro*{journalfirst}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ ( test {\ifentrytype{article}}
               or test {\ifentrytype{review}} )
               and togl {bibliography}}
    {\toggletrue{journalfirst}%
     \usebibmacro{bibjournaldash}%
     \setunit{\space}%
     \usebibmacro{journallocation}%
     \clearlist{location}%
     \usebibmacro{labeldate+extradate}%
     \newunit}%
    {\usebibmacro{blogtitlefirst}}}

% When 'blogtitle' goes in the author's position.

\newbibmacro*{blogtitlefirst}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\ifentrytype{online}}
               and togl {bibliography}}
    {\toggletrue{journalfirst}%
     \usebibmacro{bibblogdash}%
     \setunit{\space}%
     \usebibmacro{labeldate+extradate}%
     \newunit}%
    {\usebibmacro{orgfirst}}}

% When 'organization' goes in the author's position.

\newbibmacro*{orgfirst}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\ifentrytype{reference}}
               and not test {\iflistundef{organization}}}
    {\printlist{organization}%
     \setunit{\space}%
     \newunit}%
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{namehash+etc}{%
  \usebibmacro{printnames+etc}%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {authposition}% false in 'crossref' macro
               or togl {multicite}}
    {\savefield{namehash}{\bbx@lasthash}%
     \usebibmacro{authpos+deflabel}%
     \newunit}%
    {\setunit{\addcomma\space}}}

\newbibmacro*{supplement}{%
  \ifnameundef{afterword}
    {\ifnameundef{foreword}
       {\ifnameundef{introduction}
          {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{preface}%
           \renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{preface}}%
          {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{introduction}%
           \renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{introduction}}}
       {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{foreword}%
        \renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{foreword}}}
    {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{afterword}%
     \renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{afterword}}%
  \usebibmacro{printnames+etc}%
  \savefield{namehash}{\bbx@lasthash}%
  \usebibmacro{authpos+deflabel}}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Editors and Translators  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% For editors and translators in the author's position.

\newbibmacro*{edtrans:authpos}{%
  \togglefalse{noed}%
  \togglefalse{notrans}%
  \usebibmacro{test:ed:authpos}%
  \usebibmacro{test:trans:authpos}%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {noed}
               and togl {notrans}}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{noed}
       {\usebibmacro{transcombos}}%
       {\iftoggle{notrans}
          {\usebibmacro{edcombos}}%
          {\iftoggle{swaptrans}
             {\usebibmacro{transcombos}}%
             {\usebibmacro{edcombos}}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:ed:authpos}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\ifnameundef{editor}}
               and test {\ifnameundef{editora}}}
    {\toggletrue{noed}}%
    {\ifnameundef{editor}
       {\usebibmacro{test:editora:authpos}}%
       {\usebibmacro{test:editor:authpos}%
        \iftoggle{noed}
          {\global\togglefalse{noed}%
           \usebibmacro{test:editora:authpos}}%
          {}}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:xeditor:a}[1]{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\ifnameundef{\xeditor}}
               or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{issuetitle}}
               or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{series}}}
    {\toggletrue{noed}}%
    {\ifstrequal{#1}{ap}% not 'authposition' toggle
       {\usebibmacro{test:xeditor:b:authpos}}%
       {\usebibmacro{test:xeditor:b}}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:xeditor:b:authpos}{%
  \iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{maintitle}
    {\iftoggle{collection:bk}
       {\iftoggle{swapvol}
          {}
          {\toggletrue{noed}}}
       {\toggletrue{noed}}}
    {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:bk}
                  and togl {swapvol}}
       {\toggletrue{noed}}%
       {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:icbk}
                     or togl {collection:icib}}
          {\ifnameundef{translator}
             {}
             {\toggletrue{noed}}}
          {}}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:editor:authpos}{%
  \renewcommand*{\xeditor}{editor}%
  \usebibmacro{test:xeditor:a}{ap}%
  \iftoggle{noed}
    {}
    {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:ib}
                  and togl {swapvol}
                  and not test {\ifnameundef{editora}}}
       {\toggletrue{noed}}%
       {\ifboolexpr{ togl {swapvol}
                     and ( togl {collection:icbk}
                     or togl {collection:icib} )}
          {\toggletrue{noed}}%
          {}}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:editora:authpos}{%
  \renewcommand*{\xeditor}{editora}%
  \usebibmacro{test:xeditor:a}{ap}%
  \iftoggle{noed}
    {}
    {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:ib}
                  and not togl {swapvol}
                  and test {\ifnameundef{editor}}}
       {\toggletrue{noed}}%
       {}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:trans:authpos}{%
  \usebibmacro{trans+transa+transb}%
  \ifnameundef{\yeditor}
    {\toggletrue{notrans}}%
    {\iffieldequalstr{translatortype}{maintitle}
       {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:bk}
                     and togl {swapvol}}
          {}
          {\toggletrue{notrans}}}
       {\iffieldequalstr{translatoratype}{maintitle}
          {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:icbk}
                        and togl {swapvol}}
             {}
             {\toggletrue{notrans}}}
          {}}}}

\newbibmacro*{trans+transa+transb}{%
  \ifnameundef{translator}
    {\ifnameundef{translatora}
       {\renewcommand*{\yeditor}{translatorb}}%
       {\renewcommand*{\yeditor}{translatora}}}
    {\renewcommand*{\yeditor}{translator}}}

\newbibmacro*{transcombos}{%
  \renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{\yeditor}%
  \ifnamesequal{\xeditor}{\yeditor}
    {\clearname{\xeditor}%
     \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldstart{editortype}{c}}
                  or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{transcomp}}}
       {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{transcomp}}%
       {\ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldstart{\xeditor type}{r}}
                     or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{transrev}}}
          {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{transrev}}%
          {\ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldstart{\xeditor type}{u}}
                        or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{transup}}}
             {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{transup}}%
             {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{transed}}}}}
    {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{translator}}}

\newbibmacro*{edcombos}{%
  \renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{\xeditor}%
  \ifnamesequal{\xeditor}{\yeditor}
    {\clearname{\yeditor}%
     \usebibmacro{edcombos:trans}}%
    {\usebibmacro{edcombos:notrans}}}

