% $Id: chicago-authordate-trad.cbx,v 0.8.2.3 2014/08/15 09:44:56 dfussner Exp $
% This is a biblatex citation style file, adapted from Lehman's
% authoryear-comp.cbx.  It is heavily modified, with the intention of
% providing inline citations (and a reference list) for the
% author-date style of the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition.

\ProvidesFile{chicago-authordate-trad.cbx}[2014/08/15 v 2.9a biblatex
citation style]

%%%% Biblatex initialization + Chicago options + Toggles %%%%

\newbool{cbx:parens}

\providecommand*{\mkibid}[1]{#1}

\providetoggle{cms@inlineibid}
\providetoggle{cms@origlabel}
\providetoggle{cms@bothlabelold}
\providetoggle{cms@bothlabelnew}
\providetoggle{cms@fulldate}
\providetoggle{cms@reprint}
\providetoggle{cms@switchdates}
\providetoggle{cms@los}
%\providetoggle{cms@oneyear}
\providetoggle{cms@avdate}
\providetoggle{cms@ordate}
\providetoggle{cms@nodates}
\providetoggle{cms@authorparens}
\providetoggle{cms@datedash}
\providetoggle{cms@modpostnote}

\providetoggle{cms@url}% These are for the field-exclusion options
\providetoggle{cms@doi}
\providetoggle{cms@doionly}
\providetoggle{cms@eprint}
\providetoggle{cms@isbn}
\providetoggle{cms@numbermonth}
\providetoggle{cms@bookpages}
\providetoggle{cms@hidevolumes}% Modify Volume fix
\providetoggle{cms@comprange}

\providetoggle{cms@jrcomma}% Comma after Jr./Sr.

\providetoggle{cms@headlessnote}% Keep
\providetoggle{cms@noibid}% Keep
\providetoggle{cms@usecompiler}% Keep
\providetoggle{cms@origpublished}% Keep
\providetoggle{cms@annotation}% Keep
\providetoggle{cms@postposit}% Keep
\providetoggle{cms@fullshhand}%
\providetoggle{cms@vol}%
\providetoggle{cms@crossref}%
\providetoggle{cms@bookcrossref}

\AtEveryCitekey{%
  \iffieldundef{userc}%
  {}%
  {\nocite{\thefield{userc}}}%
  \iffieldequalstr{pubstate}{reprint}%
  {\toggletrue{cms@reprint}}%
  {\togglefalse{cms@reprint}}}%

\DeclareBibliographyOption{avdate}[true]{%
  \ifcsdef{cms@opt@avdate@#1}%
  {\csuse{cms@opt@avdate@#1}}
  {\blx@err@invopt{avdate=#1}{}}}
\def\cms@opt@avdate@true{%
  \@ifpackagelater{biblatex}{2012/11/20}% for biblatex 2.4/2.5
  {\@ifpackagelater{biblatex}{2013/03/30}% for biblatex 2.6 ff.
    {\DeclareLabeldate[music,review,video]{\field{eventyear}%
        \field{origyear} \field{year} \field{urlyear}}}%
    {\DeclareLabelyear[music,review,video]{\field{eventyear}%
        \field{origyear} \field{year} \field{urlyear}}}}%
  {\DeclareLabelyear[music,review,video]{eventyear,origyear,year,urlyear}}%
  \toggletrue{cms@avdate}}%
\def\cms@opt@avdate@false{%
  \togglefalse{cms@avdate}}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{cmsdate}[off]{% Trying to implement origyear as
  \ifcsdef{cms@global@cmsdate@#1}% labelyear. Sorting will be an issue.
  {\csuse{cms@global@cmsdate@#1}}
  {\blx@err@invopt{cmsdate=#1}{}}}
\def\cms@global@cmsdate@on{%
  \toggletrue{cms@origlabel}%
  \ExecuteBibliographyOptions{cmsorigdate=true}}
\def\cms@global@cmsdate@new{%
  \toggletrue{cms@bothlabelnew}%
  \ExecuteBibliographyOptions{cmsorigdate=true}}
\def\cms@global@cmsdate@old{%
  \toggletrue{cms@bothlabelold}%
  \ExecuteBibliographyOptions{cmsorigdate=true}}
\def\cms@global@cmsdate@both{%
  \toggletrue{cms@bothlabelold}%
  \ExecuteBibliographyOptions{cmsorigdate=true}}
\def\cms@global@cmsdate@full{}%
\def\cms@global@cmsdate@off{}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{cmsorigdate}[true]{% ??? Also need new macros
  \ifcsdef{cms@opt@origdate@#1}% for printing dates.  Worth it ???
  {\csuse{cms@opt@origdate@#1}}%
  {\blx@err@invopt{cmsorigdate=#1}{}}}
\def\cms@opt@origdate@true{%
  \@ifpackagelater{biblatex}{2012/11/20}% for biblatex 2.4/2.5
  {\@ifpackagelater{biblatex}{2013/03/30}% for biblatex 2.6 ff.
    {\DeclareLabeldate{\field{origyear} \field{year}%
        \field{eventyear} \field{urlyear}}%
      \DeclareLabeldate[patent]{\field{year} \field{eventyear}%
        \field{origyear} \field{urlyear}}}%
    {\DeclareLabelyear{\field{origyear} \field{year}%
        \field{eventyear} \field{urlyear}}%
      \DeclareLabelyear[patent]{\field{year} \field{eventyear}%
        \field{origyear} \field{urlyear}}}}%
  {\DeclareLabelyear{origyear,year,eventyear,urlyear}%
    \DeclareLabelyear[patent]{year,eventyear,origyear,urlyear}}%
  \global\toggletrue{cms@ordate}}%
\def\cms@opt@origdate@false{\togglefalse{cms@ordate}}%

\DeclareEntryOption{cmsdate}[off]{% Trying to implement origyear as
  \ifcsdef{cms@opt@cmsdate@#1}% labelyear. Sorting will be an issue.
  {\iftoggle{cms@origlabel}
    {\togglefalse{cms@origlabel}%
      \def\@cms@tempdate{cms@origlabel}}%
    {\iftoggle{cms@bothlabelnew}%
      {\togglefalse{cms@bothlabelnew}%
        \def\@cms@tempdate{cms@bothlabelnew}}%
      {\iftoggle{cms@bothlabelold}%
        {\togglefalse{cms@bothlabelold}%
          \def\@cms@tempdate{cms@bothlabelold}}%
        {}}}%
    \csuse{cms@opt@cmsdate@#1}}%
  {\blx@err@invopt{cmsdate=#1}{}}}
\def\cms@opt@cmsdate@on{%
  \toggletrue{cms@origlabel}}
\def\cms@opt@cmsdate@new{%
  \toggletrue{cms@bothlabelnew}}
\def\cms@opt@cmsdate@old{%
  \toggletrue{cms@bothlabelold}}
\def\cms@opt@cmsdate@both{%
  \toggletrue{cms@bothlabelold}}
\def\cms@opt@cmsdate@full{%
  \toggletrue{cms@fulldate}}
\def\cms@opt@cmsdate@off{}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{annotation}[true]{%
  \global\toggletrue{cms@annotation}}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{cmslos}[true]{%
  \global\settoggle{cms@los}{#1}}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{noibid}[true]{%
  \global\toggletrue{cms@noibid}}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{compresspages}[true]{%
  \ifcsdef{cms@opt@crange@#1}%
  {\csuse{cms@opt@crange@#1}}%
  {\blx@err@invopt{compresspages=#1}{}}}%
\def\cms@opt@crange@true{%
  \global\toggletrue{cms@comprange}%
  \setcounter{mincomprange}{100}%
  \setcounter{mincompwidth}{10}%
}%
\def\cms@opt@crange@false{}%

\DeclareBibliographyOption{postnotepunct}[true]{%
  \ifcsdef{cms@opt@ppunct@#1}%
  {\csuse{cms@opt@ppunct@#1}}%
  {\blx@err@invopt{postnotepunct=#1}{}}}%
\def\cms@opt@ppunct@true{%
  \global\toggletrue{cms@modpostnote}}%
\def\cms@opt@ppunct@false{}%

\DeclareBibliographyOption{usecompiler}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@usecompiler}{#1}}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{nodates}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@nodates}{#1}}

\DeclareEntryOption{usecompiler}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@usecompiler}{#1}}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{juniorcomma}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@jrcomma}{#1}}

\DeclareEntryOption{juniorcomma}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@jrcomma}{#1}}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{shorthandfull}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@fullshhand}{#1}}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{headline}[true]{%
  \renewcommand{\MakeSentenceCase}{\@ifstar\relax\relax}}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{longcrossref}[false]{%
  \ifcsdef{cms@opt@lxref@#1}%
  {\csuse{cms@opt@lxref@#1}}
  {\blx@err@invopt{longcrossref=#1}{}}}
\def\cms@opt@lxref@none{%
  \togglefalse{cms@crossref}%
  \togglefalse{cms@bookcrossref}}%
\def\cms@opt@lxref@true{%
  \toggletrue{cms@crossref}}%
\def\cms@opt@lxref@false{%
  \togglefalse{cms@crossref}}%
\def\cms@opt@lxref@notes{%
  \togglefalse{cms@crossref}}%
\def\cms@opt@lxref@bib{%
  \toggletrue{cms@crossref}}%

\DeclareEntryOption{longcrossref}[false]{%
  \ifcsdef{cms@opt@doi@#1}%
  {\csuse{cms@opt@doi@#1}}
  {\blx@err@invopt{doi=#1}{}}}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{booklongxref}[true]{%
  \ifcsdef{cms@opt@bklxref@#1}%
  {\csuse{cms@opt@bklxref@#1}}
  {\blx@err@invopt{booklongxref=#1}{}}}%
\def\cms@opt@bklxref@true{%
  \toggletrue{cms@bookcrossref}}%
\def\cms@opt@bklxref@false{%
  \togglefalse{cms@bookcrossref}}%
\def\cms@opt@bklxref@notes{%
  \togglefalse{cms@bookcrossref}}%
\def\cms@opt@bklxref@bib{%
  \toggletrue{cms@bookcrossref}}%

\DeclareEntryOption{booklongxref}[true]{%
  \ifcsdef{cms@opt@bklxref@#1}%
  {\csuse{cms@opt@bklxref@#1}}
  {\blx@err@invopt{booklongxref=#1}{}}}%

% The field-exclusion options %

\DeclareBibliographyOption{isbn}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@isbn}{#1}}
\DeclareBibliographyOption{url}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@url}{#1}}
\DeclareBibliographyOption{doi}[true]{%
  \ifcsdef{cms@opt@doi@#1}%
  {\csuse{cms@opt@doi@#1}}
  {\blx@err@invopt{doi=#1}{}}}
\def\cms@opt@doi@true{%
  \toggletrue{cms@doi}}
\def\cms@opt@doi@false{%
  \togglefalse{cms@doi}}
\def\cms@opt@doi@only{%
  \toggletrue{cms@doionly}}
\DeclareBibliographyOption{eprint}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@eprint}{#1}}
\DeclareBibliographyOption{numbermonth}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@numbermonth}{#1}}
\DeclareBibliographyOption{bookpages}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@bookpages}{#1}}
\DeclareBibliographyOption{includeall}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@isbn}{#1}%
  \settoggle{cms@url}{#1}%
  \settoggle{cms@doi}{#1}%
  \settoggle{cms@eprint}{#1}%
  \settoggle{cms@numbermonth}{#1}%
  \settoggle{cms@bookpages}{#1}}
\DeclareBibliographyOption{hidevolumes}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@hidevolumes}{#1}}