\newbibmacro*{edcombos:trans}{%
  \iffieldstart{\xeditor type}{c}
    {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{comptrans}}%
    {\iffieldstart{\xeditor type}{r}
       {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{revtrans}}%
       {\iffieldstart{\xeditor type}{u}
          {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{uptrans}}%
          {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{transcomp}
             {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{transcomp}}%
             {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{transed}
                {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{transed}}%
                {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{transrev}
                   {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{transrev}}%
                   {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{transup}
                      {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{transup}}%
                      {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{edtrans}}}}}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{edcombos:notrans}{%
  \iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{compiler}
    {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{compiler}}%
    {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{reviser}
       {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{reviser}}%
       {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{updater}
          {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{updater}}%
          {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{comped}
             {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{comped}}%
             {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{comprev}
                {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{comprev}}%
                {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{compup}
                   {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{compup}}%
                   {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{edcomp}
                      {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{edcomp}}%
                      {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{edrev}
                         {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{edrev}}%
                         {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{edup}
                            {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{edup}}%
                            {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{revcomp}
                               {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{revcomp}}%
                               {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{reved}
                                  {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{reved}}%
                                  {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{revup}
                                     {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{revup}}%
                                     {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{upcomp}
                                        {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{upcomp}}%
                                        {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{uped}
                                           {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{uped}}%
                                           {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{uprev}
                                              {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{uprev}}%
                                              {\renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{editor}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}

% Thanks to David Fussner's biblatex-chicago for pointing me to this
% command by Philipp Lehman. Source:
% https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/comp.text.tex/kG003fkZK1I

\newrobustcmd*{\iffieldstart}[2]{%
  \iffieldundef{#1}
    {\@secondoftwo}% originally '\@gobbletwo'
    {\begingroup
     \edef\@tempa{%
       \long\def\noexpand\iffieldstart@i####1\detokenize{#2}####2}%
     \@tempa\@nil{\endgroup\ifblank{##1}}%
     \savefield*{#1}{\@tempa}%
     \expandafter\iffieldstart@i\detokenize
     \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter{%
       \expandafter\@tempa\detokenize{#2}}\@nil}}%

\newbibmacro*{addplus:authpos}{%
  \iftoggle{cbx:short}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{addplus}%
     \renewcommand*{\plugb}{%
       \addcomma\space\bibsstring{\cbx@bibstring}}}}

\newbibmacro*{addplus}{%
  \ifnameundef{\xeditor}
    {\ifnameundef{\yeditor}
       {}
       {\ifnumgreater{\value{\yeditor}}{1}
          {\edef\cbx@bibstring{\cbx@bibstring +}}%
          {}}}
    {\ifnumgreater{\value{\xeditor}}{1}
       {\edef\cbx@bibstring{\cbx@bibstring +}}%
       {}}}

% For editors and translators not in the author's position.

\newbibmacro*{edtrans}{%
  \iftoggle{swaptrans}
    {\usebibmacro{transcombos+etc}%
     \usebibmacro{edcombos+etc}}%
    {\usebibmacro{edcombos+etc}%
     \usebibmacro{transcombos+etc}}%
  \usebibmacro{editoraddon}}%

\newbibmacro*{transcombos+etc}{%
  \togglefalse{noed}%
  \togglefalse{notrans}%
  \usebibmacro{test:ed}%
  \usebibmacro{test:trans}%
  \iftoggle{notrans}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{transcombos}%
     \usebibmacro{pluga+etc}}}

\newbibmacro*{edcombos+etc}{%
  \togglefalse{noed}%
  \togglefalse{notrans}%
  \usebibmacro{test:ed}%
  \usebibmacro{test:trans}%
  \iftoggle{noed}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{edcombos}%
     \usebibmacro{pluga+etc}}}

\newbibmacro*{pluga+etc}{%
  \usebibmacro{edtranspunct:a}%
  \usebibmacro{pluga+printnames}%
  \usebibmacro{edtranspunct:b}}%

\newbibmacro*{edtranspunct:a}{%
  \iftoggle{authposition}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{edshift}
       {\setunit{\addcomma\space}}%
       {\newunit}}}

\newbibmacro*{pluga+printnames}{%
  \renewcommand*{\pluga}{%
    \bibstring{\cbx@bibstring}\space}%
  \usebibmacro{printnames+etc}}%

\newbibmacro*{edtranspunct:b}{%
  \iftoggle{edshift}
    {\setunit{\addcomma\space}}%
    {\newunit}}%

% Tests for 'edtrans' macro.

\newbibmacro*{test:ed}{%
  \iftoggle{edshift}
    {\usebibmacro{eda+edb+edc}}%
    {\ifnameundef{editor}
       {\usebibmacro{test:editora}}%
       {\usebibmacro{test:editor}%
        \iftoggle{noed}
          {\togglefalse{noed}%
           \usebibmacro{test:editora}}%
          {}}}}

\newbibmacro*{eda+edb+edc}{%
  \ifnameundef{editor}
    {\ifnameundef{editora}
       {\ifnameundef{editorb}
          {\renewcommand*{\xeditor}{editorc}}%
          {\renewcommand*{\xeditor}{editorb}}%
        \usebibmacro{test:editorb}}%
       {\usebibmacro{test:editora}%
        \iftoggle{noed}
          {\togglefalse{noed}%
           \renewcommand*{\xeditor}{editorb}%
           \usebibmacro{test:editorb}}%
          {}}}
    {\usebibmacro{test:editor}%
     \iftoggle{noed}
       {\togglefalse{noed}%
        \usebibmacro{test:editora}}%
       {}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:editor}{%
  \renewcommand*{\xeditor}{editor}%
  \usebibmacro{test:xeditor:a}{}%
  \iftoggle{noed}
    {}
    {\ifdefstring{\xtitle}{book}
       {\toggletrue{noed}}%
       {}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:editora}{%
  \renewcommand*{\xeditor}{editora}%
  \usebibmacro{test:xeditor:a}{}%
  \iftoggle{noed}
    {}
    {\ifboolexpr{ test {\ifdefempty{\xtitle}}
                  and ( togl {collection:ib}
                  or togl {collection:icbk}
                  or togl {collection:icib}
                  or not togl {collection} )}
       {\toggletrue{noed}}%
       {\ifboolexpr{ test {\ifdefstring{\xtitle}{bookbook}}
                     and togl {swapvol}
                     and ( togl {collection:icib}
                     or togl {collection:icbk} )}
          {\toggletrue{noed}}%
          {}}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:editorb}{%
  \usebibmacro{test:xeditor:a}{}%
  \iftoggle{collection:icib}
    {\ifdefstring{\xtitle}{book}
       {\toggletrue{noed}}%
       {}}
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{test:xeditor:b}{%
 \iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{maintitle}
   {\toggletrue{noed}}%
   {\ifdefempty{\xtitle}
      {\ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{compiler}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{comped}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{comprev}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{comptrans}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{compup}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{editor}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{edcomp}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{edrev}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{edtrans}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{edup}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{reviser}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{revcomp}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{reved}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{revtrans}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{revup}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{transcomp}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{transed}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{transrev}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{transup}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{updater}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{upcomp}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{uped}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{uprev}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{uptrans}}
                    or test {\iffieldequalstr{\xeditor type}{title}}
                    or test {\iffieldundef{\xeditor type}}}
         {}
         {\toggletrue{noed}}}
      {}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:trans}{%
  \usebibmacro{trans+transa+transb}%
  \ifnameundef{\yeditor}
    {\toggletrue{notrans}}%
    {\iffieldequalstr{\yeditor type}{maintitle}
       {\toggletrue{notrans}}%
       {\ifdefstring{\yeditor}{translatorb}
          {\ifboolexpr{ test {\ifdefempty{\xtitle}}
                        or test {\ifdefstring{\xtitle}{book}}}
             {\toggletrue{notrans}}%
             {}}
          {\ifdefstring{\yeditor}{translatora}
             {\ifboolexpr{ test {\ifdefempty{\xtitle}}
                           or test {\ifdefstring{\xtitle}{bookbook}}}
                {\toggletrue{notrans}}%
                {}}
             {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection}
                           and togl {swapvol}
                           and test {\ifdefstring{\xtitle}{book}}}
                {\toggletrue{notrans}}%
                {}}}}}}

% For editors of an 'issuetitle', 'maintitle', or 'series'.