\DeclareEntryOption{isbn}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@isbn}{#1}}
\DeclareEntryOption{url}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@url}{#1}}
\DeclareEntryOption{doi}[true]{%
  \ifcsdef{cms@opt@doi@#1}%
  {\iftoggle{cms@doi}%
    {\togglefalse{cms@doi}%
      \iftoggle{cms@doionly}%
      {\togglefalse{cms@doionly}}% !!
      {}}%
    {\toggletrue{cms@doi}}% !!
    \csuse{cms@opt@doi@#1}}
  {\blx@err@invopt{doi=#1}{}}}
\DeclareEntryOption{eprint}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@eprint}{#1}}
\DeclareEntryOption{numbermonth}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@numbermonth}{#1}}
\DeclareEntryOption{bookpages}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@bookpages}{#1}}
\DeclareEntryOption{hidevolumes}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@hidevolumes}{#1}}

\ExecuteBibliographyOptions{includeall,hidevolumes,booklongxref}%

\@ifpackagelater{biblatex}{2013/03/30}% For biblatex 2.6 ff.
{\ExecuteBibliographyOptions{labeldate=true}}%
{\ExecuteBibliographyOptions{labelyear=true}}%

\@ifpackagelater{biblatex}{2014/02/20}% For biblatex 2.9 ff.
{\global\toggletrue{cms@datedash}}%
{\global\togglefalse{cms@datedash}}%

\DeclareDataInheritance{collection}{suppcollection}{%
  \inherit{title}{title}
  \inherit{subtitle}{subtitle}
  \inherit{titleaddon}{titleaddon}}

\DeclareDataInheritance{mvbook}{incollection}{%
  \inherit{title}{maintitle}
  \inherit{subtitle}{mainsubtitle}
  \inherit{titleaddon}{maintitleaddon}
  \noinherit{shorttitle}
  \noinherit{sorttitle}
  \noinherit{indextitle}
  \noinherit{indexsorttitle}
}

\DeclareDataInheritance{book}{incollection}{%
  \inherit{title}{booktitle}
  \inherit{subtitle}{booksubtitle}
  \inherit{titleaddon}{booktitleaddon}
  \noinherit{shorttitle}
  \noinherit{sorttitle}
  \noinherit{indextitle}
  \noinherit{indexsorttitle}
}

\DeclareDataInheritance{book,collection}{letter}{%
  \inherit{title}{booktitle}
  \inherit{subtitle}{booksubtitle}
  \inherit{titleaddon}{booktitleaddon}
  \noinherit{shorttitle}
  \noinherit{sorttitle}
  \noinherit{indextitle}
  \noinherit{indexsorttitle}
}

\DeclareDataInheritance{mvbook,mvcollection}{letter}{%
  \inherit{title}{maintitle}
  \inherit{subtitle}{mainsubtitle}
  \inherit{titleaddon}{maintitleaddon}
  \noinherit{shorttitle}
  \noinherit{sorttitle}
  \noinherit{indextitle}
  \noinherit{indexsorttitle}
}

\DeclareDataInheritance{*}{*}{%
  \noinherit{namea}
  \noinherit{nameb}
  \noinherit{sortyear}
  \noinherit{sortname}
  \noinherit{sorttitle}}

\DeclareDataInheritance{mvbook,mvcollection,mvproceedings,mvreference}%
{*}{% ???
  \noinherit{year}
  \noinherit{month}
  \noinherit{day}
  \noinherit{endyear}
  \noinherit{endmonth}
  \noinherit{endday}
  \noinherit{origyear}
  \noinherit{origmonth}
  \noinherit{origday}
  \noinherit{origendyear}
  \noinherit{origendmonth}
  \noinherit{origendday}}

% More authordate options %

\DeclareSortingScheme{cms}{
  \sort{
    \field{presort}
  }
  \sort[final]{
    \field{sortkey}
  }
  \sort{
    \name{sortname}
    \name{author}
    \name{namea}
    \name{editor}
    \name{nameb}
    \name{translator}
    \name{namec}
    \field{sorttitle}
    \field{journaltitle}
    \list{organization}
    \field{title}
  }
  \sort{
    \field{sortyear}
    \field{labelyear}
    \field{year}
    \field{origyear}
  }
  \sort{
    \field{sorttitle}
    \field{title}
  }
  \sort{
    \field[padside=left,padwidth=4,padchar=0]{volume}
    \literal{0000}
  }
}

\@ifpackagelater{biblatex}{2012/11/20}% for biblatex 2.4
{\DeclareLabelname{\field{shortauthor} \field{author}%
    \field{shorteditor} \field{namea} \field{editor}%
    \field{nameb} \field{translator} \field{namec}}}
{\DeclareLabelname{shortauthor,author,shorteditor,namea,%
    editor,nameb,translator,namec}}

\DeclareEntryOption{switchdates}[true]{%
  \settoggle{cms@switchdates}{#1}}

\DeclareBibliographyOption{strict}[true]{%
  \let\splitfootnoterule\footnoterule
  \renewcommand\footnoterule{}%
  \advance\skip\footins 4\p@\@plus2\p@\relax
  \gdef\split@prev{0}
  \let\pagefootnoterule\footnoterule
  % \def\splitfootnoterule{\kern-3\p@ \hrule \kern2.6\p@}
  \def\footnoterule{\relax
    \ifnum\split@prev=\z@
    \pagefootnoterule
    \else
    \splitfootnoterule
    \fi
    \xdef\split@prev{\the\insertpenalties}%
  }}

\protected\def\blx@newcunit{%
  \global\let\blx@unitpunct\newcunitpunct
  \global\toggletrue{blx@unit}}%

\appto\blx@blxinit{%
  \let\newcunit\blx@newcunit}

\newcommand*{\newcunitpunct}{\addcomma\space}

\def\mkbibcurdinal#1{%
  \@tempcnta0#1 \the\@tempcnta}%

\@ifpackagelater{biblatex}{2011/01/04}
{}
{\PackageError{biblatex}
  {Outdated 'biblatex' package}
  {The Chicago style requires biblatex v1.1 or later.\MessageBreak
    You are using: '\csuse{ver@biblatex.sty}'.\MessageBreak
    This is a fatal error. I'm aborting now.}%
  \endinput}

% American-specific punctuation change for 16th edition %

\DefineBibliographyExtras{american}{%
  \DeclarePunctuationPairs{comma}{*!?}}

%%%% Initialize and define bibstrings %%%%

% \NewBibliographyString{origpubyear} % Already in .lbx files?

% \DefineBibliographyStrings{american}{%
%   origpubyear = {first published\addspace},}

%%%% This one needed for 16th edition. Others in cms-*.lbx %%%%

%%%% Macros from authoryear-comp.cbx, revised for CMS %%%%

\newbibmacro*{cite:init}{%
  \ifnumless{\value{multicitecount}}{2}
    {\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}%
     \global\undef\cbx@lasthash
     \global\undef\cbx@lastyear}
    {\iffieldundef{prenote}
       {}
       {\global\undef\cbx@lasthash
	\global\undef\cbx@lastyear}}}

\newbibmacro*{cite:reinit}{%
  \global\undef\cbx@lasthash
  \global\undef\cbx@lastyear}

\newbibmacro*{backref+check}{%
  \ifbibliography%
  {\backtrackerfalse}%
  {}}

\newbibmacro*{cite}{%
  \ifthenelse{\ifciteibid\AND\NOT\iffirstonpage}
  {\usebibmacro{cite:ibid}}%
  {\iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}% Similar to notes+bib
    {\iffieldundef{shorthand}%
      {\ifthenelse{\ifnameundef{labelname}\OR
          \ifentrytype{inreference}\OR
          \ifentrytype{reference}\OR
          \ifentrytype{mvreference}}% Simplified for CMS
        {\usebibmacro{cite:label}%
          \setunit{\addspace}%
          \usebibmacro{cite:reinit}}
        {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}%
          {\iffieldundef{postnote}%
            {\setunit{\compcitedelim}}%
            {}%
            \usebibmacro{cite:label}}
          {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lastyear}%
            {}%
            {\usebibmacro{cmsbracketname}% For names in []
              \ifentrytype{customc}%
              {\newcunit}%
              {\setunit{\addspace}}}%
            \usebibmacro{cite:label}%
            \iffieldundef{postnote}%
            {\savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}%
            {\savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lastyear}}}}}%
      {\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand+title}}}
    {\iffieldundef{shorthand}%
      {\ifthenelse{\ifnameundef{labelname}\OR
          \ifentrytype{inreference}\OR
          \ifentrytype{reference}\OR
          \ifentrytype{mvreference}}% Simplified for CMS
        {\usebibmacro{cite:label}%
          \setunit{\addspace}%
          \usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}%
          \usebibmacro{cite:reinit}}
        {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}%
          {\iffieldundef{postnote}%
            {\setunit{\compcitedelim}}%
            {}%
            \usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}}
          {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lastyear}% Is this right?
            {}%
            {\usebibmacro{cmsbracketname}%
              \setunit{\nameyeardelim}}%
            \usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}%
            \iffieldundef{postnote}%
            {\savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}%
            {\savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lastyear}}}}}%
      {\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand}}}}%
  \setunit{\multicitedelim}}% ???

\newbibmacro*{cmsbracketname}{%
  \iffieldequalstr{authortype}{anon}%
  {\bibleftbracket\printnames{labelname}%
    \bibrightbracket}%
  {\iffieldequalstr{authortype}{anon?}%
    {\bibleftbracket\printnames{labelname}?%
      \bibrightbracket}%
    {\printnames{labelname}}}}

\newbibmacro*{citeyear}{%
  \iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}%
  {\iffieldundef{shorthand}%
    {\usebibmacro{citeyear:noshort}}%
    {\iftoggle{cms@los}%
      {\usebibmacro{citeyear:noshort}}%
      {\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand+title}}}}%
  {\iffieldundef{shorthand}%
    {\usebibmacro{citeyear:noshort}}%
    {\iftoggle{cms@los}%
      {\usebibmacro{citeyear:noshort}}%
      {\usebibmacro{cite:shorthand}}}}%
  \setunit{\multicitedelim}}

\newbibmacro*{citeyear:noshort}{%
  \iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}% Altered for CMS
  {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}%
    {\iffieldundef{postnote}%
      {\setunit{\compcitedelim}}%
      {}%
      \usebibmacro{cite:label}}
    {\usebibmacro{cite:label}%
      \iffieldundef{postnote}%
      {\savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}%
      {}}}
  {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}%
    {\iffieldundef{postnote}%
      {\setunit{\compcitedelim}}%
      {}%
      \usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}}
    {\usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}%
      \iffieldundef{postnote}%
      {\savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}%
      {}}}}%

\newbibmacro*{textcite}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@los}%
  {\usebibmacro{textcite:authshort}}%
  {\usebibmacro{textcite:citeshort}}}

\newbibmacro*{textcite:authshort}{%
  \iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}
  {\iffieldundef{postnote}%
    {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lastyear}%
      {\setunit{\multicitedelim}%
        \global\undef\cbx@lastyear}%
      {\setunit{\compcitedelim}}}%
    {\setunit{\multicitedelim}}%
    \iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}%
    {\usebibmacro{cite:label}}%
    {\usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}}}%
  {\iffieldundef{shorthand}
    {\ifthenelse{\ifnameundef{labelname}\OR
        \ifentrytype{inreference}\OR
        \ifentrytype{reference}\OR
        \ifentrytype{mvreference}}%
      {\iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}%
        {\setunit{%
            \global\booltrue{cbx:parens}%
            \addspace\bibopenparen}%
          \ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1}%
          {\usebibmacro{prenote}}
          {}%
          \usebibmacro{cite:label}}
        {\usebibmacro{cite:label}%
          \setunit{%
            \global\booltrue{cbx:parens}%
            \addspace\bibopenparen}%
          \ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1}
          {\usebibmacro{prenote}}
          {}%
          \usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}}}
      {\printnames{labelname}%
	\setunit{%
	  \global\booltrue{cbx:parens}%
	  \addspace\bibopenparen}%
	\ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1}
        {\usebibmacro{prenote}}
        {}%
        \iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}%
        {\usebibmacro{cite:label}}
        {\usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}}%
        \savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}}
    {\printfield{shorthand}%
      \setunit{%
        \global\booltrue{cbx:parens}%
        \addspace\bibopenparen}%
      \ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1}%
      {\usebibmacro{prenote}}%
      {}%
      \iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}%
      {\usebibmacro{cite:label}}
      {\usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}}%
      \savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}%
    \stepcounter{textcitecount}}% Added ???
  \setunit{%
    \ifbool{cbx:parens}%
    {\bibcloseparen\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}}%
    {}%
    \textcitedelim}}% Not \multicitedelim ???

\newbibmacro*{textcite:citeshort}{%
  \iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}
  {\iffieldundef{shorthand}
    {\iffieldundef{postnote}%
      {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lastyear}%
        {\setunit{\multicitedelim}%
          \global\undef\cbx@lastyear}%
        {\setunit{\compcitedelim}}}%
      {\setunit{\multicitedelim}}%
      \iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}%
      {\usebibmacro{cite:label}}%
      {\usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}}}
    {\iffieldundef{postnote}%
      {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lastyear}%
        {\setunit{\multicitedelim}%
          \global\undef\cbx@lastyear}%
        {\setunit{\compcitedelim}}}%
      {\setunit{\multicitedelim}}%
      \printtext[bibhyperref]{%
        \printfield{shorthand}}}}%
  {\ifthenelse{\ifnameundef{labelname}\OR
      \ifentrytype{inreference}\OR
      \ifentrytype{reference}\OR
      \ifentrytype{mvreference}}%
    {\iffieldundef{shorthand}
      {\iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}%
        {\setunit{%
            \global\booltrue{cbx:parens}%
            \addspace\bibopenparen}%
          \ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1}%
          {\usebibmacro{prenote}}
          {}%
          \usebibmacro{cite:label}}
        {\usebibmacro{cite:label}%
          \setunit{%
            \global\booltrue{cbx:parens}%
            \addspace\bibopenparen}%
          \ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1}
          {\usebibmacro{prenote}}
          {}%
          \usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}}}
      {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
          \printfield{shorthand}}}}
    {\printnames{labelname}%
      \setunit{%
        \global\booltrue{cbx:parens}%
        \addspace\bibopenparen}%
      \ifnumequal{\value{citecount}}{1}
      {\usebibmacro{prenote}}
      {}%
      \iffieldundef{shorthand}
      {\iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}%
        {\usebibmacro{cite:label}}
        {\usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}}}%
      {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
          \printfield{shorthand}}}%
      \savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}%
    \stepcounter{textcitecount}}% Added ???
  \setunit{%
    \ifbool{cbx:parens}
    {\bibcloseparen\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}}%
    {}%
    \textcitedelim}}% Not \multicitedelim ???

\newbibmacro*{textcite:postnote}{%
  \iffieldundef{postnote}%
  {}%
  {\savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lastyear}%
    \setunit{\postnotewrapper}%
    \printfield{postnote}}%
  \ifthenelse{\value{multicitecount}=\value{multicitetotal}}%
  {\setunit{}%
    \printtext{%
      \ifbool{cbx:parens}
      {\bibcloseparen\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}}%
      {}}}%
  {\setunit{%
      \ifbool{cbx:parens}
      {\bibcloseparen\global\boolfalse{cbx:parens}}%
      {}%
      \textcitedelim}}}% Not \multicitedelim ???

\newbibmacro*{cite:shorthand}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@los}%
  {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}%
    {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
        \setunit{\compcitedelim}%
        \usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}}}
    {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
        \printfield{shorthand}%
        \setunit{\nameyeardelim}%
        \usebibmacro{cmscitesortdate}}%
      \savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}}%
  {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printfield{shorthand}}%
    \usebibmacro{cite:reinit}}}

\newbibmacro*{cite:shorthand+title}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@los}%
  {\iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}%
    {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
        \setunit{\compcitedelim}%
        \usebibmacro{cite:label}}}
    {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
        \printfield{shorthand}%
        \setunit{\nameyeardelim}%
        \usebibmacro{cite:label}}%
      \savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}}%
  {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printfield{shorthand}}%
    \usebibmacro{cite:reinit}}}

\newbibmacro*{cite:label}{% Test this
  \iffieldundef{label}%
  {\ifthenelse{\iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{magazine}\AND\NOT%
      \ifentrytype{periodical}}% Simplifies .bib creation
    {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printfield[journaltitle]{journaltitle}}}%
    {\ifentrytype{manual}%
      {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printlist{organization}}}%
      {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printfield[citetitle]{labeltitle}}}}}%
  {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\printfield{label}}}}

\newbibmacro*{cite:labelyear+extrayear}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ (
    test {\ifentrytype{music}}%
    or
    test {\ifentrytype{review}}%
    or
    test {\ifentrytype{video}}%
    )
    and
    togl {cms@avdate}%
  }%
  {\usebibmacro{cite:av+labelyear+extrayear}}%
  {\iftoggle{cms@ordate}%
    {\usebibmacro{cite:origfirst+labelyear+extrayear}}%
    {\usebibmacro{cite:standard+labelyear+extrayear}}}}

\newbibmacro*{cite:standard+labelyear+extrayear}{%
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{labelyear}\OR%
    \iffieldequalstr{labelyear}{nodate}}%
  {\ifboolexpr{
      test {\ifentrytype{misc}}%
      or
      test {\ifentrytype{inreference}}%
      or
      test {\ifentrytype{reference}}%
      or
      test {\ifentrytype{mvreference}}%
      or
      not togl {cms@nodates}%
    }%
    {}%
    {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\bibstring{nodate}}}}% For CMS?
  {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
      \iffieldundef{year}%
      {\iffieldundef{eventyear}
        {\iffieldundef{origyear}%
          {\printfield{labelyear}%
            \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
            {}%
            {\setunit*{}%
              \printfield{extrayear}}%
            \iffieldundef{urlendyear}%
            {}%
            {\ifboolexpr{
                test {\iffieldequalstr{urlendyear}{}}%
                and
                not togl {cms@datedash}%
              }
              {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
              {}}}%
          {\printfield{labelyear}%
            \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
            {}%
            {\setunit*{}%
              \printfield{extrayear}}%
            \iffieldundef{origendyear}%
            {}%
            {\ifboolexpr{
                test {\iffieldequalstr{origendyear}{}}%
                and
                not togl {cms@datedash}%
              }
              {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
              {}}}}
        {\printfield{labelyear}%
          \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
          {}%
          {\setunit*{}%
            \printfield{extrayear}}%
          \iffieldundef{eventendyear}%
          {}%
          {\ifboolexpr{
              test {\iffieldequalstr{eventendyear}{}}%
              and
              not togl {cms@datedash}%
            }
            {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
            {}}}}
      {\printfield{labelyear}%
        \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
        {}%
        {\setunit*{}%
          \printfield{extrayear}}%
        \iffieldundef{endyear}% DATE FIX
        {}%
        {\ifboolexpr{
            test {\iffieldequalstr{endyear}{}}%
            and
            not togl {cms@datedash}%
          }
          {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
          {}}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{cite:origfirst+labelyear+extrayear}{%
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{labelyear}\OR%
    \iffieldequalstr{labelyear}{nodate}}%
  {\ifboolexpr{
      test {\ifentrytype{misc}}%
      or
      test {\ifentrytype{inreference}}%
      or
      test {\ifentrytype{reference}}%
      or
      test {\ifentrytype{mvreference}}%
      or
      not togl {cms@nodates}%
    }%
    {}%
    {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\bibstring{nodate}}}}% For CMS?
  {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
      \iffieldundef{origyear}%
      {\iffieldundef{year}
        {\iffieldundef{eventyear}%
          {\printfield{labelyear}%
            \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
            {}%
            {\setunit*{}%
              \printfield{extrayear}}%
            \iffieldundef{urlendyear}%
            {}%
            {\ifboolexpr{
                test {\iffieldequalstr{urlendyear}{}}%
                and
                not togl {cms@datedash}%
              }
              {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
              {}}}%
          {\printfield{labelyear}%
            \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
            {}%
            {\setunit*{}%
              \printfield{extrayear}}%
            \iffieldundef{eventendyear}%
            {}%
            {\ifboolexpr{
                test {\iffieldequalstr{eventendyear}{}}%
                and
                not togl {cms@datedash}%
              }
              {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
              {}}}}
        {\printfield{labelyear}%
          \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
          {}%
          {\setunit*{}%
            \printfield{extrayear}}%
          \iffieldundef{endyear}%
          {}%
          {\ifboolexpr{
              test {\iffieldequalstr{endyear}{}}%
              and
              not togl {cms@datedash}%
            }
            {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
            {}}}}
      {\printfield{labelyear}%
        \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
        {}%
        {\setunit*{}%
          \printfield{extrayear}}%
        \iffieldundef{origendyear}% DATE FIX
        {}%
        {\ifboolexpr{
            test {\iffieldequalstr{origendyear}{}}%
            and
            not togl {cms@datedash}%
          }
          {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
          {}}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{cite:av+labelyear+extrayear}{%
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{labelyear}\OR%
    \iffieldequalstr{labelyear}{nodate}}%
  {\ifboolexpr{
      test {\ifentrytype{misc}}%
      or
      test {\ifentrytype{inreference}}%
      or
      test {\ifentrytype{reference}}%
      or
      test {\ifentrytype{mvreference}}%
      or
      not togl {cms@nodates}%
    }%
    {}%
    {\printtext[bibhyperref]{\bibstring{nodate}}}}% For CMS?
  {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
      \iffieldundef{eventyear}%
      {\iffieldundef{origyear}
        {\iffieldundef{year}%
          {\printfield{labelyear}%
            \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
            {}%
            {\setunit*{}%
              \printfield{extrayear}}%
            \iffieldundef{urlendyear}%
            {}%
            {\ifboolexpr{
                test {\iffieldequalstr{urlendyear}{}}%
                and
                not togl {cms@datedash}%
              }
              {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
              {}}}%
          {\printfield{labelyear}%
            \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
            {}%
            {\setunit*{}%
              \printfield{extrayear}}%
            \iffieldundef{endyear}%
            {}%
            {\ifboolexpr{
                test {\iffieldequalstr{endyear}{}}%
                and
                not togl {cms@datedash}%
              }
              {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
              {}}}}
        {\printfield{labelyear}%
          \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
          {}%
          {\setunit*{}%
            \printfield{extrayear}}%
          \iffieldundef{origendyear}%
          {}%
          {\ifboolexpr{
              test {\iffieldequalstr{origendyear}{}}%
              and
              not togl {cms@datedash}%
            }
            {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
            {}}}}
      {\printfield{labelyear}%
        \iffieldundef{extrayear}%
        {}%
        {\setunit*{}%
          \printfield{extrayear}}%
        \iffieldundef{eventendyear}% DATE FIX
        {}%
        {\ifboolexpr{
            test {\iffieldequalstr{eventendyear}{}}%
            and
            not togl {cms@datedash}%
          }
          {\mbox{\bibdatedash}}%
          {}}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{cmscitesortdate}{% Attempt to solve date-related problems
  \ifboolexpr{%
    test {\iffieldundef{origyear}}%
    or
    not test {\iffieldint{origyear}}%
  }%
  {\usebibmacro{cmsciteyear}}%
  {\iffieldint{year}%
    {\ifboolexpr{% Needed for date ranges
        test {\iffieldundef{endyear}}%
        or
        not test {\iffieldnum{endyear}}%
      }%
      {\ifthenelse{\thefield{origyear}>\thefield{year}}%
        {\toggletrue{cms@switchdates}%
          \usebibmacro{cmsciteyear}}%
        {\usebibmacro{cmsciteyear}}}%
      {\ifthenelse{\thefield{origyear}>\thefield{endyear}}%
        {\toggletrue{cms@switchdates}%
          \usebibmacro{cmsciteyear}}%
        {\usebibmacro{cmsciteyear}}}}%
    {\usebibmacro{cmsciteyear}}}}