\newbibmacro*{editortypes}[1]{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldequalstr{editortype}{#1}}
               or test {\iffieldequalstr{editoratype}{#1}}
               or test {\iffieldequalstr{editorbtype}{#1}}
               or test {\iffieldequalstr{editorctype}{#1}}}
    {\usebibmacro{edtranspunct:c}%
     \renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{editor}%
     \usebibmacro{editorlists}{#1}%
     \usebibmacro{pluga+printnames}}%
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{edtranspunct:c}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:bk}
               and togl {swapvol}}
    {\newunit}%
    {\setunit{\addcomma\space}}}

\newbibmacro*{editorlists}[1]{%
  \iffieldequalstr{editortype}{#1}
    {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{editor}}%
    {\iffieldequalstr{editoratype}{#1}
       {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{editora}}%
       {\iffieldequalstr{editorbtype}{#1}
          {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{editorb}}%
          {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{editorc}}}}}

% For translators of a 'maintitle'.

\newbibmacro*{translatortypes}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldequalstr{translatortype}{maintitle}}
               or test {\iffieldequalstr{translatoratype}{maintitle}}}
    {\usebibmacro{edtranspunct:c}%
     \renewcommand*{\cbx@bibstring}{translator}%
     \iffieldequalstr{translatortype}{maintitle}
       {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{translator}}%
       {\renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{translatora}}%
     \usebibmacro{pluga+printnames}}%
    {}}

% A catchall for additional editorial information about a 'title'.

\newbibmacro*{editoraddon}{%
  \iffieldundef{editoraddon}
    {}
    {\nopunct\printfield{editoraddon}%
     \clearfield{editoraddon}}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Names and Dashes  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newbibmacro*{printnames+etc}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {authposition}
               and togl {bibliography}}
    {\usebibmacro{bibnamedash+printnames}}%
    {\usebibmacro{printnames}}%
  \usebibmacro{handle}%
  \usebibmacro{nameaddon}%
  \usebibmacro{a:labeldate+extradate}%
  \usebibmacro{clearnames+empty}}%

\newbibmacro*{bibnamedash+printnames}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\bbx@lasthash}}
               and not test \iffirstonpage}
    {\ifboolexpr{ test {\ifnameundef{author}}
                  and test {\ifnameundef{bookauthor}}}
       {\bibnamedash\plugb}%
       {\bibnamedash}}%
    {\usebibmacro{printnames}}}

\renewcommand*{\bibnamedash}{%
  \rule[2.4pt]{3em}{0.2pt}%
  \global\toggletrue{blx@insert}}%

\newbibmacro*{printnames}{%
  \ifnameundef{\cbx@namelist}
    {}
    {\anona\pluga\printnames[\cbx@deflabel]{%
       \cbx@namelist}\plugb\anonb}}%

% A screen name precedes 'nameaddon' and can be omitted from short
% citations. See CMOS, 17th ed., 14.209.

\newbibmacro*{handle}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{handle}}
               or togl {cbx:short}}
    {}
    {\space
     \printfield[parens]{handle}%
     \clearfield{handle}}}

% In short citations, omit addons. See CMOS, 17th ed., 14.80 and
% 14.209.

\newbibmacro*{nameaddon}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{nameaddon}}
               or togl {cbx:short}}
    {}
    {\space
     \printfield[brackets]{nameaddon}%
     \clearfield{nameaddon}}}

\newbibmacro*{clearnames+empty}{%
  \clearname{\cbx@namelist}%
  \let\cbx@namelist\empty
  \let\anona\empty
  \let\anonb\empty
  \let\pluga\empty
  \let\plugb\empty}%

% When a dash replaces 'journaltitle' in the author's position.

\newbibmacro*{bibjournaldash}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldequals{journaltitle}{\bbx@lasthash}}
               and not test \iffirstonpage}
    {\bibnamedash
     \clearfield{journaltitle}%
     \clearlist{location}%
     \newunit}%
    {\savefield{journaltitle}{\bbx@lasthash}%
     \renewcommand*{\xtitle}{journal}%
     \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}%
     \let\xtitle\empty}}%

% When a dash replaces 'blogtitle' in the author's position.

\newbibmacro*{bibblogdash}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldequals{blogtitle}{\bbx@lasthash}}
               and not test \iffirstonpage}
    {\bibnamedash
     \clearfield{blogtitle}%
     \newunit}%
    {\savefield{blogtitle}{\bbx@lasthash}%
     \renewcommand*{\xtitle}{blog}%
     \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}%
     \let\xtitle\empty}}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Titles and Subtitles  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\renewcommand*{\subtitlepunct}{\ifterm{\space}{:\space}}%

\newbibmacro*{longtitle+titleaddon}{%
  \iffieldundef{\xtitle title}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{longtitle}%
     \usebibmacro{titleaddon}%
     \usebibmacro{test:titledupes}%
     \clearfield{\xtitle title}}}

\newbibmacro*{longtitle}{%
  \printtext[\xtitle title]{%
    \printfield[noformat]{\xtitle title}%
    \iffieldundef{\xtitle subtitle}
      {}
      {\subtitlepunct
       \printfield[noformat]{\xtitle subtitle}}%
    \isdot}}%

\newbibmacro*{test:titledupes}{%
  \iffieldsequal{title}{booktitle}
    {\ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{subtitle}}
                  or test {\iffieldsequal{subtitle}{booksubtitle}}}
       {\clearfield{booktitle}}%
       {}}
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{titleaddon}{%
  \iffieldundef{\xtitle titleaddon}
    {}
    {\addspace% '\space' has issues with quotation marks
     \printfield{\xtitle titleaddon}}}

\newbibmacro*{title+labelyear}{%
  \iftoggle{bibliography}
    {\usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}%
     \usebibmacro{b:labeldate+extradate}}%
    {\ifboolexpr{ test \ifciteseen
                  or togl {firstshort}}
       {\usebibmacro{shorttitle}}%
       {\usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}}}}