\newbibmacro*{cmsciteyear}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@origlabel}%
  {\usebibmacro{cite:origyear+labelyear}}%
  {\iftoggle{cms@bothlabelnew}%
    {\usebibmacro{cite:bothyear+oldstyle}}%
    {\iftoggle{cms@bothlabelold}%
      {\usebibmacro{cite:bothyear+oldstyle}}%
      {\iftoggle{cms@fulldate}%
        {\newcunit\printdate}%
        {\usebibmacro{cite:labelyear+extrayear}}}}}%
  \ifcsdef{@cms@tempdate}%
  {\toggletrue{\@cms@tempdate}}%
  {}}

\newbibmacro*{cite:origyear+labelyear}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ (
    test {\ifentrytype{music}}%
    or
    test {\ifentrytype{review}}%
    or
    test {\ifentrytype{video}}%
    )
    and
    togl {cms@avdate}%
  }
  {\usebibmacro{cite:av+labelyear+extrayear}}%
  {\iftoggle{cms@switchdates}%
    {\usebibmacro{cite:labelyear+extrayear}}
    {\iffieldundef{origyear}%
      {\iftoggle{cms@ordate}% ???
        {}%
        {\clearfield{extrayear}}%
        \usebibmacro{cite:standard+labelyear+extrayear}}%
      {\iftoggle{cms@ordate}%
        {\usebibmacro{cite:origfirst+labelyear+extrayear}}%
        {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
            \usebibmacro{origyear+endyear}}}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{cite:bothyear+oldstyle}{%
  \ifboolexpr{ (
    test {\ifentrytype{music}}%
    or
    test {\ifentrytype{review}}%
    or
    test {\ifentrytype{video}}%
    )
    and
    togl {cms@avdate}%
  }
  {\usebibmacro{cite:av+labelyear+extrayear}}%
  {\iftoggle{cms@switchdates}%
    {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
        \bibopenparen%
        \usebibmacro{cite:labelyear+extrayear}%
        \bibcloseparen%
        \addspace\usebibmacro{origyear+endyear}}}%
    {\iffieldundef{origyear}% ???
      {\iftoggle{cms@ordate}%
        {}%
        {\clearfield{extrayear}}%
        \usebibmacro{cite:standard+labelyear+extrayear}}%
      {\iftoggle{cms@ordate}% Added test for year field ???
        {\iffieldundef{year}%
          {\usebibmacro{cite:origfirst+labelyear+extrayear}}%
          {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
              \bibopenparen%
              \usebibmacro{cite:origfirst+labelyear+extrayear}%
              \bibcloseparen%
              \setunit{\addspace}%\addspace% ???
              \usebibmacro{year+endyear}}}}%
        {\printtext[bibhyperref]{%
            \bibopenparen%
            \usebibmacro{origyear+endyear}%
            \bibcloseparen%
            \clearfield{extrayear}\addspace%
            \usebibmacro{cite:standard+labelyear+extrayear}}}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{cite:save}{%
  \savefield{entrykey}{\cbx@lastkey}}

\newbibmacro*{cite:ibid}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@noibid}%
  {\blx@ibidreset%
    \usebibmacro{cite}}%
  {\ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{prenote}\AND%
      \iffieldundef{postnote}}%
    {\blx@ibidreset%
      \usebibmacro{cite}%
      \PackageWarning{biblatex-chicago}%
      {Empty Ibidem citation}}%
    {\toggletrue{cms@inlineibid}}}}

%%%% Citation Commands, internal and external %%%%

\DeclareCiteCommand{\cite}
  {\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
    \usebibmacro{prenote}}
  {\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
   \usebibmacro{cite}}
  {}%\multicitedelim
  {\usebibmacro{postnote}}

\DeclareCiteCommand*{\cite}
  {\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
    \usebibmacro{prenote}}
  {\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
   \usebibmacro{citeyear}}
  {}%\multicitedelim
  {\usebibmacro{postnote}}

\DeclareCiteCommand{\parencite}[\mkbibparens]
  {\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
   \usebibmacro{prenote}}
  {\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
   \usebibmacro{cite}}
  {}%\setunit{\multicitedelim}
  {\usebibmacro{postnote}}

\DeclareCiteCommand*{\parencite}[\mkbibparens]
  {\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
    \usebibmacro{prenote}}
  {\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
   \usebibmacro{citeyear}}
  {}%\setunit{\multicitedelim}
  {\usebibmacro{postnote}}

\DeclareCiteCommand{\footcite}[\mkbibfootnote]
  {\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
    \usebibmacro{prenote}}
  {\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
   \usebibmacro{cite}}
  {}%\multicitedelim
  {\usebibmacro{postnote}}

\DeclareCiteCommand{\footcitetext}[\mkbibfootnotetext]
  {\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
   \usebibmacro{prenote}}
  {\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
   \usebibmacro{cite}}
  {}
  {\usebibmacro{postnote}}

%%% Textcite commands taken verbatim from authoryear-comp.cbx %%% 

\DeclareCiteCommand{\cbx@textcite}
  {\usebibmacro{cite:init}}
  {\usebibmacro{citeindex}%
   \usebibmacro{textcite}}
  {}
  {\usebibmacro{textcite:postnote}}

\DeclareCiteCommand{\textcite}[\cbx@textcite@init\cbx@textcite]
  {\gdef\cbx@savedkeys{}%
   \citetrackerfalse%
   \pagetrackerfalse%
   \DeferNextCitekeyHook%
   \usebibmacro{cite:init}}
  {\ifthenelse{\iffirstcitekey\AND\value{multicitetotal}>0}
     {\protected@xappto\cbx@savedcites{()(\thefield{multipostnote})}%
      \global\clearfield{multipostnote}}
     {}%
   \xappto\cbx@savedkeys{\thefield{entrykey},}%
   \iffieldequals{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}
     {}
     {\stepcounter{textcitetotal}%
      \savefield{namehash}{\cbx@lasthash}}}
  {}
  {\protected@xappto\cbx@savedcites{%
     [\thefield{prenote}][\thefield{postnote}]{\cbx@savedkeys}}}

\newrobustcmd{\cbx@textcite@init}[2]{%
  \setcounter{textcitetotal}{0}%
  \setcounter{textcitecount}{0}%
  \def\cbx@savedcites{#1}#2\cbx@savedcites\empty}

\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\cbx@textcites}{\cbx@textcite}{}
\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\textcites}[\cbx@textcites@init\cbx@textcites]{\textcite}{}

\let\cbx@textcites@init\cbx@textcite@init
\pretocmd{\cbx@textcites@init}{\UseNextMultiCiteHook}{}{}

\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\cites}{\cite}{\setunit{\multicitedelim}}

\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\parencites}[\mkbibparens]{\parencite}%
   {\setunit{\multicitedelim}}

\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\footcites}[\mkbibfootnote]{\footcite}%
   {\setunit{\multicitedelim}}

\DeclareMultiCiteCommand{\footcitetexts}[\mkbibfootnotetext]%
   {\footcitetext}{\setunit{\multicitedelim}}

\DeclareCiteCommand{\bibxrefcite}
{\usebibmacro{cite:init}%
  \usebibmacro{backref+check}}%\usebibmacro{clearalmostall}} (?)
  {\usebibmacro{xref-in:}%
    \blx@ibidreset% For authordate style
    \usebibmacro{cite}}
  {}
  {}

\DeclareCiteCommand{\origfullcite}
{\usebibmacro{backref+check}%
  \nopunct\unspace%
  \savebibmacro{cmsbibsortdate}%
  \renewbibmacro*{cmsbibsortdate}{}}%
  {\usedriver
    {\DeclareNameAlias{sortname}{default}\clearfield{postnote}
      \clearname{author}\clearfield{userf}%\toggletrue{cms@fullnote}%
      \toggletrue{cms@headlessnote}\frenchspacing}%
    {\thefield{entrytype}}%
    \iflistundef{pageref}{}{\newunit\usebibmacro{pageref}}}%
  {\multicitedelim}%
  {\restorebibmacro{cmsbibsortdate}}

\DeclareCiteCommand{\origpublcite}% Similar to above, w/o title.
{\usebibmacro{backref+check}%
  \nopunct\unspace%
  \savebibmacro{cmsbibsortdate}%
  \renewbibmacro*{cmsbibsortdate}{}}%
  {\usedriver
    {\DeclareNameAlias{sortname}{default}\clearfield{postnote}%
      \usebibmacro{clearpublin}%
      \toggletrue{cms@headlessnote}%\toggletrue{cms@fullnote}%
      \toggletrue{cms@origpublished}\frenchspacing}%
    {\thefield{entrytype}}%
    \iflistundef{pageref}{}{\newunit\usebibmacro{pageref}}}%
  {\multicitedelim}%
  {\restorebibmacro{cmsbibsortdate}}

%%%% List Formats %%%%

\DeclareListFormat{language}{%
  \ifthenelse{\value{listcount}=1}%
  {\bibleftbracket\bibstring{inlang}%\addspace - for inflected langs.
    \ifbibstring{#1}
    {\bibstring{#1}}
    {\ifbibstring{lang#1}
      {\bibstring{lang#1}}
      {#1}}%
    \ifthenelse{\value{listtotal}=1}%
    {\bibrightbracket}%
    {}}%
  {\ifthenelse{\value{listcount}=\value{listtotal}}%
    {\multilangdelim%
      \ifbibstring{#1}
      {\bibstring{#1}}
      {\ifbibstring{lang#1}
        {\bibstring{lang#1}}
        {#1}}%
      \bibrightbracket}%
    {\multilangdelim%
      \ifbibstring{#1}
      {\bibstring{#1}}
      {\ifbibstring{lang#1}
        {\bibstring{lang#1}}
        {#1}}}}%
  \usebibmacro{langlist:andothers}}

\DeclareListFormat{publisher}{%
  \ifthenelse{\value{listtotal}<2}%
  {#1\isdot}%
  {\ifthenelse{\value{listcount}=1}%
    {#1}%
    {\multipubsdelim #1\isdot}}}

\DeclareListFormat{periodplace}{\mkbibparens{#1}}

\DeclareListFormat{lista}{% 
  \ifthenelse{\value{listtotal}<2}
  {s\adddot v\adddot\addspace\mkbibquote{#1\isdot}}%
  {\ifthenelse{\value{listcount}=1}%
    {s\adddot vv\adddot\addspace \mkbibquote{#1\isdot}\addcomma}%
    {\ifthenelse{\value{listcount}<\value{listtotal}}%
      {\addspace\mkbibquote{#1\isdot}\addcomma}%
      {\addspace\mkbibquote{#1\isdot}}}}}