\newbibmacro*{shorttitle}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:bk}
               and togl {swapvol}}
    {\iffieldundef{shortmaintitle}
       {\printfield[title]{maintitle}\isdot}%
       {\printfield[title]{shortmaintitle}\isdot}}%
    {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:ib}
                  and togl {swapvol}}
       {\iffieldundef{shortbooktitle}
         {\printfield[title]{booktitle}\isdot}%
         {\printfield[title]{shortbooktitle}\isdot}}%
       {\printfield[\thefield{entrytype}]{labeltitle}\isdot}}}

\newbibmacro*{shorttitle+crossref}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:icbk}
               and togl {swapvol}}
    {\iffieldundef{shortmaintitle}
       {\printfield[title]{maintitle}\isdot}%
       {\printfield[title]{shortmaintitle}\isdot}}%
    {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:icib}
                  and togl {swapvol}}
       {\iffieldundef{shortbooktitle}
         {\printfield[title]{booktitle}\isdot}%
         {\printfield[title]{shortbooktitle}\isdot}}%
       {\printfield[\thefield{entrytype}]{labeltitle}\isdot}}}

\renewbibmacro*{booktitle}{%
  \iffieldundef{booktitle}
    {}
    {\renewcommand*{\xtitle}{book}%
     \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}%
     \usebibmacro{bybookauthor+pages}}}

\newbibmacro*{bookbooktitle}[1]{%
  \iffieldundef{bookbooktitle}
    {}
    {\ifstrequal{#1}{in}
       {\newunit\bibstring{in}\space}%
       {}% needs '%'
     \renewcommand*{\xtitle}{bookbook}%
     \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}}}

\renewbibmacro*{maintitle}{%
  \iffieldundef{maintitle}
    {}
    {\renewcommand*{\xtitle}{main}%
     \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}}}

\newbibmacro*{issuetitle}{%
  \iffieldundef{issuetitle}
    {}
    {\iffieldequalstr{issuetitle}{special issue}
       {}
       {\bibstring{in}\space
        \renewcommand*{\xtitle}{issue}%
        \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}%
        \usebibmacro{editortypes}{issuetitle}}%
     \newunit\bibstring{special}%
     \setunit{\addcomma\space}}}

\newbibmacro*{origtitle}{%
  \iffieldundef{origtitle}
    {}
    {\newunit
     \bibstring{origpub}%
     \space
     \renewcommand*{\xtitle}{orig}%
     \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}%
     \setunit{\addspace}% not '\setunit{\space}'
     \printtext[parens]{%
       \usebibmacro{origlocation}%
       \usebibmacro{origpublisher}%
       \iftoggle{reflist}
         {}
         {\usebibmacro{origyear+origendyear}}}}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Collections  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newbibmacro*{test:collection}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\ifentrytype{book}}
               or test {\ifentrytype{collection}}}
    {\usebibmacro{test:collection:bk}}%
    {\ifboolexpr{ test {\ifentrytype{inbook}}
                  or test {\ifentrytype{incollection}}
                  or test {\ifentrytype{letter}}}
       {\usebibmacro{test:collection:icbk+etc}}%
       {}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:collection:bk}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{booktitle}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{bookbooktitle}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{bookvolume}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{bookbookvolume}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{title}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{maintitle}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{volume}}}
    {\toggletrue{collection}%
     \toggletrue{collection:bk}}%
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{test:collection:icbk+etc}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{bookbooktitle}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{volume}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{bookbookvolume}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{title}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{booktitle}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{maintitle}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{bookvolume}}}
    {\toggletrue{collection}%
     \toggletrue{collection:icbk}}%
    {\ifentrytype{inbook}
       {\usebibmacro{test:collection:ib}}%
       {\usebibmacro{test:collection:icib}}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:collection:ib}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{maintitle}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{bookbooktitle}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{bookvolume}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{bookbookvolume}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{title}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{booktitle}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{volume}}}
    {\toggletrue{collection}%
     \toggletrue{collection:ib}}%
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{test:collection:icib}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{maintitle}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{volume}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{bookbookvolume}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{booktitle}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{bookbooktitle}}
               and not test {\iffieldundef{bookvolume}}}
    {\toggletrue{collection}%
     \toggletrue{collection:icib}}%
    {}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Dates and Times  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% The next command should work well enough for most languages but can
% be overridden by lbx files.

\renewcommand*{\mkdaterangefull}[2]{%
  \begingroup
    \blx@metadateinfo{#2}%
    \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{#2year}}
                 and test {\iffieldundef{#2month}}}
      {\blx@nounit}%
      {\printtext[#2date]{%
         \datecircaprint
         \iffieldundef{#2season}
           {\csuse{mkbibdate#1}{#2year}{#2month}{#2day}%
            \blx@printtime{#2}{}}%
           {\csuse{mkbibseasondate#1}{#2year}{#2season}}%
         \dateuncertainprint
         \dateeraprint{#2year}%
         \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{#2endyear}}
                      and test {\iffieldundef{#2endmonth}}}
           {}
           {\iffieldequalstr{#2endyear}{}
              {\mbox{\bibdaterangesep}}%
              {\bibdaterangesep
               \enddatecircaprint
               \iffieldundef{#2season}
                 {\csuse{mkbibdate#1}{#2endyear}{#2endmonth}{#2endday}%
                  \blx@printtime{#2}{end}}%
                 {\csuse{mkbibseasondate#1}{#2endyear}{#2endseason}}%
               \enddateuncertainprint
               \dateeraprint{#2endyear}}}}}% needs '%'
  \endgroup}%

\newbibmacro*{issue+month+etc}[1]{%
  \iffieldundef{year}
    {\iffieldundef{month}
       {}
       {\setunit{\space}%
        \printtext[parens]{\printdate}}}
    {\ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{volume}}
                  and test {\iffieldundef{number}}}
       {\iffieldundef{journal}
          {}
          {\setunit{\addcomma\space}}%
        \iffieldundef{month}
          {\usebibmacro{issue+season+year}}%
          {\usebibmacro{reflist+year+day}%
           \printdate}}%
       {\iffieldundef{month}
          {\setunit{\space}%
           \usebibmacro{reflist+issue+season}}%
          {\ifstrequal{#1}{noparens}
             {\usebibmacro{reflist+year+day}%
              \newunit
              \printdate}%
             {\usebibmacro{reflist+year+day}%
              \setunit{\space}%
              \printtext[parens]{\printdate}}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{reflist+year+day}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {bibliography}
               and togl {reflist}
               and test {\iffieldundef{day}}}
    {\iffieldundef{endyear}
       {\clearfield{year}}%
       {\iffieldsequal{year}{endyear}
          {\clearfield{year}%
           \clearfield{endyear}}%
          {}}}
    {}}

% Treat 'season' as an alternative for 'issue'.

\newbibmacro*{reflist+issue+season}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {bibliography}
               and togl {reflist}}
    {\ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{issue}}
                  and test {\iffieldundef{season}}}
       {}
       {\setunit{\space}%
        \iffieldundef{issue}
           {\printtext[parens]{\printfield{season}}}
           {\printtext[parens]{\printfield{issue}}}}}
    {\setunit{\space}%
     \printtext[parens]{\usebibmacro{issue+season+year}}}}

\newbibmacro*{issue+season+year}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{issue}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{season}}}
    {\printfield{year}}%
    {\iffieldundef{issue}
      {\printfield{season}%
       \space
       \printfield{year}}%
      {\printfield{issue}%
       \space
       \printfield{year}}}}

% Per CMOS, 17th ed., 14.119, print the publication year of the
% last-mentioned title.

\newbibmacro*{year+bookyear}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {bibliography}
               and togl {reflist}}
    {\ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{bookyear}}
                  or test {\iffieldundef{year}}
                  or test {\iffieldsequal{year}{bookyear}}
                  or not test {\iffieldequalstr{labeldatesource}{bookyear}}}
       {}
       {\printfield{bookyear}%
        \usebibmacro{endbookyear}}}
    {\ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{year}}
                  and test {\iffieldundef{bookyear}}}
       {\bibstring{nodate}}%
       {\iffieldundef{bookyear}
          {\printfield{year}%
           \usebibmacro{endyear}}%
          {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection}
                        and togl {swapvol}
                        and not test {\iffieldundef{year}}}
             {\printfield{year}%
              \usebibmacro{endyear}}%
             {\printfield{bookyear}%
              \usebibmacro{endbookyear}}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{endyear}{%
  \iffieldundef{endyear}
    {}
    {\iffieldsequal{year}{endyear}
       {}
       {\textendash\printfield{endyear}}}}

\newbibmacro*{endbookyear}{%
  \iffieldundef{endbookyear}
    {}
    {\iffieldsequal{bookyear}{endbookyear}
       {}
       {\textendash\printfield{endbookyear}}}}

\newbibmacro*{origyear+origendyear}{%
  \iffieldundef{origyear}
    {}
    {\printfield{origyear}%
     \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{endorigyear}}
                  or test {\iffieldsequal{origyear}{endorigyear}}}
       {}
       {\textendash\printfield{endorigyear}}}}

% For reference lists.

\newbibmacro*{a:labeldate+extradate}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {noauth}
               or not togl {authposition}}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{labeldate+extradate}}}

\newbibmacro*{b:labeldate+extradate}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {noauth}
               and not togl {journalfirst}}
    {\usebibmacro{labeldate+extradate}}%
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{labeldate+extradate}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {bibliography}
               and togl {reflist}
               and not togl {skipdate}}
    {\newunit
     \usebibmacro{reflist+origyear}%
     \usebibmacro{labeldate+endyear}%
     \printfield{extradate}%
     \iffieldnums{labelyear}
       {\bibsentence\newunit}%
       {\newunit}}% for 'n.d.'
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{reflist+origyear}{%
  \iffieldundef{origyear}
    {}
    {\printtext[parens]{\usebibmacro{origyear+origendyear}}%
     \space}}%

% The next macro helps bib environments that use the 'reflist' toggle
% (see the 'reflist' bib environment set elsewhere in this file).
% Since they can't use the 'reflist' preamble option, they can't load
% the DeclareLabeldate for reference lists. The macro below makes the
% output consistent in those cases but can cause problems with
% sorting. Resolve them with '\sortyear'. Also, end dates go here. See
% CMOS, 17th ed., 15.37 and 15.41. Although '\printlabeldate' prints
% them, the workaround needs to run 'endyear', which can cause
% problems not only with sorting but with 'extralabeldate'.

\newbibmacro*{labeldate+endyear}{%
  \iffieldequalstr{labeldatesource}{bookyear}
    {\iffieldundef{year}
       {\printlabeldate}%
       {\printfield{year}%
        \usebibmacro{endyear}}}
     {\printlabeldate}}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Locations  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newbibmacro*{loc+pub+year}{%
  \usebibmacro{loc+pub}{1}%
  \ifnumgreater{\value{publisher}}{1}
    {\setunit{\addsemicolon\space}%
     \usebibmacro{loc+pub}{2}}%
    {}
  \setunit{\addcomma\space}%
  \usebibmacro{year+bookyear}}%

\newbibmacro*{loc+pub}[1]{%
  \usebibmacro{location}{#1}%
  \setunit{\addcolon\space}%
  \printlist[publisher][#1-#1]{publisher}}%

\newbibmacro*{location}[1]{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iflistundef{location}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{howpublished}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{url}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{doi}}}
    {\bibstring{noplace}}%
    {\printlist[location][#1-#1]{location}}}

\newbibmacro*{origlocation}{%
  \iflistundef{origlocation}
    {}
    {\printlist{origlocation}%
     \iflistundef{origpublisher}
       {\setunit{\addcomma\space}}%
       {\setunit{\addcolon\space}}}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Bibliography Drivers  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\DeclareBibliographyDriver{shorthand}{%
  \usedriver
    {\DeclareNameAlias{author}{sortname}}%
    {\thefield{entrytype}}%
  \iftoggle{annotate}
    {\global\togglefalse{annotate}%
     \usebibmacro{pageref+finentry}%
     \global\toggletrue{annotate}}%
    {\usebibmacro{pageref+finentry}}}

\DeclareBibliographyDriver{article}{%
  \usebibmacro{bibindex}%
  \usebibmacro{author+title+etc}%
  \usebibmacro{articles}%
  \usebibmacro{colon+pages+etc}%
  \usebibmacro{doi+finentry+etc}}%

\DeclareBibliographyDriver{book}{%
  \usebibmacro{bibindex}%
  \usebibmacro{author+collection+etc}%
  \usebibmacro{doi+finentry+etc}}%

\DeclareBibliographyDriver{incollection}{%
  \usebibmacro{bibindex}%
  \usebibmacro{author+incollection+etc}%
  \usebibmacro{crossref+incollections}%
  \usebibmacro{doi+finentry+etc}}%

\DeclareBibliographyDriver{misc}{%
  \usebibmacro{bibindex}%
  \usebibmacro{author+bookauthor+etc}%
  \usebibmacro{title+labelyear}%
  \newunit
  \printfield{userb}%
  \usebibmacro{doi+finentry+etc}}%

\DeclareBibliographyDriver{online}{%
  \usebibmacro{bibindex}%
  \usebibmacro{author+title+etc}%
  \newunit
  \usebibmacro{websites}%
  \usebibmacro{issue+month+etc}{}%
  \usebibmacro{doi+finentry+etc}}%

\DeclareBibliographyDriver{patent}{%
  \usebibmacro{bibindex}%
  \usebibmacro{author+title+etc}%
  \newunit
  \printfield{number}%
  \newunit
  \printfield{addendum}%
  \usebibmacro{pageref+finentry}}%