%%%% Field Formats -- Title, Citetitle, Lostitle %%%%

\DeclareFieldFormat{title}{\mkbibemph{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}\isdot}

\DeclareFieldFormat{citetitle}{\mkbibemph{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}\isdot}

\DeclareFieldFormat{lostitle}{\mkbibemph{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}\isdot}

\DeclareFieldFormat
[article,inbook,incollection,inproceedings,online,patent,thesis,unpublished]
{title}{%
  \iffieldundef{title}%
  {}%
  {\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}}

\DeclareFieldFormat
[article,inbook,incollection,inproceedings,online,patent,thesis,unpublished]
{citetitle}{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat
[article,inbook,incollection,inproceedings,online,patent,thesis,unpublished]
{lostitle}{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[artwork,image]{title}{%
  \iffieldundef{entrysubtype}%
  {\mkbibemph{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}\isdot}%
  {\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}\isdot}}

\DeclareFieldAlias[artwork]{citetitle}[artwork]{title}

\DeclareFieldAlias[artwork]{lostitle}[artwork]{title}

\DeclareFieldFormat[periodical]{title}{\mkbibemph{#1}\isdot}

\DeclareFieldFormat[periodical]{citetitle}{\mkbibemph{#1}\isdot}

\DeclareFieldFormat[periodical]{lostitle}{\mkbibemph{#1}\isdot}

\DeclareFieldAlias[image]{citetitle}[artwork]{title}

\DeclareFieldAlias[image]{lostitle}[artwork]{title}

\DeclareFieldFormat[letter]{title}{#1\isdot}

\DeclareFieldFormat[letter]{citetitle}{#1\isdot}

\DeclareFieldFormat[letter]{lostitle}{#1\isdot}

\DeclareFieldFormat{prenote}{\ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1}}{#1}}

\iftoggle{cms@comprange}% Audrey Boruvka's code from StackExchange
{\patchcmd{\blx@comprange@check}%
  {\blx@comprange@comp{#1}{#2}}%
  {\blx@tempcnta=#1%
    \divide\blx@tempcnta100%
    \multiply\blx@tempcnta100%
    \ifnumequal{\blx@tempcnta}{#1}%
    {\blx@range@out@value{#1\bibrangedash#2}}%
    {\blx@comprange@comp{#1}{#2}}}%
  {}{}}{}%

\DeclareFieldFormat{postnote}{% Changed for page compression option
  \iftoggle{cms@comprange}%
  {\iffieldundef{pagination}%
    {\mkcomprange{#1}}%
    {\mkcomprange[{\mkpageprefix[pagination]}]{#1}}}%
  {\iffieldundef{pagination}%
    {#1}%
    {\mkpageprefix[pagination]{#1}}}}%

\DeclareFieldFormat[inreference]{postnote}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@comprange}%
  {\iffieldundef{pagination}%
    {s\adddot v\adddot\addspace\mkbibquote{#1}}%
    {\mkcomprange[{\mkpageprefix[pagination]}]{#1}}}%
  {\iffieldundef{pagination}%
    {s\adddot v\adddot\addspace\mkbibquote{#1}}%
    {\mkpageprefix[pagination]{#1}}}}%

\DeclareFieldFormat{pages}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@comprange}%
  {\iffieldundef{bookpagination}%
    {\mkcomprange{#1}\isdot}%
    {\mkcomprange[{\mkpageprefix[bookpagination]}]{#1}}}%
  {\iffieldundef{bookpagination}%
    {#1\isdot}%
    {\mkpageprefix[bookpagination]{#1}}}}%

\DeclareFieldFormat{bibnote}{\MakeCapital{#1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{edlang}{%
  \ifbibstring{#1}
  {\bibstring{#1}}
  {\ifbibstring{ed#1}
    {\bibstring{ed#1}}
    {\ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1}}{#1}}}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[suppbook,suppcollection]{title}{%
  \mkbibemph{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}\isdot}

\DeclareFieldAlias[suppbook]{citetitle}[suppbook]{lostitle}

\DeclareFieldFormat[suppbook,suppcollection]{lostitle}{%
  \usebibmacro{inforaft}%
  \addspace%
  \mkbibemph{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}\isdot}

\DeclareFieldFormat[customc]{title}{%
  \iffieldundef{nameaddon}%
  {\mkbibemph{\bibstring{see}}%
    \addspace%
    #1}%
  {#1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[customc]{citetitle}{%
  \ifnameundef{author}%
  {#1}
  {\iffieldundef{nameaddon}%
    {\mkbibemph{\bibstring{see}}%
      \addspace%
      #1}%
    {\printfield{nameaddon}\addspace #1}}}

\DeclareFieldAlias[suppcollection]{citetitle}[suppbook]{lostitle}

\DeclareFieldFormat[misc]{title}{%
  \iffieldundef{entrysubtype}%
  {\mkbibemph{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}\isdot}%
  {\ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1\isdot}}{#1\isdot}}}

\DeclareFieldAlias[misc]{citetitle}[misc]{title}

\DeclareFieldAlias[misc]{lostitle}[misc]{title}

\DeclareFieldFormat[review,suppperiodical]{title}{%
  \ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1\isdot}}%
  {#1\isdot}}

\DeclareFieldAlias[review]{lostitle}[review]{title}

\DeclareFieldAlias[review]{citetitle}[review]{title}

\DeclareFieldAlias[suppperiodical]{citetitle}[review]{title}

\DeclareFieldAlias[suppperiodical]{lostitle}[review]{title}

\DeclareFieldFormat{booktitle}{\mkbibemph{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{maintitle}{\mkbibemph{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[audio,music,video]{title}{%
  \iffieldundef{booktitle}%
  {\mkbibemph{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}}\isdot}%
  {\MakeSentenceCase*{#1}\isdot}}

\DeclareFieldAlias[video]{citetitle}[video]{title}

\DeclareFieldAlias[video]{lostitle}[video]{title}

\DeclareFieldAlias[music]{citetitle}[video]{title}

\DeclareFieldAlias[music]{lostitle}[video]{title}

\DeclareFieldAlias[audio]{citetitle}[video]{title}

\DeclareFieldAlias[audio]{lostitle}[video]{title}

%%%% Other Field Formats %%%%

\DeclareNumChars*{:}%

\DeclareFieldFormat{letterday}{\mkbibcurdinal{#1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{note}{%
  \ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1}}{#1}}%

\DeclareFieldFormat
[audio,manual,music,patent,report,suppbook,suppcollection,video]
{type}{%
  \ifbibstring{#1}%
  {\bibstring{#1}}%
  {\ifcapital%
    {\MakeCapital{#1}}%
    {#1}}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[artwork,image]{type}{%
  \ifcapital%
  {\MakeCapital{#1}}%
  {#1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{url}{\url{#1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{doi}{%
  \textrm{doi}\addcolon
  \ifhyperref
    {\href{http://dx.doi.org/#1}{\nolinkurl{#1}}}
    {\nolinkurl{#1}}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[music]{date}{% Generalize userd ???
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{userd}\OR\NOT\iffieldundef{urlyear}%
  \OR\NOT\iffieldundef{eventyear}\OR\NOT\iffieldundef{origyear}%
  \OR\NOT\iffieldundef{urlmonth}\OR\NOT\iffieldundef{eventmonth}%
  \OR\NOT\iffieldundef{origmonth}}%
  {#1}%
  {\printfield{userd}\addspace #1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[video]{date}{% Generalize userd ???
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{userd}\OR\NOT\iffieldundef{urlyear}%
    \OR\NOT\iffieldundef{eventyear}\OR\NOT\iffieldundef{urlmonth}%
    \OR\NOT\iffieldundef{eventmonth}}%
  {#1}%
  {\printfield{userd}\addspace #1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{date}{% Generalize userd ???
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{userd}\OR\NOT\iffieldundef{urlyear}}%
  {#1}%
  {\printfield{userd}\addspace #1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{urldate}{% 16th ed.
  \iffieldundef{userd}%
  {\bibstring{urlseen}\space #1}%
  {\printfield{userd}\addspace #1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[video]{urldate}{% 16th ed.
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{userd}\OR\NOT\iffieldundef{eventyear}}%
  {\bibstring{urlseen}\space #1}%
  {\printfield{userd}\addspace #1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[music]{urldate}{% 16th ed.
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{userd}\OR\NOT\iffieldundef{eventyear}%
    \OR\NOT\iffieldundef{origyear}}%
  {\bibstring{urlseen}\space #1}%
  {\printfield{userd}\addspace #1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[music]{origdate}{% 16th ed.
  \iftoggle{cms@reprint}% Date fix
  {#1}%
  {\ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{userd}\OR\NOT\iffieldundef{eventyear}}%
    {\bibstring{recorded}\space #1}%
    {\printfield{userd}\addspace #1}}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[music]{eventdate}{% 16th ed.
  \iffieldundef{userd}%
  {\bibstring{recorded}\space #1}%
  {\printfield{userd}\addspace #1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat[video]{eventdate}{% 16th ed.
  \iffieldundef{userd}%
  {\bibstring{broadcast}\space #1}%
  {\printfield{userd}\addspace #1}}

\DeclareFieldAlias{userd}{titleaddon}% 16th ed.

\DeclareFieldFormat{nameaddon}{\mkbibbrackets{#1\bibsentence}}% ?!

\DeclareFieldFormat[review]{nameaddon}{#1\bibsentence}% 16th ed.

\DeclareFieldFormat[customc]{nameaddon}{% For cross-refs
  \ifbibstring{#1}%
  {\mkbibemph{\bibstring{#1}}}%
  {#1}}%

\DeclareFieldFormat{edition}{% New in 0.8
  \ifinteger{#1}
  {\mkbibordedition{#1}~\bibstring{edition}}%
  {\ifcapital
    {\MakeCapital{#1\isdot}}%
    {#1\isdot}}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{usere}{[#1]} % Better than mkbibbrackets?

\DeclareFieldFormat{titleaddon}{%
  \ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1\isdot}}{#1\isdot}}%\custpunctc?

\DeclareFieldAlias{booktitleaddon}{titleaddon}

\DeclareFieldAlias{maintitleaddon}{titleaddon}

\DeclareFieldFormat{issuetitle}{\MakeSentenceCase*{#1\isdot}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{jourser}{%
  \ifinteger{#1}%
  {\mkbibordseries{#1}%
    \addnbspace%
    \bibstring{jourser}}%
  {\ifbibstring{#1}{\bibstring{#1}}{#1}}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{journum}{% Revised for 0.9.5
  \ifboolexpr{%
    test {\ifnumerals{#1}}%
    and
    not test {\ifnumeral{#1}}%
  }%
  {\bibstring{numbers}\addspace #1}%
  {\bibstring{number}\addspace #1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{sernum}{%
  \ifnumeral{#1}%
  {\addnbspace #1}%
  {\addcomma\addspace #1}}

\DeclareFieldFormat{addendum}{%
  \ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1\isdot}}{#1\isdot}}

% This works better here than in the entrytail macro -- userf use is
% no longer a problem, though the page breaking still isn't ideal.