\DeclareBibliographyDriver{review}{%
  \usebibmacro{bibindex}%
  \usebibmacro{reviews}%
  \usebibmacro{articles}%
  \usebibmacro{colon+pages+etc}%
  \usebibmacro{doi+finentry+etc}}%

\DeclareBibliographyDriver{thesis}{%
  \usebibmacro{bibindex}%
  \usebibmacro{author+title+etc}%
  \newunit
  \usebibmacro{inst+loc+date}%
  \usebibmacro{doi+finentry+etc}}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Second Tier Macros  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newbibmacro*{pageref+finentry}{%
  \newunit
  \usebibmacro{pageref}%
  \newunit
  \usebibmacro{annotation}%
  \finentry}%

\newbibmacro*{author+title+etc}{%
  \usebibmacro{author+bookauthor+etc}%
  \usebibmacro{title+labelyear}%
  \usebibmacro{note}%
  \usebibmacro{edtrans}}%

\newbibmacro*{articles}{%
  \newunit
  \usebibmacro{part}%
  \usebibmacro{issuetitle}%
  \renewcommand*{\xtitle}{journal}%
  \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}%
  \usebibmacro{journalseries}%
  \setunit{\space}%
  \usebibmacro{journallocation}%
  \printfield[noformat]{volume}%
  \iftoggle{journalfirst}
    {\newunit}%
    {\setunit{\addcomma\space}}%
  \iffieldequalstr{type}{newsmag}
    {\usebibmacro{issue+month+etc}{noparens}%
     \usebibmacro{periodical:number}}%
    {\usebibmacro{periodical:number}%
     \usebibmacro{issue+month+etc}{}}%
  \toggletrue{edshift}%
  \usebibmacro{edition}{noformat}}%

% If an article has an electronic article ID, don't print its page
% range in the bibliography. See CMOS, 17th ed., 14.174.

\newbibmacro*{colon+pages+etc}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{pages}}
               or not test {\iffieldundef{eid}}}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{reflist}
       {\ifboolexpr{test {\iffieldundef{number}}
                    and test {\iffieldundef{month}}
                    and test {\iffieldundef{issue}}
                    and test {\iffieldundef{season}}}
          {\setunit{\addcolon}%
           \printfield{pages}}%
          {\setunit{\addcolon\space}%
           \printfield{pages}}}
       {\usebibmacro{colon+pages}}}}

\newbibmacro*{doi+finentry+etc}{%
  \usebibmacro{doi+url+etc}%
  \usebibmacro{isbn}%
  \usebibmacro{issn}%
  \usebibmacro{library}%
  \usebibmacro{pageref+finentry}}%

\newbibmacro*{author+collection+etc}{%
  \usebibmacro{test:collection}%
  \usebibmacro{author+bookauthor+etc}%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:bk}
               and togl {swapvol}}
    {\usebibmacro{maintitle+note+etc}%
     \usebibmacro{volume+number+etc}%
     \let\xtitle\empty
     \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}%
     \toggletrue{edshift}%
     \usebibmacro{byauthor}%
     \usebibmacro{edtrans}%
     \usebibmacro{volumes+bookseries+etc}}%
    {\usebibmacro{title+labelyear}%
     \usebibmacro{byauthor}%
     \iffieldundef{maintitle}
       {\usebibmacro{note+edition+etc}%
        \usebibmacro{volumes+bookseries+etc}}%
       {\usebibmacro{edtrans}%
        \usebibmacro{volumes+bookseries+etc}%
        \usebibmacro{maintitle+note+etc}}}
  \usebibmacro{date+loc+etc}%
  \usebibmacro{origtitle}}%

\newbibmacro*{author+incollection+etc}{%
  \usebibmacro{test:collection}%
  \usebibmacro{test:bookauthor}%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\ifnameundef{afterword}}
               and test {\ifnameundef{foreword}}
               and test {\ifnameundef{introduction}}
               and test {\ifnameundef{preface}}}
    {\usebibmacro{author+bookauthor+etc}%
     \iffieldundef{title}
       {\usebibmacro{booktitle}%
        \usebibmacro{edtrans}}%
       {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:ib}
                     and togl {swapvol}
                     and not togl {collection:icib}}
          {\usebibmacro{booktitle}%
           \usebibmacro{edtrans}}%
          {\usebibmacro{title+labelyear}%
           \usebibmacro{byauthor}%
           \usebibmacro{edtrans}%
           \usebibmacro{chapter+in}}}}
    {\usebibmacro{supplement}%
     \newunit
     \bibstring{\cbx@bibstring}\space}}%

\newbibmacro*{crossref+incollections}{%
  \iffieldundef{crossref}
    {\usebibmacro{incollections}}%
    {\xifinlist{\thefield{crossref}}{\crossreflist}
       {\ifnumgreater{\value{\thefield{crossref}}}{0}
          {\usebibmacro{crossref}%
           \usebibmacro{pages}}%
          {\usebibmacro{incollections}}}
       {\listxadd{\crossreflist}{\thefield{crossref}}%
        \ifcsdef{c@\thefield{crossref}}
          {\setcounter{\thefield{crossref}}{0}}%
          {\newcounter{\thefield{crossref}}}% needs '%'
        \usebibmacro{incollections}}}}

\newbibmacro*{websites}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{blogtitle}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{journaltitle}}
               and test {\iflistundef{organization}}}
    {}
    {\renewcommand*{\xtitle}{blog}%
     \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}%
     \newunit
     \renewcommand*{\xtitle}{journal}%
     \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}%
     \newunit
     \printlist{organization}%
     \setunit{\addcomma\space}}}

\newbibmacro*{reviews}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\ifnameundef{author}}
               and not test {\ifnameundef{bookauthor}}}
    {\savename{bookauthor}{\reviewee}%
     \clearname{bookauthor}}%
    {\let\reviewee\empty}%
  \usebibmacro{author+bookauthor+etc}%
  \iffieldundef{title}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{title+labelyear}%
     \newunit}%
  \usebibmacro{note}%
  \usebibmacro{review+title}%
  \setunit{\addcomma\space}%
  \iftoggle{firstshort}
    {}
    {\toggletrue{edshift}%
     \usebibmacro{edtrans}}}

\newbibmacro*{inst+loc+date}{%
  \usebibmacro{thesis+type}%
  \setunit{\addcomma\space}%
  \iflistundef{institution}
    {\printfield{venue}}%
    {\printlist{institution}}%
  \setunit{\addcomma\space}%
  \printlist{location}%
  \setunit{\addcomma\space}%
  \usebibmacro{reflist+year+day}%
  \printdate}%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Third Tier Macros  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\renewbibmacro*{annotation}{%
  \iftoggle{annotate}
    {\printfield{annotation}}%
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{note}{%
  \iffieldundef{note}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{edshift}
       {\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
        \togglefalse{edshift}}%
       {\newunit}%
     \printfield{note}}}

\newbibmacro*{part}{%
  \iffieldundef{part}
    {}
    {\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
     \iffieldnum{part}
       {\printfield{part}}%
       {\printfield[noformat]{part}}%
     \setunit{\addcomma\space}%
     \clearfield{part}}}

\newbibmacro*{journalseries}{%
  \iffieldundef{series}
    {}
    {\iflistundef{location}
       {\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
        \printfield{series}}%
       {\setunit{\space}%
        \printfield{series}}%
     \isdot\addcomma
     \usebibmacro{seriesaddon}%
     \usebibmacro{editortypes}{series}%
     \newunit}}%

\newbibmacro*{journallocation}{%
  \iflistundef{location}
    {}
    {\nopunct\printtext[parens]{%
       \printlist{location}}\space}}%

% On how to format the issue number of periodicals, see CMOS, 17th
% ed., 14.171 and 15.47.