\DeclareFieldFormat{annotation}{\par\nobreak \vskip \bibitemsep #1}

\DeclareFieldFormat{part}{%
  \ifnumerals{#1}%
  {\addcomma\addspace\bibstring{partvolume}~#1}%
  {\addcomma\addspace\ifcapital{\MakeCapital{#1}}{#1}}}

\DeclareFieldAlias[review]{volume}[article]{volume}

\DeclareFieldAlias[suppperiodical]{volume}[article]{volume}

%%%% Commands, for users and internal %%%%

\newcommand*{\cbytypeeditor}{% Needed?
  \iffieldundef{editortype}
    {\bibstring{cbytypeeditor}}
    {\bibstring{cbytype\thefield{editortype}}}}

\renewcommand*{\multicitedelim}{\addsemicolon\space}

\renewcommand*{\iffinalcitedelim}{%
  \ifnumequal{\value{textcitecount}}{\value{textcitetotal}-1}}

\renewcommand*{\nameyeardelim}{%
  \iffieldundef{origyear}% Is this test correct?
  {\iffieldundef{year}%
    {\addspace}
    {\NumCheckSetup{\renewcommand{\mkbibbrackets}{\expandonce}%
        \DeclareNumChars*{[?]s}}% For bracketed dates, and decades.
      \iffieldnums{year}% This one works.
    {\addspace}%
    {\iffieldequalstr{year}{\bibstring{nodate}}% This also works.
      {\addspace}
      {\addcomma\addspace}}}}%
  {\addspace}}

\newcommand{\classicpunct}{%
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}\OR%
    \ifentrytype{letter}}%
  {\setunit*{\addspace}}%
  {\setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}}}

\newcommand{\postvolpunct}{\addcolon}%

\newcommand{\parttrans}{%
  {\bibstring{bytranslator}\space}}%

\newcommand{\partedit}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@postposit}% Kludge to make it work in French.
  {\bibstring{byeditoralt}\addspace}%
  {\bibstring{byeditor}\addspace}}%

\newcommand{\partcomp}{%
  {\bibstring{bycompiler}\space}}%

\newcommand{\parteditandcomp}{%
  {\bibstring{byeditorcp}\space}}%

\newcommand{\parttransandcomp}{%
  {\bibstring{bytranslatorcp}\space}}%

\newcommand{\partedittransandcomp}{%
  {\bibstring{byeditortrcp}\space}}%

\newcommand{\parteditandtrans}{%
  {\bibstring{byeditortr}\space}}%

\newcommand{\reprint}{\bibstring{reprint}}%

\newcommand*{\multipubsdelim}{\addnbspace/\addspace}

\newcommand*{\multilocsdelim}{%
  \ifthenelse{\value{listcount}<\value{liststop}}%
    {\ifthenelse{\numexpr\value{listcount}+1<\value{liststop}}%
       {\addcomma\addspace}%
       {\ifthenelse{\value{liststop}>2}%
         {\addcomma\addspace\bibstring{and}\addspace}%
         {\addspace\bibstring{and}\addspace}}}%
       {}}

\newcommand*{\multilangdelim}{%
  \ifthenelse{\value{listtotal}<3}%
  {\addspace\bibstring{and}\addspace}%
  {\ifthenelse{\value{listcount}<\value{listtotal}}%
    {\addcomma\addspace}%
    {\addcomma\addspace\bibstring{and}\addspace}}}

\renewcommand*{\postnotedelim}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@inlineibid}%
  {\togglefalse{cms@inlineibid}%
    \iffieldundef{prenote}% Bug fix
    {}%
    {\addspace}}%
  {\iffieldequalstr{entrysubtype}{classical}% For Notes+Bib, too?
    {\NumCheckSetup{\DeclareNumChars*{abcdeABCDE}}%
      \iffieldpages{postnote}%
      {\addspace}%
      {\addcomma\addspace}}%
    {\addcomma\addspace}}}

\newcommand*{\postnotewrapper}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@modpostnote}%
  {\ifboolexpr{%
      test {\iffieldstart{postnote}{,}}%
      or
      test {\iffieldstart{postnote}{\bibrangessep}}%
    }%
    {\addcomma}% w/ or w/o \addspace?
    {\ifboolexpr{%
        test {\iffieldstart{postnote}{;}}%
        or
        test {\iffieldstart{postnote}{:}}%
        or
        test {\iffieldstart{postnote}{.}}%
      }%
      {}{\postnotedelim}}}%
  {\postnotedelim}}%

\newrobustcmd*{\iffieldstart}[2]{% Philipp Lehman's code, from
  \begingroup%                     comp.text.tex
  \edef\@tempa{%
    \long\def\noexpand\iffieldstart@i####1\detokenize{#2}####2}%
  \@tempa\@nil{\endgroup\ifblank{##1}}%
  \savefield*{#1}{\@tempa}%
  \expandafter\iffieldstart@i\detokenize
  \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter{%
    \expandafter\@tempa\detokenize{#2}}\@nil}

\newcommand*{\editordelim}{% Otherwise you get an inaccurate comma.
  \iffieldequalstr{editortype}{none}%
  {\addperiod\addspace}%
  {\addcomma\addspace}}

\newcommand*{\lbx@cfromlang}{%
  \iffieldundef{userf}
  {\iffieldundef{origlanguage}
    {\unspace}
    {\bibstring{cfrom\thefield{origlanguage}}}}%
  {\unspace}}

\@ifpackagelater{biblatex}{2011/11/12}
{\renewcommand*{\lbx@fromlang}{%
    \iffieldundef{userf}
    {\iffieldundef{origlanguage}
      {\unspace}
      {\bibstring{from\thefield{origlanguage}}}}%
    {\unspace}}}
{\@ifpackagelater{biblatex}{2011/07/28}
  {\newcommand*{\lbx@fromlang}{%
      \iffieldundef{userf}
      {\iffieldundef{origlanguage}
        {\unspace}
        {\bibstring{from\thefield{origlanguage}}}}%
      {\unspace}}}%
  {\renewcommand*{\lbx@fromlang}{%
      \iffieldundef{userf}
      {\iffieldundef{origlanguage}
        {\unspace}
        {\bibstring{from\thefield{origlanguage}}}}%
      {\unspace}}}}

\renewcommand*{\lbx@lfromlang}{%
  \iffieldundef{userf}
  {\iffieldundef{origlanguage}
    {\unspace}
    {\biblstring{from\thefield{origlanguage}}}}%
  {\unspace}}

\renewcommand*{\lbx@sfromlang}{%
  \iffieldundef{userf}
  {\iffieldundef{origlanguage}
    {\unspace}
    {\bibsstring{from\thefield{origlanguage}}}}%
  {\unspace}}

%%%% Formatting macros, called both by cbx and bbx %%%%

\newbibmacro*{finentry}{%{\finentry} To make annotated bibliography
  \ifbibliography
    {\usebibmacro{entrytail}}%
    {}%
  \finentry}

\newbibmacro*{entrytail}{% From reading.bbx, for annotated bibliography
  \newunit\newblock
  \iftoggle{cms@annotation}%
    {\usebibmacro{annotation}%
     \newunit\newblock}
    {}}%

\newbibmacro*{author+holder}{%
  \ifnameundef{author}
    {\let\bbx@lasthash\undefined}
    {\usebibmacro{author/editor}%
     \ifthenelse{\ifnameundef{holder}\OR
                 \ifnamesequal{author}{holder}}
       {}
       {\setunit{\addspace}%
        \printtext[parens]{\printnames{holder}}}}}

\renewbibmacro*{byauthor}{%
  \ifthenelse{\ifuseauthor\OR
              \ifnameundef{author}}
    {}
    {\bibstring{by}\addspace
     \printnames[byauthor]{author}}}

\newbibmacro*{byauthorpunct}{%
  \ifthenelse{\ifuseauthor\OR\ifnameundef{author}}%
  {\addperiod\addspace}%
  {\newcunit}}

\renewbibmacro*{bybookauthor}{%
  \ifnameundef{bookauthor}
    {}
    {\ifnamesequal{author}{bookauthor}
      {}
      {\bibstring{by}\addspace\printnames[default]{bookauthor}%
     \newcunit\newblock}}}

\newbibmacro*{editorpunct}{%
  \ifthenelse{\(\iffieldundef{booktitle}\AND%
    \iffieldundef{maintitle}\AND\iffieldundef{issuetitle}\)%
    \OR\iffieldsequal{booktitle}{title}%  Changed these for crossrefed
    \OR\iffieldsequal{maintitle}{title}}% entries.  Create problems?
  {\ifentrytype{video}%
    {\newcunit\newblock}%
    {\newunit\newblock}}%
  {\newcunit\newblock}}

\newbibmacro*{edition}{%
  \printfield{edition}%
    \clearfield{edition}}%

\newbibmacro*{inforaft}{%
  \ifnameundef{introduction}%
  {\ifnameundef{afterword}%
    {\ifnameundef{foreword}%
      {\printfield{type}}%
      {\bibstring{forewordto}%
        \clearname{foreword}}}%
    {\bibstring{afterwordto}%
      \clearname{afterword}}}%
  {\bibstring{introductionto}%
    \clearname{introduction}}}

\newbibmacro*{langlist:andothers}{%
  \ifthenelse{\value{listcount}=\value{liststop}\AND
              \ifmoreitems}
    {\ifnum\value{liststop}>1 \finalandcomma\fi
     \andmoredelim\bibstring{andmore}\bibrightbracket}
    {}}

\newbibmacro*{reference+title}{%
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldequals{title}{\bbx@lasthash}\AND\NOT
      \iffirstonpage}%
    {\bibnamedash\addperiod\addspace}%
    {\usebibmacro{italtitle+stitle}%
      \savefield{title}{\bbx@lasthash}}}

\newbibmacro*{mag+news+author}{%
  \ifnameundef{author}%
  {\ifthenelse{\iffieldequals{journaltitle}{\bbx@lasthash}\AND\NOT
      \iffirstonpage}%
    {\bibnamedash\addperiod\addspace}%
    {\usebibmacro{journal+sub}%
      \setunit*{\addspace}%
      \printlist[periodplace]{location}%
      \savefield{journaltitle}{\bbx@lasthash}}}%
  {\usebibmacro{author}}}

\newbibmacro*{cmag+news+author}{%
  \ifnameundef{author}%
  {\usebibmacro{journal+sub}%
    \setunit*{\addspace}%
    \printlist[periodplace]{location}}%
  {\usebibmacro{author}}}

\newbibmacro*{type+inst+year}{%
  \printfield{type}
  \newcunit
  \printlist{institution}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
  \printfield{year}}

\newbibmacro*{institution+organization}{%
  \iflistundef{organization}%
  {\iflistundef{institution}%
    {}%
    {\printlist{institution}}}%
  {\printlist{organization}%
    \newcunit%
    \printlist{institution}}}

\newbibmacro*{author+org}{%
  \ifnameundef{author}%
  {\ifnameundef{editor}%
    {\iflistundef{organization}%
      {\let\bbx@lasthash\undefined}%
      {\ifboolexpr{
          test {\iflistequals{organization}{\bbx@lasthash}}%
          and
          not test {\iffirstonpage}%
        }%
        {\bibnamedash\addperiod\addspace}%
        {\iftoggle{cms@authorparens}%
          {\bibopenparen\printlist{organization}\bibcloseparen}%
          {\printlist{organization}}%
          \savelist{organization}{\bbx@lasthash}}}}%
    {\usebibmacro{editor}}}%
  {\usebibmacro{author/editor}}}

\newbibmacro*{cbytypestrg}[2]{%
  \iffieldundef{#1type}
    {\bibstring{by#2}}
    {\bibstring{by\thefield{#1type}}}}

\newbibmacro*{cbyeditor}{%
  \ifnameundef{editor}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{cbytypestrg}{editor}{editor}%
     \setunit{\addspace}%
     \printnames[byeditor]{editor}%
     \newcunit}%
  \usebibmacro{cbyeditorx}}

\newbibmacro*{cbyeditorx}{%
  \ifnameundef{editora}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{cbytypestrg}{editora}{editor}%
     \setunit{\addspace}%
     \printnames[byeditora]{editora}%
     \newcunit}%
  \ifnameundef{editorb}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{cbytypestrg}{editorb}{editor}%
     \setunit{\addspace}%
     \printnames[byeditorb]{editorb}%
     \newcunit}%
  \ifnameundef{editorc}
    {}
    {\usebibmacro{cbytypestrg}{editorc}{editor}%
     \setunit{\addspace}%
     \printnames[byeditorc]{editorc}%
     \newcunit}}

\newbibmacro*{cbytranslator}{%
  \ifnameundef{translator}
  {}
  {\bibstring{bytranslator}%
    \addspace
    \printnames[bytranslator]{translator}}}

\newbibmacro*{cbycompiler}{%
  \ifnameundef{namec}
    {}
    {\bibstring{cbycompiler}\addspace
     \printnames[bycompiler]{namec}}}

\newbibmacro*{cbyredactor}{%
  \ifnameundef{redactor}
    {}
    {\bibstring{cbyredactor}\addspace
     \printnames[byredactor]{redactor}}}

\newbibmacro*{cwithcommentator}{%
  \ifnameundef{commentator}
    {}
    {\bibstring{withcommentator}\addspace
     \printnames[withcommentator]{commentator}}}

\newbibmacro*{cwithannotator}{%
  \ifnameundef{annotator}
    {}
    {\bibstring{withannotator}\addspace
     \printnames[withannotator]{annotator}}}

\newbibmacro*{cwithintroduction}{%
  \ifnameundef{introduction}
    {}
    {\bibstring{withintroduction}\addspace
     \printnames[withintroduction]{introduction}}}

\newbibmacro*{cwithforeword}{%
  \ifnameundef{foreword}
    {}
    {\bibstring{withforeword}\addspace
     \printnames[withforeword]{foreword}}}

\newbibmacro*{cwithafterword}{%
  \ifnameundef{afterword}
    {}
    {\bibstring{withafterword}\addspace
     \printnames[withafterword]{afterword}}}

\newbibmacro*{cbyeditor+others}{%
  \ifthenelse{\NOT\ifnameundef{editor}\AND
    \(\iffieldundef{editortype}\OR
    \iffieldequalstr{editortype}{editor}\)}
  {\def\@tempa{cbyeditor}%
    \ifnamesequal{editor}{translator}
    {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa tr}%
      \clearname{translator}}
    {}%
    \ifnamesequal{editor}{namec}
    {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa cp}%
      \clearname{namec}}
    {}%
    \ifnamesequal{editor}{commentator}
    {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa co}%
      \clearname{commentator}}
    {\ifnamesequal{editor}{annotator}
      {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa an}%
        \clearname{annotator}}
      {}}%
    \ifnamesequal{editor}{introduction}
    {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa in}%
      \clearname{introduction}}
    {\ifnamesequal{editor}{foreword}
      {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa fo}%
        \clearname{foreword}}
      {\ifnamesequal{editor}{afterword}
        {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa af}%
          \clearname{afterword}}
        {}}}%
    \bibstring{\@tempa}\space
    \printnames[byeditor]{editor}%
    \clearname{editor}%
    \newcunit%
    \usebibmacro{cbyeditorx}}%
  {\usebibmacro{cbyeditor}}%
  \usebibmacro{cbytranslator+others}}

\newbibmacro*{cbytranslator+others}{%
  \ifnameundef{translator}
    {}
    {\def\@tempa{cbytranslator}%
      \ifnamesequal{translator}{namec}
      {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa cp}%
        \clearname{namec}}
      {}%
     \ifnamesequal{translator}{commentator}
       {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa co}%
        \clearname{commentator}}
       {\ifnamesequal{translator}{annotator}
          {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa an}%
           \clearname{annotator}}
          {}}%
     \ifnamesequal{translator}{introduction}
       {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa in}%
        \clearname{introduction}}
       {\ifnamesequal{translator}{foreword}
          {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa fo}%
           \clearname{foreword}}
          {\ifnamesequal{translator}{afterword}
             {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa af}%
              \clearname{afterword}}
             {}}}%
     \bibstring{\@tempa}\space
     \printnames[bytranslator]{translator}%
     \clearname{translator}%
     \newcunit}%
  \usebibmacro{cbycompiler+others}}

\newbibmacro*{cbycompiler+others}{%
  \ifnameundef{namec}
    {}
    {\def\@tempa{cbycompiler}%
     \ifnamesequal{namec}{commentator}
       {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa co}%
        \clearname{commentator}}
       {\ifnamesequal{namec}{annotator}
          {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa an}%
           \clearname{annotator}}
          {}}%
     \ifnamesequal{namec}{introduction}
       {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa in}%
        \clearname{introduction}}
       {\ifnamesequal{namec}{foreword}
          {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa fo}%
           \clearname{foreword}}
          {\ifnamesequal{namec}{afterword}
             {\edef\@tempa{\@tempa af}%
              \clearname{afterword}}
             {}}}%
     \bibstring{\@tempa}\space
     \printnames[bycompiler]{namec}%
     \clearname{namec}%
     \newcunit}%
  \usebibmacro{cbyothers}}

\newbibmacro*{cbyothers}{%
  \usebibmacro{cbytranslator}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}%
  \usebibmacro{cbycompiler}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}%
  \usebibmacro{cbyredactor}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}%
  \usebibmacro{cwithcommentator}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}%
  \usebibmacro{cwithannotator}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}%
  \usebibmacro{cwithintroduction}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}%
  \usebibmacro{cwithforeword}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}%
  \usebibmacro{cwithafterword}}

\newbibmacro*{cms-in:}{% Fix for 0.9a compat.
  \iftoggle{cms@origpublished}%
  {}%
  {\bibstring{in}%
    \setunit{\addspace}}}

\newbibmacro*{xref-in:}{%
  \iffieldundef{volume}{}{\savefield{volume}{\cbx@incollvol}}%
  \iffieldundef{part}{}{\savefield{part}{\cbx@incollpart}}%
  \usebibmacro{cms-in:}}

\newbibmacro*{chapincoll}{%
  \iffieldundef{chapter}%
  {}
  {\printfield{chapter}\addspace}}

\newbibmacro*{chapinscore}{%
  \iffieldundef{chapter}%
  {\ifthenelse{\ifentrytype{music}%
      \AND\NOT\iffieldundef{booktitle}}%
    {\bibstring{on}\setunit{\addspace}}%
    {}}%
  {\printfield{chapter}%
    \addspace\bibstring{of}\setunit{\addspace}}}

\newbibmacro*{music+ser+num}{%
  \iffieldundef{series}%
  {\iffieldundef{number}%
    {}%
    {\printfield{number}}}
  {\printfield{series}%
    \setunit{\addspace}%
    \printfield{number}}}%

\newbibmacro*{music+publisher}{%
  \iffieldundef{howpublished}%
  {\iffieldundef{pubstate}%
    {}%
    {\printfield{pubstate}}}%
  {\printfield{howpublished}}}%

\newbibmacro*{music+origdate}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@reprint}% 16th ed.
  {}%
  {\iftoggle{cms@switchdates}% Date fix
    {\ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{year}\AND\iffieldundef{month}}%
      {}%
      {\usebibmacro{cmsorigdate}}}%
    {\ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{origyear}\AND\iffieldundef{origmonth}}%
      {}%
      {\usebibmacro{cmsorigdate}}}}}%

\newbibmacro*{music+eventdate}{% Date fix
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{eventyear}\AND\iffieldundef{eventmonth}}%
  {}%
  {\printeventdate}}

\newbibmacro*{ser+num}{%
  \printfield{series}%
  \printfield[sernum]{number}%
  \newunit}

\newbibmacro*{video+title}{%
  \printtext{%
    \printfield{title}%
    \setunit{\addcolon\addspace}%
    \printfield[title]{subtitle}}}

\newbibmacro*{italtitle+stitle}{%
  \printtext{%
    \printfield{title}%
    \setunit{\addcolon\addspace}%
    \printfield[title]{subtitle}}%
  \newunit\newblock%
  \printfield{titleaddon}%
  \setunit{\addspace}%
  \usebibmacro{language+transtitle}%
  \newunit\newblock}

\newbibmacro*{mag+news+title}{%
  \printtext{%
       \printfield{title}%
       \setunit{\addcolon\addspace}%
       \printfield[title]{subtitle}}%
     \newunit%\setunit{\addcomma\addspace}
     \printfield{titleaddon}%
     }%\newcunit\newblock

\newbibmacro*{language+transtitle}{%
  \iffieldundef{usere}%
  {\printlist[][-\value{listtotal}]{language}}%
  {\printfield{usere}}}

\newbibmacro*{issuetitle}{%
  \iffieldundef{issuetitle}%
  {}
  {\ifthenelse{\ifentrytype{article}\OR%
      \ifentrytype{review}\OR%
      \ifentrytype{suppperiodical}}% This test is for
    {\usebibmacro{cms-in:}}% periodical entries
    {}%
    \printtext{%
      \printfield{issuetitle}%
      \setunit{\addcolon\addspace}%
      \printfield[issuetitle]{issuesubtitle}}}}

\newbibmacro*{publ+loc+year}{%
  \printlist{location}%
  \iflistundef{publisher}%
  {\setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}}%
  {\setunit*{\addcolon\addspace}}%
  \printlist{publisher}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}
  \usebibmacro{date}% For the author-date style.  Tricky.
}%

\newbibmacro*{origpubl+loc+year}{% 16th ed.
  \printlist{origlocation}%
  \iflistundef{origpublisher}%
  {\setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}}%
  {\setunit*{\addcolon\addspace}}%
  \printlist{origpublisher}%
%  \setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}%
%  \usebibmacro{cmsorigdate}%
}

\newbibmacro*{howpubl+loc+year}{%
  \printlist{location}%
  \iffieldundef{howpublished}%
  {\setunit*{\addcomma\space}}%
  {\setunit*{\addcolon\space}}%
  \printfield{howpublished}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
  \usebibmacro{date}%
}%

\newbibmacro*{inst+loc+year}{%
  \printlist{location}%
  \iflistundef{institution}%
  {\setunit*{\addcomma\space}}%
  {\setunit*{\addcolon\space}}%
  \printlist{institution}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
  \usebibmacro{date}%
}%

\newbibmacro*{originally+published+as}{% Punctuation fix now in 
  \iffieldundef{userf}%                  \origfullcite for 0.8e. 
  {\iffieldundef{reprinttitle}%
    {}
    {\bibstring{origpublin}%
      \origpublcite{\thefield{reprinttitle}}%
      \newunit}}
  {\iffieldundef{origlanguage}%
    {\bibstring{origpub}%
      \origfullcite{\thefield{userf}}
      \newunit}%
    {\iftoggle{cms@postposit}%
      {\bibstring{origedition}%
        \setunit{\addspace}%
        \printfield[edlang]{origlanguage}%
        \addcolon%
        \origfullcite{\thefield{userf}}%
        \newunit}%
      {\printfield[edlang]{origlanguage}%
        \setunit{\addspace}%
        \bibstring{origedition}%
        \origfullcite{\thefield{userf}}
        \newunit}}}}

\newbibmacro*{org+publ+loc+year}{% What was wrong with \ifthenelse here?
  \printlist{location}%
  \iflistundef{organization}%
  {\iflistundef{publisher}%
    {\setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}}%
    {\setunit*{\addcolon\addspace}}}%
  {\setunit*{\addcolon\addspace}}%
  \printlist{organization}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
  \printlist{publisher}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}%
  \usebibmacro{date}}