\newbibmacro*{periodical:number}{%
  \iffieldundef{number}
    {}
    {\ifboolexpr{ togl {bibliography}
                  and togl {reflist}
                  and test {\iffieldundef{issue}}
                  and test {\iffieldundef{season}}
                  and test {\iffieldundef{month}}
                  and not test {\iffieldundef{volume}}}
       {\setunit{\space}%
        \printfield[parens]{number}}%
       {\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
        \printfield[journum]{number}}}}

\newbibmacro*{colon+pages}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{month}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{year}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{issue}}}
    {\setunit{\addcolon}%
     \printfield{pages}}%
    {\ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{month}}
                  and test {\iffieldundef{year}}}
       {\setunit{\addcolon\space}%
        \printfield{pages}}%
       {\ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{number}}
                     and test {\iffieldundef{volume}}}
          {\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
           \printfield{pages}}%
          {\setunit{\addcolon\space}%
           \printfield{pages}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{doi+url+etc}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{howpublished}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{url}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{doi}}
               and test {\iffieldundef{addendum}}
               or ( togl {firstshort} and not togl {bibliography} )}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{eid}%
     \newunit
     \printfield{howpublished}%
     \newunit
     \printurldate
     \newunit
     \printfield[noformat]{version}%
     \newunit
     \printfield{url}%
     \newunit
     \printfield{doi}%
     \newunit
     \printfield{addendum}}}

\newbibmacro*{isbn}{%
  \iffieldundef{isbn}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{bibliography}
       {\iftoggle{isbn}
          {\newunit
           \printfield{isbn}}%
          {}}
       {}}}

\newbibmacro*{issn}{%
  \iffieldundef{issn}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{bibliography}
       {\iftoggle{issn}
          {\newunit
           \printfield{issn}}%
          {}}
       {}}}

\newbibmacro*{library}{%
  \iffieldundef{library}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{bibliography}
       {\iftoggle{library}
          {\newunit
           \printfield{library}}%
          {}}
       {}}}

\newbibmacro*{maintitle+note+etc}{%
  \usebibmacro{maintitle}%
  \usebibmacro{note}%
  \usebibmacro{edition}{}%
  \iftoggle{swaptrans}
    {\usebibmacro{translatortypes}%
     \usebibmacro{editortypes}{maintitle}}%
    {\usebibmacro{editortypes}{maintitle}%
     \usebibmacro{translatortypes}}}

\newbibmacro*{volume+number+etc}{%
  \iffieldundef{\xvolume volume}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{swapvol+pages}%
     \iffieldundef{series}
       {\newunit}%
       {\setunit{\addcomma\space}}%
     \iffieldnum{\xvolume volume}
       {\printfield[volume]{\xvolume volume}%
        \usebibmacro{volume:number}}%
       {\bibstring{volumes}\space
        \printfield[noformat]{\xvolume volume}}%
     \clearfield{\xvolume volume}%
     \usebibmacro{part}%
     \iftoggle{collection}
       {\iftoggle{swapvol}
          {\addcomma\space}%
          {\space\bibstring{of}\space}}%
       {\iffieldundef{maintitle}
          {}
          {\space\bibstring{of}\space}}}}

\renewbibmacro*{byauthor}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\ifnameundef{author}}
               or togl {noauth}}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{edshift}
       {\renewcommand*{\pluga}{%
          \setunit{\addcomma\space}\bibstring{by}\space}}%
       {\renewcommand*{\pluga}{\newunit\bibstring{by}\space}}%
     \renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{author}%
     \usebibmacro{printnames+etc}}}

\newbibmacro*{volumes+bookseries+etc}{%
  \usebibmacro{volumes}%
  \usebibmacro{bookseries}%
  \usebibmacro{pages}%
  \usebibmacro{volume+number+etc}%
  \usebibmacro{book:number}%
  \usebibmacro{part}}%

\newbibmacro*{note+edition+etc}{%
  \usebibmacro{note}%
  \usebibmacro{edition}{}%
  \usebibmacro{edtrans}}%

\newbibmacro*{edition}[1]{%
  \iffieldundef{edition}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{edshift}
       {\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
        \togglefalse{edshift}}%
       {\newunit}%
     \iffieldbibstring{edition}
       {\bibstring{\thefield{edition}}}
       {\ifstrequal{#1}{noformat}
          {\printfield[noformat]{edition}}%
          {\printfield{edition}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{date+loc+etc}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iflistundef{location}}
               and test {\iflistundef{publisher}}}
    {\newunit
     \usebibmacro{reflist+year+day}%
     \printdate}%
    {\iffieldundef{origtitle}
       {\iftoggle{bibliography}
          {\newunit
           \usebibmacro{orig+etc}}%
          {\setunit{\addspace}% not '\setunit{\space}'
           \printtext[parens]{\usebibmacro{orig+etc}}}}
       {\newunit
        \usebibmacro{loc+pub+year}}}}

\newbibmacro*{test:bookauthor}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\ifnamesequal{author}{bookauthor}}
               or test {\ifnamesequal{afterword}{bookauthor}}
               or test {\ifnamesequal{foreword}{bookauthor}}
               or test {\ifnamesequal{introduction}{bookauthor}}
               or test {\ifnamesequal{preface}{bookauthor}}}
    {\clearname{bookauthor}}%
    {\iftoggle{noauth}
       {\clearname{bookauthor}}%
       {}}}

\newbibmacro*{bybookauthor+pages}{%
  \ifnameundef{bookauthor}
    {}
    {\renewcommand*{\pluga}{%
       \setunit{\addcomma\space}\bibstring{by}\space}%
     \renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{bookauthor}%
     \usebibmacro{printnames+etc}%
     \usebibmacro{pages}}}

\newbibmacro*{chapter+in}{%
  \iftoggle{collection:ib}
    {}
    {\newunit
     \iffieldundef{chapter}
       {\bibstring{in}\space}%
       {\printfield{chapter}\space
        \bibstring{in}\space}}}