\newbibmacro*{year+in+parens}{%
  \iffieldundef{volume}%
  {noformat}%
  {parens}}

\newbibmacro*{letter+date}{% New for 0.9
  \iflistundef{origlocation}%
  {}%
  {\printlist{origlocation}%
    \newcunit\newblock}%
  \iftoggle{cms@switchdates}%
  {\ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{year}\AND\iffieldundef{month}}%
    {}%
    {\cms@datelongalt}}%
  {\ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{origyear}\AND\iffieldundef{origmonth}}%
    {}%
    {\cms@datelong}}}

\newbibmacro*{unpubl+letter+date}{% For the Misc type.
  \iflistundef{origlocation}%
  {}%
  {\printlist{origlocation}%
    \newcunit\newblock}%
  \iftoggle{cms@switchdates}%
  {\ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{year}\AND\iffieldundef{month}}%
    {}%
    {\cms@datelongalt}}%
  {\ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{origyear}\AND\iffieldundef{origmonth}}%
    {\printdate}% For interviews and other dated non-letters
    {\cms@datelong}}}

\newbibmacro*{cmsbookdate}{%
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{year}\AND\iffieldundef{origyear}}%
  {\newunit}%
  {\iftoggle{cms@switchdates}%
    {\iffieldundef{origyear}%
      {\newunit}%
      {\newcunit\printorigdate}}%
    {\iffieldundef{year}%
      {\newunit}%
      {\newcunit\printdate}}}}

\renewbibmacro*{date}{% Adding the test solved some issues in 0.9 with
  \iftoggle{cms@switchdates}
  {\ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{origyear}\AND\iffieldundef{origmonth}
    \AND\iffieldundef{origday}}%
    {}%
    {\printorigdate}}%
  {\ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{year}\AND\iffieldundef{month}
    \AND\iffieldundef{day}}%  punctuation in some entry types (Misc).  The 
    {}%                   whole \printdate thing may need further work. 
    {\printdate}}}

\newcommand*{\cms@datelong}{% Modified for 0.9
  \iffieldundef{origmonth}%
  {\printfield{origyear}}%
  {\printfield[letterday]{origday}\setunit{\nobreakspace}%
    \mkbibmonth{\thefield{origmonth}}\setunit{\nobreakspace}%
    \printfield{origyear}}}%

\newcommand*{\cms@datelongalt}{% Modified for 0.9
  \iffieldundef{month}%
  {\printfield{year}}%
  {\printfield[letterday]{day}\setunit{\nobreakspace}%
    \mkbibmonth{\thefield{month}}\setunit{\nobreakspace}%
    \printfield{year}}}%

\newcommand*{\letterdatelong}{% Modified for 0.9
  \iftoggle{cms@switchdates}% This one for users
  {\iffieldundef{year}% Previous two for internal use
    {}%
    {\iffieldundef{month}%
      {\printfield{year}}%
      {\printfield[letterday]{day}\setunit{\nobreakspace}%
        \mkbibmonth{\thefield{month}}\setunit{\nobreakspace}%
        \printfield{year}}}}%
  {\iffieldundef{origyear}%
    {}%
    {\iffieldundef{origmonth}%
      {\printfield{origyear}}%
      {\printfield[letterday]{origday}\setunit{\nobreakspace}%
        \mkbibmonth{\thefield{origmonth}}\setunit{\nobreakspace}%
        \printfield{origyear}}}}}%

\newbibmacro*{cperiodical+ser+vol+num}{% For periodical entries,
  \printtext{% article subtype
    \printfield{title}%
    \setunit{\addcolon\addspace}%
    \printfield[title]{subtitle}}% 
  \setunit*{\addspace}%
  \printlist[periodplace]{location}%
  \setunit*{\addspace}%
  \iffieldundef{series}
  {}
  {\newcunit
    \printfield[jourser]{series}%
    \newcunit}%\setunit*{\addspace}?
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{year}\AND\iffieldundef{month}}%
  {\printfield[jourvol]{volume}%
    \setunit{\addcomma\addspace}}%
  {\printfield[jourvol]{volume}%
    \setunit{\addcomma\addspace}% need * here?
    \printfield[journum]{number}%
    \clearfield{number}%
    \setunit{\addcomma\addspace}}%
  \printfield{eid}%
  \newunit}

\newbibmacro*{journal+sub}{%
  \iffieldundef{journaltitle}
    {}
    {\printtext[journaltitle]{%
       \printfield[noformat]{journaltitle}%
       \setunit{\addcolon\addspace}%
       \printfield[noformat]{journalsubtitle}}}}

\newbibmacro*{chap+pag}{%
  \printfield{chapter}%
  \setunit*{\addcomma\space}%
  \printfield{pages}}

\newbibmacro*{mag+news+date}{%
  \ifnameundef{author}%
  {\usebibmacro{date+issue}}%
  {\usebibmacro{mag+date+issue}}}

\newbibmacro*{date+issue}{%
  \iffieldundef{issue}
  {\iffieldundef{number}%
    {\usebibmacro{date}}%
    {\iftoggle{cms@numbermonth}%
      {\usebibmacro{date}}%
      {\usebibmacro{cmsyear}}%
      \setunit*{\addcomma\addspace}% Starred version for when the 
      \printfield[journum]{number}}}% month isn't printed because of
  {\printfield{issue}% the toggle.
    \setunit{\addspace}%
    \usebibmacro{cmsyear}}}

\newbibmacro*{mag+date+issue}{%
  \usebibmacro{journal+sub}%
  \setunit*{\addspace}%
  \printlist[periodplace]{location}%
  \newcunit\newblock
  \printfield{usera}% For network ID and possible section of newspaper.
  \newcunit\newblock
  \usebibmacro{date+issue}}

\newbibmacro*{cmsyear}{%
  \iftoggle{cms@switchdates}%
  {\printfield{origyear}}%
  {\printfield{year}}}

\newbibmacro*{cmsorigdate}{% New for 0.9
  \iftoggle{cms@switchdates}%
  {\printdate}%
  {\printorigdate}}

\newbibmacro*{periodical+date+issue}{% For periodical type &
  \printtext[title]{% magazine subtype
    \printfield[noformat]{title}%
    \setunit{\addcolon\addspace}%
    \printfield[noformat]{subtitle}}%
  \setunit*{\addspace}%
  \printlist[periodplace]{location}%
  \newcunit\newblock
  \printfield{usera}% For network ID and possible section of newspaper.
  \newcunit\newblock
  \usebibmacro{date+issue}}

\renewbibmacro*{postnote}{%
  \iffieldundef{postnote}%
  {}%
  {\setunit{\postnotewrapper}%
  \printfield{postnote}}}

\newbibmacro*{part+editor+translator}{%
  \ifnameundef{namea}%
  {\ifnameundef{nameb}%
    {}
    {\bibstring{bytranslator}\space%
    \printnames[bytranslator]{nameb}}}%
{\ifnamesequal{namea}{nameb}%
  {\bibstring{byeditortr}\space%
    \printnames[byeditor]{namea}}%
  {\bibstring{byeditor}\space%
    \printnames[byeditor]{namea}%
    \ifnameundef{nameb}%
    {}
    {\newunit
      \bibstring{bytranslator}\space%
      \printnames[bytranslator]{nameb}}}}}

\newbibmacro*{compilestrg}{%
  \ifthenelse{\value{namec}>1\OR\ifandothers{namec}}
  {\bibstring{compilers}}
  {\bibstring{compiler}}
  \clearname{namec}}

\newbibmacro*{transstrg}{%
  \ifthenelse{\value{translator}>1\OR\ifandothers{translator}}
    {\ifnamesequal{translator}{namec}%
      {\bibstring{transcompilers}%
        \clearname{namec}}%
      {\bibstring{translators}}}%
    {\ifnamesequal{translator}{namec}%
      {\bibstring{transcompiler}%
        \clearname{namec}}%
      {\bibstring{translator}}}
    \clearname{translator}}

\newbibmacro*{parttransstrg}{%
  \ifthenelse{\value{nameb}>1\OR\ifandothers{nameb}}
    {\ifnamesequal{nameb}{namec}%
      {\bibstring{transcompilers}%
        \clearname{namec}}%
      {\bibstring{translators}}}%
    {\ifnamesequal{nameb}{namec}%
      {\bibstring{transcompiler}%
        \clearname{namec}}%
      {\bibstring{translator}}}
    \clearname{nameb}}

\newbibmacro*{editstrg}{% Test added for 0.9
  \ifthenelse{\iffieldundef{editortype}\OR
    \iffieldequalstr{editortype}{editor}}
  {\ifthenelse{\value{editor}>1\OR\ifandothers{editor}}
    {\ifthenelse{\ifnamesequal{editor}{translator}\AND
        \ifnamesequal{editor}{namec}}
      {\bibstring{editortranscompilers}%
        \clearname{translator}%
        \clearname{namec}}%
      {\ifnamesequal{editor}{namec}%
        {\bibstring{editorcompilers}%
          \clearname{namec}}%
        {\ifnamesequal{editor}{translator}%
          {\bibstring{editortranslators}%
            \clearname{translator}}%
          {\bibstring{editors}}}}}%
    {\ifthenelse{\ifnamesequal{editor}{translator}\AND
        \ifnamesequal{editor}{namec}}
      {\bibstring{editortranscompiler}%
        \clearname{translator}%
        \clearname{namec}}%
      {\ifnamesequal{editor}{namec}%
        {\bibstring{editorcompiler}%
          \clearname{namec}}%
        {\ifnamesequal{editor}{translator}%
          {\bibstring{editortranslator}%
            \clearname{translator}}%
          {\bibstring{editor}}}}}}%
  {\ifthenelse{\value{editor}>1\OR\ifandothers{editor}}
    {\bibstring{\thefield{editortype}s}}
    {\bibstring{\thefield{editortype}}}}
  \clearname{editor}}

\newbibmacro*{parteditstrg}{%
  \ifthenelse{\value{namea}>1\OR\ifandothers{namea}}
    {\ifthenelse{\ifnamesequal{namea}{nameb}\AND
        \ifnamesequal{namea}{namec}}
      {\bibstring{editortranscompilers}%
        \clearname{nameb}%
        \clearname{namec}}%
      {\ifnamesequal{namea}{namec}%
        {\bibstring{editorcompilers}%
          \clearname{namec}}%
        {\ifnamesequal{namea}{nameb}%
          {\bibstring{editortranslators}%
            \clearname{nameb}}%
          {\bibstring{editors}}}}}%
    {\ifthenelse{\ifnamesequal{namea}{nameb}\AND
        \ifnamesequal{namea}{namec}}
      {\bibstring{editortranscompiler}%
        \clearname{nameb}%
        \clearname{namec}}%
      {\ifnamesequal{namea}{namec}%
        {\bibstring{editorcompiler}%
          \clearname{namec}}%
        {\ifnamesequal{namea}{nameb}%
          {\bibstring{editortranslator}%
            \clearname{nameb}}%
          {\bibstring{editor}}}}}%
    \clearname{namea}}

\newbibmacro*{clearpublin}{%
  \clearname{author}%
  \clearname{namea}%
  \clearname{nameb}%
  \clearfield{nameaddon}%
  \ifthenelse{\ifentrytype{periodical}\OR\ifentrytype{mvbook}\OR%
    \ifentrytype{mvcollection}\OR\ifentrytype{mvproceedings}\OR%
    \ifentrytype{mvreference}}%
  {}%
  {\clearfield{title}%
    \clearfield{subtitle}%
    \clearfield{titleaddon}}%
  \clearfield{reprinttitle}%
  \clearfield{usere}%
  \clearlist{language}%
}

\endinput