\newbibmacro*{incollections}{%
  \iftoggle{collection:ib}
    {\usebibmacro{incollections:ib}}%
    {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection:icbk}
                  or togl {collection:icib}}
      {\usebibmacro{incollections:ic}}%
      {\usebibmacro{bookbooktitle}{in}%
       \toggletrue{edshift}%
       \usebibmacro{booktitle}%
       \usebibmacro{note+edition+etc}%
       \iffieldundef{volume}
         {\iffieldundef{bookvolume}%
            {\renewcommand*{\xvolume}{bookbook}}%
            {\renewcommand*{\xvolume}{book}}%
          \usebibmacro{volumes+bookseries+etc}}%
         {\usebibmacro{volumes+bookseries+etc}}}}
  \usebibmacro{date+loc+etc}%
  \usebibmacro{origtitle}}%

\newbibmacro*{crossref}{%
  \renewcommand*{\cbx@deflabel}{labelname}%
  \global\toggletrue{cbx:short}%
  \entrydata{\thefield{crossref}}{%
    \iftoggle{reflist}
      {\usebibmacro{parencite:new}}%
      {\usebibmacro{author+bookauthor+etc}%
       \usebibmacro{shorttitle+crossref}}%
    \usebibmacro{cite:volume}}}

\newbibmacro*{pages}{%
  \iffieldundef{pages}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{bibliography}
       {\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
        \printfield{pages}%
        \clearfield{pages}%
        \togglefalse{edshift}}%
       {}}}

\newbibmacro*{review+title}{%
  \iftoggle{noauth}
    {\bibcpstring{reviewnoauth}}%
    {\bibstring{review}}%
  \space
  \renewcommand*{\xtitle}{book}%
  \usebibmacro{title+labelyear}%
  \iftoggle{firstshort}
    {\clearfield{booktitle}}%
    {\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
     \ifdefempty{\reviewee}
       {}
       {\restorename{bookauthor}{\reviewee}}%
     \renewcommand*{\pluga}{\bibstring{by}\space}%
     \renewcommand*{\cbx@namelist}{bookauthor}%
     \usebibmacro{printnames+etc}}}

\newbibmacro*{thesis+type}{%
  \ifentrytype{mathesis}
    {\bibstring{mathesis}}%
    {\ifentrytype{phdthesis}
       {\bibstring{phdthesis}}%
       {\iffieldundef{type}
         {}
         {\iffieldbibstring{type}
            {\bibstring{\thefield{type}}}
            {\printfield{type}}}}}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%  Fourth and Higher Tier Macros  %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\newbibmacro*{eid}{%
  \iffieldundef{eid}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{bibliography}
       {\setunit{\addcolon\space}}%
       {\newunit}%
     \printfield{eid}}}

\newbibmacro*{volumes}{%
  \iffieldundef{volumes}
    {}
    {\ifboolexpr{ togl {collection}
                  or ( not togl {bibliography}
                  and not togl {listvols}
                  and not test {\iffieldundef{postnote}} )}
       {}
       {\newunit
        \printfield{volumes}%
        \clearfield{volumes}}}}

\newbibmacro*{bookseries}{%
  \iffieldundef{series}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{pages}%
     \newunit
     \printfield{series}%
     \usebibmacro{seriesaddon}%
     \usebibmacro{editortypes}{series}%
     \setunit{\addcomma\space}}}

\newbibmacro*{seriesaddon}{%
  \iffieldundef{seriesaddon}
    {}
    {\addcomma\space
     \printfield{seriesaddon}%
     \isdot\addcomma}}%

\newbibmacro*{swapvol+pages}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ togl {collection}
               and togl {swapvol}}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{pages}}}

\newbibmacro*{volume:number}{%
  \iffieldundef{number}
    {}
    {\addcomma\space
     \printfield[journum]{number}%
     \clearfield{number}}}

\newbibmacro*{book:number}{%
  \iffieldundef{number}
    {}
    {\ifentrytype{letter}
       {\usebibmacro{letter:number}}%
       {\usebibmacro{other:number}}}}

\newbibmacro*{letter:number}{%
  \iftoggle{bibliography}
    {\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
     \printfield[journum]{number}}%
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{other:number}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldequalstr{editortype}{series}}
               or test {\iffieldequalstr{editoratype}{series}}
               or test {\iffieldequalstr{editorbtype}{series}}
               or test {\iffieldequalstr{editorctype}{series}}}
    {\setunit{\addcomma\space}%
     \printfield{number}}%
    {\setunit{\addspace}% not '\setunit{\space}'
     \printfield{number}}}

\newbibmacro*{orig+etc}{%
  \usebibmacro{origlocation}%
  \usebibmacro{origpublisher}%
  \iftoggle{reflist}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{origyear+origendyear}}%
  \usebibmacro{reprint}%
  \usebibmacro{loc+pub+year}}%

\newbibmacro*{origpublisher}{%
  \iflistundef{origpublisher}
    {}
    {\printlist{origpublisher}%
     \setunit{\addcomma\space}}}

\newbibmacro*{reprint}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ test {\iffieldundef{origyear}}
               and test {\iflistundef{origpublisher}}}
    {}
    {\iftoggle{bibliography}
       {\newunit}%
       {\setunit{\addsemicolon\space}}%
     \bibstring{reprint}%
     \addcomma\space}}%

\newbibmacro*{incollections:ib}{%
  \iftoggle{swapvol}
    {\usebibmacro{note}%
     \usebibmacro{edition}{}%
     \usebibmacro{volumes+bookseries+etc}%
     \let\xtitle\empty
     \usebibmacro{longtitle+titleaddon}%
     \toggletrue{edshift}%
     \usebibmacro{byauthor}%
     \usebibmacro{edtrans}}%
    {\usebibmacro{volume+number+etc}%
     \toggletrue{edshift}%
     \usebibmacro{booktitle}%
     \usebibmacro{note+edition+etc}%
     \usebibmacro{volumes+bookseries+etc}}}

\newbibmacro*{incollections:ic}{%
  \iftoggle{swapvol}
    {\iftoggle{collection:icbk}
       {\usebibmacro{maintitle+note+etc}}%
       {\usebibmacro{bookbooktitle}{}%
        \toggletrue{edshift}%
        \usebibmacro{note+edition+etc}}%
     \renewcommand*{\xvolume}{book}%
     \usebibmacro{volumes+bookseries+etc}%
     \toggletrue{edshift}%
     \usebibmacro{booktitle}%
     \usebibmacro{edtrans}}%
    {\toggletrue{edshift}%
     \usebibmacro{booktitle}%
     \usebibmacro{edtrans}%
     \renewcommand*{\xvolume}{book}%
     \usebibmacro{volume+number+etc}%
     \iftoggle{collection:icbk}
       {\usebibmacro{maintitle+note+etc}}%
       {\usebibmacro{bookbooktitle}{}%
        \toggletrue{edshift}%
        \usebibmacro{note+edition+etc}}%
     \renewcommand*{\xvolume}{book}%
     \usebibmacro{volumes+bookseries+etc}}}

\endinput